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-8591289916777495279	Open Range (2003 film)	Open Range ( 2003 film ) - wikipedia Open Range ( 2003 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Open Range Theatrical release poster Directed by Kevin Costner Produced by Kevin Costner Jake Eberts David Valdes Screenplay by Craig Storper Based on The Open Range Men by Lauran Paine Starring Robert Duvall Kevin Costner Annette Bening Michael Gambon Michael Jeter Music by Michael Kamen Cinematography J. Michael Muro Edited by Miklos Wright Production company Touchstone Pictures Beacon Communications Tig Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 15 ) Running time 139 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $68.3 million Open Range is a 2003 American western film directed and co-produced by Kevin Costner , starring Robert Duvall and Costner , with Annette Bening , Michael Gambon , and Michael Jeter appearing in supporting roles . The film was the final on - screen appearance of Jeter , who died before it was released , and the film was dedicated to Jeter 's memory , and to that of Costner 's parents , Bill and Sharon . The film was a box office success , and was critically favored . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Inspiration 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Releases 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Awards 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In Montana in 1882 , `` Boss '' Spearman is an open range cattleman , who , with hired hands Charley , Mose , and Button , is driving a herd cross country . Charley is a former soldier who fought in the Civil War and feels guilty over his past as a killer . Boss sends Mose to the nearby town of Harmonville for supplies . The town is controlled by a ruthless Irish immigrant land baron , Denton Baxter , who hates open - rangers . Mose is badly beaten and jailed by the marshal , Poole . The only friendly inhabitant is Percy , a livery stable owner . Boss and Charley become concerned when Mose does not return . They retrieve him from the jail but not before getting a warning from Baxter about free - grazing on his land . Mose 's injuries are so severe that Boss and Charley take him to Doc Barlow . There they meet Sue Barlow . Charley is attracted immediately , but assumes that Sue is the doctor 's wife . After catching masked riders scouting their cattle , Boss and Charley sneak up on their campfire in the night , and disarm them . At the same time , another attack results in Mose 's death . Button is badly injured and left for dead . Charley and Boss vow to avenge this injustice . They leave Button at the doctor 's house and go into town , where they lock Poole in his own jail . Boss knocks him out with chloroform he has stolen from the doctor 's office . The deputies are locked up as well . Charley learns that Sue is the doctor 's sister , not his wife . He declares his feelings for her , and she gives him a locket for luck . Charley leaves a note with Percy , in which he states that if he should die , money from the sale of his saddle and gear are to be used to buy Sue a new tea set , having accidentally destroyed her previous set during a `` flashback '' episode . Boss and Charley are pitted against Baxter and his men . Charley shoots Butler , the gunman who shot Button and killed Mose . An intense gun battle erupts in the street , with Boss , Charley and Percy outnumbered before the townspeople begin to openly fight against Baxter . After an intense firefight , Baxter 's men are dead and Baxter ends up wounded and alone , trapped in the jailhouse . Boss rushes to the jail , mortally wounding Baxter . Sue 's brother tends to the wounded townspeople and open - rangers . Charley speaks to Sue in private , telling her he must leave . She counters that she has a `` big idea '' about their future together and that she will wait for him to return . He does return , and proposes to Sue . Charley and Boss decide to give up the cattle business and settle down in Harmonville , taking over the saloon . Cast ( edit ) Robert Duvall as Bluebonnet `` Boss '' Spearman Kevin Costner as Charley Waite Annette Bening as Sue Barlow Michael Gambon as Denton Baxter Michael Jeter as Percy Diego Luna as Button James Russo as Marshal Poole Abraham Benrubi as Mose Harrison Dean McDermott as Dr. Walter `` Doc '' Barlow Kim Coates as Butler Herb Kohler as Cafe Man Peter MacNeill as Mack Cliff Saunders as Ralph Patricia Stutz as Ralph 's Wife Julian Richings as Wylie Ian Tracey as Tom Rod Wilson as Gus Alex Zahara as Chet Production ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) Kevin Costner grew up reading the western romance novels of Lauran Paine and Open Range is based on Paine 's 1990 novel The Open Range Men . Screenwriter Craig Storper wanted to make a movie about `` the evolution of violence in the West . '' Storper continues : `` These characters do n't seek violence ... But the notion that it 's sometimes necessary ... is the Western 's most fundamental ideal . '' Casting ( edit ) Robert Duvall is the only actor that Costner had in mind for the role of Boss Spearman . Costner said that if Duvall had turned down the part , he might not have made the movie at all . Duvall accepted the role immediately and Costner gave him top billing . Duvall got bucked off a horse and broke six ribs while practicing his riding for this role . Filming ( edit ) Cinematographer J. Michael Muro , was hand - picked by director Kevin Costner for his work on Dances With Wolves . The movie was filmed on location on the Stoney Indian Reserve in Alberta , Canada . Clayton Lefthand of the Stoney Sioux First Nation worked as a film liaison . Filming took place from June 17 , 2002 to September 8 , 2002 . Production spent over one million dollars to build a town from scratch since Costner did n't like any of the existing ones . This location was so far from civilization that they had to spend $40,000 to build a road to get there . Professional cowboys handled 225 head of cattle on the set . Releases ( edit ) The film 's US theatrical release was on August 11 , 2003 , and went on theatrical release in the UK on March 19 , 2004 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Open Range was a success at the box office , making $14 million in its opening weekend in the U.S across 2,075 screens . Against a budget of $22 million it finished its theatrical run with $58.3 million in North America and $10 million from foreign markets for a total of $68.3 million worldwide . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mostly positive reviews , receiving a 79 % Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Roger Ebert gave it 3.5 stars out of 4 , calling it `` an imperfect but deeply involving and beautifully made Western '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film 4 stars out of 5 , writing , `` Duvall gives his best performance in ages '' in a `` tough , muscular , satisfying movie '' . In particular , the gun fighting scenes were intentionally filmed in giant wide shots and were praised for their intense realism by a number of critics and yet were the reason the film earned an R Rating . Kevin Carr of FilmThreat.com said on the gun action in Open Range : `` After The Matrix redefined action in the late 1990s , every crummy action sequence tries to repeat the power of ' bullet time ' often with little success . The action in Open Range is filmed real time , grabbing the audience and showing them that when this kind of stuff happens in real life , it happens faster than you think it would . '' A review on Moviola stated that the film has `` one of the most exciting final gunfights ever filmed '' . IGN , USA Today , Total Film and Guns & Ammo all also say the shootout scene is one of the best of all time . Awards ( edit ) The film won the 2004 Western Heritage Award , and was nominated for a Golden Satellite Award , an MTV Movie Award ( Diego Luna ) , a Motion Picture Sound Editors Award as well as a Taurus Award for stunt artist Chad Camilleri . It was # 48 in TimeOut London 's `` The 50 greatest westerns '' list . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : amctv.com . `` Story Notes for Open Range - AMC Blog - AMC '' . Blogs.amctv.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ IMDb locations for Open Range Jump up ^ IMDb business for Open Range Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316356/releaseinfo Jump up ^ `` Open Range ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2003 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Open Range '' . rogerebert.com . suntimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 2004 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Open Range '' . The Guardian . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` filmthreat.com '' . filmthreat.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Open Range '' . Moviola.org. 2008 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Tom . `` The 50 greatest westerns : # 48 Open Range ( 2003 ) '' . timeout.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Open Range on IMDb Open Range at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films by Kevin Costner As director Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) Open Range ( 2003 ) As producer Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) Rapa Nui ( 1994 ) Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) Waterworld ( 1995 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) Message in a Bottle ( 1999 ) Thirteen Days ( 2000 ) Open Range ( 2003 ) Mr. Brooks ( 2007 ) Swing Vote ( 2008 ) Black or White ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Range_(2003_film)&oldid=812323281 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films American films Touchstone Pictures films Films based on American novels Films based on Western ( genre ) novels 2000s Western ( genre ) films Films directed by Kevin Costner Films shot in Alberta Films set in Montana American Western ( genre ) films Films set in the 1880s Films scored by Michael Kamen Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 06 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was open range supposed to take place	[]	[]
-2953287514585192762	Governor of Texas	Governor of Texas - wikipedia Governor of Texas Governor of Texas Flag of the Governor Seal of the Governor Incumbent Greg Abbott since January 20 , 2015 Style The Honorable Residence Texas Governors Mansion Term length Four years , no term limit Inaugural holder James Pinckney Henderson 1846 Formation Texas Constitution Salary $150,000 ( 2013 ) Website gov.texas.gov The Governor of Texas is the head of the executive branch of Texas 's government and the commander - in - chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Texas Legislature , and to convene the legislature . The governor may grant pardons in cases other than impeachment ( but only when recommended by the Board of Pardons and Paroles ) or in the case of treason , with permission by the legislature . The current Governor is Greg Abbott . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Presidential campaigns 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) The state 's first constitution in 1845 established the office of governor , to serve for two years , but no more than four years out of every six ( essentially a limit of no more than two consecutive terms ) . The 1861 secessionist constitution set the term start date at the first Monday in the November following the election . The 1866 constitution , adopted just after the American Civil War , increased terms to 4 years , but no more than 8 years out of every 12 , and moved the start date to the first Thursday after the organization of the legislature , or `` as soon thereafter as practicable '' . The Reconstruction constitution of 1869 removed the limit on terms , Texas remains one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term limit . The present constitution of 1876 shortened terms back to two years , but a 1972 amendment increased it again to four years . The gubernatorial election is held every four years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November and does not coincide with the presidential elections . The governor is sworn in on the third Tuesday of January every four years along with the lieutenant governor , so Abbott and current Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick both took office on January 20 , 2015 . Despite the lack of term limits , no Texas governor in the 19th or 20th centuries ever served more than seven and a half consecutive years in office ( Allan Shivers ) or eight years total service ( Bill Clements , in two non-consecutive four - year terms ) . Former Governor Rick Perry , who served from 2000 to 2015 , has now surpassed both these records , becoming the first Texas governor to serve three consecutive terms . When Perry won the general election on November 2 , 2010 , he joined Shivers , Price Daniel , and John Connally as the only Texas governors elected to three terms ( the terms served by Governors Shivers , Daniel , and Connally were 2 year terms ) . In case of a vacancy in the office of governor , the lieutenant governor becomes governor . This rule was added only in a 1999 amendment , prior to which the lieutenant governor only acted as governor , except during the time of the 1861 constitution , which said that the lieutenant governor would be styled `` Governor of the State of Texas '' in case of vacancy . Presidential campaigns ( edit ) One governor of Texas won his party 's nomination and was elected President of the United States : George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004 ( Republican ) Two governors actively sought the nomination of their party , but were unsuccessful : John Connally in 1980 ( Republican , although Connally was elected Governor as a Democrat ) Rick Perry in 2012 and 2016 ( Republican ) See also ( edit ) Texas portal List of Governors of Texas List of Texas Governors and Presidents List of Presidents of the Republic of Texas List of Lieutenant Governors of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries '' . The Council of State Governments . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 1845 Const . Art V sec 4 Jump up ^ 1861 Const . art V sec 12 Jump up ^ 1866 Const . art V sec 4 Jump up ^ 1869 Const . Art IV sec 4 Jump up ^ Executive Branch Archived 2011 - 06 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved 23 - October - 2008 Jump up ^ TX Const . Art IV sec 4 Jump up ^ Texas Politics - The Executive Branch Archived 2009 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ TX Const . art IV sec 16 graf d Jump up ^ 1861 Const art V sec 12 Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico list United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Current statewide political officials of Texas U.S. Senators John Cornyn Ted Cruz State government Greg Abbott , Governor Dan Patrick , Lieutenant Governor & President of the Senate Rolando Pablos , Secretary of State ( appointed ) Ken Paxton , Attorney General Glenn Hegar , Comptroller ( Treasurer equivalent ) George P. Bush , Land Commissioner Sid Miller , Agriculture Commissioner Christi Craddick , Ryan Sitton , Wayne Christian , Railroad Commissioners Senate Kel Seliger , President pro tempore House Joe Straus , Speaker Dennis Bonnen , Speaker pro tempore Supreme Court ( civil ) Nathan Hecht , Chief Justice Debra Lehrmann John P. Devine Paul W. Green Jeff Brown Jeffrey S. Boyd Phil Johnson Eva Guzman Jimmy Blacklock , Associate Justices Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Sharon Keller , Presiding Judge Mary Lou Keel Bert Richardson Kevin Patrick Yeary Scott Walker Michael Keasler Barbara Hervey Elsa Alcala David Newell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor_of_Texas&oldid=843896589 '' Categories : Governors of Texas State constitutional officers of Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano עברית Simple English Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 06 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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-1014255675233229219	Hurricane Matthew	Hurricane Matthew - wikipedia Hurricane Matthew Jump to : navigation , search For other storms of the same name , see Tropical Storm Matthew . Hurricane Matthew Category 5 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Matthew rapidly intensifying north of Colombia late on September 30 Formed September 28 , 2016 Dissipated October 10 , 2016 ( Extratropical after October 9 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) Lowest pressure 934 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.58 inHg Fatalities 586 direct , 17 indirect Damage $15.09 billion ( 2016 USD ) Areas affected Lesser Antilles , Leeward Antilles , Venezuela , Colombia , Jamaica , Hispaniola , Puerto Rico , Cuba , Turks and Caicos Islands , The Bahamas , East Coast of the United States , Atlantic Canada Part of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season History Meteorological history Effects Haiti Other wikis Commons : Matthew images Hurricane Matthew was a powerful and devastating tropical cyclone which became the first Category 5 Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Felix in 2007 . The thirteenth named storm , fifth hurricane and second major hurricane of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season , Matthew brought widespread destruction and catastrophic loss of life during its journey across the Western Atlantic , including parts of Haiti , Cuba , Dominican Republic , the Lucayan Archipelago , the southeastern United States , and the Canadian Maritimes . A total of 603 deaths have been attributed to the storm , including 546 in Haiti , 47 in the United States , 4 in Cuba , 4 in the Dominican Republic , 1 in Colombia , and 1 in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , making it the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Stan in 2005 , which killed 1,668 in Central America . With the storm causing damages estimated in excess of US $15 billion , it was also the most destructive Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Sandy in 2012 , as well as the ninth - costliest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history . Originating from a tropical wave that emerged off Africa on September 22 , Matthew developed into a tropical storm just east of the Lesser Antilles on September 28 . It became a hurricane north of Venezuela and Colombia on September 29 , before undergoing explosive intensification , ultimately reaching Category 5 intensity on October 1 at just 13.4 ° N latitude -- the lowest latitude ever recorded for a storm of this intensity in the Atlantic basin , breaking the record set by Hurricane Ivan in 2004 . Matthew weakened slightly and fluctuated in intensity while making a northward turn toward the Greater Antilles , remaining a strong Category 4 hurricane as it made its first landfall over Haiti 's Tiburon Peninsula early on October 4 , and then a second one in Cuba later that day . Matthew weakened somewhat but re-intensified as it tracked northwest , making landfall in the northern Bahamas . The storm then paralleled the coast of the southeastern United States over the next 36 hours , gradually weakening while remaining just offshore before making its fourth and final landfall over the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge near Myrtle Beach , South Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane on the morning of October 8 . Matthew re-emerged into the Atlantic shortly afterward , eventually completing its transition into an extratropical cyclone as it turned away from Cape Hatteras , North Carolina on October 9 . Widespread effects were felt from Matthew across its destructive path , however , the most significant impacts were felt in Haiti , with US $1.9 billion in damage and 546 deaths . The combination of flooding and high winds disrupted telecommunications and destroyed extensive swaths of land ; around 80 % of Jérémie sustained significant damage . Four people were killed in Cuba due to a bridge collapse , and total losses in the country amounted to US $2.58 billion , most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province . Passing through the Bahamas as a major hurricane , Matthew spread damage across several islands , compounding relief efforts from Hurricane Joaquin which had pounded similar areas just the previous year . Grand Bahama was hit directly , where most homes sustained damage in the townships of Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock . Preparations began in earnest across the southeastern United States as Matthew approached , with several states declaring states of emergencies for either entire states or coastal counties ; widespread evacuations were ordered for extensive areas of the coast because of predicted high wind speeds and flooding , especially in the Jacksonville Metropolitan Area . In Florida , over 1 million lost power as the storm passed to the east , with 478,000 losing power in Georgia and South Carolina . While damage was primarily confined to the coast in Florida and Georgia , torrential rains spread inland in the Carolinas and Virginia , causing widespread flooding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 1.1 Records 2 Preparations 2.1 Lesser Antilles and South America 2.2 Jamaica 2.3 Haiti 2.4 Dominican Republic 2.5 Cuba and the Bahamas 2.6 United States 2.6. 1 Online response 3 Impact 3.1 Lesser Antilles 3.2 ABC Islands and South America 3.3 Jamaica 3.4 Haiti 3.5 Dominican Republic 3.6 Cuba 3.7 Bahamas 3.8 United States 3.8. 1 Florida and Georgia 3.8. 2 North and South Carolina 3.8. 3 Virginia and the Northeast 3.9 Canada 4 Aftermath 4.1 Lesser Antilles 4.2 Haiti 4.3 Cuba 4.4 United States 4.5 Retirement 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Meteorological history ( edit ) Main article : Meteorological history of Hurricane Matthew Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale A vigorous tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 22 and moved rapidly across the Atlantic , being monitored by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) for possible tropical cyclogenesis . Despite possessing tropical - storm winds as it approached the Lesser Antilles on September 27 , the wave could not initially be classified as a tropical cyclone , as reconnaissance aircraft could not find a closed center . However , by 12 : 00 UTC on September 28 , the wave developed a closed circulation while located near Barbados , hence becoming a tropical storm , and was assigned the name Matthew . Continuing westward under the influence of a mid-level ridge , the storm steadily intensified to attain hurricane intensity by 18 : 00 UTC on September 29 . The effects of southwesterly wind shear unexpectedly abated late that day , and Matthew began a period of explosive intensification ; during a 24 - hour period beginning at 00 : 00 UTC on September 30 , the cyclone 's maximum winds more than doubled , from 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) to 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) , making Matthew a Category 5 hurricane , the first since Hurricane Felix in 2007 ; the rate of intensification has only been exceeded a few times in the Atlantic since records began . Due to upwelling of cooler waters , Matthew weakened to a Category 4 hurricane later on October 1 , before attaining a secondary peak intensity with winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) late on October 2 . Slowly rounding the ridge , Matthew fluctuated in intensity within the Category 4 range from October 1 -- 5 . Intensification resumed again late on October 3 and culminated when Matthew made landfall near Les Anglais , Haiti , around 11 : 00 UTC on October 4 with winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) and a pressure of 934 millibars ( 27.6 inHg ) , making it the strongest to hit Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964 . Continuing northward , the hurricane struck Maisí in Cuba early on October 5 as a slightly weaker storm . Cuba 's and Haiti 's mountainous terrain weakened Matthew to Category 3 status , as it began to accelerate northwestwards through the Bahamas . Restrengthening occurred as Matthew 's circulation became better organized , with the storm becoming a Category 4 hurricane again while passing Freeport . However , Matthew began to weaken again as an eyewall replacement cycle took place . The storm significantly weakened while closely paralleling the coasts of Florida and Georgia , with the northwestern portion of the outer eyewall coming ashore in Florida while the system was a Category 3 hurricane ( with the strongest winds remaining just offshore ) . Matthew weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on October 7 and then to a Category 1 hurricane by 12 : 00 UTC on October 8 . The eye of Hurricane Matthew seen from the International Space Station on October 3 . Around 15 : 00 UTC on October 8 , the hurricane made landfall at Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge , near McClellanville , South Carolina , with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) and a central pressure of 963 mbar ( 28.4 inHg ) , which made it the strongest to strike the United States in terms of pressure since Hurricane Isaac in 2012 , and the first hurricane to make landfall north of Florida in October since Hurricane Hazel in 1954 . Convection became displaced from the center as Matthew pulled away from land due to increasing wind shear , with the NHC declaring the system an extratropical cyclone about 200 mi ( 320 km ) east of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina , on October 9 . The remnants persisted for another day before they were absorbed by a cold front . Records ( edit ) Matthew set several records during its long and destructive journey . Matthew intensified into a Category 5 hurricane at a latitude of 13.4 degrees north , breaking the record set by Hurricane Ivan in 2004 , which had reached that intensity at a latitude of 13.7 degrees north . Matthew also maintained at least Category 4 status for the longest duration on record for the month of October , according to Phil Klotzbach of Colorado State University , doing so for roughly 5 days . Preparations ( edit ) Tropical Storm Matthew over the Lesser Antilles , shortly after formation on September 28 Lesser Antilles and South America ( edit ) On September 27 , prior to Matthew becoming a tropical cyclone , LIAT began cancelling flights across the Windward Islands in anticipation of squally weather . Schools and businesses were closed for the duration of Matthew 's passage on September 27 and 28 on Grenada , St. Vincent and St. Lucia ; schools in Dominica suspended classes until October 3 . Hewanorra International Airport and George F.L. Charles Airport on St. Lucia were closed on September 28 . Six shelters were opened across the island ; 133 sought refuge in them . Upon the formation of Matthew as a tropical cyclone on September 28 , governments across the Windward Islands issued tropical storm warnings in anticipation of gale - force winds . A map of forecast rainfall totals from Hurricane Matthew for the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas . Peak accumulations in excess of 30 in ( 760 mm ) were expected along the southern coast of Haiti 's Tiburon Peninsula . The storm 's unusual south track prompted the issuance of tropical storm watches on September 28 for Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , and the northern coast of Colombia from the Colombia -- Venezuela border to Riohacha . North Atlantic hurricanes affecting South America are uncommon . The watch in Colombia was later upgraded to a warning on September 30 as Matthew continued on a west - southwest track near the country . Residents across the ABC Islands were advised to board their homes and stock up on supplies , leading to long lines at supermarkets and gas stations . Curaçao 's government postponed the 2016 general election until October 5 . Government offices in Aruba closed for September 30 . A local sporting event , the Kingdom Tournament , was canceled in Aruba . Schools across the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia suspended activities for September 30 . Officials opened shelters and closed beaches across the peninsula . Jamaica ( edit ) With Matthew posing a significant threat to Jamaica , emergency officials ordered all fishermen on the nation 's cays and banks to evacuate to the mainland on September 29 . The following day , Prime Minister Andrew Holness held an emergency meeting regarding the hurricane and placed the government on high alert . A hurricane watch was issued for the country on September 30 , and later upgraded to a warning on October 1 . Officials in Trelawny Parish placed 60 shelters on stand - by on October 2 . Supermarkets were overwhelmed with residents stocking up on supplies , and many reported empty shelves and low supplies of bread , kerosene , and candles . Many people boarded up their homes and protected their property with sand bags . One hundred female prisoners were relocated from a facility in St. Catherine Parish to another in Kingston . Toll fees along Highway 2000 were to be waived during the hours before Matthew 's arrival . Service at both Norman Manley International Airport and Sangster International Airport was scheduled to be suspended during the evening of October 2 or by the morning of October 3 . The Jamaica Urban Transit Company scheduled to suspend services beginning at 6 : 00 p.m. local time . The Jamaica Public Service informed residents that the power grid may be shut off during the storm if conditions become too severe . Members of the Jamaica Defence Force were deployed nationwide in advance of the hurricane in order to more swiftly deal with its aftermath . Schools and government offices suspended operations starting on October 3 . A total of 900 shelters opened across Jamaica and the Urban Transit Company provided buses to evacuate people from Kingston to the National Arena . Local Minister Desmond McKenzie warned that the infrastructure of Kingston would be unable to handle the magnitude of rainfall expected . Prime Minister Andrew Holness warned residents that Matthew could be more severe than Hurricane Gilbert which devastated the nation in 1988 . Haiti ( edit ) Play media The animation shows Hurricane Matthew from September 28 to October 2 , and 3 - dimensional radar data from GPM 's DPR instrument . Though forecast to pass over Jamaica at the time , the large extent of tropical storm - force winds prompted the issuance of a tropical storm watch for Haiti 's Tiburon Peninsula toward the border with the Dominican Republic . Following an eastward shift in Matthew 's predicted track , a hurricane watch was issued for much of Haiti on October 1 , encompassing areas from Môle - Saint - Nicolas south to the Dominican Republic border ; this was upgraded to a warning just hours later . The warning eventually encompassed the entire country by the afternoon of October 2 . Residents on outlying islands of Haiti were evacuated to the mainland . Life - threatening rainfall was forecast to affect much of the nation , with accumulations averaging 15 to 25 in ( 38 to 64 cm ) along the southern coast with isolated peaks up to 40 in ( 100 cm ) . Although government officials held meetings on storm preparation , Radio France Internationale reported that Haiti does not have the logistical capability to handle a large - scale disaster . Only 576 shelters , with a collective capacity of 90,000 people , were listed for all of southern Haiti . According to the International Organization for Migration , 55,107 internally displaced persons remained in camps or hosting sites without adequate protection from the hurricane . Provisional President of Haiti Jocelerme Privert addressed the nation on October 2 , urging those living along the coast and in poorly constructed homes to evacuate and comply with authorities . Despite pleas from officials , many residents refused to leave their homes . Schools were closed for October 3 -- 4 , though government offices remained open . Nationwide , a total of 1,300 shelters were readied with a total capacity of 390,000 people . More than 18,000 volunteers and members of the Red Cross , community intervention teams , municipal committees , and local emergency services were readied to assist residents . At least 500 people were evacuated from Jérémie . Although civil protection officials took to the streets to warn people , many residents were unaware that Matthew was even approaching the country a day before its expected landfall . Evacuations continued through the hurricane 's landfall with the total number of people in shelters reaching 9,280 by 2 : 00 a.m. local time on October 4 . On October 5 , the Electoral Provisional Council postponed the presidential election , the second round of the legislative elections and the first round of the Senate elections until November 20 . Dominican Republic ( edit ) On the morning of October 2 , a tropical storm warning was raised for the southern coast of the Dominican Republic from Barahona west to the Haitian border , and a tropical storm watch was issued for the northern coast from Puerto Plata west to the Haitian border . At least 8,500 people were evacuated in southwestern areas of the country by the morning of October 3 . Cuba and the Bahamas ( edit ) Animation of Hurricane Matthew passing through the Bahamas on October 5 -- 6 The Meteorological Service of Cuba raised hurricane watches for all of southeastern Cuba on October 1 , encompassing the provinces of Camagüey , Las Tunas , Granma , Holguín , Santiago de Cuba , and Guantánamo . This was subsequently upgraded to a warning on October 2 for all provinces except Camagüey . Non-essential personnel in the United States ' Guantanamo Bay Naval Base began evacuations that day . Evacuations of more than 1 million people across Cuba started that morning , including 252,000 in Santiago de Cuba , and 230,000 from Las Tunas with priority placed on those along the coast . Across Santiago de Cuba , which suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Sandy in 2012 , 218 shelters were opened and officials placed extra attention on Socapa , Caracoles , and Cayo Granma . Emergency personnel , primarily doctors , were dispatched to high - risk areas and supplies were stockpiled . The Government of the Bahamas began issuing hurricane watches on October 2 for southeastern islands as well as the Turks and Caicos . Flights across southern islands were cancelled and schools suspended operations beginning the following day . United States ( edit ) National Hurricane Center Director Richard Knabb ( pictured ) regularly filmed briefings on the forecast and expected impacts of Hurricane Matthew in the United States . On October 3 , the governors of Florida and North Carolina declared a state of emergency . The next day , South Carolina governor Nikki Haley ordered an evacuation for those residents living within one hundred miles ( 160 km ) of the coast . Interstate 26 in South Carolina eastbound between the coast and Columbia was reversed on Wednesday to facilitate movement away from the Lowcountry and Charleston areas . Evacuations of Cape Lookout National Seashore in North Carolina began this day as well . By October 4 , North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory had ordered that evacuation be mandatory . A state of emergency was also declared for 13 counties in eastern Georgia . On October 5 , Port Canaveral was closed by the U.S. Coast Guard , the first closure since 2004 . Eight cruise ships and four cargo ships were scheduled to visit the port between October 5 -- 9 . On Cape Canaveral , home to both civilian and military spaceflight facilities , no rockets or spacecraft were in vulnerable positions ; at the time of Matthew 's approach , the next launch was scheduled for November 4 . The Kennedy Space Center began preparations of the facilities on October 5 . Older buildings at the KSC were designed to withstand winds of 105 -- 125 mph ( 170 -- 200 km / h ) ; buildings constructed after 1992 , when Category 5 Hurricane Andrew struck the Miami area , are built to withstand 130 mph ( 210 km / h ) winds . At Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , the U.S. Air Force 's 45th Space Wing began disconnecting electric power to non-essential facilities on October 4 . Hurricane Matthew nearing Florida on October 6 For the fourth time in its 45 - year history , the Walt Disney World Resort closes its theme parks are Magic Kingdom , Epcot , Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Disney 's Animal Kingdom water parks are Blizzard Beach and Typhoon Lagoon , and Disney Springs were closed at 5 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on October 6 and did not open on October 7 . This was the first time since 2004 that the parks have closed , all instances due to hurricanes . Other Orlando - area theme parks , including Universal Orlando resort and SeaWorld Orlando , also closed . The Southeastern Conference football matchup between LSU and Florida , scheduled for October 8 in Gainesville , was cancelled . The hurricane washed out NASCAR racing at Charlotte Motor Speedway on October 7 and 8 , with the Drive for the Cure 300 race in the Xfinity Series originally scheduled for October 7 and the Bank of America 500 race in the Sprint Cup Series originally scheduled for October 8 both postponed until October 9 . On October 6 , U.S. President Barack Obama declared a federal state of emergency for Florida , later extending to include Georgia and South Carolina . Florida 's governor Rick Scott urged over 1.5 million people to evacuate , with Hurricane Matthew expected to make landfall by the evening of that day . Several news anchors also issued dire warnings urging Floridians to evacuate . That same day , Georgia governor Nathan Deal ordered a mandatory evacuation for all areas of the state east of Interstate 95 , and the Georgia Department of Public Safety reversed the eastbound lanes on a portion of Interstate 16 effective until the following day . Online Response ( edit ) On October 6 , the conservative news aggregator Drudge Report -- run by Matt Drudge -- headlined a five - word comment on Matthew : `` Storm Fizzle ? Matthew Looks Ragged ! '' which linked to a Miami Herald article . Drudge later used Twitter to claim that the National Hurricane Center was lying to the public about the intensity of the storm , stating that measurements from Nassau , Bahamas , did not match the 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) gusts listed in public advisories . The tweets implied that the hurricane was not as dangerous as it seemed and that politicians were trying to `` blame mankind , '' referring to a blog posting about Hillary Clinton . This came on the heels of radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh 's claims of the conspiracy to `` sell '' climate change . The claims of conspiracy were posted as Matthew posed a dire threat to Florida 's east coast and when residents across the state were being urged to evacuate immediately . Drudge 's commentary was quickly met with sharp condemnation and criticism from meteorologists and public officials . Democratic Representative Keith Ellison called the comments `` irresponsible '' and urged people to `` not listen to this man . '' Jason Samenow of The Washington Post described it as an `` incredible and offensive accusation '' , and stated that it `` may have introduced enough doubt to lead ( residents ) into a decision they will regret . '' Impact ( edit ) Deaths and damage by country Region / Country Fatalities Missing Damage 2016 ( USD ) Ref ( s ) Total Direct Indirect The Bahamas 0 0 0 0 7008600000000000000 ♠ $600 million Canada 0 0 0 0 7006760000000000000 ♠ $7.6 million Colombia 0 0 N / A Cuba 0 0 7009258000000000000 ♠ $2.58 billion Dominican Republic 0 0 N / A Haiti 546 546 0 128 7009190000000000000 ♠ $1.9 billion Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 0 N / A United States 47 34 13 0 7010100000000000000 ♠ $10 billion Totals : 7002603000000000000 ♠ 603 586 17 128 7010150880000000000 ♠ $15.1 billion Lesser Antilles ( edit ) On St. Vincent heavy rains caused landslides and flooding across the island . One person was killed in the town of Layou when a boulder broke loose and crushed him . In nearby Buccament Bay , a river overtopped its banks , prompting at least 25 people to evacuate to emergency shelters . The Hermitage River rose by at least 3.6 ft ( 1.1 m ) in one hour , and as a precautionary measure , the Central Water and Sewage Authority shut off all water service . Flooding also took place in Vermont , South Rivers , sections of Kingstown , Campden Park , Arnos Vale , and Langley Park . Debris deposited by flooded rivers rendered many roads impassable . Strong winds in excess of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) downed many trees and power lines on St. Lucia , leaving roughly 70 percent of the island without power . Landslides and flooding , the result of more than 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain accompanying the storm , damaged many homes and roads . Rainfall at Hewanorra International Airport amounted to 13.19 in ( 335 mm ) . The nation 's banana crop suffered significant damage ; 85 percent of farms reported losses . Two homes were destroyed , one in Bisee , and one in Gros Islet ; several others were damaged . Roads in Castries , Gros - Islet , Dennery , and Soufriere became impassible from debris or landslides . Some damage was also reported on Dominica , temporarily leaving many people without water and electricity . Heavy rainfall in Grenada disrupted the water supply in multiple communities . In Martinique strong winds , which gusted up to 89 mph ( 143 km / h ) in Saint - Pierre , wreaked havoc on the power grid ; roughly 55,000 people lost electricity . Numerous trees downed by the winds blocked roadways while heavy rains led to flooding . The main road from Fort - de-France to southern towns was rendered impassable during the storm . Approximately 4,000 people lost their water supply . Three people sustained minor injuries . ABC Islands and South America ( edit ) The effects of Matthew across the ABC Islands were relatively limited despite its proximity . Some street flooding occurred on Aruba and Curaçao . Heavy winds were also experienced . There was some damage to cars after street flooding occurred . Outdoor bars and restaurants were damaged . The Guajira Peninsula of Colombia saw its first heavy rain event in three years , leading to widespread flash flooding . One person drowned in a swollen river in Uribia ; 1.29 in ( 32.8 mm ) of rain fell in 30 minutes in the town . Rainfall in Cartagena reached 8.7 in ( 222 mm ) during a 24 - hour span and Santa Marta saw 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) . Along coastal areas of the peninsula , large swells damaged buildings , prompting the evacuation of 380 people in Manaure . Roughly 70 percent of Tucurinca flooded when the Magdalena River overtopped its banks ; a nearby bridge collapsed , isolating some communities . Approximately 73,000 people were affected by the floods . The dangerous conditions produced by Matthew prevented thousands of people from voting in a peace agreement referendum . Jamaica ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jamaica suffered relatively minor effects , characteristic of tropical storm conditions . Along the coast , rip currents and beach erosion was reported , with additional flooding due to rainfall occurring . Strong wind gusts tore at the island 's vegetation , causing minor damage . Haiti ( edit ) Main article : Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti Hurricane Matthew approaching Jamaica , Haiti and Cuba on October 3 Large swells reached the outlying Haitian island of Île - à - Vache on October 2 , prompting the evacuation of 89 people . Despite boating bans , many fishermen continued work in rough conditions . Consequently , two fishermen went missing on the morning of October 3 : one near Saint - Jean - du - Sud and the other near Aquin ; one was later found dead . Antecedent rainfall associated with the outer bands of Matthew triggered flooding in several towns in southern Haiti and the Dominican Republic . A person was killed when a tree fell on his home in Port Salut , while a 26 - year - old man drowned while trying to rescue a child from a rushing river . Striking the Tiburon Peninsula as a Category 4 hurricane on the morning of October 4 , Matthew was the strongest storm to directly impact Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964 . An anemometer at Antoine - Simon Airport in Les Cayes , east of where Matthew made landfall , measured a gust of 107 mph ( 172 km / h ) before the station went offline . Gusts in the nation 's capital city of Port - au - Prince reached 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . Communications with areas in the direct path of Matthew were lost , and tens of thousands of people became isolated as roads and bridges were destroyed . A major bridge connecting parts of Grand'Anse to the rest of the country collapsed during a flash flood . 80 % of Jérémie , along the north shore of the Tiburon Peninsula , suffered tremendous damage ; homes were flattened and medical facilities suffered major damage . A radio host in Port - au - Prince stated that Jérémie was `` pretty much wiped out from the seaboard all the way to the cathedral '' . Officially , 546 deaths were attributed to the storm in Haiti , however local governments believed the death toll to be over 1,000 ; this value may have been overestimated . According to the nation 's Civil Protection Directorate , the death toll was 546 as of October 14 , with 128 people missing and 439 injured . This figure was later confirmed by the National Hurricane Center . The government also estimates damages at close to $1.9 billion . Approximately 2.1 million people were affected by the storm , of whom 1.4 million ( 12 percent of Haiti 's population ) were left in need of assistance . Furthermore , roughly 175,000 people were left homeless . Dominican Republic ( edit ) The Dominican Republic reported significant rainfall and coastal flooding due to Matthew , an automated weather station in Cabo Rojo , Dominican Republic , measured 8.43 in ( 214 mm ) of rain by the afternoon of October 3 . Four people died in the Dominican Republic after a house collapsed on top of them . Cuba ( edit ) Costliest Cuban hurricanes Hurricane Season Damage Ike 2008 7009730000000000000 ♠ $7.3 billion Matthew 2016 7009258000000000000 ♠ $2.58 billion Irma 2017 7009220000000000000 ♠ $2.2 billion Gustav 2008 7009210000000000000 ♠ $2.1 billion Michelle 7009200000000000000 ♠ $2 billion Sandy 2012 7009200000000000000 ♠ $2 billion Dennis 2005 7009150000000000000 ♠ $1.5 billion Ivan 7009120000000000000 ♠ $1.2 billion Charley 7008923000000000000 ♠ $923 million View of cliff erosion a day after Hurricane Matthew hit Naval Station Guantanamo Bay Coastal flooding began in Granma Province , Cuba , on October 2 , affecting three towns along the Sierra Maestras . Hurricane Matthew struck the easternmost province of Cuba during the evening of October 4 as a Category 4 , causing tremendous damage . The coastal city of Baracoa suffered widespread damage from violent winds , and storm surge , the latter of which gutted countless buildings . Despite the severity of damage , no fatalities were reported in the city . A communication tower in Majayara collapsed during the storm and a bridge spanning the Toa river was destroyed ; several communities left isolated as a result . Damages in Cuba amounted to $2.58 billion USD ; most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province . Nearly two months later , on November 22 , a municipal bridge in the city of Moa that was damaged by Hurricane Matthew collapsed , killing four employees of Canadian mining company Sherritt International . The employees were undertaking repairs to restore access between Moa and a mining site . Bahamas ( edit ) Experiencing a direct hit from the eyewall of Matthew , Grand Bahama suffered extensive damage . An estimated 95 percent of homes in Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock sustained severe damage . Numerous trees and power lines were toppled by the storm 's high winds , rendering roads impassable . Flooding - induced by the backside of the storm affected much of the western half of the island . Total losses from Matthew in the Bahamas are estimated to be around $600 million USD . United States ( edit ) Deaths and damage by U.S. state State Deaths Damage Ref Florida 12 $2.75 billion Georgia > $90 million North Carolina 26 $1.6 billion South Carolina $249.6 million Virginia $58.14 million In total , the storm killed 47 people in the US , including 26 in North Carolina , 12 in Florida , 3 in Georgia , 4 in South Carolina , and 2 in Virginia . According to the National Centers for Environmental Information , damage from Matthew across the United States reached approximately $10 billion . This ranked it the costliest national disaster in the country for 2016 alongside record floods in Louisiana . Florida and Georgia ( edit ) As Hurricane Matthew traveled rapidly towards the southeastern region of the United States , it hit closely to the coasts of Florida , South Carolina , Georgia , and North Carolina . On October 7 in Fernandina Beach , Florida , there was a peak surge of 9.88 ft ( 3.01 m ) above normal . Additionally , in the St. Augustine area , water was reported to be 2.5 ft ( 0.76 m ) above ground . As Matthew tracked parallel to the Florida coast , it left over one million people without power across the state of Florida . In Jacksonville it caused major sand dune damage and flooding in the St. Johns River . It also destroyed many properties and knocked out power for nearly 250,000 electrical customers . In Indialantic , Florida , firefighters exposed themselves to the storm 's winds to put out a fire , which reportedly destroyed a greenhouse . In Florida , one woman died due to a heart attack ; she had called for aid , but medical services were not able to arrive due to Matthew 's high winds . Another two women were killed by falling trees . In the Flagler Beach area , a portion of Florida State Road A1A was washed away . At Kennedy Space Center , winds reached 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) at ground level while a gust of 136 mph ( 219 km / h ) was observed atop a 500 ft ( 150 m ) tower . The facility suffered several million dollars - worth of damage , though overall impacts were less than anticipated . The roof of Operations Support Building II broke , and rainwater damaged the interior . Air conditioning was lost throughout Launch Complex 39 as well . The planned launches of GOES - R , NOAA 's next generation weather satellite , and CYGNSS , a cluster of smaller satellites which study hurricanes , were delayed due to the suspension of operations during Matthew . Over 250,000 customers were left without power in Georgia after Hurricane Matthew affected the area . Roads were also blocked in the Brunswick , Georgia , area , where all access points to St. Simons Island were rendered impassable . North and South Carolina ( edit ) Flooding in Charleston , South Carolina on October 8 . Across South Carolina , at least 600,000 individuals lost power , where significant flooding was reported to have occurred in Charleston after a seawall was breached . Hilton Head Island experienced widespread water , sewer and power outages for several days , and the only road onto the island was not re-opened to residents until October 11 . It is estimated that over 120,000 trees were downed on the island , causing extensive tree - strike damage to residences and businesses . Over 2.1 million cubic yards of vegetative debris generated by the storm was collected . The Waccamaw River crested in Conway at 17.9 ft ( 5.5 m ) , breaking a record set by the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . The Little Pee Dee River reached a record crest of 17.1 ft ( 5.2 m ) at Galivant 's Ferry , also breaking a 1928 record . The Tar River overflowing its banks near Pitt -- Greenville Airport on October 12 ; it later crested at 24.5 feet ( 7.5 m ) . Twenty - six people died in storm - related incidents across North Carolina . 680,000 in North Carolina were without power at one point . Sections of Interstate 95 in South Carolina and in North Carolina had to be shut down as a result of hurricane flooding . The North Carolina section reopened October 17 . After 10 in ( 25 cm ) of rain fell in Cumberland , Harnett , Hoke , Moore and Robeson Counties on September 28 causing flooding , Matthew dumped another 10 in ( 25 cm ) to 14 in ( 36 cm ) . As a result , the Lumber River reached a record 24 ft ( 7.3 m ) in the south end of Lumberton , breaking the record of 20.5 ft ( 6.2 m ) feet . Robeson County schools did not reopen until October 31 . In Smithfield , the Neuse River crested at 29.09 ft ( 8.87 m ) , 2 ft ( 0.61 m ) higher than after Hurricane Fran . In Kinston , the Neuse crested at 28.31 ft ( 8.63 m ) , a foot ( 300 mm ) higher than the record set by Hurricane Floyd . In Greenville , the Tar River crested at 24.5 ft ( 7.5 m ) . Preliminary estimates indicate that roughly 100,000 structures were flooded across the state and damage reached US $1.5 billion . Virginia and the Northeast ( edit ) Heavy rains and high winds resulted in trees falling and record flooding in Lago Mar , Virginia Beach , Virginia . When the hurricane hit Virginia , Matthew caused two deaths and street flooding in the eastern part of the state . The Northeast received heavy rain and minor flooding throughout the days of October 9 and 10 . Canada ( edit ) Satellite image loop from October 6 , when Matthew was a hurricane , to October 11 , when it had joined a mid-latitude storm sweeping across eastern Canada . Matthew 's post-tropical remains were absorbed into a frontal zone off the coast of North Carolina . The humidity of the tropical system was drawn into the storm that was formed then . The latter gave heavy rain and strong winds in Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland from October 10 to 11 . In Nova Scotia , rain amounts were recorded from east to west as 8.85 in ( 224.8 mm ) in Sydney ( Cape Breton Island ) , 5.09 in ( 129.2 mm ) in Port Hawkesbury , 4.50 in ( 114.4 mm ) in Chéticamp , 4.05 in ( 102.8 mm ) in Halifax , 3.263 in ( 82.88 mm ) in Kentville , and 1.94 in ( 49.2 mm ) in Yarmouth . Heavy rains and strong winds caused flooding and dangerous conditions , particularly in the counties of Pictou , Antigonish , Guysborough and Cape Breton . Several roads were closed to heavy trucks , including Halifax Harbour bridges and the Confederation Bridge between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island . Newfoundland was even more affected with accumulations generally ranging from 3.9 to 5.9 in ( 100 to 150 mm ) in the central , southern and western areas . Steady rain fell sometimes at a rate of 0.39 to 0.79 in ( 10 to 20 mm ) per hour , and even 1.7 in ( 42 mm ) per hour in Burgeo . A private station in that community recorded a total of 9.23 in ( 234.4 mm ) , while the official station of the Gander International Airport signaled 6.45 in ( 163.8 mm ) . The rain caused numerous landslides and swollen rivers cut roads . The state of emergency was declared in Lewisporte , St. Alban 's and Little Burnt Bay . The town of St. Alban 's , a community of about 1,200 , was cut off from the surrounding communities when the main bridge in town was carried by the waters and a nearby community ( Conne River ) provided a boat to transport people to St. Alban 's and out of the community . The highway to Burgeo , on the south coast of Newfoundland , was also flooded and had to be closed . The winds of over 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) also caused many fallen trees and electric power outages . The official maximum winds were recorded in Port aux Basques at 80 mph ( 128 km / h ) and informally in Green Island , Fortune Bay , at 81 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Damage to roads across Newfoundland was assessed in excess of CA $10 million ( US $7.6 million ) . Aftermath ( edit ) Lesser Antilles ( edit ) In Martinique , Électricité de France requested additional crews from Guadeloupe and French Guiana to help restore power . Members of the military and Forces françaises aux Antilles were deployed to assist in clearing debris from roadways . The St. Lucia Red Cross distributed non-food items to 270 people affected by the storm . Haiti ( edit ) A CH - 53E Sea Stallion helicopter assigned to the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit , lands on the flight deck of the amphibious transport dock ship USS Mesa Verde . It is underway in preparation to support humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts in Haiti in response to Hurricane Matthew On October 4 , the United States prepared the aircraft carrier , the hospital ship USNS Comfort -- which previously aided thousands in the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake -- and the transport dock for relief operations in Haiti . USS Mesa Verde and USS George Washington were later relieved by USS Iwo Jima , along with the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit . United States Southern Command also deployed 100 troops with 9 helicopters to the Cayman Islands to prepare for relief work . Initial estimates indicated at least 350,000 people were in need of assistance . The bridge between the south and Port - au - Prince was destroyed . As a result , aid agencies reported they were having difficulty getting around to the most damaged and storm - affected parts of Haiti . The commander of U.S. forces in the Caribbean reported that troops and 6 helicopters from Joint Task Force - Bravo had been deployed to Haiti for the aftermath , and were expected to arrive on October 6 . These are expected to help with search - and - rescue missions as well as providing medical assistance . In addition to his , a one - star navy admiral will also travel to lead the task force involved in the operations . More than 300 military personnel will most likely travel to Haiti , with 300 Marines on board on the ships sent out for aid from the U.S. A number of aid agencies deployed to Haiti to help with the aftermath : Action Aid reported that over 50,000 people were in immediate need of clean water and shelters . World Nation also sent out helicopters , reporting difficulties and their concern about young children and food . They will be providing water and sanitation for over 50,000 people . The UN 's World Food Program arranged for enough food to feed up to 300,000 people for a month . A further 34 tonnes are ready in Miami to be used if needed . UNICEF will be providing life - saving aid for 10,000 people . UN 's Food and Agricultural Organisation said it would be helping farmers rebuild their businesses by providing seeds . The US Agency for International Development said it would provide $400,000 for aid to Jamaica and Haiti on October 3 . Red Cross launched a campaign to raise $9.6 million to provide water , shelter , and food for 50,000 people . They also sent a large number of local volunteers to the south . Cuba ( edit ) The World Food Programme coordinated with the Government of Cuba to provide food to approximately 180,000 people in need across eastern provinces . The operation would span six months and cost US $4 million . United States ( edit ) North Carolina National Guard assisting with high - water rescues in Fayetteville , North Carolina In Georgia , the Governor retracted previous evacuations later , emphasizing that their lives could not be endangered for those who chose not to leave . 1,000 members of the National Guard were deployed for help later . In North Carolina , nearly 900 people had been rescued by boat crews by the morning of October 9 . In April 2017 , North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper requested $929 million in federal funds . The following month , the Trump administration denied more than 99 percent of this request and only provided $6.1 million to the state . Retirement ( edit ) See also : List of retired Atlantic hurricane names On March 26 , 2017 , it was announced by the World Meteorological Organization that the name Matthew was retired due to the extensive damage and loss of life it caused along its track , particularly in Haiti , Cuba , and the United States , and will never again be used to name an Atlantic hurricane . It will be replaced with Martin for the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal 2010s portal List of Florida hurricanes ( 2000 -- present ) List of North Carolina hurricanes ( 2000 -- present ) Hurricane Hazel -- Took a similar track through the Caribbean in 1954 , and struck North Carolina as a Category 4 hurricane . Hurricane David -- Made landfall in the Dominican Republic as a Category 5 before skirting the eastern coast of Florida in 1979 . Hurricane Tomas -- Traced a slightly similar path in the Caribbean , but stayed out to sea rather than curving towards the United States after impacting Hispaniola in 2010 . Hurricane Joaquin -- Ravaged the Central Bahamas roughly a year before Matthew . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Hurricane Sandy was significantly deeper and made landfall much farther north in late October 2012 , it was an extratropical cyclone at the time of landfall . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Stacy R ( April 3 , 2017 ) . Tropical Cyclone Report : Hurricane Matthew ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Storm History '' . The Weather Channel . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lixion A. Avila ( September 30 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 12 ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Records / Notable Facts Recap ( through October 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . Colorado State University . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Klotzbach on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makeida Antonio ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Weather disturbance draws nearer to Eastern Caribbean '' . The Daily Observer . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schools Closed on Wednesday 28 September '' ( Press release ) . National Disaster Management Agency . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 -- via Grenada Now . ^ Jump up to : `` One dead as Matthew batters Eastern Caribbean '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingstown , St. Vincent . Caribbean Media Corporation . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` One dead in St Vincent as Matthew rages '' . National News . Kingstown , St. Vincent . Caribbean Media Corporation . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Next Steps in Saint Lucia Recovery After Tropical Storm Matthew '' . St. Lucia Times . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brown ( September 28 , 2016 ) . Tropical Storm Matthew Public Advisory Number 1 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brown ( September 28 , 2016 ) . Tropical Storm Matthew Public Advisory Number 2 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brown and Richard Pasch ( September 29 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 6 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Brennan ( September 30 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 10 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edge of Hurricane Matthew whips at Aruba , Bonaire , Curacao '' . Oranjestad , Aruba : Fredricksburg.com . Associated Press . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orkaan Matthew op Curaçao lijkt storm in glas water '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Omroep Stichting . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eliana Mejía Ospino ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` La Guajira , en alerta roja por huracán Matthew '' . El Tiempo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sandra Guerrero Barriga ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Matthew ' coge fuerza en su avance frente a la Costa '' . El Heraldo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimone Francis ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Met Service says Jamaica in Hurricane Matthew 's cross hairs '' . Jamaica Observer . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Brennan ( September 30 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 11 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Template : Cite report = Michael Brennan Jump up ^ Mark Cummings ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` # TrackingMatthew : Trelawny beach closed , shelter managers put on alert '' . Jamaica Observer . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica braces for Matthew 's fury '' . Jamaica Observer . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TrackingMatthew : JUTC to terminate services at six o'clock '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingston , Jamaica . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TrackingMatthew : JPS might shut down power plants if hurricane severe '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingston , Jamaica . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TrackingMatthew : JDF deploys troops islandwide '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingston , Jamaica . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` First taste of Hurricane Matthew leaves city roads flooded '' . Jamaica Observer . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TrackingMatthew : All Gov 't offices , tax offices closed '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingston , Jamaica . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Bacon ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew may hit Haiti , Jamaica with 25 inches of rain '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Brennan ( October 1 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 14 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg ( October 2 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 17 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Matthew : Evacuations in Haiti as powerful storm looms '' . BBC . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howard Campbell ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew Soaks Colombia , Heads for Jamaica , Haiti '' . Kingston , Jamaica : ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Pasch ( October 2 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Intermediate Public Advisory Number 18A ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amélie Baron ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Haïti démunie face à l'arrivée de l'ouragan Matthew '' ( in French ) . Radio France Internationale . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Matthew : 55,107 persons in camps in Haiti without protection ... '' . Haiti Libre . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matthew : Schools closed on Monday and Tuesday -- Address to the Nation of Privert '' . Haiti Libre . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Flash : Matthew the situation this morning '' . Haiti Libre . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Flash : Hurricane Matthew en route to Haiti , first effects tonight '' . Haiti Libre . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Huracán Matthew deja 1 muerto en Haití y 8 mil 500 evacuados en República Dominicana '' ( in Spanish ) . RCN Radio . Agencia EFE . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Pam ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew Kills Two Fishermen in Haiti ; They ' Took Risks to Feed Their Families , ' Official Says '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Huracán Mathew toca tierra en Cuba tras dejar muertos por su paso por Haití '' ( in Spanish ) . CNN . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- FLASH : The elections of October 9 postponed '' . Haiti Libre. 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg ( October 2 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Intermediate Public Advisory Number 16A ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Carlos Sanabia Marrero ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Primeros daños y evacuados por huracan Matthew en Santiago de Cuba '' . Radio Rebelde . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Manuel Juan Somoza ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cuba inicia evacuación por huracán ' Matthew ' '' . Milenio ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TrackingMatthew : Bahamas preparing for passage of Hurricane Matthew '' . Jamaica Observer . Nassau , Bahamas . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Rick Scott Issues State of Emergency For All Counties in Florida Ahead of Hurricane Matthew '' . NBC6 . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McCrory declares state of emergency as Matthew approaches US '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Raleigh , North Carolina . Associated Press . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LaFleur , Elizabeth ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` 1.1 million South Carolinians could be evacuated '' . Greenville Online . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy Paras ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` I - 26 eastbound lane reversal in effect : what you need to know '' . WCIV . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Lookout National Seashore evacuating ahead of Hurricane Matthew '' . Carteret County News - Times . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Nathan Deal declares state of emergency ahead of Hurricane Matthew '' . WTOC . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Dave ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Port Canaveral closing to ships , business on Wednesday '' . Florida Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dean , James ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` KSC , Cape Canaveral AFS preparing for Hurricane Matthew '' . Florida Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berger , Eric ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew poses a significant threat to Kennedy Space Center '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew forces Disney World to close for 4th time ever '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew -- Theme Park Closings and Updates -- Attractions Magazine '' . Attractions Magazine . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Menzer , Joe ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Rain washes out XFINITY race , all Friday activities at Charlotte '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` NASCAR Sprint Cup race at Charlotte postponed until Sunday '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mazzei , Patricia ; Clark , Kristen ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Obama signs Florida emergency declaration to deal with Hurricane Matthew '' . The Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Merle , Renae ; Berman , Mark ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew , now a Category 3 storm , approaches Florida ; emergencies declared in three states '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Approaches Florida ; Governor Urges 1.5 Million to Flee '' . The New York Times . October 6 , 2016 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florida governor tells residents to ' evacuate , evacuate , evacuate ' '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hurricane Matthew will kill you & your kids ' : Fox News anchor issues dire warning '' . RT International . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berry , Lorraine ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` I almost refused to evacuate before Hurricane Matthew . Here 's why I changed my mind . '' . Vox . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Deal : Savannah , all coastal Georgia east of I - 95 under mandatory evacuation '' . Savannah Morning News . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Juan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Contraflow begins on I - 16 in Georgia to help motorists evacuate '' . WJCL - TV . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Samenow ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Drudge Report 's playing down and politicizing of Hurricane Matthew was ' deplorable ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Fizzle ? Matthew Looks Ragged ! '' . Drudge Report . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Sanders ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Drudge Suggests Government May Be Lying About Hurricane Matthew '' . NPR . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blog about Hillary Clinton blaming hurricanes on climate change , Marc Morano , Climate Depot Jump up ^ Chris D'Angelo ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Drudge 's Hurricane Theory Takes Conspiracies To A Dangerous Level '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reena Flores ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Drudge suggests government is `` lying '' about Hurricane Matthew `` . CBS News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Government of the Bahamas ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` PM Christie : Hurricanes Matthew and Joaquin Losses Estimated in Hundreds of Millions '' . Relief Web . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Absolutely unbelievable ' road damage , some areas still cut off '' . CBC News . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridge damaged by Hurricane Matthew collapses in Cuba , killing 4 '' . BNO News . November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Matthew slams Haiti , takes aim at US East Coast '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Haiti : Cholera spreads from Hurricane Mathew , death toll reaches 546 '' . News Ghana.com . News Ghana . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haiti Hurricane Matthew Situation Report # 07 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . ReliefWeb . World Food Programme . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tropical Storm Matthew Near Hurricane Strength in the Caribbean Sea ; Jamaica , Hispañola , Cuba , Bahamas Threats Next Week '' . The Weather Channel . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update on Water Systems '' ( Press release ) . National Water and Sewerage Authority . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 -- via Now Grenada . ^ Jump up to : `` Tempête Matthew en Martinique : 3 blessés et 55.000 personnes sans électricité '' ( in French ) . La Chaîne Info . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Huracán Matthew se fortalece y aumenta a categoría cuatro '' . Noticias Caracol ( in Spanish ) . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juan David Umaña Gallego ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` '' Matthew '' provocó estragos en la Costa `` . El Colombiano ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuertes inundaciones se registran en zona bananera , Magdalena '' . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Bogotá , Colombia . Colprensa . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lluvias por coletazo del huracán Matthew afectan el plebiscito en Colombia '' . La Vanguardia ( in Spanish ) . Bogotá , Colombia . Agencia EFE . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- FLASH : Matthew , first evacuations in Haiti '' . Haiti Libre . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` At least 11 people dead as Hurricane Matthew makes landfall '' . Toronto Star . Associates Press . October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNoldy , Brian ; Fritz , Angela ; Samenow , Jason ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane warning in Florida after Matthew strikes Haiti as strongest hurricane in 52 years '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Matthew : Haiti dead reach 800 as south awaits aid '' . BBC News . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Matthew : New images show scale of Haiti destruction '' . BBC . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernhard , Mühr ; Daniell , James ; Wisotzky , Christina ; Wandel , Jan ; Becker , Florian ; Buchholz , Marcel ; Baumstark , Sven ; Dittrich , André. `` C EDIM Forensic Disaster Analysis Group ( FDA ) Hurricane Matthew 1 4 October 2016 -- Report No. 2 '' ( PDF ) . Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Kills 1,332 In Haiti , Cholera Spreading In New Outbreak '' . Jump up ^ Delva , Joseph ; Craft , Diane . `` Hurricane Matthew death toll in Haiti hits 1,000 '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ Reuters ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` BREAKING : Hurricane Matthew death toll in Haiti rises to 842 -- local officials . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' Catastrophic ' Hurricane Matthew Devastates Haiti , 339 Dead '' . TeleSur . October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew : Haiti in national mourning as aid gears up '' . BBC News . October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) , United Nations ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` HAITI , Hurricane Matthew Situation Report Number 9 ( 13 October 2016 ) '' ( PDF ) . Humanitarian Response Info . United Nations . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew damage tally in Haiti nearly $2 bn '' . Yahoo News . October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Morales ( @ JohnMoralesNBC6 ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Official @ onamet automated rain gauge in southwestern Dominican Republic ( Cabo Rojo , Pedernales Province ) has received 8.43 '' of rain already '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Daniel P ; Beven , John L ; Franklin , James L ; Blake , Eric S ( May 1 , 2010 ) . `` Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008 * '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 138 ( 5 ) : 1975 -- 2001 . doi : 10.1175 / 2009MWR3174. 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Matthew in Cuba causes over 2.5 bln USD in damage '' . New China . Xinhua . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 飓风 '' 伊玛 `` 在加勒比海地区造成的破坏性损失料增至 130 亿美元 '' ( Hurricane `` Irma '' in the Caribbean causes devastating losses 13 billion US dollars of materials ) ( in Chinese ) . FX112.com . September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pielke , Roger A ; Rubiera , Jose ; Landsea , Christopher ; Fernández , Mario L ; Klein , Roberta ( August 1 , 2003 ) . `` Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean : Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials '' ( PDF ) . Natural Hazards Review . 4 ( 3 ) : 101 -- 114 . ISSN 1527 - 6988 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 1527 - 6988 ( 2003 ) 4 : 3 ( 101 ) . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Kimberlain , Todd B ; Berg , Robert J ; Cangialosi , John P ; Beven II , John L ; National Hurricane Center ( February 12 , 2013 ) . Hurricane Sandy : October 22 -- 29 , 2012 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lluvias intensas observadas y grandes inundaciones reportadas '' ( Heavy rains observed and large reported floods ) ( in Spanish ) . Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos. 2003 . Retrieved February 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : RA IV Hurricane Committee ( August 12 , 2005 ) . Twenty - seventh Session ( March 31 to April 5 , 2005 ) ( PDF ) ( Final Report ) . World Meteorological Organization . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jerry Iannelli ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew Destroyed Parts of Baracoa , Cuba , Last Night '' . Miami News - Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baracoa después de Matthew , sin pérdidas humanas '' . Redhum ( in Spanish ) . ReliefWeb . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rashad Rolle ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Grand Bahama Suffers Significant Damage As Matthew Roars Through '' . Tribune 242 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neil Hartnell ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Matthew Payouts To ' Absolutely ' Be Nine - Figure Sum '' . Tribune 242 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( Florida Event Reports related to Hurricane Matthew ) '' . National Centers for Environmental Information . 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amy Wenk ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew damages reach $90 million in Georgia '' . Atlanta Business Journal . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jay Price ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Road To Recovery Remains Long For Cities Hardest Hit By Hurricane Matthew '' . WUNC . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( South Carolina Event Reports related to Hurricane Matthew ) '' . National Centers for Environmental Information . 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Virginia Event Reports related to Hurricane Matthew ) '' . National Centers for Environmental Information . 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Death Toll Rises , ' Difficult Days ' Ahead , N.C. Governor Says '' . NBC News . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McCrory says death toll from Hurricane Matthew rises to 28 '' . The Dispatch . The Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stradling , Richard ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew death toll rises again in NC as floodwater recedes '' . News & Observer . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , WAVY News ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Man found dead in standing water in Hampton '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billion - Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters : Table of Events '' . National Centers for Environmental Information . 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Recap : Destruction From the Caribbean to the United States '' . The Weather Company . Hurricane News . 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Emily ; Winsor , Morgan ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew Batters Florida Coast ; 3 Dead as Over 1 Million Lose Power '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petkar , Sofia . `` Hurricane Matthew is the ' most dangerous storm in living memory ' '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dean , James ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Firefighters douse Indialantic blaze '' . Florida Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Avoids Direct Hit on Florida , Continues North '' . The New York Times . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew kills 10 in US , floods Carolinas '' . BBC . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew washes away parts of A1A in Flagler County '' . WFTV . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Dean ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew at KSC : Millions in damages '' . Florida Today . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marco Santana ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew challenged latest prediction tech '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santana , Marco . `` NASA 's GOES - R satellite launch delayed again '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Jump up ^ `` Pegasus launches hurricane - hunting satellites for NASA '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Smith , Bruce ; Bynum , Russ ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` A weakening Matthew rakes Atlantic coast ; US deaths at 10 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weakened Hurricane Matthew Makes Landfall in South Carolina '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Emily ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` 1928 hurricane left its mark in Horry County , but then came Matthew '' . The Sun News . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , Heather ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Greenville Update : Inspectors preparing to assess damage '' . WITN . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minnick , Beau ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` As Raleigh recovers from Matthew , power outages could last a week in NC '' . WNCN . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ deBruyn , Jason . `` Dam Breached : Sixty Miles Of I - 95 Closed In Matthew 's Aftermath '' . WUNC . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chason , Rachel ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` I - 95 reopens in NC ; flooding keeps power out in some areas '' . News & Observer . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quillin , Martha ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Misery now , a struggle ahead for Robeson County after flooding from Hurricane Matthew '' . News & Observer . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harlan , Chico ; Fritz , Angela ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Flooding death toll climbs to 19 in North Carolina after Hurricane Matthew '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death toll from Hurricane Matthew rises to 28 in NC , Gov. Pat McCrory says '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Drew ; Bennett , Abbie ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Record flood waters crest in Johnston County '' . News & Observer . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pulliam , Tim ; Hoggard , DeJuan ; Hohmann , Chris ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neuse River crests in Kinston , flooding could last days '' . WTVD . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NC Hurricane Matthew damage estimate more than a billion dollars '' . WYFF . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew 's Heavy Rain Floods Parts of Virginia ; Multiple Road Closures Reported '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHC : Matthew downgraded to post-tropical cyclone '' . am New York . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Maritimes se relèvent difficilement des inondations et pannes d'électricité '' . ICI Radio - Canada ( in French ) . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` La tempête cause des dégâts pour au moins 1 , 5 millions de dollars à T. - N. - L . '' . ICI Radio - Canada ( in French ) . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meteorological Service of Canada . `` Newfoudnland - and - Labrador '' . Station Results -- Historical Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Multiple states of emergency declared as heavy rains batter central Newfoundland '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update on recovery effort in the aftermath of Tropical Storm Matthew '' . St. Lucia News . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David B Larter and Mark D. Faram ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Carrier George Washington to deploy for Hurricane Matthew relief '' . Navy Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew : Strongest storm since 2004 nears Florida '' . BBC News . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Kills At Least 136 in Haiti : ' The Situation Is Catastrophic , ' Says Haitian President '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew : at least 136 people killed in Haiti , officials say '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ; Woolf , Nicky ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew makes landfall in Cuba after ripping through Haiti '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Local Red Cross volunteers head south to help with Hurricane Matthew '' . BINGHAMTONHOMEPAGE . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WFP to provide food assistance in Cuba in the wake of Hurricane Matthew '' . Havana , Cuba : ReliefWeb . World Food Programme . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Batters Southeast ; 6 Dead , Over 1.4 Million Lose Power '' . ABC News . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Toll Climbs to at Least 15 as North Carolina Suffers Record - Breaking Flooding '' . The New York Times . October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 99 percent of Hurricane Matthew aid requested by NC denied by Trump administration '' . WNCN . May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Meteorological Organisation retires storm names Matthew and Otto '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 27 March 2017 . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Matthew ( 2016 ) . The NHC 's advisory archive for Hurricane Matthew Taylor , SRA Mercedes ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Little Rock AFB provides humanitarian support '' . Armed Forces News Service . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Scalf , TSG Ralph ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` US provides initial critical aid in Haiti '' . Armed Forces News Service . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . `` AF heads to Haiti for Matthew relief '' . Joint Base McGuire - Dix - Lakehurst Public Affairs . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 1920s `` Cuba ( 1924 ) '' `` Okeechobee '' ( 1928 ) 1930s `` Bahamas '' ( 1932 ) `` Cuba ( 1932 ) '' `` Cuba -- Brownsville '' ( 1933 ) `` Tampico '' ( 1933 ) `` Labor Day '' ( 1935 ) `` New England '' ( 1938 ) 1950s Carol ( 1953 ) Janet ( 1955 ) 1960s Carla ( 1961 ) Hattie ( 1961 ) Beulah ( 1967 ) Camille ( 1969 ) 1970s Edith ( 1971 ) Anita ( 1977 ) David ( 1979 ) 1980s Allen ( 1980 ) Gilbert ( 1988 ) Hugo ( 1989 ) 1990s Andrew ( 1992 ) Mitch ( 1998 ) 2000s Isabel ( 2003 ) Ivan ( 2004 ) Emily ( 2005 ) Katrina ( 2005 ) Rita ( 2005 ) Wilma ( 2005 ) Dean ( 2007 ) Felix ( 2007 ) 2010s Matthew ( 2016 ) Irma ( 2017 ) Maria ( 2017 ) Book Category Tropical cyclones portal Retired Atlantic hurricane names 1950s Carol Edna Hazel Connie Diane Ione Janet Audrey 1960s Donna Carla Hattie Flora Cleo Dora Hilda Betsy Inez Beulah Camille 1970s Celia Agnes Carmen Fifi Eloise Anita Greta David Frederic 1980s Allen Alicia Elena Gloria Gilbert Joan Hugo 1990s Diana Klaus Bob Andrew Luis Marilyn Opal Roxanne Cesar Fran Hortense Georges Mitch Floyd Lenny 2000s Keith Allison ( TS ) Iris Michelle Isidore Lili Fabian Isabel Juan Charley Frances Ivan Jeanne Dennis Katrina Rita Stan Wilma Dean Felix Noel Gustav Ike Paloma 2010s Igor Tomas Irene Sandy Ingrid Erika ( TS ) Joaquin Matthew Otto Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons Tropical cyclones of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season Alex TS Bonnie TS Colin TS Danielle Earl TS Fiona Gaston TD Eight Hermine TS Ian TS Julia TS Karl TS Lisa 5 Matthew ( history ) Nicole Otto Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Matthew&oldid=804937255 '' Categories : 2016 Atlantic hurricane season 2016 in the Caribbean 2016 in Barbados 2016 in Cuba 2016 in Florida 2016 in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 2016 in Haiti 2016 in Martinique 2016 in North Carolina 2016 in Saint Lucia 2016 in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2016 in South Carolina 2016 in Venezuela 2016 in Virginia 2016 natural disasters Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes Hurricanes in the Windward Islands Natural disasters in the Caribbean Natural disasters in Haiti Natural disasters in the Bahamas Hurricanes in Barbados Hurricanes in Dominica Hurricanes in Martinique Hurricanes in Saint Lucia Hurricanes in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Hurricanes in Cuba Hurricanes in Florida Hurricanes in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hurricanes in South Carolina Hurricanes in North Carolina Hurricanes in Virginia Hurricanes in Haiti Hurricanes in the ABC Islands Retired Atlantic hurricanes October 2016 events October 2016 events in the United States September 2016 events Hurricane Matthew Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 01 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what category was hurricane matthew when he hit florida	[ "Slowly rounding the ridge, Matthew fluctuated in intensity within the Category 4 range from October 1–5. Intensification resumed again late on October 3 and culminated when Matthew made landfall near Les Anglais, Haiti, around 11:00 UTC on October 4 with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a pressure of 934 millibars (27.6 inHg), making it the strongest to hit Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964. Continuing northward, the hurricane struck Maisí in Cuba early on October 5 as a slightly weaker storm. Cuba's and Haiti's mountainous terrain weakened Matthew to Category 3 status, as it began to accelerate northwestwards through the Bahamas. Restrengthening occurred as Matthew's circulation became better organized, with the storm becoming a Category 4 hurricane again while passing Freeport. However, Matthew began to weaken again as an eyewall replacement cycle took place. The storm significantly weakened while closely paralleling the coasts of Florida and Georgia, with the northwestern portion of the outer eyewall coming ashore in Florida while the system was a Category 3 hurricane (with the strongest winds remaining just offshore). Matthew weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on October 7 and then to a Category 1 hurricane by 12:00 UTC on October 8.[1]" ]	[ "Category 3" ]
1649049731511558078	List of largest cruise ships	List of Largest Cruise ships - wikipedia List of Largest Cruise ships Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of largest cruise ships over 120,000 gross tonnes , including ships that are in service , under construction , and out of service . Ships are ranked by gross tonnage . Contents ( hide ) 1 In service 2 Under construction 3 See also 4 References 5 External links In service ( edit ) # Ship Cruise line Year Gross tonnage Length Beam Staterooms Passenger capacity Image Maximum Waterline Double Maximum Symphony of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2018 228,081 GT 1,188 ft ( 362.1 m ) 215.5 ft ( 65.7 m ) 156.75 ft ( 47.778 m ) 2,759 5,518 6,680 Harmony of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2016 226,963 GT 1,188.1 ft ( 362.12 m ) 215.5 ft ( 65.7 m ) 155.6 ft ( 47.42 m ) 2,747 5,479 * 6,687 Allure of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 225,282 GT 1,187 ft ( 362 m ) 215 ft ( 66 m ) 154 ft ( 47 m ) 2,742 5,484 6,780 Oasis of The Seas Royal Caribbean International 2009 225,282 GT 1,187 ft ( 362 m ) 215 ft ( 66 m ) 154 ft ( 47 m ) 2,742 5,484 6,780 5 MSC Meraviglia MSC Cruises 2017 171,598 GT 1,036.2 ft ( 315.83 m ) 141 ft ( 43 m ) 2,250 4,500 5,714 6 Quantum of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2014 168,666 GT 1,139 ft ( 347.08 m ) 162 ft ( 49.47 m ) 136 ft ( 41.4 m ) 2,090 4,180 4,905 Anthem of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2015 168,666 GT 1,139 ft ( 347.06 m ) 162 ft ( 49.4 m ) 136 ft ( 41.4 m ) 2,090 4,180 4,905 Ovation of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2016 168,666 GT 1,142 ft ( 348 m ) 160 ft ( 48.9 m ) 135 ft ( 41.2 m ) 2,091 4,180 * 4,905 9 Norwegian Bliss Norwegian Cruise Line 2018 168,028 GT 1,093.6 ft ( 333.32 m ) 158 ft ( 48.1 m ) 136 ft ( 41.4 m ) 4,200 10 Norwegian Joy Norwegian Cruise Line 2017 167,725 GT 1,094.0 ft ( 333.46 m ) 136 ft ( 41.4 m ) 1,925 3,883 11 Norwegian Escape Norwegian Cruise Line 2015 165,157 GT 1,069 ft ( 325.9 m ) 153 ft ( 46.5 m ) 136 ft ( 41.4 m ) 2,124 4,248 12 Liberty of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2007 155,889 GT 1,112 ft ( 339 m ) 184 ft ( 56 m ) 128.1 ft ( 39.0 m ) 1,817 3,634 4,375 13 Norwegian Epic Norwegian Cruise Line 155,873 GT 1,081 ft ( 329.5 m ) 133 ft ( 40.6 m ) 2,114 4,100 5,183 14 Freedom of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2006 154,407 GT 1,112 ft ( 339 m ) 184 ft ( 56 m ) 126.6 ft ( 38.6 m ) 1,817 3,634 4,375 Independence of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2008 154,407 GT 1,112 ft ( 339 m ) 184 ft ( 56 m ) 126.6 ft ( 38.6 m ) 1,817 3,634 4,375 16 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 2017 153,516 GT 1,060 ft ( 320 m ) 135 ft ( 41 m ) 2,070 4,140 5,300 17 Genting Dream Dream Cruises 2016 150,695 GT 1,100.2 ft ( 335.33 m ) 145 ft ( 44.1 m ) 130 ft ( 39.7 m ) 1,600 3,200 4,500 18 World Dream Dream Cruises 2017 150,695 GT 1,100 ft ( 335.2 m ) 145.5 ft ( 44.35 m ) 130.4 ft ( 39.75 m ) 1,680 3,360 4,500 19 Queen Mary 2 Cunard Line 149,215 GT 1,132.0 ft ( 345.03 m ) 147 ft ( 45 m ) 135 ft ( 41 m ) 1,296 2,592 3,090 20 Norwegian Breakaway Norwegian Cruise Line 2013 145,655 GT 1,068.4 ft ( 325.64 m ) 169.7 ft ( 51.7 m ) 130.3 ft ( 39.71 m ) 2,014 3,963 21 Norwegian Getaway Norwegian Cruise Line 2014 145,655 GT 1,068.4 ft ( 325.65 m ) 145.6 ft ( 44.39 m ) 130.3 ft ( 39.73 m ) 2,014 3,910 22 Majestic Princess Princess Cruises 2017 144,216 GT 1,082.7 ft ( 330.0 m ) 126 ft ( 38.4 m ) 1,780 3,560 4,250 23 Britannia P&O Cruises 2015 143,730 GT 1,080 ft ( 330 m ) 125.9 ft ( 38.38 m ) 1,780 3,647 4,100 24 Royal Princess Princess Cruises 2013 142,714 GT 1,080 ft ( 330 m ) 155 ft ( 47 m ) 126 ft ( 38.4 m ) 1,780 3,560 4,100 25 Regal Princess Princess Cruises 2014 142,714 GT 1,080 ft ( 330 m ) 125.6 ft ( 38.27 m ) 1,780 3,560 4,100 26 Navigator of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2002 139,570 GT 1,020 ft ( 310 m ) 157.5 ft ( 48.0 m ) 127 ft ( 38.6 m ) 1,638 3,276 3,807 27 MSC Divina MSC Cruises 2012 139,072 GT 1,082.7 ft ( 330.0 m ) 124 ft ( 37.9 m ) 1,739 3,478 3,959 MSC Preziosa MSC Cruises 2013 139,072 GT 1,094 ft ( 333.3 m ) 124 ft ( 37.9 m ) 1,739 3,478 3,959 29 Mariner of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2003 138,279 GT 1,020.7 ft ( 311.12 m ) 157.5 ft ( 48.0 m ) 127 ft ( 38.6 m ) 1,557 3,114 3,807 30 Explorer of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2000 138,194 GT 1,020 ft ( 311 m ) 161 ft ( 49.1 m ) 127 ft ( 38.6 m ) 1,557 3,114 3,840 Voyager of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 1999 138,194 GT 1,020.7 ft ( 311.12 m ) 156 ft ( 47.4 m ) 127 ft ( 38.6 m ) 1,557 3,114 3,840 32 MSC Fantasia MSC Cruises 2008 137,936 GT 1,094 ft ( 333 m ) 124 ft ( 38 m ) 1,637 3,274 4,363 MSC Splendida MSC Cruises 2009 137,936 GT 1,095 ft ( 334 m ) 124 ft ( 38 m ) 1,637 3,274 3,952 34 Adventure of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 137,276 GT 1,020 ft ( 311 m ) 161 ft ( 49.1 m ) 127 ft ( 38.6 m ) 1,557 3,114 3,807 35 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 2016 133,596 GT 1,055 ft ( 321.5 m ) 158 ft ( 48 m ) 122 ft ( 37.2 m ) 1,968 3,936 4,980 36 Carnival Horizon Carnival Cruise Line 2018 133,500 GT 1,062 ft ( 324 m ) 1,987 3,954 37 Costa Diadema Costa Cruises 2014 133,019 GT 1,004 ft ( 306 m ) 122 ft ( 37 m ) 1,850 3,700 4,947 38 Disney Fantasy Disney Cruise Line 2012 129,750 GT 1,114.8 ft ( 339.80 m ) 121.4 ft ( 37.0 m ) 1,250 2,500 4,000 39 Disney Dream Disney Cruise Line 2011 129,690 GT 1,114.8 ft ( 339.80 m ) 121.4 ft ( 37.0 m ) 1,250 2,500 4,000 40 Carnival Dream Carnival Cruise Line 2009 128,251 GT 1,002.20 ft ( 305.471 m ) 122 ft ( 37.2 m ) 1,823 3,646 4,631 41 Carnival Breeze Carnival Cruise Line 2012 128,052 GT 1,002 ft ( 305.5 m ) 122.0 ft ( 37.18 m ) 1,845 3,690 4,720 42 Carnival Magic Carnival Cruise Line 2011 128,048 GT 1,004 ft ( 306 m ) 122 ft ( 37 m ) 1,845 3,690 4,720 43 AIDAprima AIDA Cruises 2016 125,572 GT 984.1 ft ( 299.95 m ) 123.5 ft ( 37.65 m ) 123 ft ( 37.6 m ) 1,625 3,250 AIDAperla AIDA Cruises 2017 125,572 GT 984.1 ft ( 299.95 m ) 123 ft ( 37.6 m ) 1,643 3,290 45 Celebrity Reflection Celebrity Cruises 2012 125,366 GT 1,047 ft ( 319 m ) 123 ft ( 37.4 m ) 1,523 3,046 3,480 46 Celebrity Silhouette Celebrity Cruises 2011 122,210 GT 1,033 ft ( 315 m ) 121 ft ( 36.9 m ) 1,443 2,886 3,320 47 Celebrity Solstice Celebrity Cruises 2008 121,878 GT 1,041 ft ( 317.2 m ) 121 ft ( 36.9 m ) 1,426 2,852 3,148 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 2009 121,878 GT 1,041 ft ( 317.2 m ) 121 ft ( 36.9 m ) 1,426 2,852 3,148 Celebrity Eclipse Celebrity Cruises 121,878 GT 1,040.5 ft ( 317.14 m ) 121 ft ( 36.8 m ) 1,426 2,852 3,148 * This number assumes only single occupancy of certain staterooms designed for only one passenger . Under construction ( edit ) # Ship , class , or project name Cruise line Year ( planned ) Gross tonnage Length Beam Staterooms Passenger capacity Maximum Waterline Double Maximum Oasis Class Royal Caribbean International 2021 230,000 GT 1,188 ft ( 362 m ) 215.5 ft ( 65.7 m ) 2,775 5,535 6,870 Global Class Dream Cruises 2020 204,000 GT 1,135 ft ( 346 m ) 151 ft ( 46 m ) 2,500 5,000 9,500 Global Class Dream Cruises 2021 204,000 GT 1,135 ft ( 346 m ) 151 ft ( 46 m ) 2,500 5,000 9,500 Project Icon Royal Caribbean International 2022 200,000 GT 5,000 Project Icon Royal Caribbean International 2024 200,000 GT 5,000 World Class MSC Cruises 2022 200,000 GT 1,080 ft ( 330 m ) 154 ft ( 47 m ) 2,760 5,520 6,850 World Class MSC Cruises 2024 200,000 GT 1,080 ft ( 330 m ) 154 ft ( 47 m ) 2,760 5,520 6,850 8 AIDAnova AIDA Cruises 2018 183,900 2,500 5,000 6,600 Costa Smeralda Costa Cruises 2019 183,900 GT 2,600 5,200 6,600 TBA Carnival Cruise Line 2020 183,900 2,600 5,200 Project Gala P&O Cruises 2020 183,900 2,600 5,200 Helios class AIDA Cruises 2021 183,900 2,500 5,000 6,600 TBA Costa Cruises 2021 183,900 2,605 5,176 6,600 TBA Carnival Cruise Line 2022 183,900 2,600 5,200 Project Gala P&O Cruises 2022 183,900 2,600 5,200 Helios class AIDA Cruises 2022 183,900 2,500 5,000 6,600 17 MSC Grandiosa MSC Cruises 2019 181,000 GT 1,086 ft ( 331 m ) 2,444 6,334 Meraviglia - Plus Class MSC Cruises 2020 181,000 GT 1,086 ft ( 331 m ) 2,444 6,334 19 Seaside Evo Class MSC Cruises 2021 169,380 GT 1,112 ft ( 339 m ) 135 ft ( 41 m ) Seaside Evo Class MSC Cruises 2023 169,380 GT 1,112 ft ( 339 m ) 135 ft ( 41 m ) 21 Norwegian Encore Norwegian Cruise Line 2019 168,800 GT 4,200 22 Spectrum of the Seas Royal Caribbean International 2019 168,666 GT 1,141 ft ( 348 m ) 136 ft ( 41 m ) 2,090 4,180 4,905 Quantum Class Royal Caribbean International 2020 168,666 GT 1,141 ft ( 348 m ) 136 ft ( 41 m ) 2,090 4,180 4,905 24 MSC Bellissima MSC Cruises 2019 167,600 GT 1,033 ft ( 315 m ) 141 ft ( 43 m ) 2,250 4,500 5,700 25 MSC Seaview MSC Cruises 2018 154,000 GT 1,060 ft ( 320 m ) 135 ft ( 41 m ) 2,070 4,140 5,300 27 Royal Class Princess Cruises 2022 145,000 GT 3,660 27 Sky Princess Princess Cruises 2019 143,700 GT 3,560 Royal Class Princess Cruises 2020 143,700 GT 3,560 29 Project Leonardo Norwegian Cruise Line 2022 140,000 GT 980 ft ( 300 m ) Project Leonardo Norwegian Cruise Line 2023 140,000 GT 980 ft ( 300 m ) Project Leonardo Norwegian Cruise Line 2024 140,000 GT 980 ft ( 300 m ) Project Leonardo Norwegian Cruise Line 2025 140,000 GT 980 ft ( 300 m ) 33 Costa Venezia Costa Asia 2019 135,500 GT 4,200 TBA Costa Asia 2020 135,500 GT 4,200 35 Disney TBA Disney Cruise Line 2021 135,000 GT 1,250 2,500 Disney TBA Disney Cruise Line 2022 135,000 GT 1,250 2,500 Disney TBA Disney Cruise Line 2023 135,000 GT 1,250 2,500 38 Carnival Panorama Carnival Cruise Line 2019 133,500 GT 3,954 4,200 39 Celebrity Edge Celebrity Cruises 2018 129,500 GT 1,004 ft ( 306 m ) 128 ft ( 39 m ) 1,467 2,918 3,373 Celebrity Beyond Celebrity Cruises 2020 129,500 GT 1,004 ft ( 306 m ) 128 ft ( 39 m ) 1,467 2,918 3,373 Edge Class Celebrity Cruises 2021 129,500 GT 1,004 ft ( 306 m ) 128 ft ( 39 m ) 1,467 2,918 3,373 Edge Class Celebrity Cruises 2022 129,500 GT 1,004 ft ( 306 m ) 128 ft ( 39 m ) 1,467 2,918 3,373 See also ( edit ) Nautical portal List of cruise lines List of cruise ships List of largest passenger ships List of largest ships by gross tonnage List of longest ships References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ^ Jump up to : `` Symphony of the Seas Fact Sheet '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center . Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harmony of the Seas ( 33249 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . ^ Jump up to : `` Harmony of the Seas Fact Sheet '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center . Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allure of the Seas ( 28329 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allure of the Seas Fact Sheet '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center . Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis of the Seas : Dimensions ( 27091 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis of the Seas Fact Sheet '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center . Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC CRUISES CELEBRATES THE COMING INTO SERVICE OF MSC MERAVIGLIA '' . 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC Meraviglia ( 9760512 ) '' . Veristar Info . Bureau Veritas . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tribou , Richard ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` MSC Cruises orders two more cruise ships '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quantum of the Seas ( 32027 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quantum of the Seas Fact Sheet '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center . Royal Caribbean International . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anthem of the Seas ( 32028 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . ^ Jump up to : `` Anthem of the Seas Fact Sheet '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center . Royal Caribbean International . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ovation of the Seas ( 34050 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . ^ Jump up to : `` Ovation of the Seas Fact Sheet '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center . Royal Caribbean International . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegian Bliss ( 33557 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegian orders another pair of Breakaway - Plus ships from Meyer '' . seatrade-insider.com. 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegian Joy ( 33556 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Joy '' . Meyer Werft . MEYER WERFT GmbH & Co . KG . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegian Escape ( 33199 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liberty of the Seas ( 26180 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liberty of the Seas Fast Facts '' . Royal Caribbean . 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Epic ( 27543 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegian Epic '' . ncl.com . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Freedom of the Seas Fast Facts '' . Royal Caribbean . 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Independence of the Seas Fast Facts '' . Royal Caribbean . 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MSC Seaside ( 9745366 ) '' . Leonardo Info . Registro Italiano Navale . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC Confirms Fincantieri Order for two Seaside - Class Ships '' . cruiseindustrynews.com . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC Cruises orders two ' revolutionary ' new ships '' . USA Today . 22 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Genting Dream ( 34079 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Dream ( 34080 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Start of construction on Newbuild for Asia '' . Meyer Werft. 2015 . 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Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Majestic Princess '' . Fincantieri . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britannia ( 9674036 ) '' . Ships In Class . Lloyd 's Register . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Princess ( 9584712 ) '' . Ships In Class . Lloyd 's Register . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Princess Fact Sheet '' . Princess Cruises . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regal Princess ( 9584724 ) '' . Ships In Class . Lloyd 's Register . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navigator of the Seas ( 22759 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navigator of the Seas Fast Facts '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center . Royal Caribbean . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC Divina ( 9585285 ) '' . Miramar Ship Index . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Traditional Coin Ceremony marks construction milestone for newly renamed MSC Divina '' . MSC Cruises. 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC Preziosa ( 9595321 ) '' . Miramar Ship Index . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariner of the Seas ( 22760 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariner of the Seas Fast Facts '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center . Royal Caribbean . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Explorer of the Seas ( 19903 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Explorer of the Seas Fast Facts '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center . Royal Caribbean International . 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voyager of the Seas ( 19902 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voyager of the Seas Fast Facts '' . Royal Caribbean . 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC FANTASIA FACT SHEET '' ( PDF ) . MSCCruisesUSA.com . MSC Cruises . July 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC SPLENDIDA FACT SHEET '' ( PDF ) . MSCCruisesUSA.com . MSC Cruises . July 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adventure of the Seas ( 20125 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adventure of the Seas Fast Facts '' . Royal Caribbean . 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnival Vista ( 9692569 ) '' . Miramar Ship Index . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fiske , David ( 25 January 2015 ) . `` Why Carnival Vista Will Be The Best Fun Ship Ever '' . Ports of Call . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crafting Carnival Horizon '' . Carnival Cruise Line ( Press release ) . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Costa Diadema ( 9636888 ) '' . Leonardo Info . Registro Italiano Navale . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Diadema , `` Regina Del Mediterraneo '' of Costa Cruises , Presented in Marghera '' ( Press release ) . Fincantieri. 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Fantasy ( 9445590 ) '' . Ships In Class . Lloyd 's Register . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Dream Fact Sheet '' . Disney Cruise Line . 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Dream ( 9434254 ) '' . Ships In Class . Lloyd 's Register . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnival Dream ( 9378474 ) '' . Ships In Class . Lloyd 's Register . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Sheet : Carnival Dream '' . Carnival Cruise Line . 2009 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnival Breeze ( 9555723 ) '' . Ships In Class . Lloyd 's Register . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Sheet : New Ships '' . Carnival Cruise Line . 2009 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnival Magic ( 9378486 ) '' . Port State Information Exchange . United States Coast Guard . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` AIDAprima ( g117060 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Germanischer Lloyd . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/815097/000081509717000001/a2016form10-kfrontpart.htm ^ Jump up to : `` AIDAperla ( G117144 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Germanischer Lloyd . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrity Reflection ( 29214 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` press_room_details&event_date = 2010 - 12 - 08&event_type = press_release&sequence_code = A `` Celebrity Cruises to present more avant - garde industry firsts on Celebrity Silhouette and Celebrity Reflection ship '' . Celebrity Cruises. 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrity 2013 - 2014 Fleet Guide '' ( PDF ) . Celebrity Cruises . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrity Silhouette ( 28392 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrity Solstice ( 26783 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrity Equinox ( 26784 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrity Eclipse ( 27760 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Genting Hong Kong Announces Order of Two `` Global Class '' Ships for Star Cruises , the Largest to be Built in Germany , for Delivery Between 2019 and 2020 '' ( PDF ) . Mirror. 11 May 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MV WERFTEN Starts Construction on the first 204,000 Gross Ton Global Class Ship the Largest Cruise Ship to be Built in Germany -- MV WERFTEN '' . www.mv-werften.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Caribbean Orders Two Cruise Ships from Meyer Turku '' . worldmaritimenews.com . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC Cruises and STX France confirm order for LNG - powered World Class cruise ships '' . MSC Corporate Information & Media Room ( Press release ) . MSC Cruises SA . 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AIDAnova is the name of the first ship of new Helios - Class '' . Meyer Werft . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The world 's first LNG cruise liner '' . Meyer Werft ( Press release ) . 21 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnival Corporation Finalizes Contract with Meyer Werft to Build Four Next - Generation Cruise Ships '' . meyerwerft.de ( Press release ) . Meyer Werft. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bond , Mary ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Costa 's first LNG - powered ship to be named Costa Smeralda '' . Seatrade Cruise News . Seatrade UBM . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Costa to Build Two New Ships '' . cruiseindustrynews.com . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnival Corporation to Build Three New LNG - Powered Cruise Ships with Meyer Werft and Meyer Turku '' . Meyer Werft ( Press release ) . 6 September 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : satchell , Arlene ( 6 September 2016 ) . `` Carnival to get two ships powered by liquefied natural gas in 2020 and 2022 '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Newall , Peter . `` P&O Cruises To Build A New 180,000 - ton LNG - Powered Ship For Delivery In 2020 '' . Maritime Matters + date = 6 September 2016 . Martin Cox . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bond , May ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` MSC Cruises reveals name of first Meraviglia - Plus ship , lays keel for Bellissima '' . Seatrade Cruise News . Seatrade UBM . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC Cruises commande deux paquebots de 177.000 GT à Saint - Nazaire '' . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSC CRUISES AND FINCANTIERI ANNOUNCE AGREEMENT FOR TWO SEASIDE EVO SHIPS , AS MSC CRUISES TAKES DELIVERY OF SECOND NEW SHIP IN SIX MONTHS '' . 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keel laying ceremony for the Norwegian Joy '' . Meyer Werft. 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Caribbean Marks First Major Construction Milestone of The New Quantum Ultra '' . Royal Caribbean Press Center ( Press release ) . Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 15 August 2017 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Reiser , Emon ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Royal Caribbean orders fourth Quantum - class cruise ship '' . South Florida Business Journal . bizjournals.com . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MSC cruises reveals name of second Meraviglia generation mega-ship : MSC Bellissima '' . 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MSC Seaview '' . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnival earmarks new ships for Holland and Princess cruise lines '' . Sun Sentinel. 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnival Corporation Finalizes Contracts with Fincantieri to Build Five New Cruise Ships '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FINCANTIERI : A NEW CLASS OF SHIPS FOR NORWEGIAN CRUISE LINE '' . Fincantieri ( Press release ) . 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Holds Coin Ceremony for China - Bound Venezia '' . 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Cruises Holds Coin Ceremony for Costa Venezia '' . 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Cruise Line Announces Two New Ships '' . Disney Cruise Line News . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Cruise Line Surprises D23 Fans with Announcement of Seventh Ship '' . Disney Cruise Line News ( Press release ) . Disney . 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New 133,500 - Ton Vista Class Ship to Join Carnival Cruise Line Fleet In 2019 '' . Carnival Cruise Line ( Press release ) . 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrity Edge FAQs '' ( PDF ) . Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd . March 2017 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cruise ships . Modern merchant ships Dry cargo Barge Bulk carrier Car float Chain boat Coaster Collier Container ship Heavy - lift ship Hopper barge Lake freighter Lighter aboard ship Livestock carrier Reefer ship RORO ship Submarine Cargo Vessel Train ferry Tankers Chemical tanker FPSO unit Gas carrier LNG carrier Oil tanker Passenger Cable ferry Cargo liner Cruise ship Cruiseferry Ferry Narrowboat Ocean liner RORO ship Train ferry Support Diving support vessel Fireboat Platform supply vessel Pusher Tender Tugboat Other Floating restaurant Cable layer Crane vessel Dredger Drillship Fishing vessel Icebreaker Merchant submarine Narco - submarine Pipe - laying ship Research vessel Riverboat Semi-submersible Snagboat Timeline of the world 's largest passenger ships Syracusia ( 240 BC ) Thalamegos ( 200 BC ) Caravel ships ( 1400s ) SS Royal William ( 1831 ) SS Great Western ( 1837 ) SS British Queen ( 1839 ) SS President ( 1840 ) SS Great Britain ( 1845 ) HMS Himalaya ( 1854 ) RMS Atrato ( 1854 ) SS Great Eastern ( 1858 ) RMS Celtic ( 1901 ) RMS Baltic ( 1903 ) RMS Empress of Scotland ( 1906 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1907 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1907 ) RMS Olympic ( 1911 ) RMS Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Imperator ( 1913 ) SS Leviathan ( 1913 ) RMS Majestic ( 1914 ) SS Normandie ( 1935 ) RMS Queen Mary ( 1936 ) RMS Queen Elizabeth ( 1940 ) MS Sovereign of the Seas ( 1987 ) MS Sun Princess ( 1995 ) MS Carnival Sunshine ( 1996 ) MS Grand Princess ( 1997 ) MS Voyager of the Seas ( 1999 ) MS Explorer of the Seas ( 2000 ) MS Navigator of the Seas ( 2002 ) RMS Queen Mary 2 ( 2004 ) MS Freedom of the Seas / MS Liberty of the Seas / MS Independence of the Seas ( 2006 ) MS Oasis of the Seas ( 2009 ) MS Allure of the Seas ( 2010 ) MS Harmony of the Seas ( 2016 ) MS Symphony of the Seas ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_cruise_ships&oldid=837261901 '' Categories : Cruise ships Lists of superlatives Lists of ships Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 31 . About Wikipedia	average number of crew on a cruise ship	[]	[]
-8495933507663004792	Golden State Warriors draft history	Golden State Warriors draft history - wikipedia Golden State Warriors draft history Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of draft picks by the Golden State Warriors of the NBA . In total , the Warriors have had 457 draft picks . Draft picks ( edit ) Draft year League Round Pick Player College / High School 2016 NBA 30 Damian Jones Vanderbilt University 2015 NBA 30 Kevon Looney University of California , Los Angeles 2012 NBA 7 Harrison Barnes University of North Carolina 2012 NBA 30 Festus Ezeli Vanderbilt University 2012 NBA 35 Draymond Green Michigan State University 2012 NBA 52 Ognjen Kuzmić Clinicas Rincón ( Spain ) 2011 NBA 11 Klay Thompson Washington State University 2011 NBA 44 Charles Jenkins Hofstra University NBA 6 Ekpe Udoh Baylor University 2009 NBA 7 Stephen Curry Davidson College 2008 NBA 14 Anthony Randolph Louisiana State University 2008 NBA 49 Richard Hendrix University of Alabama 2007 NBA 18 Marco Belinelli 2007 NBA 36 Jermareo Davidson University of Alabama 2007 NBA 46 Stephane Lasme University of Massachusetts Amherst 2006 NBA 9 Patrick O'Bryant Bradley University 2006 NBA 38 Kosta Perovic 2005 NBA 9 Ike Diogu Arizona State University 2005 NBA 40 Monta Ellis 2005 NBA 42 Chris Taft University of Pittsburgh NBA 11 Andris Biedrins 2003 NBA 11 Mickael Pietrus 2003 NBA 40 Derrick Zimmerman Mississippi State University 2002 NBA Mike Dunleavy Duke University 2002 NBA 29 Steve Logan University of Cincinnati 2001 NBA 5 Jason Richardson Michigan State University 2001 NBA 14 Troy Murphy University of Notre Dame 2001 NBA 30 Gilbert Arenas University of Arizona 2000 NBA 55 Chris Porter Auburn University 1999 NBA 21 Jeff Foster Texas State University 1999 NBA 56 Tim Young Stanford University 1998 NBA 5 Vince Carter University of North Carolina 1997 NBA 8 Adonal Foyle Colgate University 1997 NBA 37 Marc Jackson Temple University NBA 11 Todd Fuller North Carolina State University NBA 40 Marcus Mann Mississippi Valley State University 1995 NBA Joe Smith University of Maryland 1995 NBA 34 Andrew DeClercq University of Florida 1995 NBA 40 Dwayne Whitfield Jackson State University 1995 NBA 50 Martin Lewis Seward County Community College 1995 NBA 55 Michael McDonald University of New Orleans 1994 NBA 16 Clifford Rozier University of Louisville 1994 NBA 39 Anthony Miller Michigan State University 1994 NBA 45 Dwayne Morton University of Louisville 1993 NBA Anfernee Hardaway University of Memphis 1993 NBA 34 Darnell Mee Western Kentucky University 1992 NBA 24 Latrell Sprewell University of Alabama 1992 NBA 43 Sasha Danilovic 1992 NBA 50 Matt Fish University of North Carolina at Wilmington 1991 NBA 16 Chris Gatling Old Dominion University 1991 NBA 17 Victor Alexander Iowa State University 1991 NBA 25 Shaun Vandiver University of Colorado 1991 NBA 43 Lamont Strothers Christopher Newport University 1990 NBA 11 Tyrone Hill Xavier University 1990 NBA 28 Les Jepsen University of Iowa 1990 NBA 34 Kevin Pritchard University of Kansas NBA 14 Tim Hardaway University of Texas at El Paso 1988 NBA 5 Mitch Richmond Kansas State University 1988 NBA 41 Keith Smart Indiana University NBA 14 Tellis Frank Western Kentucky University NBA 58 Darryl Johnson Michigan State University NBA 83 Benny Bolton North Carolina State University NBA 5 105 Terry Williams Southern Methodist University NBA 6 127 Sarunas Marciulionis NBA 7 152 Ronnie Leggette West Virginia State University 1986 NBA Chris Washburn North Carolina State University 1986 NBA 51 Mike Williams Bradley University 1986 NBA 59 Wendell Alexis Syracuse University 1986 NBA 75 Dan Bingenheimer University of Missouri 1986 NBA 5 97 Clinton Smith Cleveland State University 1986 NBA 6 121 Bobby Lee Hurt University of Alabama 1986 NBA 7 143 Steve Kenilvort Santa Clara University 1985 NBA 7 Chris Mullin St. John 's University 1985 NBA 42 Bobby Hurt University of Alabama 1985 NBA 49 Brad Wright University of California , Los Angeles 1985 NBA 71 Luster Goodwin University of Texas at El Paso 1985 NBA 5 95 Greg Cavener University of Missouri 1985 NBA 6 117 Gerald Crosby University of Georgia 1985 NBA 7 141 Eric Boyd North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University 1984 NBA 30 Steve Burtt Iona College 1984 NBA 31 Jay Murphy Boston College 1984 NBA 35 Othell Wilson University of Virginia 1984 NBA 45 Gary Plummer Boston University 1984 NBA 55 Lewis Jackson Alabama State University 1984 NBA 5 101 Steve Bartek Doane College 1984 NBA 5 110 Scott McCollum Pepperdine University 1984 NBA 6 123 Tony Martin University of Wyoming 1984 NBA 7 147 Cliff Higgins California State University , Northridge 1984 NBA 8 169 Paul Brozovich University of Nevada , Las Vegas 1984 NBA 9 192 Mitch Arnold California State University , Fresno 1984 NBA 10 213 Tim Bell University of California , Riverside NBA 6 Russell Cross Purdue University NBA 43 Pace Mannion University of Utah NBA 53 Mike Holton University of California , Los Angeles NBA 77 Peter Thibeaux Saint Mary 's College of California NBA 5 99 Greg Hines Hampton University NBA 6 123 Tom Heywood Weber State University NBA 7 145 Peter Williams University of Utah NBA 8 169 Doug Harris Central Washington University NBA 9 190 Greg Goorjiam Loyola Marymount University NBA 10 212 Michael Zeno California State University , Long Beach 1982 NBA 14 Lester Conner Oregon State University 1982 NBA 35 Derek Smith University of Louisville 1982 NBA 38 Wayne Sappleton Loyola University of Chicago 1982 NBA 60 Chris Engler University of Wyoming 1982 NBA 83 Ken Stancell Virginia Commonwealth University 1982 NBA 5 106 Albert Irving Alcorn State University 1982 NBA 6 129 David Vann Saint Mary 's College of California 1982 NBA 7 152 Matt Waldron University of the Pacific 1982 NBA 8 175 Mark King Florida Southern College 1982 NBA 9 198 Nick Morken University of Tennessee 1982 NBA 10 219 Randy Whieldon University of California , Irvine 1981 NBA 33 Sam Williams Arizona State University 1981 NBA 56 Carlton Neverson University of Pittsburgh 1981 NBA 76 Lewis Lloyd Drake University 1981 NBA 80 Terry Adolph West Texas A&M University 1981 NBA 5 102 Hank McDowell University of Memphis 1981 NBA 6 126 Carter Scott Ohio State University 1981 NBA 7 148 Robby Dosty University of Arizona 1981 NBA 8 171 Yasutaka Okayama 1981 NBA 9 192 Doug Murrey San Jose State University 1981 NBA 10 213 Barry Brooks University of Southern California 1980 NBA Joe Barry Carroll Purdue University 1980 NBA 13 Rickey Brown Mississippi State University 1980 NBA 24 Larry Smith Alcorn State University 1980 NBA 25 Jeff Ruland Iona College 1980 NBA 49 John Virgil University of North Carolina 1980 NBA 71 Robert Scott University of Alabama 1980 NBA 5 95 Don Carlino University of Southern California 1980 NBA 6 117 Neil Bresnahan University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign 1980 NBA 7 141 Lorenzo Romar University of Washington 1980 NBA 8 162 Kurt Kanaskie La Salle University 1980 NBA 9 182 Billy Reid University of San Francisco 1980 NBA 10 200 Tim Higgins University of Nebraska at Kearney 1979 NBA 28 Danny Salisbury University of Texas - Pan American 1979 NBA 54 Cheese Johnson Wichita State University 1979 NBA 75 Ron Ripley University of Wisconsin - Green Bay 1979 NBA 82 Jerry Sichting Purdue University 1979 NBA 5 96 George Lett Centenary College of Louisiana 1979 NBA 6 118 Jim Mitchem DePaul University 1979 NBA 7 137 Ren Watson Virginia Commonwealth University 1979 NBA 8 155 Mario Butler Briar Cliff University 1979 NBA 9 175 Gene Ransom University of California 1979 NBA 10 192 Kevin Heenan California State University , Fullerton 1978 NBA 5 Purvis Short Jackson State University 1978 NBA 22 Raymond Townsend University of California , Los Angeles 1978 NBA 40 Wayne Cooper University of New Orleans 1978 NBA 56 Steve Neff Southern Nazarene University 1978 NBA 77 Derrick Jackson Georgetown University 1978 NBA 5 101 Bubba Wilson Western Carolina University 1978 NBA 6 122 Buzz Hartnett University of San Diego 1978 NBA 7 142 Rick Bernard Saint Mary 's College of California 1978 NBA 8 163 Tony Searcy Appalachian State University 1978 NBA 9 179 Bobby Humbles Bradley University 1978 NBA 10 193 Mike Muff Murray State University 1977 NBA 16 Rickey Green University of Michigan 1977 NBA 18 Wesley Cox University of Louisville 1977 NBA 38 Ricky Love University of Alabama at Huntsville 1977 NBA 60 Marlon Redmond University of San Francisco 1977 NBA 82 Roy Smith Kentucky State University 1977 NBA 87 Leartha Scott University of Wisconsin - Parkside 1977 NBA 5 104 Ray Epps Norfolk State University 1977 NBA 6 126 Jack Phelan Saint Francis University 1977 NBA 7 146 Jerry Thurston Mercer University 1977 NBA 8 165 Ricky Marsh Manhattan College 1976 NBA 8 Robert Parish Centenary College of Louisiana 1976 NBA 17 Sonny Parker Texas A&M University 1976 NBA 34 Marshall Rogers University of Texas - Pan American 1976 NBA 68 Jeff Fosnes Vanderbilt University 1976 NBA 5 86 Carl Bird University of California 1976 NBA 6 91 Duane Barnett Stanford University 1976 NBA 6 104 Gene Cunningham Norfolk State University 1976 NBA 7 122 Jesse Campbell Mercyhurst College 1976 NBA 8 140 Stan Boskovich West Virginia University 1976 NBA 9 157 Howard Smith University of San Francisco 1976 NBA 10 173 Ken Smith San Diego State University NBA 14 Joe Bryant La Salle University NBA 20 Gus Williams University of Southern California NBA 40 Otis Johnson Stetson University NBA 51 Robert Hawkins Illinois State University NBA 69 Billy Taylor La Salle University NBA 5 87 Larry Pounds University of Washington NBA 6 105 Tony Styles University of San Francisco NBA 7 123 Stan Boyer University of Wyoming NBA 8 141 Mike Rozenski Saint Mary 's College of California NBA 9 157 Scott Trobbe Stanford University NBA 10 171 Maurice Harper Saint Mary 's College of California NBA 11 Jamaal Wilkes University of California , Los Angeles NBA 29 Phil Smith University of San Francisco NBA 47 Frank Kendrick Purdue University NBA 65 Willie Biles University of Tulsa NBA 5 83 Steve Erickson Oregon State University NBA 6 101 John Errecart University of the Pacific NBA 7 119 Brady Allen University of California NBA 8 137 Clarence Allen University of California , Santa Barbara NBA 9 155 Carl Meier University of California NBA 10 172 Marvin Buckley University of Nevada , Reno 1973 NBA 11 Kevin Joyce University of South Carolina 1973 NBA 29 Derrek Dickey University of Cincinnati 1973 NBA 46 Jim Retseck Auburn University 1973 NBA 63 Ron King Florida State University 1973 NBA 5 80 Nate Stephens California State University , Long Beach 1973 NBA 6 97 Bob Lauriski Utah State University 1973 NBA 7 114 Steve Smith Loyola Marymount University 1973 NBA 8 131 Jeff Dawson University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign 1973 NBA 9 146 Everett Fopma Idaho State University 1973 NBA 10 160 Fred Lavoroni Santa Clara University 1972 NBA 43 Bill Chamberlain University of North Carolina 1972 NBA 60 John Tschogl University of California , Santa Barbara 1972 NBA 5 76 Charles Dudley University of Washington 1972 NBA 6 93 Henry Bacon University of Louisville 1972 NBA 7 110 William Franklin Purdue University 1972 NBA 8 126 John Burks University of San Francisco 1972 NBA 9 141 Bill Duey University of California 1971 NBA 8 Darnell Hillman San Jose State University 1971 NBA 59 Greg Gary St. Bonaventure University 1971 NBA 5 76 Odis Allison University of Nevada , Las Vegas 1971 NBA 6 93 Charles Johnson University of California 1971 NBA 7 110 Ken May University of Dayton 1971 NBA 8 127 Jim Haderlein Loyola Marymount University 1971 NBA 9 143 Clarence Smith Villanova University 1971 NBA 10 159 Bill Drosdiak University of Oregon 1970 NBA 36 Earle Higgins Eastern Michigan University 1970 NBA 53 Ralph Ogden Santa Clara University 1970 NBA 5 70 Levi Fontaine University of Maryland Eastern Shore 1970 NBA 6 87 Vic Bartolome Oregon State University 1970 NBA 7 104 Joe Bergman Creighton University 1970 NBA 8 121 Jeff Sewell Marquette University 1970 NBA 9 138 Lou Small University of Nevada , Reno 1970 NBA 10 155 Coby Dietrick San Jose State University 1969 NBA 7 Bob Portman Creighton University 1969 NBA 22 Ed Siudet College of the Holy Cross 1969 NBA 36 Tom Hagan Vanderbilt University 1969 NBA 50 Lee Lafayette Michigan State University 1969 NBA 5 64 Willie Wise Drake University 1969 NBA 6 78 Dan Obravak University of Dayton 1969 NBA 7 92 Pat Foley University of the Pacific 1969 NBA 8 106 Steve Rippe University of California , Santa Barbara 1969 NBA 9 120 Greg Reed California State University , Sacramento 1969 NBA 10 134 Dick Chapman San Francisco State University 1969 NBA 11 148 Rich Holmberg Saint Mary 's College of California 1969 NBA 12 161 Joe Callahan San Francisco State University 1968 NBA 9 Ron Williams West Virginia University 1968 NBA 29 Donald Sidle University of Oklahoma 1968 NBA 43 Edgar Lacy University of California , Los Angeles 1968 NBA 5 57 Jim Eakins Brigham Young University 1968 NBA 6 71 Bob Allen Marshall University 1968 NBA 7 85 Dave Reasor West Virginia University 1968 NBA 8 99 Walt Platkowski Bowling Green State University 1968 NBA 9 113 Art Wilmore University of San Francisco 1968 NBA 10 127 Bob Heaney Santa Clara University 1968 NBA 11 140 Jerry Chandler University of Nevada , Las Vegas 1968 NBA 12 153 Bob Wolfe University of California 1967 NBA 10 Dave Lattin University of Texas at El Paso 1967 NBA 27 Bill Turner University of Akron 1967 NBA 39 Bobby Lewis University of North Carolina 1967 NBA 5 51 Bob Lynn University of California , Los Angeles 1967 NBA 6 63 Dale Schlueter Colorado State University 1967 NBA 7 75 Sonny Bustion Colorado State University 1967 NBA 8 87 Bob Krulish University of the Pacific 1967 NBA 9 98 Richard Dean Syracuse University 1967 NBA 10 109 Joe Galbo San Francisco State University 1967 NBA 11 119 Bill Morgan University of New Mexico 1967 NBA 12 130 David Fox University of the Pacific 1966 NBA Clyde Lee Vanderbilt University 1966 NBA 13 Joe Ellis University of San Francisco 1966 NBA 23 Stephen Chubin University of Rhode Island 1966 NBA 33 Stephen Vacendak Duke University 1966 NBA 5 43 Tom Kerwin Centenary College of Louisiana 1966 NBA 6 53 Jim Pitts Northwestern University 1966 NBA 7 62 Lon Hughey California State University , Fresno 1966 NBA 8 71 Ken Washington University of California , Los Angeles 1965 NBA Fred Hetzel Davidson College 1965 NBA Rick Barry University of Miami 1965 NBA 9 Will Frazier Grambling State University 1965 NBA 18 Keith Erickson University of California , Los Angeles 1965 NBA 27 Warren Rustand University of Arizona 1965 NBA 5 36 Eddie Jackson Oklahoma City University 1965 NBA 6 45 Jim Jarvis Oregon State University 1965 NBA 7 54 Dan Wolters University of California 1965 NBA 8 62 Willie Cotton Central State University 1964 NBA 6 Barry Kramer New York University 1964 NBA 14 Bud Koper Oklahoma City University 1964 NBA 23 McCoy McLemore Drake University 1964 NBA 32 Gene Elmore Southern Methodist University 1964 NBA 5 41 Roger Suttner Kansas State University 1964 NBA 6 50 Ray Carey University of Missouri 1964 NBA 7 59 David Lee University of San Francisco 1964 NBA 8 68 Bob Garibaldi Santa Clara University 1964 NBA 9 75 Camden Wail University of California 1964 NBA 10 82 Jeff Cartwright Chapman University 1963 NBA Nate Thurmond Bowling Green State University 1963 NBA 11 Gary Hill Oklahoma City University 1963 NBA 20 Steve Gray Saint Mary 's College of California 1963 NBA 29 Dave Downey University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign 1963 NBA 5 38 Don Turner Southwestern College 1963 NBA 6 47 Gene Shields Santa Clara University 1963 NBA 7 56 Don Clemetson Stanford University 1963 NBA 8 65 Harry Dinnell Pepperdine University 1963 NBA 9 70 Chuck White University of Idaho 1962 NBA 5 Wayne Hightower University of Kansas 1962 NBA 14 Hubie White Villanova University 1962 NBA 23 Dave Fedor Florida State University 1962 NBA 32 Garry Roggenburk University of Dayton 1962 NBA 5 41 Jack Jackson Virginia Union University 1962 NBA 6 50 Jim Hudock University of North Carolina 1962 NBA 7 59 Howie Montgomery University of Texas - Pan American 1962 NBA 8 67 Bill Kirvin Xavier University 1962 NBA 9 76 Tom Kiefer Saint Louis University 1962 NBA 10 84 Ken McComb University of North Carolina 1962 NBA 11 89 Donnie Walsh University of North Carolina 1962 NBA 12 92 Charles Warren University of Oregon 1961 NBA 7 Tom Meschery Saint Mary 's College of California 1961 NBA 15 Ted Luckenbill University of Houston 1961 NBA 29 Jack Egan Saint Joseph 's University 1961 NBA 38 John Tidwell University of Michigan 1961 NBA 5 47 Bruce Spraggins Virginia Union University 1961 NBA 6 56 Dick Goldberg University of Southern Mississippi 1961 NBA 7 65 Charles McNeil University of Maryland 1961 NBA 8 74 Larry Swift Truman State University 1961 NBA 10 89 Leo Hill University of California , Los Angeles 1961 NBA 11 97 Corky Whitrow Georgetown College 1960 NBA 7 Al Bunge University of Maryland 1960 NBA 15 Pickles Kennedy Temple University 1960 NBA 23 Bob Mealy Manhattan College 1960 NBA 31 Charley Sharp Texas State University 1960 NBA 5 39 Al Attles North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University 1960 NBA 6 47 Jim Brangan Princeton University 1960 NBA 7 55 Bob Clarke Saint Joseph 's University 1960 NBA 8 62 George Raveling Villanova University 1960 NBA 9 69 Joe Gallo Saint Joseph 's University 1959 NBA Territorial pick Wilt Chamberlain University of Kansas 1959 NBA 9 Joe Ruklick Northwestern University 1959 NBA 17 Jim Hickaday University of Memphis 1959 NBA 25 Ron Stevenson Texas Christian University 1959 NBA 5 33 Bill Telasky George Washington University 1959 NBA 6 41 Joe Spratt Saint Joseph 's University 1959 NBA 7 49 Joe Ryan Villanova University 1959 NBA 8 56 Dave Gunther University of Iowa 1959 NBA 9 62 Carl Belz Princeton University 1959 NBA 10 68 Tony Sellari Lenoir - Rhyne College 1959 NBA 11 74 Phil Warren Northwestern University 1958 NBA Guy Rodgers Temple University 1958 NBA 12 Lloyd Sharrar West Virginia University 1958 NBA 20 Frank Howard Ohio State University 1958 NBA 28 Temple Tucker Rice University 1958 NBA 5 36 Don Ohl University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign 1958 NBA 6 44 Bucky Allen Duke University 1958 NBA 7 52 Jay Norman Temple University 1958 NBA 8 60 Tom Brennan Villanova University 1958 NBA 9 67 Nick Davis University of Maryland 1958 NBA 10 72 Larry Hedden Michigan State University 1957 NBA 6 Lennie Rosenbluth University of North Carolina 1957 NBA 14 Jack Sullivan Mount St. Mary 's University 1957 NBA 22 Angelo Lombardo Manhattan College 1957 NBA 30 Ray Radziszewski Saint Joseph 's University 1957 NBA 5 38 Jim Radcliffe Lafayette College 1957 NBA 6 46 Alonzo Lewis La Salle University 1957 NBA 7 53 Max Jameson Kentucky State University 1957 NBA 8 60 Woody Sauldsberry Texas Southern University 1957 NBA 9 67 Steve Hamilton Morehead State University 1957 NBA 10 73 Jerry Calvert University of Kentucky 1957 NBA Jerry Gibson 1956 NBA 7 Hal Lear Temple University 1956 NBA Max Anderson University of Oregon 1956 NBA Joe Belmont Duke University 1956 NBA Ronald Clark Springfield College 1956 NBA John Fannon University of Notre Dame 1956 NBA Bevo Francis University of Rio Grande 1956 NBA Phil Rollins University of Louisville 1956 NBA Phil Wheeler University of Cincinnati 1956 NBA Mickey Winograd Duquesne University 1955 NBA Tom Gola La Salle University 1955 NBA 9 Corky Devlin George Washington University 1955 NBA 17 Bob Schafer Villanova University 1955 NBA 25 Ed Wiener University of Tennessee 1955 NBA 5 33 Jack Devine Villanova University 1955 NBA 6 George Swyers West Virginia University Institute of Technology 1955 NBA 7 Harry Silcox Temple University 1955 NBA 8 Al Didriksen Temple University 1955 NBA 9 Lester Lane University of Oklahoma 1955 NBA 10 Jerry Koch Saint Louis University 1954 NBA Gene Shue University of Maryland 1954 NBA 12 Larry Costello Niagara University 1954 NBA 21 Ben Peters Benedictine College 1954 NBA 30 Chuck Noble University of Louisville 1954 NBA 5 39 Rudy D'Emilio Duke University 1954 NBA 6 48 Len Winogard Brandeis University 1954 NBA 7 57 Bob Brady San Diego State University 1954 NBA 8 66 Bob Hodges East Carolina University 1954 NBA 9 75 Vince Leta Lycoming College 1954 NBA 10 83 Bill Sullivan University of Notre Dame 1954 NBA 11 92 Francis O'Hara La Salle University 1954 NBA 12 98 John Glinski State University of New York at Cortland 1954 NBA 13 100 Joe Holup George Washington University 1953 NBA Ernie Beck University of Pennsylvania 1953 NBA Larry Hennessy Villanova University 1953 NBA Norm Grekin La Salle University 1953 NBA Fred Ihle La Salle University 1953 NBA 5 Eddie Solomon West Virginia University Institute of Technology 1953 NBA 6 Don Eby University of Southern California 1953 NBA 7 Bob Marske University of South Dakota 1953 NBA 8 Bill Dodd Colgate University 1953 NBA 9 Bob Sassone St. Bonaventure University 1953 NBA 10 Toar Hester Centenary College of Louisiana 1953 NBA 11 John Doogan Saint Joseph 's University 1953 NBA 12 Charles Duffley Saint Anselm College 1953 NBA Jack George La Salle University 1952 NBA Bill Mlkvy Temple University 1952 NBA Walt Davis Texas A&M University 1952 NBA Tom Brennan Villanova University 1952 NBA Bob Brown University of Louisville 1952 NBA Burr Carlson University of Connecticut 1952 NBA Newt Jones La Salle University 1952 NBA Nick Kladis Loyola University of Chicago 1952 NBA Moe Radovich University of Wyoming 1952 NBA Don Scanlon University of Pennsylvania 1952 NBA Glen Smith University of Utah 1952 NBA Ben Stewart Villanova University 1951 NBA 9 Don Sunderlage University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign 1951 NBA 18 Mel Payton Tulane University 1951 NBA 28 Bob Schloss University of Georgia 1951 NBA 38 Jud Milhon Ohio Wesleyan University 1951 NBA 5 48 Mike Kearns Princeton University 1951 NBA 6 58 Bob Swails University of Indianapolis 1951 NBA 7 68 George Dempsey King 's College 1951 NBA 8 77 James Phelan La Salle University 1951 NBA 9 81 Hugh Faulkner Pepperdine University 1951 NBA 10 84 Paul Gerwin Cornell University 1950 NBA Paul Arizin Villanova University 1950 NBA Ed Dahler Duquesne University 1950 NBA Buddy Cate Western Kentucky University 1950 NBA Paul Sensky Saint Joseph 's University 1950 NBA 5 Ike Borsavage Temple University 1950 NBA 6 Dick Dallmer University of Cincinnati 1950 NBA 7 Charles Northup Siena College 1950 NBA 8 Brooks Ricca Villanova University 1950 NBA 9 Joe Kaufman New York University 1950 NBA 10 Bernie Adams Princeton University 1950 NBA 11 Leo Wolfe Villanova University 1950 NBA 12 Ed Montgomery University of Tennessee 1949 BAA 5 Vern Gardner University of Utah 1949 BAA Jim Nolan Georgia Institute of Technology 1949 BAA Nelson Bobb Temple University 1948 BAA 11 Don Ray Western Kentucky University 1948 BAA Bill Brown University of Maryland 1948 BAA Hugh Compton University of Louisville 1948 BAA Joe Nelson Brigham Young University 1948 BAA Clint Pace Pepperdine University 1948 BAA Roy Pugh Southern Methodist University 1948 BAA Tom Short Kansas Wesleyan 1948 BAA Joe Wahl University of Akron 1948 BAA Andy Wolfe University of California 1947 BAA 6 Chink Crossin University of Pennsylvania 1947 BAA Norman Butz Saint Joseph 's University 1947 BAA Jim Kaeding York College of Pennsylvania 1947 BAA Ed Koffenberger Duke University 1947 BAA Jim Pollard Stanford University Notes ( edit ) This section is empty . 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( June 2014 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Golden State Warriors Draft Picks Basketball-Reference.com NBA draft history by team Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Defunct teams Baltimore Bullets Chicago Stags Indianapolis Jets Indianapolis Olympians Pittsburgh Ironmen Providence Steamrollers St. Louis Bombers Toronto Huskies Washington Capitols Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_State_Warriors_draft_history&oldid=809276671 '' Categories : Golden State Warriors draft picks National Basketball Association draft Golden State Warriors lists Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from June 2014 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 03 : 54 . 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4066198614887678556	Meteor Garden	Meteor Garden - wikipedia Meteor Garden For other uses , see Boys Over Flowers ( disambiguation ) . Meteor Garden DVD cover Also known as 流星花園 Liúxīng Huāyuán Genre Romance Drama Comedy Directed by Cai Yuexun ( 蔡岳勳 ) Starring Barbie Shu Jerry Yan Vic Chou Vanness Wu Ken Chu Opening theme `` 情非得已 '' ( `` Cant Help Falling In Love With You '' ) by Harlem Yu Ending theme `` 你要的愛 '' ( `` The Love You Want '' ) by Penny Tai Country of origin Taiwan Original language ( s ) Mandarin Taiwanese No. of episodes 27 Production Producer ( s ) Angie Chai ( zh ) Production location ( s ) Taipei Production company ( s ) Comic Ritz International Production Release Original network Chinese Television System ( CTS ) Original release 12 April ( 2001 - 04 - 12 ) -- 16 August 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 16 ) Chronology Followed by Meteor Rain ( supplementary series ) Meteor Garden II ( sequel ) Meteor Garden 2018 ( chinese remake ) Related shows Hana Yori Dango Siapa Takut Jatuh Cinta Boys Over Flowers Meteor Shower External links Website Meteor Garden ( Chinese : 流星花園 ; pinyin : Liúxīng Huāyuán ) is a 2001 Taiwanese drama starring Barbie Shu , Jerry Yan , Vic Zhou , Vanness Wu and Ken Chu . It is loosely based on Japanese shōjo manga series , Boys Over Flowers ( 花より男子 , Hana Yori Dango ) , written by Yoko Kamio . It was produced by Comic Ritz International Production ( 可米瑞智國際藝能有限公司 ) with Angie Chai ( zh ) as producer and directed by Cai Yuexun ( 蔡岳勳 ) . The series was first broadcast in Taiwan on free - to - air Chinese Television System ( CTS ) ( 華視 ) from 12 April 2001 to 16 August 2001 . A supplementary mini-series , Meteor Rain was produced in April 2001 and the sequel Meteor Garden II was broadcast from 11 November 2002 to 25 December 2002 . The series is the first live - action television adaptation of the manga , followed by its sequel Meteor Garden II , Indonesian Siapa Takut Jatuh Cinta , and Japanese Hana Yori Dango , its sequel Hana Yori Dango Returns and South Korean Boys Over Flowers . At the conclusion of the series , F4 Jerry Yan , Vic Zhou , Vanness Wu and Ken Chu continued to perform together and released three studio albums as quartet boy band F4 . They ceased the use of the name `` F4 '' in 2007 at the objection of Japanese publisher Shueisha , who owns the copyright to Hana Yori Dango , to avoid any confusion with the Japanese and South Korean version of the live - action adaptations of the manga . The group has since been renamed `` JVKV '' , from the first initial of the quartet in order of descending age . The new cast of Meteor Garden 2018 were officially revealed on stage at a press conference in Shanghai on November 9 , 2017 , attended by Asian film / media luminaries . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 3 Difference from other versions 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 International broadcasts 6 Adaptations 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The story centers around a poor teenage girl named Shancai ( Barbie Hsu ) , who at the insistence of her parents goes to a university for rich people . The university is dominated by Dao Ming Si ( Jerry Yan ) , Hua Ze Lei ( Vic Zhou ) , Mei Zuo ( Vanness Wu ) and Xi Men ( Ken Chu ) , four rich and handsome but arrogant students collectively known as ' F4 ' , short for ' Flower 4 ' . They are heirs to four rich and influential families in Taiwan . They terrorize the school by handing out red cards to those they do not like , which allows other students to bully the victims until they leave the school . After one of Shancai 's friends receives the wrath of F4 's leader , Dao Ming Si , Shancai stands up to Dao Ming Si and berates him , which in turn results in a red card of her own . However , Shancai 's persistence in standing up for what is right gradually gains F4 's respect and Dao Ming Si falls in love with her . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Drama character Actor Manga character Characteristics Dǒng Shān Cài ( 董杉菜 ) Barbie Shu Makino Tsukushi She is a hardworking , tough girl who always defends the weak . She thinks herself as a ' weed ' of her school . She first likes Hua Ze Lei , but then starts to have feelings for Dao Ming Si . As her life gets tougher , she just keeps enduring , earning the respect of all the F4 boys and soon becomes good friends with them Dào Míng Sì ( 道明寺 ) Jerry Yan Doumyouji Tsukasa He is the stubborn , hot - headed leader of F4 , and is distrustful of everyone but his three childhood friends . He thinks money can solve anything . He is at first is angry at Shan Cai for her defiance but , over time , he comes to love her . Huā Zé Lèi ( 花澤類 ) Vic Zhou Hanazawa Rui He is a quiet , superior but a kind boy whose opinion Dao Ming Si relies on . His friendship with Dao Ming Si almost ends over Shan Cai . He loves his childhood friend , Jing . He becomes Shan Cai 's protector and close friend , and later falls in love with her . He is the most sensible of F4 . Xī Mén ( 西門 ) Ken Chu Nishikado Soujiro He is a fun - loving playboy of F4 that only date girls no longer than a week and close to Zuoling . He is nice to neah . Xiaoyou is attracted to him . Měi Zuò ( 美作 ) Vanness Wu Mimasaka Akira He is the other playboy and legitimate member of F4 . Also , he is the joker who is very loyal to his group of friends . He is also nice to Shan Cai . Supporting ( edit ) Drama character Actor Manga character Characteristics Shan Cai 's mother ( 杉菜母 ) Wang Yue ( 王月 ) Keiko Makino While she is a loving mother , she is desperate to get Shancai married to a rich man . She is the one who uses some contacts she has to get Shancai into the F4 's school . Shan Cai 's father ( 杉菜父 ) Dong Zhicheng ( 董至成 ) Haruo Makino He is always sneaking food and seems to have no luck with his job which he later loses . He seems to always cause the family financial problems . Xiao You ( 小優 ) Rainie Yang Yuki Matsuoka She is Shancai 's best friend and has romantic feelings towards Xi Men . Teng Tang Jing ( 藤堂靜 ) Winnie Qian ( 錢韋杉 ) Shizuka Todou She is very close to Lei . While he loves her , she seems to see him as a younger brother most of the time . At the end she persuades Lei to go back to Paris with her , which he did . Li Zhen ( 李真 ) Ye An Tin ( 葉安婷 ) Sakurako Sanjou She at first seems to be Shancai 's only friend at school , but later betrays her . Chen Qing He ( 陳青和 ) Edward Ou Kazuya Aoike He is a childhood school friend of Shancai whose father gains a sudden fortune and joins her school . He is also in love with Shancai but is willing to stay her friend only . Dao Ming Zhuang ( 道明莊 ) Mary Hsu ( 徐華鳳 ) Tsubaki Domyouji She is Dao Ming Si 's older sister . She is very violent and always seems to hit Dao Ming Si . Dao Ming Feng ( 道明楓 ) Zhen Xiu ( 甄秀珍 ) Kaede Domyouji She is Dao Ming Si 's controlling mother . She is very strict and everything mostly goes her way . She uses many different cruel ways to get Shancai away from Dao Ming Si . Hé Yuán Zī ( 何原滋 ) Ke Huan Ru ( 柯奐如 ) Shigeru Ookawahara She is a strong - willed girl who is engaged to Si by their parents to merge companies . She asks to be Shancai 's friend and Shancai can not say no as she likes Xiaozi despite being engaged to Si . Xiaozi does all she can to get Si to love her , but gives up when she knows that Si will always love Shancai and starts to help them be together . Bai He ( 百合 ) Zheng Mei Dai Ya - men ( 亞門 ) Lan Cheng - lung Amon Kunisawa Handsome and appealing a reminiscent of Dao Ming Sim YA - men was a part - time research student He was hired Dao Ming Feng to seduce San cai however , he became interested in Shan Cai and gave up the deal . Difference from other versions ( edit ) Shan Cai 's Japanese and Korean counterparts , Tsukushi and Jan Di , had a younger brother who played a small part in the story . Meteor Garden was set in a university while the Japanese and Korean versions occurred in a high school ( escalator ) school . Shan Cai 's bestfriend , Qinghe , is not shown in the Japanese and Korean counterparts Soundtrack ( edit ) Meteor Garden Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released 14 August 2001 Genre Mandopop Language Mandarin and English Label EMI Meteor Garden Original Soundtrack ( 流星花園電視原聲帶 ) was released on 14 August 2001 by Various Artists under EMI . It contains thirteen songs , in which ten songs are English songs . The opening theme song is `` Qing Fei De Yi '' or `` Ca n't Help Falling for You '' by Harlem Yu , while the ending theme song is by Penny Dai entitled `` 你要的愛 '' or `` The Love You Want '' . The track , `` 情非得已 '' ( Cant Help Falling In Love With You ) was listed at number 21 on Hit Fm Taiwan 's Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart ( Hit - Fm 年度百首單曲 ) for 2001 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Love of My Life '' ( 道明寺傷心之歌 ) Queen 2 . `` Ca n't Help Falling in You '' ( 情非得已 ( Qing Fei De Yi ) ) Harlem Yu 3 . `` Perfect Moment '' ( 杉菜與花澤類之歌 ) Martine McCutcheon 4 . `` And I Love You So '' ( 花澤類的成全 ) Don McLean 5 . `` I Honestly Love You '' ( 告白 ) Olivia Newton - John 6 . `` When You 're In Love With A Beautiful Woman '' ( 道明寺的初戀進行曲 ) Dr Hook 7 . `` Loving You '' ( 西門的約會 ) Minnie Ripperton 8 . `` Never Surrender '' ( 我是雜草杉菜 ) Corey Hart 9 . `` Almost Over You '' ( BYE BYE ! 花澤類 ) Sheena Easton 10 . `` Settling '' ( 杉菜的傷心之歌 ) Tara MacLean 11 . `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' ( 分手 ) Emma 12 . `` 流星項鍊 '' ( 鄭鈞 ╱ 流星 ( Yellow ) ( Coldplay Cover ) ) Zheng Jun 13 . `` The Love You Want '' ( 你要的愛 ) Penny Dai International broadcasts ( edit ) Indonesia : first broadcast on Indosiar and reran on Trans TV , Trans7 , RTV and currently on RCTI . Meteor Garden was hugely successful and set Asian drama phenomenon in the country at that time . Japan : The series was first shown on Japan via Tokyo MX and Chiba Television Broadcasting in 2003 . It later broacasted in satellite television stations BS Nippon Corporation under the name Ryūsei Hanazono ~ Hana Yori Dango ~ ( 流星花園〜花より男子〜 , lit . `` Meteor Garden ~ Boys over Flowers '' ) on October 10 , 2003 . Philippines : The series was first shown in the Philippines on ABS - CBN in May 2003 . Like the Indonesian broadcast , the series became a huge hit becoming one of the highest rated TV series in the country . Due to the success of the series , F4 and Barbie was invited to the Philippines to stage a concert in the country and to do several product endorsements for major products such as Pepsi and Pantene . Walt Disney also chose F4 to promote the film Lilo & Stitch in the country by airing the music video of the cover `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love '' which was originally intended to be used only in China . It was also broadcast on GMA in July 2007 with a different dubbing due to change of broadcasting network which resulted to a different rating . On March 31 , 2014 , Meteor Garden was shown again on ABS - CBN . The return of the series on ABS - CBN generated a huge buzz on the internet becoming a worldwide trending topic on Twitter and one of the most searched keywords in Google Philippines . The series has also been shown on other ABS - CBN owned channels such as on Jeepney TV . Hong Kong : broadcast on ATV Home and TVB Jade Singapore : broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 8 Xing Kong ( STAR TV General Mandarin Channel ) : broadcast Meteor Garden in the last quarter of 2008 in original Chinese audio with Chinese subtitles as part of Boys Over Flowers Trilogy along with Japanese and South Korean adaptations such as Hana Yori Dango , Hana Yori Dango Returns and Boys Over Flowers . Thailand : broadcast on Channel 3 in 2002 . Adaptations ( edit ) A chinese remake of the series was announced and to be premiered in July 9 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boy band changes name F4 into JVKV 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 Jump up ^ News : Boys over Flowers Forces F4 Idol Band to Rename Itself 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 Jump up ^ Yesasia.com Meteor Garden OST album info 14 August 2001 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) 2001 Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart ( # 1 to 50 ) Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Perjalanan Meteor Garden di Indonesia '' ( in Indonesian ) . Indosiar . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.abs-cbn.com/updates/PR-Meteor-fever-hits-country-once-more-trends-on-Twitter-worldwide?scid=E2ABE34E-154A-4CA0-8D35-C47F830F1438 Jump up ^ http://philnews.ph/2014/03/31/meteor-garden-return-dominates-on-twitter-trending-topics/ Jump up ^ http://www.newsgra.ph/0112/meteor-garden-returns-to-philippine-tv-disrupts-ratings-twitter/ Jump up ^ 《流星花園》新 F4 選角曝光鮮味十足杉菜被嫌棄鬧到體無完膚 External links ( edit ) ( in Chinese ) CTS Meteor Garden official homepage hide F4 Vic Chou Ken Chu Vanness Wu Jerry Yan Albums / VCD Meteor Rain ( 2001 ) F4 Music Party Live ( 2002 ) Fantasy 4ever ( 2002 ) Fantasy Live Concert ( 2003 ) 360 Degrees : F4 Five Years Glorious Collection ( 2006 ) Waiting for You ( 2007 ) Fabulous : F4 Best Selections ( 2008 ) TV series Meteor Garden ( 2001 ) Meteor Rain ( 2001 ) Meteor Garden II ( 2002 ) Solo albums Vic Chou Make a Wish ( 2002 ) Remember , I Love You ( 2004 ) I 'm Not F4 ( 2007 ) The Best Collection ( 2009 ) Ken Chu On Ken 's Time ( 2005 ) Getting Real ( 2009 ) Vanness Wu Body Will Sing ( 2002 ) Scandal ( 2006 ) V. DUBB ( 2007 ) In Between ( 2008 ) Reflections ( 2010 ) V ( 2011 ) C'est La V ( 2011 ) Different Man ( 2013 ) # MWHYB ( 2016 ) Jerry Yan Jerry for You ( 2004 ) Freedom ( 2009 ) My Secret Lover ( 2010 ) Related articles Kangta & Vanness hide Boys Over Flowers by Yoko Kamio Manga Chapters Boys Over Flowers Season 2 Television series Taiwan Meteor Garden ( 2001 ) Meteor Rain ( 2001 ) Meteor Garden II ( 2002 ) Japan Hana Yori Dango ( 2005 ) Hana Yori Dango Returns ( 2007 ) Hana Nochi Hare ( 2018 ) South Korea Boys Over Flowers ( 2009 ) China Meteor Garden ( 2018 ) Unlicensed Meteor Shower ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ( China ) Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan ( 2014 ) ( India ) Films Hana Yori Dango ( 1995 ) Hana Yori Dango Final ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteor_Garden&oldid=854560819 '' Categories : Boys Over Flowers Taiwanese drama television series Chinese Television System shows 2001 Taiwanese television series debuts 2001 Taiwanese television series endings Manga - based Taiwanese dramas Screenplays by Mag Hsu Hidden categories : Articles with Chinese - language external links CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 07 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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2429075936275728881	Muzzle brake	Muzzle brake - wikipedia Muzzle brake This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The muzzle brake of the 105mm main gun on an AMX 10 RC armored car . The muzzle brake of an M198 155mm howitzer venting propellant gases sideways as the howitzer is fired A muzzle brake or recoil compensator is a device connected to the muzzle of a firearm or cannon that redirects propellant gases to counter recoil and unwanted rising of the barrel . The concept was first introduced for artillery and was a common feature on many anti-tank guns , especially those mounted on tanks , in order to reduce the area needed to take up the strokes of recoil and kickback . They have been used in various forms for rifles and pistols to help control recoil and the rising of the barrel that normally occurs after firing . They are used on pistols for practical pistol competitions , and are usually called compensators in this context . Contents 1 Rationale 2 Design and construction 3 Venting direction 4 Effectiveness 5 Disadvantages 6 Examples 7 US legislation and regulation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Rationale ( edit ) Illustration of forces in muzzle rise . Projectile and propellant gases act on barrel along barrel center line A . The shooter resists the forces by contact with the gun at grips and stock B . The height difference between barrel centerline and average point of contact is height C. The forces A and B operating over moment arm / height C create torque or moment D , which rotates the firearm 's muzzle up as illustrated at E The interchangeable terms muzzle rise , muzzle flip , or muzzle climb refer to the tendency of a handheld firearm 's front end ( the muzzle end of the barrel ) to rise after firing . Firearms with less height from the grip line to the barrel centerline tend to experience less muzzle rise . The muzzle rises primarily because , for most firearms , the centerline of the barrel is above the center of contact between the shooter and the firearm 's grip and stock . The reactive forces from the fired bullet and propellant gases exiting the muzzle act directly down the centerline of the barrel . If that line of force is above the center of the contact points , this creates a moment or torque ( rotational force ) that causes the firearm to rotate and the muzzle to rise . The M1946 Sieg automatic rifle had an unusual muzzle brake that made the rifle climb downward , but enabled the user to fire it with one hand in full automatic . Design and construction ( edit ) Muzzle brake on M47 Patton tank Muzzle brakes are simple in concept , such as the one employed on the 90 mm M3 gun used on the M47 Patton tank . This consists of a small length of tubing mounted at right angles to the end of the barrel . Brakes most often utilize slots , vents , holes , baffles , and similar devices . The strategy of a muzzle brake is to redirect and control the burst of combustion gases that follows the departure of a projectile . All muzzle brake designs share a basic principle : they partially divert combustion gases from the muzzle end of the bore , at a generally perpendicular angle to the long axis of the barrel . The momentum of the diverted gases thus does not add to the recoil . The angle toward which the gases are directed will fundamentally affect how the brake behaves . If gases are directed upward , they will exert a downward force and counteract muzzle rise . Any device that is attached to the end of the muzzle will also add mass , increasing its inertia and moving its center of mass forward ; the former will reduce recoil and the latter will reduce muzzle rise . The AKM rifle 's slant - cut muzzle brake Construction of a muzzle brake or compensator can be as simple as a diagonal cut at the muzzle end of the barrel to direct some of the escaping gas upward . On the AKM assault rifle , the brake also angles slightly to the right to counteract the sideways movement of the rifle under recoil . Another simple method is porting , where holes or slots are machined into the barrel near the muzzle to allow the gas to escape . More advanced designs use baffles and expansion chambers to slow escaping gases . This is the basic principle behind a linear compensator . Ports are often added to the expansion chambers , producing the long , multi-chambered recoil compensators often seen on IPSC raceguns . Venting direction ( edit ) Springfield - Armory Custom XD - 40 V - 10 , showing the ported barrel and slide DoubleTap . 45ACP derringer with ported barrels Most linear compensators redirect the gases forward . Since that is where the bullet is going , they typically work by allowing the gases to expand into the compensator , which surrounds the muzzle but only has holes facing forward ; like any device which allows the gases to expand before leaving the firearm , they are effectively a type of muzzle shroud . They reduce muzzle rise similarly to the mechanism by which a sideways brake does : since all the gas is escaping in the same direction , any muzzle rise would need to alter the velocity of the gas , which costs kinetic energy . When the brake redirects the gases directly backward , instead , the effect is similar to the reverse thrust system on an aircraft jet engine ; any blast energy coming back at the shooter is pushing `` against '' the recoil , effectively reducing the actual amount of recoil on the shooter . Of course , this also means the gases are directed toward the shooter . When the gases are primarily directed upward , the braking is referred to as porting . Porting typically involves precision - drilled ports or holes in the forward top part of the barrel and slide on pistols . These holes divert a portion of the gases expelled prior to the departure of the projectile in a direction that reduces the tendency of the firearm to rise . The concept is an application of Newton 's third law ; the exhaust directed upward causes a reciprocal force downward . This is why firearms are never ported on the bottom of the barrel , as that would exacerbate muzzle rise , rather than mitigate it . Porting has the undesired consequences of shortening the effective barrel length and reducing muzzle velocity ; while a muzzle brake is an extension added to the barrel and does not reduce muzzle velocity . Porting has the advantage for faster follow - up shots , especially for 3 - round burst operation . Effectiveness ( edit ) Though there are numerous ways to measure the energy of a recoil impulse , in general , a 10 % to 50 % reduction can be measured . Some muzzle brake manufacturers claim greater recoil reduction percentages . Muzzle brakes need sufficient propellant gas volume and high gas pressure at the muzzle of the firearm to achieve well - measured recoil reduction percentages . This means cartridges with a small bore area to case volume ratio ( overbore cartridges ) combined with a high operating pressure benefit more from recoil reduction with muzzle brakes than smaller standard cartridges . Besides reducing felt recoil , one of the primary advantages of a muzzle brake is the reduction of muzzle rise . This lets a shooter realign a weapon 's sights more quickly . This is relevant for fully automatic weapons . Muzzle rise can theoretically be eliminated by an efficient design . Because the rifle moves rearward less , the shooter has little to compensate for . Muzzle brakes benefit rapid - fire , fully automatic fire , and large - bore hunting rifles . They are also common on small - bore vermin rifles , where reducing the muzzle rise lets the shooter see the bullet impact through a telescopic sight . A reduction in recoil also reduces the chance of undesired ( painful ) contacts between the shooter 's head and the ocular of a telescopic sight or other aiming components that must be positioned near the shooter 's eye ( often referred to as `` scope eye '' ) . Another advantage of a muzzle brake is a reduction of recoil fatigue during extended practice sessions , enabling the shooter to consecutively fire more rounds accurately . Further , flinch ( involuntary pre-trigger - release anxiety behavior resulting in inaccurate aiming and shooting ) caused by excessive recoil may be reduced or eliminated . Disadvantages ( edit ) There are advantages and disadvantages to muzzle brakes . Recoil may be perceived by different shooters as pain , movement of the sight line , rearward thrust , or some combination of the three . Recoil energy can be sharp if the impulse is fast or may be considered soft if the impulse is slower , even if the same total energy is transferred . Muzzle flash without muzzle brake Redirected muzzle flash with muzzle brake The advantages of brakes and compensators are not without downsides , however . The shooter , gun crew , or close bystanders may perceive an increase in sound pressure level as well as an increase in muzzle blast and lead exposure . This occurs because the sound , flash , pressure waves , and lead loaded smoke plume normally projected away from the shooter are now partially redirected outward to the side or sometimes at partially backward angles toward the shooter or gun crew . Standard eye and ear protection , important for all shooters , may not be adequate to avoid hearing damage with the muzzle blast partially vectored back toward the gun crew or spotters by arrowhead shaped reactive muzzle brakes found on sniper team fired anti-materiel rifles like the Barrett M82 . Measurements indicate that on a rifle , a muzzle brake adds 5 to 10 dB to the normal noise level perceived by the shooter , increasing total noise levels up to 160 dB ( A ) ± 3 dB . Painful discomfort occurs at approximately 120 to 125 dB ( A ) , with some references claiming 133 dB ( A ) for the threshold of pain . Brakes and compensators also add length , diameter , and mass to the muzzle end of a firearm , where it most influences its handling and may interfere with accuracy as muzzle rise will occur when the brake is removed and shooting without the brake can throw off the strike of the round . Another problem can occur when saboted ammunition is used as the sabot tends to break up inside the brake . The problem is particularly pronounced when armour - piercing fin - stabilized discarding - sabot ( APFSDS ) , a type of long - rod penetrator ( LRP ) are used . Since these APFSDS rounds are the most common armour - piercing ammunition currently , virtually no modern main battle tank guns have muzzle brakes . A serious tactical disadvantage of muzzle brakes on both small arms and artillery is that , depending on their designs , they may cause escaping gases to throw up dust and debris clouds that impair visibility and reveal one 's position , not to mention posing a hazard to individuals without eye protection . Troops often wet the ground in front of antitank guns in defensive emplacements to prevent this , and snipers are specially trained in techniques for suppressing or concealing the magnified effects of lateral muzzle blast when firing rifles with such brakes . Linear compensators and suppressors do not have the disadvantages of a redirected muzzle blast ; they actually reduce the blast by venting high pressure gas forward at reduced velocity . The redirection of larger amounts of escaping high - pressure gas can cause discomfort caused by blast - induced sinus cavity concussion . Such discomfort can especially become a problem for anti-materiel rifle shooters due to the bigger than normal cartridges with accompanying large case capacities and propellant volumes these rifles use and can be a reason for promoting accelerated shooter fatigue and flinching . Furthermore , the redirected blast may direct pressure waves toward the eye , potentially leading to retinal detachment when repeated shooting is performed with anti-materiel and large caliber weapons . Examples ( edit ) The S&W Model 500 revolver features a muzzle brake The muzzle brake of a 30mm Mauser autocannon The prominent muzzle brake of the PGM Hecate II US legislation and regulation ( edit ) The State of California outlaws flash suppressors on semiautomatic rifles with detachable magazines , but allows muzzle brakes to be used instead . The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives ( ATF ) made a regulatory determination in 2013 that the muzzle device of the SIG Sauer MPX Carbine , adapted from the baffle core of the integrally suppressed version 's suppressor and claimed by SIG to be a muzzle brake , constituted a silencer and rendered the MPX - C a Title II NFA weapon . SIG Sauer , the rifle 's maker , sued the ATF in 2014 to have the designation overturned . In September 2015 , Federal Judge Paul Barbadora upheld the ATF 's ruling ; despite SIG successfully establishing that the weapon did not suppress the weapon 's sound , the ATF successfully established that it was intended to suppress the sound , which was legally sufficient . See also ( edit ) Muzzle booster Muzzle shroud Flash suppressor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Muzzle brake in the NRA Firearms Glossary ^ Jump up to : STI article Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . on Limcat Undergas Bypass Turbo System recoil compensator ^ Jump up to : Sweeney , Patrick ( 2012 ) . The Gun Digest Book of the AR - 15 . Iola , Wisconsin : Gun Digest Books . pp. 269 -- 269 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2868 - X . Jump up ^ Paulsen , Gary ( 2008 ) . The Rifle . Paw Prints . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4395 - 1757 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mag - Na - Port handgun porting information Jump up ^ `` Brownells - Firearms , Reloading Supplies , Gunsmithing Tools , Gun Parts and Accessories '' . www.brownells.com . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . KIES linear compensator Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4-fmql19w HERA ARMS linear compensator Jump up ^ `` Jump Is Taken Out Of Guns By Cylinders On Muzzle '' Popular Mechanics , August 1932 Jump up ^ A muzzle brake manufacturer on pros and cons and recoil reduction of muzzle brakes Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Wieland , Terry ( 15 October 2009 ) . Dangerous - Game Rifles . Down East Books . p. 550 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89272 - 902 - 9 . Jump up ^ Summary of a Finnish government report ( 1992 ) on silencers , muzzle brakes and noise levels Jump up ^ ( in German ) and ( in English ) Schalldämpfer = Gehörschützer für Jäger , data collected on noise levels Archived 28 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` More About : Shooting / Hunting Hearing Protection '' . www.earplugstore.com . Jump up ^ Tilstra , Russell C. ( 2011 ) . Small Arms for Urban Combat : A Review of Modern Handguns , Submachine Guns , Personal Defense Weapons , Carbines , Assault Rifles , Sniper Rifles , Anti-Materiel Rifles , Machine Guns , Combat Shotguns , Grenade Launchers and Other Weapons Systems . McFarland . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8875 - 9 . Jump up ^ Carlucci , Donald E. ; Jacobson , Sidney S. ( 11 December 2007 ) . Ballistics : Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition . CRC Press . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 6619 - 7 . Jump up ^ Press , Paladin ; Navy , US ( 1992 ) . Seal Sniper Training Program . Paladin Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87364 - 683 - 3 . Jump up ^ Boatman , Robert H. ( 2004 ) . Living with the Big . 50 : The Shooter 's Guide to the World 's Most Powerful Rifle . Paladin Press . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58160 - 440 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Justice Regulations for Assault Weapons and Large Capacity Magazines '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Justice . 1999 . `` flash suppressor '' means any device that reduces or conceals the visible light or flash created when a firearm is fired . This definition includes flash hiders , but does not include compensators and muzzle brakes ( devices attached to or integral with the muzzle barrel to utilize propelling gasses for counter-recoil ) . Jump up ^ Dinan , Elizabeth ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` SIG Sauer sues ATF for calling its ' muzzle brake ' a gun silencer '' . Seacoastonline.com . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Judge favors ATF in Sig lawsuit : It 's a silencer , Guns.com , 25 September 2015 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muzzle brakes . High speed photography on muzzle brakes Chuck Hawks ' article on muzzle brakes Pictures of various muzzle brake types Adventures with muzzle brakes Glock 's page on Compensated Pistols Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&oldid=853704334 '' Categories : Firearm components Artillery components Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with German - language external links Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 13 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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-4343848769915341571	I Heard It Through the Grapevine	I Heard it Through the Grapevine - wikipedia I Heard it Through the Grapevine Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the album by Marvin Gaye , see I Heard It Through the Grapevine ( album ) . For the idiom , see Wiktionary : hear through the grapevine . `` Heard It Through the Grapevine '' redirects here . For the South Korean television series , see Heard It Through the Grapevine ( TV series ) . `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' Single by Marvin Gaye from the album In the Groove B - side `` You 're What 's Happening ( in the World Today ) '' Released October 30 , 1968 Format 7 - inch single Recorded February 3 , 8 , 13 , 15 , & April 10 , 1967 Studio Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) , Detroit , Michigan Genre R&B psychedelic soul Length 3 : 16 Label Tamla ( T 54176 ) Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Producer ( s ) Norman Whitfield Marvin Gaye singles chronology `` His Eye is on the Sparrow '' ( 1968 ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 1968 ) `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' ( 1969 ) `` His Eye is on the Sparrow '' ( 1968 ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 1968 ) `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' ( 1969 ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' is a song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for Motown Records in 1966 . The first recording of the song to be released was produced by Whitfield for Gladys Knight & the Pips and released as a single in September 1967 ; it went to number two in the Billboard chart . The Miracles recorded the song first and included their version on their 1968 album , Special Occasion . The Marvin Gaye version was placed on his 1968 album In the Groove , where it gained the attention of radio disc jockeys , and Motown founder Berry Gordy finally agreed to its release as a single in October 1968 , when it went to the top of the Billboard Pop Singles chart for seven weeks from December 1968 to January 1969 and became for a time the biggest hit single on the Motown label ( Tamla ) . The Gaye recording has since become an acclaimed soul classic , and in 2004 , it was placed 81 on the Rolling Stone list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . On the commemorative fortieth anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 issue of Billboard magazine in June 2008 , Marvin Gaye 's `` Grapevine '' was ranked sixty - fifth . It was also inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame for `` historical , artistic and significant '' value . In addition to being released several times by Motown artists , the song has been recorded by a range of musicians including Creedence Clearwater Revival , who made an eleven - minute interpretation for their 1970 album , Cosmo 's Factory ; and has been used twice in television commercials -- each time using session musicians recreating the style of the Marvin Gaye version : the 1985 Levi 's commercial , `` Launderette '' , featuring male model Nick Kamen , and the 1986 California raisins promotion with Buddy Miles as the singer for the clay animation group The California Raisins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Motown recordings 2.1 Marvin Gaye 2.2 Gladys Knight & the Pips 3 Releases 4 Legacy 5 Covers 6 Media 7 Personnel 8 Chart performance 8.1 Weekly charts 8.1. 1 Reissue version 8.2 Year - end charts 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) The lyrics tell the story in the first person of the singer 's feelings of betrayal and disbelief when he hears of his girlfriend 's infidelity only indirectly `` through the `` grapevine '' . By 1966 , Barrett Strong , the singer on Motown Records ' breakthrough hit , `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' , had the basics of a song he had started to write in Chicago , where the idea had come to him while walking down Michigan Avenue that people were always saying `` I heard it through the grapevine '' . The phrase is associated with black slaves during the Civil War , who had their form of telegraph : the human grapevine . Producer Norman Whitfield worked with Strong on the song , adding lyrics to Strong 's basic Ray Charles influenced gospel tune and the single chorus line of `` I heard it through the grapevine '' . This was to be the first of a number of successful collaborations between Strong and Whitfield . Motown recordings ( edit ) Producer Norman Whitfield recorded `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' with various Motown artists . The first known recording is with the Miracles on August 6 , 1966 , though there may also have been a recording with the Isley Brothers , or at least Whitfield intended to record it with them ; however a track has not turned up -- some Motown historians believe that a session may have been scheduled but cancelled . The Miracles ' version was not released as a single due to Berry Gordy 's veto during Motown 's weekly quality control meetings ; Gordy advised Whitfield and Strong to create a stronger single . The Miracles version later appeared on their 1968 Special Occasion album , and a slightly different take , possibly from the same session but unreleased , appeared on the 1998 compilation album , Motown Sings Motown Treasures . Marvin Gaye 's version was recorded in spring 1967 , and is the second known recording , though was also rejected by Gordy as a single , and would also later go onto an album , In the Groove . The third recording was in 1967 with Gladys Knight and the Pips in a new , faster arrangement . Gordy accepted the new arrangement and the Gladys Knight version was released as a single in September 1967 , reaching number 2 in the charts . When Gaye 's album with his version of Grapevine was released in August 1968 , radio disc jockeys were playing the song , so Gordy had it released as a single in October , and it went to number one in December . In 1968 , Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers recorded a version for their debut album based on Gladys ' recent hit ; however , after hearing the Marvin Gaye version , they felt they 'd made the wrong choice . In 1969 , Whitfield produced a version for the Temptations `` psychedelic soul '' album , Cloud Nine , in which he `` brought compelling percussion to the fore , and relegated the piano well into the wings '' . In 1971 , the Undisputed Truth recorded the song in a Marvin - styled version as did Bettye Lavette on her 1982 Motown album , Tell Me a Lie . Marvin Gaye ( edit ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' Marvin Gaye 's version of the song Problems playing this file ? See media help . Whitfield recorded the song with Marvin Gaye over five sessions , the first on February 3 , 1967 , and the final one on April 10 , 1967 . Recordings of this version took more than a month due to Whitfield overdubbing Gaye 's vocals with that of the Andantes ' background vocals , mixing in several tracks featuring the Funk Brothers on the rhythm track , and adding the string section from the Detroit Symphony Orchestra with an arrangement by Paul Riser . The session featuring Gaye led to an argument between the producer and singer . Whitfield wanted Gaye to perform the song in a higher key than his normal range , a move that had worked on David Ruffin during the recording of the Temptations ' hit , `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' . The mixture of Gaye 's raspy vocals and the Andantes ' sweeter harmonies made Whitfield confident that he had a hit ; however , despite approval from Motown 's Quality Control Department , Gordy blocked the release . Gladys Knight & the Pips ( edit ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' Gladys Knight and the Pips 1967 version of the song Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded `` Grapevine '' on June 17 , 1967 in Motown 's Studio A , with Norman Whitfield as producer . After hearing Aretha Franklin 's version of `` Respect '' , Whitfield rearranged `` Grapevine '' to include some of the funk elements of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section . According to David Ritz , Whitfield set to record a song that would `` out - funk '' Aretha . After Whitfield presented the demo tapes , Gladys Knight , Bubba Knight , William Guest , and Edward Patten worked for several weeks on their vocal arrangement . To make the song suitable for Gladys , the first line of the second verse ( `` I know a man ai n't supposed to cry / But these tears I ca n't hold inside '' ) was altered to ( `` Take a good look at these tears in my eyes / Baby , these tears I ca n't hold inside '' ) . After much talk , Gordy reluctantly allowed the Pips ' version to be a single on September 28 , 1967 on Motown 's Soul label . Releases ( edit ) The Gladys Knight & the Pips version released on September 28 , 1967 was on Motown 's Soul label , with `` It 's Time to Go Now '' on the B - side . Motown put little support behind it and the Pips relied on connections with DJs across the United States to get the record played . The Pips ' version of `` Grapevine '' reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart on November 25 , 1967 , and stayed there for six weeks , making it the group 's second R&B number one after 1961 's `` Every Beat of My Heart '' . It reached two on the Billboard Pop Singles chart the same month , with the Monkees ' `` Daydream Believer '' holding top spot . It was Motown 's best - selling single to that point . The song was later placed on the Gladys Knight & the Pips album Everybody Needs Love . Whitfield wanted Gordy to release Gaye 's `` Grapevine '' as a single , but Gordy did n't want to release another version after the Pips had already made a hit out of it . In September 1968 , Whitfield added `` Grapevine '' to Gaye 's new album In the Groove . On release `` Grapevine '' became a radio hit and , according to Gordy himself , `` The DJs played it so much off the album that we had to release it as a single '' . So Gaye 's version was released as a single on October 30 , 1968 . Gaye 's `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' eventually outsold the Pips ' , and until The Jackson 5 's `` I 'll Be There '' 20 months later , was the biggest hit single of all time on the Motown label . It stayed at the top of the Billboard Pop Singles chart for seven weeks , from December 14 , 1968 to January 25 , 1969 . Gaye 's `` Grapevine '' also held number one on the R&B chart during the same seven weeks , and stayed at number one in the United Kingdom for three weeks starting on March 26 , 1969 . The label was pleased with the success , although Gaye , depressed because of issues such as the illness of singing partner Tammi Terrell ( which would kill her less than a year later ) , was quoted as saying that his success `` did n't seem real '' and that he `` did n't deserve it '' . Due to the song 's success , In the Groove was re-issued as I Heard It Through the Grapevine and peaked at number two on the R&B album chart and number sixty - three on the album chart , which was at the time Marvin 's highest - charted solo studio effort to date . Because of the success of both versions , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' was the first and last number one on the Billboard R&B chart in 1968 : the Pips version was the first week of January , the Gaye version the last week of December . Gladys Knight was not pleased that Gaye 's version usurped her own , and claimed that Gaye 's version was recorded over an instrumental track Whitfield had prepared for a Pips song , an allegation Gaye denied . In 1985 , one year following Gaye 's death , the song was re-released in the UK reaching number eight thanks to a Levi 's commercial ( starring Nick Kamen ) . Legacy ( edit ) The Gaye recording has become an acclaimed soul classic . In 2004 , it was placed at number 80 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , with the comment that Whitfield had produced the song with a number of artists using different arrangements , and that on the Marvin Gaye recording he had a `` golden idea '' when he set the song `` in a slower , more mysterious tempo '' . In a new Rolling Stone list published in 2011 , the single was placed slightly lower at number 81 . On the commemorative fiftieth anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 issue of Billboard magazine in June 2008 , the Marvin Gaye version was ranked as the sixty - fifth biggest song on the chart . It was also inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame for `` historical , artistic and significant '' value . Covers ( edit ) In addition to being recorded several times by Motown artists , the song has been covered by musicians including Creedence Clearwater Revival who recorded an 11 - minute version for their 1970 album , Cosmo 's Factory , that was released as a single , reaching 43 on Billboard 's chart , with more modest success in other countries , and funk musician Roger Troutman whose extended version ( nearly 11 minutes itself ) lifted off his 1981 solo album , The Many Facets of Roger , brought the song back to number one on the R&B chart in early 1982 marking the third time the single reached the top spot on that chart . It also made the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 79 . Queen Latifah used the music as a basis for her 1998 single `` Paper '' , produced by Pras Michel for her album Order in the Court . Media ( edit ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' has been used twice in television commercials -- each time using session musicians recreating the style of the Marvin Gaye version . For the 1985 Levi 's 501 commercial , `` Launderette '' , featuring male model Nick Kamen , agency BBH and director Roger Lyons , owing to budgetary constraints , brought in Karl Jenkins and Mike Ratledge to recreate the sound of the Marvin Gaye original with Tony Jackson , a Barbadian background singer for Paul Young , handling vocals and P.P. Arnold on backing vocals . The commercial 's success prompted Tamla - Motown to re-release Gaye 's single with the Levi 's 501 logo on the sleeve -- `` an example of integrated marketing almost before the term was invented '' . The record went to number eight on the UK Singles chart , marking its second chart performance . A year later , in 1986 , Buddy Miles was the singer for the clay animation group The California Raisins which sang it as part a TV advertising campaign . Marvin Gaye 's version of the song is used in the opening credits of The Big Chill ( 1983 ) as each of the main characters gets to hear ( through the `` grapevine '' ) about the death of their college friend , and then travels to his funeral ; the song serves in an extradiegetic fashion to both unite the main characters ' friendship and to locate it nostalgically for the viewer . Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by Marvin Gaye Background vocals by The Andantes : Jackie Hicks , Marlene Barrow and Louvain Demps Organ by Earl Van Dyke Electric piano by Johnny Griffith Drums by Richard `` Pistol '' Allen and Uriel Jones Bass by James Jamerson Percussion by Jack Ashford Guitar by Joe Messina Instrumentation by the Funk Brothers and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra String arrangement by Paul Riser Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 69 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set Top 40 ) 40 Canadian RPM Top Singles 8 France ( SNEP ) 88 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 25 South African Chart UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles US Cash Box Top 100 Reissue version ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 48 Irish Singles Chart Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 28 US Billboard Hot 100 88 US R&B ( Billboard ) 40 US Cash Box References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andy Bennett ( Dec 14 , 2005 ) . The Popular Music Studies Reader . Routledge . p. 328 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Dahl ( February 28 , 2011 ) . Motown : The Golden Years . Krause Publications . p. 77 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allan Metcalf , David K. Barnhart ( 1999 ) . America in So Many Words : Words That Have Shaped America . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 147 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Shapiro ( 2006 ) . Turn the Beat Around : The Secret History of Disco . Macmillan . pp. 122 -- 124 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David N. Howard ( June 11 , 2004 ) . Sonic Alchemy : Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 160 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Songwriters Hall of Fame -- Barrett Strong Biography '' . Songwritershalloffame.org . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ralph McLean ( April 2003 ) . `` BBC Music : Stories Behind the Song : `` I Heard it Through the Grapevine '' `` . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Motown : The History , page 56 , Sharon Davis , Gullane , 1988 Jump up ^ Joel Francis ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Gladys Knight and the Pips -- ' I Heard It Through the Grapevine ' '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : John Covach , Mark Spicer ( June 22 , 2010 ) . Sounding Out Pop : Analytical Essays in Popular Music . University of Michigan Press . p. 92 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Dahl ( Feb 28 , 2011 ) . Motown : The Golden Years . Krause Publications . p. 318 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amy Hanson ( 2012 ) . `` Cloud Nine -- The Temptations '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bettye Lavette -- Tell Me A Lie '' . Discogs . Retrieved 9 Dec 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvin Gaye Session Dates '' . Soulfuldetroit.com. 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gerald Posner ( 2002 ) . Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power . Random House . pp. 224 -- 225 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 330 . Jump up ^ Berry Gordy ( 1 Dec 1995 ) . To Be Loved : The Music , the Magic , the Memories of Motown . Grand Central Pub . p. 275 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show 50 - The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . digital.library.unt.edu . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Marvin Gaye ( 1976 ) . `` 1976 interview with Marvin Gaye '' . BBC Radio 2 ( Interview ) . Interview with Paul Gambaccini . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Robinson ( March 1 , 2001 ) . The Sunday Times 100 Greatest TV Ads . HarperCollins . pp. 119 -- 121 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . December 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . December 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time : Marvin Gaye , ' I Heard It Through the Grapevine ' '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artists Are Color Blind When Looking At Copyrights '' . Billboard : 40 . Jan 29 , 1972 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nick Talevski ( 1 August 2006 ) . Knocking on Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . Omnibus Press . p. 659 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 499 . Jump up ^ Lynn Norment ( September 1988 ) . `` Sounding Off -- Review of Order in the Court '' . Ebony : 22 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Emma Hall ( 22 November 2002 ) . `` Campaign Screen : Music and Sound Design - Production . Top of the Pops '' . Campaign . Jump up ^ Sam Ingleby ( 17 May 2004 ) . `` Karl Jenkins : Fanfare for the Common Man '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ron Roker ( 2009 ) . `` Ron Roker - Latest Releases '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Janet Bohdanowicz , Liz Clamp ( 1994 ) . Fashion Marketing . Routledge . p. 73 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caroline Marshall ( 20 December 1999 ) . `` Campaign Hall of Fame '' . Campaign . Jump up ^ `` Marvin Gaye - I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kristina Tunzi ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Buddy Miles , 60 '' . Billboard : 60 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ian Inglis ( 2003 ) . Popular Music and Film . Wallflower Press . p. 168 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ María del Mar Azcona ( July 11 , 2011 ) . The Multi-Protagonist Film . John Wiley & Sons . p. 168 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Ford ( 2011 ) . The Sound of Pictures . Schwartz Publishing . p. 115 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uriel Jones Obituary '' . telegraph.co.uk. 29 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I heard it through the grapevine in Australian Chart '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I heard it through the grapevine in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I heard it through the grapevine in French Chart '' ( in French ) . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc . July 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Marvin Gaye '' ^ Jump up to : `` I heard it through the grapevine in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Only results when searching `` I heard it through the grapevine '' ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Marvin Gaye '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` I heard it through the grapevine in South African Chart '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvin Gaye '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvin Gaye awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 1 / 18 / 69 '' . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Marvin Gaye -- I Heard It Through The Grapevine '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Marvin Gaye -- I Heard It Through The Grapevine '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Marvin Gaye -- I Heard It Through The Grapevine '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . Jump up ^ Top Records on 1969 ( Based on Billboard Charts ) `` , Billboard , December 27 , 1969 . pp. 16 - 17 . Accessed December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1969 '' . Bibliography John Covach , Mark Spicer , Sounding Out Pop : Analytical Essays in Popular Music , 2010 , University of Michigan Press Bill Dahl , Motown : The Golden Years , 2011 , Krause Publications David N. Howard , Sonic Alchemy : Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings , 2004 , Hal Leonard Corporation Gerald Posner , Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power , 2002 , New York : Random House , ISBN 0 - 375 - 50062 - 6 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Miracles Smokey Robinson Ronnie White Pete Moore Bobby Rogers Claudette Robinson Marv Tarplin Billy Griffin Donald Griffin Carl Cotton Mark Scott Dave Finley Sydney Justin Alphonse Franklin Tee Turner Pre-Miracles : Emerson `` Sonny '' Rogers James Grice Clarence Dawson Production Berry Gordy Smokey Robinson Pete Moore Studio albums Hi ... We 're The Miracles ( 1961 ) Cookin ' with The Miracles ( 1961 ) I 'll Try Something New ( 1962 ) The Fabulous Miracles ( 1963 ) The Miracles Doin ' Mickey 's Monkey ( 1963 ) I Like It Like That ( 1964 ) Going to a Go - Go ( 1965 ) Away We a Go - Go ( 1966 ) Make It Happen ( The Tears of a Clown ) ( 1967 ) Special Occasion ( 1968 ) Time Out For Smokey Robinson & the Miracles ( 1969 ) Four in Blue ( 1969 ) What Love Has Joined Together ( 1970 ) A Pocket Full Of Miracles ( 1970 ) One Dozen Roses ( 1971 ) Flying High Together ( 1972 ) Renaissance ( 1973 ) Do It Baby ( 1974 ) City of Angels ( 1975 ) Live albums The Miracles Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles LIVE ! ( 1969 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles : 1957 - 1972 ( 1972 ) Other albums Christmas with The Miracles ( 1963 ) Compilations Greatest Hits : From the Beginning ( 1965 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1968 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Anthology ' 86 ( 1986 ) Anthology : The Best of Smokey Robinson & The Miracles ( 1995 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Ooo Baby Baby : The Anthology ( 2002 ) Depend On Me : The Early Albums ( 2009 ) Singles ( US / UK Top Twenty singles ) `` Shop Around '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' / `` Happy Landing '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Ooo Baby Baby '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` My Girl Has Gone '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` If You Can Want '' `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' `` The Tears of a Clown '' `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' `` Do It Baby '' `` Love Machine '' Videography The Definitive Performances ( 1963 -- 1987 ) ( 2006 ) Discography Albums Songs Related articles Motown Records List of cover versions of The Miracles songs Book : The Miracles The Miracles singles discography 1950s `` Got a Job '' ( 1958 ) `` Your Love ( Is All I Need ) '' ( 1958 ) `` I Cry '' ( 1958 ) `` I Need a Change '' ( 1959 ) `` It '' ( 1959 ) `` Bad Girl '' ( 1959 ) `` The Feeling Is So Fine '' ( 1959 ) / `` ( You Can ) Depend on Me '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Way Over There '' ( 1960 ) `` Shop Around '' ( 1960 ) / `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' ( 1960 ) `` Ai n't It Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Mighty Good Lovin ' '' ( 1961 ) / Broken Hearted '' ( 1961 ) `` Everybody 's Gotta Pay Some Dues '' ( 1961 ) `` What 's So Good About Goodbye '' ( 1961 ) / `` I 've Been Good to You '' ( 1961 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1962 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) / `` Happy Landing '' ( 1962 ) `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) / `` I Can Take a Hint '' ( 1963 ) `` Mickey 's Monkey '' ( 1963 ) `` I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song '' ( 1963 ) `` ( You Ca n't Let the Boy Overpower ) The Man in You '' ( 1964 ) `` I Like It Like That '' ( 1964 ) `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' ( 1964 ) `` Come On Do The Jerk '' ( 1964 ) `` Ooo Baby Baby '' ( 1965 ) `` The Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1965 ) / `` A Fork in the Road '' ( 1965 ) `` My Girl Has Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( 1965 ) / `` Choosey Beggar '' ( 1965 ) `` Whole Lot of Shakin ' in My Heart ( Since I Met You ) '' ( 1966 ) `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' ( 1966 ) `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' ( 1967 ) `` More Love '' ( 1967 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1967 ) `` If You Can Want '' ( 1968 ) `` Yester Love '' ( 1968 ) `` Special Occasion '' ( 1968 ) `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' ( 1969 ) `` Here I Go Again '' ( 1969 ) / `` Doggone Right '' ( 1969 ) `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1969 ) `` Point It Out '' ( 1969 ) / `` Darling Dear '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Who 's Gonna Take the Blame '' ( 1970 ) `` The Tears of a Clown '' ( 1970 ) `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' ( 1970 ) `` Crazy About the La La '' ( 1971 ) `` Satisfaction '' ( 1971 ) `` We 've Come Too Far to End It Now '' ( 1972 ) `` I Ca n't Stand to See You Cry '' ( 1972 ) `` Do n't Let It End ( ' Til You Let It Begin ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Give Me Just Another Day '' ( 1973 ) `` Do It Baby '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Cha Love It '' ( 1974 ) `` Gemini '' ( 1975 ) `` Love Machine '' ( 1975 ) `` Night Life '' ( 1976 ) `` Spy for Brotherhood '' ( 1977 ) `` I Can Touch the Sky '' ( 1977 ) `` Mean Machine '' ( 1978 ) Book : The Miracles Marvin Gaye Studio albums The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1961 ) That Stubborn Kinda Fellow ( 1962 ) When I 'm Alone I Cry ( 1964 ) Hello Broadway ( 1964 ) How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You ( 1965 ) A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole ( 1965 ) Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1966 ) In the Groove / I Heard It Through the Grapevine ! ( 1968 ) M.P.G. ( 1969 ) That 's the Way Love Is ( 1970 ) What 's Going On ( 1971 ) Trouble Man ( 1972 ) Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) I Want You ( 1976 ) Here , My Dear ( 1978 ) In Our Lifetime ( 1981 ) Midnight Love ( 1982 ) Posthumous albums Dream of a Lifetime ( 1985 ) Romantically Yours ( 1986 ) Vulnerable ( 1997 ) Duet albums Together ( with Mary Wells , 1964 ) Take Two ( with Kim Weston , 1966 ) United ( with Tammi Terrell , 1967 ) You 're All I Need ( with Tammi Terrell , 1968 ) Easy ( with Tammi Terrell , 1969 ) Diana & Marvin ( with Diana Ross , 1973 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1967 ) Marvin Gaye and His Girls ( 1969 ) Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Super Hits ( 1970 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Marvin Gaye 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) Motown Remembers Marvin Gaye : Never Before Released Masters ( 1986 ) The Marvin Gaye Collection ( 1990 ) The Norman Whitfield Sessions ( 1994 ) Love Starved Heart : Rare and Unreleased ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 1994 ) The Master ( 1961 -- 1984 ) ( 1995 ) Marvin Gaye : The Love Songs ( 2000 ) The Complete Duets ( 2001 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 2001 ) Live albums Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Marvin Gaye Live ! ( 1974 ) Live at the London Palladium ( 1977 ) Marvin Gaye at the Copa ( 2005 ) Video albums Greatest Hits Live ( Live in Holland 1976 ) ( 2000 ) Live In Montreux 1980 ( 2003 ) The Real Thing : In Performance ( 1964 -- 1981 ) ( 2006 ) Live In Belgium 1981 ( 2006 ) US / UK Top Ten singles `` Pride and Joy '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` The Onion Song '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` Sexual Healing '' Family Marvin Gay Sr. ( father ) Alberta Gay ( mother ) Anna Gordy Gaye ( first wife ) Denise Gordy ( son 's birth mother ) Nona Gaye ( daughter ) Frankie Gaye ( brother ) Gordon Banks ( brother - in - law ) Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Marvin Gaye Albums produced by Marvin Gaye Songs in memory Songs produced by Marvin Gaye Personal life Death Tributes The Marquees Harvey Fuqua Tammi Terrell Leon Ware Marvin 's Room Marvin Is 60 : A Tribute Album Book Category Portal Marvin Gaye singles discography 1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' Book Category Portal Gladys Knight & the Pips Gladys Knight Merald `` Bubba '' Knight William Guest Edward Patten Brenda Knight Eleanor Guest Langston George Chris Morante Studio albums Everybody Needs Love Neither One of Us Imagination I Feel a Song 2nd Anniversary The One and Only Soundtrack albums Claudine Compilation albums The Ultimate Collection Singles `` Every Beat of My Heart '' `` Giving Up '' `` Take Me in Your Arms and Love Me '' `` Everybody Needs Love '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` The End of Our Road '' `` It Should Have Been Me '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' `` The Nitty Gritty '' `` If I Were Your Woman '' `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' `` Neither One of Us ( Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye ) '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' `` I 've Got to Use My Imagination '' `` Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me '' `` I Feel a Song ( In My Heart ) '' `` The Way We Were / Try to Remember '' `` Save the Overtime ( For Me ) '' `` Hero '' `` Love Overboard '' `` Baby , Do n't Change Your Mind '' Related topics Discography Aaliyah Barry Hankerson Book Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford Stu Cook John Fogerty Tom Fogerty Studio albums Creedence Clearwater Revival Bayou Country Green River Willy and the Poor Boys Cosmo 's Factory Pendulum Mardi Gras Live albums Live in Europe The Concert Compilations Creedence Gold More Creedence Gold Pre-Creedence Chronicle , Vol. 1 The Best of Creedence Clearwater Revival 20 Golden Greats Creedence Country Hits Album At the Movies Chronicle , Vol. 2 Rollin ' on the River Heartland Music Presents Creedence Clearwater Revival Keep On Chooglin ' Creedence Clearwater Revival : Box Set Bad Moon Rising : The Best of Creedence Clearwater Revival Platinum Creedence Clearwater Revival Covers the Classics Singles `` Porterville '' / `` Call It Pretending '' `` Suzie Q. ( Part 1 ) '' / `` Suzie Q. ( Part 2 ) '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' / `` Walk on the Water '' `` Proud Mary '' / `` Born on the Bayou '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' / `` Lodi '' `` Green River '' / `` Commotion '' `` Down on the Corner '' / `` Fortunate Son '' `` Travelin ' Band '' / `` Who 'll Stop the Rain '' `` Run Through the Jungle '' / `` Up Around the Bend '' `` Lookin ' Out My Back Door '' / `` Long As I Can See the Light '' `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' / `` Hey Tonight '' `` Sweet Hitch - Hiker '' / `` Door to Door '' `` Someday Never Comes '' / `` Tearin ' up the Country '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' / `` Good Golly Miss Molly '' Related articles Discography Song list The Blue Velvets The Golliwogs Creedence Clearwater Revisited Fogerty v. Fantasy , Inc . Saul Zaentz Fantasy Records Book : Creedence Clearwater Revival The California Raisins TV specials and series A Claymation Christmas Celebration Meet the Raisins ! The California Raisin Show See also California Raisin Advisory Board The Grape Escape Michael McDonald Studio albums If That 's What It Takes ( 1982 ) No Lookin ' Back ( 1985 ) Take It to Heart ( 1990 ) Blink of an Eye ( 1993 ) Blue Obsession ( 2000 ) Motown ( 2003 ) Motown Two ( 2004 ) Soul Speak ( 2008 ) Wide Open ( 2017 ) Compilation albums Sweet Freedom ( 1986 ) Singles `` I Keep Forgettin ' ( Every Time You 're Near ) '' `` No Lookin ' Back '' `` Sweet Freedom '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Reach Out , I 'll Be There '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Deck the Halls / Jingle Bells '' `` Walk On By '' `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ! '' Record labels Warner Bros . Reprise Universal Music Group Motown Related articles Discography The Doobie Brothers Toto Amy Holland Chart procession and succession Preceded by `` Soul Man '' by Sam & Dave Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single ( Gladys Knight & the Pips version ) December 2 , 1967 -- January 6 , 1968 Succeeded by `` I Second That Emotion '' by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles Preceded by `` Love Child '' by Diana Ross & the Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Marvin Gaye version ) December 14 , 1968 -- January 31 , 1969 Succeeded by `` Crimson and Clover '' by Tommy James & the Shondells Preceded by `` Who 's Making Love '' by Johnnie Taylor Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single ( Marvin Gaye version ) December 14 , 1968 -- January 25 , 1969 Succeeded by `` Can I Change My Mind '' by Tyrone Davis Preceded by `` Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? '' by Peter Sarstedt UK number - one single ( Marvin Gaye version ) March 26 , 1969 Succeeded by `` Israelites '' by Desmond Dekker & The Aces Preceded by `` Never Too Much '' by Luther Vandross Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single ( Roger version ) November 7 -- 14 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Take My Heart ( You Can Have It If You Want It ) '' by Kool & the Gang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Heard_It_Through_the_Grapevine&oldid=818825710 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1981 singles Marvin Gaye songs Gladys Knight & the Pips songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs The Miracles songs Trini Lopez songs Michael McDonald ( singer ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs written by Barrett Strong Songs written by Norman Whitfield Motown singles Tamla Records singles Fantasy Records singles Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield 1966 songs Songs about betrayal Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 20 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	creedence clearwater revival songs heard it through the grapevine	[]	[]
4086575800265919965	Susceptible individual	Susceptible individual - wikipedia Susceptible individual This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In epidemiology a susceptible individual ( sometimes known simply as a susceptible ) is a member of a population who is at risk of becoming infected by a disease . Contents 1 Susceptible individuals 2 Mathematical model of susceptibility 3 Susceptibility in virology 4 See also 5 References Susceptible individuals ( edit ) Susceptibles have been exposed to neither the wild strain of the disease nor a vaccination against it , and thus have not developed immunity . Those individuals who have antibodies against an antigen associated with a particular infectious disease will not be susceptible , even if they did not produce the antibody themselves ( for example , infants younger than six months who still have maternal antibodies passed through the placenta and from the colostrum , and adults who have had a recent injection of antibodies ) . However , these individuals soon return to the susceptible state as the antibodies are broken down . Some individuals may have a natural resistance to a particular infectious disease . However , except in some special cases such as malaria , these individuals make up such a small proportion of the total population that they can be ignored for the purposes of modelling an epidemic . Mathematical model of susceptibility ( edit ) The proportion of the population who are susceptible to a particular disease is denoted S. Due to the problems mentioned above , it is difficult to know this parameter for a given population . However , in a population with a rectangular population distribution ( such as that of a developed country ) , it may be estimated by : S = A L ( \ displaystyle ( S ) = ( \ frac ( A ) ( L ) ) ) Where A is the average age at which the disease is contracted and L is the average life expectancy of the population . To understand the rationale behind this relation , think of A as the length / amount of time spent in the susceptible group ( assuming an individual is susceptible before contracting the disease and immune afterwards ) and L as the total length of time spent in the population . It thus follows that the proportion of time spent as a susceptible is A / L and , in a population with a rectangular distribution , the proportion of an individual 's life spent in one group is representative of the proportion of the population in that group . The advantage of estimating S in this way is that both the average age of infection and average life expectancy will be well documented , and thus the other parameters needed to calculate S will be easily at hand . The parameter S is important in the mathematical modelling of epidemics . Susceptibility in Virology ( edit ) Viruses are only able to cause disease or pathologies if they meet several criteria : The virus is able to enter the cell ( called a susceptible state ) There is a sufficient number of viruses within the cell The virus is able to replicate within the cell ( called a permissive state ) Hence susceptibility only refers to the fact that the virus is able to get into the cell , via having the proper receptor ( s ) , and as a result , despite the fact that a host may be susceptible , the virus may still not be able to cause any pathologies within the host . Reasons for this are varied and may include suppression by the host immune system , or abortive measures taken by intrinsic cell defenses . See also ( edit ) Look up susceptible in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Mathematical modelling in epidemiology Immunity ( medical ) Immune system Immunization Bugchasing and giftgiving References ( edit ) Jump up ^ N.J. Dimmock et al . `` Introduction to Modern Virology , 6th edition . '' Blackwell Publishing , 2007 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susceptible_individual&oldid=822537194 '' Categories : Epidemiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Қазақша Nederlands Română Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 23 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who would be considered part of a highly suspectible population	[]	[]
994478668787493581	List of Olympic Games host cities	List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America -- W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII -- 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=836847763 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 05 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where will the summer olympics 2018 be held	[]	[]
-2797377700817535080	First Battle of Bull Run	First battle of Bull Run - wikipedia First battle of Bull Run This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of First Manassas ) Part of the American Civil War First Battle of Bull Run . Chromolithograph by Kurz & Allison , 1889 Date July 21 , 1861 ( 1861 - 07 - 21 ) Location Fairfax County and Prince William County , Virginia 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Result Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States Commanders and leaders Political leaders : Abraham Lincoln Military commanders : Winfield Scott Irvin McDowell Robert Patterson Political leaders : Jefferson Davis Military commanders : P.G.T. Beauregard Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson Joseph E. Johnston Units involved Department of Northeastern Virginia : Army of Northeastern Virginia Department of Pennsylvania : Patterson 's Command ( not engaged ) Army of the Potomac Army of the Shenandoah Strength Army of Northeastern Virginia : 35,732 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Patterson 's Command : 14 -- 18,000 ( not engaged ) 32,000 -- 34,000 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Casualties and losses 2,708 ( 481 killed ; 1,011 wounded ; 1,216 missing ) 1,982 ( 387 killed ; 1,582 wounded ; 13 missing ) Manassas Campaign Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Arlington Mills Vienna , Virginia Hoke 's Run Blackburn 's Ford 1st Bull Run Virginia ( 1861 ) Northeastern Virginia ( 1861 ) The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the Battle of First Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west - southwest of Washington , D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the rebellion . Yielding to political pressure , Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed by his officers and men ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed . A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute , Thomas J. Jackson , stood its ground , which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname , `` Stonewall '' . The Confederates launched a strong counterattack , and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire , many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout . McDowell 's men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington , D.C. Both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties , and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated . The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems and deficiencies that were typical of the first year of the war . Units were committed piecemeal , attacks were frontal , infantry failed to protect exposed artillery , tactical intelligence was nil , and neither commander was able to employ his whole force effectively . McDowell , with 35,000 men , was only able to commit about 18,000 , and the combined Confederate forces , with about 32,000 men , committed only 18,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military and political situation 1.2 Irvin McDowell 1.3 Intelligence 1.4 McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign 1.5 Prelude to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 Morning phase 3.1. 1 Matthews Hill 3.2 Noon phase 3.2. 1 Henry House Hill 3.3 Union retreat 4 Aftermath 4.1 Brief observations 4.2 Detailed casualties 4.2. 1 Union 4.2. 2 Confederate 4.3 Effect on the Union and subsequent events 4.4 Effect on the Confederacy 4.5 Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War 4.6 `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' 4.7 Confusion between the battle flags 4.8 Conclusions 5 Additional battle maps 5.1 Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour 6 In popular culture 7 Sesquicentennial 8 Battlefield preservation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Memoirs and primary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Military and political situation ( edit ) Main article : Manassas Campaign Further information : Origins of the American Civil War ; Battle of Fort Sumter ; Western Virginia Campaign ; Border states ( American Civil War ) ; President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers ; Eastern Theater of the American Civil War ; and American Civil War Opposing political leaders Pres . Abraham Lincoln , USA Pres . Jefferson Davis , CSA Northern Virginia Theater in July 1861 Confederate Union Further map details , see : Additional Map 1 and Additional Map 2 . On 15 April 1861 , the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor , President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States . Earlier , South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America . To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety - day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000 . He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three - year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000 . Lincoln 's actions caused four more Southern states , including Virginia , to secede and join the Confederacy , and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery , Alabama , to Richmond , Virginia . In Washington , D.C. , as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital , General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states . He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River and capture New Orleans . While the Army `` strangled '' the Confederacy in the west , the U.S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts . The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' . Instead , many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond , only one hundred miles south of Washington , would quickly end the war . By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington . Since General Scott was seventy - five years old and physically unable to lead this force , the administration searched for a more suitable field commander . Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott , General in Chief , USA Cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott 's plan to crush the Confederacy , economically . It is sometimes called the `` Anaconda plan '' . Irvin McDowell ( edit ) Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan , 42 - year - old Maj . Irvin McDowell . Although McDowell was a West Point graduate , his command experience was limited . In fact , he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General 's Office . While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase , a former Ohio governor and senator . Now , through Chase 's influence , McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command ( by President Abraham Lincoln ) of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , which included the military forces in and around Washington ( Army of Northeastern Virginia ) . McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia , 35,000 men arranged in five divisions . Under public and political pressure to begin offensive operations , McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops . Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments , but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level . He was reassured by President Lincoln , `` You are green , it is true , but they are green also ; you are all green alike . '' Against his better judgment , McDowell commenced campaigning . Intelligence ( edit ) During the previous year , U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington City , including Rose O'Neal Greenhow , a prominent socialite with a wide range of contacts . He provided her with a code for messages . After he left to join the Confederate Army , he gave her control of his network but continued to receive reports from her . On July 9 and 16 , 1861 , Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding military movements for what would be the First Battle of Bull Run , including the plans of Union general McDowell . McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign ( edit ) On July 16 , 1861 , McDowell departed Washington with the largest field army yet gathered on the North American continent , about 35,000 men ( 28,452 effectives ) . McDowell 's plan was to move westward in three columns and make a diversionary attack on the Confederate line at Bull Run with two columns , while the third column moved around the Confederates ' right flank to the south , cutting the railroad to Richmond and threatening the rear of the Confederate army . He assumed that the Confederates would be forced to abandon Manassas Junction and fall back to the Rappahannock River , the next defensible line in Virginia , which would relieve some of the pressure on the U.S. capital . McDowell had hoped to have his army at Centreville by 17 July , but the troops , unaccustomed to marching , moved in starts and stops . Along the route soldiers often broke ranks to wander off to pick apples or blackberries or to get water , regardless of the orders of their officers to remain in ranks . The Confederate Army of the Potomac ( 21,883 effectives ) under Beauregard was encamped near Manassas Junction , approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) from the United States capital . McDowell planned to attack this numerically inferior enemy army . Union Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson 's 18,000 men engaged Johnston 's force ( the Army of the Shenandoah at 8,884 effectives , augmented by Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes 's brigade of 1,465 ) in the Shenandoah Valley , preventing them from reinforcing Beauregard . Movements July 16 -- 21 , 1861 Situation July 18 Battlefield of Manassas After two days of marching slowly in the sweltering heat , the Union army was allowed to rest in Centreville . McDowell reduced the size of his army to approximately 31,000 by dispatching Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon with 5,000 troops to protect the army 's rear . In the meantime , McDowell searched for a way to outflank Beauregard , who had drawn up his lines along Bull Run . On July 18 , the Union commander sent a division under Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler to pass on the Confederate right ( southeast ) flank. Tyler was drawn into a skirmish at Blackburn 's Ford over Bull Run and made no headway . Also on the morning of 18 July Johnston had received a telegram suggesting he go to Beauregard 's assistance if possible . Johnston marched out of Winchester about noon , while Stuart 's cavalry screened the movement from Patterson . Patterson was completely deceived . One hour after Johnston 's departure Patterson telegraphed Washington , `` I have succeeded , in accordance with the wishes of the General - in - Chief , in keeping General Johnston 's force at Winchester . '' For the maneuver to be successful McDowell felt he needed to act quickly . He had already begun to hear rumors that Johnston had slipped out of the valley and was headed for Manassas Junction . If the rumors were true , McDowell might soon be facing 34,000 Confederates , instead of 22,000 . Another reason for quick action was McDowell 's concern that the ninety - day enlistments of many of his regiments were about to expire . `` In a few days I will lose many thousands of the best of this force '' , he wrote Washington on the eve of battle . In fact , the next morning two units of McDowell 's command , their enlistments expiring that day , would turn a deaf ear to McDowell 's appeal to stay a few days longer . Instead , to the sounds of battle , they would march back to Washington to be mustered out of service . Becoming more frustrated , McDowell resolved to attack the Confederate left ( northwest ) flank instead . He planned to attack with Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler 's division at the Stone Bridge on the Warrenton Turnpike and send the divisions of Brig . Gens . David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman over Sudley Springs Ford . From here , these divisions could march into the Confederate rear . The brigade of Col. Israel B. Richardson ( Tyler 's Division ) would harass the enemy at Blackburn 's Ford , preventing them from thwarting the main attack . Patterson would tie down Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley so that reinforcements could not reach the area . Although McDowell had arrived at a theoretically sound plan , it had a number of flaws : it was one that required synchronized execution of troop movements and attacks , skills that had not been developed in the nascent army ; it relied on actions by Patterson that he had already failed to take ; finally , McDowell had delayed long enough that Johnston 's Valley force was able to board trains at Piedmont Station and rush to Manassas Junction to reinforce Beauregard 's men . Prelude to battle ( edit ) On July 19 -- 20 , significant reinforcements bolstered the Confederate lines behind Bull Run . Johnston arrived with all of his army , except for the troops of Brig. Gen. Kirby Smith , who were still in transit . Most of the new arrivals were posted in the vicinity of Blackburn 's Ford , and Beauregard 's plan was to attack from there to the north toward Centreville . Johnston , the senior officer , approved the plan . If both of the armies had been able to execute their plans simultaneously , it would have resulted in a mutual counterclockwise movement as they attacked each other 's left flank . McDowell was getting contradictory information from his intelligence agents , so he called for the balloon Enterprise , which was being demonstrated by Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe in Washington , to perform aerial reconnaissance . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Key Union commanders Brig. Gen . Irvin McDowell , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( Commanding ) , USA Brig. Gen . Daniel Tyler , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 1st Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . David Hunter , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 2nd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Samuel P. Heintzelman , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 3rd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Theodore Runyon , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 4th Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Dixon S. Miles , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 5th Div . ) USA Maj. Gen . Robert Patterson , Patterson 's Command , USA McDowell 's Army of Northeastern Virginia was organized into five infantry divisions of three to five brigades each . Each brigade contained three to five infantry regiments . An artillery battery was generally assigned to each brigade . The total number of Union troops present at the Battle of First Bull Run was about 35,000 , although only about 18,000 were actually engaged . The Union army was organized as follows : 1st Division of Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler the largest in the army , contained four brigades , led by Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck , Col. Erasmus Keyes , Col. William T. Sherman , and Col. Israel B. Richardson ; 2nd Division of Col. David Hunter of two brigades . These were led by Cols . Andrew Porter and Ambrose E. Burnside ; 3rd Division of Col. Samuel P. Heintzelman included 3 brigades , led by Cols . William B. Franklin , Orlando B. Willcox , and Oliver O. Howard ; 4th Division of Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon without brigade organization and not engaged , contained seven regiments of New Jersey and one regiment of New York volunteer infantries ; 5th Division of Col. Dixon S. Miles included 2 brigades , commanded by Cols . Louis Blenker and Thomas A. Davies ; While McDowell organized the Army of Northeastern Virginia , a smaller Union command was organized and stationed northwest of Washington , near Harper 's Ferry . Commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson , 18,000 men of the Department of Pennsylvania protected against a Confederate incursion from the Shenandoah Valley . Abstract from the returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Commands Present For duty Total Aggregate Officers Men General staff 19 21 First ( Tyler 's ) Division 569 12,226 9,494 9,936 Second ( Hunter 's ) Division 121 2,364 2,525 2,648 Third ( Heintzelman 's ) Division 382 8,680 9,385 9,777 Fourth ( Runyon 's ) Division 247 5,201 5,502 5,752 Fifth ( Miles ' ) Division 289 5,884 5,917 6,207 Twenty - first New York Volunteers 37 684 707 745 Twenty - fifth New York Militia 39 519 534 573 Second United States Cavalry , Company E 56 63 73 Total 1,707 35,614 34,127 35,732 Abstract from return of the Department of Pennsylvania , commanded by Major - General Patterson , June 28 , 1861 . PATTERSON 'S COMMAND Commanding officer Troops Present for duty Infantry Cavalry Artillery Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men Bvt . Maj. Gen. Geo . Cadwalader First division 322 6,637 11 307 7 251 Maj. Gen. W.H. Keim Second division 322 6,410 74 Total 644 13,047 14 381 7 251 Aggregate present for duty Infantry 13,691 Cavalry 395 Artillery 258 Total 14,344 Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Key Confederate commanders Brig. Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard , CSA Army of the Potomac Brig. Gen . Joseph E. Johnston , CSA Army of the Shenandoah , ( Commanding ) Joseph E. Johnston 's forces was organized as follows : The Army of the Potomac ( Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard ) was organized into six infantry brigades , with each brigade containing three to six infantry regiments . Artillery batteries were assigned to various infantry brigades . The total number of troops in the Confederate Army of the Potomac was approximately 22,000 . Beauregard 's army also contained thirty - nine pieces of field artillery and a regiment of Virginia cavalry . The Army of the Potomac was organized into seven infantry brigades . These were : 1st Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Milledge Luke Bonham ; 2nd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell ; 3rd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. David R. Jones ; 4th Brigade , under Brig. Gen. James Longstreet ; 5th Brigade , under Col. Philip St. George Cocke ; 6th Brigade , under Col. Jubal Early ; 7th Brigade , under Col. Nathan G. Evans . The Army of the Shenandoah ( Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston ) was also organized into brigades . It consisted of four brigades of three to five infantry regiments each , which totaled approximately 12,000 men . Each brigade was assigned one artillery battery . In addition to the infantry , there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. J.E.B. Stuart . Although the combined strength of both Confederate armies was about 34,000 , only about 18,000 were actually engaged at First Bull Run . The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of four infantry brigades : 1st Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson ; 2nd Brigade , commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow ; 3rd Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Barnard E. Bee ; 4th Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith . Abstract front field return , First Corps ( Army of the Potomac ) , July 21 , 1861 . ( Dated September 25 , 1861 . ) ARMY OF THE POTOMAC Commands . General and Staff Officers Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers Men . Officers Men . Officers Men . First Brigade 211 4,070 Second Brigade 133 2,307 Third Brigade 128 1,989 Fourth Brigade 160 2,364 Fifth Brigade 208 8,065 Sixth Brigade 261 2,356 Seventh Louisiana 44 773 Eighth Louisiana 43 803 Hampton Legion 27 627 Thirteenth Virginia 34 642 Harrison 's Battalion ( three companies ) 13 196 Troops ( ten ) of cavalry 38 545 Washington ( Louisiana ) Artillery 19 201 Kemper 's battery 76 Latham 's battery 86 Loudoun Battery 55 Shield 's battery 82 Camp Pickens ( heavy artillery ) 18 275 Total 22 1,215 18,354 85 1,383 51 775 Aggregates : Infantry 19,569 Cavalry 1,468 Artillery 826 21,863 Abstract from monthly report of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's division , or Army of the Shenandoah ( C.S.A. ) , for June 30 , 1861 . ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH Commanding officer . Troops . PRESENT FOR DUTY . Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Colonel Jackson First brigade 128 2,043 81 Col. F.S. Bartow Second brigade 155 2,391 59 Brigadier - General Bee Third brigade 161 2,629 78 Col. A. Elzey Fourth brigade 156 2,106 45 Col. J.E.B. Stuart First Virginia Cavalry 21 313 Col. A.C. Cummings Virginia Volunteers 14 227 Total 614 9,396 21 313 15 263 Aggregate present for duty . General staff 32 Infantry 10,010 Cavalry 334 Artillery 278 10,654 Battle ( edit ) Morning phase ( edit ) Matthews Hill ( edit ) Situation morning , July 21 Situation at 05 : 30 -- 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) On the morning of July 21 , 1861 , McDowell sent the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ( about 12,000 men ) from Centreville at 2 : 30 a.m. , marching southwest on the Warrenton Turnpike and then turning northwest toward Sudley Springs . Tyler 's division ( about 8,000 ) marched directly toward the Stone Bridge . The inexperienced units immediately developed logistical problems . Tyler 's division blocked the advance of the main flanking column on the turnpike . The later units found the approach roads to Sudley Springs were inadequate , little more than a cart path in some places , and did not begin fording Bull Run until 9 : 30 a.m. Tyler 's men reached the Stone Bridge around 6 a.m. At 5 : 15 a.m. , Richardson 's brigade fired a few artillery rounds across Mitchell 's Ford on the Confederate right , some of which hit Beauregard 's headquarters in the Wilmer McLean house as he was eating breakfast , alerting him to the fact that his offensive battle plan had been preempted . Nevertheless , he ordered demonstration attacks north toward the Union left at Centreville . Bungled orders and poor communications prevented their execution . Although he intended for Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to lead the attack , Ewell , at Union Mills Ford , was simply ordered to `` hold ... in readiness to advance at a moment 's notice '' . Brig. Gen. D.R. Jones was supposed to attack in support of Ewell , but found himself moving forward alone . Holmes was also supposed to support , but received no orders at all . U.S. cavalry at Sudley Spring Ford An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves to fire a cannon at U.S. forces at gunpoint . According to John Parker , a former slave , he was forced by his Confederate captors to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers at the Battle of Bull Run . All that stood in the path of the 20,000 Union soldiers converging on the Confederate left flank were Col. Nathan `` Shanks '' Evans and his reduced brigade of 1,100 men . Evans had moved some of his men to intercept the direct threat from Tyler at the bridge , but he began to suspect that the weak attacks from the Union brigade of Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck were merely feints . He was informed of the main Union flanking movement through Sudley Springs by Captain Edward Porter Alexander , Beauregard 's signal officer , observing from 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest on Signal Hill . In the first use of wig - wag semaphore signaling in combat , Alexander sent the message `` Look out for your left , your position is turned . '' Evans hastily led 900 of his men from their position fronting the Stone Bridge to a new location on the slopes of Matthews Hill , a low rise to the northwest of his previous position . The Confederate delaying action on Matthews Hill included a spoiling attack launched by Major Roberdeau Wheat 's 1st Louisiana Special Battalion , `` Wheat 's Tigers '' . After Wheat 's command was thrown back , and Wheat seriously wounded , Evans received reinforcement from two other brigades under Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee and Col. Francis S. Bartow , bringing the force on the flank to 2,800 men . They successfully slowed Hunter 's lead brigade ( Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside ) in its attempts to ford Bull Run and advance across Young 's Branch , at the northern end of Henry House Hill . One of Tyler 's brigade commanders , Col. William Tecumseh Sherman , crossed at an unguarded ford and struck the right flank of the Confederate defenders . This surprise attack , coupled with pressure from Burnside and Maj . George Sykes , collapsed the Confederate line shortly after 11 : 30 a.m. , sending them in a disorderly retreat to Henry House Hill . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 4 , Additional Map 5 , Additional Map 6 and Additional Map 7 . ) Noon phase ( edit ) Henry House Hill ( edit ) As they retreated from their Matthews Hill position , the remainder of Evans 's , Bee 's , and Bartow 's commands received some cover from Capt . John D. Imboden and his battery of four 6 - pounder guns , who held off the Union advance while the Confederates attempted to regroup on Henry House Hill . They were met by generals Johnston and Beauregard , who had just arrived from Johnston 's headquarters at the M. Lewis Farm , `` Portici '' . Fortunately for the Confederates , McDowell did not press his advantage and attempt to seize the strategic ground immediately , choosing to bombard the hill with the batteries of Capts . James B. Ricketts ( Battery I , 1st U.S. Artillery ) and Charles Griffin ( Battery D , 5th U.S. ) from Dogan 's Ridge . Attacks on Henry House Hill , noon -- 2 p.m Union retreat , after 4 p.m. Brig. Gen Thomas J. Jackson 's Virginia Brigade came up in support of the disorganized Confederates around noon , accompanied by Col. Wade Hampton and his Hampton 's Legion , and Col. J.E.B. Stuart 's cavalry . Jackson posted his five regiments on the reverse slope of the hill , where they were shielded from direct fire , and was able to assemble 13 guns for the defensive line , which he posted on the crest of the hill ; as the guns fired , their recoil moved them down the reverse slope , where they could be safely reloaded . Meanwhile , McDowell ordered the batteries of Ricketts and Griffin to move from Dogan 's Ridge to the hill for close infantry support . Their 11 guns engaged in a fierce artillery duel across 300 yards ( 270 m ) against Jackson 's 13 . Unlike many engagements in the Civil War , here the Confederate artillery had an advantage . The Union pieces were now within range of the Confederate smoothbores and the predominantly rifled pieces on the Union side were not effective weapons at such close ranges , with many shots fired over the head of their targets . Ruins of Judith Henry 's house , `` Spring Hill '' , after the battle Postwar house on site of Judith Henry house in Manassas Judith Henry grave One of the casualties of the artillery fire was Judith Carter Henry , an 85 - year - old widow and invalid , who was unable to leave her bedroom in the Henry House . As Ricketts began receiving rifle fire , he concluded that it was coming from the Henry House and turned his guns on the building . A shell that crashed through the bedroom wall tore off one of the widow 's feet and inflicted multiple injuries , from which she died later that day . `` The Enemy are driving us '' , Bee exclaimed to Jackson . Jackson , a former U.S. Army officer and professor at the Virginia Military Institute , is said to have replied , `` Then , Sir , we will give them the bayonet . '' Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting , `` There is Jackson standing like a stone wall . Let us determine to die here , and we will conquer . Rally behind the Virginians . '' This exclamation was the source for Jackson 's ( and his brigade 's ) nickname , `` Stonewall '' . There is some controversy over Bee 's statement and intent , which could not be clarified because he was mortally wounded almost immediately after speaking and none of his subordinate officers wrote reports of the battle . Major Burnett Rhett , chief of staff to General Johnston , claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson 's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee 's and Bartow 's brigades while they were under heavy pressure . Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee 's statement was meant to be pejorative : `` Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall ! '' Artillery commander Griffin decided to move two of his guns to the southern end of his line , hoping to provide enfilade fire against the Confederates . At approximately 3 p.m. , these guns were overrun by the 33rd Virginia , whose men were outfitted in blue uniforms , causing Griffin 's commander , Maj . William F. Barry , to mistake them for Union troops and to order Griffin not to fire on them . Close range volleys from the 33rd Virginia and Stuart 's cavalry attack against the flank of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( Ellsworth 's Fire Zouaves ) , which was supporting the battery , killed many of the gunners and scattered the infantry . Capitalizing on this success , Jackson ordered two regiments to charge Ricketts 's guns and they were captured as well . As additional Federal infantry engaged , the guns changed hands several times . Capture of Ricketts ' Battery , painting by Sidney E. King , National Park Service The capture of the Union guns turned the tide of battle . Although McDowell had brought 15 regiments into the fight on the hill , outnumbering the Confederates two to one , no more than two were ever engaged simultaneously . Jackson continued to press his attacks , telling soldiers of the 4th Virginia Infantry , `` Reserve your fire until they come within 50 yards ! Then fire and give them the bayonet ! And when you charge , yell like furies ! '' For the first time , Union troops heard the disturbing sound of the Rebel yell . At about 4 p.m. , the last Union troops were pushed off Henry House Hill by a charge of two regiments from Col. Philip St. George Cocke 's brigade . To the west , Chinn Ridge had been occupied by Col. Oliver Otis Howard 's brigade from Heintzelman 's division . Also at 4 p.m. , two Confederate brigades - Col. Jubal Early 's , which had moved from the Confederate right , and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith 's ( commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey after Smith was wounded ) , which had just arrived from the Shenandoah Valley -- crushed Howard 's brigade . Beauregard ordered his entire line forward . At 5 p.m. everywhere McDowell 's army was disintegrating . Thousands , in large and small groups or as individuals , began to leave the battlefield and head for Centreville . McDowell rode around the field trying to rally regiments and groups of soldiers , but most had had enough . Unable to stop the mass exodus , McDowell gave orders for Porter 's Regular infantry battalion , near the intersection of the turnpike and Manassas - Sudley Road , to act as a rear guard as his army withdrew . The unit briefly held the crossroads , then retreated eastward with the rest of the army . McDowell 's force crumbled and began to retreat . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 8 , Additional Map 9 , Additional Map 10 , Additional Map 11 and Additional Map 12 . ) Union retreat ( edit ) The retreat was relatively orderly up to the Bull Run crossings , but it was poorly managed by the Union officers . A Union wagon was overturned by artillery fire on a bridge spanning Cub Run Creek and incited panic in McDowell 's force . As the soldiers streamed uncontrollably toward Centreville , discarding their arms and equipment , McDowell ordered Col. Dixon S. Miles 's division to act as a rear guard , but it was impossible to rally the army short of Washington . In the disorder that followed , hundreds of Union troops were taken prisoner . Wagons and artillery were abandoned , including the 30 - pounder Parrott rifle , which had opened the battle with such fanfare . Expecting an easy Union victory , the wealthy elite of nearby Washington , including congressmen and their families , had come to picnic and watch the battle . When the Union army was driven back in a running disorder , the roads back to Washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages . Since their combined army had been left highly disorganized as well , Beauregard and Johnston did not fully press their advantage , despite urging from Confederate President Jefferson Davis , who had arrived on the battlefield to see the Union soldiers retreating . An attempt by Johnston to intercept the Union troops from his right flank , using the brigades of Brig . Gens . Milledge L. Bonham and James Longstreet , was a failure . The two commanders squabbled with each other and when Bonham 's men received some artillery fire from the Union rear guard , and found that Richardson 's brigade blocked the road to Centreville , he called off the pursuit . In Washington President Lincoln and members of the cabinet waited for news of a Union victory . Instead , a telegram arrived stating `` General McDowell 's army in full retreat through Centreville . The day is lost . Save Washington and the remnants of this army . '' The tidings were happier in the Confederate capital . From the battlefield President Davis telegraphed Richmond , `` We have won a glorious but dear - bought victory . Night closed on the enemy in full flight and closely pursued . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Brief observations ( edit ) First Bull Run was a clash between relatively large , ill - trained bodies of recruits , led by inexperienced officers . Neither army commander was able to deploy his forces effectively , only 18,000 men from each side were actually engaged . Although McDowell had been active on the battlefield , he had expended most of his energy maneuvering nearby regiments and brigades , instead of controlling and coordinating the movements of his army as a whole . Other factors contributed to McDowell 's defeat : Patterson 's failure to hold Johnston in the valley ; McDowell 's two - day delay at Centreville ; allowing Tyler 's division to lead the march on 21 July thus delaying the flanking divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ; and the 2 1 / 2 - hour delay after the Union victory on Matthews ' Hill , which allowed the Confederates to bring up reinforcements and establish a defensive position on Henry Hill . On Henry Hill Beauregard had also limited his control to the regimental level , generally allowing the battle to continue on its own and only reacting to Union moves . Johnston 's decision to transport his infantry to the battlefield by rail played a major role in the Confederate victory . Although the trains were slow and a lack of sufficient cars did not allow the transport of large numbers of troops at one time , almost all of his army arrived in time to participate in the battle . After reaching Manassas Junction , Johnston had relinquished command of the battlefield to Beauregard , but his forwarding of reinforcements to the scene of fighting was decisive . Detailed casualties ( edit ) Bull Run was the largest and bloodiest battle in United States history up to that point . Union casualties were 460 killed , 1,124 wounded , and 1,312 missing or captured ; Confederate casualties were 387 killed , 1,582 wounded , and 13 missing . Among the Union dead was Col. James Cameron , brother of President Lincoln 's first Secretary of War , Simon Cameron . Among the Confederate casualties was Col. Francis S. Bartow , who was the first Confederate brigade commander to be killed in the Civil War . General Bee was mortally wounded and died the following day . Compared to later battles , casualties at First Bull Run had not been especially heavy . Both Union and Confederate killed , wounded , and missing were a little over one thousand seven hundred each . Union ( edit ) Union casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Troops Killed Wounded Missing Remarks Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men General staff First Division , General TYLER : First Brigade , Colonel Keyes 19 46 5 149 Eighteen others slightly wounded . Second Brigade , General Schenck 16 15 15 Third Brigade , Colonel Sherman 117 15 193 13 240 Fourth Brigade , Colonel Richardson Not engaged . Guarding Blackburn 's Ford . Total , First Division 6 152 19 254 19 404 Second Division , Colonel HUNTER : First Brigade , Colonel Porter 83 9 139 9 236 Four surgeons missing . Second Brigade , Colonel Burnside 5 35 85 59 Five surgeons missing . Total Second Division 6 118 12 224 11 295 Third Division , Colonel HEINTZELMAN : Division headquarters . First Brigade , Colonel Franklin 68 13 183 22 Second Brigade , Colonel Willcox 70 11 161 186 Third Brigade , Colonel Howard 48 7 108 6 174 Total , Third Division 6 186 32 452 10 382 Fourth Division , General RUNYON In reserve on the Potomac . Fifth Division , Colonel MILES : First Brigade Colonel Blenker 6 16 94 Second Brigade , Colonel Davies Total , Fifth Division 6 17 95 Grand total 19 462 64 947 40 1,176 Union artillery lost in the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Batteries Commanders Guns lost Remarks Rifled Smooth Total First U.S. Artillery , Company G ( two 20 - pounder Parrotts , one 30 - pounder Parrott ) . Lieutenant Edwards 20 - pounders saved First U.S. Artillery , Company I ( six 10 - pounder Parrots ) Captain Ricketts 6 6 None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company D Captain Arnold None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company E ( two 13 - pounder James , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Carlisle Two 6 - pounders saved Fifth S. Artillery ( Company D ) , ( two 10 - pounder Parrotts , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Griffin 5 One 10 - pounder saved Rhode Island Battery ( six 13 - pounder James ) 5 5 One saved Total lost 17 8 25 Confederate ( edit ) Confederate casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Command Killed Wounded Missing Aggregate Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men ARMY OF THE POTOMAC INFANTRY First Louisiana ( battalion ) 8 5 33 48 Seventh Louisiana 23 26 Thirteenth Mississippi 6 6 Seventeenth Mississippi 9 11 Eighteenth Mississippi 6 28 38 Fifth North Carolina Second South Carolina 5 6 37 48 Fourth South Carolina 10 9 70 6 96 Fifth South Carolina 23 26 Eighth South Carolina 5 20 28 Hampton Legion 19 100 121 First Virginia 6 6 Seventh Virginia 9 37 47 Eighth Virginia 6 23 30 Seventeenth Virginia Eighteenth Virginia 6 12 19 Nineteenth Virginia 6 Twenty - eighth Virginia 9 9 Forty - ninth Virginia 9 29 40 ARTILLERY Alexandria Light Artillery Latham 's Loudoun Washington ( La . ) CAVALRY Thirtieth Virginia 9 Hanover ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH INFANTRY Fourth Alabama 36 6 151 Seventh Georgia 18 12 122 Eighth Georgia 38 6 153 First Maryland 5 Second Mississippi 21 79 Eleventh Mississippi 7 21 Sixth North Carolina 22 46 Third Tennessee Second Virginia 15 69 Fourth Virginia 30 100 Fifth Virginia 6 47 Tenth Virginia 6 10 Twenty - seventh Virginia 18 122 Thirty - third Virginia 44 101 Total First Corps 6 99 29 490 12 632 Total Second Corps 19 263 34 1,029 Grand total 25 362 63 1,519 12 632 Today will be known as BLACK MONDAY . We are utterly and disgracefully routed , beaten , whipped by secessionists . Union diarist George Templeton Strong If the war had turned out to be of short duration , Bull Run would have been a disaster for the Union . But if , as now seemed more plausible , a long and nasty war was inevitable , that battle had a curiously salutary effect for the Union side . It provided a wake - up call for those optimists -- like Seward or even Lincoln -- who had hoped for or counted on a quick result . David Detzer , Donnybrook Bull Run was a turning point in the American Civil War ... in the sense that the battle struck with impelling force upon public opinion at home and abroad , upon Congress , and upon the Commander - in - chief . It framed new patterns of thought and led to far - reaching changes in the conduct of the war . The failure at Bull Run inspired a second Northern rising . Volunteering accelerated , 90 - day men reenlisted , states rushed fresh regiments forward in plenitude ... As they realized victory would not come readily , a new mood fastened upon Northerners . An iron resolve entered the Northern soul ... James A. Rawley , Turning Points of the Civil War Effect on the Union and subsequent events ( edit ) Union forces and civilians alike feared that Confederate forces would advance on Washington , D.C. , with very little standing in their way . On July 24 , Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe ascended in the balloon Enterprise to observe the Confederates moving in and about Manassas Junction and Fairfax . He saw no evidence of massing Confederate forces , but was forced to land in Confederate territory . It was overnight before he was rescued and could report to headquarters . He reported that his observations `` restored confidence '' to the Union commanders . The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected defeat of their army when an easy victory had been widely anticipated . Both sides quickly came to realize the war would be longer and more brutal than they had imagined . On July 22 President Lincoln signed a bill that provided for the enlistment of another 500,000 men for up to three years of service . On July 25 , eleven thousand Pennsylvanians who had earlier been rejected by the U.S. Secretary of War , Simon Cameron , for federal service in either Patterson 's or McDowell 's command arrived in Washington , D.C. , and were finally accepted . Three months after First Bull Run Union forces suffered another , smaller defeat at the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , near Leesburg , Virginia . The perceived military incompetence at First Bull Run and Ball 's Bluff led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , a congressional body created to investigate Northern military affairs . Concerning the Battle of First Bull Run , the committee listened to testimony from a variety of witnesses connected with McDowell 's army . Although the committee 's report concluded that the principal cause of defeat was Patterson 's failure to prevent Johnston from reinforcing Beauregard , Patterson 's enlistment had expired a few days after the battle , and he was no longer in the service . The Northern public clamored for another scapegoat , and McDowell bore the chief blame . On 25 July 1861 , he was relieved of army command and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , who was named general - in - chief of all the Union armies . McDowell was also present to bear significant blame for the defeat of Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia thirteen months later , at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Effect on the Confederacy ( edit ) The reaction in the Confederacy was more muted . There was little public celebration as the Southerners realized that despite their victory , the greater battles that would inevitably come would mean greater losses for their side as well . Once the euphoria of victory had worn off , Jefferson Davis called for 400,000 additional volunteers . Beauregard was considered the Confederate hero of the battle and was promoted that day by C.S. President Davis to full general in the Confederate army . Stonewall Jackson , arguably the most important tactical contributor to the victory , received no special recognition , but would later achieve glory for his 1862 Valley Campaign . Privately , Davis credited Greenhow with ensuring Confederate victory . Jordan sent a telegram to Greenhow : `` Our President and our General direct me to thank you . We rely upon you for further information . The Confederacy owes you a debt . ( Signed ) JORDAN , Adjutant - General . '' The battle also had long - term psychological consequences . The decisive victory led to a degree of over-confidence on the part of Confederate forces , while prompting a determined organizational effort on the part of the Union . In hindsight commentators on both sides agreed that the one - sided outcome `` proved the greatest misfortune that would have befallen the Confederacy '' . Although modern historians generally agree with this interpretation , James M. McPherson has argued that the esprit de corps attained by Confederate troops on the heels of their victory , together with a new sense of insecurity felt by northern commanders , also gave the Confederacy a military edge in the following months . Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War ( edit ) Further information : Turning point of the American Civil War § Confederate victory in First Battle of Bull Run ( July 1861 ) `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' ( edit ) The name of the battle has caused controversy since 1861 . The Union Army frequently named battles after significant rivers and creeks that played a role in the fighting ; the Confederates generally used the names of nearby towns or farms . The U.S. National Park Service uses the Confederate name for its national battlefield park , but the Union name ( Bull Run ) also has widespread currency in popular literature . Confusion between the battle flags ( edit ) Battlefield confusion between the battle flags , especially the similarity of the Confederacy 's `` Stars and Bars '' and the Union 's `` Stars and Stripes '' when fluttering , led to the adoption of the Confederate Battle Flag , which eventually became the most popular symbol of the Confederacy and the South in general . Conclusions ( edit ) First Bull Run demonstrated that the war would not be won by one grand battle , and both sides began preparing for a long and bloody conflict . The battle also showed the need for adequately trained and experienced officers and men . One year later many of the same soldiers who had fought at First Bull Run , now combat veterans , would have an opportunity to test their skills on the same battlefield at the Second Battle of Bull Run / Manassas . Additional battle maps ( edit ) Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour ( edit ) Map 1 : Situation Mid-July 1861 Map 2 : Beauregard 's defensive situation ( Mid-July 1861 ) Map 3 : Situation at 05 : 30 - 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 4 : Situation at 10 : 30 - 11 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 5 : Situation at 11 : 00 - 11 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 6 : Situation at 12 : 00 - 12 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 7 : Situation at 13 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 8 : Situation at 14 : 30 - 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 9 : Situation at 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 10 : Situation at 15 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 11 : Situation at 16 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 12 : Situation at 16 : 30 - 17 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) In popular culture ( edit ) The First Battle of Bull Run is mentioned in the novel Gods and Generals , but is depicted more fully in its film adaptation . The battle forms the climax of the film Class of ' 61 . It also appears in the first episode of the second season of the mini-series North and South , in the second episode of the first season of the mini-series How the West Was Won and in the first episode of the mini-series The Blue and the Gray . Manassas ( 1999 ) is the first volume in the James Reasoner Civil War Series of historical novels . The battle is described in Rebel ( 1993 ) , the first volume of Bernard Cornwell 's The Starbuck Chronicles series of historical novels . The battle is described from the viewpoint of a Union infantryman in Upton Sinclair 's novella Manassas , which also depicts the political turmoil leading up to the Civil War . The battle is also depicted in John Jakes 's The Titans , the fifth novel in The Kent Family Chronicles , a series that explores the fictional Confederate cavalry officer Gideon Kent . The battle is the subject of the Johnny Horton song , `` Battle of Bull Run '' . Shaman , second in the Cole family trilogy by Noah Gordon , includes an account of the battle . The battle is also depicted in the song `` Yankee Bayonet '' by indie - folk band The Decemberists . In Murder at 1600 , Detective Harlan Regis ( Wesley Snipes ) has built a plan - relief of the battle which plays a certain role in the plot . Sesquicentennial ( edit ) The National Jubilee of Peace building at Grant and Lee avenues in Manassas , Virginia , is draped with the U.S. flag for the 150th anniversary commemoration , held on July 21 , 2011 , of the First Battle of Bull Run . Prince William County staged special events commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Civil War through 2011 . Manassas was named the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States for 2011 by the American Bus Association for its efforts in highlighting the historical impact of the Civil War . The cornerstone of the commemoration event featured a reenactment of the battle on July 23 -- 24 , 2011 . Throughout the year , there were tours of the Manassas battlefield and other battlefields in the county and a number of related events and activities . The City of Manassas commemorated the 150th anniversary of the battle July 21 -- 24 , 2011 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Manassas National Battlefield Park U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district U.S. National Battlefield Park Stonewall Jackson 's cannons on Henry House Hill Location Prince William County , Virginia Nearest city Gainesville , Virginia Coordinates 38 ° 48 ′ 46 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 18 '' W / 38.81278 ° N 77.52167 ° W / 38.81278 ; - 77.52167 Area 5,073 acres ( 20.53 km ) NRHP reference # 66000039 Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park . Located north of Manassas , in Prince William County , Virginia , it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles : the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21 , 1861 , and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30 , 1862 ( also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas , respectively ) . The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North ( Union ) and the South ( Confederacy ) , and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname `` Stonewall . '' Today the National Battlefield Park provides the opportunity for visitors to explore the historic terrain where men fought and died more than a century ago . More than 900,000 people visit the battlefield each year . ( In comparison , roughly 15 million people annually visit nearby Washington , DC . ) As a historic area under the National Park Service , the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Second Battle of Bull Run Armies in the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1861 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Origins of the American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter Manassas Campaign Manassas National Battlefield Park Bull Run Mountains Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 314 -- 315 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 469 -- 470 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Abtract from returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 309 ) . ^ Jump up to : Strength figures vary by source . Eicher , p. 87 - 88 : 35,000 Union , 32,000 Confederate ; Esposito , map 19 : 35,000 Union , 29,000 Confederate ; Ballard , 35,000 Union ( 18,000 engaged ) , 34,000 Confederate ( 18,000 engaged ) ; Salmon , p. 20 : 28,450 Union , 32,230 Confederate ; Kennedy , p. 14 : 35,000 Union , 33,000 Confederate ; Livermore , p. 77 : 28,452 Union `` effectives '' , 32,323 Confederate engaged . Writing in The Century Magazine , adjutant generals James B. Fry cites Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,572 Union men ( including stragglers not on the field ) and 24 guns engaged , Thomas Jordan cites Archived August 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,052 Confederate men and 37 guns engaged . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 and pages 568 -- 569 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 327 ) . Jump up ^ 2,896 ( 460 killed ; 1,124 wounded ; 1,312 captured / missing ) , according to Eicher , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties in the Army of the Potomac ( Confederate ) July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 570 ) . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page V ( Preface ) . Jump up ^ Ballard , 3 . Jump up ^ Ballard , 4 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 4 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 77 ; Williams , p. 21 ; McPherson , p. 336 ; Davis , p. 110 , attributes the remark to general - in - chief Winfield Scott . ^ Jump up to : Fishel , Edwin C. , The Secret War For The Union : The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 , pp. 59 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : `` Greenhow , Rose O'Neal '' , ( 1817 -- 1864 ) , The National Archives -- People Description. 1817 -- 1864 , ( accessed February 5 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Letter Written in Cipher on Mourning Paper by Rose Greenhow '' , National Archives and Records Administration , World Digital Library Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 8 . ^ Jump up to : Livermore , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 9 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 10 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 91 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 . Jump up ^ Beatie , pp. 285 -- 88 ; Esposito , text for Map 21 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 94 ; Esposito , Map 22 . Jump up ^ Masur , Kate ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Memory : Frederick Douglass ' Black Confederate '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 43 -- 45 ; Alexander , pp. 50 -- 51 . Alexander recalls that the signal was `` You are flanked . '' Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 312 -- 13 ; Rafuse , A Single Grand Victory `` , p. 131 ; Esposito , Map 22 ; Eicher , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 313 ; Eicher , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 357 ; Davis , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 82 ; Robertson , p. 264 . McPherson , p. 342 , reports the quotation after `` stone wall '' as being `` Rally around the Virginians ! '' Jump up ^ See , for instance , McPherson , p. 342 . There are additional controversies about what Bee said and whether he said anything at all . See Freeman , vol. 1 , pp. 733 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 96 -- 98 ; Esposito , Map 23 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 314 -- 15 ; McPherson , pp. 342 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 315 ; Eicher , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 32 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 344 ; Eicher , p. 98 ; Esposito , Map 24 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 76 ; Esposito , Map 24 ; Davis , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 35 . Jump up ^ Ballard , pages 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 434 -- 435 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard , page 36 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 328 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Rawley , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Haydon , pp. 192 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Curtin , Andrew G. ( January 8 , 1862 ) . `` Message of Andrew G. Curtin , Governor of Pennsylvania , to the Legislature , '' . Executive Department : 8 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 492 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Greenhow , Rose O'Neal , My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington , London : Richard Bentley , 1863 , p. 18 , full text online at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina Jump up ^ James M. McPherson ( 1988 ) . The Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . p. 347 -- 350 . ISBN 9780199743902 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 346 , n . 7 . McPherson 's popular one - volume history of the war uses the two names interchangeably because he states that `` neither name has any intrinsic superiority over the other . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` Plan a trip and discover your story '' . visitpwc.com . Jump up ^ `` manassascivilwar.org '' . manassascivilwar.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Washington DC GO ! References ( edit ) Alexander , Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy : The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander . Edited by Gary W. Gallagher . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4722 - 4 . Ballard , Ted . First Battle of Bull Run : Staff Ride Guide . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 068078 - 6 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : Birth of Command , November 1860 -- September 1861 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81141 - 3 . Brown , J. Willard . The Signal Corps , U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion . U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association , 1896 . Reprinted 1974 by Arno Press . ISBN 0 - 405 - 06036 - X . Davis , William C. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . First Blood : Fort Sumter to Bull Run . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4704 - 5 . Detzer , David . Donnybrook : The Battle of Bull Run , 1861 . New York : Harcourt , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603143 - 1 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Praeger , 1959 . Freeman , Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command . 3 vols . New York : Scribner , 1946 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 . Haydon , F. Stansbury . Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6442 - 9 . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 -- 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Rafuse , Ethan S. `` First Battle of Bull Run . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Rafuse , Ethan S. A Single Grand Victory : The First Campaign and Battle of Manassas . The American Crisis Series . Wilmington , DE : SR Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2875 - 7 . Rawley , James A. Turning Points of the Civil War . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . Robertson , James I. , Jr . Stonewall Jackson : The Man , The Soldier , The Legend . New York : MacMillan Publishing , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864685 - 1 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Williams , T. Harry . Lincoln and His Generals . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 9654382 - 6 - 0 . National Park Service battle description Professor Thaddeus Lowe 's Official Report ( Part I ) Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Dyer , Frederick H. , A compendium of the War of the Rebellion , Volume 1 , 1908 , Des Moines IA Longstreet , James . From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America . New York : Da Capo Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80464 - 6 . First published in 1896 by J.B. Lippincott and Co . Robert Underwood Johnson , Clarence Clough Buell , Battles and Leaders of the Civil War : The Opening Battles , Volume 1 ( Pdf ) , New York : The Century Co. , 1887 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bull Run . Davis , William C. Battle at Bull Run : A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0867 - 7 . Goldfield , David , et al . The American Journey : A History of the United States . 2nd ed . New York : Prentice Hall , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 088243 - 7 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run : An atlas of the First Bull Run ( Manassas ) Campaign , including the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , June -- October 1861 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 60 - 9 . Hankinson , Alan . First Bull Run 1861 : The South 's First Victory . Osprey Campaign Series # 10 . London : Osprey Publishing , 1991 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 133 - 5 . Hennessy , John , Ethan Rafuse , and Harry Smeltzer . `` Historians ' Forum : The First Battle of Bull Run . '' Civil War History 57 # 2 ( June 2011 ) : 106 -- 120 . Hines , Blaikie . The Battle of First Bull Run , Manassas Campaign -- July 16 -- 22 , 1861 : An Illustrated Atlas and Battlefield Guide . Maine : American Patriot Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61364 - 129 - 3 . Longacre , Edward G . The Early Morning of War : Bull Run , 1861 ( 2014 ) . Rable , George . `` The Battlefield and Beyond . '' Civil War History 53 # 3 ( September 2007 ) : 244 -- 51 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Battle of Bull Run . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manassas National Battlefield Park . Battle of Bull Run : Battle maps , photos , history articles , and battlefield news ( Civil War Trust ) `` Map of the Battles of Bull Run , 1861 '' , prepared by Army engineer , National Archives and Record Administration , at World Digital Library Manassas National Battlefield Park website First Battle of Manassas : An End to Innocence , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Harper 's Weekly 1861 Report on the Battle of Bull Run Civil War Home website on First Bull Run Animated history of the First Battle of Bull Run FirstBullRun.co.uk The First Battle of Bull Run public domain audiobook at LibriVox First Manassas Campaign with Official Records and Reports Map of the Battles of Bull Run Near Manassas . Solomon Bamberger . Zoomable high - resolution map . Newspaper coverage of the First Battle of Bull Run Manassas Civil War 150th Anniversary July 21 -- 24 , 2011 Texts on Wikisource : Guernsey , Alfred H. ( 1879 ) . `` Bull Run '' . The American Cyclopædia . Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Blackburn 's Ford Battle of Chantilly Battle of Dranesville Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1863 ) First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Vienna , Virginia Skirmishes Bog Wallow Ambush Raids Burke 's Station Raid Mosby 's Raids Units 8th Virginia Infantry 17th Virginia Infantry 1st Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry Georgia Hussars ( later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion , Company F ) 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry First New Jersey Brigade 2nd Vermont Brigade XXII Corps ( Union Army ) Union Army Balloon Corps People Clara Barton Michael Corcoran Antonia Ford Thaddeus Lowe John Quincy Marr John S. Mosby Edwin H. Stoughton Robert H. Anderson Sites Clarens ( Alexandria , Virginia ) Centreville Military Railroad Colvin Run Mill Fort Lyon ( Virginia ) Fort Marcy Park Hope Park Huntley ( plantation ) Fort O'Rourke Oak Hill ( Annandale , Virginia ) Okeley Manor Ossian Hall ( plantation ) Ox Hill Battlefield Park Ravensworth ( plantation ) St. Mary 's Church ( Fairfax Station , Virginia ) Taylor 's Tavern William Gunnell House ( Fairfax , Virginia ) Mason 's Hill Minor 's Hill Munson 's Hill Upton 's Hill Bailey 's Crossroads ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. 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Education George Mason University University of Fairfax Northern Virginia Community College Prince William County , Virginia Northern Virginia Washington Metropolitan Area Administration Prince William Board of County Supervisors Prince William County Public Schools Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation Prince William County Public Library Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue Prince William County Police Department Prince William County Sheriff 's Office Organizations Prince William Chamber of Commerce Landmarks National Museum of the Marine Corps Marine Corps Base Quantico Hylton Performing Arts Center Manassas National Battlefield Park Jiffy Lube Live Old Dominion Speedway Prince William Forest Park Leesylvania State Park Potomac Mills Transportation OmniRide Washington Dulles International Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Manassas Regional Airport Prince William Parkway Virginia State Route 234 Interstate 66 Interstate 95 U.S. Route 1 Culture Battles First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Dale City 4th of July Parade Education George Mason University Northern Virginia Community College Strayer University University of Northern Virginia Municipalities and communities of Prince William County , Virginia , United States County seat : Manassas Towns Dumfries Haymarket Occoquan Quantico CDPs Buckhall Bull Run Bull Run Mountain Estates Cherry Hill County Center Dale City Gainesville Independent Hill Lake Ridge Linton Hall Loch Lomond Marumsco Montclair Neabsco Nokesville Potomac Mills Quantico Base ‡ Sudley Triangle Woodbridge Yorkshire Unincorporated communities Aden Agnewville Antioch Batestown Bethel Brentsville Bristow Buckland Canova Catharpin Cornwell Featherstone Greenwich Groveton Hickory Ridge Hoadly Joplin Kopp Locust Hill Minnieville Rixlew Southbridge Sudley Springs Thoroughfare Wellington West Gate Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Bull_Run&oldid=804570602 '' Categories : Fairfax County in the American Civil War Manassas Campaign Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Confederate victories of the American Civil War Prince William County in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries 1861 in the American Civil War 1861 in Virginia July 1861 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 21 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the battle of first bull run	[ "The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the Battle of First Manassas[1] (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces." ]	[ "Confederate" ]
-452410260886485661	Jack Haley	Jack Haley - wikipedia Jack Haley For other people named Jack Haley , see Jack Haley ( disambiguation ) . Jack Haley Haley in Alexander 's Ragtime Band ( 1938 ) John Joseph Haley Jr . ( 1897 - 08 - 10 ) August 10 , 1897 Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. June 6 , 1979 ( 1979 - 06 - 06 ) ( aged 81 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , comedian , singer , dancer Years active 1924 -- 1977 Known for The Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Spouse ( s ) Florence McFadden ( m . 1921 ) Children 2 , including Jack Haley Jr . John Joseph Haley Jr ( August 10 , 1897 -- June 6 , 1979 ) was an American vaudevillian , actor , radio host , comedian , singer and dancer best known for his portrayal of the Tin Man and his farmhand counterpart Hickory in the classic 1939 MGM film The Wizard of Oz . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 `` The Tin Man '' in The Wizard of Oz 3 Personal life 3.1 Final years and death 4 Film 5 Short films 6 Broadway 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Haley was born in Boston , Massachusetts , to Canadian - born parents John Joseph Haley Sr. and Ellen Curley Haley . His father was a sailor by trade and died in a ship wreck off the coast of Nova Scotia on February 1 , 1898 , when Jack was only six months old . He had one older brother , Bill , who died of pneumonia in 1915 at the age of 20 after contracting tuberculosis . Career ( edit ) Haley ( far left ) in a trailer for Alexander 's Ragtime Band ( 1938 ) Haley headlined in vaudeville as a song - and - dance comedian . One of his closest friends was Fred Allen , who would frequently mention `` Mr. Jacob Haley of Newton Highlands , Massachusetts '' on the air . In the early 1930s , Haley starred in comedy shorts for Vitaphone in Brooklyn , New York . His wide - eyed , good - natured expression gained him supporting roles in musical feature films , including Poor Little Rich Girl with Shirley Temple , Higher and Higher with Frank Sinatra and the Irving Berlin musical Alexander 's Ragtime Band . Both Poor Little Rich Girl and Alexander 's Ragtime Band were released by Twentieth Century - Fox . Haley was under contract to them and appeared in the Fox films Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm and Pigskin Parade , marking his first appearance with Judy Garland . Haley hosted a radio show from 1937 to 1939 known to many as The Jack Haley Show . The first season ( 1937 - 1938 ) , the show was sponsored by Log Cabin Syrup and was known as The Log Cabin Jamboree . The next season ( 1938 - 1939 ) , the show was sponsored by Wonder Bread and was known as The Wonder Show . During the second season the show featured Gale Gordon and Lucille Ball as regular radio performers . Haley returned to musical comedies in the 1940s . Most of his ' 40s work was for RKO Radio Pictures . He left the studio in 1947 when he refused to appear in a remake of RKO 's Seven Keys to Baldpate . Phillip Terry took the role . He subsequently went into real estate , taking guest roles in television series over the next couple of decades . `` The Tin Man '' in the Wizard of Oz ( edit ) Margaret Hamilton , Ray Bolger and Jack Haley reunited in 1970 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer hired Haley for the part of the Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz after its contracted song - and - dance comedian Buddy Ebsen suffered an almost fatal allergic reaction . He had unwittingly inhaled some of the aluminum dust that composed the majority of the components that went into the creation of his silver face makeup . Bits of it instantly began to settle on his lungs and within a few days of principal photographic testing , he found himself preparing to sit down to dinner one night only to encounter difficulties taking a regular breath of oxygen . The dust was subsequently converted into a paste for Haley in the hope that the previous catastrophe that befell Ebsen would not be repeated . This time around , however , a different incident occurred . The application of the aluminum paste to Haley 's face resulted in an eye infection that led to his being off the set for four days of shooting . Appropriate surgical treatment was administered and any chance of serious or permanent eye damage averted . Haley also portrayed the Tin Man 's Kansas counterpart , Hickory , one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farmhands . Haley did not remember the makeup or the costume fondly . Interviewed about the film years later by Tom Snyder , he related that many fans assumed making the film was a fun experience . Haley said , `` Like hell it was . It was work ! '' For his role as the Tin Woodman , Haley spoke in the same soft tone he used when reading bedtime stories to his children . Oz was one of only two films Haley made for MGM . The other was Pick a Star , a 1937 Hal Roach production distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Personal life ( edit ) Haley ( second from left ) at the National Film Society Convention on May 30 , 1979 , ( one week before his death ) Haley was raised Roman Catholic . He was a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills , California . He married Florence McFadden ( 1902 -- 1996 ) , a native of Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania on February 25 , 1921 ; `` I met her casually '' Jack recalled . `` As show people often do , and we became inseparable . '' They remained married until his death . Flo Haley opened a successful beauty shop and had many film personalities among her clients . The couple had a son , Jack Haley Jr. ( 1933 -- 2001 ) , who became a successful film producer , and a daughter , Gloria ( 1923 -- 2010 ) . In 1974 , the younger Haley married entertainer Liza Minnelli , the daughter of his father 's Oz co-star Judy Garland . The marriage ended in divorce in 1979 . Jack Haley Jr. died on April 21 , 2001 . Gloria Haley - Parnassus died on May 1 , 2010 . His nephew Bob Dornan served as a Republican congressman from California . Final years and death ( edit ) Jack and Florence Haley 's grave at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City , California . Their son , Jack Haley , Jr. , is buried next to them . Haley 's last film appearance was in 1977 's New York , New York -- in the lavish `` Happy Endings '' musical number , he played a host who introduces a top Broadway star at an award ceremony , played by his then - daughter - in - law , Liza Minnelli . On April 9 , 1979 he appeared at the 51st Academy Awards ceremony with his Oz co-star Ray Bolger to present the award for Best Costume Design . Bolger announced the nominees , Haley the winner . Before he could open the envelope , Bolger asked , `` How come you get to read the winner ? '' , to which Haley replied , `` When your son produces the show , you can announce the winner . '' Jack Jr. was the show 's producer that year . Haley remained active until a week before his death . On June 6 , 1979 , Haley died of a heart attack at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles , California at the age of 81 . He is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City , California . Haley 's autobiography , Heart of the Tin Man , was published in 2000 . Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Director / Studio Notes 1927 Broadway Madness Radio Announcer Burton L. King Excellent Pictures Film debut 1930 Follow Thru Jack Martin Lloyd Corrigan and Laurence Schwab Paramount Performer : Button Up Your Overcoat 1933 Mr. Broadway Jack Haley Johnnie Walker and Edgar G. Ulmer Broadway - Hollywood Productions Sitting Pretty Pete Pendleton Harry Joe Brown Paramount Performer : You 're Such a Comfort to Me ; I Wanna Meander with Miranda and Good Morning Glory 1934 Here Comes the Groom Mike Scanlon Edward Sedgwick Paramount 1935 Spring Tonic Sykes Clyde Bruckman Fox Film Corporation Redheads on Parade Peter Mathews Norman Z . McLeod Fox Film Corporation The Girl Friend Henry H. Henry Edward Buzzell Columbia Pictures Performer : What is This Power and Two Together Coronado Chuck Hornbostel Norman Z . McLeod Paramount Performer : All 's Well in Coronado by the Sea and Keep Your Fingers Crossed 1936 F - Man Johnny Dime Edward F. Cline Paramount Poor Little Rich Girl Jimmy Dolan Irving Cummings 20th Century Fox Performer : You 've got to Eat your Spinach Baby and Military Man Mr. Cinderella Joe Jenkins / Aloysius P. Merriweather Edward Sedgwick MGM Pigskin Parade Winston ' Slug ' Winters David Butler 20th Century Fox Performer : You Do the Darndest Things Baby and The Balboa 1937 Pick a Star Joe Jenkins Edward Sedgwick MGM Performer : Pick A Star and I 've Got It Bad She Had to Eat Danny Decker Malcolm St. Clair 20th Century Fox Wake Up and Live Eddie Kane Sidney Lanfield 20th Century Fox Danger -- Love at Work Henry MacMorrow Otto Preminger 20th Century Fox Performer : Danger Love at Work Uncredited Ali Baba Goes to Town Himself - Cameo David Butler 20th Century Fox Uncredited 1938 Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm Orville Smithers Allan Dwan 20th Century Fox Performer : Alone With You Alexander 's Ragtime Band Davey Lane Henry King 20th Century Fox Performer : Oh ! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning ; That International Rag and In My Harem ( DVD extra only ) Hold That Co-ed Wilber Peters George Marshall 20th Century Fox Thanks for Everything Henry Smith William A. Seiter 20th Century Fox 1939 The Wizard of Oz The Tin Man / Hickory Victor Fleming MGM ( writer , uncredited ) Performer : If I Only Had a Heart and The Merry Old Land of Oz 1941 Moon Over Miami Jack O'Hara Walter Lang 20th Century Fox Performer : Is That Good ? Navy Blues ' Powerhouse ' Bolton Lloyd Bacon Warner Bros . Performer : When are we Going to Land Abroad 1942 Beyond the Blue Horizon Squidge Sullivan Alfred Santell Paramount 1944 Higher and Higher Mike O'Brien Tim Whelan RKO Pictures Performer : Today I 'm a Debutante and The Music Stopped Take It Big Jack North Frank McDonald Paramount Performer : Take It Big One Body Too Many Albert Tuttle Frank McDonald Paramount 1945 Scared Stiff Larry Elliot Frank McDonald Paramount George White 's Scandals Jack Evans Felix E. Feist RKO Pictures Sing Your Way Home Steve Kimball Anthony Mann RKO Pictures 1946 People Are Funny Pinky Wilson Sam White Paramount Performer : Hey Jose Vacation in Reno Jack Caroll Leslie Goodwins RKO Pictures Last major film before retirement from motion pictures 1970 Norwood Mr. Reese Jack Haley , Jr . Paramount Directed by his son producer / director Jack Haley Jr . 1977 New York , New York Master of Ceremonies Martin Scorsese United Artists This film marked Jack Haley 's final screen appearance . Uncredited , ( final film role ) Short films ( edit ) Year Movie title Role Notes 1928 Haleyisms Jack Haley Also stars his wife Flo McFadden ; Vitaphone production reel # 2269 1930 The 20th Amendment Wallace Moore Success Elmer Performer : `` Just a Gigolo '' ; Vitaphone production reel # 1257 - 1258 1932 The Imperfect Lover Vitaphone production reel # 1324 - 1325 Absent Minded Abner Abner Vitaphone production reel # 1372 - 1373 Sherlock 's Home Vitaphone production reel # 1441 - 1442 Then Came the Yawn 1933 The Build Up Vitaphone production reel # 1444 - 1445 Wrongorilla Elmer Vitaphone production reel # 1486 - 1484 Hollywood on Parade No . A-9 Himself An Idle Roomer Vitaphone production reel # 1531 - 1532 Nothing but the Tooth Smilie Jones Performer : `` Smiles '' ; Vitaphone production reel # 1542 - 1543 Salt Water Daffy Elmer Wagonbottom 1939 Screen Snapshots Series 18 , No. 9 Himself Documentary / News Reel 1946 Screen Snapshots : The Skolsky Party Himself Documentary / News Reel Screen Snapshots : Famous Fathers and Sons Himself Documentary / News Reel Broadway ( edit ) Title Role Run Theater Notes Round the Town Jack Haley May 21 , 1924 - May 31 , 1924 Century Promenade Theatre 15 performances Gay Paree Jack Haley August 18 , 1925 - January 30 , 1926 Shubert Theatre 181 performances Gay Paree Jack Haley November 9 , 1926 - April 9 , 1927 Winter Garden Theatre 192 performances Follow Thru Jack Martin January 9 , 1929 - December 21 , 1929 Chanin 's 46th Theatre 401 performances Sang : Button Up Your Overcoat with Zelma O'Neal In 1930 , he starred in Technicolor 's film version Free For All Steve Potter Jr . September 8 , 1931 - September 19 , 1931 Manhattan Theatre 15 performances Take a Chance Duke Stanley November 26 , 1932 - July 1 , 1933 Apollo Theatre 243 performances Higher and Higher Zachary Ash April 4 , 1940 - June 15 , 1940 Shubert Theatre 84 performances Higher and Higher Zachary Ash August 5 , 1940 - August 24 , 1940 Shubert Theatre 24 performances In 1943 , he starred with Frank Sinatra in film version Show Time Jack Haley September 16 , 1942 - April 3 , 1943 Broadhurst Theatre 342 performances Inside U.S.A. Jack Haley April 30 , 1948 - February 19 , 1949 New Century Theatre and Majestic Theatre 399 performances References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TH - 266 - 12351 - 56802 - 28 ( 4537 × 3913 ) '' . FamilySearch.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TH - 1971 - 25965 - 26184 - 7 ( 3078 × 1533 ) '' . FamilySearch.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Haley '' . Social Security Death Index . FamilySearch.org . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://phw01.newsbank.com/cache/arhb/fullsize/pl_008272014_1253_31760_626.pdf Jump up ^ Haley , Jack ( March 1 , 2001 ) . `` Heart of the Tin Man : The Collected Writings of Jack Haley '' . Seven Locks Pr . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Reinehr , Robert ; Swartz , Jon ( 2007 ) . Historical Dictionary of Old Time Radio . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . p. 137 . ISBN 9780810857803 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard of Oz and Buddy Ebsen '' . Snopes.com . July 26 , 1997 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Journal '' . www.news.google.com . Jump up ^ `` Our History - Church of the Good Shepherd '' . Church of the Good Shepherd . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack Haley '' . www.NNDB.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.Y. ( June 7 , 1979 ) . `` Jack Haley Dies , Was Tin Man in ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jack Haley , 79 , who played the shy and diffident Tin Woodman in the film classic `` The Wizard of Oz , '' died yesterday at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles after a heart attack . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack Haley . Jack Haley on IMDb Jack Haley at the Internet Broadway Database Jack Haley at Find a Grave WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 5074814 BNE : XX4791972 BNF : cb13943369g ( data ) GND : 134608062 ISNI : 0000 0000 6310 3913 LCCN : n85376730 MusicBrainz : ecfbf9bc - 368b - 4077 - b716 - 2a997afc5087 SNAC : w6v72fws VIAF : 54337492 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Haley&oldid=866012079 '' Categories : 1897 births 1979 deaths American people of Irish descent American people of Canadian descent American male film actors American Roman Catholics Male actors from Boston Vaudeville performers 20th - century American male actors Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City People from Atlantic City , New Jersey Male actors from New Jersey Musicians from Atlantic City , New Jersey Catholics from New Jersey Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 17 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the tin man in the wizard of oz 1939	[ "John Joseph Haley Jr (August 10, 1897 – June 6, 1979) was an American vaudevillian, actor, radio host, comedian, singer and dancer best known for his portrayal of the Tin Man and his farmhand counterpart Hickory in the classic 1939 MGM film The Wizard of Oz.\n" ]	[ "John Joseph Haley Jr" ]
-5297956329366193329	Second Temple	Second Temple - wikipedia Second Temple Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2018 ) Second Temple בית ־ המקדש השני Model of Herod 's Temple ( a renovation of the Second Temple ) in the Israel Museum , created in 1966 as part of the Holyland Model of Jerusalem . The model was inspired by the writings of Josephus . Alternate name Herod 's Temple Location Jerusalem 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E / 31.778013 ° N 35.235367 ° E / 31.778013 ; 35.235367 Type Temple Part of Herodian Temple Mount Height 45.72 metres ( 150.0 ft ) History Builder Likely Zerubbabel , largely renovated by Herod the Great . Material local limestone Founded c. 537 -- 516 BCE ( construction ) Abandoned 70 CE ( destroyed ) Periods Early Roman Empire Site notes Excavation dates 1930 , 1967 , 1968 , 1970 -- 1978 , 1996 -- 1999 , 2007 Archaeologists Charles Warren , Benjamin Mazar , Ronny Reich , Eli Shukron , Yaakov Billig Condition Ruin , archaeological park Ownership Disputed , currently managed by the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Public access Yes ( limited ) The Second Temple ( Hebrew : בֵּית ־ הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי ‎ , Beit HaMikdash HaSheni ) was the Jewish Holy Temple which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period , between 516 BCE and 70 CE . According to Jewish tradition , it replaced Solomon 's Temple ( the First Temple ) , which was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE , when Jerusalem was conquered and part of the population of the Kingdom of Judah was taken into exile to Babylon . The Second Temple was originally a rather modest structure constructed by a number of Jewish exile groups returning to the Levant from Babylon . However , during the reign of Herod the Great , the Second Temple was completely refurbished , and the original structure was totally overhauled into the large and magnificent edifices and facades that are more recognizable . Much like the First Temple , the Second Temple was destroyed alongside Jerusalem in 70 CE by the Romans , in retaliation to an ongoing Jewish revolt . Jewish eschatology includes a belief that the Second Temple will be replaced by a future Third Temple . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical narrative 2 Rabbinical literature 3 Rededication by the Maccabees 4 Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest 5 Herod 's Temple 5.1 Construction 5.2 Platform 5.3 Court of the Gentiles 5.4 Pinnacle 5.5 Inside the Soreg 5.6 Temple sanctuary 6 Pilgrimages 7 Destruction 8 Archaeology 9 Second Temple Judaism 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Biblical narrative ( edit ) Main article : Second Temple period The accession of Cyrus the Great of the Persian Empire in 559 BCE made the re-establishment of the city of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple possible . According to the closing verses of the second book of Chronicles and the books of Ezra and Nehemiah , when the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem following a decree from Cyrus the Great ( Ezra 1 : 1 -- 4 , 2 Chron 36 : 22 -- 23 ) , construction started at the original site of Solomon 's Temple . After a relatively brief halt due to opposition from peoples who had filled the vacuum during the Jewish captivity ( Ezra 4 ) , work resumed c. 521 BCE under Darius the Great ( Ezra 5 ) and was completed during the sixth year of his reign ( c. 516 BCE ) , with the temple dedication taking place the following year . These events represent the final section in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible . The original core of the book of Nehemiah , the first - person memoir , may have been combined with the core of the Book of Ezra around 400 BCE . Further editing probably continued into the Hellenistic era . The book tells how Nehemiah , at the court of the king in Susa , is informed that Jerusalem is without walls and resolves to restore them . The king appoints him as governor of the province Yehud Medinata and he travels to Jerusalem . There he rebuilds the walls , despite the opposition of Israel 's enemies , and reforms the community in conformity with the law of Moses . After 12 years in Jerusalem , he returns to Susa but subsequently revisits Jerusalem . He finds that the Israelites have been backsliding and taking non-Jewish wives , and he stays in Jerusalem to enforce the Law . Based on the biblical account , after the return from Babylonian captivity , arrangements were immediately made to reorganize the desolated Yehud Province after the demise of the Kingdom of Judah seventy years earlier . The body of pilgrims , forming a band of 42,360 , having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months , from the banks of the Euphrates to Jerusalem , were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse , and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed Temple and reinstituting the sacrificial rituals known as the korbanot . On the invitation of Zerubbabel , the governor , who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 golden darics , besides other gifts , the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm . First they erected and dedicated the altar of God on the exact spot where it had formerly stood , and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris which occupied the site of the old temple ; and in the second month of the second year ( 535 BCE ) , amid great public excitement and rejoicing , the foundations of the Second Temple were laid . A wide interest was felt in this great movement , although it was regarded with mixed feelings by the spectators ( Haggai 2 : 3 , Zechariah 4 : 10 ) . The Samaritans made proposals for co-operation in the work . Zerubbabel and the elders , however , declined all such cooperation , feeling that the Jews must build the Temple without help . Immediately evil reports were spread regarding the Jews . According to Ezra 4 : 5 , the Samaritans sought to `` frustrate their purpose '' and sent messengers to Ecbatana and Susa , with the result that the work was suspended . Seven years later , Cyrus the Great , who allowed the Jews to return to their homeland and rebuild the Temple , died ( 2 Chronicles 36 : 22 -- 23 ) and was succeeded by his son Cambyses . On his death , the `` false Smerdis '' , an impostor , occupied the throne for some seven or eight months , and then Darius became king ( 522 BCE ) . In the second year of his rule the work of rebuilding the temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion ( Ezra 5 : 6 -- 6 : 15 ) , under the stimulus of the earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah . It was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 BCE , more than twenty years after the return from captivity . The Temple was completed on the third day of the month Adar , in the sixth year of the reign of Darius , amid great rejoicings on the part of all the people ( Ezra 6 : 15 , 16 ) , although it was evident that the Jews were no longer an independent people , but were subject to a foreign power . The Book of Haggai includes a prediction that the glory of the second temple would be greater than that of the first ( Haggai 2 : 9 ) . Some of the original artifacts from the Temple of Solomon are not mentioned in the sources after its destruction in 597 BCE , and are presumed lost . The Second Temple lacked the following holy articles : The Ark of the Covenant containing the Tablets of Stone , before which were placed the pot of manna and Aaron 's rod The Urim and Thummim ( divination objects contained in the Hoshen ) The holy oil The sacred fire . In the Second Temple , the Kodesh Hakodashim ( Holy of Holies ) was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the First Temple . Still , as in the Tabernacle , the Second Temple included : The Menorah ( golden lamp ) for the Hekhal The Table of Showbread The golden altar of incense , with golden censers . According to the Mishnah ( Middot iii. 6 ) , the `` Foundation Stone '' stood where the Ark used to be , and the High Priest put his censer on it on Yom Kippur . The Second Temple also included many of the original vessels of gold that had been taken by the Babylonians but restored by Cyrus the Great . According to the Babylonian Talmud ( Yoma 22b ) , however , the Temple lacked the Shekinah , the dwelling or settling divine presence of God , and the Ruach HaKodesh , the Spirit of Holiness , present in the first . Rabbinical Literature ( edit ) Traditional rabbinic literature state that the Second Temple stood for 420 years and based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah , placed construction in 350 BCE ( 3408 AM ) , 166 years later than secular estimates , and destruction in 70 CE ( 3829 AM ) . The fifth order , or division , of the Mishnah , known as Kodashim , provides detailed descriptions and discussions of the religious laws connected with Temple service including the sacrifices , the Temple and its furnishings , as well as the priests who carried out the duties and ceremonies of its service . Tractates of the order deal with the sacrifices of animals , birds , and meal offerings , the laws of bringing a sacrifice , such as the sin offering and the guilt offering , and the laws of misappropriation of sacred property . In addition , the order contains a description of the Second Temple ( tractate Middot ) , and a description and rules about the daily sacrifice service in the Temple ( tractate Tamid ) . Rededication by the Maccabees ( edit ) Following the conquest of Judea by Alexander the Great , it became part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt until 200 BCE , when King Antiochus III the Great of Syria defeated King Ptolemy V Epiphanes of Egypt at the Battle of Paneion . Judea became at that moment part of the Seleucid empire of Syria . When the Second Temple in Jerusalem was looted and its religious services stopped , Judaism was effectively outlawed . In 167 BCE , Antiochus IV Epiphanes ordered an altar to Zeus erected in the Temple . He also banned circumcision and ordered pigs to be sacrificed at the altar of the Temple . Following the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid empire , the Second Temple was rededicated and became the religious pillar of the Jewish Hasmonean kingdom , as well as culturally associated with the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah . Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest ( edit ) There is some evidence from archaeology that further changes to the structure of the Temple and its surroundings were made during the Hasmonean rule . Salome Alexandra , the queen of Hasmonean Kingdom appointed her elder son Hyrcanus II as the high priest of Judaea . Her younger son Aristobulus II was determined to have the throne , and as soon as she died he seized the throne . Hyrcanus , who was in line to be the king , agreed to be contented with being the high priest . Antipater , the governor of Idumæa , encouraged Hyrcanus not to give up his throne . Eventually Hyrcanus fled to Aretas III , king of the Nabateans , and returned with an army to take back the throne . He defeated Aristobulus and besieged Jerusalem . The Roman general Pompey , who was in Syria fighting against the Armenians in the Third Mithridatic War , sent his lieutenant to investigate the conflict in Judaea . Both Hyrcanus and Aristobulus appealed to him for support . Pompey was not diligent in making a decision about this which caused Aristobulus to march off . He was pursued by Pompey and surrendered but his followers closed Jerusalem to Pompey 's forces . The Romans besieged and took the city in 63 BCE . The priests continued with the religious practices inside the Temple during the siege . The temple was not looted or harmed by the Romans . Pompey himself , perhaps inadvertently , went into the Holy of Holies and the next day ordered the priests to repurify the Temple and resume the religious practices . Solomon 's Temple which was on the site prior to the building of the Second Temple Herod 's Temple ( edit ) This picture shows the temple as imagined in 1966 in the Holyland Model of Jerusalem . Reconstruction of the temple under Herod began with a massive expansion of the Temple Mount . Religious worship and temple rituals continued during the construction process . When the Roman emperor Caligula planned to place his own statue inside the temple , Herod 's grandson Agrippa I was able to intervene and convince him against this . Construction ( edit ) James Tissot -- Reconstruction of Jerusalem and the Temple of Herod -- Brooklyn Museum A model of the southern wall and Royal Colonnade or Stoa Eastern portion of the southern wall of the Temple Mount Remains of the Hulda Gates Marwan Mosque on the site of Solomon 's Stables Herod 's Temple was one of the larger construction projects of the 1st century BCE . Josephus records that Herod was interested in perpetuating his name through building projects , that his construction programs were extensive and paid for by heavy taxes , but that his masterpiece was the Temple of Jerusalem . The old temple built by Zerubbabel was replaced by a magnificent edifice . An agreement was made between Herod and the Jewish religious authorities : the sacrificial rituals , called offerings , were to be continued unabated for the entire time of construction , and the Temple itself would be constructed by the priests . Later the Exodus 30 : 13 sanctuary shekel was reinstituted to support the temple as the temple tax . Platform ( edit ) Mt . Moriah had a plateau at the northern end , and steeply declined on the southern slope . It was Herod 's plan that the entire mountain be turned into a giant square platform . The Temple Mount was originally intended to be 1600 feet wide by 900 feet broad by 9 stories high , with walls up to 16 feet thick , but had never been finished . To complete it , a trench was dug around the mountain , and huge stone `` bricks '' were laid . Some of these weighed well over 100 tons , the largest measuring 44.6 feet by 11 feet by 16.5 feet and weighing approximately 567 to 628 tons , while most were in the range of 2.5 by 3.5 by 15 feet ( approximately 28 tons ) . King Herod had architects from Greece , Rome and Egypt plan the construction . The blocks were presumably quarried by using pickaxes to create channels . Then they hammered in wooden beams and flushed them with water to force them out . Once they were removed , they were carved into precise squares and numbered at the quarry to show where they would be installed . The final carving would have been done by using harder stones to grind or chisel them to create precise joints . They would have been transported using oxen and specialized carts . Since the quarry was uphill from the temple they had gravity on their side but care needed to be taken to control the descent . Final installation would have been done using pulleys or cranes . Roman pulleys and cranes were n't strong enough to lift the blocks alone so they may have used multiple cranes and levers to position them . As the mountainside began to rise , the western side was carved away to a vertical wall and bricks were carved to create a virtual continuation of the brick face , which was continued for a while until the northern slope reached ground level . Part of the Antonian hill to the north of Moriah was annexed to the complex and the area between was filled up with landfill . The project began with the building of giant underground vaults upon which the temple would be built so it could be larger than the small flat area on top of Mount Moriah . Ground level at the time was at least 20 ft. ( 6m ) below the current level , as can be seen by walking the Western Wall tunnels . Legend has it that the construction of the entire complex lasted only three years , but other sources such as Josephus say that it took far longer , although the Temple itself may have taken that long . During a Passover visit by Jesus the Jews replied that it had been under construction for 46 years . It is possible that the complex was only a few years completed when the future Emperor Titus destroyed the Temple in 70 CE . Court of the Gentiles ( edit ) This area was primarily a bazaar , with vendors selling souvenirs , sacrificial animals , food , as well as currency changers , exchanging Roman for Tyrian money because the Jews were not allowed to coin their own money and they viewed Roman currency as an abomination to the Lord , as also mentioned in the New Testament account of Jesus and the Money Changers when Jerusalem was packed with Jews who had come for Passover , perhaps numbering 300,000 to 400,000 pilgrims . Guides that provided tours of the premises were also available . Jewish males had the unique opportunity to be shown inside the temple itself . The priests , in their white linen robes and tubular hats , were everywhere , directing pilgrims and advising them on what kinds of sacrifices were to be performed . Behind them , as they entered the Court of the Gentiles from the south through the Huldah Gates , was the Royal Porch , which contained a marketplace , administrative quarters , and a synagogue . On the upper floors , the great Jewish sages held court , priests and Levites performed various chores , and from there , tourists were able to observe the events . The Royal Porch is widely accepted to be part of Herod 's work ; however , recent archaeological finds in the Western Wall tunnels suggest that it was built in the first century during the reign of Agripas , as opposed to the first century BCE , while the theory that Herod began the extension and the Royal Porch is based mainly on Josephus 's possibly politically motivated claim . During Herod 's reign the porch was not yet open to the public ) To the east of the court was Solomon 's Porch , and to the north , the soreg , the `` middle wall of separation '' , a stone wall separating the public area from the inner sanctuary where only Jews could enter , described as being 3 cubits high by Josephus ( Wars 5.5. 2 ( 3b ) 6.2. 4 ) . Pinnacle ( edit ) The accounts of Jesus ' temptations in Matthew 's and Luke 's gospels both suggest that the Second Temple had one or more pinnacles ( Greek : το πτερυγιον του ιερου ) : Then he ( Satan ) brought Him to Jerusalem , set Him on the pinnacle of the temple , and said to Him , `` If You are the Son of God , throw Yourself down from here . '' The Greek word used here is pterugion , which literally means a little wing , or by extension anything like a wing such as a battlement or parapet . The archaeologist Benjamin Mazar thought it referred to the southeast corner of the Temple overlooking the Kidron Valley . Inside the soreg ( edit ) According to Josephus , there were ten entrances into the inner courts , four on the south , four on the north , one on the east and one leading east to west from the Court of Women to the court of the Israelites , named the Nicanor Gate . The gates were : On the south side ( going from west to east ) the Fuel Gate , the Firstling Gate , the Water Gate . On the north side , from west to east , are the Jeconiah Gate , the Offering Gate , the Women 's Gate and the Song Gate . On the Eastern side , the Nicanor gate , which is where most Jewish visitors entered . A few pieces of the Soreg have survived to the present day . Within this area was the Court of the Women , open to all Jews , male and female . Even a ritually unclean Cohen could enter to perform various housekeeping duties . There was also a place for lepers ( considered ritually unclean ) , as well as a ritual barbershop for Nazirites . In this , the largest of the temple courts , one could see constant dancing , singing and music . Only men were allowed to enter the Court of the Israelites , where they could observe sacrifices of the high priest in the Court of the Priests . The Court of the Priests was reserved for Levite priests . Temple sanctuary ( edit ) The Foundation Stone under the Dome of the Rock , a possible historical location for the Kodesh Hakodashim Between the entrance of the building and the curtain veiling the Holy of Holies were the famous vessels of the temple : the menorah , the incense - burning altar , and various other implements . Pilgrimages ( edit ) Proposed reconstruction of Robinson 's Arch Roman triumphal procession with spoils from the Temple , depicted on the inside wall of the Arch of Titus in Rome The Madaba Map depiction of 6th - century Aelia Capitolina has the Cardo Maximus , the town 's main street , beginning at the northern gate , today 's Damascus Gate , and traversing the city in a straight line from north to south to `` Nea Church '' . Robinson 's Arch -- remains of the entrance built by Herod to the Royal Colonnade Remnants of the 1st century Stairs of Ascent , discovered by archaeologist Benjamin Mazar , to the entrance of the Temple Courtyard . Pilgrims coming to make sacrifices at the Temple would have entered and exited by this stairway . Stones from the Western Wall thrown down by Roman soldiers in 70 CE See also : Pilgrimage § Judaism Jews from distant parts of the Roman Empire would arrive by boat at the port of Jaffa ( now part of Tel Aviv ) , where they would join a caravan for the three - day trek to the Holy City and would then find lodgings in one of the many hotels or hostelries . Then they changed some of their money from the profane standard Greek and Roman currency for Jewish and Tyrian money , the latter two considered religious . The pilgrims would purchase sacrificial animals , usually a pigeon or a lamb , in preparation for the following day 's events . The first thing pilgrims would do would be to approach the public entrance on the south side of the Temple Mount complex . They would check their animals , then visit a mikveh , where they would ritually cleanse and purify themselves . The pilgrims would then retrieve their sacrificial animals , and head to the Huldah gates . After ascending a staircase three stories in height , and passing through the gate , the pilgrims would find themselves in the Court of the Gentiles . Destruction ( edit ) Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans ( 1850 painting by David Roberts ) . Looking southwest View of Temple Mount looking southwest View of the southern part of Temple Mount Main article : Siege of Jerusalem ( AD 70 ) In 66 CE the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire . Four years later , in 70 CE , Roman legions under Titus retook and destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second Temple . The Arch of Titus , located in Rome and built to commemorate Titus ' victory in Judea , depicts a Roman victory procession with soldiers carrying spoils from the Temple , including the Menorah . According to an inscription on the Colosseum , Emperor Vespasian built the Colosseum with war spoils in 79 CE -- possibly from the spoils of the Second Temple . The sects of Judaism that had their base in the Temple dwindled in importance , including the priesthood and the Sadducees . The destruction date according to the Hebrew calendar was the 9th of Av , also known as Tisha B'Av . The Temple itself was located on the site of what today is the Dome of the Rock . The gates let out close to Al - Aqsa Mosque ( which came much later ) . Although Jews continued to inhabit the destroyed city , Emperor Hadrian established a new city called Aelia Capitolina . At the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE , many of the Jewish communities were massacred and Jews were banned from living inside Jerusalem . A pagan Roman temple was set up on the former site of Herod 's Temple . Archaeology ( edit ) In 1871 , a hewn stone measuring 60 × 90 cm. and engraved with Greek uncials was discovered near a court on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and identified by Charles Simon Clermont - Ganneau as being the Temple Warning inscription . The stone inscription outlined the prohibition extended unto those who were not of the Jewish nation to proceed beyond the soreg separating the larger Court of the Gentiles and the inner courts . The inscription read in seven lines : ΜΗΟΕΝΑΑΛΛΟΓΕΝΗΕΙΣΠΟ ΡΕΥΕΣΟΑΙΕΝΤΟΣΤΟΥΠΕ ΡΙΤΟΙΕΡΟΝΤΡΥΦΑΚΤΟΥΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΒΟΛΟΥΟΣΔΑΝΛΗ ΦΘΗΕΑΥΤΩΙΑΙΤΙΟΣΕΣ ΤΑΙΔΙΑΤΟΕΞΑΚΟΛΟΥ ΘΕΙΝΘΑΝΑΤΟΝ Translation : `` Let no foreigner enter within the parapet and the partition which surrounds the Temple precincts . Anyone caught ( violating ) will be held accountable for his ensuing death . '' Today , the stone is preserved in Istanbul 's Museum of Antiquities . In 1936 a fragment of a similar Temple warning inscription was found . After 1967 , archaeologists found that the wall extended all the way around the Temple Mount and is part of the city wall near the Lions ' Gate . Thus , the Western Wall is not the only remaining part of the Temple Mount . Currently , Robinson 's Arch ( named after American Edward Robinson ) remains as the beginning of an arch that spanned the gap between the top of the platform and the higher ground farther away . This had been used by the priests as an entrance . Commoners had entered through the still - extant , but now plugged , gates on the southern side which led through colonnades to the top of the platform . One of these colonnades is still extant and reachable through the Temple Mount . The Southern wall was designed as a grand entrance . Recent archeological digs have found thousands of mikvehs ( ceremonial bathtubs ) for the ritual purification of the worshipers , as well as a grand stairway leading to the now blocked entrance . Inside the walls , the platform was supported by a series of vaulted archways , now called Solomon 's Stables , which still exist and whose current renovation by the Waqf is extremely controversial . The temple itself was constructed of imported white marble that gleamed in the daylight . On September 25 , 2007 , Yuval Baruch , archaeologist with the Israeli Antiquities Authority announced the discovery of a quarry compound which may have provided King Herod with the stones to build his Temple on the Temple Mount . Coins , pottery and an iron stake found proved the date of the quarrying to be about 19 BCE . Archaeologist Ehud Netzer confirmed that the large outlines of the stone cuts is evidence that it was a massive public project worked by hundreds of slaves . The Magdala stone is thought to be a representation of the Second Temple carved before its destruction in the year 70 . Magdala Stone Bar Kokhba tetradracm showing the Jerusalem Temple façade 132 -- 135 CE Arch of Titus showing spoils of Jerusalem Temple The upper corner of Herod 's temple colonnade with ancient Hebrew inscription The Warning Inscription found in 1871 A copy of the inscription found in 1871 Fragment of Second Temple Warning The Trumpeting Place inscription , a stone ( 2.43 × 1 m ) with Hebrew inscription `` To the Trumpeting Place '' excavated by Benjamin Mazar at the southern foot of the Temple Mount is believed to be a part of the Second Temple . Second Temple Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Second Temple Judaism The period between the construction of the Second Temple in 515 BCE and its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE witnessed major historical upheavals and significant religious changes that would affect most subsequent Abrahamic religions . The origins of the authority of scripture , of the centrality of law and morality in religion , of the synagogue and of apocalyptic expectations for the future all developed in the Judaism of this period . See also ( edit ) Herodian architecture Jerusalem stone List of artifacts significant to the Bible List of megalithic sites Replicas of the Jewish Temple Temple of Peace , Rome Timeline of Jewish history Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Albright , William ( 1963 ) . The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra : An Historical Survey . HarperCollins College Division . ASIN 0061301027 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 130102 - 7 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Temple , The Second '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Jump up ^ Paul Cartledge , Peter Garnsey , Erich S. Gruen ( editors ) , Hellenistic Constructs : Essays In Culture , History , and Historiography , p. 92 ( University of California Press , 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20676 - 2 Jump up ^ Ezra 2 : 65 ^ Jump up to : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Temple , the Second '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Jump up ^ Ezra 2 Jump up ^ Maimonides . `` Mishneh Torah , Sefer Avodah , Beis Habechirah , Chapter 4 , Halacha 1 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ezra 1 : 7 -- 11 Jump up ^ Goldwurm , Hersh . History of the Jewish people : the Second Temple era , Mesorah Publications , 1982 . Appendix : Year of the Destruction , p. 213 . ISBN 0 - 89906 - 454 - X Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Philip ( 1975 ) . `` Kodashim '' . A Book of Jewish Concepts . New York , NY : Hebrew Publishing Company . pp. 541 -- 542 . ISBN 088482876X . Jump up ^ Epstein , Isidore , ed. ( 1948 ) . `` Introduction to Seder Kodashim '' . The Babylonian Talmud . vol. 5 . Singer , M.H. ( translator ) . London : The Soncino Press . pp. xvii -- xxi . Jump up ^ Arzi , Abraham ( 1978 ) . `` Kodashim '' . Encyclopedia Judaica. 10 ( 1st ed . ) . Jerusalem , Israel : Keter Publishing House Ltd . pp. 1126 -- 1127 . Jump up ^ De Bellis Antiquitatis ( DBA ) The Battle of Panion ( 200 BC ) Archived 2009 - 12 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Flavius Josephus , The Wars of the Jews Jewish War i . 34 ^ Jump up to : Lester L. Grabbe ( 2010 ) . An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism : History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah , the Maccabees , Hillel , and Jesus . A&C Black . pp. 19 -- 20 , 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780567552488 . ^ Jump up to : Secrets of Jerusalem 's Temple Mount , Leen Ritmeyer , Kathleen Ritmeyer , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Flavius Josephus : The Jewish War Jump up ^ The History Channel cited the 16.5 depth 567 ton estimate in `` Lost Worlds of King Herod '' Jump up ^ Dan Bahat : Touching the Stones of our Heritage , Israeli ministry of Religious Affairs , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Modern Marvels : Bible tech '' History channel Jump up ^ Gospel of John 2 : 20 Jump up ^ Beasley - Murray , G. ( 1999 ) . Word biblical commentary : John ( 2 ed. , Vol. 36 ) . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . Jump up ^ Sanders , E.P. The historical figure of Jesus . Penguin , 1993 . p. 249 Jump up ^ Funk , Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar . The acts of Jesus : the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus . HarperSanFrancisco. 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Antiquities Authority '' . Jump up ^ In verse 14 of Ephesians 2 : 11 -- 18 Jump up ^ Luke 4 : 9 Jump up ^ Strong 's Concordance 4419 Jump up ^ Benjamin Mazar , The Mountain of the Lord , Doubleday ; 1975 , p 149 Jump up ^ Josephus , War 5.5. 2 ; 198 ; m . Mid . 1.4 Jump up ^ Sanders , E.P. The historical figure of Jesus . Penguin , 1993 . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D ... Jesus , Interrupted , HarperCollins , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 117393 - 2 Jump up ^ Rome , By Bruce Johnston in . `` Colosseum ' built with loot from sack of Jerusalem temple ' '' . Jump up ^ Alföldy , Géza ( 1995 ) . `` Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum '' . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 109 : 195 -- 226 . JSTOR 20189648 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Shraga . `` Tisha B'Av -- Ninth of Av '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gaffney , Sean ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) . `` USATODAY.com , Report : Herod 's Temple quarry found '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` A Carved Stone Block Upends Assumptions About Ancient Judaism '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Library resources about Second Temple Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading ( edit ) Grabbe , Lester . 2008 . A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. 2 vols . New York : T&T Clark . Nickelsburg , George . 2005 . Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah : A Historical and Literary Introduction . 2nd ed . Minneapolis : Fortress . Schiffman , Lawrence , ed. 1998 . Texts and Traditions : A Source Reader for the Study of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism . Hoboken , NJ : KTAV . Stone , Michael , ed. 1984 . The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud. 2 vols . Philadelphia : Fortress . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second Jewish temple in Jerusalem . Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple , The Second 4 Enoch : The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Jerusalem Videos The Southern & Western walls in Jerusalem -- The Temple Mount Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Temple Mount Photos The Temple Mount photos including sites below the Mount itself , off limits to any non-Muslims Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Herod and the Herodian Dynasty The Jewish History Resource Center -- Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple of Herod PBS Frontline : Temple Culture Picture gallery of a model of the temple Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple , The Second 4 Enoch : The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts Assassination of Abdullah I 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial Hanukkah Traditions Symbols Menorah ( Hanukiah ) Dreidel ( Sevivon ) Gelt Public menorah Foods Latkes ( Levivot ) Sufganiyah Buñuelos Music `` Ma'oz Tzur ( Rock of Ages ) '' `` Dreidel Song '' `` Oh Chanukah '' `` The Chanukah Song '' Other Chrismukkah Thanksgivukkah Hanukkah bush Maccabean Revolt Events Seleucid Empire Temple in Jerusalem Maccabees Hasmonean Kingdom Historical accounts 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Miracle of the cruse of oil People Mattathias Simeon Eleazar Jonathan Judah Antiochus IV Epiphanes List of rulers Battles Ma'aleh Levona Beth Horon Emmaus Beth Zur Beth Zechariah Adasa Dathema Elasa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Temple&oldid=836655866 '' Categories : Second Temple 1st - century BC religious buildings 1st - century disestablishments 6th - century BC establishments 6th - century BC religious buildings 515 BC 70 disestablishments 70s disestablishments in the Roman Empire Buildings and structures demolished in the 1st century 1871 archaeological discoveries Ancient Israel and Judah Ancient Jewish Greek history Jews and Judaism in the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire Ancient Jewish Persian history Ancient Hebrew pilgrimage sites Classical sites in Jerusalem Destroyed temples Ezra -- Nehemiah Herod the Great Jewish Persian and Iranian history Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Cyrus the Great Darius I History of Hanukkah Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles containing Hebrew - 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5247141187128972952	List of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps episodes	List of two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. episodes - wikipedia List of two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. episodes This is a list of episodes of the British television series , Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps , a BBC sitcom written by Susan Nickson that ran for 9 series from February 2001 to May 2011 . The series is set in Runcorn , Cheshire , The programme revolves around the lives of five twentysomethings and documents their personal lives and relationships . Contents 1 Overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Series One ( 2001 ) 2.2 Series Two ( 2002 ) 2.3 Series Three ( 2003 ) 2.4 Musical Special ( 2003 ) 2.5 Series Four ( 2004 ) 2.6 Series Five ( 2005 ) 2.7 Series Six ( 2006 ) 2.8 Series Seven ( 2008 ) 2.9 Comic Relief Special ( 2009 ) 2.10 Series Eight ( 2009 ) 2.11 The Aftermath ( 2009 ) 2.12 Series Nine ( 2011 ) 3 References and notes Overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Series premiere Series finale 6 26 February 2001 2 April 2001 6 2002 15 April 2002 20 May 2002 11 2003 23 February 2003 21 December 2003 8 15 February 2004 4 April 2004 5 14 2005 2 January 2005 3 April 2005 6 10 2006 26 February 2006 30 April 2006 7 8 2008 13 January 2008 9 March 2008 8 11 2009 8 March 2009 22 December 2009 9 6 2011 26 April 2011 24 May 2011 Episodes ( edit ) Series one ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Total no . Series no . Title Writer Director Original Airdate Viewers ( millions ) `` Fags , Shags and Kebabs '' Susan Nickson Gareth Carrivick 26 February 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 26 ) 3.04 When Donna tells Janet that she is looking for a boyfriend , Janet asks her boyfriend Jonny to persuade his friend Gaz to go on a blind date with Donna . Jonny convinces him to go on a date when Janet threatens to reveal that his favourite film is Titanic . A double date results in Janet , Jonny and Donna storming out . In the local Kebab House , Jonny gives Donna Gaz 's phone number and she goes to his flat . She thinks she has made a mistake when she finds his pornography collection but despite bitterly arguing , she and Gaz end up having sex . In a sub-plot Louise gets a job as a barmaid but quits when her boss offers her a bag of peanuts in exchange for sex . First appearance : Will Mellor as Gaz , Natalie Casey as Donna , Sheridan Smith as Janet , Kathryn Drysdale as Louise , Ralf Little as Jonny and Beverley Callard as Flo `` Spunk '' Nickson Carrivick 5 March 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 05 ) 2.75 Donna is waiting for Gaz to call her after their date . Finally she goes to see him and they agree to have lots of uncommitted sex , but their plans backfire when Gaz is invited to Sunday dinner at the Henshaws ' , where Donna 's mother Flo and sister Katie make him feel uncomfortable . On Gaz 's advice , Jonny starts to be meaner to Janet to improve their relationship but fails miserably . After Gaz convinces him to follow his plan Jonny goes missing the next day . When Gaz tells worried Janet that it was his idea , she throws the remote at him and breaks his nose . He goes to hospital where he finds Jonny , who has been concussed by an old woman who hit him when he offered to escort her across the road . Jonny and Janet make up in the hospital . Louise discovers that she 's put on weight for the first time since she was 14 and goes on a diet , but her weight - obsession is cured when she finds stretch - marks around her legs . `` Bone With The Wind '' Nickson Carrivick 12 March 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 12 ) 3.2 Gaz is worried that Donna may be planning to move in after he finds her toothbrush in his flat . Janet starts to think Jonny no longer fancies her , and tries various ways to improve her love life with Jonny , such as buying lingerie , which only results in Jonny becoming suspicious . Janet forces Jonny out the house so she and Donna can make him a romantic meal but in the pub Gaz and Jonny decide that Donna and Janet are having an affair and go to confront the man they believe is with their girlfriend , whom they have dubbed ' Pedro ' , with socks containing eggs , only to find they were doing it all for Jonny . After falling for a gay man , Louise decides to make the best of the situation and become a fag hag . `` Angry Wangry '' Nickson Carrivick 19 March 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 19 ) < 2.75 Janet wants to become demure and educated and decides to try to become a student ; she is invited to read at a poetry meeting by Cameron , a student friend of Louise . Jonny is totally against the idea but Janet tries to do everything she can to impress Cameron . However , her reading does n't go down well with the audience , so Jonny speaks out in her defence , to the appreciation of the audience . Donna vows to be less angry after criticism from Flo . Gaz feels that he is no longer attractive to women any more and goes on the pull only to be caught by Donna . Jonny is chatted up by two women and tries to get them to go away but they like his hard - to - get attitude and offer to ' lez up ' . Jonny gives them the cold shoulder and goes home to watch ER . Donna catches Gaz sniffing Flo 's hair but does nothing because she is trying to be calm . She finally loses patience and pushes Gaz in the canal at the end of the episode . 5 5 `` Lard '' Nickson Carrivick 26 March 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 26 ) 3.15 Jonny is worried that he is falling for Louise , but is reassured when he kisses her and notices she tastes of lard . Donna redecorates Gaz 's flat , resulting in an argument between them because it is too feminine for him , but they make up . Janet tries to become a comedian , but fails miserably : until she finds out about Jonny and Louise and her insults of the rest of the gang are found amusing . 6 6 `` Ugly Babies '' Nickson Carrivick 2 April 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 02 ) 2.48 Donna and Janet both think that they might be pregnant , but Janet is reluctant to tell Jonny . Jonny begins to want more to happen in his life , but a pony ride and a train ride do n't cheer him up . Janet learns she is n't pregnant just as Jonny starts to come around to the idea ; at episode 's end it looked like Donna might be pregnant . Series two ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Title Writer Director Original Airdate Episode `` On The Blob '' Nickson Carrivick 15 April 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 15 ) Janet and Jonny come home to find Donna who confides in Janet about her pregnancy . Having found him running through the streets in his underwear , Jonny reassures Gaz as Donna had told him that she may be pregnant . Donna finds out that she got her dates mixed up and is n't pregnant , although Gaz is bitterly disappointed as he was starting to look favourably on it as he could become responsible and stable . However , Janet makes him realize he can do this with an adult relationship with Donna . Gaz then offers to take Donna on a date to ' the finest drinking establishment in town ' although to Donna 's disappointment this is just having a can of lager in Gaz 's garage . In a sub-plot , after having dream to which Donna is pregnant , Louise believes that she is a psychic and , on her advice , Jonny becomes a mime although this does not last long . Louise discovers she is n't psychic after she finds out that Donna is not pregnant `` Bungle '' Nickson Carrivick 22 April 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 22 ) Jonny wins £ 1000 on a scratch card and everybody wonders what he 'll do with it ( although they mostly have daft ideas ) . Donna and Gaz finally have a real conversation in the pub when Flo thinks Donna should hire a conversational prostitute so Gaz wo n't leave her . Janet throws a dinner party to celebrate Jonny 's scratchcard - win under the false impression that Jonny will spend the money on an engagement ring ; she 's deeply upset when she finds out otherwise , as is Donna when Gaz says he agrees with Jonny on the stupidity of marriage . Donna and Gaz make up that night . Louise also has a new posh boyfriend , James , who reveals while drunk at the dinner party that he 's still a virgin ( quite the opposite of what Louise thought ) . Upset at first , Louise changes her mind when she realizes that she can get him to do anything she wants ! At episode 's end , Jonny says he 's used the money to hire children 's TV character Bungle , who comes with a free bouncy castle . `` Dirty Girls '' Nickson Carrivick 29 April 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 29 ) Janet finds an old love letter from her ex-boyfriend Andy , making Jonny jealous . Donna 's mother asks her to move out . Louise considers experimenting with homosexuality after she realises that she does n't fancy her boyfriend . `` Vomit '' Nickson Carrivick 6 May 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 06 ) Gaz asks Donna to move in with him . Janet meets up with Andy in the pub . Jonny falls ill . Louise buys a dog she names Chesney . Gaz sees Janet and Andy kiss outside the Archer . `` Crusty Curtains '' Nickson Carrivick 13 May 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 13 ) 5 Jonny and Janet argue over Janet 's kiss with Andy . Gaz and Donna argue over Donna being too demanding in their new living arrangements . Donna ends up spending the night at Janet & Jonny 's house while Janet stays as Gaz 's flat . `` Mo Mo And Pigsy '' Nickson Carrivick 20 May 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 20 ) 6 Jonny wakes up confused after his sickness and finds Donna , not Janet , bringing him his cup of tea . Louise attempts to predict the future with astrology . Jonny and Donna go to Andy 's to search for Janet . The couples reunite in the pub and Jonny proposes to Janet , using the ring he stole from Andy 's house . Series three ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Title Writer Director Original Airdate Episode `` Munch '' Nickson Carrivick 23 February 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 23 ) Janet accepts Jonny 's proposal but insists that he buys her a ring , so he tries to find a job . Gaz discovers he has a half - brother , Munch . Louise goes on a date with Andy to an expensive restaurant , but Andy walks out , leaving Louise to pay the bill . First appearance : Lee Oakes as Munch `` Fish '' Nickson Carrivick 2 March 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 02 ) Louise gets a valentine and goes to meet the sender . He turns out to be David , who used to go to school with her but has been living in Australia for the past 8 years . Jonny gets Janet to quit smoking . Gaz and Donna learn new things about each other 's living habits . First appearance : Jonathon Dutton as David Absent : Beverley Callard as Flo and Lee Oakes as Munch `` Kangaroo '' Nickson Carrivick 9 March 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 09 ) Jonny asks Janet 's father , Pete , for her hand in marriage . Donna plans a kinky night in with Gaz . Louise tries to be more mature to prolong her relationship with David . `` Beastiality '' Nickson Carrivick 16 March 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 16 ) Pete has refused Jonny 's request to marry Janet . They decide to marry on a small budget . Janet buys a secondhand wedding dress , but its previous owner was several sizes larger than Janet . Munch takes a shine to Donna , which annoys Gaz . Louise discovers that David has a colourful past , including sleeping with Donna . Louise insults Donna , who smacks her . The registry office calls Janet to announce a cancellation for the next day and they can have the slot for themselves . `` Hospikal '' Nickson Carrivick 23 March 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) 5 Jonny blackmails Pete into paying for the wedding after discovering him with Donna 's mum . When Janet suspects a blackmail situation , Jonny says he saw her dad dressed in women 's clothing . Trying to avoid Munch lands Gaz in hospital . `` Dresses , Dresses , Dresses '' Nickson Carrivick 30 March 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 30 ) 6 Janet , Donna and Louise shop for wedding dresses with money from Janet 's dad . Gaz and Jonny steal a barrel from outside the pub and struggle to open it in Gaz 's workshop ; when it finally opens , it 's only full of barrel wash . This episode is set on 27 September , Meat Loaf 's birthday , as it is stated during the episode . Absent : Beverley Callard as Flo and Lee Oakes as Munch `` Fockin Mokky Bokka '' Nickson Carrivick 6 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 06 ) 7 Noisy neighbors rob Gaz and Donna of sleep . Jonny 's new supervisor harasses him at work , but Janet does n't believe him when he tells her , so he gets into more trouble trying to prove it . Louise becomes scared of ageing and David tries to comfort her by showing her that everyone gets old . Absent : Lee Oakes as Munch `` Jammie Dodgers '' Nickson Carrivick 13 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 13 ) 8 Jonny and Janet worry that they do n't care about each other 's opinions when they realize they rarely argue . Louise has sex troubles with David . When Gaz insists that Donna has more nights out , she spends most of the night outside their flat to make him think she 's out with her mates . Absent : Lee Oakes as Munch `` Dump '' Nickson Carrivick 20 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 20 ) 9 Janet makes a wedding - gift wish - list and Jonny helps Donna search for the items at the dump . Gaz teaches Munch about women . Louise meets David 's deaf cousin and visits Munch 's house with his Social Services supervisor . Absent : Beverley Callard as Flo `` Schluballybub '' Nickson Carrivick 27 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 27 ) 10 Feeling she does n't love him anymore , Janet leaves Jonny . David buys Louise a plant as a test of trust , which upsets her . Gaz blames Donna for a new wart . Donna and David begin to talk after arguing with their respective partners , which angers Gaz . Final appearance : Beverley Callard as Flo ( the character dies offscreen between Series 4 and 5 ) . Absent : Lee Oakes as Munch Musical special ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Title Writer Director Original Airdate Episode `` When Janet Met Jonny '' Nickson Carrivick 21 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 21 ) Sp 1 As Janet leaves Jonny , a musical flashback shows how they met and how Donna rejects Gaz 's initial advances . Janet , Donna and Louise go out on the pull and Jonny goes to see Gaz . Jonny and Janet do not know each other and meet in the club . Gaz tries to impress Donna by asking for a blowjob . This special is set in 1998 before the start of the first series and contains pastiches of several then current music videos . Stated in the episode that it is set in 1998 , yet one of the videos spoofed is `` Breathe '' , which was released in 2003 . Janet dresses as Blu Cantrell and Jonny as Sean Paul . Absent : Lee Oakes as Munch Series four ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Title Writer Director Original Airdate Episode `` Corinthian Dies '' Nickson Carrivick 15 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 15 ) Janet decides to leave Jonny but leaves him a note instead of telling him . Gaz is upset with Donna when he finds out that she was with David a few years ago . Janet stays with Louise , who thinks that David revolves around her . David and Gaz have a drinking competition ; David wins . Louise gets back with David , then dumps him because he dumped her . First appearance : Alison Mac as Kate Absent : Lee Oakes as Munch `` Piggy Goes Oink '' Nickson Carrivick 22 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 22 ) Louise receives a letter saying that she ca n't graduate from University until she returns a children 's book titled ' Piggy Goes Oink ' . Louise first blames David for taking it because she dumped him . Janet and Jonny are no longer in a relationship and Janet 's dad kicks Jonny out of the house . Jonny goes to stay at his dad 's . Janet realised that she made a terrible mistake so she goes to find Jonny and try to make things better . She finds Jonny kissing barmaid Kate outside of The Archer . Donna wants to better herself so she goes to David and he agreed to help her through University , but Gaz is n't happy about it . Final appearance : Jonathon Dutton as David `` My Delicious Guava '' Nickson Carrivick 29 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 29 ) After seeing Jonny with barmaid Kate she begins to miss him . Jonny and Kate decide to meet up at the castle for their first date , but when Jonny tries to prove his exceptional masculinity by climbing a wall , he falls and injures his ankle . Louise moves in with Janet to compensate for the loss of Jonny 's company . Janet finds a spider and phones Jonny to come catch it . Jonny is also scared of spiders but goes to Janet 's to prove his masculinity to Kate -- only to faint at the sight of the spider . Gaz feels rejected while Donna is working on her first assignment as a student . `` Cuggles '' Nickson Carrivick 7 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 07 ) Louise looks for a hobby , thinking she 'll get bored after she graduates . Donna suggests that she get a job , but Louise keeps making excuses because she is `` sooo lazy '' . Janet is getting intimate with candy bars because she misses Jonny , so she phones a dateline to see if she can get a new boyfriend . She meets up with a candidate in the Archer ... who turns out to be a very masculine she . Louise applies for a job as head of finance at ICA but during the interview the Interviewer realises that her CV is a lie ; when she says she has a sociology degree , he offers her a job at Pizza Hut . Gaz goes back to Janet 's and they have sex . `` Purgatory '' Nickson Carrivick 14 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 14 ) 5 Janet throws a party and leaves the guest list to new housemate Louise , who invites Jonny and Kate , saying she likes Kate and Jonny is much nicer now that he 's with her . Janet confesses her love to Jonny , and Kate has sex with Jonny in Janet 's bed . Gaz feels guilty about sleeping with Janet and Donna feels guilty about rejecting him , so the couple try to do something special . `` Mate Date '' Nickson Carrivick 21 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 21 ) 6 Janet goes to work at the bakery unaware that Louise will be her boss , until they 're at the entrance on her first day ; Janet is shocked . Kate realises that everyone hates her except Jonny . Donna wants Gaz to break Kate and Jonny up so that Janet and Jonny can get back together . Angry at everyone , Kate wants to leave Runcorn with Jonny , First appearance : Hayley Bishop as Kelly Final appearance : Alison Mac as Kate `` Homeless and Horny '' Nickson Carrivick 28 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 28 ) 7 Jonny 's dad kicks him out after his breakup with Kate , and Janet tries to lure him back home . Louise is sacked from the bakery after becoming power - mad and sacking everyone . Donna 's new tutor , Philip , propositions her , promising her better grades if they get together . Gaz becomes impotent . Janet 's cheese - and - onion - pasty outfit aids their reconciliation . `` Filthy Brunching '' Nickson Carrivick 4 April 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 04 ) 8 Janet and Jonny have reunited and she tries to excite him more than Kate did . Donna has brunch with her tutor , making Gaz very jealous ; his confrontation of Philip cures his impotence ! Louise gets a job at the Office for National Statistics where she accidentally wipes Jonny 's records . She returns the same evening to recreate them , but also adds in a fanciful criminal record . The police track down Jonny , and the series ends in a hail of bullets in the grounds of Halton Castle high above Runcorn . Absent : Hayley Bishop as Kelly Series five ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Title Writer Director Original Airdate Episode `` Dead '' Nickson Carrivick 2 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 02 ) Donna feels horny on the day of her mother Flo 's funeral . Gaz has erection troubles so Donna buys a cardboard cutout of the Chuckle Brothers to fulfill her sexual needs . After surviving the police shooting at the end of the last series , Jonny is desperate to make the most of being a local celebrity . Louise is arrested for being responsible for Jonny 's shooting . When Janet comes to bail her out , Louise confesses that she was responsible for Jonny 's shooting , Janet withdraws her bail , and Louise ends up back in prison . Donna cures Gaz of his erection troubles . Jonny 's press conference was to be outside of The Archer , but because Janet and Jonny could n't see it , they decided to go home . News reporter Gordon Burns guest - stars . `` Nobbly Bobbly '' Nickson Carrivick 9 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 09 ) Jonny develops agoraphobia after his shooting . Donna inherits her mother 's house -- on condition that she must not open the cupboard under the stairs . But Gaz hears noises coming from under the stairs and develops paranoia that Donna 's mum 's spirit is haunting the house . They open the door and the staircase collapses , so they return to their flat . Louise goes into therapy and decides that she must tell Jonny about Gaz and Janet sleeping together . `` Shrink '' Nickson Carrivick 16 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 16 ) While Jonny and Janet are planning their second wedding attempt , Janet discovers that she 's pregnant . Louise becomes a counsellor and talks about how Donna 's mother died . Gaz kisses Louise so that he and Janet can blackmail her into not telling Jonny that they slept together . Donna checks her bank balance and discovers that the money from selling her mother 's house has arrived . She decides to use it to go hiking in Ecuador with Gaz , but he accidentally tells her about him and Janet sleeping together . `` Ecuador '' Nickson Carrivick 23 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 23 ) Jonny buys a car and gets driving lessons from Gaz . Louise tries to force Jonny into publicly forgiving her for the shooting by threatening him with the destruction of his car . Jonny gives her new dress to a charity shop , so she gets his car crushed . Donna leaves Gaz and tries to go to Ecuador on her own , but Gaz takes her passport . Janet tries to persuade Donna not to go , but she is determined . As a gesture of goodwill , Janet returns Donna 's passport to her , which makes Donna think that Janet wants her to go , so she decides to stay . `` Potato People '' Nickson Carrivick 30 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 30 ) 5 Janet tries to make up with Donna who is apparently moving on with her life and does n't care . Donna goes to the Archer to make new friends and tells Kelly that Gaz is now single . Kelly dresses and acts like Donna to impress Gaz . Jonny gets Louise to help him with his `` job '' of selling alcohol to teenagers after he is banned from the off - licence . Absent : Lee Oakes as Munch `` Antlers '' Nickson Carrivick 6 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) 6 Jonny 's stag night does n't go to Gaz 's plan as he does n't want anyone there who knows that he slept with Janet . Louise makes the most of her possible last night of freedom at Janet 's hen night ; her trial for shooting Jonny is the next day . Donna and Janet make up and Donna gives Janet a music - box which symbolises their everlasting friendship . `` Crab '' Nickson Carrivick 13 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 13 ) 7 Jonny and Janet wake up in an Iceland truck on their wedding day . Gaz and Donna try to find them and try to ensure that Janet and Jonny 's names get on a wedding certificate . As they ca n't find them , Gaz and Donna pose as Jonny and Janet for the wedding ceremony . Meanwhile Louise 's trial seems to go well , but as she wo n't admit that she did something stupid , she is ordered to do community service . Absent : Lee Oakes as Munch `` Fat '' Nickson Carrivick 20 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 20 ) 8 6 months after the wedding , Gaz has gained serious weight and needs to lose it quickly . Janet develops a nesting instinct after a shock that her baby may be taken away from her because of her dirty house . Donna has a promotion at the bucket factory but must sell 4000 buckets or she will get fired . Louise is doing her community service with ' five little chavettes ' and Jonny gets a job in The Archer but nothing goes quite right . Final appearance : Lee Oakes as Munch ( until Series 7 , Episode 3 ) `` Stot Or Pronk '' Nickson Carrivick 27 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 27 ) 9 Donna wants to get surgery after she becomes envious of Gaz getting back into shape . Louise prepares a heavily - pregnant Janet to enter the pub quiz . Feeling anxious about the baby , Jonny persuades Gaz to help Janet with the antenatal classes . `` Who 's The Daddy ? '' Nickson Carrivick 6 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 06 ) 10 Donna and Gaz try to make each other jealous by talking about imaginary new partners . Donna ends up upsetting Gaz when she says he was crap in bed . Storming out , Gaz gets run over by the ambulance that 's coming for Janet . Donna realizes how much she loves Gaz , and they make up -- on his hospital bed . Meanwhile , worried that she 'll never get a job because of her criminal record , Louise decides to become a diehard charity - collector , but her goodwill does n't last long ; besides , she does n't appreciate the chance to do a good deed . Concussed after his accident , Gaz lets slip to Jonny that he 's the father of Janet 's baby . Devastated , Jonny rushes to confront Janet , but Donna intercepts him ; telling him Janet 's had the baby , she persuades him to forgive her . Jonny proudly announces the birth of Corinthian McVitie Keogh -- after his favourite biscuits . `` Bababababa '' Nickson Carrivick 13 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 13 ) 11 Janet becomes a baby bore and Jonny tries to regain her attention . Now that Gaz is back with Donna and Janet has a baby , Louise feels ignored and tries to get one of Kelly 's men for herself . Donna strongly resists babysitting Corinthian with Gaz . `` God '' Nickson Carrivick 20 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 20 ) 12 Louise becomes religious . Jonny tries to make Corinthian more exciting ; Janet suggests getting him christened and making Donna and Gaz godparents . Gaz takes Donna 's mum 's HRT tablets to try to become more sensitive . `` Love 83199 '' Nickson Carrivick 27 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) 13 Gaz 's flat is falling apart , so Donna wants them to move into a house . Janet is suffering from post-natal depression ; Jonny looks for work and finds his dream job working in a `` Jammie Dodgers '' biscuit factory . Gaz and Donna go to view a house but Gaz nixes it after he sees a sheep ( because of his phobia ) . Louise starts a relationship with her phone . Jonny does n't pass the job interview and by episode 's end , all is back to normal . `` Near , Far '' Nickson Carrivick 3 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 03 ) 14 Janet is offered a job singing on a cruise ship . Louise is in a relationship with Mick , `` stylist to the stars -- of Hollyoaks '' . Jonny has his interview for the biscuit - factory job . Gaz stands up to the sheep and he and Donna are going to move into the house . Just as everyone seems ready to move on , all of their futures fall apart except Janet 's . Series Six ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Title Writer Director Original Airdate Viewership `` Speedycruise ! '' Nickson Becky Martin 26 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) 723,000 Jonny does n't want Janet to leave her family behind to work on the cruise ship . Jonny says that they could all go together but as Corinthian does n't have a passport he and Jonny ca n't get on the boat . When Janet finds out what she is expected to wear , she immediately leaves . Unemployed after his dad sells the garage , Gaz tries to convince Donna to buy it with the money from selling her mum 's house , but she wants to buy a mobile library ( wanting to call it the ' Donnabile - library ' ) . As Louise 's mum is taken into hospital with kidney failure , she tells Louise that she 's adopted . `` Goblins '' Nickson Martin 5 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 05 ) 649,000 Janet makes money by making toy goblins . Jonny campaigns for baby - changing facilities in the pub . Donna is convinced that her sexist employers are preventing her from getting promoted because she is a woman and she is sacked after she tries to prove that she can drive a van . Louise receives a letter from her biological parents , but ca n't physically open it . Gaz fires himself for laziness ( and other ) , then rehires himself with a payrise the same day , after Donna crashes the van . `` Mummy Cupboard '' Nickson Martin 12 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 12 ) 573,000 Janet pawns her wedding ring and tries to make money by working on a sex - chatline . Jonny decides that Corinthian should not be exposed to his bad influences . Louise meets her father . Gaz wants to propose to Donna , but she 's masquerading as `` Don '' so they can get more work done at the garage together instead of having sex all the time . `` Cauliflower '' Nickson Nick Wood 19 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 19 ) 689,000 Gaz refuses to accept Donna 's refusal to his wedding proposal . Louise meets her father : Brian , a gay alcoholic who begins to fancy Jonny . Janet starts shoplifting after she accidentally steals some clothes from a shop . When Donna finally accepts Gaz 's proposal , he tries to give her a dream wedding . `` Drunk '' Nickson Wood 26 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 26 ) 759,000 Jonny is angry with Louise 's dad for thinking he 's homosexual so he decides to become more macho , telling Janet that he wants to go back to `` when men were men and women were shorter '' . His plan backfires and Janet angers him by calling him a `` big gay '' , so he threatens to hit her . Gaz is upset because Donna wo n't marry him . Louise gets drunk on one glass of wine so she thinks that she is an alcoholic and joins Alcoholics Anonymous . Gaz wants to get Donna pregnant and tries to reclaim Corinthian . `` Croppity Crops '' Nickson Wood , Martin 2 April 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 02 ) 604,000 Jonny decides to become a farmer . After her alcoholism , Louise decides that she needs a family and tries to join Janet and Jonny 's . Janet lives in fear after Gaz 's attempt to take Corinthian . Donna introduces Gaz to tantric sex , but after they fail , Gaz starts to donate to a sperm bank . `` Finger Sniffing '' Nickson Martin 9 April 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 09 ) 580,000 Janet and Donna compete for a pub - manager job . Louise buys a car with her mother 's legacy -- prior to her actual death . Jonny realises that Gaz is Corinthian 's father and hands him over , until Gaz reveals that Corinthian ca n't be his due to his low sperm count . `` War , Hurrgh ! '' SNickson Martin 16 April 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 16 ) 550,000 After getting the manager 's job , Janet turns the pub into a World War II theme pub . To get back at Janet , Donna poses as a health inspector to try to close it . Louise becomes a prostitute to pay off her debt after her mother lives . Jonny buys Gaz a puppy to nurture , to help him with his desire to have children . After he accidentally kills the puppy , Gaz tries to adopt . Gaz tells Janet that Donna is n't a health inspector , so she deliberately makes the pub dirty -- just as a real health inspector arrives . `` Closing Time '' Nickson Wood 23 April 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 23 ) 641,000 When the brewery closes the pub due to health concerns , Kelly and Janet hold a siege , planning to occupy the Archer so it ca n't be closed down . Louise learns she 's pregnant and tries to determine the father , only remembering the way he grasped her breasts . Gaz speaks to Donna 's dad on the phone and agrees to look after Donna 's 16 - year - old brother , Dion . Jonny kisses Arthur to make sure he 's not turning homosexual . `` When Janet Killed Jonny '' Nickson Wood 30 April 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 30 ) 661,000 The group break into The Archer , despite a curse which states that everyone who enters will be killed by the thing they love the most . Kelly is suffocated by crisp packets , Louise saws her own head off after sawing into her own leg and bashing herself in the head with a hammer , Donna gets chopped in two trying to break through the glass ceiling , Gaz is crushed by Donna 's legs and Jonny is consumed by a giant Jammie Dodger . Janet is n't seen being killed , but as she tries to escape , she is pulled back into the building by the rest of her friends . Janet then wakes up finding it all to have been a dream . However , she turns her head away from Jonny and when she turns back to look his head is a giant Jammie Dodger ... Notes Last appearance of Jonny Keogh ( Ralf Little ) , although mentioned later in the series Last appearance of Kelly Crabtree ( Hayley Bishop ) This episode is considered a fantasy outside of the series ' narrative , as all characters ( minus Jonny Keogh and Kelly Crabtree ) re-appear in the next series , with no mention of these events . This is the first and only episode in the entire series not to have a studio audience . Series seven ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Title Writer Director Original Airdate Viewership `` When Jonny Met Sharky '' Nickson Wood 13 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 13 ) 897,000 Synopsis : While Jonny is in Hawaii , having won a competition to go shark - jumping , Donna and Janet decide they need jobs and end up competing for the position of barmaid at the reopened Archer . The new manager , Tim , has changed it into a theme pub , and although the theme is John Barrowman , it initially looks exactly the same . Louise decides that her squeaky voice does n't help her and resolves to do something about it . Gaz , wanting to do something exciting , tries several stunts . The episode ends with Janet receiving a devastating phone call from Hawaii : Jonny is dead , having been eaten by a shark . Production : The episode was broadcast live and opened with a shot of the studio control room before showing the studio itself ; only three sets were used - Gaz & Donna 's flat , The Archer , and Janet and Jonny 's living room , although some exterior shots were used as links . At the end , the cast took their bows to the studio audience . Notes : First appearance of Luke Gell as Tim When Gaz asks why anyone would want to water - ski over a shark , Janet replies with The Fonz 's catchphrase `` Aaay ! '' , underlining the reference to Happy Days . There are references in the narrative to the fact that the episode is being broadcast live ; Tim refers to the programme which actually followed the initial broadcast , and Janet comments on what she has just seen on BBC Three . Gaz is seen emulating Evel Knievel , recreating Malcolm Hardee 's `` balloon dance '' , and attempting fire eating . In the karaoke scene , Donna sings `` Chick Chick Chicken '' , which was a UK hit record for Natalie Casey when she was three years old ; Donna says that she is going to `` release ( it ) as a 12 - inch drum and bass remix '' . Reception : 897,000 viewers watched the live broadcast and a further 291,000 the later repeat , giving the show its highest ever rating . `` DABDAA ! '' Nickson Wood 20 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 20 ) 769,000 It 's Jonny 's funeral and Janet having difficulty coming to terms with his death . She resolves to follow the Five Stages of Grief : Denial , Anger , Bargaining , Depression and Acceptance as quickly as possible . Meanwhile , Louise announces her pregnancy and Donna has started working at The Archer . Gaz tries to comfort Janet but Donna remains suspicious of his motives in doing so . `` Homophobia Is Gay '' Tim Dawson Wood 27 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) 738,000 Janet is broke and reduced to wrapping herself in turf to keep warm . Donna tries to help Tim admit his homosexuality even though he claims to be happily married to a rugby - playing wife ; this backfires and Tim fires her . Meanwhile , Gaz misses male company following Jonny 's death . Louise conducts a fake séance to persuade Janet that she should move in . Munch reappears and appears to have found God . `` Dead Jonny Walking '' Nickson Wood 10 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) 512,000 Donna , now running The Archer , is too busy to arrange her wedding to Gaz , which is a week away . Jonny 's memorial stone arrives but Janet does not want to look at it , although she tries to keep Corinthian aware of him . Louise is n't happy to learn that she 's carrying a baby girl -- `` She might be prettier than me ! '' After a glass of Vimto , Munch 's religious enthusiasm fades , and he is hurt when Gaz wishes he were `` less stupid . '' Louise panics when her baby 's heartbeat can not be heard , but when it turns out the nurse is drunk and the baby was lying on her side , Louise realises that she will love her daughter . Meanwhile , Munch can read -- just not music . `` Here Bums The Bride '' Kate Wincup Wood 17 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) 807,000 Donna and Gaz have their wedding but since Janet has organised it , the decorations are completely Jonny - centric . Louise advises Janet to throw out some of Jonny 's things in order to get over her loss . Janet shows a box of Jonny 's old love letters to Louise , who finds a letter from the hospital addressed to Jonny . Janet takes most of Jonny 's possessions to the charity shop where she reveals to Donna that she actually is n't coping well with her loss . Louise decides to keep the letter a secret as it reveals that Jonny had had a DNA test which showed that he was not Corinthian 's father ; however , she shows it to Gaz . Meanwhile , Janet becomes interested in Munch . `` Six Months Later '' Jon Brown Wood 24 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) 830,000 Louise is now 9 months pregnant but does n't think the baby shows . Finding a pile of neglected post , she discovers that the rent has n't been paid and Janet is about to be evicted . Meanwhile , fed up with The Archer , Donna wants to move into management and is eagerly awaiting the interview - requesting phone call . To help Janet , Louise finds Aidan , who has just robbed a Post Office and is rich . Gaz wants to buy Janet 's house , but Donna prefers a more upmarket property . In the end she relents -- but her hopes of promotion are dashed . `` African Death Face '' Jon Brown Nick Wood 2 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 02 ) 640,000 Donna and Gaz are now living in Janet 's house . Donna 's job interview does n't go well because she does n't understand management - speak . Left alone , Janet and Gaz rekindle old desires . When Louise goes into labor , she ends up being her own birthing - partner in Donna 's absence . Janet realizes she and Gaz should stay together , but Donna returns from a successful interview and tells Gaz they 're moving to London . `` Borry '' Nickson Wood 9 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) 728,000 Gaz has fallen in love with Janet and does n't want to move south with Donna . Donna has met a man named Wesley in London and wants to move on from Gaz , but when Gaz lets slip that he and Janet are in love , Donna gut - reaction throws beer over them , but eventually realizes that they belong together because they 're `` scum '' -- in a nice way . Meanwhile , aided by Munch , Louise gives birth ( in the Archer ) to a beautiful girl she names `` Louise Louise Brooks '' ( she tells Munch the name is `` Louise Munch Brooks '' ) . Gaz and Donna part on ostensibly good terms , and the episode closes with flashbacks of moments throughout the series , to the background of Avril Lavigne 's When You 're Gone . Comic Relief special ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Title Writer Director Original Airdate Episode `` When Janet Met Michelle '' Nickson , Dawson Wood 8 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) Sp 2 Synopsis : The various characters decide to gather at The Archer for Timothy Claypole 's Comic Relief fun night of fun fundraiser ; Tim calls everyone he knows and claims he is `` more popular than Birkenstocks at a lesbian wake . '' Donna is seen in a green screen Piccadilly Circus , agreeing to return to Runcorn for Timothy Claypole 's fun night of fun . Tim 's contest consists of three events : a `` bitch - off '' ; a `` drink - off '' ; and a `` flirt - off . '' Notes This was a curtain raiser for the new series and a one - off special for Comic Relief , bringing together `` Two Pints ... '' and two other BBC Three comedies : Coming of Age and Grownups . The episode 's title refers to 2 roles both played by Sheridan Smith , Janet from `` Two Pints '' and Michelle from `` Grownups '' . The title sequence was re-edited to include newer material and to superimpose the Comic Relief Red Nose . Joe Pasquale appears in a cameo role ( Joe Pasquale is DK from Coming of Age 's father ) , as does a cardboard cut - out of Jeremy Clarkson frequently used in Coming of Age . In Janet and Michelle 's initial appearance together , split screen techniques are used , but after this , a body double ( Rachel Marwood ) is used . Michelle briefly sings `` My Heart Will Go On '' in reference to Janet 's rendition in the episode `` Near , Far . '' Will Mellor has said that the language was toned down to suit a younger audience . The Song `` Stop Thinking , Start Drinking reappeared during the show along with a short of the song `` I 've Got My Lovely Crunchy Biscuits '' Reception : The episode was watched by 688,000 viewers . Series eight ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Title Writer Director Original Airdate Episode `` Candle '' Nickson Wood 15 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) On Gaz and Janet 's first night in as a couple , they ca n't decide whether to stay in or go out . Gaz has booked a babysitter for Corinthian but Janet is shocked to discover that it 's his ex , `` Bald Shirley '' . Meanwhile , memories of Jonny are hard to put aside , but Janet wants Gaz to get a Court order of parental responsibility for Corinthian . The title refers to the candle made from Jonny 's earwax that Janet has kept as a memento . Reception : The episode was watched by 523,000 viewers . Notes : Absent : Natalie Casey as Donna , Kathryn Drysdale as Louise This is the first two - hander of the show `` Gazman '' Wincup Wood 22 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) Gaz decides he will be `` the best dad ever '' to Corinthian . He dresses in flat cap , thick - rimmed glasses and comfortable sweater , and tries his parenting skills out on Tim . Meanwhile Louise is having some difficulty with her baby and seeks help from Janet . Donna returns from London for a visit and wants to move back , possibly with Wesley . Gaz goes to court to seek an order for parental responsibility , but arrives back home thinking his application has been rejected . He and Janet confront the judge , who says she will approve him . Wesley arrives , but is patronising towards the group and insulting to Runcorn . Donna decides to move back home . `` Flan Van '' Brown Wood 29 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) Janet is mugged by a youth . To prove she is tough enough to look after herself , she applies for a job as a Police Community Support Officer ( PCSO ) . Wesley tries to persuade Donna to move back to London ; Gaz advises him that he can win Donna over by being more explicit in public . Meanwhile Louise is looking for a father for Louise Louise so she does n't have to do all the work . Donna has decided to move back to London with Wesley but when she tells him this , she is annoyed by his new mannerisms . Janet messes up her interview but rescues the situation by explaining the mugging . Wesley tells Donna he will stay in Runcorn , but only if she divorces Gaz . She agrees and tells Gaz that she wants a quickie divorce . `` Ello Ello '' Dawson Wood 5 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 05 ) Janet starts her job as a CSO , but finds it hard to establish her authority . Gaz offers her a taser , but she is not keen on using it . Louise is still coming to terms with being a mother . Wesley seeks Gaz 's advice about the culture of Runcorn . Donna and Gaz get their divorce papers through , but such a break makes them both reconsider ; reminiscing , they wonder if they 've made the right decision . Meanwhile Wesley lets slip to Louise that he already has a child . Janet decides that she needs to arrest somebody to gain self - confidence in her job , and it turns out to be Wesley , who has taken Gaz 's advice all too completely . Unfortunately , she tasers him , and is arrested herself . `` D.I.V.O.R.C.E. '' Susan Nickson Nick Wood 19 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) 5 Donna and Gaz are at their solicitors ' office , ready to finalise their divorce . Both are seemingly ready to be apart , but ca n't manage to actually sign the papers . Through a series of fantasies and flashbacks , they see themselves as children and wonder what life might be like if they 'd never met , if Donna were rich and successful , and just how fat Gaz may have become . `` Val Doonican '' Tim Dawson Nick Wood 26 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) 6 Wesley gives Gaz an engagement ring ( apparently a family heirloom ) which he plans to use in a surprise proposal to Janet , but is struggling to think of just the right way to propose . Donna offers to help Gaz prepare for the wedding , despite Tim 's warnings that she will end up hurt , and Gaz and Donna spend the day together . Meanwhile , Janet gets a job on Wesley 's market stall , but comes home with stomach pains and ends up in hospital being rushed into surgery . As this happens , Gaz is at Donna 's apologising for an earlier argument , which results in the two sleeping together . Absent : Kathryn Drysdale as Louise `` You Decide '' Wincup Wood 3 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 03 ) 7 Janet returns home to find Gaz absent . When he returns , she tells him when she went to surgery , she held hands with Wesley all night . Gaz lets slip that he slept with Donna the previous night , and Janet throws him out . Gaz decides he wants Janet , but at Donna 's he decides he loves her too . Meanwhile , Louise meets Scott , a former member of the boy band `` R - Soul '' , whose surname turns out to be Chegg . Wesley and Janet go to Gaz 's flat to sort things out , only to find him and Donna in bed having obviously just had sex . Both women put him on the spot , insisting that he choose between them . Notes : The episode was originally listed as `` R Soul '' . On its first airdate , the episode was followed by `` The Love Triangle '' , a documentary narrated by Fearne Cotton , to set up the viewers ' poll to decide who should be Gaz 's choice ; the cast and Susan Nickson reviewed the characters and their various relationships over the preceding eight series . Reception : This episode was watched by 580,000 viewers `` Keep On Running '' Nickson Wood 10 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 10 ) 8 Janet and Donna give Gaz until 3pm to make his choice . Louise tells Wesley that Gaz is Corinthian 's biological father ; Wesley proceeds to threaten Gaz before realising the truth will only hurt everyone . Tim helps Janet and Donna to realise that Gaz does n't deserve either of them , and Janet kicks Gaz out of the house . Gaz tells Janet that Corinthian is his son , but she misunderstands his true meaning . Meanwhile , Louise worries that Scott will abandon her for a groupie while on tour . She decides to send him a picture message , but can not decide which pose to use until Gaz sends an explicit photo for her , which he calls the `` standing muff shot '' and says that everyone loves it . Initially terrified of Scott 's response , she is thrilled when he replies with a message which says `` I Think I Love You '' . Having alienated all of his friends , Gaz finally realises who he wants to be with . He races to find her , even taking a car to make it in time , but a crash leads to the car exploding . A week later , he wakes up to find Donna at his bedside . She has been doting on him the whole time he has been unconscious , and promises that they can work through their difficulties and be happy together . Gaz agrees , saying `` It 's Always Been You , Donna '' . This is the last episode to feature Kathryn Drysdale as Louise Alternative ending : The final scene of this episode was determined by an online poll , where viewers decided that Gaz should choose Donna over Janet . The other filmed ending was made available to watch online and is also available on Disc two of the Series 8 DVD . When Gaz wakes up , Janet is by his side and tells him that while she knows they would both choose Corinthian over each other , that is good enough for her . Gaz says `` I want to be with you Janet , you '' Reception : The episode was watched by 690,000 viewers The aftermath ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Title Writer Director Original Airdate Episode `` Waiting For Gaz '' Nickson Geoff Posner 15 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 15 ) Sp 3 Janet waits in the Archer with Tim and Wesley for Gaz to return , hoping he has chosen her . They learn that Gaz is in hospital after a car accident ; Janet is heartbroken when Tim reports that Gaz is n't wishing for her and that Donna 's with him . The episode and its follow - up were shown as a Christmas special ; the plot is interspersed with musical items performed by Janet , Tim , and Wesley . This was the only episode not to feature Will Mellor , and the second that did not feature Natalie Casey . This was the series ' second musical episode . This is the last episode to feature Sheridan Smith as Janet and Thomas Nelstrop as Wesley . Reception : The episode was watched by 720,000 viewers `` Sliding Gaz '' Nickson Posner 22 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 22 ) Sp 4 Donna visits Gaz in hospital after his car crash and prays to God for her boyfriend , and in a `` sliding doors '' technique is shown imagining life with Gaz alternately healthy and paralysed . The episode was a two - hander featuring only Will Mellor and Natalie Casey , the show 's second two - hander . This is the last episode to be written by Susan Nickson . Reception : The episode was watched by 720,000 viewers Series nine ( 2011 ) ( edit ) It was announced by the BBC in 2011 that a ninth series of Two Pints would be filmed in 2011 and shown later in the year with two new characters called Cassie and Billy . A plot summary of the new `` refreshed '' series was issued by the BBC . This was the final ever series due to BBC Three axing the show in July . Title Writer Director Original Airdate Episode `` Nil By Muff '' Robin Taylor , David Cantor Wood 26 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 26 ) Gaz struggles to adjust to being in a wheelchair after returning home , and is confused by the behaviour of aspiring footballer Billy , who helped to care for him in hospital . Meanwhile , Tim 's life is thrown into turmoil when his younger sister Cassie turns up on his doorstep . * First appearance of Freddie Hogan as Billy McCormack and Georgia Henshaw as Cassie Claypole . `` Cheese Toastie '' Taylor , Cantor Wood 26 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 26 ) Billy 's metrosexual behaviour continues to baffle Gaz , who finally cracks and throws him out . Donna faces up to the responsibility of being a breadwinner and visits the job centre , but seeing her old school rival leaves her feeling inadequate . Meanwhile , Tim tries to give Cassie a makeover . `` Trial Schmile '' Taylor , Cantor Wood 3 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) Gaz goes to extreme lengths in a bid to secure Billy a trial for Runcorn Rovers . Donna re-examines her life and finds inner peace , but struggles to resist being lured back into the corporate world by a generous offer , while Cassie resolves to discover a dark secret about Tim to blackmail him with . Tim , brave as he is , gains the attention of the pub in an effort to spill his secret before Cassie does . His efforts prove futile and he spills more secrets about himself . He tells the pub that his marriage was a sham and that he was gay . `` The Gaz - Bot '' Taylor , Cantor Wood 10 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) Gaz gets used to being in a wheelchair and decides to become a Paralympian . Donna sees this as an opportunity to prepare for her new HR job and takes over his training , forcing him to compete in a marathon . Meanwhile , Billy agrees to a date with Cassie , and Tim struggles to adapt to his new life after coming out . `` Shagger '' Taylor , Cantor Wood 17 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 5 Tim enlists the help of a phone app in his search for a boyfriend , but problems arise when he actually meets a potential partner . Billy 's relationship with Cassie proves to be a distraction from football training , and Donna tries to find a new best friend she can confide in . `` This Is Your Life '' Taylor , Cantor Wood 24 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) 6 Gaz has a party to mark his 30th birthday , but the celebratory mood ends as he reflects on his lack of achievements over the years . Donna visits the doctor and is left reeling by the news she receives , Tim is stunned when Leonard asks him out on a date , while Cassie 's relationship with Billy is threatened by the appearance of her ex-boyfriend . Final episode of the show References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Munch '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 2003 - 02 - 23 . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Fish '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps . Season 3 . Episode 2 . 2003 - 03 - 02 . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Kangaroo '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps . Season 3 . Episode 3 . 2003 - 03 - 09 . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Beastiality '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps . Season 3 . Episode 4 . 2003 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hospikal '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps . Season 3 . Episode 5 . 2003 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dresses , Dresses , Dresses '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps . Season 3 . Episode 6 . 2003 - 02 - 30 . Check date values in : = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` When Jonny Met Sharky '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2008 - 01 - 13 . No. 1 , season 7 . Jump up ^ Viewing figures Jump up ^ The initial letters of which give the episode its title Jump up ^ `` DABDAA ! '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2008 - 01 - 20 . No. 2 , season 7 . Jump up ^ `` Homophobia Is Gay '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2008 - 01 - 27 . No. 3 , season 7 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Jonny Walking '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2008 - 02 - 10 . No. 4 , season 7 . Jump up ^ `` Here Bums The Bride '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2008 - 02 - 17 . No. 5 , season 7 . Jump up ^ `` Six Months Later '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2008 - 02 - 24 . No. 6 , season 7 . Jump up ^ `` African Death Face '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2008 - 03 - 02 . No. 7 , season 7 . Jump up ^ `` Borry '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2008 - 03 - 09 . No. 8 , season 7 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Relief Special '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps . Season 8 . Episode 1 . 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ French , Dan . `` Television -- Interview -- Will Mellor ( ' Two Pints ' ) -- Digital Spy '' . www.digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Television -- News -- Piers Morgan show boosted by Katie Price -- Digital Spy '' . www.digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Candle '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2009 - 03 - 15 . No. 2 , season 8 . Jump up ^ ^ French , Dan . `` Television -- News -- ' Detective Agency ' opens with 5.2 m -- Digital Spy '' . Digitalspy . http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/a149656/detective-agency-opens-with-52m.html . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Gazman '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2009 - 03 - 22 . No. 3 , season 8 . Jump up ^ `` Flan Van '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2009 - 03 - 22 . No. 4 , season 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ello Ello '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2009 - 04 - 05 . No. 5 , season 8 . Jump up ^ `` You Decide '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2009 - 05 - 03 . No. 7 , season 8 . Jump up ^ `` Keep On Running '' . Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. 2009 - 05 - 10 . No. 8 , season 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/two_pints Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Two_Pints_of_Lager_and_a_Packet_of_Crisps_episodes&oldid=820760320 '' Categories : BBC - related lists Lists of British sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 13 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	two pints of lager when janet met jonny	[]	[]
646696115659215217	Memory improvement	Memory improvement - wikipedia Memory improvement Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) The hippocampus regulates memory function . Memory improvement is the act of improving one 's memory . Medical research of memory deficits and age - related memory loss has resulted in new explanations and treatment techniques to improve memory , including diet , exercise , stress management , cognitive therapy and pharmaceutical medications . Neuroimaging as well as cognitive neuroscience have provided neurobiological evidence supporting holistic ways in which one can improve memory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Memory function factors 1.1 Neuro plasticity 1.2 Stress 2 Strategies 2.1 Cognitive training 2.2 Psychopharmacology 2.3 Diet 2.4 Stress management 2.5 Exercise 2.6 Mental exercise 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Memory function factors ( edit ) Neuro plasticity ( edit ) Neuroplasticity is the mechanism by which the brain encodes experience , learns new behaviours and relearns lost behaviour if the brain has been damaged . London Taxicab Experience - dependent neuroplasticity suggests that the brain changes in response to what it experiences . London taxicab drivers provide a great example of this dynamic . They undergo extensive training for 2 -- 4 years , learning and memorizing street names , layout of streets within the city and the quickest cross-city routes . After studying London taxicab drivers over a period of time , it was found that the grey matter volume increased over time in the posterior hippocampus , an area in the brain involved heavily in memory . The longer taxi drivers navigated the streets of London , the greater the posterior hippocampal gray matter volume . This suggests a correlation between a healthy person 's mental training or exercise and their brains capacity to manage greater volume and more complex information . It should be noted , however , that the increase in volume actually led to a decrease in the taxi drivers ' ability to acquire new visuo - spatial information . Stress ( edit ) Research has found that chronic and acute stress have adverse effects on memory processing systems . Therefore , it is important to find mechanisms in which one can reduce the amount of stress in their lives when seeking to improve memory . Chronic stress has been shown to have negative impacts on the brain , especially in memory processing systems . The hippocampus is vulnerable to repeated stress due to adrenal steroid stress hormones . Elevated glucocorticoids , a class of adrenal steroid hormones , results in increased cortisol , a well known stress response hormone in the brain , and glucocorticoids are known to affect memory . Prolonged high cortisol levels , as seen in chronic stress , have been shown to result in reduced hippocampal volume as well as deficits in hippocampal - dependent memory , as seen in impaired declarative , episodic , spatial , and contextual memory performance . Chronic , long - term high cortisol levels affect the degree of hippocampal atrophy , resulting in as much as a 14 % hippocampal volume reduction and impaired hippocampus - dependent memory when compared to elderly subjects with decreased or moderate cortisol levels . An example may be found in the London taxi drivers , as the anterior hippocampus was hypothesized to decrease in volume as a result of elevated cortisol levels from stress . Acute stress , a more common form of stress , results in the release of adrenal steroids resulting in impaired short - term and working memory processes such as selective attention , memory consolidation , as well as long - term potentiation . The human brain has a limited short - term memory capacity to process information , which results in constant competition between stimuli to become processed . Cognitive control processes such as selective attention reduce this competition by prioritizing where attentional resources are distributed . Attention is crucial in memory processing and enhances encoding and strength of memory traces . It is therefore important to selectively attend to relevant information and ignore irrelevant information in order to have the greatest success at remembering . Animal and human studies provide evidence as they report that acute stress impairs the maintenance of short - term memory and working memory and aggravates neuropsychiatric disorders involved in short - term and working memory such as depression and schizophrenia . Animal studies with rats have also shown that exposure to acute stress reduces the survival of hippocampal neurons . One of the roles of the central nervous system ( CNS ) is to help adapt to stressful environments . It has been suggested that acute stress may have a protective function for individuals more vulnerable to their own stress hormones . Some individuals , for example , are not able to decrease or habituate their cortisol elevation , which plays a major role in hippocampal atrophy . This over-response of the central nervous system to stress therefore causes maladaptive chronic stress - like effects to memory processing systems . Strategies ( edit ) Cognitive training ( edit ) Discovering that the brain can change as a result of experience has resulted in the development of cognitive training . Cognitive training improves cognitive functioning , which can increase working memory capacity and improve cognitive skills and functions in clinical populations with working memory deficiencies . Cognitive training may focus on attention , speed of processing , neurofeedback , dual - tasking and perceptual training . Cognitive training has been shown to improve cognitive abilities for up to five years . In one experiment , the goal was to prove that cognitive training would increase the cognitive functions in older adults by using three types of training ( memory , reasoning and speed of processing ) . It was found that improvements in cognitive ability not only was maintained over time but had a positive transfer effect on everyday functioning . Therefore , these results indicate that each type of cognitive training can produce immediate and lasting improvements in each kind of cognitive ability , thus suggesting that training can be beneficial to improving memory . Cognitive training in areas other than memory has actually been seen to generalize and transfer to memory systems . For example , the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity - based Adaptive Cognitive Training ( IMPACT ) study by the American Geriatrics Society in 2009 demonstrated that cognitive training designed to improve accuracy and speed of the auditory system presented improvements in memory and attention system functioning as well as auditory functioning . Human Brain Two cognitive training methods are : Strategy training is used to help individuals remember increasing amounts of information of a particular type . It involves teaching effective approaches to encoding , maintenance , and / or recall from working memory . The main goal of strategy training is to increase performance in tasks requiring retention of information . Studies strongly support the claim that the amount of information remembered can be increased by rehearsing out loud , telling a story with stimuli , or using imagery to make stimuli stand out . Strategy training has been used in children with Down syndrome and also in older adult populations . Core training involves repetition of demanding working memory tasks . Some core training programs involve a combination of several tasks with widely varying stimulus types . The diversity of exercises increase the chance that one of , or some combination of the training tasks , will produce desired training - related gains . A goal of cognitive training is to impact the ease and success of cognitive performance in one 's daily life . Core training can reduce the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) and improve the quality of life involving patients with multiple sclerosis , schizophrenia and also , those who have suffered from stroke . The manner in which a training study is conducted could affect the outcomes or perspection of the outcomes . Expectancy / effort effects occur when the experimenter subconsciously influences the participants to perform a desired result . One form of expectancy bias relates to placebo effects , which is the belief that training should have a positive influence on cognition . A control group may help to eliminate this bias because this group would not expect to benefit from the training . Researchers sometimes generalize their results , which can be misleading and incorrect . An example is to generalize findings of a single task and interpret the observed improvements as a broadly defined cognitive ability . The study may result in inconsistency if there are a variety of comparison groups used in working memory training , which is impacted by : training and assessment timeline , assessment conditions , training setting and control group selection . Psychopharmacology ( edit ) Psychopharmacology is the scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effects on mood , sensation , thought , and behavior . Evidence that aspects of memory can be improved by action on selective neurotransmitter systems , such as the cholinergic system which releases acetylcholine , has possible therapeutic benefits for patients with cognitive disorders . Findings from studies have indicated that acute administration of nicotine can improve cognitive performance ( particularly tasks that require attention ) , short - term episodic memory and prospective memory task performance . Chronic usage of low - dose nicotine in animals has been found to increase the number of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( nAChRs ) and improve performance on learning and memory tasks . Short - term nicotine treatment , utilising nicotine skin patches , have shown that it may be possible to improve cognitive performance in a variety of groups such as normal non-smoking adults , Alzheimer 's disease patients , schizophrenics , and adults with attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder . Similarly , evidence suggests that smoking improves visuospatial working memory impairments in schizophrenic patients , possible explaining the high rate of tobacco smoking found in people with schizophrenia . Diet ( edit ) Healthy fruits and vegetables There is some evidence glucose consumption may have a positive impact on memory performance , though not in young adults . Stress management ( edit ) Meditation : attending to a flame Meditation , a form of mental training to focus attention , has been shown to increase the control over brain resource distribution , improving both attention and self - regulation . The changes are potentially long - lasting as meditation may have the ability to strengthen neuronal circuits as selective attentional processes improve . Meditation may also enhance cognitive limited capacity , affecting the way in which stimuli are processed . Meditation practice has also been associated with physical changes in brain structure . Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) of Buddhist insight meditation practitioners who practiced mindfulness meditation were found to have an increase in cortical thickness and hippocampus volume compared to the control group . This research provides structural evidence that meditation practice promotes neural plasticity and experience - dependent cortical plasticity . Exercise ( edit ) Main article : Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Long - term effects In both human and animal studies , exercise has been shown to improve cognitive performance on encoding and retrieval tasks . Morris water maze and radial arm water maze studies of rodents found that , when compared to sedentary animals , exercised mice showed improved performance traversing the water maze and displayed enhanced memory for the location of an escape platform . Likewise , human studies have shown that cognitive performance is improved due to physiological arousal , which speeded mental processes and enhanced memory storage and retrieval . Ongoing exercise interventions have been found to favourably impact memory processes in older adults and children . Exercise has been found to positively regulate hippocampal neurogenesis , which is considered an explanation for the positive influence of physical activities on memory performance . Hippocampus - dependent learning , for example , can promote the survival of newborn neurons which may serve as a foundation for the formation of new memories . Exercise has been found to increase the level of brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) protein in rats , with elevated BDNF levels corresponding with strengthened performance on memory tasks . Data also suggests that BDNF availability at the beginning of cognitive testing is related to the overall acquisition of a new cognitive task and may be important in determining the strength of recall in memory tasks . Mental exercise ( edit ) Aristotle wrote a treatise about memory : De memoria et reminiscentia . To improve recollection , he advised that a systematic search should be made and that practice was helpful . He suggested grouping the items to be remembered in threes and then concentrating upon the central member of each triad ( group of three ) . Music playing has recently gained attention as a possible way to promote brain plasticity . Promising results have been found suggesting that learning music can improve various aspects of memory . For instance , children who participated in one year of instrumental musical training showed improved verbal memory , whereas no such improvement was shown in children who discontinued musical training . Similarly , adults with no previous musical training who participated in individualized piano instruction showed significantly improved performance on tasks designed to test attention and working memory compared to a healthy control group . Evidence suggests that the improvements to verbal , working and long - term memory associated to musical training are a result of the enhanced verbal rehearsal mechanisms musicians possess . See also ( edit ) Music - related memory Sleep and Memory Effect of caffeine on memory Nootropics Cognitive enhancer Working memory training Emotion and memory Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quote from Maguire : `` Increases in plasma or salivary cortisol are often used as a biochemical marker of stress . Elevated cortisol levels have been associated with poor performance on memory tasks ( Newcomer et al. , 1999 ; Cho et al. , 2000 ) and reduced hippocampal volume ( Lupien et al. , 1998 ) . Thus , stress may have induced the anterior hippocampal volume reduction in the taxi drivers . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kleim , JA. , & Jones , TA. ( 2008 ) . Principles of experience - dependent neural plasticity : implications for rehabilitation after brain damage . Journal of Speech , Language , and Hearing Research , 51 , S225 - S239 . ^ Jump up to : Maguire , EA. , Woollett , K. , & Spiers , HJ. ( 2006 ) . London taxi drivers and bus drivers : a structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis . Hippocampus , 16 , 1091 - 1101 . ^ Jump up to : Mizoguchi , K. , Mitsutoshi , Y. , Ishige , A. , et al. ( 2000 ) . Chronic Stress Induces Impairment of Spatial Working Memory Because of Prefrontal Dopaminergic Dysfunction . The Journal of Neuroscience Vol 20 ( 4 ) 1568 - 1574 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , L. & Sapolsky , R.M. The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis . Endo. Rev. 12 , 118 − 134 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Starkman , M.N. , Gebarski , S.S. , Berent , S. & Schteingart , D.E. ( 1992 ) . Hippocampal formation volume , memory dysfunction , and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing 's syndrome . Biol. Psychiatry 32 , 756 − 765 . ^ Jump up to : McEwen , B.S. ( 1999 ) . Stress and Hippocampal Plasticity . Annual Review of Neuroscience . Vol. 22 : 105 - 122 . Jump up ^ Squire , L.R. ( 1992 ) . Memory and the hippocampus : A synthesis from findings with rats , monkeys , and humans . Psychol. Rev. 99 , 195 − 231 . Jump up ^ Sapolsky , R.M. , Krey , L.C. & McEwen , B.S. ( 2002 ) The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging : The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis . Endo. Rev. 7 , 284 − 301 . Jump up ^ Lupien SJ , McEwen BS. 1997 . The acute effects of corticosteroids on cognition : integration of animal and human model studies . Brain Res. Rev. 24 : 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ McEwen , B.S. ( 1998 ) . Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators . New Engl. J. Med. 238 , 171 − 179 . Jump up ^ Shiffrin , R.M. ( 1976 ) . Capacity limitations in information processing , attention , and memory . In W.K. Estes ( Ed . ) , Handbook of learning and cognitive processes ( Vol. 4 ) . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum . ^ Jump up to : Slagter , H.A. , Lutz , A. , Greischar , L.L. , Francis , A.D. , Nieuwenhuis , S. , Davis , J.M. , Davidson , R.J. ( 2007 ) . Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources . PLoS Biol Vol 5 ( 6 ) . ^ Jump up to : Tang , Y.Y. , Ma , Y. Wang , Y. , Fan , Y . Et al. ( 2007 ) . Short - term meditation training improves attention and self - regulation . PNAS . vol. 104 no . 43 17152 - 17156 . Jump up ^ Kirschbaum C , Prussner JC , Stone AA , Federenko I , Gaab J. 1995 . Persistent high cortisol responses to repeated psychological stress in a subpopulation of healthy men . Psychosomat . Med. 57 : 468 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Morrison , AB. , & Chein , JM . ( 2010 ) . Does working memory training work ? the promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory . Psychonomic Society , Inc . Jump up ^ Willis , SL. , Tennstedt , SL. , Marsiske , M. , Ball , K. , Elias , J. , Koepke , KM. , Morris , JN. , Rebok , GW. , Unverzagt , FW. , Stoddard , AM. , & Wright , E. ( 2006 ) . Long - term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults . National Institutes of Health , 296 ( 23 ) , 2805 - 2814 . Jump up ^ Smith , G.E. , Housen , P. , Yaffe , K. , Ruff , R. , Kennison , R.F. , Mahncke , H.W. , Zelinski , E.M. ( 2009 ) . A Cognitive Training Program Based on Principles of Brain Plasticity : Results from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity - based Adaptive Cognitive Training ( IMPACT ) Study . The American Geriatrics Society . Jump up ^ Robbins , T.W. ( 2000 ) . `` NEUROSCIENCE : Boosting Working Memory '' . Science . 290 ( 5500 ) : 2275 -- 2276 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 290.5500. 2275 . Jump up ^ Heishman , S.J. ; Kleykamp , B.A. ; Singleton , E.G. ( 2010 ) . `` Meta - analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance '' . Psychopharmacology. 210 ( 4 ) : 453 -- 469 . PMC 3151730 . PMID 20414766 . doi : 10.1007 / s00213 - 010 - 1848 - 1 . Jump up ^ Swan , G.E. , & Lessov - Schlaggar , C.N. ( 2007 ) . The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain . Neuropsychol Rev , 17 : 259 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Sacco , K.A. , Termine , A. , Seyal , A. , Dudas , M.M. , Vessicchio , J.C. , Krishnan - Sarin , S. , Jatlow , P.I. , Bruce E. Wexler , B.E. , & George , T.P. ( 2005 ) . Effects of cigarette smoking on spatial sorking memory and attentional deficits in schizophrenia . ARCH GEN PSYCHIATRY , 62 , 659 -- 659 . Jump up ^ Korol DL ( 2002 ) . `` Enhancing cognitive function across the life span '' . Ann . N.Y. Acad. Sci. ( Review ) . 959 : 167 -- 79 . PMID 11976194 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2002. tb02091. x . Jump up ^ Xiong , G.L. and Doraiswamy , M. ( 2009 ) . `` Does Meditation Enhance Cognition and Brain Plasticity ? '' Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . Vol 1172 , pages 63 - 69 . Jump up ^ Luders , E. , Toga , A.W. , Lepore , N. , Gaser , C. ( 2009 ) . The underlying anatomical correlates of long - term meditation : Larger hippocampal and frontal volumes of gray matter . NeuroImage Volume 45 , Issue 3 . Pages 672 - 678 . Jump up ^ Lazar , S.W. , Kerr , C.E. , Wasserman , R.H. , et al. ( 2005 ) . Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness . Neuroreport . Vol 16 ( 17 ) 1893 -- 1897 . ^ Jump up to : Berchtold , N.C. , Castello , N. , & Cotman , C.W. ( 2010 ) . Exercise and time - dependent benefits to learning and memory . Neuroscience 167 , 588 -- 597 . Jump up ^ Lambourne , K. , & Tomporowski , P. ( 2010 ) . The effect of exercise - induced arousal on cognitive task performance : A meta - regression analysis . Brainresearch , 1341 , 1 2 -- 2 4 . Jump up ^ Colcombe , S.J. , Kramer , A.F. ( 2003 ) . Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults : a meta - analytic study . Psychol . Sci. 14 , 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Hillman , C . H. , Castelli , D.M. , Buck , S.M. ( 2005 ) . Aerobic fitness and neurocognitive function in healthy preadolescent children . Med . Sci. Sports Exerc. 37 , 1967 -- 1974 . Jump up ^ van Praag H , Kempermann G , Gage FH . 1999b . Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus . Nat Neurosci 2 : 266 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Van der Borght , K. , Havekes , R. , Bos , T. , Eggen , B.J. , & Van der Zee , E.A. ( 2007 ) . Exercise Improves Memory Acquisition and Retrieval in the Y - Maze Task : Relationship With Hippocampal Neurogenesis . Behavioral Neuroscience , 121 ( 2 ) , 324 -- 334 . Jump up ^ Anne Whitehead , `` Memory and Inscription '' , Memory , pp. 15 -- 49 Jump up ^ Wan , C.Y. , & Schlaug , G. ( 2010 ) . Music making as a tool for promoting brain plasticity across the life span . The Neuroscientist , 16 ( 5 ) , 566 -- 577 . Jump up ^ Bugos , J.A. , Perlstein , W.M. , McCrae , C.S. , Brophy , T.S. , & Bedenbaugh , P.H. ( 2007 ) . Individualized Piano Instruction enhances executive functioning and working memory in older adults . Aging & Mental Health , 11 ( 4 ) : 464 -- 471 . Jump up ^ Franklin , M.S. , Moore , K. , Yip , C. , Jonides , J. , Rattray , K. , & Moher , J. ( 2008 ) . The effects of musical training on verbal memory . Psychology of Music , 36 ( 3 ) , 353 -- 365 . Human memory Basic concepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy Types Sensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Iconic Motor learning Visual Short - term `` The Magical Number Seven , Plus or Minus Two '' Working memory Intermediate Long - term Active recall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningful learning Personal - event Procedural Rote learning Selective retention Tip of the tongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde transient global Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference theory Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Repressed memory Retrieval - induced forgetting Selective amnesia Weapon focus Memory errors Confabulation False memory Hindsight bias Imagination inflation List of memory biases Memory conformity Misattribution of memory Misinformation effect Source - monitoring error Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome Research Art of memory Memory and aging Deese -- Roediger -- McDermott paradigm Exceptional memory Indirect tests of memory Lost in the mall technique Memory disorder Memory implantation Methods used to study memory The Seven Sins of Memory Effects of exercise on memory In society Collective memory Cultural memory False memory syndrome Memory and social interactions Memory sport Politics of memory Shas Pollak World Memory Championships Related topics Absent - mindedness Atkinson -- Shiffrin memory model Context - dependent memory Childhood memory Cryptomnesia Effects of alcohol Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary memory Levels - of - processing effect Memory and trauma Memory improvement Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle memory Priming Intertrial Prospective memory Recovered - memory therapy Retrospective memory Sleep and memory State - dependent memory Transactive memory People Robert A. Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman - Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM ( patient ) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia K. Johnson Eric Kandel KC ( patient ) Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh Eleanor Maguire George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. Shimamura Andriy Slyusarchuk Larry Squire Susumu Tonegawa Anne Treisman Endel Tulving Robert Stickgold Clive Wearing Psychology Mind and brain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memory_improvement&oldid=802050391 '' Categories : Memory processes Neuroscience Hidden categories : Articles needing additional medical references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 17 : 33 . 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8096121543284006236	Brandenburg Concertos	Brandenburg concertos - wikipedia Brandenburg concertos Jump to : navigation , search Johann Sebastian Bach The Brandenburg Concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach ( BWV 1046 -- 1051 , original title : Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments ) are a collection of six instrumental works presented by Bach to Christian Ludwig , Margrave of Brandenburg - Schwedt , in 1721 ( though probably composed earlier ) . They are widely regarded as some of the best orchestral compositions of the Baroque era . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Content 2.1 No. 1 in F major , BWV 1046 2.2 No. 2 in F major , BWV 1047 2.3 No. 3 in G major , BWV 1048 2.4 No. 4 in G major , BWV 1049 2.5 No. 5 in D major , BWV 1050 2.6 No. 6 in B ♭ major , BWV 1051 3 Reception 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links History ( edit ) Bach wrote out the music himself for presentation to the Margrave rather than leaving it to a copyist . While he took the opportunity to revise the music , most likely , it was not freshly composed . He appears to have selected the six pieces from concertos he had composed over a number of years while Kapellmeister at Köthen , and possibly extending back to his employment at Weimar ( 1708 -- 17 ) . Bach 's dedication to the Margrave was dated 24 March 1721 . Translated from the original French , the first sentence of Bach 's dedication reads : As I had the good fortune a few years ago to be heard by Your Royal Highness , at Your Highness 's commands , and as I noticed then that Your Highness took some pleasure in the little talents which Heaven has given me for Music , and as in taking Leave of Your Royal Highness , Your Highness deigned to honour me with the command to send Your Highness some pieces of my Composition : I have in accordance with Your Highness 's most gracious orders taken the liberty of rendering my most humble duty to Your Royal Highness with the present Concertos , which I have adapted to several instruments ; begging Your Highness most humbly not to judge their imperfection with the rigor of that discriminating and sensitive taste , which everyone knows Him to have for musical works , but rather to take into benign Consideration the profound respect and the most humble obedience which I thus attempt to show Him . Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg - Schwedt ( 1710 , Antoine Pesne ) Bach 's reference to his scoring the concertos for `` several instruments '' ( Concerts avec plusieurs instruments ) is an understatement . Bach used the `` widest spectrum of orchestral instruments ... in daring combinations , '' as Christoph Wolff has commented . `` Every one of the six concertos set a precedent in scoring , and every one was to remain without parallel . '' Heinrich Besseler has noted that the overall forces required ( leaving aside the first concerto , which was rewritten for a special occasion ) tallies exactly with the 17 players Bach had at his disposal in Köthen . Content ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No 1 in F. major , BWV 1046 ( edit ) Brandenburg Concerto No. 1 -- 1 . Allegro Brandenburg Concerto. No. 1 in F Major - II . Adagio Brandenburg Concerto.No. 1 in F Major - III . Allegro Brandenburg Concerto. No. 1 in F Major - IV . Menuetto ; Trio 1 ; Menuetto ; Polacca ; Menuetto and Trio Problems playing these files ? See media help . Title on autograph score : Concerto 1 à 2 Corni di Caccia , 3 Hautb : è Bassono , Violino Piccolo concertato , 2 Violini , una Viola col Basso Continuo . ( no tempo indication ) ( usually performed at Allegro or Allegro moderato ) Adagio in D minor Allegro Menuet -- Trio I -- Menuet da capo -- Polacca -- Menuet da capo -- Trio II -- Menuet da capo Instrumentation : two corni da caccia ( natural horns ) , three oboes , bassoon , violino piccolo , two violins , viola , cello , basso continuo . Duration : about 22 minutes This concerto is the only one in the collection with four movements . The concerto also exists in an alternative version , Sinfonia BWV 1046a , which appears to have been composed during Bach 's years at Weimar . The Sinfonia , which lacks the third movement entirely , and the Polacca from the final movement , appears to have been intended as the opening of the cantata Was mir behagt , ist nur die muntre Jagd , BWV 208 . This implies a date of composition possibly as early as the 1713 premiere of the cantata , although it could have been used for a subsequent revival . The first movement can also be found as the sinfonia of a later cantata Falsche Welt , dir trau ich nicht , BWV 52 , but in a version without the piccolo violin that is closer to Sinfonia BWV 1046a . The third movement was used as the opening chorus of the cantata Vereinigte Zwietracht der wechselnden Saiten , BWV 207 , where the horns are replaced by trumpets . No 2 in F. major , BWV 1047 ( edit ) Brandenburg Concerto.No. 2 in F Major - I. Allegro Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Major - II . Andante Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Major - III . Allegro assai Problems playing these files ? See media help . Title on autograph score : Concerto 2 à 1 Tromba , 1 Flauto , 1 Hautbois , 1 Violino , concertati , è 2 Violini , 1 Viola è Violone in Ripieno col Violoncello è Basso per il Cembalo . ( no tempo indication ) ( usually performed at Allegro ) Andante in D minor Allegro assai Concertino : clarino ( natural trumpet ) in F , recorder ( or replaced by flute ) , oboe , violin Ripieno : two violins , viola , violone , and basso continuo ( including harpsichord ) Duration : about 13 minutes The trumpet part is still considered one of the most difficult in the entire repertoire , and was originally written for a clarino specialist , almost certainly the court trumpeter in Köthen , Johann Ludwig Schreiber . After clarino skills were lost in the eighteenth century and before the rise of the historically informed performance movement of the late twentieth century , the part was usually played on the valved trumpet . The clarino does not play in the second movement , as is common practice in baroque era concerti . This is due to its construction , which allows it to play only in major keys . Because concerti often move to a minor key in the second movement , concerti that include the instrument in their first movement and are from the period before the valved trumpet was commonly used usually exclude the trumpet from the second movement . The first movement of this concerto was chosen as the first musical piece to be played on the Voyager Golden Record , a phonograph record containing a broad sample of Earth 's common sounds , languages , and music sent into outer space with the two Voyager probes . The third movement served as the theme for William F. Buckley , Jr. 's Firing Line . No 3 in G major , BWV 1048 ( edit ) Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 -- 1 . Allegro Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra . A simple example of this piece is here . Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 -- 2 . Adagio Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 -- 3 . Allegro Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra Problems playing these files ? See media help . Title on autograph score : Concerto 3 a tre Violini , tre Viole , è tre Violoncelli col Basso per il Cembalo . ( no tempo indication ) ( usually performed at Allegro or Allegro moderato ) Adagio in E minor Allegro Instrumentation : three violins , three violas , three cellos , and basso continuo ( including harpsichord ) Duration : about 10 minutes The second movement consists of a single measure with the two chords that make up a ' Phrygian half cadence ' and -- although there is no direct evidence to support it -- it was likely that these chords are meant to surround or follow a cadenza improvised by a harpsichord or violin player . Modern performance approaches range from simply playing the cadence with minimal ornamentation ( treating it as a sort of `` musical semicolon '' ) , to inserting movements from other works , to cadenzas varying in length from under a minute to over two minutes . Wendy Carlos 's three electronic performances ( from Switched - On Bach , Switched - On Brandenburgs , and Switched - On Bach 2000 ) have second movements that are completely different from each other . Occasionally , the third movement from Bach 's Sonata for Violin and Continuo in G , BWV 1021 ( marked Largo ) is substituted for the second movement as it contains an identical ' Phrygian cadence ' as the closing chords . The Largo from the Sonata for Violin and Obbligato Harpsichord in G major , BWV 1019 , has also been used . The outer movements use the ritornello form found in many instrumental and vocal works of the time . The first movement can also be found in reworked form as the sinfonia of the cantata Ich liebe den Höchsten von ganzem Gemüte , BWV 174 , with the addition of three oboes and two horns . No 4 in G major , BWV 1049 ( edit ) Brandenburg Concerto No. 4 in G Major - I. Allegro Brandenburg Concerto No. 4 in G Major - II . Andante Brandenburg Concerto No. 4 in G Major - III . Presto Problems playing these files ? See media help . Title on autograph score : Concerto 4 à Violino Principale , due Fiauti d'Echo , due Violini , una Viola è Violone in Ripieno , Violoncello è Continuo . Allegro Andante in E minor Presto Concertino : violin and two recorders ( described in the original score as `` fiauti d'echo '' ) . Ripieno : two violins , viola , cello , violone and basso continuo Duration : about 16 minutes The violin part in this concerto is extremely virtuosic in the first and third movements . In the second movement , the violin provides a bass when the concertino group plays unaccompanied . It has been debated what instrument Bach had in mind for the `` fiauti d'echo '' parts . Nowadays these are usually played on alto recorders , although traverse flutes are sometimes used instead : it is also theorized Bach 's original intent may have been the flageolet . Bach adapted the 4th Brandenburg concerto as a harpsichord concerto , BWV 1057 . No 5 in d major , BWV 1050 ( edit ) Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 -- 1 . Allegro Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with Roxana Pavel Goldstein ( violin ) , Constance Schoepflin ( flute ) , and Matthew Ganong ( harpsichord ) Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 -- 2 . Affettuoso Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with Roxana Pavel Goldstein ( violin ) , Constance Schoepflin ( flute ) , and Matthew Ganong ( harpsichord ) Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 -- 3 . Allegro Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with Roxana Pavel Goldstein ( violin ) , Constance Schoepflin ( flute ) , and Matthew Ganong ( harpsichord ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . See also : Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 Title on autograph score : Concerto 5 à une Traversiere , une Violino principale , une Violino è una Viola in ripieno , Violoncello , Violone è Cembalo concertato . Allegro Affettuoso in B minor Allegro Concertino : harpsichord , violin , flute Ripieno : violin , viola , cello , violone , ( harpsichord ) Duration : about 23 minutes The harpsichord is both a concertino and a ripieno instrument : in the concertino passages the part is obbligato ; in the ripieno passages it has a figured bass part and plays continuo . This concerto makes use of a popular chamber music ensemble of the time ( flute , violin , and harpsichord ) , which Bach used on its own for the middle movement . It is believed that it was written in 1719 , to show off a new harpsichord by Michael Mietke which Bach had brought back from Berlin for the Köthen court . It is also thought that Bach wrote it for a competition at Dresden with the French composer and organist Louis Marchand ; in the central movement , Bach uses one of Marchand 's themes . Marchand fled before the competition could take place , apparently scared off in the face of Bach 's great reputation for virtuosity and improvisation . The concerto is well suited throughout to showing off the qualities of a fine harpsichord and the virtuosity of its player , but especially in the lengthy solo cadenza to the first movement . It seems almost certain that Bach , considered a great organ and harpsichord virtuoso , was the harpsichord soloist at the premiere . Scholars have seen in this work the origins of the solo keyboard concerto as it is the first example of a concerto with a solo keyboard part . An earlier version , BWV 1050a , exists , and has many small differences from its later cousin , but no major difference in structure or instrumentation . It is dated ca . 1720 -- 21 . No 6 in b ♭ major , BWV 1051 ( edit ) Brandenburg Concerto No. 6 -- 1 . Allegro Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with Elias Goldstein & Elizabeth Choi ( violas ) and Anna Steinhoff ( cello ) Brandenburg Concerto No. 6 -- 2 . Adagio ma non-troppo Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with Elias Goldstein & Elizabeth Choi ( violas ) and Anna Steinhoff ( cello ) Brandenburg Concerto No. 6 -- 3 . Allegro Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with Elias Goldstein & Elizabeth Choi ( violas ) and Anna Steinhoff ( cello ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Title on autograph score : Concerto 6 à due Viole da Braccio , due Viole da Gamba , Violoncello , Violone e Cembalo . ( no tempo indication , alla breve ) ( usually performed at Allegro or Allegro moderato ) Adagio ma non tanto ( in E ♭ major , ends in an imperfect cadence of G minor ) Allegro Instrumentation : two viole da braccio , two viole da gamba , cello , violone , and harpsichord Duration : about 16 minutes The absence of violins is unusual . Viola da braccio means the normal viola , and is used here to distinguish it from the viola da gamba . When the work was written in 1721 , the viola da gamba was already an old - fashioned instrument : the strong supposition that one viola da gamba part was taken by his employer , Prince Leopold , also points to a likely reason for the concerto 's composition -- Leopold wished to join his Kapellmeister playing music . Other theories speculate that , since the viola da braccio was typically played by a lower socioeconomic class ( servants , for example ) , the work sought to upend the musical status quo by giving an important role to a `` lesser '' instrument . This is supported by the knowledge that Bach wished to end his tenure under Prince Leopold . By upsetting the balance of the musical roles , he would be released from his servitude as Kapellmeister and allowed to seek employment elsewhere . The two violas start the first movement with a vigorous subject in close canon , and as the movement progresses , the other instruments are gradually drawn into the seemingly uninterrupted steady flow of melodic invention which shows the composer 's mastery of polyphony . The two violas da gamba are silent in the second movement , leaving the texture of a trio sonata for two violas and continuo , although the cello has a decorated version of the continuo bass line . In the last movement , the spirit of the gigue underlies everything , as it did in the finale of the fifth concerto . Reception ( edit ) Because King Frederick William I of Prussia was not a significant patron of the arts , Christian Ludwig seems to have lacked the musicians in his Berlin ensemble to perform the concertos . The full score was left unused in the Margrave 's library until his death in 1734 , when it was sold for 24 groschen ( as of 2014 , about US $24 ) of silver . The autograph manuscript of the concertos was only rediscovered in the archives of Brandenburg by Siegfried Wilhelm Dehn in 1849 ; the concertos were first published in the following year . The manuscript was nearly lost in World War II , when being transported for safekeeping to Prussia by train in the care of a librarian . The train came under aerial bombardment , and the librarian escaped the train to the nearby forest , with the scores hidden under his coat . In the modern era these works have been performed by orchestras with the string parts each played by a number of players , under the batons of , for example , Karl Richter and Herbert von Karajan . They have also been performed as chamber music , with one instrument per part , especially by ( but not limited to ) groups using baroque instruments and ( sometimes more , sometimes less ) historically informed techniques and practice . There is also an arrangement for four - hand piano duet by composer Max Reger . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Johann Sebastian Bach 's Werke , vol. 19 : Kammermusik , dritter band , Bach - Gesellschaft , Leipzig ; ed . Wilhelm Rust , 1871 Jump up ^ MacDonogh , Giles . Frederick the Great : A Life in Deed and Letters . St. Martin 's Griffin . New York . 2001 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 27266 - 9 Jump up ^ Variant versions of the concertos exist , but they are not in Bach 's hand and are difficult to date . Jump up ^ http://www.baroquecds.com/770Web.html Jump up ^ `` Bach -- Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 '' . Classical Music for Pleasure . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Christoph Wolff : Johann Sebastian Bach : The Learned Musician ( WW Norton , New York , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Besseler 's preface to the Neue Bach - Ausgabe edition of the Brandenburg Concertos is reprinted with a translation in Bärenreiter 's Study Score of the Six Brandenburg Concertos ( Bärenreiter TP9 , 1988 ) Jump up ^ Marissen , M. ( 1992 ) . `` On linking Bach 's F - major Sinfonia and his Hunt Cantata '' . Bach . 23 ( 2 ) : 31 -- 46 . JSTOR 41634120 . Jump up ^ Schreiber as the trumpeter for concerto no. 2 Jump up ^ wikt : Phrygian cadence Jump up ^ The range of both recorder parts in the 4th Brandenburg concerto corresponds to that of the alto recorder Jump up ^ Steinberg , M. The Concerto : A Listener 's Guide , p. 14 , Oxford ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 513931 - 3 Jump up ^ Hutchings , A. 1997 . A Companion to Mozart 's Piano Concertos , p. 26 , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 816708 - 3 Jump up ^ This explanation is given by Nikolaus Harnoncourt in his interview about the sixth concerto , which features in the 2009 Deutsche Grammophon DVD Johann Sebastian Bach : Brandenburg Concertos . Jump up ^ Malcolm Boyd , Bach : The Brandenburg Concertos ( Cambridge UP , 1993 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 38713 - 2 . Jump up ^ Eric Siblin , The Cello Suites : In Search of a Baroque Masterpiece , p. 266 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 Sources ( edit ) Marissen , Michael ( 1999 ) . The Social and Religious Designs of J.S. Bach 's Brandenburg Concertos . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00686 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Scores Brandenburg Concertos : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Essays classicalnotes.net : Brandenburg Concertos -- Comprehensive discussion by Peter Gutmann including assessment of recordings Inkpot : The Brandenburg Concertos -- An introduction by Benjamin Chee good-music-guide.com : Brandenburg Concertos -- Introductory survey Recordings List of recordings , with reviews , from jsbach.org Johann Sebastian Bach -- The six Brandenburg concertos -- BVW 1046 -- 1051 , the first Czechoslovak recording : Maurice André , Ars Rediviva , Milan Munclinger , Supraphon / Columbia Music Entertainment , 1965 Johann Sebastian Bach -- The six Brandenburg concertos -- BVW 1046 -- 1051 , the first Czechoslovak Radio recording : Ars Rediviva , Milan Munclinger , 1977 New Czech Radio recordings , Brandenburg Concertos in MP3 and FLAC Musica Florea , Musica Florea , Marek Štryncl , 2006 -- free download ; for updated information to this Czech Radio webpage see ( Czech ) An animated version of the Third Concerto on YouTube . Free midi recordings of all concertos by various artists Free midi recordings of the concertos 3 and 5 by Alan Kennington . On piano only . The Six Brandenburg Concertos for Piano Four Hands , transcribed by Max Reger , on iTunes Streaming audio of the complete first , third and fourth concertos performed by the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra . Streaming audio of the complete second , third and sixth concertos performed by the Combattimento Consort Amsterdam . High - Definition video of Brandenburg Concertos 3 & 4 performed on original instruments by the ensemble Voices of Music , copyright free for use in classrooms ( hide ) Chamber music and orchestral works by , and transcriptions after , Johann Sebastian Bach Solo Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin , BWV 1001 -- 1006 ( Partita No. 1 , No. 2 , No. 3 ) Cello Suites , BWV 1007 -- 1012 Partita for Solo Flute , BWV 1013 Ensemble Six Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord , BWV 1014 -- 1019 Sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord , BWV 1027 -- 1029 Flute Sonatas : in B minor , BWV 1030 , in E ♭ major , BWV 1031 ( doubtful ) , in A major , BWV 1032 , in C major , BWV 1033 ( doubtful ) , in E minor , BWV 1034 , in E major , BWV 1035 Sonata for two flutes and continuo , BWV 1039 Canonic Trio Sonata , BWV 1040 Concertos Violin Concerto in A minor , BWV 1041 Violin Concerto in E major , BWV 1042 Concerto for Two Violins , BWV 1043 Triple Concerto , BWV 1044 Sinfonia for violin and orchestra , BWV 1045 Brandenburg Concertos , BWV 1046 -- 1051 ( No. 5 ) Keyboard concertos , BWV 1052 -- 1065 Suites Orchestral Suites , BWV 1066 -- 1069 Orchestral Suite in G minor , BWV 1070 ( doubtful ) Fugal The Musical Offering , BWV 1079 The Art of Fugue , BWV 1080 ( discography ) Adaptations Air on the G String `` Alphabet '' `` Ave Maria '' Bach - Busoni Editions `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' Jesu , Joy of Man 's Desiring `` Lady Lynda '' `` They '' Albums Bach 's Greatest Hits Back to Bach Jazz Sebastian Bach Switched - On Bach Switched - On Bach II List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach VIAF : 186724054 LCCN : n81022346 GND : 300005350 BNF : cb13909433c ( data ) NLA : 35155497 BNE : XX3385538 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg_Concertos&oldid=803813430 '' Categories : 1721 compositions Compositions for trumpet Compositions for viola Compositions for horn Compositions for bassoon Compositions for violin Compositions for cello Compositions for flute Compositions for oboe Concerti grossi Concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach Harpsichord concertos Violin concertos Köthen ( Anhalt ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 20 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	bachs brandenburg concerto no 2 in f major is based on the ritornello principle which means that	[]	[]
7258524641710660553	Montgomery Improvement Association	Montgomery Improvement Association - wikipedia Montgomery Improvement Association Jump to : navigation , search The Montgomery Improvement Association ( MIA ) was formed on December 5 , 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery , Alabama . Under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy , Martin Luther King , Jr. and Edgar Nixon , the MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott , a successful campaign that focused national attention on racial segregation in the South and catapulted King into the national spotlight . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Forming the Association 3 Victory 4 People 5 Organizations 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) Following Rosa Parks ' arrest on 1 December 1955 for failing to vacate her seat for a white passenger on a Montgomery city bus , Jo Ann Robinson of the Women 's Political Council and E.D. Nixon of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) launched plans for a one - day boycott of Montgomery buses on December 5 , 1955 , the following Monday . According to Jo Ann Robinson , `` Regular bus routes had to be followed so that workers who `` walked along '' the streets could be picked up . This committee , headed by Alfonso Campbell and staffed by volunteer workers , worked all night Friday to complete this phase of the program . The pickup system was so effectively planned that many writers described it as comparable in precision to a military operation . What the ministers failed to do at that meeting was to select one person who would head the boycott . Those present discussed it , pointing out the leadership preparation of various individuals , but no definite decision was made . That had to wait until Monday afternoon , when the ministers realized that the one day boycott was going to be successful . Then they met again , and Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , agreed to accept the leadership post. `` ( National Humanities Center `` The Montgomery Buy Boycott and the Women Women Who Started It : The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson , ed . David J. Garrow , 1987 , Ch. 2 . ) Since no one knew what to expect , the empty buses were a complete surprise . The success of the boycott on December 5 , and the excitement on the mass meeting on the evening of that day , removed any doubt about the strong motivation to continue the boycott . As King put it , `` ( t ) he question of calling off the protest was now academic . The enthusiasm of these thousands of people swept everything along like an onrushing tidal wave . '' On the afternoon of December 5 , the black leadership , consisting of civic and religious leaders of Montgomery , established the Montgomery Improvement Association . Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen to lead the MIA at the age of 26 , with Ralph Abernathy , Jo Ann Robinson , E.D. Nixon , Rufus Lewis and other prominent figures at his side . Forming the Association ( edit ) At a meeting that evening attended by several thousand community members , the MIA was established to oversee the continuation and maintenance of the boycott , and King , a young minister new to Montgomery , was elected its chairman president . According to Rosa Parks , `` Dr. King was chosen in part because he was relatively new to the community and so did not have any enemies . '' The organization 's overall mission , extended beyond the boycott campaign , as it sought to `` improve the general status of Montgomery , to improve race relations , and to uplift the general tenor of the community . '' After the MIA 's initial meeting , the executive committee drafted the demands of the boycott and agreed that the campaign would continue until demands were met . Their demands included courteous treatment by bus operators , first - come , first - served seating , and employment of African American bus drivers . Thus , despite the Supreme Court 's decision in Brown v. Board of Education , the MIA was initially willing to accept a compromise that was consistent with separate but equal rather than complete integration . In this respect , it followed the pattern of earlier boycott campaigns in the Deep South during the 1950s . A prime example was the successful boycott of service stations in Mississippi for refusing to provide restrooms for blacks . The organizer of that campaign , T.R.M. Howard of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership , had spoken in Montgomery as King 's guest at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church only days before Parks 's arrest . Over the next year , the MIA organized carpools and held weekly gatherings with sermons and music to keep the black community mobilized . Also during this time period , officers of the organization negotiated with Montgomery city leaders , coordinated legal challenges with the NAACP to the city 's bus segregation ordinance , and supported the boycott financially , raising money by passing the plate at meetings and soliciting support from northern and southern civil rights organizations . Victory ( edit ) Following its success in Montgomery , the MIA became one of the founding organizations of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) in January 1957 . The MIA lost some vital momentum after King moved from Montgomery to Atlanta in 1960 , but the organization continued campaigns throughout the 1960s , focusing on voter registration , local school integration , and the integration of Montgomery city parks . Although it lost momentum , it did however improve the life of black people living in Montgomery after the boycott . People ( edit ) Jefferson Underwood II Ralph Abernathy Rosa Parks Hugo Black James F. Blake Aurelia Browder Johnnie Carr Claudette Colvin Clifford Durr Georgia Gilmore Robert Graetz Fred Gray Grover Hall Junior . T.R.M. Howard Martin Luther King Coretta Scott King Susie McDonald E.D. Nixon Mother Pollard Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Glenn Smiley Mary Louise Smith Debbie Jones formerly Abbie Medlock Organizations ( edit ) Women 's Political Council Montgomery Improvement Association Fellowship of Reconciliation Congress of Racial Equality Southern Christian Leadership Conference Committee for Nonviolent Integration Men of Montgomery National Association for the Advancement of Colored People See also ( edit ) Browder v. Gayle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ralph Abernathy : King 's Right Hand Man '' . Legacy.com. 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Michael ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Ralph Abernathy 's widow says march anniversary overlooks her husband 's role '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ King , Martin Luther. ( 1958 ) 1965 . Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery story . ( 1st ) ed . New York : Harper. page 47 . Jump up ^ Burks , Mary Fair . 1993 . `` Trailblazers : Women in the Montgomery Bus Boycott . '' In Women in the Civil Rights Movement : Trailblazers and Torchbearers , 1941 - 1965 , edited by Vicki L. Crawford , Jacqueline Anne Rouse and Barbara Woods , 71 - 83 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Thomas J. 1989 . `` The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 - 1956 . '' In The Walking City : The Montgomery Bus Boycott , 1955 - 1956 , edited by David J. Garrow , 191 - 301 . Brooklyn , N.Y. : Carlson Pub . Jump up ^ Rosa Louise Parks . A Call to Conscience : The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . Ed . Clayborne Carson and Kris Shepard . Grand Central Publishing , 2002 . p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Smiley , Glenn E '' . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) My Soul Is Rested , The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South , by Howell Raines , ISBN 0 - 14 - 006753 - 1 Parting The Waters ; America In The King Years 1954 - 63 , by Taylor Branch , ISBN 0 - 671 - 46097 - 8 Stride Toward Freedom , by Martin Luther King Jr. , ISBN 0 - 06 - 250490 - 8 The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement , Black Communities Organizing For Change , by Aldon D. Morris , ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 Eyes on The Prize , America 's Civil Rights Years 1954 - 1965 , by Juan Williams , ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1 Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader , documents , speeches , and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle , Ed . Clayborne Carson , David J. Garrow , Gerabld Gill , Vincent Harding , Darlene Clark Hine , p. 45 - 60 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 015403 - 5 Mary Fair Burks , `` Trailblazers : Women in the Montgomery Bus Boycott , '' in Vicki L. Crawford , * Jacqueline Anne Rouse and Barbara Woods , eds. , Women in the Civil Rights Movement ( Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1990 ) Clayborne Carson , Stewart Burns , Susan Carson , Peter Holloran & Dana L.H. Powell , eds. , The Papers of Martin Luther King , Jr. , Volume III : Birth of a New Age , December 1955 -- December 1956 ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1997 ) Clayborne Carson , ed. , The Autobiography of Martin Luther King , Jr . ( New York : Warner Books , 1998 ) Robert Graetz , A White Preacher 's Memoir : The Montgomery Bus Boycott ( Black Belt Press , 1999 . ) Martin Luther King , Jr. , Stride Toward Freedom : the Montgomery Story ( New York : Harper & Row , 1958 ) Aldon Morris , The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement : Black Communities Organizing for Change ( New York : The Free Press , 1994 ) Howell Raines , My Soul is Rested : Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered ( New York : Puttnam , 1977 ) Jo Ann Robinson , The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( Knoxville , Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press , 1987 ) `` MIA Mass Meeting at Holt Street Baptist Church , '' 5 December 1955 `` To the Montgomery Public , '' advertisement submitted by King and the MIA to the Sunday Advertiser and Alabama Journal , 25 December 1955 King 's address to MIA Mass Meeting at Day Street Baptist Church , 26 April 1956 King 's address to MIA Mass Meeting at Holt Street Baptist Church , 14 November 1956 The Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists , including materials from and oral history of MIA officials , at Penn State University Library ( 1 ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery_Improvement_Association&oldid=819314991 '' Categories : 1955 establishments in Alabama African Americans ' rights organizations History of African - American civil rights History of Montgomery , Alabama African - American history in Montgomery , Alabama Montgomery bus boycott Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 18 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what were the three demands made by the montgomery improvement association to the bus company	[ "P>After the MIA’s initial meeting, the executive committee drafted the demands of the boycott and agreed that the campaign would continue until demands were met. Their demands included courteous treatment by bus operators, first-come, first-served seating, and employment of African American bus drivers.\n" ]	[ "ourteous treatment by bus operators, first-come, first-served seating, and employment of African American bus drivers." ]
-8076074101141460596	List of largest cities	List of largest cities - wikipedia List of largest cities Wikimedia list article Population tables of world cities World 's largest cities World 's largest cities proper World 's largest conurbations World 's largest urban areas World megacities World megalopolises Determining the world 's largest cities depends on which definitions of city are used . The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city , as not all cities may be classified using the same criteria . Cities may be defined as the cities proper , the extent of their urban area , or their metropolitan regions . Contents 1 Common methods for defining the boundaries of a city 1.1 City proper ( administrative ) 1.2 Metropolitan area 1.3 Urban area 2 Largest cities 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Common methods for defining the boundaries of a city ( edit ) City proper ( administrative ) ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of cities proper by population . A city can be defined by its administrative boundaries ( city proper ) . World Urbanization Prospects , a UN publication , defines population of a city proper as `` the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority . '' UNICEF defines city proper as `` the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city , e.g. , Washington , D.C. '' . A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government . Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs . The use of city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives . Because of this definition , the city proper population figure may differ greatly with the urban area population figure , as many cities are amalgamations of smaller cities ( Australia ) , and conversely , many Chinese cities govern territories that extend well beyond the traditional `` city proper '' into suburban and rural areas . Metropolitan area ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of metropolitan areas by population . A city can be defined by the habits of its demographic population , as by metropolitan area , labour market area , or similar in a metropolitan area . UNICEF defines metropolitan area as follows : A formal local government area comprising the urban area as a whole and its primary commuter areas , typically formed around a city with a large concentration of people ( i.e. , a population of at least 100,000 ) . In addition to the city proper , a metropolitan area includes both the surrounding territory with urban levels of residential density and some additional lower - density areas that are adjacent to and linked to the city ( e.g. , through frequent transport , road linkages or commuting facilities ) . Urban area ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of urban areas by population . See also : Number of urban areas by country A city can be defined as a conditionally contiguous urban area , without regard to territorial or other boundaries inside an urban area . UNICEF defines urban area as follows : The definition of `` urban '' varies from country to country , and , with periodic reclassification , can also vary within one country over time , making direct comparisons difficult . An urban area can be defined by one or more of the following : administrative criteria or political boundaries ( e.g. , area within the jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee ) , a threshold population size ( where the minimum for an urban settlement is typically in the region of 2,000 people , although this varies globally between 200 and 50,000 ) , population density , economic function ( e.g. , where a significant majority of the population is not primarily engaged in agriculture , or where there is surplus employment ) or the presence of urban characteristics ( e.g. , paved streets , electric lighting , sewerage ) . Largest cities ( edit ) City Nation Image Population City proper Metropolitan area Urban area Chongqing China 30,751,600 8,165,500 8,189,800 Shanghai China 24,256,800 24,750,000 23,416,000 Delhi India 11,034,555 26,454,000 21,753,486 Beijing China 21,516,000 24,900,000 21,009,000 Mumbai India 12,478,447 12,771,200 20,748,395 Dhaka Bangladesh 8,063,000 17,151,925 19,580,000 Lagos Nigeria 16,060,303 21,000,000 13,123,000 Chengdu China 16,044,700 10,376,000 Karachi Pakistan 14,910,352 Guangzhou China 14,043,500 25,000,000 20,800,654 Istanbul Turkey 14,025,000 13,520,000 14,657,000 Tokyo Japan 13,513,734 37,843,000 36,923,000 Tianjin China 12,784,000 15,469,500 6,859,779 Moscow Russia 12,197,596 16,170,000 16,800,000 São Paulo Brazil 12,038,175 21,090,791 36,842,102 Kinshasa DR Congo 11,855,000 13,265,000 Lahore Pakistan 11,126,285 13,569,000 10,665,000 Cairo Egypt 10,230,350 18,290,000 22,439,541 Seoul Korea , South 10,197,604 12,700,000 25,520,000 Jakarta Indonesia 10,075,310 30,539,000 30,075,310 Wenzhou China 9,175,000 9,122,102 6,642,592 Mexico City Mexico 8,974,724 20,999,000 21,178,959 Lima Peru 8,852,000 10,750,000 9,886,647 London United Kingdom 8,825,001 14,040,163 9,787,426 Bangkok Thailand 8,750,600 15,931,300 15,645,000 Xi'an China 8,705,600 13,569,700 Chennai India 4,681,087 8,917,749 Bangalore India 8,425,970 8,728,906 New York City United States 8,622,698 20,153,634 23,689,255 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 8,426,100 Hyderabad India 6,809,970 7,749,334 Shenzhen China 8,378,900 12,084,000 Suzhou China 8,265,050 Nanjing China 8,230,000 34,360,000 Dongguan China 8,220,207 Tehran Iran 8,154,051 13,532,000 14,595,904 Quanzhou China 8,128,533 6,107,475 1,435,185 Shenyang China 8,106,171 6,255,921 Bogotá Colombia 7,878,783 9,800,000 9,520,000 Hong Kong China 7,274,900 Baghdad Iraq 7,180,889 Fuzhou China 7,115,369 4,468,076 Changsha China 7,044,118 Wuhan China 6,886,253 Hanoi Vietnam 6,844,100 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 6,429,923 12,727,000 13,973,505 Qingdao China 6,188,100 9,046,200 6,188,100 Foshan China 6,151,622 Zunyi China 6,127,009 Santiago Chile 5,743,719 6,683,852 Riyadh Saudi Arabia 5,676,621 Ahmedabad India 5,570,585 6,352,254 Singapore Singapore 5,535,000 Shantou China 5,391,028 11,535,677 Ankara Turkey 5,271,000 4,585,000 4,919,000 Yangon Myanmar 5,214,000 Saint Petersburg Russia 5,191,690 5,900,000 6,200,000 Sydney Australia 208,374 5,029,768 Casablanca Morocco 5,117,832 6,861,739 6,861,739 Melbourne Australia 135,959 4,741,929 Abidjan Ivory Coast 4,765,000 Alexandria Egypt 4,616,625 Kolkata India 4,486,679 14,617,882 Surat India 4,462,002 4,585,367 Johannesburg South Africa 4,434,827 Dar es Salaam Tanzania 4,364,541 Shijiazhuang China 4,303,700 10,701,600 4,303,700 Harbin China 4,280,701 10,635,971 6,704,573 Giza Egypt 4,239,988 İzmir Turkey 4,168,000 3,019,000 3,575,000 Zhengzhou China 4,122,087 New Taipei City Taiwan 3,954,929 Los Angeles United States 3,884,307 15,058,000 13,262,220 Changchun China 3,815,270 7,674,439 4,193,073 Cape Town South Africa 3,740,026 Yokohama Japan 3,726,167 Khartoum Sudan 3,639,598 5,274,321 5,345,000 Guayaquil Ecuador 3,600,000 5,000,000 Hangzhou China 3,560,391 Xiamen China 3,531,347 5,114,758 1,861,289 Berlin Germany 3,517,424 5,871,022 Busan Korea , South 3,510,833 8,202,239 Ningbo China 3,491,597 7,639,000 3,491,597 Jeddah Saudi Arabia 3,456,259 Durban South Africa 3,442,361 Algiers Algeria 3,415,811 5,000,000 Kabul Afghanistan 3,414,100 Hefei China 3,352,076 Mashhad Iran 3,001,184 3,372,660 Pyongyang Korea , North 3,255,388 Madrid Spain 3,207,247 6,378,297 Faisalabad Pakistan 3,203,846 Baku Azerbaijan 3,202,300 4,308,740 3,525,000 Tangshan China 7,577,289 3,187,171 3,187,171 Ekurhuleni South Africa 3,178,470 Nairobi Kenya 3,138,369 Zhongshan China 3,121,275 Pune India 3,115,431 Addis Ababa Ethiopia 3,103,673 4,567,857 3,384,569 Jaipur India 3,073,350 Buenos Aires Argentina 3,054,300 14,122,000 13,074,000 Incheon Korea , South 2,978,367 Quezon City Philippines 2,936,116 Toronto Canada 2,929,886 6,346,088 6,129,900 Kiev Ukraine 2,908,703 3,375,000 Salvador Brazil 2,902,927 3,919,864 Rome Italy 2,877,215 4,353,775 Dubai United Arab Emirates 2,865,560 Luanda Angola 2,825,311 6,542,944 Lucknow India 2,815,601 Kaohsiung Taiwan 2,778,918 2,540,000 Kanpur India 2,768,057 3,152,317 2,920,496 Surabaya Indonesia 2,765,487 7,302,283 9,115,485 Taichung Taiwan 2,752,413 2,520,000 Basra Iraq 2,750,000 Taipei Taiwan 2,704,974 7,045,488 Chicago United States 2,695,598 9,156,000 9,554,598 Osaka Japan 2,691,742 19,341,976 17,444,000 Quito Ecuador 2,671,191 4,700,000 Chaozhou China 2,669,844 Fortaleza Brazil 2,609,716 4,019,213 Chittagong Bangladesh 2,581,643 4,009,423 Bandung Indonesia 2,575,478 6,965,655 8,495,928 Managua Nicaragua 2,560,789 2,205,676 Brasília Brazil 2,556,149 3,919,864 Belo Horizonte Brazil 2,502,557 5,156,217 Daegu Korea , South 2,492,994 Houston United States 2,489,558 6,490,180 4,944,332 Douala Cameroon 2,446,945 Medellin Colombia 2,441,123 3,731,447 2,497,870 Yaoundé Cameroon 2,440,462 Nagpur India 2,405,665 2,497,870 Cali Colombia 2,400,653 3,400,000 Tashkent Uzbekistan 2,309,600 Nagoya Japan 2,296,014 9,107,414 10,177,000 Isfahan Iran 2,101,220 3,989,070 Phnom Penh Cambodia 2,234,566 Paris France 2,229,621 12,405,426 10,601,122 Ouagadougou Burkina Faso 2,200,000 2,500,000 Lanzhou China 2,177,130 3,616,163 2,177,130 Kano Nigeria 2,153,225 3,395,000 9,383,682 Dalian China 2,146,099 5,935,638 3,964,593 Guatemala City Guatemala 2,110,100 4,500,000 Havana Cuba 2,106,146 Rawalpindi Pakistan 2,098,231 Medan Indonesia 2,097,610 4,103,696 Accra Ghana 2,070,463 4,010,054 Visakhapatnam India 2,035,922 5,340,000 Gujranwala Pakistan 2,027,001 Jinan China 2,009,273 5,853,196 Karaj Iran 1,973,470 Peshawar Pakistan 1,970,042 Minsk Belarus 1,959,781 Caracas Venezuela 1,943,901 2,923,959 Sana'a Yemen 1,937,451 2,167,961 Sapporo Japan 1,918,096 2,584,880 Tainan Taiwan 1,885,252 1,170,000 Bucharest Romania 1,883,425 2,272,163 1,931,000 Curitiba Brazil 1,879,355 3,400,000 Shiraz Iran 1,869,001 Vienna Austria 1,863,881 2,600,000 Brazzaville Congo Republic 1,827,000 Bhopal India 1,798,218 1,864,389 1,745,333 Almaty Kazakhstan 1,792,549 2,460,400 Hamburg Germany 1,787,408 5,046,182 Manila Philippines 1,780,148 12,877,253 24,123,000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 1,768,000 7,200,000 Maputo Mozambique 1,766,184 1,766,823 Budapest Hungary 1,759,407 2,927,944 3,303,786 Warsaw Poland 1,753,977 3,100,844 Lusaka Zambia 1,742,979 2,467,467 Kathmandu Nepal 1,744,240 2,517,023 3,207,205 Tabriz Iran 1,733,033 Hyderabad Pakistan 1,732,693 Palembang Indonesia 1,708,413 Tijuana Mexico 1,696,923 1,895,797 Patna India 1,683,200 2,231,554 2,046,652 Montreal Canada 1,649,519 4,127,100 3,407,963 Davao City Philippines 1,632,991 2,516,216 Harare Zimbabwe 1,606,000 1,619,000 Barcelona Spain 1,604,555 5,375,774 4,740,000 Maracaibo Venezuela 1,599,940 3,897,655 2,658,355 Caloocan Philippines 1,583,978 Philadelphia United States 1,567,872 6,069,875 7,183,479 Novosibirsk Russia 1,567,087 Phoenix United States 1,563,025 4,574,531 3,629,114 Oran Algeria 1,560,329 3,454,078 Semarang Indonesia 1,555,984 3,183,516 Recife Brazil 1,555,039 3,743,854 Kobe Japan 1,536,499 Daejeon Korea , South 1,535,028 Kampala Uganda 1,507,080 Kawasaki Japan 1,496,035 Guadalajara Mexico 1,495,189 4,424,252 Auckland New Zealand 1,495,000 1,614,300 Vijayawada India 1,491,202 5,873,588 Fukuoka Japan 1,483,052 5,590,378 Gwangju Korea , South 1,477,780 Porto Alegre Brazil 1,476,867 4,405,769 Kyoto Japan 1,474,570 San Antonio United States 1,469,845 2,454,061 Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia 1,453,549 1,749,000 Munich Germany 1,450,381 2,606,021 Kharkiv Ukraine 1,449,414 1,650,000 Yekaterinburg Russia 1,428,042 San Diego United States 1,394,928 3,095,313 2,956,746 Barranquilla Colombia 1,386,865 2,370,753 Milan Italy 1,359,905 3,206,465 Ibadan Nigeria 1,338,659 2,837,000 3,375,000 Makassar Indonesia 1,338,633 1,976,168 Córdoba Argentina 1,330,023 1,528,000 Prague Czech Republic 1,324,000 Mandalay Myanmar 1,319,452 1,726,889 Dallas United States 1,317,929 7,233,323 5,121,892 Montevideo Uruguay 1,305,082 1,947,604 1,719,453 Qom Iran 1,201,158 Ahvaz Iran 1,184,788 1,260,817 Sofia Bulgaria 1,260,120 1,682,340 1,547,472 Nizhny Novgorod Russia 1,250,619 Abuja Nigeria 1,235,880 6,000,000 2,440,000 Calgary Canada 1,235,171 1,214,839 1,095,404 Saitama Japan 1,226,656 Suwon South Korea 1,202,310 Hiroshima Japan 1,196,274 Rosario Argentina 1,193,605 1,276,000 Brisbane Australia 1,180,285 2,360,241 Allahabad India 1,117,094 Belgrade Serbia 1,166,763 1,233,796 1,659,440 Campinas Brazil 1,164,098 3,094,181 Ulsan Korea , South 1,163,690 Omsk Russia 1,154,116 Dakar Senegal 1,146,053 2,452,656 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 1,145,000 Monterrey Mexico 1,130,960 4,520,329 Tripoli Libya 1,126,000 2,267,000 2,325,000 Rostov - on - Don Russia 1,119,900 T'bilisi Georgia 1,118,035 1,485,293 Fez Morocco 1,112,072 Birmingham United Kingdom 1,111,300 3,683,000 2,440,986 Yerevan Armenia 1,060,138 Cologne Germany 1,057,327 3,573,500 Tunis Tunisia 1,056,247 2,643,695 2,294,547 Bulawayo Zimbabwe 1,050,000 1,200,000 Astana Kazakhstan 1,029,556 1,200,000 Islamabad Pakistan 1,014,825 1,829,180 Cartagena de Indias Colombia 1,013,389 1,013,389 1,013,389 See also ( edit ) Geography portal Lists portal List of cities proper by population List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants List of urban areas by population List of metropolitan areas by population List of largest cities throughout history Notes ( edit ) ^ Sum of the 2014 population estimates for the `` urban - function core district '' and `` urban - function extended district '' of Chongqing , which were 3,677,600 and 4,512,200 respectively . See also the next note . ^ Shanghai , Hangzhou , Nanjing , Suzhou , Wuxi , Ningbo , Changzhou , Shaoxing , and urban area of Zhangjiaggang - Jiangyin within the prefecture - level cities of Suzhou and Wuxi are treated as separate urban areas which constitute the Yangtze River Delta economic zone . Huai'an ( 1,856,000 ; 148 km ) , Xuzhou ( 1,246,000 ; 233 km ) , Nantong ( 1,036,000 ; 233 km ) , Lianyungang ( 985,000 ; 155 km ) , Zhenjiang ( 983,000 ; 168 km ) , Yancheng ( 797,000 ; 207 km ) , Huzhou ( 690,000 ; 111 km ) , Taizhou ( in Jiangsu Province ; 300,000 ; 117 km ) and Suqian ( 220,000 ; 36 km ) , as well as urban areas of Yangzhou ( 1,593,000 ; 233 km ) and Gaoyou ( 180,000 ; 39 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Yangzhou , urban areas of Kunshan ( 1,596,000 ; 492 km ) , Changshu ( 1,139,000 ; 285 km ) and Taicang ( 523,000 ; 117 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Suzhou , urban areas of Cixi ( 1,200,000 ; 298 km ) and Yuyao ( 650,000 ; 122 km ) within the sub-provincial city of Ningbo , urban areas of Jiaxing ( 1,044,000 ; 259 km ) and Tongxiang ( 510,000 ; 52 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Jiaxing , urban areas of Wenling ( 510,000 ; 52 km ) , Jiaojiang ( 375,000 ; 41 km ) and Huangyan ( 200,000 ; 34 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Taizhou ( in Zhejiang Province ) , urban areas of Zhuji ( 500,000 ; 117 km ) and Shangyu ( 400,000 ; 158 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Shaoxing , urban areas of Yiwu - Dongyang ( 925,000 ; 233 km ) , Jinhua ( 520,000 ; 186 km ) , Yongkang ( 500,000 ; 223 km ) , Dongyang ( 260,000 ; 104 km ) and Lanxi ( 220,000 ; 34 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Jinhua , and urban area of Fuyang ( 450,000 ; 49 km ) within the sub-provincial city of Hangzhou are also excluded . ^ Lagos consists 16 out of Lagos State 's 20 LGA , which excludes : Badagry , Epe , Ibeju - Lekki and Ikorodu . ^ Preliminary and disputed by all the major political parties in Sindh . ^ Shenzhen , Dongguan and Foshan are all part of the Pearl River Delta , centered on Guangzhou . ^ Shenzhen , Dongguan and Foshan are all part of the Pearl River Delta , centered on Guangzhou . ^ Shenzhen , Dongguan and Foshan are all part of the Pearl River Delta , centered on Guangzhou . ^ The cities of Yokohama , Kawasaki and Saitama are all part of the Greater Tokyo Area ^ Quezon City and Caloocan City are both under the administration of Metropolitan Manila ^ Rome and its neighbouring comunes are all under the administration of Metropolitan City of Rome Capital ^ Davao City and its neighbouring cities and towns are all under part of Metropolitan Davao ^ Quezon City and Caloocan City are both under the administration of Metropolitan Manila ^ Kyoto and Kobe are both part of the Keihanshin , centered on Osaka . ^ The cities of Yokohama , Kawasaki and Saitama are all part of the Greater Tokyo Area ^ Kyoto and Kobe are both part of the Keihanshin , centered on Osaka . ^ Milan and its neighbouring comunes are all under the administration of Metropolitan City of Milan ^ The cities of Yokohama , Kawasaki and Saitama are all part of the Greater Tokyo Area References ( edit ) ^ `` SOWC - 2012 - DEFINITIONS '' . 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-2970602552593201646	Mount Kilimanjaro	Mount Kilimanjaro - wikipedia Mount Kilimanjaro `` Kilimanjaro '' redirects here . For other uses , see Kilimanjaro ( disambiguation ) . Kilimanjaro The Kibo summit of Mount Kilimanjaro . Highest point Elevation 5,895 m ( 19,341 ft ) Prominence 5,885 m ( 19,308 ft ) Ranked 4th Isolation 5,510 kilometres ( 3,420 mi ) Listing Seven Summits Highest mountains of Africa Volcanic Seven Summits Country highest point Ultra Seven Third Summits ( Mawenzi ) Coordinates 03 ° 04 ′ 33 '' S 37 ° 21 ′ 12 '' E / 3.07583 ° S 37.35333 ° E / - 3.07583 ; 37.35333 Coordinates : 03 ° 04 ′ 33 '' S 37 ° 21 ′ 12 '' E / 3.07583 ° S 37.35333 ° E / - 3.07583 ; 37.35333 Geography Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro 's location in Tanzania Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro ( Africa ) Show map of Tanzania Show map of Africa Show all Location Kilimanjaro Region , north east Tanzania Parent range The Eastern Rift mountains Topo map Kilimanjaro map and guide by Wielochowski Geology Age of rock 3 million years Mountain type Stratovolcano Last eruption Between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago Climbing First ascent 6 October 1889 by Hans Meyer and Ludwig Purtscheller Easiest route Hiking Mount Kilimanjaro from space , illustrating its diverse vegetation zones . Mount Kilimanjaro or just Kilimanjaro ( / ˌkɪlɪmənˈdʒɑːroʊ / ) , with its three volcanic cones , `` Kibo '' , `` Mawenzi '' , and `` Shira '' , is a dormant volcano in Tanzania . It is the highest mountain in Africa , about 4,900 metres ( 16,100 ft ) from its base , and 5,895 metres ( 19,341 ft ) above sea level . The first people known to have reached the summit of the mountain were Hans Meyer and Ludwig Purtscheller in 1889 . The mountain is part of the Kilimanjaro National Park and is a major climbing destination . The mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields . Contents 1 Geology and physical features 1.1 Geology 1.2 Drainage 2 Name 3 History 3.1 First sightings by non-indigenous explorers 3.2 Climbing history 3.2. 1 Nineteenth - century explorers 3.2. 2 Fastest ascent and descent 3.2. 3 Fastest female ascent and descent 3.2. 4 Youngest and oldest people to summit 3.2. 5 Ascents by disabled people 4 Trekking 4.1 Overview 4.2 Dangers 4.3 Deaths 5 Mapping 6 Vegetation 7 Animal life 8 Climate 8.1 Climate zones 9 Glaciers 10 Mythology 11 In popular culture 12 Special events 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Geology and physical features ( edit ) Kilimanjaro is a large stratovolcano and is composed of three distinct volcanic cones : Kibo , the highest ; Mawenzi at 5,149 metres ( 16,893 ft ) ; and Shira , the shortest at 4,005 metres ( 13,140 ft ) . Mawenzi and Shira are extinct , while Kibo is dormant and could erupt again . Uhuru Peak is the highest summit on Kibo 's crater rim . The Tanzania National Parks Authority , a Tanzanian governmental agency , and the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization list the height of Uhuru Peak as 5,895 m ( 19,341 ft ) . That height is based on a British Ordnance Survey in 1952 . Since then , the height has been measured as 5,892 metres ( 19,331 ft ) in 1999 , 5,891 metres ( 19,327 ft ) in 2008 , and 5,888 metres ( 19,318 ft ) in 2014 . Geology ( edit ) The interior of the volcanic edifice is poorly known , given the lack of large scale erosion that could have exposed the interiors of the volcano . Eruptive activity at the Shira centre commenced about 2.5 million years ago , with the last important phase occurring about 1.9 million years ago , just before the northern part of the edifice collapsed . Shira is topped by a broad plateau at 3,800 metres ( 12,500 ft ) , which may be a filled caldera . The remnant caldera rim has been degraded deeply by erosion . Before the caldera formed and erosion began , Shira might have been between 4,900 m ( 16,000 ft ) and 5,200 m ( 17,000 ft ) high . It is mostly composed of basic lavas with some pyroclastics . The formation of the caldera was accompanied by lava emanating from ring fractures , but there was no large scale explosive activity . Two cones formed subsequently , the phonolitic one at the northwest end of the ridge and the doleritic `` Platzkegel '' in the caldera centre . Both Mawenzi and Kibo began erupting about 1 million years ago . They are separated by the `` Saddle Plateau '' at 4,400 metres ( 14,400 ft ) elevation . Aerial view of Kilimanjaro in December 2009 The youngest dated rocks at Mawenzi are about 448,000 years old . Mawenzi forms a horseshoe shaped ridge with pinnacles and ridges opening to the northeast which has a tower - like shape resulting from deep erosion and a mafic dyke swarm . Several large cirques cut into the ring , the largest of these sits on top of the Great Barranco gorge . Also notable are the Ost and West Barrancos on the northeastern side of the mountain . Most of the eastern side of the mountain has been removed by erosion . Mawenzi has a subsidiary peak named Neumann Tower ( 4,425 metres ( 14,518 ft ) ) . Kibo is the largest cone and is more than 15 miles ( 24 km ) wide at the `` Saddle Plateau '' altitude . The last activity here has been dated to between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago and created the current Kibo summit crater . Kibo still has gas - emitting fumaroles in the crater . Kibo is capped by an almost symmetrical cone with escarpments rising 180 metres ( 590 ft ) to 200 metres ( 660 ft ) on the south side . These escarpments define a 2.5 - kilometre - wide ( 1.6 mi ) caldera caused by the collapse of the summit . Within this caldera is the Inner Cone and within the crater of the Inner Cone is the Reusch Crater , which the Tanganyika government in 1954 named after Gustav Otto Richard Reusch upon his climbing the mountain for the 25th time ( out of 65 attempts during his lifetime ) . The Ash Pit , 350 metres ( 1,150 ft ) deep , lies within the Reusch Crater . About 100,000 years ago , part of Kibo 's crater rim collapsed , creating the area known as the Western Breach and the Great Barranco . An almost continuous layer of lavas buries most older geological features , with the exception of exposed strata within the Great West Notch and the Kibo Barranco . The former exposes intrusions of syenite . Kibo has five main lava formations : Phonotephrites and tephriphonolites of the `` Lava Tower group '' , on a dyke cropping out at 4,600 metres ( 15,100 ft ) , 482,000 years ago Tephriphonolite to phonolite lavas `` characterized by rhomb mega-phenocrysts of sodic feldspars '' of the `` Rhomb Porphyry group '' , 460,000 -- 360,000 years ago aphyric phonolite lavas , `` commonly underlain by basal obsidian horizons '' , of the `` Lent group '' , 359,000 -- 337,000 years ago porphyritic tephriphonolite to phonolite lavas of the `` Caldera rim group '' , 274,000 -- 170,000 years ago phonolite lava flows with aegirine phenocrysts , of the `` Inner Crater group '' , which represents the last volcanic activity on Kibo Kibo has more than 250 parasitic cones on its northwest and southeast flanks that were formed between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago and erupted picrobasalts , trachybasalts , ankaramites , and basanites . They reach as far as Lake Chala and Taveta in the southeast and the Lengurumani Plain in the northwest . Most of these cones are well preserved , with the exception of the Saddle Plateau cones that were heavily affected by glacial action . Despite their mostly small size , lava from the cones has obscured large portions of the mountain . The Saddle Plateau cones are mostly cinder cones with terminal effusion of lava , while the Upper Rombo Zone cones mostly generated lava flows . All Saddle Plateau cones predate the last glaciation . According to reports gathered in the 19th century from the Maasai , Lake Chala on Kibo 's eastern flank was the site of a village that was destroyed by an eruption . Drainage ( edit ) The mountain is drained by a network of rivers and streams , especially on the wetter and more heavily eroded southern side and especially above 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) . Below that altitude , increased evaporation and human water usage reduces the waterflows . The Lumi and Pangani rivers drain Kilimanjaro on the eastern and southern sides , respectively . Two of Kilimanjaro 's volcanic cones : Kibo ( left ) and Mawenzi ( right ) . Name ( edit ) The Historical map with `` Kilima - Ndscharo '' during the German East Africa in the year 1888 The origin of the name `` Kilimanjaro '' is not precisely known , but a number of theories exist . European explorers had adopted the name by 1860 and reported that `` Kilimanjaro '' was the mountain 's Kiswahili name . The 1907 edition of The Nuttall Encyclopædia also records the name of the mountain as `` Kilima - Njaro '' . Johann Ludwig Krapf wrote in 1860 that Swahilis along the coast called the mountain `` Kilimanjaro '' . Although he did not support his claim , he claimed that `` Kilimanjaro '' meant either `` mountain of greatness '' or `` mountain of caravans '' . Under the latter meaning , `` Kilima '' meant `` mountain '' and `` Jaro '' possibly meant `` caravans '' . Jim Thompson claimed in 1885 , although he also did not support his claim , that the term Kilima - Njaro `` has generally been understood to mean '' the Mountain ( Kilima ) of Greatness ( Njaro ) . `` Though not improbably it may mean '' the `` White '' mountain . `` Njaro '' is an ancient Kiswahili word for `` shining '' . Similarly , Krapf wrote that a chief of the Wakamba people , whom he visited in 1849 , `` had been to Jagga and had seen the Kima jaJeu , mountain of whiteness , the name given by the Wakamba to Kilimanjaro ... '' More correctly in the Kikamba language , this would be Kiima Kyeu , and this possible derivation has been popular with several investigators . Others have assumed that `` Kilima '' is Kiswahili for `` mountain '' . The problem with this assumption is that `` Kilima '' actually means `` hill '' and is , therefore , the diminutive of `` Mlima '' , the proper Kiswahili word for mountain . However , `` ( i ) t is ... possible ... that an early European visitor , whose knowledge of ( Kiswahili ) was not extensive , changed mlima to kilima by analogy with the two Wachagga names ; Kibo and Kimawenzi . '' A different approach is to assume that the `` Kileman '' part of Kilimanjaro comes from the Kichagga `` kileme '' , which means `` which defeats '' , or `` kilelema '' , which means `` which has become difficult or impossible '' . The `` Jaro '' part would `` then be derived from njaare , a bird , or , according to other informants , a leopard , or , possibly from jyaro a caravan . '' Considering that the name Kilimanjaro has never been current among the Wachagga people , it is possible that the name was derived from Wachagga saying that the mountain was unclimbable , `` kilemanjaare '' or `` kilemajyaro '' and porters misinterpreted this as being the name of the mountain . In the 1880s , the mountain became a part of German East Africa and was called `` Kilima - Ndscharo '' in German following the Kiswahili name components . On 6 October 1889 , Hans Meyer reached the highest summit on the crater ridge of Kibo . He named it `` Kaiser - Wilhelm - Spitze '' ( `` Kaiser Wilhelm peak '' ) . That name apparently was used until Tanzania was formed in 1964 , when the summit was renamed `` Uhuru Peak '' , meaning `` Freedom Peak '' in Kiswahili . Peeking History ( edit ) First sightings by non-indigenous explorers ( edit ) Kilimanjaro in 1911 From the UK National Archives First aerial photograph of Kibo taken by Walter Mittelholzer in 1929 The mountain may have been known to non-Africans since antiquity . Sailors ' reports recorded by Ptolemy mention a `` Moon Mountain '' and a spring lake of the Nile , which may indicate Kilimanjaro ; although available historical information does not allow differentiation among Mount Kenya , the mountains of Ethiopia , the Virunga Mountains , Kilimanjaro , and the Rwenzori Mountains . Before Ptolemy , Aeschylus and Herodotus referred to `` Egypt nurtured by the snows '' and a spring between two mountains , respectively . One of these mentions two tall mountains in the coastal regions with a valley with traces of fire in between . Martín Fernández de Enciso , a Spanish traveller to Mombasa who obtained information about the interior from native caravans , said in his Summa de Geografía ( 1519 ) that west of Mombasa `` stands the Ethiopian Mount Olympus , which is exceedingly high , and beyond it are the Mountains of the Moon , in which are the sources of the Nile '' . The German missionaries Johannes Rebmann of Mombasa and Krapf were the first Europeans to try to reach the snowy mountain . According to English geographer Halford Mackinder and English explorer Harry Johnston , Rebmann in 1848 was the first European to report the existence of Kilimanjaro . Hans Meyer has claimed that Rebmann first arrived in Africa in 1846 and has quoted Rebmann 's diary entry of 11 May 1848 as saying , `` This morning , at 10 o'clock , we obtained a clearer view of the mountains of Jagga , the summit of one of which was covered by what looked like a beautiful white cloud . When I inquired as to the dazzling whiteness , the guide merely called it ' cold ' and at once I knew it could be neither more nor less than snow ... Immediately I understood how to interpret the marvelous tales Dr. Krapf and I had heard at the coast , of a vast mountain of gold and silver in the far interior , the approach to which was guarded by evil spirits . '' In light of these sources , J. Shearson Hyland 's assertion that Rebmann first saw the mountain in 1840 appears to be erroneous . Climbing History ( edit ) Nineteenth - century explorers ( edit ) In August 1861 , the Prussian officer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken accompanied by English geologist R. Thornton made a first attempt to climb Kibo but `` got no farther than 8,200 feet ( 2,500 m ) owing to the inclemency of the weather . '' In December 1862 , von der Decken tried a second time together with Otto Kersten . They reached a height of 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . In August 1871 , missionary Charles New became the `` first European to reach the equatorial snows '' on Kilimanjaro at an elevation of slightly more than 13,000 feet ( 4,000 m ) . In June 1887 , the Hungarian Count Sámuel Teleki and Austrian Lieutenant Ludwig von Höhnel made an attempt to climb the mountain . Approaching from the saddle between Mawenzi and Kibo , Höhnel stopped at 4,950 meters ( 16,240 ft ) , but Teleki pushed through until he reached the snow at 5,300 meters ( 17,400 ft ) . Later in 1887 during his first attempt to climb Kilimanjaro , the German geology professor Hans Meyer reached the lower edge of the ice cap on Kibo , where he was forced to turn back because he lacked the equipment needed to handle the ice . The following year , Meyer planned another attempt with Oscar Baumann , a cartographer , but the mission was aborted after the pair were held hostage and ransomed during the Abushiri Revolt . In the autumn of 1888 , the American naturalist Dr. Abbott and the German explorer Otto Ehrenfried Ehlers approached the summit from the northwest . While Abbott turned back earlier , Ehlers at first claimed to have reached the summit rim but , after severe criticism of that claim , later withdrew it . In 1889 , Meyer returned to Kilimanjaro with the Austrian mountaineer Ludwig Purtscheller for a third attempt . The success of this attempt was based on the establishment of several campsites with food supplies so that multiple attempts at the top could be made without having to descend too far . Meyer and Purtscheller pushed to near the crater rim on October 3 but turned around exhausted from hacking footsteps in the icy slope . Three days later , on Purtscheller 's fortieth birthday , they reached the highest summit on the southern rim of the crater . They were the first to confirm that Kibo has a crater . After descending to the saddle between Kibo and Mawenzi , Meyer and Purtscheller attempted to climb the more technically challenging Mawenzi but could reach only the top of Klute Peak , a subsidiary peak , before retreating due to illness . On October 18 , they reascended Kibo to enter and study the crater , cresting the rim at Hans Meyers Notch . In total , Meyer and Purtscheller spent 16 days above 15,000 feet ( 4,600 m ) during their expedition . They were accompanied in their high camps by Mwini Amani of Pangani , who cooked and supplied the sites with water and firewood . The first ascent of the highest summit of Mawenzi was made on 29 July 1912 , by the German climbers Eduard Hans Oehler and Fritz Klute , who named it Hans Meyer Peak . Oehler and Klute went on to make the third - ever ascent of Kibo , via the Drygalski Glacier , and descended via the Western Breach . In 1989 , the organizing committee of the 100 - year celebration of the first ascent decided to award posthumous certificates to the African porter - guides who had accompanied Meyer and Purtscheller . One person in pictures or documents of the 1889 expedition was thought to match a living inhabitant of Marangu , Yohani Kinyala Lauwo . Lauwo did not know his own age . Nor did he remember Meyer or Purtscheller , but he remembered joining a Kilimanjaro expedition involving a Dutch doctor who lived near the mountain and that he did not get to wear shoes during the climb . Lauwo claimed that he had climbed the mountain three times before the beginning of World War I . The committee concluded that he had been a member of Meyer 's team and therefore must have been born around 1871 . Lauwo died on 10 May 1996 , 107 years after the first ascent , but now is sometimes even suggested as co-first - ascendant of Kilimanjaro . However , this would imply he lived to the age of 125 years , so the claim appears unlikely . Fastest ascent and descent ( edit ) The fastest ascent - descent has been recorded by the Swiss - Ecuadorian mountain guide Karl Egloff ( born 16 March 1981 in Quito ) , who ran to the top and back in 6 hours and 42 minutes on 13 August 2014 . Previous records were held by Spanish mountain runner Kílian Jornet ( 7 hours , 14 minutes on 29 September 2010 ) and by Tanzanian guide Simon Mtuy ( 9 hours , 21 minutes on 22 February 2006 ) . Fastest female ascent and descent ( edit ) The female ascent record is held by Anne - Marie Flammersfeld . On 27 July 2015 , she climbed to the summit in 8 hours , 32 minutes via the Umbwe Route , which is about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) long . Born in Germany but living in Switzerland , she broke the record of Britain 's Becky Shuttleworth who climbed to the summit in 11 hours , 34 minutes on 20 September 2014 . Flammersfeld then needed 4 hours , 26 minutes to run down to the Mweka Gate , for a combined ascent and descent time of 12 hours , 58 minutes . That broke the previous record of 18 hours , 31 minutes held by Debbie Bachman . Youngest and oldest people to summit ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Despite an age - limit of 10 years for a climbing permit , exceptions are occasionally granted . Montannah Kenney , a 7 - year - old girl from Texas broke the world record as the youngest female to climb the tallest mountain in Africa in March 2018 . Her motivation was the death of her late father . Also , Keats Boyd of Los Angeles was only seven years old when he summited Kilimanjaro on 21 January 2008 . The oldest person to reach Uhuru Peak was Angela Vorobeva at age 86 years and 267 days . The oldest man to summit the mountain is American Robert Wheeler , who was 85 years and 201 days when he summited on 2 October 2014 . Ascents by disabled people ( edit ) Wheelchair user Bernard Goosen scaled Kilimanjaro in six days in 2007 , while in 2012 Kyle Maynard , who has no forearms or lower legs , crawled unassisted to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro . Trekking ( edit ) Main article : Mount Kilimanjaro climbing routes A 3D model of Kibo Overview ( edit ) Kilimanjaro National Park generated US $51 million in revenue in 2013 , the second-most of any Tanzanian national park . ( The Ngorongoro Conservation Area , which includes the heavily visited Ngorongoro Crater , is not a national park . ) The Tanzania National Parks Authority reported that the park recorded 57,456 tourists during the 2011 -- 12 budget year , of whom 16,425 hiked the mountain , which was well below the capacity of 28,470 as specified in the park 's General Management Plan . The mountain climbers generated irregular and seasonal jobs for about 11,000 guides , porters , and cooks in 2007 , although serious concerns have been raised about their poor working conditions and inadequate wages . There are seven official trekking routes by which to ascend and descend Kilimanjaro : Lemosho , Machame , Marangu , Mweka , Rongai , Shira , and Umbwe . Of all the routes , Machame is widely proclaimed as the most scenic , albeit steeper , route . This was true until the opening of Lemosho and Northern Circuit routes , which are equally scenic if not more . The Machame route can be done in six or seven days , Lemosho can be done in six to eight days , and the Northern Circuit routes can be done in seven or more days . The Rongai is the easiest and least scenic of all camping routes . The Marangu is also relatively easy , but this route tends to be very busy , the ascent and descent routes are the same , and accommodation is in shared huts with all other climbers . People who wish to trek to the summit of Kilimanjaro are advised to undertake appropriate research and ensure that they are both properly equipped and physically capable . Though the climb is technically not as challenging as when climbing the high peaks of the Himalayas or Andes , the high elevation , low temperature , and occasional high winds make this a difficult and dangerous trek . Acclimatization is essential , and even the most experienced trekkers suffer some degree of altitude sickness . Caution signs at the Machamé trailhead Sign at Uhuru peak , indicating to trekkers that they have reached the top Memorial recognizing the German Hans Meyer as the first European to `` conquer '' Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro as seen from the Moshi municipality in the Kilimanjaro Region Dangers ( edit ) A small study of people attempting to reach the summit of Kilimanjaro in July and August 2005 found that 61.3 percent succeeded and 77 percent experienced acute mountain sickness ( AMS ) . A retrospective study of 917 persons who attempted to reach the summit via the Lemosho or Machame routes found that 70.4 percent experienced AMS , defined in this study to be headache , nausea , diarrhea , vomiting , or loss of appetite . Kilimanjaro 's summit is well above the altitude at which life - threatening high altitude pulmonary edema ( HAPE ) or high altitude cerebral edema ( HACE ) , the most severe forms of AMS , can occur . These health risks are increased substantially by excessively fast climbing schedules motivated by high daily national park fees , busy holiday travel schedules , and the lack of permanent shelter on most routes . A daily dose of 250 milligrams of acetazolamide is associated with a 48 percent relative - risk reduction of AMS compared to placebo , with a higher dose not providing additional protection but causing more adverse side effects . The six - day Machame route , which involves one night of `` sleeping low '' , may delay the onset of AMS but does not ultimately prevent its occurrence . Falls on steep portions of the mountain and rock slides have killed trekkers . For this reason , the route via the Arrow Glacier was closed for several years , reopening in December 2007 . Due to the improper disposal of human waste in the mountain environment there is high risk of health hazards . Human faeces are very dangerous ; they contain over 100 bacteria , protozoans and viruses that , without a specialised recycling process , pose a threat to both animals and human beings . Only boiled or chemically treated water is accepted for drinking . Decent changes have appeared in recent years -- management bodies care more about human waste disposal . The authorities in mountain regions are gradually exchanging the old , leaking toilets for newer , eco -- friendly models . Deaths ( edit ) According to the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi , 25 people died from January 1996 to October 2003 while climbing the mountain . Seventeen were female and eight were male , ranging in age from 29 to 74 . Fourteen died from advanced high altitude illness , including one with HACE , five with HAPE , and six with both HACE and HAPE . The remaining eleven deaths resulted from trauma ( three ) , myocardial infarction ( four ) , pneumonia ( two ) , cardio - pulmonary failure of other underlying cause ( one ) , and acute appendicitis ( one ) . The overall mortality rate was an estimated 13.6 per 100,000 climbers ( 0.0136 percent ) . Mapping ( edit ) A map of the Kibo cone on Mount Kilimanjaro was published by the British government 's Directorate of Overseas Surveys in 1964 based on aerial photography conducted in 1962 ( Subset of Kilimanjaro , East Africa ( Tanganyika ) Series Y742 , Sheet 56 / 2 , D.O.S. 422 1964 , Edition 1 , Scale 1 : 50,000 ) . Tourist mapping was first published by the Ordnance Survey in England in 1989 based on the original DOS mapping ( 1 : 100,000 , 100 ft intervals , DOS 522 ) . West Col Productions produced a map with tourist information in 1990 ( 1 : 75,000 , 100 metre contour intervals , inset maps of Kibo and Mawenzi on 1 : 20,000 and 1 : 30,000 scales respectively and 50 metre contour interval ) . In the last few years , numerous other maps have become available of various qualities . Vegetation ( edit ) The Cloud forest on the Marangu route on the south eastern slope . Natural forests cover about 1,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 acres ) on Kilimanjaro . In the foothill area maize , beans , and sunflowers ( on the western side also wheat ) are cultivated . Remnants of the former savanna vegetation with Acacia , Combretum , Terminalia and Grewia also occur . Between 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) and 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) , coffee also appears as part of the `` Chagga home gardens '' agroforestry . Native vegetation at this altitude range ( Strombosia , Newtonia , and Entandrophragma ) is limited to inaccessible valleys and gorges and is completely different from vegetation at higher altitudes . On the southern slope montane forests first contain Ocotea usambarensis as well as ferns and epiphytes , farther up in cloud forests Podocarpus latifolius , Hagenia abyssinica and Erica excelsa grow as well as fog - dependent mosses . On the drier northern slopes olive , Croton - Calodendrum , Cassipourea , and Juniperus form forests in order of increasing altitude . Between 3,100 metres ( 10,200 ft ) and 3,900 metres ( 12,800 ft ) lie Erica bush and heathlands , followed by Helichrysum until 4,500 metres ( 14,800 ft ) . Neophytes have been observed , including Poa annua . Records from the Maundi crater at 2,780 metres ( 9,120 ft ) indicate that the vegetation of Kilimanjaro has varied over time . Forest vegetation retreated during the Last Glacial Maximum and the ericaceous vegetation belt lowered by 1,500 metres ( 4,900 ft ) between 42,000 and 30,000 years ago because of the drier and colder conditions . Animal life ( edit ) Elephants at the Amboseli National Park against Mount Kilimanjaro Large animals are rare on Kilimanjaro and are more frequent in the forests and lower parts of the mountain . Elephants and Cape buffaloes are among the animals that can be potentially hazardous to trekkers . Bushbucks , chameleons , dik - diks , duikers , mongooses , sunbirds , and warthogs have been reported as well . Zebras and hyenas have sporadically been observed on the Shira plateau . Specific species associated with the mountain include the Kilimanjaro shrew and the chameleon Kinyongia tavetana . Climate ( edit ) The climate of Kilimanjaro is influenced by the height of the mountain , which allows the simultaneous influence of the equatorial trade winds and the high altitude anti-trades , and the isolated position of the mountain . Kilimanjaro has daily upslope and nightly downslope winds , a regimen stronger on the southern than the northern side of the mountain . The flatter southern flanks are more extended and affect the atmosphere more strongly . Kilimanjaro has two distinct rainy seasons , one from March to May and another around November . The northern slopes receive much less rainfall than the southern ones . The lower southern slope receives 800 to 900 millimetres ( 31 to 35 in ) annually , rising to 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres ( 59 to 79 in ) at 1,500 metres ( 4,900 ft ) altitude and peaking `` partly over '' 3,000 millimetres ( 120 in ) in the forest belt at 2,000 to 2,300 metres ( 6,600 to 7,500 ft ) . In the alpine zone , annual precipitation decreases to 200 millimetres ( 7.9 in ) . The average temperature in the summit area is approximately − 7 ° C ( 19 ° F ) . Nighttime surface temperatures on the Northern Ice Field ( NIF ) fall on average to − 9 ° C ( 16 ° F ) with an average daytime high temperature of − 4 ° C ( 25 ° F ) . During nights of extreme radiational cooling , the NIF can cool to as low as − 15 to − 27 ° C ( 5 to − 17 ° F ) . Snowfall can occur any time of year but is associated mostly with northern Tanzania 's two rainy seasons ( November -- December and March -- May ) . Precipitation in the summit area occurs principally as snow and graupel ( 250 to 500 millimetres ( 9.8 to 19.7 in ) per year ) and ablates within days or years . Climate zones ( edit ) Bushland , 800 m -- 1,800 m ( 2,600 ft -- 5,900 ft ) ; Rainweald , 1,800 m -- 2,800 m ( 5,900 ft -- 9,200 ft ) ; Heath and Moorland , 2,800 m -- 4,000 m ( 9,200 ft -- 13,100 ft ) ; Highland Barrens , 4,000 m -- 5,000 m ( 13,100 ft -- 16,400 ft ) ; Ice Cap , 5,000 m -- 5,895 m ( 16,400 ft -- 19,341 ft ) . Glaciers ( edit ) Aerial view of the Kibo summit of Kilimanjaro in 1938 . Kibo 's diminishing ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little - dissected , massive mountain that rises above the snow line . The cap is divergent and outwards splits up into individual glaciers . The central portion of the ice cap is interrupted by the presence of the Kibo crater . The summit glaciers and ice fields do not display significant horizontal movements because their low thickness precludes major deformation . Geological evidence shows five successive glacial episodes during the Quaternary period , namely First ( 500,000 BP ) , Second ( greater than 360,000 years ago to 240,000 BP ) , Third ( 150,000 to 120,000 BP ) , Fourth ( also known as `` Main '' ) ( 20,000 to 17,000 BP ) , and Little ( 16,000 to 14,000 BP ) . The Third may have been the most extensive , and the Little appears to be statistically indistinguishable from the Fourth . A continuous ice cap covering approximately 400 square kilometres ( 150 sq mi ) down to an elevation of 3,200 metres ( 10,500 ft ) covered Kilimanjaro during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Pleistocene epoch ( the Main glacial episode ) , extending across the summits of Kibo and Mawenzi . Because of the exceptionally prolonged dry conditions during the subsequent Younger Dryas stadial , the ice fields on Kilimanjaro may have become extinct 11,500 years BP . Ice cores taken from Kilimanjaro 's Northern Ice Field ( NIF ) indicates that the glaciers there have a `` basal age '' of about 11,700 years , although an analysis of ice taken in 2011 from exposed vertical cliffs in the NIF supports an age extending only to 800 years BP . Higher precipitation rates at the beginning of the Holocene epoch ( 11,500 years BP ) allowed the ice cap to reform . The glaciers survived a widespread drought during a three century period beginning around 4,000 years BP . Vertical margin wall of the Rebmann Glacier in 2005 with Mount Meru in the background . In the late 1880s , the summit of Kibo was completely covered by an ice cap covering about 20 square kilometres ( 7.7 sq mi ) with outlet glaciers cascading down the western and southern slopes , and except for the inner cone , the entire caldera was buried . Glacier ice also flowed through the Western Breach . The slope glaciers retreated rapidly between 1912 and 1953 , in response to a sudden shift in climate at the end of the 19th century that made them `` drastically out of equilibrium '' , and more slowly thereafter . Their continuing demise indicates they are still out of equilibrium in response to a constant change in climate over the last 100 years . In contrast to the persistent slope glaciers , the glaciers on Kilimanjaro 's crater plateau have appeared and disappeared repeatedly during the Holocene epoch , with each cycle lasting a few hundred years . It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century . No clear warming trend at the elevation of those glaciers occurred between 1948 and 2005 . Although air temperatures at that elevation are always below freezing , solar radiation causes melting on their vertical faces . `` There is no pathway for the plateau glaciers other than to continuously retreat once their vertical margins are exposed to solar radiation . '' Vertical ice margin walls are a unique characteristic of the summit glaciers and a major place of the shrinkage of the glaciers . They manifest stratifications , calving , and other ice features . A vertical glacier margin wall as seen from Gilman 's Point on the crater rim at a sunrise in 1998 Almost 85 percent of the ice cover on Kilimanjaro disappeared from October 1912 to June 2011 , with coverage decreasing from 11.40 square kilometres ( 4.40 sq mi ) to 1.76 square kilometres ( 0.68 sq mi ) . From 1912 to 1953 , there was about a 1.1 percent average annual loss . The average annual loss for 1953 to 1989 was 1.4 percent while the loss rate for 1989 to 2007 was 2.5 percent . Of the ice cover still present in 2000 , almost 40 percent had disappeared by 2011 . The glaciers are thinning in addition to losing areal coverage , and do not have active accumulation zones with retreat occurring on all glacier surfaces . Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation . While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro 's ice fields appears to be unique within its almost twelve millennium history , it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to - low latitudes across the globe . At the current rate , most of the ice on Kilimanjaro will disappear by 2040 and `` it is highly unlikely that any ice body will remain after 2060 '' . A complete disappearance of the ice would be of only `` negligible importance '' to the water budget of the area around the mountain . The forests of Kilimanjaro , far below the ice fields , `` are ( the ) essential water reservoirs for the local and regional populations '' . The Kilimanjaro glaciers have been used for deriving ice core records , including two from the southern icefield . Based on this data , this icefield formed between 1,250 and 1,450 years BP . Mythology ( edit ) Local legends by the Chagga people tell how a man named Tone once provoked a god , Ruwa , to bring famine upon the land . The people became angry at Tone , forcing him to flee . Nobody wanted to protect him but a solitary dweller who had stones that turned miraculously into cattle . The dweller bid that Tone never open the stable of the cattle . When Tone did not heed the warning and the cattle escaped , Tone followed them , but the fleeing cattle threw up hills to run on , including Mawenzi and Kibo . Tone finally collapsed on Kibo , ending the pursuit . Another legend has it that Kibo and Mawenzi were good neighbours , until Mawenzi played a prank on Kibo and threw away embers he had received from Kibo and claimed that they had burned out . Kibo eventually got angry and beat Mawenzi badly , explaining why the mountain is so badly degraded . This theory explains Mawenzi 's name as `` the Battered '' . Other legends tell of ivory - filled graves of elephants on the mountain , and of a cow named Rayli that produces miraculous fat from her tail glands . If a man tries to steal such a gland but is too slow in his moves , Rayli will blast a powerful snort and blow the thief hurling down into the plain . In popular culture ( edit ) Under Kilimanjaro is a non-fiction novel by Ernest Hemingway about his travels in the region . Sia lives on Kilimanjaro is a children 's book by Astrid Lindgren . The Snows of Kilimanjaro is a short story by Hemingway that references Kilimanjaro . The story was adapted into a film in 1952 . In the film An Inconvenient Truth , former United States vice president Al Gore stated , `` Within the decade , there will be no more snows of Kilimanjaro . '' Filles de Kilimanjaro , a 1968 album by Miles Davis . Kilimanjaro is mentioned in the 1982 song `` Africa '' by Toto . The lyrics state that the mountain `` rises like Olympus above the Serengeti '' , which is actually located far to the northwest of Kilimanjaro . In the 1994 Disney film The Lion King , Kilimanjaro can be seen in the background during the opening musical sequence , `` Circle of Life '' , as the film was set in Tanzania . Popular British YouTuber KSI made a song in 2015 called Kilimanjaro . Mount Kilimanjaro that features in Madagascar sequel , Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa . In the Halo video game series , a medal named `` Killmanjaro '' is awarded to a player who gets seven multiplayer kills in a row within four seconds of each kill . The mountain itself also features in Halo 3 . The mountain was shown in BBC 's Africa . The 2010 Tamil science fiction film Enthiran featured a song Kilimanjaro Special events ( edit ) According to the Tanzania National Parks Authority , the first wedding performed on the mountain below the summit took place on 21 September 2014 , when an American couple exchanged vows at Shira 2 Camp . In 2011 , a couple had exchanged their vows at the summit . On 26 September 2014 , a new world record for the highest - ever cricket match was set when a group of international cricketers played on a flat crater on the mountain at an elevation of 5,730 metres ( 18,800 ft ) . See also ( edit ) Balletto Glacier Barranco Glacier Credner Glacier Furtwängler Glacier Great Penck Glacier List of volcanoes in Tanzania Little Penck Glacier Rebmann Glacier Southeast Africa References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kilimanjaro National Park '' . Tanzania National Parks . Tanzania National Parks . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kilimanjaro National Park '' . World Heritage List . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kilimanjaro '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Peaks with 4000 meters of Prominence '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kilimanjaro Map and tourist Guide ( Map ) ( 4th ed . ) . 1 : 75,000 with 1 : 20,000 and 1 : 30,000 insets . EWP Map Guides . Cartography by EWP . EWP. 2009 . ISBN 0 - 906227 - 66 - 6 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ The Zones of Kilimanjaro , NASA Earth Observatory , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Oxford dictionary : definition of Kilimanjaro , Mount ( British & World English ) '' . Oxford dictionary . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mawenzi '' . Peakware . Interactive Outdoors , Inc . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolas J. Cullen ; Thomas Mölg ; Georg Kaser ; Khalid Hussein ; Konrad Steffen & Douglas R. Hardy ( 2006 ) . `` Kilimanjaro Glaciers : Recent areal extent from satellite data and new interpretation of observed 20th century retreat rates '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Letters. 33 ( 16 ) : L16502 . Bibcode : 2006GeoRL ... 3316502C . doi : 10.1029 / 2006GL027084 . ^ Jump up to : Nonnotte , Philippe ; Hervé Guillou ; Bernard Le Gall ; Mathieu Benoit ; Joseph Cotten ; Stéphane Scaillet ( 2008 ) . `` New K - Ar age determinations of Kilimanjaro volcano in the North Tanzanian diverging rift , East Africa '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 173 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 99 -- 112 . Bibcode : 2008JVGR ... 173 ... 99N . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2007.12. 042 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pascal Sirguey , Nicolas J. Cullen and Jorge Filipe Dos Santos . `` The New Digital Orthometric Elevation Model of Kilimanjaro '' ( PDF ) . CEUR Workshop Proceedings . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : W.H. Wilcockson ( 1956 ) . `` Preliminary Notes on the Geology of Kilimanjaro '' . Geological Magazine . 93 ( 3 ) : 218 -- 228 . Bibcode : 1956GeoM ... 93 ... 218W . doi : 10.1017 / S0016756800066590 . ^ Jump up to : John Barry Dawson ( 2008 ) . The Gregory Rift Valley and Neogene - recent Volcanoes of Northern Tanzania . Geological Society of London . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86239 - 267 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : C. Gillman ( 1923 ) . `` An Ascent of Kilimanjaro '' . The Geographical Journal . 61 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . doi : 10.2307 / 1780513 . JSTOR 1780513 . ^ Jump up to : Young , James A.T. `` Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Professional Survey . U.S. Department of the Interior . pp. G61 , G58 , G59 G62 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gustav Otto Richard Reusch '' . Biographies . The Center for Volga German Studies at Concordia University . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Leider ( 10 May 2010 ) . The Power of Purpose : Find Meaning , Live Longer , Better . Berrett - Koehler Publishers . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60509 - 527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Kilimanjaro '' . Volcano World . Oregon State University . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Stewart ( 23 April 2012 ) . Kilimanjaro : A Complete Trekker 's Guide : Preparations , practicalities and trekking routes to the ' Roof of Africa ' . Cicerone Press Limited . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84965 - 622 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : J. Shearson Hyland ( 1889 ) . `` Ueber die Gesteine des Kilimandscharo und dessen Umgebung '' . Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen ( in German ) . 10 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 268 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02993444 ( inactive 2018 - 03 - 12 ) -- via Springer Link . Jump up ^ William Dubois Newmark ( 1991 ) . The Conservation of Mount Kilimanjaro . IUCN . pp. 105 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 8317 - 0070 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Johann Ludwig Krapf ; Ernest George Ravenstein ( 1860 ) . Travels , Researches , and Missionary Labours , During an Eighteen Years ' Residence in Eastern Africa : Together with Journeys to Jagga , Usambara , Ukambani , Shoa , Abessinia and Khartum , and a Coasting Voyage from Nombaz to Cape Delgado . Trübner and Company , Paternoster Row . p. 255 . Jump up ^ James Wood ( 1907 ) . `` Kilima - Njaro '' . 1907 Nuttall Encyclopædia of General Knowledge . fromoldbooks.org . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , J.A. ( 1965 ) . `` The Meaning of Kilimanjaro '' . Department of Language and Linguistics . Dar Es Salaam : University College . Jump up ^ Through Masai land : a journey of exploration among the snowclad volcanic mountains and strange tribes of eastern equatorial Africa , authored by Johann Ludwig Krapf and Ernest George Ravenstein , Low , Marston , Searle , & Rivington , London , 1887 Jump up ^ `` Perspective with Landsat Overlay '' . SRTM TANZANIA IMAGES . California Institute of Technology . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Johann Ludwig Krapf ; Ernest George Ravenstein ( 1860 ) . Travels , Researches , and Missionary Labours , During an Eighteen Years ' Residence in Eastern Africa : Together with Journeys to Jagga , Usambara , Ukambani , Shoa , Abessinia and Khartum , and a Coasting Voyage from Nombaz to Cape Delgado . Trübner and Company , Paternoster Row . p. 544 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Philip ( 1996 ) : `` Guide to Tanzania ; 2nd edition . '' Bradt Guides . Jump up ^ Demhardt , I.J. GERMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CARTOGRAPHY OF SOUTH WEST AND EAST AFRICA FROM MID 19th CENTURY TO WORLD WAR I ( PDF ) . University of Technology Darmstadt . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ P.C. Spink ( 1945 ) . `` Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya '' . The Geographical Journal . 106 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 213 . doi : 10.2307 / 1788958 . JSTOR 1788958 . Jump up ^ D.F.O. Dangar ( 1965 ) . `` Dangar Alpine Notes '' ( PDF ) . The Alpine Journal . 70 ( 310 -- 311 ) : 328 . ^ Jump up to : Hans Meyer ( 1891 ) . Across East African glaciers : an account of the first ascent of Kilimanjaro . G. Philip & son . Jump up ^ Cameron M. Burns ( 2006 ) . Kilimanjaro & East Africa : A Climbing and Trekking Guide . The Mountaineers Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89886 - 604 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mackinder , Halford ( 1900 ) . `` A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya , British East Africa '' . The Geographical Journal . 15 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 476 . JSTOR 1774261 . Jump up ^ `` Kilimanjaro '' , authored by Sir . H.H. Johnston , in The Twentieth Century , published by Nineteenth Century and After , printed by Spottswoode , Ballantine & Co. Ltd. , London , June 1916 , volume 79 , page 879 Jump up ^ Dundas , Charles ( 2012 ) ( 1924 ) . Kilimanjaro and its People : A History of the Wachagga , Their Laws , Customs and Legends , Together with Some Account of the Highest Mountain in Africa . Routledge . p. 20 . ISBN 9781136249402 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baron Carl Claus von der Decken -- 1833 -- 1865 -- Collectors in East Africa -- 31 '' . Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ludwig Ritter von Höhnel ( 1894 ) . Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie : A Narrative of Count Samuel Teleki 's Exploring & Hunting Expedition in Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888 . Longmans , Green . p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Stewart ( 9 September 2010 ) . Kilimanjaro : A Complete Trekker 's Guide : Preparations , Practicalities and Trekking Routes to the ' Roof of Africa ' . Cicerone Press Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84965 - 071 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meyer And Purtscheller Were Not Alone '' . Tanzanian Affairs . January 1 , 1990 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Old Man of Mt . Kilimanjaro '' . The Honeyguide : Summer 2000 . Another Land . Archived from the original on 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Hart , Where in the World Did Karl Egloff Come From ? , Outside 5 , Mar 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Amazing Kilimanjaro Records '' . Mount Kilimanjaro Facts . Climb Kilimanjaro Guide . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kilimanjaro records '' . Background information on Kilimanjaro . Climb Mount Kilimanjaro Ltd . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record climbs '' , Climb Mount Kilimanjaro , accessed 7 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` NEW FEMALE SPEED RECORD ON KILIMANJARO '' , Climb Kilimanjaro Guide , accessed 7 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` Girl Who Wanted to ' Be Closer to Her Dad ' Becomes Youngest Female to Hike Mount Kilimanjaro '' . Good News Network . 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ghazali Musa ; James Higham ; Anna Thompson - Carr , eds. ( 5 June 2015 ) . Mountaineering Tourism . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 66874 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Christie ; Eneida Fernandes ; Hannah Messerli ; Louise Twining - Ward ( 2014 ) . Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods . World Bank Publications . ISBN 9781464801976 . Jump up ^ `` The official site of the Tanzania National Parks - Latest news '' . archive.org. 16 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Making success work for the poor : Package tourism in Northern Tanzania `` , Overseas Development Institute , authored by Jonathan Mitchell , Jodie Keane , and Jenny Laidlaw , 9 January 2008 , accessed 31 July 2015 '' ( PDF ) . odi.org . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mt . Kilimanjaro Routes : The Advantages and Disadvantage of All Mount Kilimanjaro Climbing Routes '' . Mount Kilimanjaro Guide . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro on the Machame Route '' . Mount Kilimanjaro Guide . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro on the Rongai Route '' . Mount Kilimanjaro Guide . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marangu Route '' . Kilimanjaro Routes . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ R. Stoppelenburg . `` Prepare yourself for the Kilimanjaro climb '' . Jump up ^ Muza , SR ; Fulco , CS ; Cymerman , A ( 2004 ) . `` Altitude Acclimatization Guide '' . US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report ( USARIEM - TN - 04 - 05 ) . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Davies , Andrew J. ; Kalson , Nicholas S. ; Stokes , Suzy ; Earl , Mark D. ; Whitehead , Adam G. ; Frost , Hannah ; Tyrell - Marsh , Ian ; Naylor , Jon ( 2009 ) . `` Determinants of Summiting Success and Acute Mountain Sickness on Mt Kilimanjaro ( 5895 m ) '' ( PDF ) . Wilderness & Environmental Medicine . 20 ( 4 ) : 315 . doi : 10.1580 / 1080 - 6032 - 020.004. 0311 . ISSN 1080 - 6032 . Jump up ^ Eigenberger , Paul ; Faino , Anna ; Maltzahn , Joanne ; Lisk , Christina ; Frank , Eddie ; Frank , Amy ; Loomis , Zoe ; Schroeder , Thies ; Strand , Matthew ; Irwin , David ( 2014 ) . `` A retrospective study of acute mountain sickness on Mt . Kilimanjaro using trekking company data '' ( PDF ) . Aviation , Space , and Environmental Medicine . 85 ( 11 ) : 1126 . Jump up ^ Cymerman , A ; Rock , PB . `` Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments . A Handbook for Medical Officers '' . USARIEM - TN94 - 2 . US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Andrew J. Davies ; Nicholas S. Kalson ; Suzy Stokes ; Mark D. Earl ; Adam G. Whitehead ; Hannah Frost ; Ian Tyrell - Marsh ; Jon Naylor ( 2009 ) . `` Determinants of Summiting Success and Acute Mountain Sickness on Mt Kilimanjaro ( 5895 m ) '' ( PDF ) . Wilderness and Environmental Medicine . 20 ( 4 ) : 311 -- 317 . doi : 10.1580 / 1080 - 6032 - 020.004. 0311 . Jump up ^ Neil D. Ritchie ; Amy V. Baggott & W.T. Andrew Todd ( 2012 ) . `` Acetazolamide for the Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness -- A Systematic Review and Meta - analysis '' . Journal of Travel Medicine . 19 ( 5 ) : 298 -- 307 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1708 - 8305.2012. 00629. x . PMID 22943270 . Jump up ^ Joel Meyer ( 2012 ) . `` Twice - Daily Assessment of Trekkers on Kilimanjaro 's Machame Route to Evaluate the Incidence and Time - Course of Acute Mountain Sickness '' . High Altitude Medicine & Biology . 13 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 284 . doi : 10.1089 / ham. 2012.1024 . Jump up ^ `` Lava Tower en route to Barranco Camp '' . Africa Travel . About.com . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Apollo , M ( 2017 ) . `` The good , the bad and the ugly -- three approaches to management of human waste in a high - mountain environment '' . International Journal of Environmental Studies . 74 ( 1 ) : 129 -- 158 . doi : 10.1080 / 00207233.2016. 1227225 . Jump up ^ Cilimburg , A. ; Monz , C. ; Kehoe , S. ( 2000 ) . `` Wildland recreation and human waste : a review of problems , practices , and concerns '' . Environmental Management . 25 ( 6 ) : 587 -- 598 . doi : 10.1007 / s002670010046 . PMID 10790524 . Jump up ^ Apollo , Michal ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Mountaineer 's Waste : Past , Present and Future '' . Annals of Valahia University of Targoviste , Geographical Series . 16 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1515 / avutgs - 2016 - 0002 . ISSN 2393 - 1493 . Jump up ^ Markus Hauser , Andreas Mueller , Britta Swai , Sendui Ole Nguyaine ( 2004 ) . `` Deaths Due to High Altitude Illness Among Tourists Climbing Mt Kilimanjaro '' . Proceedings of the 2004 South African Travel Medicine Society . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Pascal SRIGUEY & Nicolas J. CULLEN ( 2014 ) . `` A Century of Photogrammetry on Kilimanjaro '' ( PDF ) . Engaging the Challenges -- Enhancing the Relevance . FIG Congress 2014 . Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Stewart ( 23 April 2012 ) . Kilimanjaro : A Complete Trekker 's Guide : Preparations , practicalities and trekking routes to the ' Roof of Africa ' . Cicerone Press Limited . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84965 - 622 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Andreas Hemp ( 2006 ) . `` Continuum or zonation ? Altitudinal gradients in the forest vegetation of Mt . Kilimanjaro '' ( PDF ) . Plant Ecology. 184 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 42 . doi : 10.1007 / s11258 - 005 - 9049 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa Schüler ; Andreas Hemp ; Wolfgang Zech ; Hermann Behling ( 2012 ) . `` Vegetation , climate and fire - dynamics in East Africa inferred from the Maundi crater pollen record from Mt Kilimanjaro during the last glacial -- interglacial cycle '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 39 : 1 -- 13 . Bibcode : 2012QSRv ... 39 ... 1S . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2012.02. 003 -- via ScienceDirect . ^ Jump up to : Andreas Hemp ( 2007 ) . `` Introduced plants on Kilimanjaro : tourism and its impact '' ( PDF ) . Plant Ecology. 197 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 29 . doi : 10.1007 / s11258 - 007 - 9356 - z . Jump up ^ L.A. Bruijnzeel ; F.N. Scatena ; L.S. Hamilton ( 6 January 2011 ) . Tropical Montane Cloud Forests : Science for Conservation and Management . Cambridge University Press . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49455 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cameron M. Burns ( 2006 ) . Kilimanjaro & East Africa : A Climbing and Trekking Guide . The Mountaineers Books . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89886 - 604 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Crocidura monax '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kinyongia tavetana ( STEINDACHNER , 1891 ) '' . The Reptile Database . Zoological Museum Hamburg . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vijay P. Singh ; Pratap Singh ; Umesh K. Haritashya ( 1 July 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Snow , Ice and Glaciers . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 2641 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : P. Gabrielli ; D.R. Hardy ; N. Kehrwald ; M. Davis ; G. Cozzi ; C. Turetta ; C. Barbante ; L.G. Thompson ( 2014 ) . `` Deglaciated areas of Kilimanjaro as a source of volcanic trace elements deposited on the ice cap during the late Holocene '' ( PDF ) . Quaternary Science Reviews . 93 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 10 . Bibcode : 2014QSRv ... 93 ... 1G . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2014.03. 007 . Jump up ^ Bryan G. Mark & Henry A. Osmaston ( 2008 ) . `` Quaternary glaciation in Africa : Key chronologies and climatic implications '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Quaternary Science . 23 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 589 -- 608 . Bibcode : 2008JQS ... 23 ... 589M . doi : 10.1002 / jqs. 1222 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Lonnie G. `` Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records : Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa '' ( PDF ) . Science Magazine . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The controversial age of Kilimanjaro 's plateau glaciers '' , Geophysical Research Abstracts , authored by Chiara Uglietti , Alexander Zapf , Sönke Szidat , Gary Salazar , Doug Hardy , Margit Schwikowski , EGU General Assembly 2015 , 12 -- 17 April 2015 , Vienna , Austria , accessed 9 November 2015 ^ Jump up to : L.G. Thompson ; H.H. Brecher ; E. Mosley - Thompson ; D.R. Hardy ; B.G. Mark ( 2009 ) . `` Glacier loss on Kilimanjaro continues unabated '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 47 ) : 19770 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2009PNAS ... 10619770T . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0906029106 . PMC 2771743 . PMID 19884500 . Jump up ^ Kaser , Georg ; Mölg , Thomas ; Cullen , Nicolas J. ; Hardy , Douglas R. ; Winkler , Michael ( 2010 ) . `` Is the decline of ice on Kilimanjaro unprecedented in the Holocene ? '' . The Holocene. 20 ( 7 ) : 1079 -- 1091 . Bibcode : 2010Holoc ... 20.1079 K . doi : 10.1177 / 0959683610369498 . ISSN 0959 - 6836 . ^ Jump up to : Cullen , N.J. ; Sirguey , P. ; Mölg , T. ; Kaser , G. ; Winkler , M. ; Fitzsimons , S.J. ( 2013 ) . `` A century of ice retreat on Kilimanjaro : the mapping reloaded '' ( PDF ) . The Cryosphere. 7 ( 2 ) : 419 -- 431 . Bibcode : 2013TCry ... 7 ... 419C . doi : 10.5194 / tc - 7 - 419 - 2013 . ISSN 1994 - 0424 . Jump up ^ Georg Kaser ; Thomas Mölg ; Nicolas J. Cullen ; Douglas R. Hardy ; Michael Winkler ; Rainer Prinz & Lindsey Nicholson . `` East African glacier loss and climate change : Corrections to the UNEP article Africa without ice and snow '' ( PDF ) . 6 : 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ L.G. Thompson ; M.E. Davis ( 2007 ) . `` Ice Core Records -- Africa '' . Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science : 1220 -- 1225 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 44 - 452747 - 8 / 00351 - 3 . ISBN 9780444527479 . Jump up ^ Charles Dundas ( 12 November 2012 ) . Kilimanjaro and Its People : A History of Wachagga , their Laws , Customs and Legends , Together with Some . Routledge . pp. 84 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 24940 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` An American Literary Treasure '' . Kent State University Press . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sia Bor På Kilimandjaro . Sia Lives on Kilimanjaro . Photographs by Anna Riwkin - Brick . Text by A. Lindgren . London ; Stockholm printed . 1959 . Jump up ^ Ernest Hemingway ( 1995 ) . The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80444 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Notes - The Snows of Kilimanjaro '' . AFI Catalog . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Neil Modie ( 21 January 2008 ) . `` Mount Kilimanjaro : On Africa 's roof , still crowned with snow '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thompson , Clive ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` Halo 3 Turns French Cathedral Into Electronic Battleground '' . Wired . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . While creating several environments based on the area of Africa surrounding Mount Kilimanjaro , Bungie designers used a satellite map of the region to make sure the geography would remain consistent from scene to scene -- and that as the `` day '' inside the single - player story wore on , the sun would set at a realistic pace . ( Even the road signs in the game are `` mostly close to real life , '' a designer told me : When you see a ruined highway sign saying `` New Mombasa : 47 miles , '' that 's roughly the distance to Mombasa , Kenya . ) Jump up ^ `` American couple to exchange vows on Mount Kilimanjaro '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Couple marries on top of Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest peak '' . India Today . 22 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More couples exchange marriage vows on Africa 's roof '' . The Guardian . 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cricketers play on Kilimanjaro to set new world record '' . BBC News . 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMt . Kilimanjaroat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Kilimanjaro at Encyclopædia Britannica Mount Kilimanjaro National Park NASA Earth Explorer page Weather forecase for Mount Kilimanjaro ( 19,565 feet ) Glacial Recession on Kilimanjaro ( pictures of southern icefields ) Mount Kilimanjaro live webcam Kilimanjaro flora picture gallery Aerial photographs of Mount Kilimanjaro , 1937 -- 38 Kilimanjaro How hard is it to climb Mount Kilimanjaro ? Seven Summits Asia Everest ( 8,848 m or 29,029 ft ) South America Aconcagua ( 6,962 m or 22,841 ft ) North America Denali ( 6,198 m or 20,335 ft ) Africa Kilimanjaro ( 5,893 m or 19,334 ft ) Europe Elbrus ( 5,642 m or 18,510 ft ) or Mont Blanc ( 4,810 m or 15,781 ft ) Antarctica Vinson Massif ( 4,892 m or 16,050 ft ) Oceania Puncak Jaya ( 4,884 m or 16,024 ft ) or Mount Wilhelm ( 4,509 m or 14,793 ft ) Oceania ( Australia ) Mount Kosciuszko ( 2,228 m or 7,310 ft ) Volcanic Seven Summits South America Ojos del Salado ( 6,893 m or 22,615 ft ) Africa Mount Kilimanjaro ( 5,895 m or 19,341 ft ) Europe Mount Elbrus ( 5,642 m or 18,510 ft ) North America Pico de Orizaba ( 5,636 m or 18,491 ft ) Asia Mount Damavand ( 5,610 m or 18,406 ft ) Australia ( continental shelf ) Mount Giluwe ( 4,367 m or 14,327 ft ) Antarctica Mount Sidley ( 4,285 m or 14,058 ft ) Seven Third Summits Asia Kangchenjunga ( 8,586 m or 28,169 ft ) South America Monte Pissis ( 6,795 m or 22,293 ft ) North America Pico de Orizaba ( 5,636 m or 18,491 ft ) Europe Shkhara ( 5,193 m or 17,037 ft ) or Dom ( 4,545 m or 14,911 ft ) Africa Mawenzi ( 5,149 m or 16,893 ft ) Australia ( continent ) Puncak Trikora ( 4,750 m or 15,584 ft ) Antarctica Mount Shinn ( 4,661 m or 15,292 ft ) Australia Mount Twynam ( 2,196 m or 7,205 ft ) BNF : cb12216301m ( data ) GND : 4030530 - 2 NARA : 10038408 VIAF : 237690549 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&oldid=856770387 '' Categories : Mount Kilimanjaro Mountains of Tanzania Five - thousanders of Africa Geography of Kilimanjaro Region Highest points of countries Moshi , Tanzania Seven Summits Stratovolcanoes of Tanzania Volcanic Seven Summits Volcanoes of the Great Rift Valley Hidden categories : Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo Kabɩyɛ 134 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 12 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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712998312366710936	Vida (TV series)	Vida ( TV series ) - wikipedia Vida ( TV series ) Vida Genre Drama Created by Tanya Saracho Based on Pour Vida by Richard Villegas Jr . Starring Melissa Barrera Mishel Prada Ser Anzoategui Chelsea Rendon Carlos Miranda Maria Elena Laas Roberta Colindrez Composer ( s ) Germaine Franco Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 6 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marc Turtletaub Peter Saraf Robin Schwartz Stephanie Langhoff Producer ( s ) Chrisann Verges Cinematography Carmen Cabana Editor ( s ) JoAnne Yarrow Amy Duddleston Camera setup Single - camera Running time 29 -- 33 minutes Production company ( s ) Big Beach TV Chingona Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Release Original network Starz Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround Original release May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website Vida is an American drama television series based on the short story Pour Vida by Richard Villegas Jr. that premiered on May 6 , 2018 , on Starz . The series was created by Tanya Saracho , stars Melissa Barrera and Mishel Prada , and is executive produced by Marc Turtletaub , Peter Saraf , Robin Schwartz , and Stephanie Langhoff . On June 12 , 2018 , it was announced that Starz had renewed the series for a second season . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Vida follows `` two Mexican - American sisters , Emma and Lyn , from the Eastside of Los Angeles who could n't be more different or distanced from each other . Circumstances force them to return to their old neighborhood , where they are confronted by the past and shocking truth about their mother 's identity . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Melissa Barrera as Lyn Hernandez Mishel Prada as Emma Hernandez Ser Anzoategui as Eddy Martínez Chelsea Rendon as Marisol Sanchez Carlos Miranda as Johnny Sanchez Maria Elena Laas as Cruz Roberta Colindrez as Nico ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Elena Campbell - Martínez as Doña Lupe Ramses Jimenez as Tlaloc Medina Luis Bordonada as Nelson Herrera Elizabeth De Razzo as Yoli Renée Victor as Doña Tita Adelina Anthony as Rocky Erika Soto as Karla Vanessa Giselle as Lucky aka `` Femme '' Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Episode 1 '' Alonso Ruizpalacios Tanya Saracho May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 0.020 Two estranged sisters , Emma and Lyn , return to their old neighborhood , Boyle Heights , Los Angeles , after the sudden death of their mother Vidalia ( `` Vida '' for short ) . Upon their return , they are introduced to Vidalia 's `` roommate , '' Eddy . At the memorial service Emma feels distant and out of place , while Lyn is eager to reunite with her high school lover , Johnny . A young woman named Cruz shows up to express her condolences , which captures Emma 's attention . Johnny reveals that Vida was actually married to Eddy , which infuriates Emma for reasons that are unknown to Lyn . To complicate matters further , Vida willed 30 percent of the ownership of their family - owned bar to Eddy and split the other 70 percent between Emma and Lyn . At a local restaurant , Emma tells Lyn that they need to sell the bar . The sisters run into Johnny 's little sister Mari , which results in an argument . When the sisters return home and announce their plan , Eddy announces that she will never sell . `` Episode 2 '' So Yong Kim Tanya Saracho & Santa Sierra May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 0.181 Mari vandalizes a local store that has been gentrified and the distressed owner confronts her . Emma meets with a local realtor and learns that he sold Vidalia a predatory mortgage on the bar when Vidalia was unable to pay off her first mortgage . The realtor says he can still get Emma an offer for the bar and proceeds to touch her leg suggestively . Appalled , Emma spills her coffee on his lap and states she will never sell to him . Lyn goes for a run and ends up at the garage Johnny works at . Johnny proclaims that he has never been happier in his life , as he has a fiancé and baby on the way , and that Lyn needs to stay away from him . They end up having sex and Mari sees them . Upon arriving back home , Emma tells Lyn that they need to stay a little longer . Emma , Lyn and Eddy end up eating flan together . `` Episode 3 '' Rashaad Ernesto Green Evangeline Ordaz May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 0.133 Emma hooks up with a nonbinary person from a dating app , which she reveals to Lyn when she gets home . Lyn says that she supports Emma and however her sister identifies . Eddy 's anguish over Vidalia 's death comes out in a confrontation with Emma and Lyn over the bar 's troubled financial statements , and Eddy continues to struggle . Mari attends a meeting for neighborhood activists and is distracted by her crush , Tlalac . After the meeting , Tlalac expresses interest in Mari and prompts her to give him a blow - job , and she complies . Tlalac films the act , unbeknownst to Mari . Carla , Johnny 's fiancé , goes to the bar to confront Lyn about the affair and is greeted by Eddy first , then Emma , and finally Lyn . At night on the roof of the bar , Eddy smokes a cigar with a friend and discusses how waiting to enjoy the finer things in life is a waste of time . They express that instead , people should seize moments that will bring them happiness . Eddy mentions that Vidalia wanted to make things right with Emma , which Emma overhears as she smokes a cigarette on a fire escape . `` Episode 4 '' Rose Troche Chelsey Lora May 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 27 ) 0.148 Feeling rejected in many ways , Lyn goes on a shopping spree with one of Vidalia 's credit cards . She runs into a young man who invites her to a party in the Hollywood Hills , which she attends . Lyn 's perception of herself shifts as she watches the Latina housekeeper at the party and deals with her new acquaintance 's offhand comments about Latinx people . Emma goes to another bar to scope out the competition , and Cruz is surprised to see her there . Cruz invites Emma to hang out with her friends and they all continue to drink as the night progresses . Emma reveals that her mother sent her away twice in her youth , which she later realized was due to Vidalia 's internalized homophobia . Emma and Cruz act on their romantic connection , but Emma ends up having a panic attack . Mari proceeds normally throughout her day at work and attends another activist meeting . When she brings up recent changes about Vidalia 's bar , everyone looks at her strangely . Mari 's friend shows her the explicit video of Mari , which Tlalac sent to people . Tlalac finds Mari and says he did not spread the video , but she remains skeptical and hurt . 5 `` Episode 5 '' Catalina Aguilar Mastretta Mando Alvarado June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) 0.136 6 `` Episode 6 '' Rose Troche Tanya Saracho June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) 0.163 Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2016 , the series was first announced as being in development at the Television Critics Association press tour in Pasadena , California during Starz 's executive session . The show was announced alongside two other projects based on Spanish - language formats and stories from Hispanic creators . The series was entitled Pour Vida at the time and was inspired by a short story by Richard Villegas Jr . Production company Big Beach TV were set to produce with Marc Turtletaub , Dan Pasternack , and Erin Keating executive producing . On September 13 , 2017 , Starz officially announced that they had given the show , now entitled Vida , a series order . In January 2018 , it was announced at the annual Television Critics Association winter press tour that the series would premiere on May 6 , 2018 . On June 12 , 2018 , it was reported that Starz had renewed the series for a second season . Casting ( edit ) In September 2017 , Starz simultaneously made the first casting announcements alongside the series order . It was reported that Melissa Barrera and Veronica Osorio had been cast as Lyn and Emma , respectively . In November 2017 , Karen Ser Anzoategui , Chelsea Rendon , Carlos Miranda , and Maria Elena Laas were announced as having joined the series ' main cast . It was also announced that Mishel Prada had replaced Veronica Osorio in the role of Emma . In December 2017 , the final additions to the cast were announced . These included the castings of Elena Campbell - Martínez , Ramses Jimenez , Luis Bordonada , Elizabeth De Razzo , Renee Victor , Adelina Anthony , and Erika Soto . On July 28 , 2018 , it was announced that Roberta Colindrez had joined the main cast for season two . Release ( edit ) Vida posters Teaser poster Official poster Marketing ( edit ) On February 8 , 2018 , Starz released the first teaser trailer for the series . On March 10 , 2018 , Starz opened the `` Starz Sensory House '' at the annual South by Southwest Film Festival in Austin , Texas . The `` sensory house '' featured a multitude of screens playing the trailers for both new shows on a loop . Various types of food and drinks were available and designed thematically to Vida and other new Starz series Sweetbitter . In keeping with the theme of `` Vida , '' Spanish - style tapas were served throughout the event , including mini tostadas , Korean hangar steak kabobs , and bite - sized creme brûlées . Additionally , a series of six artisanal cocktails were also available , designed by Austin - based bartender Tracy Rowland . One such cocktail based on Vida included the `` Chingonia '' , a mix of Blanco tequila , vermouth , aloe , white wine , and garnished with basil and cucumber . A musical element was also included through the all - female DJ collective Chulita Vinyl Club that performed . The Starz Sensory House was located at 88 Rainey Street in Austin and operated until March 12 . Premiere ( edit ) On March 11 , 2018 , the series held its world premiere at the annual South by Southwest Film Festival in Austin , Texas at Austin Convention Center in the Vimeo Theater . Following the screening , Fawzia Mirza moderated a question - and - answer session with showrunner and executive producer Tanya Saracho along with cast members Melissa Barrera , Mishel Prada , Ser Anzoategui , Chelsea Rendon , Carlos Miranda , and Maria Elena Laas . Reception ( edit ) The first season has been met with a positive response from critics . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.97 out of 10 , based on 28 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Vida explores familiar familial ground from a fresh perspective to create an earnest and heartfelt take on identity and what it means to belong . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 75 out of 100 based on 12 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Starz Rounds Out Cast of Half - Hour Latinx Drama ' Vida ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vida : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Starz Developing ' Maleficio ' For U.S. , Drama From Alejandro Brugues & More -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Starz Greenlights Drama Series ' Vida ' In Push To Attract Latino Viewers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Latino Drama ' Vida ' Lands Series Order at Starz '' . Variety . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STARZ Media Room - Starz Greenlights Original Series `` Vida '' From Showrunner Tanya Saracho `` . mediaroom.starz.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Latino Drama ' Vida ' Ordered to Series at Starz '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Villafañe , Veronica ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Looking To Attract Latino Viewers , Starz Greenlights Series ' Vida ' With Latino Showrunner And Cast '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Starz Sets Premiere Dates For Rookie Dramas ' Howards End ' , ' Vida ' & Sweetbitter ' -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Vida Renewed for Season 2 at Starz '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Starz Sets Cast For ' Vida ' Drama Series : Mishel Prada , Karen Ser Anzoategui , Chelsea Rendon Among Regulars '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Vida ' : Starz Rounds Out Cast For Latinx Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Nellie Andreeva , Denise ( July 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Vida ' : Roberta Colindrez Joins Season 2 Of Starz Series As Series Regular -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carr , Mary Kate ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Watch two sisters come home in new Starz series ' Vida ' -- exclusive first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Long , Christian ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Starz Introduces ' Vida ' and ' Sweetbitter ' to SXSW With Sensory House Experience '' . Variety . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW 2018 Schedule '' . SXSW . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` SXSW 2018 : 10 Must - See TV Events , From ' The Last O.G. ' Premiere to a Real - Life ' Westworld ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vida : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vida : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Vida on IMDb Starz original programming Current Power ( since 2014 ) Outlander ( since 2014 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( since 2016 ) American Gods ( since 2017 ) Counterpart ( since 2017 ) Sweetbitter ( since 2018 ) Vida ( since 2018 ) Former 2000s debuts The Bronx Bunny Show ( 2007 ) Head Case ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hollywood Residential ( 2008 ) Crash ( 2008 -- 09 ) Party Down ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Spartacus : Blood and Sand ( 2010 ) Gravity ( 2010 ) The Pillars of the Earth ( 2010 ) Spartacus : Gods of the Arena ( 2011 ) Camelot ( 2011 ) Torchwood : Miracle Day ( 2011 ) Boss ( 2011 -- 12 ) Spartacus : Vengeance ( 2012 ) Magic City ( 2012 -- 13 ) Spartacus : War of the Damned ( 2013 ) Da Vinci 's Demons ( 2013 -- 15 ) Black Sails ( 2014 -- 17 ) Survivor 's Remorse ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Missing ( 2014 -- 17 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) Ash vs Evil Dead ( 2015 -- 18 ) Flesh and Bone ( 2015 ) Close to the Enemy ( 2016 ) The White Princess ( 2017 ) Howards End ( 2018 ) Upcoming Now Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Rook ( TBA ) The Spanish Princess ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vida_(TV_series)&oldid=854719840 '' Categories : 2018 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs Hispanic and Latino American media Lesbian - related television programs Television shows set in Los Angeles Starz network shows Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 09 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when does the new season of vida come out	[]	[]
-3025634890158188361	Faramir	Faramir - wikipedia Faramir Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the son of Denethor II . For the son of King Ondoher , see Faramir ( House of Anárion ) . For the son of Peregrin Took , see Faramir Took . Faramir Tolkien 's legendarium character Aliases Steward of Gondor , Prince of Ithilien , Lord of Emyn Arnen Race Men Book ( s ) The Two Towers The Return of the King In J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth legendarium , Faramir is a fictional character appearing in The Lord of the Rings . He is introduced as the younger brother of Boromir of the Fellowship of the Ring and second son of Denethor II , the Steward of the realm of Gondor . The relationships between the three men are revealed over the course of the book and are elaborated in the appendices . Faramir first enters the narrative in person in The Two Towers , where , upon meeting Frodo Baggins , he is presented with a temptation to take possession of the One Ring . In The Return of the King , he led the forces of Gondor during the War of the Ring , coming near to death , and eventually succeeded his father as the Steward and won the love of Éowyn of Rohan . In The History of The Lord of the Rings series Christopher Tolkien recorded that his father had not foreseen the emergence of Faramir during the writing of the book , only inventing him at the actual point of his appearance in The Two Towers . J. R. R. Tolkien noted that the introduction of Faramir had led to postponement of the book 's dénouement and to further development of the background for Gondor and Rohan . Long after completing The Lord of the Rings , Tolkien would write that of all characters Faramir resembles the author most , and that he had deliberately bestowed upon the character several traits of his own . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literature 1.1 Background 1.2 The Two Towers 1.3 The Return of the King 1.4 Characteristics 1.5 Names and titles 2 Concept and creation 3 Portrayal in adaptations 3.1 Art 3.2 Radio 3.3 Film 3.4 Video games 4 Namesakes 5 Notes and references 6 See also 7 External links Literature ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Early years of Faramir 's life are described in the main narrative of The Lord of the Rings only passingly , with more detail revealed in the appendices . It is stated that Faramir was born in the year 2983 of the Third Age ; his father , Denethor II , was a man of noble descent and the heir to the Stewardship of Gondor , ascending a year after Faramir 's birth . Denethor had married Finduilas , daughter of Prince Adrahil of Dol Amroth ; however , she died untimely when Faramir was five , and is said to have remained to him `` but a memory of loveliness in far days and of his first grief '' . After her death Denethor became sombre , cold , and detached from his family , but the relationship between Faramir and Boromir , who was five years older , only grew closer . The brothers greatly loved and highly esteemed each other , and neither in childhood nor in later years was there any jealousy or rivalry between them , even though Denethor openly favoured his elder son . Tolkien wrote that Faramir was used to giving way and not airing his own opinions . Among other things , Faramir displeased his father in that he welcomed the wizard Gandalf who occasionally visited Minas Tirith , the capital of Gondor . Being eager for knowledge , Faramir learned much from Gandalf about the history of the realm and about the death of Isildur . Gondor had long been threatened by the nearby realm of Mordor , and in 3018 the Dark Lord Sauron began the War of the Ring , attacking the ruined city of Osgiliath that guarded the passage to Minas Tirith . Faramir and Boromir commanded the defence , and were among those few who survived when the eastern half of Osgiliath was captured and the bridges across the River Anduin were destroyed . In The Fellowship of the Ring it is recounted that shortly before the battle Faramir had a prophetic dream , which later often recurred to him and once to Boromir . In this dream a voice spoke about a `` Sword that was Broken '' that was to be found at Imladris far to the north , about the awakening of `` Isildur 's Bane '' , approach of `` Doom '' , and appearance of `` the Halfling '' . Faramir decided to journey to Imladris and seek advice of Elrond the Half - elven , but Boromir claimed the errand for himself , fearing for his brother , and was approved by Denethor and a council of the elders ; Faramir remained to defend Gondor . The Two Towers ( edit ) `` For myself , '' said Faramir , `` I would see the White Tree in flower again in the courts of the kings , and the Silver Crown return , and Minas Tirith in peace : Minas Anor again as of old , full of light , high and fair , beautiful as a queen among other queens : not a mistress of many slaves , nay , not even a kind mistress of willing slaves . War must be , while we defend our lives against a destroyer who would devour all ; but I do not love the bright sword for its sharpness , nor the arrow for its swiftness , nor the warrior for his glory . I love only that which they defend : the city of the Men of Númenor ; and I would have her loved for her memory , her ancientry , her beauty , and her present wisdom . '' J.R.R. Tolkien , The Two Towers Faramir first encountered the hobbits Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee in Ithilien and recognized them to be the Halflings mentioned in his dreams . Faramir questioned Frodo of his quest , and Frodo revealed that he , along with eight other companions including Boromir , had set out from Rivendell . During the interrogation , Faramir asked often about Boromir , since he knew , although Frodo at that point did not , that Boromir was already dead . One night , while on guard , Faramir waded down to the Anduin river after seeing a boat there . It contained the dead body of his brother , who had been killed by Orcs after Frodo left the group . Faramir also asked about the purpose of Frodo 's mission , but Frodo tried to avoid the subject . Faramir determined that Frodo was carrying one of Sauron 's great weapons . In the Rangers ' secret refuge behind the waterfall , Henneth Annûn , Sam accidentally spoke of Boromir 's desire for the One Ring , thus revealing the item Frodo was carrying . Faramir then showed the crucial difference between him and his proud brother : But fear no more ! I would not take this thing , if it lay by the highway . Not were Minas Tirith falling in ruin and I alone could save her , so , using the weapon of the Dark Lord for her good and my glory . No , I do not wish for such triumphs , Frodo son of Drogo . Despite the Hobbits ' fears , Faramir was wise enough to realize that such a weapon was not to be used and if desired , should be resisted . With this knowledge , he also realized what his brother had to face , and wished that he had gone on the quest himself -- knowing that Boromir would not have been able to resist the temptation to seize the Ring for himself . Giving the Hobbits provisions , he sent them on their way to continue their quest , but warned Frodo that their guide , Gollum , was a treacherous creature , and that an unknown terror lived in Cirith Ungol , where Gollum was leading them . The Return of the King ( edit ) The following evening in Cair Andros , Faramir sent his company south to reinforce the garrison at Osgiliath , while he and three of his men rode to Minas Tirith . Along the way , they were pursued by Sauron 's servants , the Nazgûl . Faramir rode back to help the fallen . Immediately , Gandalf rode out to their aid , temporarily banishing the Nazgûl . Faramir arrived at Minas Tirith and reported to Denethor and Gandalf of his encounter with Frodo and Sam . Denethor became angry that Faramir had let Frodo and Sam pass into Mordor with the Ring , instead of bringing the Ring to Minas Tirith to be hidden . Sauron 's second - in - command , the Witch - king of Angmar , led a much larger force from Minas Morgul , and attacked Osgiliath . After Osgiliath was conquered , Faramir decided to stay with the rearguard in order to make sure that the retreat over Pelennor would not turn into a rout . He was gravely wounded by a Southron arrow and the Black Breath of the Nazgûl . Fortunately , all of the mounted soldiers in the city rode to his aid and brought him back to Denethor in Minas Tirith . When Faramir returned unconscious , Denethor believed him to be fatally injured . That blow , coupled with a vision in the palantír of the forces arrayed against him , drove him insane . He ordered his servants to build a funeral pyre in the House of Stewards for him and his son . Denethor 's temporary servant , the Hobbit Peregrin Took , went to alert Gandalf and Beregond , one of the Tower Guards he had befriended . Gandalf and Beregond stopped the impending sacrifice just in time . Mad with grief , Denethor jumped onto the lit pyre , burning himself alive . Faramir said : `` Do not scorn pity that is the gift of a gentle heart , Eowyn ! But I do not offer you my pity . For you are a lady high and valiant and have yourself won renown that shall not be forgotten ; and you are a lady beautiful , I deem , beyond even the words of the Elven - tongue to tell . And I love you . Once I pitied your sorrow . But now , were you sorrowless , without fear or any lack , were you the blissful Queen of Gondor , still I would love you . Eowyn , do you not love me ? '' J.R.R. Tolkien , The Return of the King Two days later , the battle over , Aragorn came and revived Faramir with athelas in the Houses of Healing . During his subsequent recuperation there , Faramir met the Lady Éowyn of Rohan ; moved by her sorrow , pride , and beauty , he eventually fell in love with her . At first , Éowyn refused his advances , only desiring to go to war to find honour in death . But soon Éowyn realized that she had come to love him in return . Faramir took up his office as Steward , and began preparing the city for the arrival of Aragorn , who was now King of Gondor . On the day of the King 's official coronation , Faramir surrendered his office . Aragorn , however , renewed the office , and announced that as long as his line would last , Faramir and his descendants would be Stewards of Gondor . In addition , Aragorn created Faramir Prince of Ithilien and appointed Beregond Captain of Faramir 's guard , the White Company . Faramir , as Prince of Ithilien , together with the Prince of Dol Amroth became King Elessar 's chief commanders . In a draft letter to a reader of The Lord of the Rings , J.R.R. Tolkien writes that as Prince of Ithilien , Faramir 's duties also included acting as resident march - warden of Gondor 's main eastward outpost , rehabilitating the lost territories , as well as clearing it of outlaws and Orcs and cleansing Minas Morgul ( an old Gondorian city , once named Minas Ithil , that Sauron had taken ) of evil remnants . Faramir also fulfilled the traditional role of Steward , acting as the King 's chief counsellor and ruling Gondor in his absence . With Éowyn , he settled in Emyn Arnen , where the two had a son named Elboron . After Faramir 's death at the age of 120 , his son succeeded him in all of his titles . Barahir , Faramir 's grandson , wrote The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen , which was inserted ( in an abbreviated form ) in the Thain 's Book by the writer Findegil , and appears in The Lord of the Rings as part of Appendix A . Characteristics ( edit ) Faramir 's personality is prominently described in the appendices to The Lord of the Rings : He read the hearts of men as shrewdly as his father , but what he read moved him sooner to pity than to scorn . He was gentle in bearing , and a lover of lore and of music , and therefore by many in those days his courage was judged less than his brother 's . But it was not so , except that he did not seek glory in danger without a purpose . Tolkien recorded that Faramir greatly resembled Boromir in appearance , who in his turn is described as `` a tall man with a fair and noble face , dark - haired and grey - eyed , proud and stern of glance '' . Members of the line of the Stewards were wont to be of a nobler appearance and bearing than most of the inhabitants of Gondor ; in case of Faramir , it is stated that `` by some chance the blood of Westernesse ( ran ) nearly true '' in him , which was rare . This trait was elaborated by Tolkien through the speech of Pippin : Here was one with an air of high nobility such as Aragorn at times revealed , less high perhaps , yet also less incalculable and remote : one of the Kings of Men born into a later time , but touched with the wisdom and sadness of the Elder Race . ( ... ) He was a captain that men would follow , ( ... ) even under the shadow of the black wings . Faramir 's leadership , skill - in - arms , and swift but hardy judgement proved valuable in battle , and earned him Gondor 's respect during the War of the Ring . He defended Gondor from Sauron on many fronts , but did not enjoy fighting for its own sake . Long after completing The Lord of the Rings , Tolkien would write , `` As far as any character is ' like me ' , it is Faramir '' . Faramir 's relationship to war in Tolkien 's story reflected that of the author himself , who served as an officer in the British Army during the First World War and fought in the Battle of the Somme in the latter half of 1916 . Tolkien bestowed his dream of `` darkness unescapable '' upon Faramir 's character , who relates it to Éowyn in the chapter `` The Steward and the King '' in The Return of the King . Of this , Tolkien wrote , `` For when Faramir speaks of his private vision of the Great Wave , he speaks for me . That vision and dream has been ever with me -- and has been inherited ( as I only discovered recently ) by one of my children , Michael . '' Names and titles ( edit ) The meaning of the name Faramir was not explained by Tolkien ; apparently he intended it to come from Sindarin , an Elven language constructed by him and stated to have been used by the Stewards of Gondor for naming . The first part of Faramir could have been derived from Sindarin stems meaning ' suffice ' and ' hunt ' , and the final syllable is likely to have been the same as in his brother 's name . Boromir was described by Tolkien as a name `` of mixed form '' , and possibly combines Sindarin bor ( on ) - ' steadfast ' with either Sindarin mîr or Quenya míre ' jewel ' . However , it is also stated that the Stewards of Gondor often bore names `` remembered in the songs and histories of the First Age '' , without paying a special attention to meaning . Thus one Boromir appears in The Silmarillion , and the appendices to The Lord of the Rings introduce Faramir , son of King Ondoher of Gondor , although in this case the name was supposedly in Quenya , as the Kings are stated to have borne High - elven names , and similarly did Ondoher 's elder son , Artamir . Throughout The Lord of the Rings , Faramir is given several titles and ranks , such as the Captain of Gondor and Captain of the White Tower . ( Boromir is given the latter title at an earlier point in the storyline , and in The Two Towers he is referred to as Captain - General of Gondor and High Warden of the White Tower . ) After his father 's death , Faramir became the Steward of Gondor , but only briefly as he laid down his office at the crowning of Aragorn ; Tolkien stated that it was Denethor who was the last of the Ruling Stewards . Later Aragorn renewed Faramir 's hereditary appointment as Steward to the King , and granted him the titles of the Prince of Ithilien and Lord of Emyn Arnen . Concept and creation ( edit ) Faramir 's decision to reject the One Ring shows influences from a kind of courage and behaviour that was known to Tolkien from the medieval poem The Battle of Maldon . By not taking the Ring , Faramir rejects the desire for power and glory and the desire for renown which a defeat of Sauron would bring him . The speed of the relationship of Faramir and Éowyn reflects a culture which Tolkien describes to be `` less corrupt '' , and nobler in which the `` petty fencing and approaches '' of courtly love is disregarded . A factor in the development of their love came from Tolkien 's personal belief that feelings grew quickly in periods of great stress and under the expectation of death . Originally , Tolkien employed the use of thou and thee in The Lord of the Rings to show a `` deliberate change to a form of affection or endearment '' . His son has presented the original drafts for the chapter `` The Steward and the King '' , in which such usage was employed to emphasize the relationship 's development : The ' sudden change ' to which he referred here ... is possibly to be seen in their first meeting in the garden of the Houses of Healing , where Faramir says ( ( The Return of the King ) p. 238 ) : ' Then , Éowyn of Rohan , I say to you that you are beautiful ' , but at the end of his speech changes to the ' familiar ' form , ' But thou and I have both passed under the wings of the Shadow ' ( whereas Éowyn continues to use ' you ' ) . In the following meetings , in this text , Faramir uses the ' familiar ' forms , but Éowyn does not do so until the last ( ' Dost thou not know ? ' , RK p. 242 ) ; and soon after this point my father went back over what he had written and changed every ' thou ' and ' thee ' to ' you ' . Portrayal in adaptations ( edit ) Art ( edit ) Anke Eißmann 's portrayal of Faramir interrogating Frodo Faramir appears in several illustrations created by John Howe , Ted Nasmith and Anke Eißmann for The Lord of the Rings and related products . One of the scenes from the book that received many depictions is Faramir and Éowyn 's meeting at the top of Minas Tirith . Eißmann apparently follows the book in presenting Faramir as dark - haired and beardless , also emphasising his recent recovery in the illustration for the dialogue with Éowyn ; Nasmith depicts Faramir as bearded and brown - haired . Radio ( edit ) In the BBC 's 1981 radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings , Faramir is voiced by Andrew Seear . The radio drama is known for adhering faithfully to the books , and Peter Jackson gives BBC 's 1981 radio adaptation credit in the production of his film trilogy . The characterisation of Faramir follows that of the original closely ; the character is able to resist the One Ring , in direct contrast to the portrayal in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Film ( edit ) In Rankin / Bass ' 1980 adaptation of The Return of the King , a dark - haired man is shown next to Éowyn in greeting Aragorn as he arrives to Minas Tirith . This character could be interpreted as Faramir . David Wenham as Faramir in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King In the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy directed by Peter Jackson , Faramir is played by David Wenham . The actor jokes that he got the role because he and Sean Bean , who played Boromir , both had large noses . Faramir and his brother 's appearances were slightly altered from the book : in the films , they have fair hair and are slightly bearded , whereas in the book they were dark - haired and , following a statement in Unfinished Tales , lacked beards . The plot of the second film , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , introduces a significant deviation from the book : Faramir does not at first let Frodo , Sam , and Gollum go , but decides to bring them and the Ring to Gondor . He takes them to Osgiliath and not until the Nazgûl attack the city and Frodo comes under the threat of capture does he release them . Jackson 's explanation is that he needed another adventure to delay Frodo and Sam , because the episode at Cirith Ungol was moved to the third movie , and so a new climax was needed . In fact , according to the timeline given by Tolkien , Frodo and Sam had only reached the Black Gate at the time of the fall of Isengard. Jackson also argues that it was necessary for Faramir to be tempted by the Ring because in his films everyone else was tempted , and letting Faramir be immune would be inconsistent in the eyes of a film audience . Co-screenwriter Philippa Boyens and actor David Wenham defended the changes to Faramir 's character in order to increase dramatic tension : Faramir 's `` sea - green incorruptible '' nature in the book would not have `` ( translated ) well filmically '' . Wenham ( who had not read the book until after filming had commenced ) also found Tolkien 's original `` dramatically dead '' . Many readers remain unconvinced by the cast and crew 's justifications , and others note that Faramir was rendered too much like Boromir and thus the contrast between the two was severely weakened . A scene that received additional criticism is the Rangers ' treatment of Gollum , who is beaten up , and Faramir 's implicit compliance . In the book , Faramir calls the creature Sméagol instead of Gollum , and tells his men to `` treat him gently , but watch him '' . In the extended edition of The Two Towers , Jackson included an invented flashback scene showing that Denethor had neglected him in favour of Boromir when sending him to Rivendell , so that Faramir wanted to please his father by bringing him the Ring . ( The relationship is similarly strained in the book , but his father 's favouritism does not seem to affect his decisions in Ithilien . ) Reviewers have opined that the extended edition presents Faramir in a more favourable light . Video Games ( edit ) Faramir is a bonus playable character in the video game The Return of the King . In a bonus video track within this game , Wenham says that `` Faramir and Boromir were brothers , and it is n't beyond possibility that Faramir would have gone to Rivendell instead . And if that happened , Faramir could have survived and returned to Gondor . '' He also appears as a playable hero in E.A. 's The Battle for Middle - earth , and The Battle for Middle - earth II as well as its expansion pack , The Rise of the Witch - king . Faramir has the unique ability within the game to change between three different classes . At the beginning of battle Faramir is set as an archer but can be changed to use his sword for melee combat and can change to a rider for cavalry assaults . While in archer form he has reasonable attack strength but lacks the speed of Legolas . Faramir has the ability to raise the experience of a select group of archers once he reaches a certain level . Faramir appears as a playable hero in The Lord of the Rings : Conquest . Faramir can be controlled in the Osgiliath level where you need to defend the city against battalions of orcs and afterwards defend the ring bearer Frodo until he reaches the city limits . He also makes a guest hero appearance twice in The Lord of the Rings : The Third Age . As with Conquest Faramir appears to help you during the Osgiliath level and helps the party take on the Orc leader Gothmog . Faramir is also featured as a playable character in Lego Lord of the Rings , in which his role is quite similar to that played in the Peter Jackson films . Namesakes ( edit ) The International Astronomical Union names all colles ( small hills ) on Saturn 's moon Titan after characters in Tolkien 's work . In 2012 , they named a hilly area `` Faramir Colles '' after Faramir . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ War of the Ring 1990 , Chs . `` Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit '' and `` Faramir '' Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , no . 66 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , no . 180 ^ Jump up to : Return of the King 1955 , Appendix B , pp. 368 -- 373 ^ Jump up to : Return of the King 1955 , Appendix A : I ( iv ) , pp. 335 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : Return of the King 1955 , `` The Steward and the King '' , pp. 240 , 245 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , no . 244 ^ Jump up to : Return of the King 1955 , `` The Window on the West '' , pp. 278 -- 280 ^ Jump up to : Fellowship 1955 , `` The Council of Elrond '' , pp. 253 , 259 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , no . 323 Jump up ^ Fellowship 1954a , Prologue : `` Note on the Shire records '' , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Return of the King 1955 , `` The Siege of Gondor '' , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Return of the King 1955 , `` Minas Tirith '' , pp. 31 , 39 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , `` The breaking of the fellowship '' , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Return of the King 1955 , Appendix A : I ( ii ) , pp. 317 -- 8 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Lost Road and Other Writings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , The Etymologies , entries PHAR - and SPAR - , ISBN 0 - 395 - 45519 - 7 Jump up ^ Hammond , Wayne G. ; Scull , Christina ( 2005 ) , The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion , London : HarperCollins , note for p. 657 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 720907 - X ^ Jump up to : Return of the King 1955 , Appendix F : `` Of Men '' , note 1 Jump up ^ Etymologies 1987 , entries BOR - and MIR - Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Of the Coming of Men '' , p. 148 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Return of the King 1955 , Appendix A : I ( iv ) , p. 328 ^ Jump up to : Two Towers 1954b , `` Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit '' , pp. 265 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : Return of the King 1955 , `` The Pyre of Denethor '' , p. 131 Jump up ^ Return of the King 1955 , `` The Houses of Healing '' , p. 138 Jump up ^ Solopova , Elizabeth ( 2009 ) , Languages , Myths and History : An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J.R.R. Tolkien 's Fiction , New York City : North Landing Books , p. 42 , ISBN 0 - 9816607 - 1 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1996 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Peoples of Middle - earth , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` The Appendix on Languages '' , pp. 67 -- 68 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 82760 - 4 Jump up ^ See the illustrations by John Howe : ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Anke Eißmann 's gallery for Book 6 of The Lord of the Rings and Ted Nasmith 's Éowyn and Faramir Archived 2008 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . and The Sun Unveiled Archived 2008 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . are prominent examples of art illustrating their meeting . Jump up ^ `` Concerning The Lord of the Rings BBC 1981 '' . The Lord of the Rings . Michael Martinez . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brundige , Ellen . `` A Masterpiece Worthy of the Masterpiece '' . Pointy ears and Gríma 's tears . Istad . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ CedMagic.com Jump up ^ Cameras in Middle - earth : Filming The Two Towers , DVD Documentary Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1980 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Unfinished Tales , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` History of Galadriel and Celeborn '' : `` Of Amroth and Nimrodel '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 29917 - 9 ^ Jump up to : `` The Next Reel '' . GreenCine . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding '' . There He Came . Shandy . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings film trilogy - From Book to Script : Finding the Story ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema , 2003 . Jump up ^ Eskew , Phil ( 2004 - 12 - 28 ) . `` The Two Towers '' . The Nit Picker 's Guide to the Lord of the Rings . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bitterness '' . There He Came . Shandy . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nature of Faramir : A Response '' . Old Special Reports . TheOneRing.net. 2002 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Faramir Changes : Arguments Against '' . Old Special Reports . TheOneRing.net. 2003 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Two Towers 1954b , `` The Forbidden Pool '' , p. 300 Jump up ^ Conrad , Jeremy ( 2003 - 11 - 23 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( Special Extended Edition ) '' . Reviews . IGN . p. 4 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jonathon ( 2003 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Review : The Two Towers Extended Edition - Better , worse , or just plain silly ? '' . News . The One Ring . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King video game He serves in place of his brother as the ninth character . ( CD ) . EA Games , 2003 . Jump up ^ International Astronomical Union . `` Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Accessed Dec 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ International Astronomical Union . `` Faramir Colles '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Accessed Nov 14 , 2012 . General references Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1955 ) , The Return of the King , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1990 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 56008 - X Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Fictional characters portal Rangers of Ithilien Stewards of Gondor External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Faramir Faramir at Web Archive of The Thain 's Book Faramir at Tolkien Gateway Preceded by Denethor II Stewards of Gondor Succeeded by Elboron , then Barahir and the descendants J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring film soundtrack game The Two Towers film soundtrack game The Return of the King film soundtrack game Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson trilogy The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II Kingdom O ' Magic The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faramir&oldid=802763008 '' Categories : Middle - earth Dúnedain The Lord of the Rings characters Fictional princes Fictional military captains Fictional characters introduced in 1954 Fictional swordsmen Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español Euskara Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 09 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happened to faramir after return of the king	[]	[]
-6678930357712962708	World Social Forum	World Social Forum - wikipedia World Social Forum Jump to : navigation , search This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World Social Forum Formation June 2001 Founder Oded Grajew Chico Whitaker Type Social Forum Headquarters Porto Alegre , Brazil Region served Worldwide Website Official Website The World Social Forum ( WSF , Portuguese : Fórum Social Mundial ( ˈfɔɾũ sosi'aw mũdʒiˈaw ) ) is an annual meeting of civil society organizations , first held in Brazil , which offers a self - conscious effort to develop an alternative future through the championing of counter-hegemonic globalization . The World Social Forum can be considered a visible manifestation of global civil society , bringing together non governmental organizations , advocacy campaigns , and formal and informal social movements seeking international solidarity . The World Social Forum prefers to define itself as `` an opened space -- plural , diverse , non-governmental and non-partisan -- that stimulates the decentralized debate , reflection , proposals building , experiences exchange and alliances among movements and organizations engaged in concrete actions towards a more solidarity , democratic and fair world ... a permanent space and process to build alternatives to neoliberalism . '' It is held by members of the alter - globalization movement ( also referred to as the global justice movement ) who come together to coordinate global campaigns , share and refine organizing strategies , and inform each other about movements from around the world and their particular issues . The World Social Forum is explicit about not being a representative of all of those who attend and thus does not publish any formal statements on behalf of participants . It tends to meet in January at the same time as its `` great capitalist rival '' , the World Economic Forum 's Annual Meeting in Davos , Switzerland . This date is consciously picked to promote alternative answers to world economic problems in opposition to the World Economic Forum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charter of Principles 2 History 2.1 2001 World Social Forum 2.2 2002 World Social Forum 2.3 2003 World Social Forum 2.4 2004 World Social Forum 2.5 2005 World Social Forum 2.6 2006 World Social Forum 2.7 2007 World Social Forum 2.8 2008 World Social Forum 2.9 2009 World Social Forum 2.10 2010 World Social Forum 2.11 2011 World Social Forum 2.12 2012 World Social Forum 2.13 2013 World Social Forum 2.14 2015 World Social Forum 2.15 2016 World Social Forum 2.16 2018 World Social Forum 3 Venues 4 Regional Social Forums 5 Criticisms 5.1 2001 Monsanto Incident 5.2 Role of NGOs 5.3 Role of Corporations 5.4 Race 6 Further reading 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links Charter of Principles ( edit ) This Charter was approved and adopted in São Paulo , Brazil on April 9 , 2001 , by the organizations that make up the World Social Forum Organizing Committee , and approved with modifications by the World Social Forum International Council on June 10 , 2001 . 1 ) The World Social Forum is an open meeting place for reflective thinking , democratic debate of ideas , formulation of proposals , free exchange of experiences and interlinking for effective action , by groups and movements of civil society that are opposed to neo-liberalism and to domination of the world by capital and any form of imperialism , and are committed to building a planetary society directed towards fruitful relationships among humankind and between it and the Earth . 2 ) The World Social Forum at Porto Alegre was an event localized in time and place . From now on , in the certainty proclaimed at Porto Alegre that `` Another World Is Possible '' , it becomes a permanent process of seeking and building alternatives , which can not be reduced to the events supporting it . 3 ) The World Social Forum is a world process . All the meetings that are held as part of this process have an international dimension . 4 ) The alternatives proposed at the World Social Forum stand in opposition to a process of globalization commanded by the large multinational corporations and by the governments and international institutions at the service of those corporations ' interests , with the complicity of national governments . They are designed to ensure that globalization in solidarity will prevail as a new stage in world history . This will respect universal human rights , and those of all citizens - men and women - of all nations and the environment and will rest on democratic international systems and institutions at the service of social justice , equality and the sovereignty of peoples . 5 ) The World Social Forum brings together and interlinks only organizations and movements of civil society from all the countries in the world , but intends neither to be a body representing world civil society . 6 ) The meetings of the World Social Forum do not deliberate on behalf of the World Social Forum as a body . No one , therefore , will be authorized , on behalf of any of the editions of the Forum , to express positions claiming to be those of all its participants . The participants in the Forum shall not be called on to take decisions as a body , whether by vote or acclamation , on declarations or proposals for action that would commit all , or the majority , of them and that propose to be taken as establishing positions of the Forum as a body . It thus does not constitute a locus of power to be disputed by the participants in its meetings , nor does it intend to constitute the only option for interrelation and action by the organizations and movements that participate in it . 7 ) Nonetheless , organizations or groups of organizations that participate in the Forum 's meetings must be assured the right , during such meetings , to deliberate on declarations or actions they may decide on , whether singly or in coordination with other participants . The World Social Forum undertakes to circulate such decisions widely by the means at its disposal , without directing , hierarchizing , censuring or restricting them , but as deliberations of the organizations or groups of organizations that made the decisions . 8 ) The World Social Forum is a plural , diversified , non-confessional , non-governmental and non-party context that , in a decentralized fashion , interrelates organizations and movements engaged in concrete action at levels from the local to the international to build another world . 9 ) The World Social Forum will always be a forum open to pluralism and to the diversity of activities and ways of engaging of the organizations and movements that decide to participate in it , as well as the diversity of genders , ethnicities , cultures , generations and physical capacities , providing they abide by this Charter of Principles . Neither party representations nor military organizations shall participate in the Forum . Government leaders and members of legislatures who accept the commitments of this Charter may be invited to participate in a personal capacity . 10 ) The World Social Forum is opposed to all totalitarian and reductionist views of economy , development and history and to the use of violence as a means of social control by the State . It upholds respect for Human Rights , the practices of real democracy , participatory democracy , peaceful relations , in equality and solidarity , among people , ethnicities , genders and peoples , and condemns all forms of domination and all subjection of one person by another . 11 ) As a forum for debate the World Social Forum is a movement of ideas that prompts reflection , and the transparent circulation of the results of that reflection , on the mechanisms and instruments of domination by capital , on means and actions to resist and overcome that domination , and on the alternatives proposed to solve the problems of exclusion and social inequality that the process of capitalist globalization with its racist , sexist and environmentally destructive dimensions is creating internationally and within countries . 12 ) As a framework for the exchange of experiences , the World Social Forum encourages understanding and mutual recognition among its participant organizations and movements , and places special value on the exchange among them , particularly on all that society is building to center economic activity and political action on meeting the needs of people and respecting nature , in the present and for future generations . 13 ) As a context for interrelations , the World Social Forum seeks to strengthen and create new national and international links among organizations and movements of society , that , in both public and private life , will increase the capacity for non-violent social resistance to the process of dehumanization the world is undergoing and to the violence used by the State , and reinforce the humanizing measures being taken by the action of these movements and organizations . 14 ) The World Social Forum is a process that encourages its participant organizations and movements to situate their actions , from the local level to the national level and seeking active participation in international contexts , as issues of planetary citizenship , and to introduce onto the global agenda the change - inducing practices that they are experimenting in building a new world in solidarity . History ( edit ) The World Social Forum first met in 2001 , but it had its roots in Latin American activism , namely the encuentro , a meeting which emphasizes dialogue and exchange of ideas among activists . Some of the founders of the WSF , were part of the First International Encuentro for Humanity and Against Neoliberalism in 1996 , and decided to expand the idea and make it a global forum for activists of all stripes opposing hegemonic globalization and neoliberalism . It has also been suggested that the beginnings of the World Social Forum originated in the Battle for Seattle November 1999 , where anti-globalization activists protested a meeting of the World Trade Organization 's latest trade negotiations . One of the originators of the World Social Forum , Oded Grajew , of the Ethos Institute for Business and Social Responsibility , said in an interview with InMotion Magazine in 2004 , `` Then I had the idea . Why not create the World Social Forum , as we have the World Economic Forum , speaking about the people in the world ? Why not have the World Social Forum -- the social is more important than the economic -- to have a space to show that we can have an alternative ? We have choice . This is not the only way you can see the world , globalization . We have another way to see it . And , at the same time , force people to look , to make a choice . What is your choice ? What is your vision of the world ? '' Another one of the founders of the WSF , Cándido Grzybowski has said of the annual meetings , `` The numerous recent crises are expressions of the contradictions and limitations of the form of global capitalism that has been imposed on humanity and the earth . The assertion that `` another world is possible '' is now an absolute necessity . '' Since 2001 , the United Nations has had a presence at the WSF through UNESCO , showing the institutional credibility achieved by the forum , seen by UNESCO as a `` prime opportunity for dialogue and a laboratory of ideas for the renewal of public policies '' through `` critical reflection on the future of societies we want to create and for elaborating proposals in search of solidarity , justice , peace and human rights '' . 2001 World Social Forum ( edit ) The first World Social Forum was held from 25 January to 30 January 2001 in Porto Alegre , Brazil , organized by many groups including the French Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens ( ATTAC ) . The WSF was sponsored , in part , by the Porto Alegre government , led by the Brazilian Worker 's Party ( PT ) . The town was experimenting with an innovative model for local government which combined the traditional representative institutions with the participation of open assemblies of the people . 12,000 people attended from around the world . At the time , Brazil was also in a moment of transformation that later would lead to the electoral victory of the PT candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . This first meeting was focused on gathering anti-globalization activists from all over the world to talk and organize amongst one another , while subsequent meetings have been more focused on specific ways to counter neoliberalism . 2002 World Social Forum ( edit ) The second WSF , also held in Porto Alegre from 31 January to 5 February 2002 , had over 12,000 official delegates representing people from 123 countries , 60,000 attendees , 652 workshops , and 27 talks . Among the 500 American delegates several were selected to be members of the forum 's `` international council '' , made up of a rather large number of organizations . Among those represented were Ralph Nader 's Public Citizen organization ( Medea Benjamin and Linda Chavez - Thompson ) , the Brazilian NGO Ibase ( Cândido Grzybowski and Moema Miranda ) , the Brazilian association of entrepreneurs for citizenship CIVES ( Oded Grajew , founder of the WSF ) , the Brazilian Commission on Justice and Peace ( Francisco Whitaker ) , ATTAC ( Christophe Aguiton ) , CRID France ( Gustave Massiah ) , Focus on the Global South Thailand ( Nicola Bullard ) , and the Alliance for a Responsible , Plural and United World ( Gustavo Marín ) . Members of the AFL - CIO and the SEIU were also very active . The Ford Foundation funded $500,000 for the next meeting . 2003 World Social Forum ( edit ) The third WSF was again held in Porto Alegre , in January 2003 . There were many parallel workshops , including , for example the Life After Capitalism workshop , which proposed focused discussion on non-communist , non-capitalist , participative possibilities for different aspects of social , political , economic , communication structures . Among the speakers was American linguist and political activist Noam Chomsky . Some credit this meeting of World Social Forum for the connections that made the global day of action on February 15 , 2003 so successful . The global day of action was an international protest attended by an estimated 12 million people in 700 cities across 60 countries protesting the Bush Administration 's plans to invade and occupy Iraq . At the time , the New York Times called international public opinion , a superpower to counter the United States . Nobel peace prize laureate Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Ignacio Ramonet , then editor - in - chief of Le Monde diplomatique Protest by the Japanese delegation Walden Bello , executive director of the Focus on the Global South NGO Youth Camp Social documentary photographer Sebastião Salgado Crowd gathering Professor and activist Noam Chomsky 2004 World Social Forum ( edit ) The fourth WSF was held in Mumbai , India , from 16 January to 21 January 2004 . It was the first meeting of the World Social Forum held outside Brazil and its success has encouraged the WSF to expand in scope across the global South . Some credit it with inspiring the Asian Social Forum held in November of that year . The attendance was expected to be 75,000 and it shot over by thousands . The cultural diversity was one notable aspect of the forum . A notable decision that was taken was the stand on free software . One of the key speakers at the WSF 2004 was Joseph Stiglitz . In contrast to earlier meetings , which had focused more on Euro - centric political intellectualism , the 2004 meeting included marches , as well as colorful and lively demonstrations . Indian activists were also very active in using this time to educate others about the issues of caste , class and religious conflict in India , with particular focus on the plight of the Dalit , sometimes referred to as the ' untouchables ' in Indian society . The 2004 meeting also saw the convening of the General Assembly of the Global Anti-War Movement , an idea that originated from the Asian Social Forum in November 2003 , and broadly coalesced in response to the invasion of Iraq by the United States in 2003 . The Assembly had few activists from the United States , but overwhelmingly tried to articulate that they opposed the policy , and not the country itself . The former director - general of UNESCO , Federico Mayor Zaragoza , said at the Forum , `` We must state it clearly . We must say to President Bush that we do not agree with the way he controls the world . We must tell him that he has to govern with his mind , not with might . '' 2005 World Social Forum ( edit ) The fifth World Social Forum 2005 was held in Porto Alegre , Brazil between 26 January and 31 January . There were 155,000 registered participants at the Forum , with most coming from Brazil , Argentina , the United States , Uruguay , and France . A number of participants in the forum released the Porto Alegre Manifesto . Since Article 6 of the World Social Forum 's Charter of Principles bars the event from attempting to represent all participants through formal statements , the Porto Alegre Manifesto was released on behalf of 19 activists . This ' Group of 19 ' includes Aminata Traoré , Adolfo Pérez Esquivel , Eduardo Galeano , José Saramago , François Houtart , Boaventura de Sousa Santos , Armand Mattelart , Roberto Savio , Riccardo Petrella , Ignacio Ramonet , Bernard Cassen , Samir Amin , Atilio Boron , Samuel Ruiz Garcia , Tariq Ali , Frei Betto , Emir Sader , Walden Bello , and Immanuel Wallerstein . 2006 World Social Forum ( edit ) The sixth World Social Forum was `` polycentric '' , held in January 2006 in Caracas ( Venezuela ) and Bamako ( Mali ) , and in March 2006 , in Karachi ( Pakistan ) . The Forum in Pakistan was delayed to March because of the Kashmir earthquake that had recently occurred in the area . 2007 World Social Forum ( edit ) The seventh World Social Forum was held in Nairobi , Kenya in January 2007 . There were 66,000 registered attendees , and 1,400 participating organizations from 110 countries , making it the most globally representative WSF so far . It was criticized as being ' an NGO fair ' and movements of the poor in Kenya and South Africa mounted vigorous protests against some of the NGOs that attended and , in their view , dominated the forum in the name of the African poor . 2008 World Social Forum ( edit ) The eighth World Social Forum in 2008 was not organized at a particular place , but globally , which means by thousands of autonomous local organizations , on or around January 26 . They are also known as the Global Call for Action . 2009 World Social Forum ( edit ) The ninth World Social Forum took place in the Brazilian city of Belém , located in the Amazon rainforest , between January 27 and February 1 , 2009 . About 1,900 indigenous people , representing 190 ethnic groups attended the event , to raise the issue of stateless peoples , and the plights that they face . The Escarré International Centre for Ethnic Minorities and Nations helped to organize the tent for the Collective Rights of Stateless Peoples , who are marginalized in an international system that recognizes only states as political units . Various stateless ethnic groups represented were the Basques , Kurds , Palestinians , Roma , Tibetans , Mapuche , Saharawi and Australian Aborigines . 2010 World Social Forum ( edit ) The tenth edition of the World Social Forum was another decentralized affair , with about 35 national , regional and local forums taking place across the world . In Porto Alegre , the flagship space for the WSF , events and speakers were held from January 25 -- 29 , entitled `` FSM 10 Years : Greater Porto Alegre '' . The big event held in Porto Alegre was the International Seminar `` 10 Years Later : Challenges and proposals for another possible world '' , which featured over 70 intellectuals from around the world . One of the notable regional forums was the US Social Forum held in Detroit , Michigan and attended by about 18,000 people . 2011 World Social Forum ( edit ) In February 2011 the World Social Forum took place in Dakar , Senegal with 75,000 participants from 132 countries organizing around 1,200 activities . Among the speakers was Canadian social activist and author Naomi Klein and Bolivian President Evo Morales . The Forum was at first plagued with logistical problems , as a number of events had to be canceled at the last minute because of a lack of space , and a student strike against the policies of President Abdoulaye Wade in Diop University interrupted some scheduled plenaries . 2012 World Social Forum ( edit ) The 2012 World Social Forum was hosted in Porto Alegre , Brazil and ran from 24 -- 30 January . 2013 World Social Forum ( edit ) The thirteen edition of the World Social Forum took place in Tunis from 26 to 30 March 2013 . 2015 World Social Forum ( edit ) The fourteenth edition of the World Social Forum took place in Tunis from 23 to 28 March 2015 . It led to the creation of the Internet Social Forum . 2016 World Social Forum ( edit ) The fifteen edition of the World Social Forum took place in Montreal from 9 to 14 August 2016 . It was a multilingual event which featured organizations from around the world . 2018 World Social Forum ( edit ) The next edition of the World Social Forum is scheduled to take place in Salvador , Bahia , Brazil , from March 13 to 17 , 2018 . Venues ( edit ) # Year City Country Porto Alegre Brazil II 2002 Porto Alegre Brazil III 2003 Porto Alegre Brazil IV Mumbai India V 2005 Porto Alegre Brazil VI 2006 Bamako and Caracas ( January ) Mali and Venezuela Karachi ( March ) Pakistan VII 2007 Nairobi Kenya VIII 2008 No specific location IX 2009 Belém Brazil X No specific location XI 2011 Dakar Senegal XII 2012 Porto Alegre Brazil XIII 2013 Tunis Tunisia XIV 2015 Tunis Tunisia XV 2016 Montreal Canada XVI 2018 Salvador , Bahia Brazil Regional Social forums ( edit ) The WSF has prompted the organizing of many regional social forums , including the Americas Social Forum , European Social Forum , the Asian Social Forum , the Mediterranean Social Forum and the Southern Africa Social Forum . There are also many local and national social forums , such as the Italian Social Forum , India Social Forum , Liverpool Social Forum and the Boston Social Forum . The first - ever United States Social Forum took place in Atlanta in June 2007 . In 2010 Detroit , Michigan , hosted the United States Social Forum during June 22 -- 26 . Regional forums have taken place in the Southwest , Northwest , Northeast , Midwest and Southeast regions of the United States . The first Canadian Social Forum took place in June 2010 . Most , though not all , social forums adhere to the WSF Charter of Principles drawn up by the World Social Forum . The goal of these forums is to decentralize and allow far more people to engage in the open forum atmosphere of the World Social Forum without needing very much money for travel expenses . All of the various social forums in this mold include international attendees and are in no way specifically focused on the problems of a single region of country . Criticisms ( edit ) This mural in Seattle 's Chinatown echoes the slogan of the World Social Forum : ' Another world is possible ' . 2001 Monsanto incident ( edit ) Some activities by activists attending the WSF have also been criticised , such as at the WSF 2001 , where activists invaded and destroyed an experimental genetically modified plantation of the Monsanto Company . On January 26 , 2001 a number of activists with Brazil 's Movimento dos Sem - Terra ( MST ) reacted in protest to the growing role of Monsanto in global agribusiness , which was considered by the group to be unethically using their seed patents to harm the rights of rural peoples , tore up an experimental plot of transgenic crops in Não - me - Toque , 300 km from Porto Alegre , where the World Social Forum was taking place at the time . Three days later , Jose Bove , a French citizen , was arrested by Brazilian authorities as the World Social Forum ended on January 29 , 2001 . Connections between the Movimento dos Sem - Terra and the World Social Forum are not well known . Role of NGOs ( edit ) See also : NGO - ization The WSF has , especially in recent years , been strongly criticised for replacing popular movements of the poor with NGOs ( non-governmental organization ) . Movements of the poor in poorer parts of the world , like Africa , have argued that they are almost completely excluded from the forum and in countries like Kenya and South Africa they have protested against donor funded NGOs that , they argue , determine and dominate African representation at the forum . It has also been argued that NGOs sometimes compete with popular grassroots movements for access to the forum and for influence there . The 2007 World Social Forum in Nairobi , Kenya in particular was criticized as a `` NGO fair '' because of how many NGOs attended , crowding out less formal groups of activists . Also , it has been alleged that at the Forum not all the attendees were properly represented , with the bigger and wealthier NGOs having far more space to talk and lead the events , while others were marginalized . Raúl Zibechi argues that there is a `` crisis '' of the World Social Forum in that it has been `` weakened '' as it has been `` taken over '' by `` those who were most capable of ' leading ' assemblies , professionals from universities and NGOs . '' Role of corporations ( edit ) There was also criticism of the way that CelTel had exclusive rights at the Kenyan event , the virtual monopoly of a local hotel offering food at rates that the average Kenyan could not afford , and the physical and financial exclusion of local business . Race ( edit ) According to Jai Sen the forum `` remains largely led by aging males , mostly white or honorary white , from middle and upper class and caste sections from settler societies around the world '' . Further reading ( edit ) Jai Sen and Peter Waterman , ( 2012 ) , World Social Forum : Critical Explorations , OpenWord : New Delhi Geoffrey Pleyers , ( 2011 ) , `` Alter - Globalization . Becoming Actors in the Global Age '' , Cambridge , Polity , 2011 . Richard Falk , ( 2009 ) , ' Achieving Human Rights ' , Routledge . Geoffrey Pleyers , ( 2009 ) The World Social Forum challenges , La vie des idées . Mark Butler ( 2007 ) , Re-connecting the World Social Forum `` , 2007 Jose Correa Leite ( 2005 ) , The World Social Forum : Strategies of Resistance , Haymarket Books , ISBN 1931859159 Jackie Smith . ( 2004 ) . The World Social Forum and the challenges of global democracy . Global Networks . 4 ( 4 ) : 413 - 421 . T. Teivainen. ( 2002 ) . The World Social Forum and global democratisation : learning from Porto Alegre . Third World Quarterly . 23 ( 4 ) : 621 - 632 . William F. Fisher and Thomas Ponniah ( 2003 ) . Another World is Possible : Popular Alternatives to Globalization at the World Social Forum Boaventura de Sousa Santos ( 2005 ) . O Fórum Social Mundial : manual de uso , Cortez Editora . Jai Sen , Anita Anand , Arturo Escobar & Peter Waterman ( eds ) . 2004 . The World Social Forum : Challenging Empires . New Delhi : The Viveka Foundation . Mertes , Tom ( ed . ) ( January 2004 ) . A Movement of Movements : Is Another World Really Possible ? London and New York : Verso , paperback , 288 pages . Routledge , Paul ( 2008 ) . Transnational Political Movements . In : Cox , Kevin. , Low , Murray . and Robinson , Jennifer ( eds ) . The Sage Handbook of Political Geography . London : SAGE Publications . Leda Lu Muniz ( 2005 ) `` O Forum Social Mundial : debate em aberto '' . Lecture presented to Nucleo de Análise da Conjuntura Internacional ( NACI ) of PUC - SP in March 2005 , about the research and work since the beginning of WSF till January 2005 . See also ( edit ) Category : Social forums - other social forums Liberty Social equality Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tijsterman , Sebastiaan ( 2014 ) . `` Global and cosmopolitan citizenship '' . In Van der Heijden , Hein - Anton . Handbook of Political Citizenship and Social Movements . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78195 - 470 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.fsm2009amazonia.org.br/what-the-wsf-is ^ Jump up to : Smith , Jackie ( October 2004 ) . `` The World Social Forum and the challenges of global democracy '' . Global Networks , Volume 4 , Issue 4 , pp. 413 -- 421 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 0374.2004. 00102. x . Jump up ^ Charter of Principles ( World Social Forum ) - Wikisource , the free online library . En.wikisource.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ The 1999 Seattle protests gave birth to a global movement . Socialistworker.co.uk . Retrieved on 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Interview with Oded Grajew - Initiator and Secretariat Member of the World Social Forum / Global Eyes / In Motion Magazine . Inmotionmagazine.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ A variation on this creation story is reported by Bernard Cassen in `` On the Attack , '' New Left Review 19 , January -- February 2003 , pp. 48 - 49 . Jump up ^ `` Inter Press Service - News and Views from the Global South '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO and the World Social Forum page '' . Portal.unesco.org. 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick E. ( 2003 - 02 - 17 ) . `` THREATS AND RESPONSES : NEWS ANALYSIS ; A New Power In the Streets '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Porto Alegre Manifesto . OpenSpaceForum . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` World Social Forums - Karachi '' . World Social Forums - Karachi . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Netto , Anil ( 24 March 2006 ) . `` WORLD SOCIAL FORUM : Polycentric and Losing Focus '' . Inter Press Service . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Frank Joyce . article on Alternet . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` PZN - World Social Forum : just another NGO fair ? '' . Pambazuka.org. 2007 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jens Glaschiøt happening ' In the Name of God ' Jump up ^ `` Jan. 26 , 2008 - Act together for another world ! WSF2008 '' . WSF2008 < !. 2008 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` World Social Forum 2009 '' Jump up ^ `` Inter Press Service - News and Views from the Global South '' . Jump up ^ World Social Forum 2010 . Choike . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : US Social Forum Another World Is Possible Another US Is Necessary . Ussf2010.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110209074507/http://fsm2011.org/en/ . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Brazil Hosts the 12th Annual World Social Forum Meeting - GEG Project '' . 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maghreb Social Forum 2013 '' Jump up ^ الكرامة Archived 2013 - 01 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... fsm2013.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 ... fsm2015.org . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Katsiaficas , George . `` The World Social Forum and the Internet Social Forum '' . Sri Lanka Guardian . Sri Lanka Guardian . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . fsm2016.org . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` LegalEase Radio - CKUT 90.3 FM Montreal - Building a Better World '' . LegalEase Collective. 2016 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Open Letter convenes World Social Forum 2018 in Salvador '' . World Social Forum . World Social Forum . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ World Social Forum . Wsfindia.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Americas Social Forum United States Social Forum . Ussf2007.org ( 2007 - 07 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://forosocialfronterizo.com/ Jump up ^ http://www.socialforum.ca Jump up ^ `` Folha Online - Brasil - José Bové , militante francês antiglobalização , chega a Porto Alegre - 28 January 2002 '' ... folha.uol.com.br. 2002 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( 1 / 30 / 2001 ) WORLD SOCIAL FORUM : Do n't Let Corporations Control Food Supply , Beg Farmers . Albionmonitor.com ( 2001 - 01 - 30 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Another World is Possible : Reflections and Criticisms on the World Social Forum , 2009 , in Belem , Mzonke Poni , 2009 Jump up ^ Abahlali baseMjondolo ( 2007 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Article by David Ntseng on NGOs and grassroots movements at the forum '' . Abahlali.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ World Social Forum : just another NGO fair ? , by Firoze Manji , Pambazuka News , 2007 Jump up ^ Raúl Zibechi , Territories in Resistance , ( AK Press : Oakland ) , 2012 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ `` World Social Forum : just another NGO fair ? -- WSF 2007 '' . 17 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ the Civil . Engaging Critically with the Reality and Concept of Civil Society , Jai Sen and Peter Waterman , eds , ( 2010 ) - Worlds of Movement , Worlds in Movement . Volume 4 in the Challenging Empires series . New Delhi : OpenWord Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2005 - 11 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Official Official homepage Charter of Principles News reports ciranda.net ipsnews.net Choike.org WSF 2010 Choike.org WSF In - Depth Report Past forums WSF 2016 WSF 2009 WSF 2008 ( hide ) Globalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter - globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization Issues Global Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Climate change Climate justice Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investor - state disputes New international division of labour North -- South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime McDonaldization Westernization American imperialism British Empire World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World - systems Notable scholars Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. 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Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Social_Forum&oldid=829305587 '' Categories : Anti-globalization movement Political congresses Social forums Global policy organizations Organizations established in 2001 Organisations based in Porto Alegre 2001 establishments in Brazil Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with dead external links from May 2009 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia references cleanup from October 2011 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2011 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters Articles containing Portuguese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Kinyarwanda Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 20 : 55 . 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-3237845406347968751	Altitude training	Altitude training - wikipedia Altitude training Jump to : navigation , search Altitude training in the Swiss Olympic Training Base in the Alps ( elevation 1,856 m or 6,089 ft ) in St. Moritz . Altitude training is the practice by some endurance athletes of training for several weeks at high altitude , preferably over 2,400 metres ( 8,000 ft ) above sea level , though more commonly at intermediate altitudes due to the shortage of suitable high - altitude locations . At intermediate altitudes , the air still contains approximately 20.9 % oxygen , but the barometric pressure and thus the partial pressure of oxygen is reduced . Depending very much on the protocols used , the body may acclimate to the relative lack of oxygen in one or more ways such as increasing the mass of red blood cells and hemoglobin , or altering muscle metabolism . Proponents claim that when such athletes travel to competitions at lower altitudes they will still have a higher concentration of red blood cells for 10 -- 14 days , and this gives them a competitive advantage . Some athletes live permanently at high altitude , only returning to sea level to compete , but their training may suffer due to less available oxygen for workouts . Altitude training can be simulated through use of an altitude simulation tent , altitude simulation room , or mask - based hypoxicator system where the barometric pressure is kept the same , but the oxygen content is reduced which also reduces the partial pressure of oxygen . Hypoventilation training , which consists of reducing the breathing frequency while exercising , can also mimic altitude training by significantly decreasing blood and muscle oxygenation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background history 2 Training regimens 2.1 Live - high , train - low 2.2 Live - high , train - high 2.3 Repeated sprints in hypoxia 2.4 Artificial altitude 3 Principles and mechanisms 3.1 Increased red blood cell volume 3.2 Other mechanisms 4 See also 5 References Background history ( edit ) Altitude training in a low - pressure room in East Germany The study of altitude training was heavily delved into during and after the 1968 Olympics , which took place in Mexico City , Mexico : elevation 2,240 metres ( 7,349 ft ) . It was during these Olympic Games that endurance events saw significant below - record finishes while anaerobic , sprint events broke all types of records . It was speculated prior to these events how the altitude might affect performances of these elite , world - class athletes and most of the conclusions drawn were equivalent to those hypothesized : that endurance events would suffer and that short events would not see significant negative changes . This was attributed not only to less resistance during movement -- due to the less dense air -- but also to the anaerobic nature of the sprint events . Ultimately , these games inspired investigations into altitude training from which unique training principles were developed with the aim of avoiding underperformance . Training regimens ( edit ) Athletes or individuals who wish to gain a competitive edge for endurance events can take advantage of exercising at high altitude . High altitude is typically defined as any elevation above 1,500 metres ( 5,000 ft ) . Scientific studies on high - altitude training regimes were carried out on elite athletes close to their ultimate performance potential : these same training regimens are expected to be effective on ordinary athletes further from their peak potential . Live - high , train - low ( edit ) One suggestion for optimizing adaptations and maintaining performance is the live - high , train - low principle . This training idea involves living at higher altitudes in order to experience the physiological adaptations that occur , such as increased erythropoietin ( EPO ) levels , increased red blood cell levels , and higher VO max , while maintaining the same exercise intensity during training at sea level . Due to the environmental differences at high altitude , it may be necessary to decrease the intensity of workouts . Studies examining the live - high , train - low theory have produced varied results , which may be dependent on a variety of factors such as individual variability , time spent at high altitude , and the type of training program . For example , it has been shown that athletes performing primarily anaerobic activity do not necessarily benefit from altitude training as they do not rely on oxygen to fuel their performances . A non-training elevation of 2,100 -- 2,500 metres ( 6,900 -- 8,200 ft ) and training at 1,250 metres ( 4,100 ft ) or less has shown to be the optimal approach for altitude training . Good venues for live - high train - low include Mammoth Lakes , California ; Flagstaff , Arizona ; and the Sierra Nevada , near Granada in Spain . Altitude training can produce increases in speed , strength , endurance , and recovery by maintaining altitude exposure for a significant period of time . A study using simulated altitude exposure for 18 days , yet training closer to sea - level , showed performance gains were still evident 15 days later . Opponents of altitude training argue that an athlete 's red blood cell concentration returns to normal levels within days of returning to sea level and that it is impossible to train at the same intensity that one could at sea level , reducing the training effect and wasting training time due to altitude sickness . Altitude training can produce slow recovery due to the stress of hypoxia . Exposure to extreme hypoxia at altitudes above 16,000 feet ( 5,000 m ) can lead to considerable deterioration of skeletal muscle tissue . Five weeks at this altitude leads to a loss of muscle volume of the order of 10 -- 15 % . Live - high , train - high ( edit ) In the live - high , train - high regime , an athlete lives and trains at a desired altitude . The stimulus on the body is constant because the athlete is continuously in a hypoxic environment . Initially VO max drops considerably : by around 7 % for every 1000 m above sea level ) at high altitudes . Athletes will no longer be able to metabolize as much oxygen as they would at sea level . Any given velocity must be performed at a higher relative intensity at altitude . However , after long periods of training at altitude , highly trained athletes returning to sea level do not exhibit increased red blood cell count or improved performance on 4000 m cycling tests . Repeated sprints in hypoxia ( edit ) In repeated sprints in hypoxia ( RSH ) , athletes run short sprints under 30 seconds as fast as they can . They experience incomplete recoveries in hypoxic conditions . The exercise to rest time ratio is less than 1 : 4 , which means for every 30 second all out sprint , there is less than 120 seconds of rest . When comparing RSH and repeated sprints in normoxia ( RSN ) , studies show that RSH improved time to fatigue and power output . RSH and RSN groups were tested before and after a 4 - week training period . Both groups initially completed 9 -- 10 second all - out sprints before total exhaustion . After the 4 week training period , the RSH group was able to complete 13 all out sprints before exhaustion and the RSN group only completed 9 . Possible physiological advantages from RSH include compensatory vasodilation and regeneration of phosphocreatine ( PCr ) . The body 's tissues have the ability to sense hypoxia and induce vasodilation . The higher blood flow helps the skeletal muscles maximize oxygen delivery . A greater level of PCr augments the muscles power production . RSH is still a relatively new training method . For it to be fully understood and trusted , more double blind studies must be conducted . To achieve the best results a larger sample size should be used . Artificial altitude ( edit ) Altitude simulation systems have enabled protocols that do not suffer from the tension between better altitude physiology and more intense workouts . Such simulated altitude systems can be utilized closer to competition if necessary . In Finland , a scientist named Heikki Rusko has designed a `` high - altitude house . '' The air inside the house , which is situated at sea level , is at normal pressure but modified to have a low concentration of oxygen , about 15.3 % ( below the 20.9 % at sea level ) , which is roughly equivalent to the amount of oxygen available at the high altitudes often used for altitude training due to the reduced partial pressure of oxygen at altitude . Athletes live and sleep inside the house , but perform their training outside ( at normal oxygen concentrations at 20.9 % ) . Rusko 's results show improvements of EPO and red - cell levels . Artificial altitude can also be used for hypoxic exercise , where athletes train in an altitude simulator which mimics the conditions a high altitude environment . Athletes are able to perform high intensity training at lower velocities and thus produce less stress on the musculoskeletal system . This is beneficial to an athlete who suffered a musculoskeletal injury and is unable to apply large amounts of stress during exercise which would normally be needed to generate high intensity cardiovascular training . Hypoxia exposure for the time of exercise alone is not sufficient to induce changes in hematologic parameters . Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations remain in general unchanged . There are a number of companies who provide altitude training system , most notably Hypoxico , Inc. who pioneered the artificial altitude training systems in the mid 1990s . Principles and mechanisms ( edit ) Altitude training works because of the difference in atmospheric pressure between sea level and high altitude . At sea level , air is denser and there are more molecules of gas per litre of air . Regardless of altitude , air is composed of 21 % oxygen and 78 % nitrogen . As the altitude increases , the pressure exerted by these gases decreases . Therefore , there are fewer molecules per unit volume : this causes a decrease in partial pressures of gases in the body , which elicits a variety of physiological changes in the body that occur at high altitude . The physiological adaptation that is mainly responsible for the performance gains achieved from altitude training , is a subject of discussion among researchers . Some , including American researchers Ben Levine and Jim Stray - Gundersen , claim it is primarily the increased red blood cell volume . Others , including Australian researcher Chris Gore , and New Zealand researcher Will Hopkins , dispute this and instead claim the gains are primarily a result of other adaptions such as a switch to a more economic mode of oxygen utilization . Increased red blood cell volume ( edit ) Human red blood cells At high altitudes , there is a decrease in oxygen hemoglobin saturation . This hypoxic condition causes hypoxia - inducible factor 1 ( HIF1 ) to become stable and stimulates the production of erythropoietin ( EPO ) , a hormone secreted by the kidneys , EPO stimulates red blood cell production from bone marrow in order to increase hemoglobin saturation and oxygen delivery . Some athletes demonstrate a strong red blood cell response to altitude while others see little or no gain in red cell mass with chronic exposure . It is uncertain how long this adaptation takes because various studies have found different conclusions based on the amount of time spent at high altitudes . While EPO occurs naturally in the body , it is also made synthetically to help treat patients suffering from kidney failure and to treat patients during chemotherapy . Over the past thirty years , EPO has become frequently abused by competitive athletes through blood doping and injections in order to gain advantages in endurance events . Abuse of EPO , however , increases RBC counts beyond normal levels ( polycythemia ) and increases the viscosity of blood , possibly leading to hypertension and increasing the likelihood of a blood clot , heart attack or stroke . The natural secretion of EPO by the human kidneys can be increased by altitude training , but the body has limits on the amount of natural EPO that it will secrete , thus avoiding the harmful side effects of the illegal doping procedures . Other mechanisms ( edit ) Other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the utility of altitude training . Not all studies show a statistically significant increase in red blood cells from altitude training . One study explained the success by increasing the intensity of the training ( due to increased heart and respiration rate ) . This improved training resulted in effects that lasted more than 15 days after return to sea level . Another set of researchers claim that altitude training stimulates a more efficient use of oxygen by the muscles . This efficiency can arise from numerous other responses to altitude training , including angiogenesis , glucose transport , glycolysis , and pH regulation , each of which may partially explain improved endurance performance independent of a greater number of red blood cells . Furthermore , exercising at high altitude has been shown to cause muscular adjustments of selected gene transcripts , and improvement of mitochondrial properties in skeletal muscle . In a study comparing rats active at high altitude versus rats active at sea level , with two sedentary control groups , it was observed that muscle fiber types changed according to homeostatic challenges which led to an increased metabolic efficiency during the beta oxidative cycle and citric acid cycle , showing an increased utilization of ATP for aerobic performance . Due to the lower atmospheric pressure at high altitudes , the air pressure within the breathing system must be lower than it would be at low altitudes in order for inhalation to occur . Therefore , inhalation at high altitudes typically involves a relatively greater lowering of the thoracic diaphragm than at low altitudes . See also ( edit ) Effects of high altitude on humans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ West , JB ( October 1996 ) . `` Prediction of barometric pressures at high altitude with the use of model atmospheres '' . J. Appl . Physiol. 81 ( 4 ) : 1850 -- 4 . PMID 8904608 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Online high - altitude oxygen and pressure calculator '' . Altitude.org . Jump up ^ Formenti , F ; Constantin - Teodosiu , D ; Emmanuel , Y ; Cheeseman , J ; et al. ( June 2010 ) . `` Regulation of human metabolism by hypoxia - inducible factor '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA . 107 ( 28 ) : 12722 -- 12727 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS ... 10712722F . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1002339107 . PMC 2906567 . PMID 20616028 . Jump up ^ Wehrlin , JP ; Zuest , P ; Hallén , J ; Marti , B ( June 2006 ) . `` Live high -- train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite endurance athletes '' . J. Appl . Physiol. 100 ( 6 ) : 1938 -- 45 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01284.2005 . PMID 16497842 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , CJ ; Clark , SA ; Saunders , PU ( September 2007 ) . `` Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea - level performance after hypoxic exposure '' . Med . Sci. Sports Exerc. 39 ( 9 ) : 1600 -- 9 . doi : 10.1249 / mss. 0b013e3180de49d3 . PMID 17805094 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Muza , SR ; Fulco , CS ; Cymerman , A ( 2004 ) . `` Altitude Acclimatization Guide '' . US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report ( USARIEM -- TN -- 04 -- 05 ) . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Xavier Woorons , `` Hypoventilation training , push your limits ! '' , Arpeh , 2014 , 176 p ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 9546040 - 1 - 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Mexico 1968 Summer Olympics '' . Olympics.org . Jump up ^ Ward - Smith , AJ ( 1983 ) . `` The influence of aerodynamic and biomechanical factors on long jump performance '' . Journal of Biomechanics. 16 ( 8 ) : 655 -- 658 . doi : 10.1016 / 0021 - 9290 ( 83 ) 90116 - 1 . PMID 6643537 . Jump up ^ Gore , CJ ; Hahn , AG ; Aughey , RJ ; Martin , DT ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Live high : train low increases muscle buffer capacity and submaximal cycling efficiency '' ( PDF ) . Acta Physiol Scand. 173 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 286 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 201X. 2001.00906. x . PMID 11736690 . Jump up ^ Levine , BD ; Stray - Gunderson , J ( 2001 ) . `` The effects of altitude training are mediated primarily by acclimatization rather than by hypoxic exercise '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 502 : 75 -- 88 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 3401 - 0_7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 3374 - 4 . PMID 11950157 . Jump up ^ Stray - Gundersen , J ; Chapman , RF ; Levine , BD ( 2001 ) . `` '' Living high -- training low '' altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female elite runners `` . Journal of Applied Physiology. 91 ( 3 ) : 1113 -- 1120 . PMID 11509506 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , FA ; Truijens , MJ ; Townsend , NE ; Stray - Gundersen , J ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Performance of runners and swimmers after four weeks of intermittent hypobaric hypoxic exposure plus sea level training '' . Journal of Applied Physiology . Am Physiological Soc. 103 ( 5 ) : 1523 -- 1535 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01320.2006 . PMID 17690191 . Jump up ^ Egan , E. ( 2013 ) . Notes from higher grounds : an altitude training guide for endurance athletes . Kukimbia Huru Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0992755201 . ^ Jump up to : Brugniaux , JV ; Schmitt , L ; Robach , P ; Nicolet , G ; et al. ( January 2006 ) . `` Eighteen days of `` living high , training low '' stimulate erythropoiesis and enhance aerobic performance in elite middle - distance runners `` . Journal of Applied Physiology. 100 ( 1 ) : 203 -- 11 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00808.2005 . PMID 16179396 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Smoliga , J ( Summer 2009 ) . `` High - altitude training for distance runners '' . Track Coach. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Hoppeler , H ; Vogt , M ( 2001 ) . `` Muscle tissue adaptations to hypoxia '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . The Company of Biologists Ltd. 204 ( 18 ) : 3133 -- 3139 . Jump up ^ Gore , C ; Hahn , N ; Rice , A ; Bourdon , A ; et al. ( September 1998 ) . `` Altitude training at 2690m does not increase total Haemoglobin mass or sea level V̇O2max in world champion track cyclists '' . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 1 ( 3 ) : 156 -- 170 . doi : 10.1016 / S1440 - 2440 ( 98 ) 80011 - X . PMID 9783517 . ^ Jump up to : Faiss , Raphael ; Girard , Olivier ; Millet , Gregoire P ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` Advancing hypoxic training in team sports : from intermittent hypoxic training to repeated sprint training in hypoxia '' ( PDF ) . Br J Sports Med. 47 : i45 -- i50 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsports - 2013 - 092741 . Jump up ^ `` A High Altitude Resource '' . Altitude.org . Jump up ^ Levine , BD ; Stray - Gundersen , J ( November 2005 ) . `` Point : positive effects of intermittent hypoxia ( live high : train low ) on exercise performance are mediated primarily by augmented red cell volume '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 99 ( 5 ) : 2053 -- 5 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00877.2005 . PMID 16227463 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , CJ ; Hopkins , WG ( November 2005 ) . `` Counterpoint : positive effects of intermittent hypoxia ( live high : train low ) on exercise performance are not mediated primarily by augmented red cell volume '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 99 ( 5 ) : 2055 -- 7 ; discussion 2057 -- 8 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00820.2005 . PMID 16227464 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Prchal , JT ; Pastore , YD ( 2004 ) . `` Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis : polycythemias due to disruption of oxygen homeostasis '' . Hematology Journal . 5 : S110 -- S113 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. thj. 6200434 . PMID 15190290 . Jump up ^ Chapman , R ; Levine , BD ( 2007 ) . `` Altitude training for the marathon '' . Sports Medicine . Springer . 37 ( 4 ) : 392 -- 395 . doi : 10.2165 / 00007256 - 200737040 - 00031 . Jump up ^ Rupert , JL ; Hochachka , PW ( 2001 ) . `` Genetic approaches to understanding human adaptation to altitude in the Andes '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 204 ( Pt 18 ) : 3151 -- 60 . PMID 11581329 . Jump up ^ Zoll , J ; Ponsot , E ; Dufour , S ; Doutreleau , S ; et al. ( April 2006 ) . `` Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners . III . Muscular adjustments of selected gene transcripts '' . J. Appl . Physiol. 100 ( 4 ) : 1258 -- 66 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00359.2005 . PMID 16540710 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ponsot , E ; Dufour , SP ; Zoll , J ; Doutrelau , S ; et al. ( April 2006 ) . `` Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners . II . Improvement of mitochondrial properties in skeletal muscle '' . J. Appl . Physiol. 100 ( 4 ) : 1249 -- 57 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00361.2005 . PMID 16339351 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bigard , AX ; Brunet , A ; Guezennec , CY ; Monod , H ( 1991 ) . `` Skeletal muscle changes after endurance training at high altitude '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 71 ( 6 ) : 2114 -- 2121 . PMID 1778900 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altitude_training&oldid=809433314 '' Categories : Exercise physiology Health sciences Medical specialties Sports medicine Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 02 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why is training at high altitudes an advantage for athletes	[ "Depending very much on the protocols used, the body may acclimate to the relative lack of oxygen in one or more ways such as increasing the mass of red blood cells and hemoglobin, or altering muscle metabolism.[3][4][5][6] Proponents claim that when such athletes travel to competitions at lower altitudes they will still have a higher concentration of red blood cells for 10–14 days, and this gives them a competitive advantage. Some athletes live permanently at high altitude, only returning to sea level to compete, but their training may suffer due to less available oxygen for workouts." ]	[ "athletes travel to competitions at lower altitudes they will still have a higher concentration of red blood cells for 10–14 days, and this gives them a competitive advantage" ]
6599472618108701715	Steel-Eyed Death	Steel - Eyed Death - Wikipedia Steel - Eyed Death Jump to : navigation , search `` Steel - Eyed Death '' Law & Order episode Episode no . Season 20 Episode 13 ( # 446 overall ) Directed by Michael Pressman Written by Christopher Ambrose Julie Martin Richard Sweren Production code 20013 Original air date March 1 , 2010 Guest appearance ( s ) Emily Meade as Bonnie / Amanda Evans Michael Oberholtzer as Justin Sachs Kevin O'Rourke as Amanda 's Attorney Finnerty Steeves as Darlene Evans Karen Young as Mrs. Sachs Rebecca Creskoff as Veronica Masters Fred Melamed as Judge Bertram Hill Special Guest Star : J.K. Simmons as Dr. Emil Skoda Episode chronology ← Previous `` Blackmail '' Next → `` Boy on Fire '' List of Law & Order episodes `` Steel - Eyed Death '' is the thirteenth episode of the twentieth season of NBC 's long - running legal drama Law & Order . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) A family of four is found murdered in their home by a boy experiencing symptoms of a type of post-traumatic stress disorder . In this episode , Detective Lupo admits he had PTSD and a drinking problem after seeing a horrible crime scene on a past Christmas . Production ( edit ) `` Steel - Eyed Death '' was directed by Michael Pressman and written by Christopher Ambrose , Julie Martin and Richard Sweren . Cultural references ( edit ) Music by the Australian horrorcore rap artist KidCrusher is featured in the episode , including the songs `` Killin ' Shit '' and `` A Dirty Fuckin ' Murder '' . The artist said he was told the episode was based on a horrorcore festival when he allowed his music to be featured in `` Steel - Eyed Death '' . Upon learning it was about Juggalos , he later claimed to be angry that his music was used . He said , `` I am pretty pissed off to hear they based the episode on Juggalos and try to make us all look like criminals and real serial killers , and that we would kill kids . '' This episode is partially inspired by the Richard Alden Samuel McCroskey III case . McCroskey , an amateur horrorcore rapper who was heavily inspired by horrorcore rap artist Mars and went by the name `` Syko Sam '' , is accused of murdering four people in Farmville , Virginia . The victims were a Presbyterian pastor , his estranged wife , their teenage daughter ( who had been dating McCroskey ) , and one of their daughter 's friends . Reception ( edit ) `` Steel - Eyed Death '' drew criticism from Juggalos and fans of horrorcore hip hop music , who felt the episode unfairly equated the music genre and its fans with violent crime and murder . In its original American broadcast on March 1 , 2010 , `` Steel - Eyed Death '' was watched by 7.58 million average households over the hour , and received 1.9 / 5 aged between 18 and 49 , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode had outperformed Life Unexpected on The CW , which drew only 1.88 million households . `` Steel - Eyed Death '' had 0.98 million viewers less than the episode of 24 that aired on Fox that night which drew 8.56 million viewers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Haruch , Steve ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` Is a Local Juggalo Community Tied to MURDER ? '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Back to Fourth Place for NBC ; Big Numbers for The Bachelor and The Big Bang Theory '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Law & Order : Steel - Eyed Death on IMDb ( hide ) Law & Order Characters Police Sgt . Max Greevey Sgt . Phil Cerreta Lennie Briscoe Joe Fontana Ed Green Cyrus Lupo Mike Logan Rey Curtis Nick Falco Nina Cassady Kevin Bernard Captain Donald Cragen Lieutenant Anita Van Buren District attorneys Benjamin Stone Jack McCoy Michael Cutter Paul Robinette Claire Kincaid Jamie Ross Abbie Carmichael Serena Southerlyn Alexandra Borgia Connie Rubirosa Adam Schiff Nora Lewin Arthur Branch Recurring characters Elizabeth Olivet , Ph. D . Emil Skoda , M.D. Elizabeth Rodgers , M.D. Danielle Melnick Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Prescription for Death '' `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' `` Manhood '' `` Aftershock '' `` Empire '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Sunday in the Park with Jorge '' `` Public Service Homicide '' `` Burn Card '' `` The Drowned and the Saved '' `` Dignity '' `` Fed '' `` Blackmail '' `` Steel - Eyed Death '' `` Boy on Fire '' `` Rubber Room '' TV film Exiled : A Law & Order Movie See also Episodes Cast Law & Order franchise This article about an episode from a dramatic television series is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steel-Eyed_Death&oldid=801832125 '' Categories : Law & Order episodes 2010 American television episodes Drama television episode stubs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 04 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	law and order episode steel eyed death cast	[]	[]
5475007440628988533	Singin' in the Rain	Singin ' in the Rain - wikipedia Singin ' in the Rain Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1952 film . For the 1929 song sung in this film , see Singin ' in the Rain ( song ) . For the stage musical , see Singin ' in the Rain ( musical ) . Singin ' in the Rain Theatrical release poster Directed by Gene Kelly Stanley Donen Produced by Arthur Freed Screenplay by Betty Comden Adolph Green Story by Betty Comden Adolph Green Starring Gene Kelly Donald O'Connor Debbie Reynolds Music by Lennie Hayton ( original score ) Songs : Nacio Herb Brown ( music ) Arthur Freed ( lyrics ) Cinematography Harold Rosson Edited by Adrienne Fazan Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's Inc . Release date March 27 , 1952 ( 1952 - 03 - 27 ) ( Radio City Music Hall ) April 11 , 1952 ( 1952 - 04 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.5 million Box office $12.4 million Singin ' in the Rain is a 1952 American musical - romantic comedy film directed and choreographed by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen , starring Kelly , Donald O'Connor , and Debbie Reynolds . It offers a lighthearted depiction of Hollywood in the late 1920s , with the three stars portraying performers caught up in the transition from silent films to `` talkies '' . The film was only a modest hit when first released . Donald O'Connor won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , and Betty Comden and Adolph Green won the Writers Guild of America Award for their screenplay , while Jean Hagen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . However , it has since been accorded legendary status by contemporary critics , and is frequently regarded as the best film musical ever made , and the best film ever made in the `` Freed Unit '' at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . It topped the AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals list and is ranked as the fifth - greatest American motion picture of all time in its updated list of the greatest American films in 2007 . In 1989 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry . In 2005 the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . In Sight & Sound magazine 's 2017 list of the 50 greatest films of all time , Singin ' in the Rain placed 20th. . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Songs 4 Production 4.1 Revisions from early drafts 4.2 Scenes filmed but cut before release 4.3 Other notes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 6 Awards and honors 7 Home media 8 Adaptations 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Don Lockwood ( Gene Kelly ) is a popular silent film star with humble roots as a singer , dancer , and stuntman . Don barely tolerates his vain , cunning , and shallow leading lady , Lina Lamont ( Jean Hagen ) , though their studio , Monumental Pictures , links them romantically to increase their popularity . Lina is convinced they are in love , despite Don 's protestations otherwise . At the premiere of his newest film , The Royal Rascal , Don tells the gathered crowd an exaggerated version of his life story , including his motto : `` Dignity , always dignity . '' His words are humorously contradicted by flashbacks showing him alongside his best friend Cosmo Brown ( Donald O'Connor ) . To escape from his fans after the premiere , Don jumps into a passing car driven by Kathy Selden ( Debbie Reynolds ) . She drops him off , but not before claiming to be a stage actress and sneering at his `` undignified '' accomplishments as a movie star . Later , at a party , the head of Don 's studio , R.F. Simpson ( Millard Mitchell ) , shows a short demonstration of a talking picture , but his guests are unimpressed . To Don 's amusement , Kathy pops out of a mock cake right in front of him , revealing herself to be a chorus girl . Furious at Don 's teasing , she throws a real cake at him , only to hit Lina right in the face . She runs away . Don is smitten with Kathy and searches for her for weeks . While filming a love scene , Lina tells him that she had Kathy fired . Don finally finds Kathy working in another Monumental Pictures production . She confesses to having been a fan of his all along . After a rival studio has an enormous hit with its first talking picture , the 1927 film The Jazz Singer , R.F. decides he has no choice but to convert the next Lockwood and Lamont film , The Duelling Cavalier , into a talkie . The production is beset with difficulties , including Lina 's grating voice and strong New York accent . An exasperated diction coach tries to teach her how to speak properly , but to no avail . The Duelling Cavalier 's test screening is a disaster ; the actors are barely audible thanks to the awkward placing of the microphones , Don repeats the line `` I love you '' to Lina over and over , to the audience 's derisive laughter , and in the middle of the film , the sound goes out of synchronization , with hilarious results as Don 's voice is heard while Lina is speaking and vice versa . Don , Kathy and Cosmo come up with the idea to turn The Duelling Cavalier into a musical called The Dancing Cavalier , complete with a modern musical number called `` Broadway Melody '' . Cosmo , inspired by a scene in The Duelling Cavalier where Lina 's voice was out of sync , suggests that they dub Lina 's voice with Kathy 's . R.F. approves the idea but tells them not to inform Lina about the dubbing . When Lina finds out , she is infuriated . She becomes even angrier when she discovers that R.F. intends to give Kathy a screen credit and a big publicity buildup afterward . Lina threatens to sue R.F. unless he orders Kathy to continue working uncredited as Lina 's voice . R.F. reluctantly agrees to her demands , as a clause in her contract states that she can sue whenever denied a role of her choosing . The premiere of The Dancing Cavalier is a tremendous success . When the audience clamors for Lina to sing live , Don , Cosmo , and R.F. tell her to lip sync into the microphone while Kathy , hidden behind the curtain , sings into a second one . While Lina is `` singing , '' Don , Cosmo and R.F. gleefully raise the curtain , revealing the fakery . Lina flees . A distressed Kathy tries to run away as well , but Don proudly announces to the audience that she 's `` the real star of the film . '' Later , Kathy and Don kiss in front of a billboard for their new film , Singin ' in the Rain . Cast ( edit ) Gene Kelly as Don Lockwood . His performance in the song `` Singin ' in the Rain '' is now considered to be iconic . Debbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden . Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role . Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina 's voice , in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina 's dialogue ( `` Our love will last ' til the stars turn cold '' ) , Jean Hagen 's normal voice is used . Donald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown , Don 's lifelong pal , and vaudeville partner , who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures ' music department . Jean Hagen as Lina Lamont . Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle , Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed . She did a dead - on impression of Judy Holliday 's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday , which won her the role . Millard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson . The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed . R.F. also uses one of Freed 's favorite expressions when he says that he `` can not quite visualize it '' and has to see it on film first , referring to the `` Broadway Melody '' sequence . This is a joke , since the audience has just seen it . Cyd Charisse as the long - legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the `` Broadway Melody '' sequence . Douglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter , the director of Don and Lina 's films . Rita Moreno as Zelda Zanders , the `` Zip Girl '' and Lina 's friend . Uncredited King Donovan as Rod , head of the publicity department at Monumental Pictures . Judy Landon as Olga Mara , a silent screen vamp who attends the premiere of The Royal Rascal . Madge Blake as Dora Bailey , a radio show host . Kathleen Freeman as Phoebe Dinsmore , Lina 's diction coach . Bobby Watson as diction coach during the `` Moses Supposes '' number . Jimmy Thompson as the singer of `` Beautiful Girl '' . Mae Clarke as the hairdresser who puts the finishing touches on Lina Lamont 's hairdo . Songs ( edit ) Singin ' in the Rain was originally conceived by MGM producer Arthur Freed , the head of the `` Freed Unit '' responsible for turning out MGM 's lavish musicals , as a vehicle for his catalog of songs written with Nacio Herb Brown for previous MGM musical films of the 1929 -- 39 period . Screenwriters Betty Comden and Adolph Green wrote two entirely new songs , `` Make ' Em Laugh '' and `` Moses Supposes '' , the latter with music director Roger Edens providing the music . ( see below ) . All songs have lyrics by Freed and music by Brown unless otherwise indicated . Some of the songs , such as `` Broadway Rhythm , '' `` Should I ? , '' and most notably `` Singin ' in the Rain , '' have been featured in numerous films . The films listed below mark the first time each song was presented on screen . `` Fit as a Fiddle ( And Ready for Love ) '' from College Coach ( 1933 ) ( music by Al Hoffman and Al Goodhart , lyrics by Freed ) `` Temptation '' ( instrumental only ) from Going Hollywood ( 1933 ) `` All I Do Is Dream of You '' from Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) `` Singin ' in the Rain '' from The Hollywood Revue of 1929 ( 1929 ) `` Make ' Em Laugh , '' considered an original song , but bearing a striking resemblance to Cole Porter 's `` Be a Clown , '' used in another MGM Freed - produced musical , The Pirate ( 1948 ) . Credited to Comden and Green . `` Beautiful Girl Montage '' comprising `` I 've Got a Feelin ' You 're Foolin ' '' from Broadway Melody of 1936 ( 1935 ) , `` The Wedding of the Painted Doll '' from The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) , `` Should I ? '' from Lord Byron of Broadway ( 1930 ) and `` Beautiful Girl '' from Stage Mother ( 1933 ) `` You Were Meant for Me '' from The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) `` You Are My Lucky Star '' from Broadway Melody of 1936 ( 1935 ) `` Moses Supposes '' ( music by Roger Edens , lyrics by Comden and Green ) , based on the tongue - twister with the same title . `` Good Morning '' from Babes In Arms ( 1939 ) `` Would You ? '' from San Francisco ( 1936 ) `` Broadway Melody '' composed of `` The Broadway Melody '' from The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) and `` Broadway Rhythm '' from Broadway Melody of 1936 ( 1935 ) The music for the `` Broadway Ballet '' section is by Nacio Herb Brown . Production ( edit ) Revisions from early drafts ( edit ) Play media Trailer In an early draft of the script , the musical number `` Singin ' in the Rain '' was to be sung by Reynolds , O'Connor , and Kelly , emerging from a restaurant after the flop preview of The Dueling Cavalier , to celebrate the idea of changing the film into a musical . Kelly singing `` You Were Meant For Me '' to Reynolds on an empty sound stage was not included in that draft . The number was originally conceived as Kelly singing a medley of other songs to her as they romped around various studio back lot sets . Rita Moreno was originally to have sung the lead in `` I 've Got a Feelin ' You 're Foolin ' '' with other showgirls , but this ended up as part of the `` Beautiful Girl Montage '' without her . Scenes filmed but cut before release ( edit ) Gene Kelly sang a reprise of `` All I Do is Dream of You '' after the party at R.F. Simpson 's house when Kelly chases after Reynolds . The song , ending in Kelly 's bedroom , was cut from the release version after two previews , and the footage has been lost . Reynolds ' solo rendition of `` You Are My Lucky Star '' ( to a billboard showing an image of Lockwood ) was cut after previews . This number has survived and is included on the original soundtrack and DVD version of the film . In the steamy `` Vamp Dance '' segment of the `` Broadway Melody Ballet '' with Cyd Charisse and Gene Kelly , reviewers from both the Production Code and the Catholic Church 's Legion of Decency objected to a brief , suggestive pose or movement between the dancers . Although there is no precise documentation of what or where it was , close examination of footage toward the end of the dance shows an abrupt cut when Charisse is wrapped around Kelly , indicating the probable location . Other notes ( edit ) In the famous dance sequence in which Gene Kelly sings the title song while spinning an umbrella , splashing through puddles and getting soaked to the skin , Kelly was sick with a 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) fever . The rain in the scene caused Kelly 's wool suit to shrink during filming . A common myth is that Kelly managed to perform the entire song in one take , thanks to cameras placed at predetermined locations . However , this was not the case , the filming of the sequence taking place over 2 -- 3 days . Another myth is that the rain was mixed with milk in order for the drops to show up better on camera ; but the desired visual effect was produced , albeit with difficulty , through backlighting . Debbie Reynolds was not a dancer when she made Singin ' in the Rain ; her background was as a gymnast . Kelly apparently insulted her for her lack of dance experience , upsetting her . In a subsequent encounter when Fred Astaire was in the studio , he found Reynolds crying under a piano . Hearing what had happened , Astaire volunteered to help her with her dancing . Kelly later admitted that he had not been kind to Reynolds and was surprised that she was still willing to talk to him afterwards . After shooting the `` Good Morning '' routine , which had taken from 8 : 00 a.m. until 11 : 00 p.m. to shoot , Reynolds ' feet were bleeding . Years later , she was quoted as saying that `` Singin ' in the Rain and childbirth were the two hardest things I ever had to do in my life . '' Donald O'Connor had to stay in bed in the hospital for several days after filming the `` Make ' Em Laugh '' sequence , due to his smoking up to four packs of cigarettes a day . Most of the costumes from this film were eventually acquired by Debbie Reynolds and held in her massive collection of original film costumes , sets , and props . Many of these items were sold at a 2011 auction in Hollywood . While most items were sold to private collectors , Donald O'Connor's green check `` Fit As a Fiddle '' suit and shoes were purchased by Costume World , Inc . They are now on permanent display at the Costume World Broadway Collection Museum in Pompano Beach , Florida . Reception ( edit ) According to MGM records , during the film 's initial theatrical release , it made $3,263,000 in the US and Canada and $2,367,000 internationally , earning the studio a profit of $666,000 . It was the tenth highest - grossing movie of the year in the US and Canada . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film had a score of a perfect 100 % `` Certified fresh '' approval rating based on 49 reviews with an average rating of 9.2 / 10 , the website 's critical consensus reads : `` Clever , incisive , and funny , Singin ' In The Rain is a masterpiece of the classical Hollywood musical . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) For her role as Lina Lamont , Jean Hagen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . The film was also nominated for Best Original Music Score for Lennie Hayton . Donald O'Connor won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy for his portrayal of Cosmo Brown . Betty Comden and Adolph Green received the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical . Singin ' in the Rain has appeared twice on Sight & Sound 's list of the ten best films of all time , in 1982 and 2002 . Its position in 1982 was at number 4 on the critics list ; on the 2002 critics ' list , it was listed as number 10 , and it tied for 19 on the directors ' list . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 49 reviews , with an average score of 9.2 / 10 . The film is currently ranked as No. 14 on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of best rated films . Rotten Tomatoes summarizes the critical consensus as , `` Clever , incisive , and funny , Singin ' in the Rain is a masterpiece of the classical Hollywood musical . '' In 2008 , Singin ' in the Rain was placed on Empire 's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time List , ranking at # 8 , the highest ranked G - rated movie on the list . In 1989 , Singin ' in the Rain was among the first 25 films chosen for the newly established National Film Registry for films that are deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation . The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in these lists : 1998 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 10 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 16 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 16 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Lina Lamont -- Nominated Villain 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Singin ' in the Rain '' -- # 3 `` Make ' Em Laugh '' -- # 49 `` Good Morning '' -- # 72 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Lina Lamont : `` What do they think I am , dumb or something ? Why , I make more money than Calvin Coolidge ! Put together ! '' -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- # 1 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 5 Home media ( edit ) The 40th Anniversary Edition VHS version released in 1992 includes a documentary , the original trailer , and Reynolds ' solo rendition of `` You Are My Lucky Star , '' which had been cut from the final film . According to the audio commentary on the 2002 Special Edition DVD , the original negative was destroyed in a fire . Despite this , the film was digitally restored for its DVD release . A Blu - ray Ultimate Collector 's Edition was released in July 2012 . Adaptations ( edit ) Comic book adaptation Eastern Color Movie Love # 14 ( April 1952 ) Stage adaptation The Broadway musical Singin ' in the Rain was adapted from the motion picture , and the plot of the stage version closely adheres to the original . Directed and choreographed by post-modern choreographer Twyla Tharp , the opening night cast starred Don Correia as Don Lockwood , Mary D'Arcy as Kathy Selden , Richard Fancy as Roscoe Dexter , Faye Grant as Lina Lamont , and Peter Slutsker as Cosmo Brown . The musical opened on July 2 , 1985 at the Gershwin Theatre after 39 previews , and ran for 367 performances , closing on May 18 , 1986 . In popular culture ( edit ) Kelly 's hometown Pittsburgh Pirates games at PNC Park play the scene from the film during rain delays . `` Singin ' in the Rain '' is sung mockingly by Alex DeLarge , played by Malcolm McDowell , in the rape scene in Stanley Kubrick 's 1971 film A Clockwork Orange . The Gene Kelly version plays during the end credits . `` Singin ' in the Rain '' is sung by Inspector Jacques Clouseau played by Peter Sellers as part of the extended version of the grocery scene from The Pink Panther Strikes Again in Blake Edwards 1982 film Trail of the Pink Panther . 1n the 1983 television special Paddington Goes to the Movies , the film is mentioned at some points and Paddington performs a version of Gene Kelly 's famous dance from the 1952 film . In the 1989 Woody Allen film Crimes and Misdemeanors , Cliff ( Woody Allen ) and Halley ( Mia Farrow ) watch Singin ' in the Rain at Cliff 's apartment . Cliff claims to watch the film `` every few months to keep my spirits up . '' In their 1976 Christmas special , the British comedy act Morecambe and Wise parodied the `` Singin ' in the Rain '' sequence . Gene Kelly 's `` Singin ' in the Rain '' sequence is one of the opening scenes of The Great Movie Ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios . Kelly approved his Audio - Animatronics likeness prior to its delivery to Florida . The dance to the title song is parodied in the 2005 Broadway musical Spamalot in the dance break to `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life , '' complete with tap - dancing knights spinning bright yellow umbrellas around . The `` Singin ' in the Rain '' sequence was featured in a 2005 Volkswagen Golf commercial , with Gene Kelly seen break - dancing in the street . Also featured was Mint Royale 's version of the song accompanying the commercial . Two songs from the film were featured in `` The Substitute '' , a season 2 episode of the musical comedy television series Glee . In the 2012 film Silver Linings Playbook , Jennifer Lawrence 's character is inspired by a clip of Donald O'Connor and Gene Kelly dancing to `` Moses Supposes '' from Singin ' in the Rain . The 2013 anime short Gisoku no Moses features a young female ghost dancing with a pair of haunted dance shoes to the tune of `` Moses Supposes . '' In the 2015 romantic drama film Brooklyn , Tony Fiorello ( Emory Cohen ) takes Eilis Lacey ( Saoirse Ronan ) out on a date to see the film . In the next scene , he emulates Gene Kelly 's iconic swing on the lamppost . The scene in which Gene Kelly sings `` You Were Meant for Me '' is featured in the 2015 Nancy Meyers film The Intern . Singin ' in the Rain was an inspiration for the 2016 musical film La La Land , directed by Damien Chazelle . The 2017 Eurovision entry of Italy , Occidentali 's Karma , features the phrase `` Communque vada panta rei , and Singing in the Rain '' . The song `` Good Morning '' was featured in the Legends of Tomorrow Season 3 episode `` Phone Home '' . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator website List of films featuring fictional films References ( edit ) Informational notes Jump up ^ This scene pays homage to the original 1921 DeForest Phonofilm demonstration , featuring DeForest explaining the system . Jump up ^ This is a reference to a scene by John Gilbert in his first talkie . Citations ^ Jump up to : Singin ' in the Rain at the American Film Institute Catalog ^ Jump up to : `` Singin ' In The Rain ( 1952 ) '' . Jump up ^ Haley Jr. , Jack : That 's Entertainment ! , Frank Sinatra segments . Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , 1974 Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Films of All Time Sight & Sound '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Betty Comden , Adolph Green ( 2002 ) . The story Behind Singin ' in the Rain : Now It Can be Told , reprint of the Singin ' In the Rain screenplay introduction , originally published in 1972 , included in the liner notes of the Music from the original motion picture soundtrack ( deluxe edition ) Singin ' in the Rain double CD by Rhino Entertainment and Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ Osborne , Robert . TCM commentary , `` Singing in the Rain . '' Jump up ^ Hess , Earl J. and Dabholkarm Pratibha A. ( 2009 ) . Singin ' in the Rain : The Making of an American Masterpiece . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Debbie & Columbia , David Patrick ( 1989 ) . Debbie : My Life . Pocket Books . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0671687922 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( 18 March 2007 ) . `` The 50 greatest film soundtracks : 11 . Singin ' In The Rain '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ George Feltenstein ( 2002 ) . `` Producer 's Note , '' included in the liner notes of the `` Music from the original motion picture soundtrack ( deluxe edition ) Singin ' in the Rain '' double CD by Rhino Entertainment and Turner Classic Movies ^ Jump up to : Track list in the liner notes of the `` Music from the original motion picture soundtrack ( deluxe edition ) Singin ' in the Rain '' double CD by Rhino Entertainment and Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ CineBooks ' Motion Picture Guide review of the film included on the Microsoft Cinemania 1997 CD Jump up ^ Hess , Earl J. ; Dabholkar , Pratibha A. ( 2009 ) . Singin ' in the Rain : The Making of an American Masterpiece . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1656 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hess , pp. 23 - 24 Jump up ^ Hess , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Hess , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : New 50th Anniversary Documentary What a Glorious Feeling , hosted by Debbie Reynolds on the film 's DVD . Jump up ^ Hess , pp. 180 - 181 Jump up ^ Sanburn , Josh ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Top Ten Movie Dance Scenes : A Wet , Soft Shoe in Singin ' in the Rain '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` The Biography Channel '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) -- Hollywood 's Greatest Musical ! '' . Key Light Enterprises . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bubbeo , Daniel ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Gene Kelly 's widow Patricia chats about her late husband and ' Singin ' in the Rain ' '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Basics : Was There Really Milk in Singin ' in the Rain ? notes : `` Gene Kelly himself described what happened in several interviews , including American Film ( 1979 ) : ' Shooting the title number was just terrible for the photographer Hal Rossen ( sic ) . He had to backlight all the rain and then he had to put frontlight on the performer . That was as tough a job as I 've ever seen , because you ca n't photograph in rain and see it . ' '' Jump up ^ Reynolds , Debbie ( 2013 ) . Unsinkable : A Memoir . HarperCollins Publishers . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 221365 - 5 . Jump up ^ Patrick Perry , `` ON TOUR WITH DEBBIE REYNOLDS : Feisty and Fit Actress Speaks Out About An All - Too - Common Problem - Overactive Bladder '' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2003 . Jump up ^ Mankiewicz , Ben ( 2017 ) `` Intro to Singin ' in the Rain 65th Anniversary Theatrical Release '' Accessed : January 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . Jump up ^ `` Singin ' in the Rain - Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ' Top Box - Office Hits of 1952 ' , Variety , January 7 , 1953 Jump up ^ `` Singin ' In The Rain '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` wga awards '' . Wga.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 - Critics ' top ten films of all time '' . BFI. 2011 - 08 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies Of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singin ' in the Rain '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` VHS back cover '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Love # 14 '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Singin ' in the Rain on the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ `` On Stage : Kate Hepburn , Richard Rauh and old Nixon '' . Arts & Entertainment . PG Publishing Co. , Inc . July 9 , 2003 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDougal , Stuart Y. ( 2003 ) Stanley Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange Cambridge University Press . p. 98 ISBN 9780521574884 Jump up ^ `` The Morecambe and Wise Show '' BBC Two Jump up ^ `` Great Movie Ride Singin ' In the Rain '' Studios Central Jump up ^ Fleming , Brenda `` 9 Facts and Secrets about the Great Movie Ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' DisDining Jump up ^ `` Spamalot : And now for something completely silly '' . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Gisoku no Moses `` , a delightful anime short inspired by Gene Kelly '' . Nerdwatch ! . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` La La Land 's Many References to Classic Movies : A Guide '' . Slate . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Legends of Tomorrow ' Recap With Spoilers : `` Phone Home '' `` . comicbook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Further reading Comden , Betty ; Green , Adolph ( 1986 ) . Singin ' in the Rain . New York : Lorrimer Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85647 - 116 - X . OCLC 13125781 . Ebert , Roger ( 14 February 1999 ) . `` Reviews : Singin ' in the Rain '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . `` FilmSite Review : Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) '' . Filmsite.org . AMC . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Hess , Earl J. ; Dabholkar , Pratibha A. ( 2009 ) . Singin ' in the Rain : The Making of an American Masterpiece . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1656 - 5 . OCLC 291908067 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Telek , Scott ( 11 November 2007 ) . `` Speaking vs. Dancing in the Rain '' . Cinema de Merde . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Wollen , Peter ( 1992 ) . Singin ' in the Rain . London : BFI Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 351 - 8 . OCLC 27108548 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Singin ' in the Rain ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Singin ' in the Rain Singin ' in the Rain at the American Film Institute Catalog Singin ' in the Rain on IMDb Singin ' in the Rain at the TCM Movie Database Singin ' in the Rain at AllMovie Singin ' in the Rain at CinemaClassic ( in French ) Singin ' in the Rain at Rotten Tomatoes Singin ' in the Rain at Virtual History Articles and topics related to Singin ' in the Rain Films directed by Gene Kelly On the Town ( 1949 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) The Happy Road ( 1957 ) The Tunnel of Love ( 1958 ) Gigot ( 1962 ) A Guide for the Married Man ( 1967 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) The Cheyenne Social Club ( 1970 ) That 's Entertainment , Part II ( 1976 ) Films directed by Stanley Donen On the Town ( 1949 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) Fearless Fagan ( 1952 ) Give a Girl a Break ( 1953 ) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ( 1954 ) Deep in My Heart ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Funny Face ( 1957 ) The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) Kiss Them for Me ( 1957 ) Indiscreet ( 1958 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Once More , with Feeling ! ( 1960 ) Surprise Package ( 1960 ) The Grass Is Greener ( 1960 ) Charade ( 1963 ) Arabesque ( 1966 ) Two for the Road ( 1967 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Staircase ( 1969 ) The Little Prince ( 1974 ) Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) Movie Movie ( 1978 ) Saturn 3 ( 1980 ) Blame It on Rio ( 1984 ) Love Letters ( 1999 ) Arthur Freed musical productions As producer Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly ( 1940 ) Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1946 ) Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Good News ( 1947 ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Easter Parade ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) On the Town ( 1949 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Pagan Love Song ( 1950 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Show Boat ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Belle of New York ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) Silk Stockings ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) Uncredited as producer The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Meet the People ( 1944 ) Non-musicals The Clock ( 1945 ) Any Number Can Play ( 1949 ) Crisis ( 1950 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) Cahiers du cinéma 's Top Ten Films All time Citizen Kane The Night of the Hunter The Rules of the Game Sunrise L'Atalante Singin ' in the Rain Vertigo Children of Paradise The Searchers Yearly By year BFI Sight & Sound Poll 1952 Bicycle Thieves City Lights The Gold Rush Battleship Potemkin Intolerance : Love 's Struggle Throughout the Ages Louisiana Story Greed Le Jour Se Lève The Passion of Joan of Arc Brief Encounter The Rules of the Game Le Million 1962 Citizen Kane L'Avventura The Rules of the Game Greed Ugetsu Monogatari Battleship Potemkin Bicycle Thieves Ivan the Terrible La Terra Trema L'Atalante 1972 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Battleship Potemkin 81⁄2 L'Avventura Persona The Passion of Joan of Arc The General The Magnificent Ambersons Ugetsu Monogatari Wild Strawberries 1982 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai Singin ' in the Rain 81⁄2 Battleship Potemkin L'Avventura The Magnificent Ambersons Vertigo The General The Searchers Critics ' Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Tokyo Story Vertigo The Searchers L'Atalante The Passion of Joan of Arc Pather Panchali Battleship Potemkin 2001 : A Space Odyssey Directors ' Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Raging Bull La Strada L'Atalante The Godfather Modern Times Vertigo The Godfather Part II The Passion of Joan of Arc Rashomon Seven Samurai 2002 Critics ' Citizen Kane Vertigo The Rules of the Game The Godfather The Godfather Part II Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Battleship Potemkin Sunrise 81⁄2 Singin ' in the Rain Directors ' Citizen Kane The Godfather / The Godfather Part II 81⁄2 Lawrence of Arabia Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Bicycle Thieves Raging Bull Vertigo Rashomon The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai 2012 Critics ' Vertigo Citizen Kane Tokyo Story The Rules of the Game Sunrise 2001 : A Space Odyssey The Searchers Man with a Movie Camera The Passion of Joan of Arc 81⁄2 Directors ' Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Taxi Driver Apocalypse Now The Godfather Vertigo The Mirror Bicycle Thieves Related The Sight & Sound Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time 2014 Documentaries Man with a Movie Camera Shoah Sans Soleil Night and Fog The Thin Blue Line Chronique d'un été Nanook of the North The Gleaners and I Dont Look Back Grey Gardens VIAF : 316751644 LCCN : n97121772 GND : 4375976 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singin%27_in_the_Rain&oldid=833177786 '' Categories : 1952 films English - language films 1950s musical comedy films 1950s romantic comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American films American romantic musical films Films about Hollywood Films about actors Films set in 1927 Films set in the 1920s Films set in Los Angeles Films directed by Stanley Donen Films directed by Gene Kelly Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films United States National Film Registry films Jukebox musical films Films produced by Arthur Freed Films adapted into comics Films adapted into plays Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 02 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the actors in singing in the rain	[ "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n" ]	[ "Gene Kelly", "Debbie Reynolds", "Donald O'Connor", "Jean Hagen", "Millard Mitchell", "Cyd Charisse", "Douglas Fowley", "Rita Moreno" ]
8139833892105608203	Adam Driver	Adam Driver - wikipedia Adam Driver Jump to : navigation , search Adam Driver Driver at the Japan premiere of Star Wars : The Last Jedi in 2017 ( 1983 - 11 - 19 ) November 19 , 1983 ( age 34 ) San Diego , California , U.S. Alma mater Juilliard School Occupation Actor Years active 2009 -- present Spouse ( s ) Joanne Tucker ( m . 2013 ) Military career Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Marine Corps Years of service 2001 -- 2004 ( Medical Discharge ) Rank Lance corporal Unit 1st Battalion 1st Marines Adam Driver ( born November 19 , 1983 ) is an American actor . He rose to prominence in the supporting role of Adam Sackler in the HBO comedy - drama series Girls ( 2012 -- 2017 ) , for which he received three consecutive nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . He made his Broadway debut in Mrs. Warren 's Profession ( 2010 ) . In 2011 , he returned to Broadway in Man and Boy and made his feature film debut in J. Edgar . Driver has appeared in supporting roles in a wide range of films , including Lincoln ( 2012 ) , Frances Ha ( 2012 ) , Inside Llewyn Davis ( 2013 ) , and Silence ( 2016 ) . He starred in While We 're Young ( 2014 ) and won the Volpi Cup for his role in Hungry Hearts ( 2014 ) , as well as several best actor awards for his performance in Jim Jarmusch 's Paterson ( 2016 ) . Driver gained worldwide attention and acclaim for playing the main antagonist Kylo Ren in the Star Wars sequel trilogy , first in The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) then The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) . He is set to reprise the role in Episode IX ( 2019 ) . He is also the founder of Arts in the Armed Forces ( AITAF ) , a nonprofit that performs theater for all branches of the military , both in the United States and abroad . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Military service and education 2 Career 2.1 Early career ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 2.2 Breakthrough ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 2.3 Mainstream and critical success ( 2015 -- present ) 2.3. 1 Upcoming projects 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Stage 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early Life Driver was born in San Diego , California , the son of Nancy Wright ( née Needham ) , a paralegal , and Joe Douglas Driver . His father 's family is from Arkansas and his mother 's family is from Indiana . His stepfather , Rodney G. Wright , is a minister at a Baptist church . When Driver was seven years old , he moved with his older sister and mother to her hometown of Mishawaka , Indiana , where he grew up and attended high school at Mishawaka High School . Driver had a religious upbringing , and sang in choir at church . As a teenager , Driver described himself as a `` misfit '' , telling M Magazine that he climbed radio towers , set objects on fire , and also co-founded a fight club with his friends after being inspired by the movie of the same name . After high school and before his military service , Driver worked as a door - to - door salesman selling Kirby vacuum cleaners and as a telemarketer for a basement waterproofing company and Ben Franklin Construction . Military service and education Shortly after the September 11 attacks , Driver joined the United States Marine Corps and was assigned to Weapons Company , 1st Battalion , 1st Marines as an 81mm mortar man . He served for two years and eight months with no deployments before breaking his sternum while mountain biking . He was medically discharged . After leaving the Marine Corps , Driver attended the University of Indianapolis for a year ; he transferred to the Juilliard School to study drama . Driver said that he was seen as an intimidating and volatile figure by his classmates , and struggled to fit into a lifestyle so different from the Marines . He was a member of the Drama Division 's Group 38 ( 2005 -- 2009 ) , along with his future wife Joanne Tucker . He graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 2009 . Career Early career ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Following his graduation from Juilliard , Driver began acting in New York City , appearing in both Broadway and off - Broadway productions . Like many other aspiring actors , he occasionally worked as a busboy and waiter . Driver appeared in several television shows and short films . He made his feature film debut in Clint Eastwood 's J. Edgar ( 2011 ) . Driver at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival Breakthrough ( 2012 -- 2014 ) In 2012 , Driver was cast in the HBO hit comedy - drama series Girls , as the emotionally unstable Adam Sackler , lead character Hannah Horvath 's boyfriend . He has received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his role . Apart from appearing in the short film Not Waving But Drowning and the film Gayby , Driver had key roles in two critically acclaimed films of 2012 . He played telegraph and cipher officer Samuel Beckwith in Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln and Lev Shapiro in Noah Baumbach 's Frances Ha . Driver appeared in four films in 2013 : Bluebird , The F Word , as musician Al Cody in the Coen Brothers ' Inside Llewyn Davis , and as photographer Rick Smolan in Tracks . In 2014 , he played despairing father Jude in the Italian film Hungry Hearts , Philip Altman in This Is Where I Leave You , and aspiring filmmaker Jaime in While We 're Young , starring Naomi Watts and Ben Stiller . For his role in Hungry Hearts , Driver won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 71st Venice International Film Festival . Mainstream and critical success ( 2015 -- Present ) In late February 2014 , Variety reported that Driver would play his most emotionally unstable character yet , villain Kylo Ren in the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens . On April 29 , 2014 , he was confirmed as a cast member . The Force Awakens was released on December 18 , 2015 . Both the film and Driver 's performance were well received by critics and audiences alike . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian highlighted Driver 's performance in his review of the film calling him `` gorgeously cruel , spiteful and capricious ... very suited to Kylo Ren 's fastidious and amused contempt for his enemies ' weakness and compassion . '' Driver hosted the January 16 , 2016 episode of Saturday Night Live . In 2016 , Driver was featured in the short play The Strangest Kind of Romance by Tennessee Williams , for Playing On Air , a non-profit organization that `` records short plays ( for public radio and podcast ) written by top playwrights and performed by outstanding actors . '' Driver co-starred in the Jeff Nichols - directed film Midnight Special , which was released on March 18 , 2016 . He also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's 2016 film Silence . Jim Jarmusch 's Paterson was Driver 's final film release in 2016 . The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival , and was released later on December 28 , 2016 in the United States . His performance received positive reviews with Time 's Stephanie Zacharek writing `` Driver is turning out to be one of the finest actors of the moment , an understated star with a great , non-movie - star face . '' In 2017 , he starred as Clyde , alongside Channing Tatum and Daniel Craig , in Steven Soderbergh 's Logan Lucky , which premiered in August . He also reprised his role as Kylo Ren in Star Wars : The Last Jedi , which was released in December 2017 . Upcoming projects At the Cannes Film Festival in 2016 , it was announced that he was set to star in Terry Gilliam 's The Man Who Killed Don Quixote . He is also attached to star in Sylvester Stallone 's Tough As They Come , as well as Leos Carax 's upcoming music drama titled Annette , Spike Lee 's true crime thriller Black Klansman , and Noah Baumbach 's upcoming film , which currently has no title . Driver is expected to reprise his role as Kylo Ren in Star Wars : Episode IX . Personal Life Driver married Joanne Tucker in June 2013 . They live together in Brooklyn with their rottweiler - pit bull mix , Moose . Filmography Film Year Title Role Director Notes 2011 J. Edgar Walter Lyle Clint Eastwood 2012 Gayby Neil Jonathan Lisecki Not Waving But Drowning Adam Devyn Waitt Frances Ha Lev Shapiro Noah Baumbach Lincoln Samuel Beckwith Steven Spielberg 2013 Bluebird Walter Lance Edmands Inside Llewyn Davis Al Cody Coen brothers Tracks Rick Smolan John Curran What If Allan Michael Dowse 2014 Hungry Hearts Jude Saverio Costanzo While We 're Young Jamie Massey Noah Baumbach This Is Where I Leave You Phillip Altman Shawn Levy 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens Kylo Ren / Ben Solo J.J. Abrams 2016 Midnight Special Paul Sevier Jeff Nichols Paterson Paterson Jim Jarmusch Silence Father Francisco Garupe Martin Scorsese 2017 The Meyerowitz Stories Randy Noah Baumbach Logan Lucky Clyde Logan Steven Soderbergh Star Wars : The Last Jedi Kylo Ren / Ben Solo Rian Johnson 2018 The Man Who Killed Don Quixote Toby Grisoni Terry Gilliam Post-production Black Klansman Flip Spike Lee Post-production Untitled Noah Baumbach Project Noah Baumbach Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes The Wonderful Maladys Zed Pilot The Unusuals Will Slansky Episode : `` The E.I.D. '' Law & Order Robby Vickery Episode : `` Brilliant Disguise '' You Do n't Know Jack Glen Stetson Television film 2012 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Jason Roberts Episode : `` Theatre Tricks '' 2012 -- 2017 Girls Adam Sackler 49 episodes 2015 The Simpsons Adam Sackler ( voice ) Episode : `` Every Man 's Dream '' 2016 Saturday Night Live Himself ( host ) Episode : `` Adam Driver / Chris Stapleton '' 2017 Bob 's Burgers Art the Artist ( voice ) 2 episodes Video games Year Title Role Notes 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Kylo Ren / Ben Solo Voice 2016 Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens Kylo Ren / Ben Solo Voice Stage Year Title Role Notes 2009 The Retributionists Dov Kaplinsky Playwrights Horizons The Forest Bulanov East 13th Street Theatre Mrs. Warren 's Profession Frank Gardner American Airlines Theatre 2010 -- 2011 Angels in America Louis Ironson Peter Norton Space 2011 Man and Boy Basil Anthony American Airlines Theatre 2012 Look Back in Anger Cliff Laura Pels Theatre Awards and nominations Year Award Work Result Ref . 2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Lincoln Nominated Hamptons Film Festival Hamptons International Film Festival Award for Breakthrough Performer Inside Llewyn Davis Won 2013 Houston Film Critics Society Houston Film Critics Award for Best Original Song Won Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song Nominated Online Film Critics Society Online Film & Television Association Award for Best Music , Original Song Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Girls Nominated Online Film Critics Society Online Film & Television Association Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2014 Film Critics Circle of Australia Film Critics Circle of Australia Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Tracks Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Young Hollywood Award for Fan Favorite Actor -- Male Nominated Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup for Best Actor Hungry Hearts Won American Comedy Awards American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in TV Series Girls Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Online Film Critics Society Online Film & Television Association Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2016 MTV Movie Awards MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Star Wars : The Force Awakens Won Saturn Awards Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Won Teen Choice Awards Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain Won MTV Movie Awards MTV Movie Award for Best Fight ( with Daisy Ridley ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Hissy Fit Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Paterson Won Toronto Film Critics Association Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Won Dublin Film Critics ' Circle Dublin Film Critics ' Circle - Best Actor -- 3rd Place Nominated Gotham Independent Film Awards Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Actor Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Awards San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated IndieWire Critics Poll Award Best Actor -- Runner - Up Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle Awards London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Actor of the Year Nominated Online Film Critics Society Awards Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated 2017 Sant Jordi Awards Best Actor in a Foreign Film Won National Society of Film Critics Awards National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor -- 3rd Place Nominated Denver Film Critics Society Award Denver Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated International Cinephile Society Awards International Cinephile Society Awards for Best Actor Nominated References Jump up ^ `` Adam Driver talks about his most favority birthday gift ever '' . November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Arts In The Armed Forces AITAF : Arts In The Armed Forces '' . www.aitaf.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` Adam Driver on ' Frances Ha , ' His ' Girls ' Audition , and Juilliard '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` Adam Driver : ' Girls ' Heartthrob Coming to a Theater or Magazine Cover Near You '' . Theepochtimes.com . September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grigoriadis , Vanessa . `` Adam Driver on Playing Lena Dunham 's Boyfriend '' . Vulture . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring possibilities / Mishawaka grad takes challenging path on course to Broadway -- South Bend Tribune '' . Articles.southbendtribune.com . December 28 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harrell , Jeff ( March 16 , 2014 ) . `` A ' Star ' turn for Mishawaka graduate Adam Driver Inthebend '' . southbendtribune.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` In the driver 's seat : Adam Driver 's hot career '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tribune , Jeff Harrell South Bend . `` '' The Force '' of Adam Driver flies under the radar at Mishawaka High School `` . South Bend Tribune . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Adam Driver on ' Frances Ha , ' His ' Girls ' Audition , and Juilliard '' . Newsweek . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Takeda , Allison . `` Adam Driver tells M Magazine About Starting A Fight Club , Juilliard - Us Weekly '' . US Magazine . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) , Adam Driver And Stephen Act Out A ' Star Wars ' Scene Using Dolls , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 Jump up ^ `` Famous Veteran : Adam Driver '' . Military.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sicard , Sarah ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` This Former Marine Infantryman Will Be The Villain In Star Wars Episode VII : The Force Awakens '' . Task & Purpose . Jump up ^ `` Adam Driver on what the military and acting have in common '' . www.npr.org. April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Driver '' . The Juilliard School . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( January 13 , 2013 ) . `` And in this Corner , the Boys of ' Girls ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Andersson film scoops Venice Golden Lion award '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Adam Driver to Play the Villain ( Kylo Ren ) ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Announced '' . StarWars.com. April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' : Release set for December 18 , 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review -- ' a spectacular homecoming ' '' . The Guardian . Guardian News & Media Limited . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mogol , Allen ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadway Direct '' . broadwaydirect.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PlayingOnAir ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Podcast ! The Strangest Kind of Romance by Tennessee Williams '' . Playing On Air . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff . `` Adam Driver Joins Joel Edgerton , Kirsten Dunst in WB 's Sci - Fi Drama ' Midnight Special ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros Pushes Ben Affleck 's ' Live By Night ' , Dates ' Midnight Special ' & 3 Others '' . deadline.com . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger . `` Exclusive : Scorsese Adding Adam Driver to Next Film `` Silence '' `` . Showbiz 411 . Showbiz411 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Martin Scorsese Locks Funding for ' Silence ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Driver To Star In Jim Jarmusch 's ' Paterson ' , Amazon And K5 To Co-Finance '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Peter Debruge , Elsa ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cannes 2016 : Film Festival Unveils Official Selection Lineup '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Driver 's ' Paterson ' Gets Awards - Season Release Date ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paterson Sings the Poetry of Everyday Life in the City '' . Time . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens cast will all return for eighth film '' . Evening Standard . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skinner , Craig ( 2016 ) . EXCLUSIVE : TERRY GILLIAM 's THE MAN WHO KILLED DON QUIXOTE TO STAR ADAM DRIVER AND MICHAEL PALIN ; NEW CONCEPT ART UNCOVERED , Flickreel.com , May 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone To Helm ' Tough As They Come , ' Starring With Adam Driver '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Driver to Star in New Music Drama ' Annette ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Adam Driver Joins Spike Lee 's ' Black Klansman ' Thriller '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Noah Baumbach Casts Adam Driver , Scarlett Johansson , Laura Dern in Next Film '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Driver , Scarlett Johansson , Laura Dern , and More Join Noah Baumbach 's New Film '' . The Film Stage . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Driver & Scarlett Johansson to Lead Noah Baumbach 's Next Movie '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Corey ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Every Confirmed Cast Member For Episode 9 '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeda , Allison ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Girls ' Adam Driver Marries Joanne Tucker ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Driver : 10 things you never knew '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ERIK PIEPENBURG ( February 21 , 2011 ) . `` Adam Driver , From the Marines to ' Angels in America ' - The New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamptons Film Festival and Variety Present 10 Actors to Watch : Breakthrough Performers of 2012 '' . hamptonsfilmfest.org . August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society awards '' . fbindependent.com . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Nominations - Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice Awards . December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association '' . ofta.cinemasight.com . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adam Driver Television Academy '' . Television Academy . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online Film & Television Association '' . ofta.cinemasight.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FCCA AWARDS FOR AUSTRALIAN FILM '' . fcca.com.au . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` Venice Film Festival 2014 '' . latimes.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2015 : And the nominees are ... '' EW.com . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 MTV Movie Award Winners : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' Rings Up Eight Saturn Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Teen Choice Awards -- The Complete Winners List '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Ross A. Lincoln , Greg ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` Los Angeles Film Critics Name ' Moonlight ' Best Picture Of The Year '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The TFCA names Moonlight the Best Film of 2016 - Toronto Film Critics Association '' . Toronto Film Critics Association . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin Film Critics Circle names I , Daniel Blake best of 2016 Screenwriter '' . www.irishtimes.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Awards : ' Manchester by the Sea ' Scores Leading 4 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Film Critics Society Nominations 2016 '' . Awards Daily . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , Steve . `` Best Movies of 2016 Critic Poll Results IndieWire '' . www.indiewire.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Actor of the Year - London Critics ' Circle Film Awards Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film Critics Society Nominations - ' La La Land ' and ' Moonlight ' Lead With 7 Each '' . AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AleLeo ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' La próxima piel ' , mejor película española en la 61 edición de los Premios RNE Sant Jordi de Cinematografía Panorama Audiovisual '' . Audiovisuel panorama ( in French ) . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Named Best Picture by National Society of Film Critics '' . Variety . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Film Critics Society Announce Nominations '' . Awards Daily . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 ICS Award Nominees '' . icsfilm.org . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adam Driver . Adam Driver on IMDb Adam Driver : Theatre Credits -- broadwayworld.com `` Former Marine Adam Driver Enlists in Off - B'way's The Retributionists Broadway Buzz '' . Broadway.com . September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Awards for Adam Driver Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Al Pacino ( 1975 ) Robert De Niro ( 1976 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Robert Duvall ( 1983 ) F. Murray Abraham / Albert Finney ( 1984 ) William Hurt ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Jack Nicholson / Steve Martin ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1990 ) Nick Nolte ( 1991 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1992 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1993 ) John Travolta ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Russell Crowe ( 1999 ) Michael Douglas ( 2000 ) Denzel Washington ( 2001 ) Daniel Day - Lewis / Jack Nicholson ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Liam Neeson ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Sacha Baron Cohen / Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2012 ) Bruce Dern ( 2013 ) Tom Hardy ( 2014 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2015 ) Adam Driver ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay ( 1992 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1993 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 1994 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1995 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1996 ) Jim Carrey ( 1997 ) Mike Myers ( 1998 ) Matt Dillon / Stephen Dorff ( 1999 ) † Mike Myers ( 2000 ) Jim Carrey ( 2001 ) Denzel Washington ( 2002 ) Daveigh Chase ( 2003 ) Lucy Liu ( 2004 ) Ben Stiller ( 2005 ) Hayden Christensen ( 2006 ) Jack Nicholson ( 2007 ) Johnny Depp ( 2008 ) Heath Ledger ( 2009 ) Tom Felton ( 2010 ) Tom Felton ( 2011 ) Jennifer Aniston ( 2012 ) ‡ Tom Hiddleston ( 2013 ) Mila Kunis ( 2014 ) Meryl Streep ( 2015 ) Adam Driver ( 2016 ) Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( 2017 ) † Tie ; ‡ The Award was re-named Best On - Screen Dirtbag Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Marty Feldman ( 1974 / 75 ) Jay Robinson ( 1976 ) Alec Guinness ( 1977 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1978 ) Arte Johnson ( 1979 ) Scatman Crothers ( 1980 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1981 ) Richard Lynch ( 1982 ) John Lithgow ( 1983 ) Tracey Walter ( 1984 ) Roddy McDowall ( 1985 ) Bill Paxton ( 1986 ) Richard Dawson ( 1987 ) Robert Loggia ( 1988 ) Thomas F. Wilson ( 1989 / 90 ) William Sadler ( 1991 ) Robin Williams ( 1992 ) Lance Henriksen ( 1993 ) Gary Sinise ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Brent Spiner ( 1996 ) Vincent D'Onofrio ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Ian McKellen ( 2001 ) Andy Serkis ( 2002 ) Sean Astin ( 2003 ) David Carradine ( 2004 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2005 ) Ben Affleck ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Stephen Lang ( 2009 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2010 ) Andy Serkis ( 2011 ) Clark Gregg ( 2012 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2013 ) Richard Armitage ( 2014 ) Adam Driver ( 2015 ) John Goodman ( 2016 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain Sarah Michelle Gellar ( 1999 ) Mike Myers ( 2000 ) The Rock ( Dwayne Johnson ) ( 2001 ) Seann William Scott ( 2002 ) Colin Farrell ( 2003 ) Seann William Scott ( 2004 ) Jim Carrey ( 2005 ) Bill Nighy ( 2006 - 2007 ) Johnny Depp ( 2008 ) Cam Gigandet ( 2009 ) Rachelle Lefevre ( 2010 ) Tom Felton ( 2011 ) Alexander Ludwig ( 2012 ) Adam DeVine ( 2013 ) Donald Sutherland ( 2014 ) Bella Thorne ( 2015 ) Adam Driver ( 2016 ) Luke Evans ( 2017 ) Volpi Cup for Best Actor 1934 -- 68 Wallace Beery ( 1934 ) Pierre Blanchar ( 1935 ) Paul Muni ( 1936 ) Emil Jannings ( 1937 ) Leslie Howard ( 1938 ) Ermete Zacconi ( 1941 ) Fosco Giachetti ( 1942 ) Pierre Fresnay ( 1947 ) Ernst Deutsch ( 1948 ) Joseph Cotten ( 1949 ) Sam Jaffe ( 1950 ) Jean Gabin ( 1951 ) Fredric March ( 1952 ) Henri Vilbert ( 1953 ) Jean Gabin ( 1954 ) Curd Jürgens / Kenneth More ( 1955 ) Bourvil ( 1956 ) Anthony Franciosa ( 1957 ) Alec Guinness ( 1958 ) James Stewart ( 1959 ) John Mills ( 1960 ) Toshiro Mifune ( 1961 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1962 ) Albert Finney ( 1963 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1964 ) Toshiro Mifune ( 1965 ) Jacques Perrin ( 1966 ) Ljubiša Samardžić ( 1967 ) John Marley ( 1968 ) 1983 -- 2000 Guy Boyd / George Dzundza / David Alan Grier / Mitchell Lichtenstein / Matthew Modine / Michael Wright ( 1983 ) Naseeruddin Shah ( 1984 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1985 ) Carlo Delle Piane ( 1986 ) Hugh Grant / James Wilby ( 1987 ) Don Ameche / Joe Mantegna ( 1988 ) Marcello Mastroianni / Massimo Troisi ( 1989 ) Oleg Borisov ( 1990 ) River Phoenix ( 1991 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1992 ) Fabrizio Bentivoglio / Marcello Mastroianni ( 1993 ) Xia Yu / Roberto Citran ( 1994 ) Götz George / Ian Hart ( 1995 ) Liam Neeson / Chris Penn ( 1996 ) Wesley Snipes ( 1997 ) Sean Penn ( 1998 ) Jim Broadbent ( 1999 ) Javier Bardem ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Luigi Lo Cascio ( 2001 ) Stefano Accorsi ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Javier Bardem ( 2004 ) David Strathairn ( 2005 ) Ben Affleck ( 2006 ) Brad Pitt ( 2007 ) Silvio Orlando ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Vincent Gallo ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman / Joaquin Phoenix ( 2012 ) Themis Panou ( 2013 ) Adam Driver ( 2014 ) Fabrice Luchini ( 2015 ) Oscar Martínez ( 2016 ) Kamel El Basha ( 2017 ) VIAF : 232805400 LCCN : no2012045483 ISNI : 0000 0003 6610 7620 GND : 1060407434 SUDOC : 172656931 BNF : cb167412809 ( data ) BIBSYS : 15009121 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Driver&oldid=833167453 '' Categories : 1983 births 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors Juilliard School alumni Living people Male actors from Indiana People from Mishawaka , Indiana United States Marines University of Indianapolis alumni Volpi Cup winners Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 01 : 15 . 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1967924876151503241	Ages of consent in Oceania	Ages of consent in Oceania - wikipedia Ages of consent in Oceania Jump to : navigation , search Main article : Age of consent The ages of consent for sexual activity vary by jurisdiction across Australia , New Zealand and Oceania , ranging from age 15 to age 18 . The specific activity engaged in or the gender of its participants can also be affected by the law . Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject . The highlighted age refers to an age at or above which an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is also at or above that age . Close in age exceptions may exist and are noted when relevant . In Vanuatu the homosexual age of consent is set higher at 18 , while the heterosexual age of consent is 15 . Same sex sexual activity is illegal at any age for males in Papua New Guinea , Kiribati , the Cook Islands , Samoa , Tonga and Tuvalu ; it is outlawed for both men and women in the Solomon Islands . In all other places the age of consent is equal , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . The below is a list of all jurisdictions in Oceania as listed in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 1.1 Regulations by state 1.2 Federal laws 1.3 Australian Capital Territory 1.4 Coral Sea Islands Territory 1.5 New South Wales and Norfolk Island 1.6 Northern Territory 1.7 Queensland 1.8 South Australia 1.9 Tasmania 1.10 Victoria 1.11 Western Australia 2 Clipperton Island ( France ) 3 Easter Island ( Chile ) 4 Federated States of Micronesia 5 Fiji 6 French Polynesia ( France ) 7 Juan Fernández Islands ( Chile ) 8 Kiribati 9 Marcus Island ( Japan ) 10 Marshall Islands 11 Nauru 12 New Caledonia ( France ) 13 New Zealand 13.1 Cook Islands 13.2 Niue 13.3 Tokelau 14 Okinotori Islands ( Japan ) 15 Palau 16 Papua ( Indonesia ) 17 Papua New Guinea 18 Pitcairn Island ( United Kingdom ) 19 Samoa 20 Solomon Islands 21 Tonga 22 Tuvalu 23 United States ( Hawaii and Pacific Territories ) 23.1 Hawaii 23.2 American Samoa 23.3 Guam 23.4 Northern Mariana Islands 23.5 Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument 23.6 Midway Atoll 24 Vanuatu 25 Wallis and Futuna ( France ) 26 See also 27 References Australia ( edit ) Age of consent in Australia : 16 17 Australia is a federation of States and Territories , with each State and Territory having the primary jurisdiction over age of consent issues within its territory . However , as a result of the international affairs power under Australia 's constitution , a 1997 United Nations Human Rights Committee ruling has resulted in States repealing rules that differentiated between homosexual and heterosexual people on age of consent issues . Regulations by state ( edit ) State Minimum age of consent New South Wales 16 Queensland 16 South Australia 17 Tasmania 17 Victoria 16 Western Australia 16 Northern Territory 16 Australian Capital Territory 16 Federal laws ( edit ) Under federal legislation that applies to all Australians , it is an offence for an Australian citizen , resident or body corporate while outside of Australia to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 or to induce a child under the age of 16 to have sexual intercourse , or be somehow involved in a similar sexual act . Sex between consenting adults ( 18 or over ) in private , regardless of gender or sexual orientation can not be outlawed under section 4 of the Human Rights ( Sexual Conduct ) Act 1994 . Australia federation of AIDS organisations , age of consent ( 20 July 2007 ) Australia federation of AIDS organisations , age of consent - State and territory legislation ( 29 June 2006 ) Australian Capital Territory ( edit ) It is an offence in the Australian Capital Territory to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 . However , it is a defence if the younger party was aged 10 years or older and the offender was not more than 2 years older than the younger party . Coral Sea Islands Territory ( edit ) The laws of the Australian Capital Territory apply to the Coral Sea Islands Territory . New South Wales and Norfolk Island ( edit ) It is an offence in New South Wales to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 or attempt such an offence . It is also an offence to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 if that person is under the care of the offender ( guardian , teacher etc . ) . Since July 1 , 2016 all NSW laws also apply to the approximately 2,000 residents on Norfolk Island , under both the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015 and the Territories Legislation Amendment Act 2016 - because the Norfolk Legislative Assembly was abolished on July 1 , 2015 . Northern Territory ( edit ) It is an offence in the Northern Territory to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 or attempt such an offence . It is also an offence to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 if that person is under the care of the offender ( guardian , teacher etc . ) . Queensland ( edit ) It is an offence in Queensland to have carnal knowledge of a person under the age of 16 ( Criminal Code Act 1899 , s. 215 ) . `` Carnal knowledge '' includes all types of sexual activity . Legislation in September 2016 lowered and equalised the age of consent for anal sex to 16 . South Australia ( edit ) It is an offence in South Australia to engage in any activity which involves fellatio , cunnilingus or placing any part of the body within the labia majora , vagina or anus of a person under the age of 17 unless they are lawful spouses . The Australian Marriage Act can permit someone who is 18 or over to marry a 16 - year - old . However , it is a defence if the person is 16 at the time of the offence and either the offender is under 17 years of age or believe on reasonable grounds that the other person is 17 or older . It is also an offence to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 if that person is under the care of the offender ( guardian , teacher etc . ) . Tasmania ( edit ) It is an offence in Tasmania to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 17 . However , it is a defence if the younger person was aged 12 years or older and the older was not more than 3 years their senior or , if the younger person was of or above 15 years and the older was not more than 5 years their senior . Victoria ( edit ) It is an offence in Victoria to sexually penetrate a person under the age of 16 . However , it is a defence if the younger party was aged 12 years or older and the offender was not more than 2 years older than the younger person , or they were married . It is also an offence for a person having the care of a person under the age of 18 to sexually penetrate that person ( guardian , teacher etc . ) . A person under the age of 18 is not allowed to work as a prostitute nor to be in a brothel . Western Australia ( edit ) It is an offence in Western Australia to sexually penetrate a person under the age of 16 . It is also an offence for a person in a position of authority over a person under the age of 18 to have sex with that person . Clipperton Island ( France ) ( edit ) The laws of France where applicable apply . ( These specify a general age of consent of 15 . ) See Ages of consent in Europe # France . Easter Island ( Chile ) ( edit ) For this section , see Ages of consent in South America § Chile . Federated states of micronesia ( edit ) The states ' statutory rape laws apply to children age 13 and below in Chuuk , Yap , and Kosrae and age 15 and below in Pohnpei . Fiji ( edit ) Under the Crimes Act 2010 effective since 1 February 2010 , the age of consent in Fiji is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender . French polynesia ( France ) ( edit ) The laws of France where applicable apply . ( These specify a general age of consent of 15 . ) See Ages of consent in Europe # France . Juan fernández Islands ( Chile ) ( edit ) For this section , see Ages of consent in South America § Chile . Kiribati ( edit ) The age of consent in Kiribati is 15 ( sections 133 , 134 & 135 ) , but homosexual sex is illegal at all ages ( sections 153 , 154 & 155 ) . Furthermore , section 132 prohibits taking a girl under 18 out of the care of her parents or guardian for the purpose of sexual intercourse , while section 136 prohibits procuring a girl under 18 for sexual intercourse . Marcus Island ( Japan ) ( edit ) Marcus Island is administratively under the government of Tokyo . See Age of Consent in Japan . Marshall Islands ( edit ) The age of consent in Marshall Islands is 16 . Section 152 ( A ) of the Criminal Code provides that anyone engaging in sexual penetration with a person under 16 is liable to imprisonment for up to 25 years . Nauru ( edit ) In Nauru it is an offence under the Crimes Act 2016 , Division 7.3 to engage in sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 . Consent is not a defence unless the younger party was aged 13 years or older and the offender was not more than 2 years older than the younger person . New Caledonia ( France ) ( edit ) New Caledonia has a civil law system based on French law ; the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands . New Zealand ( edit ) It is an offence in New Zealand to have a sexual connection with a person under the age of 16 . It is a defence if due diligence had been undertaken by the defendant to ascertain the victim 's age , had reasonable grounds to believe the victim was aged 16 or over and consent was given . Further it is an offence for a person to have a sexual connection with a person under the age of 18 if the defendant is in a guardianship role ( parent , stepparent , foster parent , guardian , uncle , aunt or other members of extended family , whanau or other power or authority or responsibility for care or upbringing ) The age of consent for prostitution in New Zealand is higher . Although prostitution is legal , under the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 it is illegal to procure or receive sexual services from any person under 18 . New Zealand has had a uniform and equal age of consent of 16 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender since the passage of the Homosexual Law Reform Act in 1986 . All territories of New Zealand have legalized homosexuality in 2007 ( except for the Cook Islands as shown below ) LGBT rights in New Zealand under the Niue Amendment Act 2007 . Although age of consent laws in New Zealand ( as with most other western countries ) are currently severe , consensual relationships between adults and young teens are usually not prosecuted unless the parent or child complain about it . Contraceptives in New Zealand are not age restricted and are available to people under 16 . A teen 12 years or older can be prosecuted for a consensual relationship with a teen under 16 ( both parties if both are 12 years or older ) , although this is extremely rare . Even with a complaint , it is still up to police discretion and if the age difference is small it is rarely prosecuted , with family group conferences being the more likely option . There was an attempt to formalise this under law in 2004 , however this was abandoned after a public outcry . Before 2005 , there was no law in New Zealand prohibiting any form of sexual relationship between adult women and male minors . The sexual abuse of boys of any age , including rape , by adult women was fully legal in New Zealand until around 2007 . This is despite New Zealand having been party to international conventions against the exploitation of children since the 1980s . In 2003 , swimming instructor Stacey Margaret Friel , 21 , was reported to have had sex with a 13 - year - old boy but faced no charges at the time due to the lack of laws against sexual abuse of boys by women . Since the loophole in the laws was closed there have been a number of cases of women being prosecuted for sexual abuse of young boys , including most recently a women who gave birth to the child of an 11 - year - old boy whom she had allegedly raped . Cook Islands ( edit ) It is an offence in the Cook Islands to have sexual intercourse with a girl under the age of 16 , ( ss146 and 147 ) . If the girl consented and is aged 12 or more , it is a defence if the offender is younger than the girl , or if he is under 21 of age and `` had reasonable cause to believe , and did believe '' that the girl was aged 16 or older . ( These defenses do not apply if consent was obtained fraudulently . ) There is no minimum age of consent for boys with women , although sodomy is illegal at any age ( s155 ) and also exist the sodomy crimes that apply we criminal codes ( S154 , S159 ) 154 . Indecency between males - ( 1 ) Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years who , bring a male , - ( a ) Indecently assaults any other male ; or ( b ) Does any indecent act with or upon any other male ; or ( c ) Induces or permits any other male to do any indecent act with or upon him . ( 2 ) No boy under the age of fifteen years shall be charged with committing or being a party to an offence against paragraph ( b ) or paragraph ( c ) of subsection ( 1 ) of this section , unless the other male was under the age of twenty - one years . ( 3 ) It is not defence to a charge under this section that the other party consented . 155 . Sodomy - ( 1 ) Every one who commits sodomy is liable - ( a ) Where the act of sodomy is committed on a female , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years ; ( b ) Where the act of sodomy is committed on a male , and at the time of the act that male is under the age of fifteen years and the offender is of over the age of twenty - one years , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years ; ( c ) In any other case , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years . ( 2 ) This offence is complete upon penetration . ( 3 ) Where sodomy is committed on any person under the age of fifteen years he shall not be charged with being a party to that offence , but he may be charged with being a party to an offence against section 154 of this Act in say case to which that section is applicable . ( 4 ) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the other party consented . 159 . Keeping Place of resort for homosexual acts - Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years who - ( a ) Keeps or manages , or acts or assists in the management of , say premises used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males ; or ( b ) Being the tenant , lessee , or occupier of any promises , knowingly permits the premises or any part thereof to be used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males ; or ( c ) Being the lessor or landlord of any premises , or the agent of the lessor or landlord , lets the premises or any part thereof with the knowledge that the premises are to be used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males , or that dome part thereof is to be so used , or is wilfully a party to the continued use of the premises or any part thereof as a place of resort for the commission of such acts as aforesaid . More in line with the Criminal Code sections 152 and 153 , the age of consent for same - sex men and women is begins , starting at 15 years 152 . Indecent act between woman and girl - ( 1 ) Every woman of or over the age of twenty - one years is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years who - ( a ) Does any indecent act with or upon any girl under the age of fifteen years ; or ( b ) Induces or permits any girl under the age of fifteen years to do say indecent act with or upon her . ( 2 ) The girl shall not be charged as a party to an offence committed with or upon her against this section . ( 3 ) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the girl consented . 153 . Indecency between man and boy - ( 1 ) Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years who , being a male - ( a ) Indecently assaults any boy under the age of fifteen years ; or ( b ) Does any indecent act with or upon any boy under the age of fifteen years ; or ( c ) Induces or permits any boy under the age of fifteen years to do any indecent act with or upon him . ( 2 ) No person under the age of twenty - one years shall be charged with committing or being a party to an offence against this section . ( 3 ) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the boy consented . Niue ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The age of consent in Niue is 16 . Tokelau ( edit ) The age of consent is 16 . Section 19 of the Crimes , Procedures and Evidence Rules , 2003 ( CPER ) reads : 1 ) A person who has carnal knowledge of another -- ( ... ) ( i ) ( II ) if the victim is under the age of 16 years , whether the victim consented or not ( ... ) commits an offence . Section 21 reads : ( 1 ) A person who indecently assaults another commits an offence. ( 2 ) Where the victim is a mental defective or under the age of 16 years it is no defence to a charge under this rule that the person consented to the offence , or that the person charged believed that the person assaulted was sane or not under the age of 16 years as the case may be . Okinotori Islands ( Japan ) ( edit ) The Okinotori Islands are administratively under the government of Tokyo . See Age of Consent in Japan . Palau ( edit ) The age of consent in Palau is 17 . There is a close in age exemption allowing 15 and 16 year - olds to have sex with partners less than 5 years older . Article § 1602 reads : a ) A person commits the offense of sexual assault in the first degree if : ( ... ) ( 3 ) The person knowingly engages in sexual penetration with a person who is at least fifteen years old but less than seventeen years old ; provided that : ( A ) The person is not less than five years older than the minor ; and ( B ) The person is not legally married to the minor `` . Papua ( Indonesia ) ( edit ) The age of consent in Indonesia Ages of consent in Asia . Papua New Guinea ( edit ) In Papua New Guinea it is unlawful to have carnal knowledge of a girl under the age of 16 . If the victim is aged 12 or more , it is a defence if the defendant `` believed , on reasonable grounds '' that the girl was aged 16 or older . It is a crime for any person to indecently deal with a boy under the age of 14 ( section 211 ) , and boys under the age of 17 are not deemed able to consent to acts by another male that , but for their consent , would be indecent assaults ( section 243 ) . Also having or allowing carnal knowledge `` against the order of nature '' is illegal at any age , as are acts of `` gross indecency '' between males ( sections 210 and 212 ) . Pitcairn Island ( United kingdom ) ( edit ) The current age of consent appears to be 16 , as a 1999 case involved a New Zealand tourist convicted of `` unlawful carnal knowledge '' of a girl of 15 ( this will be confirmed once The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010 comes into effect ) . However the Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004 involved mostly charges of rape or sexual assault , not `` underage sex '' ( and some `` gross indecency with a child under 14 '' charges ) , although it was claimed during the trial that ( presumably consensual ) `` underage sex '' with girls from the age of 12 was normal on Pitcairn . Samoa ( edit ) The age of consent in Samoa is 16 , per Section 59 . Sexual conduct with young person under 16 , of the Crime Act 2013 . Homosexual acts are illegal regardless of age ( Section 67 . Sodomy ) . Solomon Islands ( edit ) The age of consent in the Solomon Islands is 15 ( sections 141 , 142 & 143 ) , but homosexual sex is illegal at all ages ( sections 160 , 161 & 162 ) . Further , section 140 prohibits taking a girl under 18 out of the care of her parents or guardian for the purpose of sexual intercourse , while section 144 prohibits procuring a girl under 18 for sexual intercourse . Tonga ( edit ) The age of consent in Tonga is 15 . Section 121 Carnal knowledge of child or young person ( ... ) ( 2 ) Any person who carnally knows any young person under the age of 15 years shall be liable on conviction thereof to imprisonment for 5 years Section 124 Indecent assault ( ... ) ( 5 ) A young person under the age of 15 years can not in law give any consent which would prevent an act being an indecent assault for the purposes of this section . Tuvalu ( edit ) The age of consent in Tuvalu is 15 ( sections 133 , 134 & 135 ) , but homosexual sex is illegal at all ages ( sections 153 , 154 & 155 ) . Further , section 132 prohibits taking a girl under 18 out of the care of her parents or guardian for the purpose of sexual intercourse , while section 136 prohibits procuring a girl under 18 for sexual intercourse . United states ( Hawaii and Pacific territories ) ( edit ) Main article : Ages of consent in the United States Ages of consent in the United States , including Hawaii and the following Oceania territories : Guam , CMNI , and American Samoa 16 17 18 No data available / other Hawaii ( edit ) The age of consent in Hawaii is 16 years old . There is however a close in age exemption , which allows those aged 14 and 15 to consent to sex with those less than five years older . American Samoa ( edit ) It is an offence in American Samoa to engage in sexual acts with a person under the age of 16 . Guam ( edit ) The age of consent in Guam is 16 . § 25.25 . Third Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct . ( a ) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree if the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exists : ( 1 ) that other person is at least fourteen ( 14 ) years of age and under sixteen ( 16 ) years of age ( ... ) Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) The age of consent in the Northern Mariana Islands is 16 , according to Sections 1306 - 1309 of the Commonwealth Code . There a close - in - age exemption permitting minors aged 13 -- 15 to engage in sexual activity with those less than three years older . Under the same provisions , it is also illegal for any person aged 16 or older to aid , encourage , induce or causes minors under 13 to engage in any sexual activity , or minors aged 13 -- 15 to engage in sexual activity with persons older than them by three years or more . The age of consent rises to 18 when the older partner - being age 18 or older - is the parent , stepparent , adopted parent , or legal guardian of the younger person , or when the older partner has or occupies a position of authority over the younger person . This does not apply for minors aged 16 or 17 as long as the older partner is less than three years older and is not the younger person 's parent , stepparent , adopted parent or legal guardian . According to section 1317 , a position of authority `` means an employer , youth leader , scout leader , coach , teacher , counselor , school administrator , religious leader , doctor , nurse , psychologist , guardian ad litem , babysitter , or a substantially similar position , and a police officer or probation officer other than when the officer is exercising custodial control '' over a person under 18 . According to Section 1310 , affirmative defenses for the crimes outlined in Sections 1306 - 1309 exists for consensual activity between legal spouses and for cases where the defendant reasonably believed that a minor age 13 or older was of legal age . Sections 1303 and 1304 of the Commonwealth Code also criminalize sexual activity with persons aged 18 or 19 , if they are `` committed to the custody of the Department of Public Health and Environmental Services under the Commonwealth 's civil or criminal laws , and the offender is the legal guardian of the person '' . Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument ( edit ) Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island , are under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior , as part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument . As such , all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable . Midway Atoll ( edit ) Midway Atoll is under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior ( administered as a National Wildlife Refuge ) . As such , all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable . Vanuatu ( edit ) Since 1 January 2007 under the Criminal Consolidation Act 2006 , the age of consent on Vanuatu is 15 for heterosexual conduct and 18 for homosexual conduct . Article 97 reads : ( ... ) ( 2 ) No person shall have sexual intercourse with any child under the age of 15 years but of or over the age of 13 years . ( 3 ) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the child consented or that the person charged believed that the child was of or over the age in question . Article 99 reads : No person shall commit any homosexual act with a person of the same sex under 18 years of age , whether or not that person consents . Wallis and futuna ( France ) ( edit ) The laws of France where applicable apply . See Ages of consent in Europe # France . See also ( edit ) Sexuality portal Law portal Age of consent Age of consent reform Ages of consent in Africa Ages of consent in Asia Ages of consent in Europe Ages of consent in North America Ages of consent in South America Sex education Comprehensive sex education References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Criminal Code , Division 272 -- Child sex offences outside Australia Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` HUMAN RIGHTS ( SEXUAL CONDUCT ) ACT 1994 - SECT 4 Arbitrary interferences with privacy '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 30 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 30 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crimes Act 1900 ( ACT ) , s55 ( 2 ) Archived 7 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crimes Act 1900 ( ACT ) , s55 ( 3b ) Archived 7 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ Health and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2016 `` Act No. 50 of 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Queensland Parliament . 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 , s49 ( 3 ) Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Marriage Act s12 Jump up ^ ( s49 ( 4 ) ) Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( s49 ( 5 ) ) Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act 1924 , s13 - 124 Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sex : When can I have sex ? What are the ages of consent in Tasmania ? Who can not have sex with me ? '' . lawstuff.org.au . National Children 's and Youth Law Centre . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ s13 - 124 ( 3 ) Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crimes Act 1958 , s45 ( 1 ) Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ s45 ( 4 ) ( b ) Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . 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-898248676806037356	Supreme Leader Snoke	Supreme Leader Snoke - wikipedia Supreme Leader Snoke Supreme Leader Snoke Star Wars character Supreme Leader Snoke in The Force Awakens First appearance The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Last appearance The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Created by Lawrence Kasdan J.J. Abrams Michael Arndt Portrayed by Andy Serkis Information Gender Male Affiliation First Order Title Supreme Leader Supreme Leader Snoke is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . He is a CGI character voiced and performed by Andy Serkis . Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Snoke is the Supreme Leader of the First Order , a military junta resurrected from the fallen Galactic Empire , which seeks to reclaim control of the galaxy . Powerful with the Force , he seduces Ben Solo to the dark side by telling him that he can be the next Darth Vader , and Solo serves him as the commander Kylo Ren . In Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , Ren assassinates Snoke , replacing him as Supreme Leader . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Development 1.2 Portrayal 1.3 Description 2 Appearances 2.1 The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) 2.1. 1 Related works 2.2 The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Character ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Snoke 's appearance changed throughout principal photography and post-production of The Force Awakens . Serkis said , `` It 's the first time I 've been on set not yet knowing what the character 's gon na look like . I mean , talk about secrecy ! '' According to the actor , the character 's appearance , voice , and movements evolved as he and the film 's writer / director J.J. Abrams challenged the visual effects team . The Force Awakens senior sculptor Ivan Manzella wrote in The Art of Star Wars : The Force Awakens that `` Snoke almost became a female at one point . J.J. picked out a maquette he liked and then we took it to a full - size version , sculpted in plasteline . J.J. and ( creature creative supervisor Neal Scanlan ) did n't want him to be old and decrepit , like the Emperor . '' Portrayal ( edit ) Andy Serkis portrays Snoke in the Star Wars sequel trilogy . While Serkis secretly joined the project in February 2014 , his casting in The Force Awakens was first announced on April 29 , 2014 . When asked about his role in July 2014 , he joked , `` I 'm not Yoda . '' In May 2015 , a StarWars.com interview with photographer Annie Leibovitz about her The Force Awakens shoot for Vanity Fair revealed that Serkis would be playing a CGI character named Supreme Leader Snoke , and featured an image of the actor in motion capture gear . Serkis had previously played several CGI characters , including Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film series ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , the titular ape in 2005 's King Kong , and Caesar in the Planet of the Apes reboot series . In November 2015 , Serkis said of the process of creating Snoke : When we first started working on it , ( Abrams ) had some rough notions of how Snoke was gon na look , but it really had n't been fully - formed and it almost came out of discussion and performance ... We shot on set of course , and I was in the scenes I have with other actors , but the beauty of this process is you can go back and reiterate , keep informing and honing beats and moments . So J.J. , after we shot last year , we 've had a series of sessions where I 'd be in London at The Imaginarium , my studio , while he 's been directing from L.A. , and we 've literally been creating further additions and iterations to the character . That 's been fascinating . And in the meantime I 've been able to see the look and design of the character grow and change as the performances change . So it 's been really exciting in that respect . According to Serkis 's costar Lupita Nyong'o , who played the CGI character Maz Kanata in The Force Awakens , the actor coached her on performance - capture work , telling Nyong'o that `` a motion - capture character you develop the same way as any other . You have to understand who the character is and what makes them who they are . '' Serkis said of filming : It was quite an unusual situation . I worked specifically with Domhnall Gleeson and with Adam Driver . My first day was basically standing on a 25 - foot podium doing Lord Snoke without the faintest idea what he looked like ... or in fact who he was ! I was very high up , totally on my own , away from everybody else , but acting with them ... we used sort of a `` Kongolizer '' method of having sound come out of speakers to give a sense of scale and distance for the character . So it was very challenging and scary , in fact probably one of my most scary film experiences I 've ever had . Description ( edit ) Snoke , whom Abrams called `` a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force '' , is the leader of the evil First Order . He is master to the film 's primary villain , Kylo Ren . Serkis described Snoke as `` quite an enigmatic character , and strangely vulnerable at the same time as being quite powerful . Obviously he has a huge agenda . He has suffered a lot of damage . '' Serkis called Snoke `` a new character in this universe '' , adding `` I think it 'd be fair to say that he is aware of the past to a great degree . '' Explaining why CGI was the only way to create Snoke 's unique appearance , Serkis said before the film 's premiere , `` The scale of him , for instance , is one reason . He is large . He appears tall . And also just the facial design -- you could n't have gotten there with prosthetics ... he has a very distinctive , idiosyncratic bone and facial structure . '' Chief of creature and droid effects Neal Scanlan said , `` This character is much better executed as a CGI character . That 's just a practical reality when he 's 7 - foot - something tall ; he 's very , very thin . '' Snoke 's `` scarred , cavernous face '' was not revealed before the release of the film , in which he appears as a `` massive , ominous hologram '' . The character 's deep voice was first heard in the teaser trailer released on November 28 , 2014 . Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described the disfigured and skeletal Snoke as a `` sepulchral horror '' , Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called him `` hissing and grotesque '' , and Andrew O'Hehir of Salon dubbed the character `` a spectral demonic figure '' . Variety 's Justin Chang wrote that Snoke resembled `` a plus - sized , more articulate Gollum '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly described him as `` essentially Emperor Palpatine crossed with one of the aliens from Close Encounters '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time called the character `` a giant , scary , noseless dude who sits placidly in an oversized chair like a dark - lord version of the Lincoln Monument . '' There are multiple fan theories regarding the origins and identity of Snoke , including that he may be Darth Plagueis , a Sith Lord anecdotally mentioned in Revenge of the Sith and the master of Palpatine , possessing the power to prevent death ; `` the Operator '' Gallius Rax , a mysterious First Order manipulator from Chuck Wendig 's Aftermath novel trilogy ; or Ezra Bridger , a main character from the animated series Star Wars Rebels . Pablo Hidalgo of the Lucasfilm Story Group dismissed the Darth Plagueis theory in May 2016 , and Rax 's death in the 2017 novel Aftermath : Empire 's End disproved that theory as well . Appearances ( edit ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) ( edit ) In his first appearance in the film , Snoke is introduced as Supreme Leader of the First Order , and master to Kylo Ren . Seduced to the dark side by Snoke , the masked Kylo is really Ben Solo , the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa . Snoke senses an `` awakening '' in the Force , and warns Ren that the limits of his power will be tested when he faces his father in pursuit of the wayward droid BB - 8 . Leia reveals to her estranged husband Han that it was Snoke 's influence which corrupted their son . After Ren is defeated in a lightsaber duel with Rey , Snoke orders General Hux to collect Ren and ready him to complete his training . Related works ( edit ) Snoke appears in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster . In the novel , Leia tells Han in more detail how Snoke , aware that their son would be `` strong with the Force '' and possess `` equal potential for good or evil '' , had long watched Ben and manipulated events to draw him to the dark side . An unplayable Lego minifigure version of Snoke appears in cutscenes in the 2016 video game Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens . In the spring of 2018 , Snoke was added to the mobile MOBA Star Wars : Force Arena as a playable Dark Side squad leader . The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Following the events of The Force Awakens , Snoke reprimands Hux for his failings as a military leader , and Ren for his failure to find and kill Luke Skywalker . Ren brings Rey to Snoke , who tortures her for information on Luke 's location . He reveals to Ren and Rey that he created the psychic bond between them as part of a plan to destroy Luke . Snoke then orders Ren to kill Rey , and gloats over his total control over his apprentice , only for Ren to use the Force to activate Luke 's lightsaber , which Rey had been using , from a distance and slice Snoke in half with it , killing him . After he and Rey defeat Snoke 's Praetorian Guards , Ren declares himself the new Supreme Leader of the First Order , pinning Snoke 's death on Rey to cover his actions . Reception ( edit ) Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Supreme Leader Snoke is a larger - than - life , vaguely Harry Potter - ish hologram voiced with deep gravity by Andy Serkis ; the full weight of this character 's malignancy and dramatic power will presumably be better assessed in subsequent episodes . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called Serkis `` the undisputed champion of the performance - capture roles '' . Though praising the `` unobtrusive sophistication '' of the visual effects used to portray the character , Variety 's Justin Chang said that Serkis is `` fine but not galvanizing '' in the role . Lindsay Bahr of the Associated Press deemed Snoke one of the `` less memorable '' characters in The Force Awakens . Serkis was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance for the role . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke : Andy Serkis on the ' damaged ' villain of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : 12 things they cut from the film '' . The Telegraph . London , England : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serkis , Andy ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Andy Serkis ' Supreme Leader Snoke Alternate Voices '' . TeamCoco ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Conan O'Brien . TBS . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` How Star Wars Director J.J. Abrams Kept the Cast Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Announced '' . StarWars.com. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Finalized : John Boyega , Daisy Ridley , Adam Driver , Oscar Isaac , Andy Serkis , Domhnall Gleeson & Max Von Sydow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles , California : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karlin , Lily ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Andy Serkis , AKA Caesar From Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . The Huffington Post . new York City : Huffington Post Media Group . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrasio , Jason ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Serkis reveals how he came up with the voice of Snoke for the Star Wars movies '' . Business Insider . New York City : Axel Springer III . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Dan ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Capturing a Galaxy : An Interview with Annie Leibovitz '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` The evolution of Andy Serkis '' . The Independent . London , England : Independent Print Ltd . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : J.J. Abrams reveals backstory of alien Maz Kanata '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thrower , Emma ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke : Andy Serkis talks Star Wars ' latest villain '' . Empire . London , England : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyer , James ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empire . London , England : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zacharek , Stephanie ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Review : The Force Awakens Is Everything You Could Hope for in a Star Wars Movie -- and Less '' . Time . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tauber , Chris ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` Who 's the Real Bad Guy in Star Wars : The Force Awakens ? '' . People . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` See exclusive new images of Maz Kanata and Supreme Leader Snoke from Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schuth , Louie ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Andy Serkis ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens character revealed '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : Star Wars Teaser Beats Age of Ultron In Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review : ' the magic is back ' '' . The Telegraph . London , England : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roeper , Richard ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : The thrills are strong with this one '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago , Illinois : Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : You know all the spoilers in J.J. Abrams ' obsessive reboot -- because you 've seen this movie before '' . Salon . San Francisco , California : Salon Media Group . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` J.J. Abrams ' hugely anticipated blockbuster brings welcome jolts of energy , warmth and excitement back to the biggest franchise in movie history '' . Variety . New York City : Penske Media Group . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : A ' rollicking adventure wrapped in epic mythology ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Theories on Supreme Leader Snoke '' . Collider . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tremeer , Eleanor ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke 's Role In Star Wars Episode 8 Revealed By John Williams ? ! '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maharana , Kabita ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 8 : Fan theories about Rey 's origin and Supreme Leader Snoke 's identity '' . International Business Times . New York City : Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tremeer , Eleanor ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke Origins Revealed In Star Wars 7 Book Aftermath ? '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myrick , Robert ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Why It Makes Sense For Star Wars Rebels ' Ezra Bridger To Be Supreme Leader Snoke '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Even More Evidence That Ezra From Star Wars : Rebels Is Supreme Leader Snoke '' . Moviepilot . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Claire . `` TheoryLoop : Is Ezra Bridger really Supreme Leader Snoke ? '' . Looper . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Story Group Definitively Says Supreme Leader Snoke is Not Darth Plagueis '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Kate ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` What the Aftermath Trilogy Tells About Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke : Andy Serkis on the ' damaged ' villain of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter X '' . The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . New York City : Del Ray Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 96550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter XIV '' . Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . New York City : Del Ray Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 96550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tylwallk , Nick ( 16 March 2018 ) . `` Old Luke , All - Out War Mode Invade ' Star Wars : Force Arena ' in New Update '' . TouchArcade . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi director explains Snoke 's big scene '' . IGN . San Francisco , California : J2 Global . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harrison , George ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Who is Supreme Leader Snoke , does he die in Star Wars The Last Jedi , is Kylo Ren his apprentice and is he Darth Plagueis ? '' . The Sun . London , England : News UK . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Star Wars : The Force Awakens Is Fun Fan Service '' . Tribune - Star . Terre Haute , Indiana : Community Newspaper Holdings . Associated Press . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Supreme Leader Snoke in the StarWars.com Databank Snoke on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki hide Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Leader_Snoke&oldid=850520984 '' Categories : Extraterrestrial supervillains Fictional characters introduced in 2015 Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional dictators Fictional mass murderers Fictional telekinetics Male characters in film Star Wars CGI characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Magyar 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 11 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays snoke in star wars the force awakens	[ "Supreme Leader Snoke is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a CGI character voiced and performed by Andy Serkis. Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Snoke is the Supreme Leader of the First Order, a military junta resurrected from the fallen Galactic Empire, which seeks to reclaim control of the galaxy. Powerful with the Force, he seduces Ben Solo to the dark side by telling him that he can be the next Darth Vader, and Solo serves him as the commander Kylo Ren. In Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Ren assassinates Snoke, replacing him as Supreme Leader.\n" ]	[ "Andy Serkis" ]
6394661724412466661	Canada goose	Canada goose - wikipedia Canada goose Jump to : navigation , search For the outerwear manufacturer , see Canada Goose ( clothing ) . Canada goose Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) Call of Canada Geese Brownsea Island , Dorset , March 1966 Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Anseriformes Family : Anatidae Genus : Branta Species : B. canadensis Binomial name Branta canadensis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Subspecies B. c. occidentalis -- Dusky Canada goose , ( Baird , 1858 ) B. c. fulva -- Vancouver Canada goose , ( Delacour , 1951 ) B. c. parvipes -- Lesser Canada goose , ( Cassin , 1852 ) B. c. moffitti -- Moffitt 's Canada goose , ( Aldrich , 1946 ) B. c. maxima -- Giant Canada goose , ( Delacour , 1951 ) B. c. interior -- Interior Canada goose , ( Todd , 1938 ) B. c. canadensis -- Atlantic Canada goose , ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Canada goose distribution : Summer range ( native ) Year - round range ( native ) Wintering range ( native ) Summer range ( introduced ) Year - round range ( introduced ) Wintering range ( introduced ) Summer range ( cackling goose ) The Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) is a large wild goose species with a black head and neck , white patches on the face , and a brown body . Native to arctic and temperate regions of North America , its migration occasionally reaches northern Europe . It has been introduced to the United Kingdom , New Zealand , Argentina , Chile , and the Falkland Islands . Like most geese , the Canada goose is primarily herbivorous and normally migratory ; it tends to be found on or close to fresh water . Extremely successful at living in human - altered areas , Canada geese have proven able to establish breeding colonies in urban and cultivated areas , which provide food and few natural predators , and are well known as a common park species . Their success has led to them often being considered a pest species because of their depredation of crops and issues with their noise , droppings , aggressive territorial behavior , and habit of begging for food , especially in their introduced range . Canada geese are also among the most commonly hunted waterfowl in North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy and etymology 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 3.1 Outside North America 3.1. 1 Eurasia 3.1. 2 New Zealand 4 Behaviour 4.1 Diet 4.2 Reproduction 4.3 Migration 5 Survival 5.1 Predators 5.2 Salinity 5.3 Disease 6 Relationship with humans 6.1 Aircraft strikes 6.2 Cuisine 7 Population 8 References 9 External links Taxonomy and etymology ( edit ) The Canada goose was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th - century work Systema Naturae . It belongs to the Branta genus of geese , which contains species with largely black plumage , distinguishing them from the grey species of the Anser genus . Branta is a Latinised form of Old Norse Brandgás , `` burnt ( black ) goose '' and the specific epithet canadensis is a New Latin word meaning `` from Canada '' . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first citation for the ' Canada goose ' dates back to 1772 . The Canada goose is also colloquially referred to as the `` Canadian goose '' . The cackling goose was originally considered to be the same species or a subspecies of the Canada goose , but in July 2004 , the American Ornithologists ' Union 's Committee on Classification and Nomenclature split them into two species , making the cackling goose into a full species with the scientific name Branta hutchinsii . The British Ornithologists ' Union followed suit in June 2005 . The AOU has divided the many subspecies between the two species . The subspecies of the Canada goose were listed as : Atlantic Canada goose , B. c. canadensis Interior Canada goose , B. c. interior Giant Canada goose , B. c. maxima Moffitt 's Canada goose , B. c. moffitti Vancouver Canada goose , B. c. fulva Dusky Canada goose , B. c. occidentalis Lesser Canada goose , B. c. parvipes The distinctions between the two geese have led to confusion and debate among ornithologists . This has been aggravated by the overlap between the small types of Canada goose and larger types of cackling goose . The old `` lesser Canada goose '' was believed to be a partly hybrid population , with the birds named B. c. taverneri considered a mixture of B. c. minima , B. c. occidentalis , and B. c. parvipes . In addition , the barnacle goose has been determined to be a derivative of the cackling goose lineage , whereas the Hawaiian goose is derived from the Canada goose . Description ( edit ) Yellow plumage of gosling Call A flock of feeding Canada geese calling Problems playing this file ? See media help . The black head and neck with a white `` chinstrap '' distinguish the Canada goose from all other goose species , with the exception of the cackling goose and barnacle goose ( the latter , however , has a black breast and gray rather than brownish body plumage ) . The seven subspecies of this bird vary widely in size and plumage details , but all are recognizable as Canada geese . Some of the smaller races can be hard to distinguish from the cackling goose , which slightly overlap in mass . However , most subspecies of the cackling goose ( exclusive of Richardson 's cackling goose , B. h . hutchinsii ) are considerably smaller . The smallest cackling goose , B. h . minima , is scarcely larger than a mallard . In addition to the size difference , cackling geese also have a shorter neck and smaller bill , which can be useful when small Canada geese comingle with relatively large cackling geese . Of the `` true geese '' ( i.e. the genera Anser , Branta or Chen ) , the Canada goose is on average the largest living species , although some other species that are geese in name , if not of close relation to these genera , are on average heavier such as the spur - winged goose and Cape Barren goose . Canada geese range from 75 to 110 cm ( 30 to 43 in ) in length and have a 127 -- 185 cm ( 50 -- 73 in ) wingspan . Among standard measurements , the wing chord can range from 39 to 55 cm ( 15 to 22 in ) , the tarsus can range from 6.9 to 10.6 cm ( 2.7 to 4.2 in ) and the bill can range from 4.1 to 6.8 cm ( 1.6 to 2.7 in ) . The largest subspecies is the B. c. maxima , or the giant Canada goose , and the smallest ( with the separation of the cackling goose group ) is B. c. parvipes , or the lesser Canada goose . An exceptionally large male of race B. c. maxima , which rarely exceed 8 kg ( 18 lb ) , weighed 10.9 kg ( 24 lb ) and had a wingspan of 2.24 m ( 7.3 ft ) . This specimen is the largest wild goose ever recorded of any species . The male Canada goose usually weighs 2.6 -- 6.5 kg ( 5.7 -- 14.3 lb ) , averaging amongst all subspecies 3.9 kg ( 8.6 lb ) . The female looks virtually identical , but is slightly lighter at 2.4 -- 5.5 kg ( 5.3 -- 12.1 lb ) , averaging amongst all subspecies 3.6 kg ( 7.9 lb ) , and generally 10 % smaller in linear dimensions than the male counterparts . The female also possesses a different , and less sonorous , honk than the male . Call of Canada geese , Brownsea Island , Dorest , March 1966 Distribution and habitat ( edit ) In the grass in East Hills , New York On Spokane River , Washington State Flock in flight This species is native to North America . It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a variety of habitats . The Great Lakes region maintains a very large population of Canada geese . Canada geese occur year - round in the southern part of their breeding range , including most of the eastern seaboard and the Pacific coast . Between California and South Carolina in the southern United States and northern Mexico , Canada geese are primarily present as migrants from further north during the winter . By the early 20th century , overhunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th century and early 20th century had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range . The giant Canada goose subspecies was believed to be extinct in the 1950s until , in 1962 , a small flock was discovered wintering in Rochester , Minnesota , by Harold Hanson of the Illinois Natural History Survey . In 1964 , the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center was built near Jamestown , North Dakota . Its first director , Harvey K. Nelson , talked Forrest Lee into leaving Minnesota to head the center 's Canada goose production and restoration program . Forrest soon had 64 pens with 64 breeding pairs of screened , high - quality birds . The project involved private , state , and federal resources and relied on the expertise and cooperation of many individuals . By the end of 1981 , more than 6,000 giant Canada geese had been released at 83 sites in 26 counties in North Dakota . With improved game laws and habitat recreation and preservation programs , their populations have recovered in most of their range , although some local populations , especially of the subspecies B. c. occidentalis , may still be declining . In recent years , Canada goose populations in some areas have grown substantially , so much so that many consider them pests for their droppings , bacteria in their droppings , noise , and confrontational behavior . This problem is partially due to the removal of natural predators and an abundance of safe , man - made bodies of water near food sources , such as those found on golf courses , in public parks and beaches , and in planned communities . Due in part to the interbreeding of various migratory subspecies with the introduced nonmigratory giant subspecies , Canada geese are frequently a year - around feature of such urban environments . Contrary to its normal migration routine , large flocks of Canada geese have established permanent residence in Esquimalt , British Columbia , on Chesapeake Bay , in Virginia 's James River regions , and in the Triangle area of North Carolina ( Raleigh , Durham , Chapel Hill ) , and nearby Hillsborough . Some Canada geese have taken up permanent residence as far south as Florida , in places such as retention ponds in apartment complexes . Large resident populations of Canada geese are also present in much of the San Francisco Bay area in Northern California . In 2015 , the Ohio population of Canada geese was reported as roughly 130,000 , with the number likely to continue increasing . Many of the geese , previously migratory , reportedly had become native , remaining in the state even in the summer . The increase was attributed to a lack of natural predators , an abundance of water , and plentiful grass in manicured lawns in urban areas . Canada geese were eliminated in Ohio following the American Civil War , but were reintroduced in 1956 with 10 pairs . The population was estimated at 18,000 in 1979 . The geese are considered protected , though a hunting season is allowed from September 1 -- 15 , with a daily bag limit of five . Outside North America ( edit ) Eurasia ( edit ) Nesting in Wales Approaching to beg for food in a Manchester park Canada geese have reached Northern Europe naturally , as has been proved by ringing recoveries . The birds include those of the subspecies B. c. parvipes , and possibly others . These geese are also found naturally on the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia , and eastern China . Canada geese have also been introduced in Europe , and had established populations in Great Britain in the middle of the eighteenth century , Ireland , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Germany , Scandinavia , and Finland . Most European populations are not migratory , but those in more northerly parts of Sweden and Finland migrate to the North Sea and Baltic coasts . Semitame feral birds are common in parks , and have become a pest in some areas . In the early 17th century , explorer Samuel de Champlain sent several pairs of geese to France as a present for King Louis XIII . The geese were first introduced in Britain in the late 17th century as an addition to King James II 's waterfowl collection in St. James 's Park . They were introduced in Germany and Scandinavia during the 20th century , starting in Sweden in 1929 . In Britain , they were spread by hunters , but remained uncommon until the mid-20th century . Their population grew from 2200 -- 4000 birds in 1953 to an estimated 82,000 in 1999 , as changing agricultural practices and urban growth provided new habitat . European birds are mostly descended from the subspecies B. c. canadensis , likely with some contributions from the subspecies B. c. maxima . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Canada geese in New Zealand Canada geese were introduced as a game bird into New Zealand in 1905 . They have become a problem in some areas by fouling pastures and damaging crops . They were protected under the Wildlife Act 1953 and the population was managed by Fish and Game New Zealand , which culled excessive bird numbers . In 2011 , the government removed the protection status , allowing anyone to kill the birds . Behaviour ( edit ) Cleaning feathers , Oxfordshire Flying , New Jersey Male goose carefully watches nearby humans in Winnipeg Like most geese , the Canada goose is naturally migratory with the wintering range being most of the United States . The calls overhead from large groups of Canada geese flying in V - shaped formation signal the transitions into spring and autumn . In some areas , migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources . In mild climates from California to the Great Lakes , some of the population has become nonmigratory due to adequate winter food supply and a lack of former predators . Males exhibit agonistic behaviour both on and off breeding and nesting grounds . This behavior rarely involves interspecific killing . One documented case involved a male defending his nest from a brant goose that wandered into the area ; the following attack lasted for one hour until the death of the brant . The cause of death was suffocation or drowning in mud as a direct result of the Canada goose 's pecking the head of the brant into the mud . Researchers attributed it to high hormone levels and the brant 's inability to leave the nesting area . Diet ( edit ) Canada geese are primarily herbivores , although they sometimes eat small insects and fish . Their diet includes green vegetation and grains . The Canada goose eats a variety of grasses when on land . It feeds by grasping a blade of grass with the bill , then tearing it with a jerk of the head . The Canada goose also eats beans and grains such as wheat , rice , and corn when they are available . In the water , it feeds from silt at the bottom of the body of water . It also feeds on aquatic plants , such as seaweeds . In urban areas , it is also known to pick food out of garbage bins . Reproduction ( edit ) Eggs , collection Museum Wiesbaden , Germany Goslings Geese and goslings in an English canal , showing formation During the second year of their lives , Canada geese find a mate . They are monogamous , and most couples stay together all of their lives . If one dies , the other may find a new mate . The female lays from two to nine eggs with an average of five , and both parents protect the nest while the eggs incubate , but the female spends more time at the nest than the male . Its nest is usually located in an elevated area near water such as streams , lakes , ponds , and sometimes on a beaver lodge . Its eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down . The incubation period , in which the female incubates while the male remains nearby , lasts for 24 -- 28 days after laying . As the annual summer molt also takes place during the breeding season , the adults lose their flight feathers for 20 -- 40 days , regaining flight about the same time as their goslings start to fly . As soon as the goslings hatch , they are immediately capable of walking , swimming , and finding their own food ( a diet similar to the adult geese ) . Parents are often seen leading their goslings in a line , usually with one adult at the front , and the other at the back . While protecting their goslings , parents often violently chase away nearby creatures , from small blackbirds to lone humans who approach , after warning them by giving off a hissing sound and then attack with bites and slaps of the wings if the threat does not retreat or has seized a gosling . Canada geese are especially protective animals , and will sometimes attack any animal nearing its territory or offspring , including humans . Most of the species that prey on eggs also take a gosling . Although parents are hostile to unfamiliar geese , they may form groups of a number of goslings and a few adults , called crèches . The offspring enter the fledgling stage any time from 6 to 9 weeks of age . They do not leave their parents until after the spring migration , when they return to their birthplace . Migration ( edit ) Resting in a pond during spring migration , Ottawa , Ontario Canada geese are known for their seasonal migrations . Most Canada geese have staging or resting areas where they join up with others . Their autumn migration can be seen from September to the beginning of November . The early migrants have a tendency to spend less time at rest stops and go through the migration much faster . The later birds usually spend more time at rest stops . Some geese return to the same nesting ground year after year and lay eggs with their mate , raising them in the same way each year . This is recorded from the many tagged geese which frequent the East Coast . Canada geese fly in a distinctive V - shaped flight formation , with an altitude of 1 km ( 3,000 feet ) for migration flight . The maximum flight ceiling of Canada geese is unknown , but they have been reported at 9 km ( 29,000 feet ) . Low flyover by five Canada geese Flying in the V formation has been the subject of study by researchers . The front position is rotated since flying in front consumes the most energy . Canada geese leave the winter grounds more quickly than the summer grounds . Elevated thyroid hormones , such as T and T , have been measured in geese just after a big migration . This is believed because of the long days of flying in migration the thyroid gland sends out more T which help the body cope with the longer journey . The increased T levels are also associated with increased muscle mass ( hypertrophy ) of the breast muscle , also because of the longer time spent flying . It is believed that the body sends out more T to help the goose 's body with this long task by speeding up the metabolism and lowering the temperature at which the muscles work . Also , other studies show levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone rise dramatically in these birds during and after a migration . Survival ( edit ) The lifespan in the wild of geese that survive to adulthood ranges from 10 to 24 years . The British longevity record is held by a specimen tagged as a nestling , which was observed alive at the University of York at the age of 31 . Predators ( edit ) Canada geese instinctively nest on higher ground near water . This female is nesting on a beaver lodge . Known predators of eggs and goslings include coyotes , Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ) , northern raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) , red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) , large gulls ( Larus species ) , common ravens ( Corvus corax ) , American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) , carrion crows ( in Europe , Corvus corone ) and both brown ( Ursus arctos ) and American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) . Once they reach adulthood , due to their large size and often aggressive behavior , Canada geese are rarely preyed on , although prior injury may make them more vulnerable to natural predators . Beyond humans , adults can be taken by coyotes and gray wolves ( Canis lupus ) . Avian predators that are known to kill adults , as well as young geese , include snowy owls ( Bubo scandiacus ) , golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) and bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) and , though rarely on large adult geese , great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ) , peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ) , and gyrfalcons ( Falco rusticolus ) . Adults are quite vigorous at displacing potential predators from the nest site , with predator prevention usually falling to the larger male of the pair . Males usually attempt to draw attention of approaching predators and toll ( mob terrestrial predators without physical contact ) often in accompaniment with males of other goose species . Eagles of both species frequently cause geese to fly off en masse from some distance , though in other instances , geese may seem unconcerned at perched bald eagles nearby , seemingly only reacting if the eagle is displaying active hunting behavior . Canada geese are quite wary of humans where they are regularly hunted and killed , but can otherwise become habituated to fearlessness towards humans , especially where they are fed by them . This often leads to the geese becoming overly aggressive towards humans , and large groups of the birds may be considered a nuisance if they are causing persistent issues to humans and other animals in the surrounding area . Salinity ( edit ) Salinity plays a role in the growth and development of goslings . Moderate to high salinity concentrations without fresh water results in slower development , growth , and saline - induced mortality . Goslings are susceptible to saline - induced mortality before their nasal salt glands become functional , with the majority occurring before the sixth day of life . Disease ( edit ) Canada geese are susceptible to avian bird flus , such as H5N1 . A study carried out using the HPAI virus , a H5N1 virus , found that the geese were susceptible to the virus . This proved useful for monitoring the spread of the virus through the high mortality of infected birds . Prior exposure to other viruses may result in some resistance to H5N1 . Relationship with humans ( edit ) Family in builders ' yard , Salem , Oregon : The mother goose had built a nest on an aggregate pile . Roosting in a parking lot In North America , nonmigratory Canada goose populations have been on the rise . The species is frequently found on golf courses , parking lots , and urban parks , which would have previously hosted only migratory geese on rare occasions . Owing to its adaptability to human - altered areas , it has become the most common waterfowl species in North America . In many areas , nonmigratory Canada geese are now regarded as pests by humans . They are suspected of being a cause of an increase in high fecal coliforms at beaches . An extended hunting season , deploying noise makers , and hazing by dogs have been used in an attempt to disrupt suspect flocks . A goal of conservationists has been to focus hunting on the nonmigratory populations ( which tend to be larger and more of a nuisance ) as opposed to migratory flocks showing natural behavior , which may be rarer . Since 1999 , the United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services agency has been engaged in lethal culls of Canada geese primarily in urban or densely populated areas . The agency responds to municipalities or private land owners , such as golf courses , which find the geese obtrusive or object to their waste . Addling goose eggs and destroying nests are promoted as humane population control methods . Canada geese are protected from hunting and capture outside of designated hunting seasons in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , and in Canada under the Migratory Birds Convention Act . In both countries , commercial transactions such as buying or trading are mostly prohibited and the possession , hunting , and interfering with the activity of the animals are subject to restrictions . In the UK , as with native bird species , the nests and eggs of Canada geese are fully protected by law , except when their removal has been specifically licensed , and shooting is generally permitted only during the defined open season . Geese have a tendency to attack humans when they feel themselves or their goslings to be threatened . First , the geese stand erect , spread their wings , and produce a hissing sound . Next , the geese charge . They may then bite or attack with their wings . Aircraft strikes ( edit ) A Canada goose feather recovered from Engine # 1 of the Airbus A320 involved in US Airways Flight 1549 . The aircraft was ditched in the Hudson River after its engines ingested several Canada geese . Canada geese have been implicated in a number of bird strikes by aircraft . Their large size and tendency to fly in flocks may exacerbate their impact . In the United States , the Canada goose is the second-most damaging bird strike to airplanes , with the most damaging being turkey vultures . Canada geese can cause fatal crashes when they strike an aircraft 's engine . In 1995 , a U.S. Air Force E-3 Sentry aircraft at Elmendorf AFB , Alaska , struck a flock of Canada geese on takeoff , losing power in both port side engines . It crashed 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) from the runway , killing all 24 crew members . The accident sparked efforts to avoid such events , including habitat modification , aversion tactics , herding and relocation , and culling of flocks . In 2009 , a collision with a flock of migratory Canada geese resulted in US Airways Flight 1549 suffering a total power loss after takeoff causing the crew of the aircraft to land the plane on the Hudson River with no loss of human life . Cuisine ( edit ) As a large , common wild bird , the Canada goose is a common target of hunters , especially in its native range . Drake Larsen , a researcher in sustainable agriculture at Iowa State University , described them to Atlantic magazine as `` so yummy ... good , lean , rich meat . I find they are similar to a good cut of beef . '' The British Trust for Ornithology , however , has described them as `` reputedly amongst the most inedible of birds . '' The US goose harvest for 2013 -- 14 reported over 1.3 million geese taken . Canada geese are rarely farmed , and sale of wild Canada goose meat is rare due to regulation , and slaughterhouses ' lack of experience with wild birds . Geese culled near New York airports have been donated to food banks in Pennsylvania . As of 2011 , the sale of wild Canada goose meat was not permitted in the UK ; some landowners have lobbied for this ban to be withdrawn to allow them income from sale of game meat . Population ( edit ) In 2000 , the North American population for the geese was estimated to be between 4 million and 5 million birds . A 20 - year study from 1983 to 2003 in Wichita , Kansas , found the size of the winter Canada goose population within the city limits increase from 1,600 to over 18,000 birds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International . ( 2016 ) . Branta canadensis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T22679935A85972211. en Jump up ^ Long , John L. ( 1981 ) . Introduced Birds of the World . Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia . pp. 21 -- 493 . Jump up ^ Linnaeus , C. ( 1758 ) . Systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . Tomus I. Editio decima , reformata ( in Latin ) . Holmia : Laurentius Salvius . Jump up ^ Jobling , James A ( 2010 ) . The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . 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( 1992 ) `` Mortality during the breeding season '' , pp. 396 -- 422 in Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl . Batt , B.D.J. , A.D. Afton , M.G. Anderson , C.D. Ankney , D.H. Johnson , et al. ( eds . ) Univ. of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis . Jump up ^ Hanson , W.C. and Eberhardt , L.L. ( 1971 ) . `` The Columbia River Canada Goose Population 1950 -- 1970 '' . Wildlife Monographs. 28 . JSTOR 3830431 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Raveling , D.G. and H.G. Lumsden. ( 1977 ) . `` Nesting ecology of Canada Geese in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Ontario : Evolution and population regulation '' . Fish Wildl . Res . Rep. No. 98 . Ontario Min . Nat . Resour . Jump up ^ Bent , A.C. ( 1925 ) . Life histories of North American wild fowl , Pt. 2 . U.S. Natl . Mus . Bull . 130 . Jump up ^ Palmer , R.S. ( 1976 ) . Handbook of North American birds , Vol. 2 : Waterfowl . Pt. 1 . Yale Univ . Press , New Haven , CT . Jump up ^ Collias , N.E. and Jahn , L.R. ( 1959 ) . `` Social behavior and breeding success in Canada Geese ( Branta canadensis ) confined under semi-natural conditions '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 76 : 478 -- 509 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mcwilliams , S.R. , Dunn , J.P. and Raveling , D.G. ( 1994 ) . `` Predator - prey interactions between eagles and Cackling Canada and Ross ' geese during winter in California '' . Wilson Bull . 106 : 272 -- 288 . JSTOR 4163419 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bartelt , Gerald A. ( 1987 ) . `` Effects of Disturbance and Hunting on the Behavior of Canada Goose Family Groups in Eastcentral Wisconsin '' . The Journal of Wildlife Management . 51 ( 3 ) : 517 . JSTOR 3801261 . doi : 10.2307 / 3801261 . Jump up ^ Stolley , Doris ; Bissonette , John ; Kadlec , John ( 1999 ) . `` Effects of saline environments on the survival of wild goslings ( Branta canadensis ) '' . American Midland Naturalist. 142 : 181 . doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 1999 ) 142 ( 0181 : EOSEOT ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Pasick , John ; Berhane , Yohannes ; Embury - Hyatt , Carissa ; Copps , John ; Kehler , Helen ; Handel , Katherine ; Babiuk , Shawn ; Hooper - McGrevy , Kathleen ; Li , Yan ; Le , Quynh ; Phuong , Song ( 2007 ) . `` Susceptibility of Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus ( H5N1 ) '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . US National Center for Infectious Diseases . 13 ( 12 ) : 1821 -- 7 . PMC 2876756 . PMID 18258030 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1312. 070502 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ State Parks Again Offering Early Canada Goose Hunting . Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( August 26 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Woodruff , Roger A. ; Green , Jeffrey S. ( 1995 ) . `` Livestock Herding Dogs : A Unique Application for Wildlife Damage Management '' . Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings . Ardmore , Oklahoma : Noble Foundation . 12 : 43 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Board of Park Commissioners ( Seattle ) Meeting Minutes . July 12 , 2001 Jump up ^ MacDonald , Gregg ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` Goose egg addling stirs concern in Reston '' . Fairfax County Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Migratory Bird Treaty Act Protected Species ( 10.13 List ) '' . fws.gov . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions -- Canada Geese . Canadian Wildlife Service Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Final Environmental Impact Statement : Resident Canada Goose Management -- Division of Migratory Bird Management '' . fws.gov . Jump up ^ Pynn , Larry ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Bird strikes plummet at Vancouver airport '' . Vancouver Sun . Jump up ^ `` Wild birds and the law '' ( PDF ) . RSPB . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Managing Geese on Agricultural Land '' ( PDF ) . Scottish government . Jump up ^ `` Environmental management : bird licences '' . UK Government . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goose Attacks . Division of Wildlife ( Ohio ) Jump up ^ `` Bird Plus Plane Equals Snarge '' . Wired . September 2005 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CVR transcript Boeing E-3 USAF Yukla 27 -- 22 SEP 1995 '' . Accident investigation . Aviation Safety Network . September 22 , 1995 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 AWACS crash '' . CNN . September 23 , 1995 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barela , Timothy P. ( September 22 , 1995 ) Fowl Play . U.S. Air Force News Jump up ^ Barrett , Barbara ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` DNA shows jet that landed in Hudson struck migrating geese '' . McClatchy Newspapers . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maynard , Micheline ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Bird Hazard Is Persistent for Planes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Third Update on Investigation into Ditching of US Airways Jetliner into Hudson River '' ( Press release ) . NTSB . February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elton , Sarah ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` My First Helping of Canada Goose '' . Atlantic magazine . Jump up ^ Raftovich , R.V. , Chandler , S.C. and Wilkins , K.A. ( 2015 ) . Migratory bird hunting activity and harvest during the 2013 -- 14 and 2014 -- 15 hunting seasons . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , Laurel , Maryland , USA Jump up ^ Knight - Bruce , Rory ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` Canada geese are overrunning our parks and estates and as top chefs say the answer is to turn them into a delicious dinner '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Carlson , Kathryn ( June 18 , 2011 ) . `` New York solves its Canada Goose problem by feeding them to Pennsylvania 's poor '' . National Post . ^ Jump up to : Maccarone , Alan D. ; Cope , Charles ( 2004 ) . `` Recent trends in the winter population of Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) in Wichita , Kansas : 1998 -- 2003 '' . Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science . Kansas Academy of Science . 107 : 77 . doi : 10.1660 / 0022 - 8443 ( 2004 ) 107 ( 0077 : RTITWP ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canada Goose . Wikispecies has information related to : Branta canadensis Images and videos of the Canada goose on ARKive RSPB Birds by Name : Canada goose Canada Goose Species Account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology `` Canada goose media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Canada Goose -- BTO BirdFacts Rediscovery report on Giant Canada Goose from 1963 ( PDF ) Game animals and shooting in the United States Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wd : Q26733 ADW : Branta_canadensis EoL : 913235 Fossilworks : 110951 GBIF : 5232437 IBC : canada - goose - branta - canadensis iNaturalist : 7089 ITIS : 174999 IUCN : 22679935 NCBI : 8853 WoRMS : 159176 NDL : 00571351 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&oldid=801754242 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Branta Geese Birds of Canada Birds of North America North American migratory birds Game birds Birds by common name Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Atikamekw Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sámegiella Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 16 : 56 . 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8545768972753021029	Art	Art - wikipedia Art diverse range of human activities This article is about the general concept of art . For the group of creative disciplines , see The arts . For other uses , see Art ( disambiguation ) . Clockwise from upper left : a self - portrait by Vincent van Gogh ; a female ancestor figure by a Chokwe artist ; detail from The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli ; and an Okinawan Shisa lion . Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual , auditory or performing artifacts ( artworks ) , expressing the author 's imaginative or technical skill , intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power . In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art , the criticism of art , the study of the history of art , and the aesthetic dissemination of art . The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts , which include creation of images or objects in fields including today painting , sculpture , printmaking , photography , and other visual media . Architecture is often included as one of the visual arts ; however , like the decorative arts , or advertising , it involves the creation of objects where the practical considerations of use are essential -- in a way that they usually are not in a painting , for example . Music , theatre , film , dance , and other performing arts , as well as literature and other media such as interactive media , are included in a broader definition of art or the arts . Until the 17th century , art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences . In modern usage after the 17th century , where aesthetic considerations are paramount , the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general , such as the decorative or applied arts . Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis ( its representation of reality ) , narrative ( storytelling ) , expression , communication of emotion , or other qualities . During the Romantic period , art came to be seen as `` a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science '' . Though the definition of what constitutes art is disputed and has changed over time , general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency and creation . The nature of art and related concepts , such as creativity and interpretation , are explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creative art and fine art 2 History 3 Forms , genres , media , and styles 3.1 Skill and craft 4 Purpose 4.1 Non-motivated functions 4.2 Motivated functions 5 Public access 6 Controversies 7 Theory 7.1 Arrival of Modernism 7.2 New Criticism and the `` intentional fallacy '' 7.3 `` Linguistic turn '' and its debate 8 Classification disputes 8.1 Value judgment 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Creative art and fine art Works of art can tell stories or simply express an aesthetic truth or feeling . Panorama of a section of A Thousand Li of Mountains and Rivers , a 12th - century painting by Song dynasty artist Wang Ximeng . In the perspective of the history of art , artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind : from early pre-historic art to contemporary art ; however , some theories restrict the concept of `` artistic works '' to modern Western societies . One early sense of the definition of art is closely related to the older Latin meaning , which roughly translates to `` skill '' or `` craft , '' as associated with words such as `` artisan . '' English words derived from this meaning include artifact , artificial , artifice , medical arts , and military arts . However , there are many other colloquial uses of the word , all with some relation to its etymology . 20th - century Rwandan bottle . Artistic works may serve practical functions , in addition to their decorative value . Few modern scholars have been more divided than Plato and Aristotle on the question concerning the importance of art , with Aristotle strongly supporting art in general and Plato generally being opposed to its relative importance . Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art : Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the muses , and is not rational . He speaks approvingly of this , and other forms of divine madness ( drunkenness , eroticism , and dreaming ) in the Phaedrus ( 265a -- c ) , and yet in the Republic wants to outlaw Homer 's great poetic art , and laughter as well . In Ion , Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the Republic . The dialogue Ion suggests that Homer 's Iliad functioned in the ancient Greek world as the Bible does today in the modern Christian world : as divinely inspired literary art that can provide moral guidance , if only it can be properly interpreted . With regards to the literary art and the musical arts , Aristotle considered epic poetry , tragedy , comedy , dithyrambic poetry and music to be mimetic or imitative art , each varying in imitation by medium , object , and manner . For example , music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony , whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone , and poetry with language . The forms also differ in their object of imitation . Comedy , for instance , is a dramatic imitation of men worse than average ; whereas tragedy imitates men slightly better than average . Lastly , the forms differ in their manner of imitation -- through narrative or character , through change or no change , and through drama or no drama . Aristotle believed that imitation is natural to mankind and constitutes one of mankind 's advantages over animals . The second , and more recent , sense of the word art as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art emerged in the early 17th century . Fine art refers to a skill used to express the artist 's creativity , or to engage the audience 's aesthetic sensibilities , or to draw the audience towards consideration of more refined or finer work of art . Within this latter sense , the word art may refer to several things : ( i ) a study of a creative skill , ( ii ) a process of using the creative skill , ( iii ) a product of the creative skill , or ( iv ) the audience 's experience with the creative skill . The creative arts ( art as discipline ) are a collection of disciplines which produce artworks ( art as objects ) that are compelled by a personal drive ( art as activity ) and convey a message , mood , or symbolism for the perceiver to interpret ( art as experience ) . Art is something that stimulates an individual 's thoughts , emotions , beliefs , or ideas through the senses . Works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects . For some scholars , such as Kant , the sciences and the arts could be distinguished by taking science as representing the domain of knowledge and the arts as representing the domain of the freedom of artistic expression . Often , if the skill is being used in a common or practical way , people will consider it a craft instead of art . Likewise , if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way , it may be considered commercial art instead of fine art . On the other hand , crafts and design are sometimes considered applied art . Some art followers have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgments made about the art than any clear definitional difference . However , even fine art often has goals beyond pure creativity and self - expression . The purpose of works of art may be to communicate ideas , such as in politically , spiritually , or philosophically motivated art ; to create a sense of beauty ( see aesthetics ) ; to explore the nature of perception ; for pleasure ; or to generate strong emotions . The purpose may also be seemingly nonexistent . The nature of art has been described by philosopher Richard Wollheim as `` one of the most elusive of the traditional problems of human culture '' . Art has been defined as a vehicle for the expression or communication of emotions and ideas , a means for exploring and appreciating formal elements for their own sake , and as mimesis or representation . Art as mimesis has deep roots in the philosophy of Aristotle . Leo Tolstoy identified art as a use of indirect means to communicate from one person to another . Benedetto Croce and R.G. Collingwood advanced the idealist view that art expresses emotions , and that the work of art therefore essentially exists in the mind of the creator . The theory of art as form has its roots in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant , and was developed in the early twentieth century by Roger Fry and Clive Bell . More recently , thinkers influenced by Martin Heidegger have interpreted art as the means by which a community develops for itself a medium for self - expression and interpretation . George Dickie has offered an institutional theory of art that defines a work of art as any artifact upon which a qualified person or persons acting on behalf of the social institution commonly referred to as `` the art world '' has conferred `` the status of candidate for appreciation '' . Larry Shiner has described fine art as `` not an essence or a fate but something we have made . Art as we have generally understood it is a European invention barely two hundred years old . '' History Main article : History of art Venus of Willendorf , circa 24,000 -- 22,000 BP Sculptures , cave paintings , rock paintings and petroglyphs from the Upper Paleolithic dating to roughly 40,000 years ago have been found , but the precise meaning of such art is often disputed because so little is known about the cultures that produced them . The oldest art objects in the world -- a series of tiny , drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old -- were discovered in a South African cave . Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years . Etched shells by Homo erectus from 430,000 and 540,000 years ago were discovered in 2014 . Cave painting of a horse from the Lascaux caves , circa 16,000 BP Many great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the great ancient civilizations : Ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Persia , India , China , Ancient Greece , Rome , as well as Inca , Maya , and Olmec . Each of these centers of early civilization developed a unique and characteristic style in its art . Because of the size and duration of these civilizations , more of their art works have survived and more of their influence has been transmitted to other cultures and later times . Some also have provided the first records of how artists worked . For example , this period of Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature , poise , beauty , and anatomically correct proportions . In Byzantine and Medieval art of the Western Middle Ages , much art focused on the expression of subjects about Biblical and religious culture , and used styles that showed the higher glory of a heavenly world , such as the use of gold in the background of paintings , or glass in mosaics or windows , which also presented figures in idealized , patterned ( flat ) forms . Nevertheless , a classical realist tradition persisted in small Byzantine works , and realism steadily grew in the art of Catholic Europe . Renaissance art had a greatly increased emphasis on the realistic depiction of the material world , and the place of humans in it , reflected in the corporeality of the human body , and development of a systematic method of graphical perspective to depict recession in a three - dimensional picture space . The stylized signature of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire was written in Islamic calligraphy . It reads Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious . The Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia , also called the Mosque of Uqba , is one of the finest , most significant and best preserved artistic and architectural examples of early great mosques . Dated in its present state from the 9th century , it is the ancestor and model of all the mosques in the western Islamic lands . In the east , Islamic art 's rejection of iconography led to emphasis on geometric patterns , calligraphy , and architecture . Further east , religion dominated artistic styles and forms too . India and Tibet saw emphasis on painted sculptures and dance , while religious painting borrowed many conventions from sculpture and tended to bright contrasting colors with emphasis on outlines . China saw the flourishing of many art forms : jade carving , bronzework , pottery ( including the stunning terracotta army of Emperor Qin ) , poetry , calligraphy , music , painting , drama , fiction , etc . Chinese styles vary greatly from era to era and each one is traditionally named after the ruling dynasty . So , for example , Tang dynasty paintings are monochromatic and sparse , emphasizing idealized landscapes , but Ming dynasty paintings are busy and colorful , and focus on telling stories via setting and composition . Japan names its styles after imperial dynasties too , and also saw much interplay between the styles of calligraphy and painting . Woodblock printing became important in Japan after the 17th century . Painting by Song dynasty artist Ma Lin , circa 1250 . 24.8 × 25.2 cm The western Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century saw artistic depictions of physical and rational certainties of the clockwork universe , as well as politically revolutionary visions of a post-monarchist world , such as Blake 's portrayal of Newton as a divine geometer , or David 's propagandistic paintings . This led to Romantic rejections of this in favor of pictures of the emotional side and individuality of humans , exemplified in the novels of Goethe . The late 19th century then saw a host of artistic movements , such as academic art , Symbolism , impressionism and fauvism among others . The history of twentieth - century art is a narrative of endless possibilities and the search for new standards , each being torn down in succession by the next . Thus the parameters of impressionism , Expressionism , Fauvism , Cubism , Dadaism , Surrealism , etc. can not be maintained very much beyond the time of their invention . Increasing global interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art . Thus , Japanese woodblock prints ( themselves influenced by Western Renaissance draftsmanship ) had an immense influence on impressionism and subsequent development . Later , African sculptures were taken up by Picasso and to some extent by Matisse . Similarly , in the 19th and 20th centuries the West has had huge impacts on Eastern art with originally western ideas like Communism and Post-Modernism exerting a powerful influence . Modernism , the idealistic search for truth , gave way in the latter half of the 20th century to a realization of its unattainability . Theodor W. Adorno said in 1970 , `` It is now taken for granted that nothing which concerns art can be taken for granted any more : neither art itself , nor art in relationship to the whole , nor even the right of art to exist . '' Relativism was accepted as an unavoidable truth , which led to the period of contemporary art and postmodern criticism , where cultures of the world and of history are seen as changing forms , which can be appreciated and drawn from only with skepticism and irony . Furthermore , the separation of cultures is increasingly blurred and some argue it is now more appropriate to think in terms of a global culture , rather than of regional ones . Forms , genres , media , and styles Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne by Ingres ( French , 1806 ) , oil on canvas Main article : The arts The creative arts are often divided into more specific categories , typically along perceptually distinguishable categories such as media , genre , styles , and form . Art form refers to the elements of art that are independent of its interpretation or significance . It covers the methods adopted by the artist and the physical composition of the artwork , primarily non-semantic aspects of the work ( i.e. , figurae ) , such as color , contour , dimension , medium , melody , space , texture , and value . Form may also include visual design principles , such as arrangement , balance , contrast , emphasis , harmony , proportion , proximity , and rhythm . In general there are three schools of philosophy regarding art , focusing respectively on form , content , and context . Extreme Formalism is the view that all aesthetic properties of art are formal ( that is , part of the art form ) . Philosophers almost universally reject this view and hold that the properties and aesthetics of art extend beyond materials , techniques , and form . Unfortunately , there is little consensus on terminology for these informal properties . Some authors refer to subject matter and content -- i.e. , denotations and connotations -- while others prefer terms like meaning and significance . Extreme Intentionalism holds that authorial intent plays a decisive role in the meaning of a work of art , conveying the content or essential main idea , while all other interpretations can be discarded . It defines the subject as the persons or idea represented , and the content as the artist 's experience of that subject . For example , the composition of Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne is partly borrowed from the Statue of Zeus at Olympia . As evidenced by the title , the subject is Napoleon , and the content is Ingres 's representation of Napoleon as `` Emperor - God beyond time and space '' . Similarly to extreme formalism , philosophers typically reject extreme intentionalism , because art may have multiple ambiguous meanings and authorial intent may be unknowable and thus irrelevant . Its restrictive interpretation is `` socially unhealthy , philosophically unreal , and politically unwise '' . Finally , the developing theory of post-structuralism studies art 's significance in a cultural context , such as the ideas , emotions , and reactions prompted by a work . The cultural context often reduces to the artist 's techniques and intentions , in which case analysis proceeds along lines similar to formalism and intentionalism . However , in other cases historical and material conditions may predominate , such as religious and philosophical convictions , sociopolitical and economic structures , or even climate and geography . Art criticism continues to grow and develop alongside art . Skill and craft Adam . Detail from Michelangelo 's fresco in the Sistine Chapel ( 1511 ) Detail of Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa , showing the painting technique of sfumato See also : Conceptual Art and Artistic Skill Art can connote a sense of trained ability or mastery of a medium . Art can also simply refer to the developed and efficient use of a language to convey meaning with immediacy and or depth . Art can be defined as an act of expressing feelings , thoughts , and observations . There is an understanding that is reached with the material as a result of handling it , which facilitates one 's thought processes . A common view is that the epithet `` art '' , particular in its elevated sense , requires a certain level of creative expertise by the artist , whether this be a demonstration of technical ability , an originality in stylistic approach , or a combination of these two . Traditionally skill of execution was viewed as a quality inseparable from art and thus necessary for its success ; for Leonardo da Vinci , art , neither more nor less than his other endeavors , was a manifestation of skill . Rembrandt 's work , now praised for its ephemeral virtues , was most admired by his contemporaries for its virtuosity . At the turn of the 20th century , the adroit performances of John Singer Sargent were alternately admired and viewed with skepticism for their manual fluency , yet at nearly the same time the artist who would become the era 's most recognized and peripatetic iconoclast , Pablo Picasso , was completing a traditional academic training at which he excelled . A common contemporary criticism of some modern art occurs along the lines of objecting to the apparent lack of skill or ability required in the production of the artistic object . In conceptual art , Marcel Duchamp 's `` Fountain '' is among the first examples of pieces wherein the artist used found objects ( `` ready - made '' ) and exercised no traditionally recognised set of skills . Tracey Emin 's My Bed , or Damien Hirst 's The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living follow this example and also manipulate the mass media . Emin slept ( and engaged in other activities ) in her bed before placing the result in a gallery as work of art . Hirst came up with the conceptual design for the artwork but has left most of the eventual creation of many works to employed artisans . Hirst 's celebrity is founded entirely on his ability to produce shocking concepts . The actual production in many conceptual and contemporary works of art is a matter of assembly of found objects . However , there are many modernist and contemporary artists who continue to excel in the skills of drawing and painting and in creating hands - on works of art . Purpose A Navajo rug made circa 1880 Mozarabic Beatus miniature . Spain , late 10th century Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history , making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept . This does not imply that the purpose of Art is `` vague '' , but that it has had many unique , different reasons for being created . Some of these functions of Art are provided in the following outline . The different purposes of art may be grouped according to those that are non-motivated , and those that are motivated ( Lévi - Strauss ) . Non-motivated functions The non-motivated purposes of art are those that are integral to being human , transcend the individual , or do not fulfill a specific external purpose . In this sense , Art , as creativity , is something humans must do by their very nature ( i.e. , no other species creates art ) , and is therefore beyond utility . Basic human instinct for harmony , balance , rhythm . Art at this level is not an action or an object , but an internal appreciation of balance and harmony ( beauty ) , and therefore an aspect of being human beyond utility . `` Imitation , then , is one instinct of our nature . Next , there is the instinct for ' harmony ' and rhythm , meters being manifestly sections of rhythm . Persons , therefore , starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes , till their rude improvisations gave birth to Poetry . '' - Aristotle Experience of the mysterious . Art provides a way to experience one 's self in relation to the universe . This experience may often come unmotivated , as one appreciates art , music or poetry . `` The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious . It is the source of all true art and science . '' -- Albert Einstein Expression of the imagination . Art provides a means to express the imagination in non-grammatic ways that are not tied to the formality of spoken or written language . Unlike words , which come in sequences and each of which have a definite meaning , art provides a range of forms , symbols and ideas with meanings that are malleable . `` Jupiter 's eagle ( as an example of art ) is not , like logical ( aesthetic ) attributes of an object , the concept of the sublimity and majesty of creation , but rather something else -- something that gives the imagination an incentive to spread its flight over a whole host of kindred representations that provoke more thought than admits of expression in a concept determined by words . They furnish an aesthetic idea , which serves the above rational idea as a substitute for logical presentation , but with the proper function , however , of animating the mind by opening out for it a prospect into a field of kindred representations stretching beyond its ken . '' - Immanuel Kant Ritualistic and symbolic functions . In many cultures , art is used in rituals , performances and dances as a decoration or symbol . While these often have no specific utilitarian ( motivated ) purpose , anthropologists know that they often serve a purpose at the level of meaning within a particular culture . This meaning is not furnished by any one individual , but is often the result of many generations of change , and of a cosmological relationship within the culture . `` Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or objects recovered from prehistoric contexts that can not be explained in utilitarian terms and are thus categorized as decorative , ritual or symbolic , are aware of the trap posed by the term ' art ' . '' - Silva Tomaskova Motivated functions Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional , conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator . These may be to bring about political change , to comment on an aspect of society , to convey a specific emotion or mood , to address personal psychology , to illustrate another discipline , to ( with commercial arts ) sell a product , or simply as a form of communication . Communication . Art , at its simplest , is a form of communication . As most forms of communication have an intent or goal directed toward another individual , this is a motivated purpose . Illustrative arts , such as scientific illustration , are a form of art as communication . Maps are another example . However , the content need not be scientific . Emotions , moods and feelings are also communicated through art . `` ( Art is a set of ) artefacts or images with symbolic meanings as a means of communication . '' -- Steve Mithen Art as entertainment . Art may seek to bring about a particular emotion or mood , for the purpose of relaxing or entertaining the viewer . This is often the function of the art industries of Motion Pictures and Video Games . The Avante - Garde . Art for political change . One of the defining functions of early twentieth - century art has been to use visual images to bring about political change . Art movements that had this goal -- Dadaism , Surrealism , Russian constructivism , and Abstract Expressionism , among others -- are collectively referred to as the avante - garde arts . `` By contrast , the realistic attitude , inspired by positivism , from Saint Thomas Aquinas to Anatole France , clearly seems to me to be hostile to any intellectual or moral advancement . I loathe it , for it is made up of mediocrity , hate , and dull conceit . It is this attitude which today gives birth to these ridiculous books , these insulting plays . It constantly feeds on and derives strength from the newspapers and stultifies both science and art by assiduously flattering the lowest of tastes ; clarity bordering on stupidity , a dog 's life . '' -- André Breton ( Surrealism ) Art as a `` free zone '' , removed from the action of the social censure . Unlike the avant - garde movements , which wanted to erase cultural differences in order to produce new universal values , contemporary art has enhanced its tolerance towards cultural differences as well as its critical and liberating functions ( social inquiry , activism , subversion , deconstruction ... ) , becoming a more open place for research and experimentation . Art for social inquiry , subversion and / or anarchy . While similar to art for political change , subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal . In this case , the function of art may be simply to criticize some aspect of society . Spray - paint graffiti on a wall in Rome Graffiti art and other types of street art are graphics and images that are spray - painted or stencilled on publicly viewable walls , buildings , buses , trains , and bridges , usually without permission . Certain art forms , such as graffiti , may also be illegal when they break laws ( in this case vandalism ) . Art for social causes . Art can be used to raise awareness for a large variety of causes . A number of art activities were aimed at raising awareness of autism , cancer , human trafficking , and a variety of other topics , such as ocean conservation , human rights in Darfur , murdered and missing Aboriginal women , elder abuse , and pollution . Trashion , using trash to make fashion , practiced by artists such as Marina DeBris is one example of using art to raise awareness about pollution . Art for psychological and healing purposes . Art is also used by art therapists , psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as art therapy . The Diagnostic Drawing Series , for example , is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient . The end product is not the principal goal in this case , but rather a process of healing , through creative acts , is sought . The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy . Art for propaganda , or commercialism . Art is often utilized as a form of propaganda , and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood . In a similar way , art that tries to sell a product also influences mood and emotion . In both cases , the purpose of art here is to subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or psychological response toward a particular idea or object . Art as a fitness indicator . It has been argued that the ability of the human brain by far exceeds what was needed for survival in the ancestral environment . One evolutionary psychology explanation for this is that the human brain and associated traits ( such as artistic ability and creativity ) are the human equivalent of the peacock 's tail . The purpose of the male peacock 's extravagant tail has been argued to be to attract females ( see also Fisherian runaway and handicap principle ) . According to this theory superior execution of art was evolutionary important because it attracted mates . The functions of art described above are not mutually exclusive , as many of them may overlap . For example , art for the purpose of entertainment may also seek to sell a product , i.e. the movie or video game . Public access Versailles : Louis Le Vau opened up the interior court to create the expansive entrance cour d'honneur , later copied all over Europe . Since ancient times , much of the finest art has represented a deliberate display of wealth or power , often achieved by using massive scale and expensive materials . Much art has been commissioned by political rulers or religious establishments , with more modest versions only available to the most wealthy in society . Nevertheless , there have been many periods where art of very high quality was available , in terms of ownership , across large parts of society , above all in cheap media such as pottery , which persists in the ground , and perishable media such as textiles and wood . In many different cultures , the ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas are found in such a wide range of graves that they were clearly not restricted to a social elite , though other forms of art may have been . Reproductive methods such as moulds made mass - production easier , and were used to bring high - quality Ancient Roman pottery and Greek Tanagra figurines to a very wide market . Cylinder seals were both artistic and practical , and very widely used by what can be loosely called the middle class in the Ancient Near East . Once coins were widely used , these also became an art form that reached the widest range of society . Another important innovation came in the 15th century in Europe , when printmaking began with small woodcuts , mostly religious , that were often very small and hand - colored , and affordable even by peasants who glued them to the walls of their homes . Printed books were initially very expensive , but fell steadily in price until by the 19th century even the poorest could afford some with printed illustrations . Popular prints of many different sorts have decorated homes and other places for centuries . Public buildings and monuments , secular and religious , by their nature normally address the whole of society , and visitors as viewers , and display to the general public has long been an important factor in their design . Egyptian temples are typical in that the most largest and most lavish decoration was placed on the parts that could be seen by the general public , rather than the areas seen only by the priests . Many areas of royal palaces , castles and the houses of the social elite were often generally accessible , and large parts of the art collections of such people could often be seen , either by anybody , or by those able to pay a small price , or those wearing the correct clothes , regardless of who they were , as at the Palace of Versailles , where the appropriate extra accessories ( silver shoe buckles and a sword ) could be hired from shops outside . Special arrangements were made to allow the public to see many royal or private collections placed in galleries , as with the Orleans Collection mostly housed in a wing of the Palais Royal in Paris , which could be visited for most of the 18th century . In Italy the art tourism of the Grand Tour became a major industry from the Renaissance onwards , and governments and cities made efforts to make their key works accessible . The British Royal Collection remains distinct , but large donations such as the Old Royal Library were made from it to the British Museum , established in 1753 . The Uffizi in Florence opened entirely as a gallery in 1765 , though this function had been gradually taking the building over from the original civil servants ' offices for a long time before . The building now occupied by the Prado in Madrid was built before the French Revolution for the public display of parts of the royal art collection , and similar royal galleries open to the public existed in Vienna , Munich and other capitals . The opening of the Musée du Louvre during the French Revolution ( in 1793 ) as a public museum for much of the former French royal collection certainly marked an important stage in the development of public access to art , transferring ownership to a republican state , but was a continuation of trends already well established . Most modern public museums and art education programs for children in schools can be traced back to this impulse to have art available to everyone . Museums in the United States tend to be gifts from the very rich to the masses . ( The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City , for example , was created by John Taylor Johnston , a railroad executive whose personal art collection seeded the museum . ) But despite all this , at least one of the important functions of art in the 21st century remains as a marker of wealth and social status . Performance by Joseph Beuys , 1978 : Everyone an artist -- On the way to the libertarian form of the social organism There have been attempts by artists to create art that can not be bought by the wealthy as a status object . One of the prime original motivators of much of the art of the late 1960s and 1970s was to create art that could not be bought and sold . It is `` necessary to present something more than mere objects '' said the major post war German artist Joseph Beuys . This time period saw the rise of such things as performance art , video art , and conceptual art . The idea was that if the artwork was a performance that would leave nothing behind , or was simply an idea , it could not be bought and sold . `` Democratic precepts revolving around the idea that a work of art is a commodity impelled the aesthetic innovation which germinated in the mid-1960s and was reaped throughout the 1970s . Artists broadly identified under the heading of Conceptual art ... substituting performance and publishing activities for engagement with both the material and materialistic concerns of painted or sculptural form ... ( have ) endeavored to undermine the art object qua object . '' In the decades since , these ideas have been somewhat lost as the art market has learned to sell limited edition DVDs of video works , invitations to exclusive performance art pieces , and the objects left over from conceptual pieces . Many of these performances create works that are only understood by the elite who have been educated as to why an idea or video or piece of apparent garbage may be considered art . The marker of status becomes understanding the work instead of necessarily owning it , and the artwork remains an upper - class activity . `` With the widespread use of DVD recording technology in the early 2000s , artists , and the gallery system that derives its profits from the sale of artworks , gained an important means of controlling the sale of video and computer artworks in limited editions to collectors . '' Controversies Théodore Géricault 's Raft of the Medusa , circa 1820 Art has long been controversial , that is to say disliked by some viewers , for a wide variety of reasons , though most pre-modern controversies are dimly recorded , or completely lost to a modern view . Iconoclasm is the destruction of art that is disliked for a variety of reasons , including religious ones . Aniconism is a general dislike of either all figurative images , or often just religious ones , and has been a thread in many major religions . It has been a crucial factor in the history of Islamic art , where depictions of Muhammad remain especially controversial . Much art has been disliked purely because it depicted or otherwise stood for unpopular rulers , parties or other groups . Artistic conventions have often been conservative and taken very seriously by art critics , though often much less so by a wider public . The iconographic content of art could cause controversy , as with late medieval depictions of the new motif of the Swoon of the Virgin in scenes of the Crucifixion of Jesus . The Last Judgment by Michelangelo was controversial for various reasons , including breaches of decorum through nudity and the Apollo - like pose of Christ . The content of much formal art through history was dictated by the patron or commissioner rather than just the artist , but with the advent of Romanticism , and economic changes in the production of art , the artists ' vision became the usual determinant of the content of his art , increasing the incidence of controversies , though often reducing their significance . Strong incentives for perceived originality and publicity also encouraged artists to court controversy . Théodore Géricault 's Raft of the Medusa ( c. 1820 ) , was in part a political commentary on a recent event . Édouard Manet 's Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe ( 1863 ) , was considered scandalous not because of the nude woman , but because she is seated next to men fully dressed in the clothing of the time , rather than in robes of the antique world . John Singer Sargent 's Madame Pierre Gautreau ( Madam X ) ( 1884 ) , caused a controversy over the reddish pink used to color the woman 's ear lobe , considered far too suggestive and supposedly ruining the high - society model 's reputation . The gradual abandonment of naturalism and the depiction of realistic representations of the visual appearance of subjects in the 19th and 20th centuries led to a rolling controversy lasting for over a century . In the twentieth century , Pablo Picasso 's Guernica ( 1937 ) used arresting cubist techniques and stark monochromatic oils , to depict the harrowing consequences of a contemporary bombing of a small , ancient Basque town . Leon Golub 's Interrogation III ( 1981 ) , depicts a female nude , hooded detainee strapped to a chair , her legs open to reveal her sexual organs , surrounded by two tormentors dressed in everyday clothing . Andres Serrano 's Piss Christ ( 1989 ) is a photograph of a crucifix , sacred to the Christian religion and representing Christ 's sacrifice and final suffering , submerged in a glass of the artist 's own urine . The resulting uproar led to comments in the United States Senate about public funding of the arts . Theory Main article : Aesthetics Before Modernism , aesthetics in Western art was greatly concerned with achieving the appropriate balance between different aspects of realism or truth to nature and the ideal ; ideas as to what the appropriate balance is have shifted to and fro over the centuries . This concern is largely absent in other traditions of art . The aesthetic theorist John Ruskin , who championed what he saw as the naturalism of J. M. W. Turner , saw art 's role as the communication by artifice of an essential truth that could only be found in nature . The definition and evaluation of art has become especially problematic since the 20th century . Richard Wollheim distinguishes three approaches to assessing the aesthetic value of art : the Realist , whereby aesthetic quality is an absolute value independent of any human view ; the Objectivist , whereby it is also an absolute value , but is dependent on general human experience ; and the Relativist position , whereby it is not an absolute value , but depends on , and varies with , the human experience of different humans . Arrival of Modernism Composition II in Red , Blue , and Yellow ( 1930 ) by Piet Mondrian ( Dutch , 1872 -- 1944 ) The arrival of Modernism in the late nineteenth century lead to a radical break in the conception of the function of art , and then again in the late twentieth century with the advent of postmodernism . Clement Greenberg 's 1960 article `` Modernist Painting '' defines modern art as `` the use of characteristic methods of a discipline to criticize the discipline itself '' . Greenberg originally applied this idea to the Abstract Expressionist movement and used it as a way to understand and justify flat ( non-illusionistic ) abstract painting : Realistic , naturalistic art had dissembled the medium , using art to conceal art ; modernism used art to call attention to art . The limitations that constitute the medium of painting -- the flat surface , the shape of the support , the properties of the pigment -- were treated by the Old Masters as negative factors that could be acknowledged only implicitly or indirectly . Under Modernism these same limitations came to be regarded as positive factors , and were acknowledged openly . After Greenberg , several important art theorists emerged , such as Michael Fried , T. J. Clark , Rosalind Krauss , Linda Nochlin and Griselda Pollock among others . Though only originally intended as a way of understanding a specific set of artists , Greenberg 's definition of modern art is important to many of the ideas of art within the various art movements of the 20th century and early 21st century . Pop artists like Andy Warhol became both noteworthy and influential through work including and possibly critiquing popular culture , as well as the art world . Artists of the 1980s , 1990s , and 2000s expanded this technique of self - criticism beyond high art to all cultural image - making , including fashion images , comics , billboards and pornography . Duchamp once proposed that art is any activity of any kind - everything . However , the way that only certain activities are classified today as art is a social construction . There is evidence that there may be an element of truth to this . The Invention of Art : A Cultural History is an art history book which examines the construction of the modern system of the arts i.e. Fine Art . Shiner finds evidence that the older system of the arts before our modern system ( fine art ) held art to be any skilled human activity i.e. Ancient Greek society did not possess the term art but techne . Techne can be understood neither as art or craft , the reason being that the distinctions of art and craft are historical products that came later on in human history . Techne included painting , sculpting and music but also ; cooking , medicine , horsemanship , geometry , carpentry , prophecy , and farming etc . New criticism and the `` intentional Fallacy '' Following Duchamp during the first half of the twentieth century , a significant shift to general aesthetic theory took place which attempted to apply aesthetic theory between various forms of art , including the literary arts and the visual arts , to each other . This resulted in the rise of the New Criticism school and debate concerning the intentional fallacy . At issue was the question of whether the aesthetic intentions of the artist in creating the work of art , whatever its specific form , should be associated with the criticism and evaluation of the final product of the work of art , or , if the work of art should be evaluated on its own merits independent of the intentions of the artist . In 1946 , William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley published a classic and controversial New Critical essay entitled `` The Intentional Fallacy '' , in which they argued strongly against the relevance of an author 's intention , or `` intended meaning '' in the analysis of a literary work . For Wimsatt and Beardsley , the words on the page were all that mattered ; importation of meanings from outside the text was considered irrelevant , and potentially distracting . In another essay , `` The Affective Fallacy , '' which served as a kind of sister essay to `` The Intentional Fallacy '' Wimsatt and Beardsley also discounted the reader 's personal / emotional reaction to a literary work as a valid means of analyzing a text . This fallacy would later be repudiated by theorists from the reader - response school of literary theory . Ironically , one of the leading theorists from this school , Stanley Fish , was himself trained by New Critics . Fish criticizes Wimsatt and Beardsley in his essay `` Literature in the Reader '' ( 1970 ) . As summarized by Gaut and Livingston in their essay `` The Creation of Art '' : `` Structuralist and post-structuralists theorists and critics were sharply critical of many aspects of New Criticism , beginning with the emphasis on aesthetic appreciation and the so - called autonomy of art , but they reiterated the attack on biographical criticisms 's assumption that the artist 's activities and experience were a privileged critical topic . '' These authors contend that : `` Anti-intentionalists , such as formalists , hold that the intentions involved in the making of art are irrelevant or peripheral to correctly interpreting art . So details of the act of creating a work , though possibly of interest in themselves , have no bearing on the correct interpretation of the work . '' Gaut and Livingston define the intentionalists as distinct from formalists stating that : `` Intentionalists , unlike formalists , hold that reference to intentions is essential in fixing the correct interpretation of works . '' They quote Richard Wollheim as stating that , `` The task of criticism is the reconstruction of the creative process , where the creative process must in turn be thought of as something not stopping short of , but terminating on , the work of art itself . '' `` Linguistic turn '' and its debate The end of the 20th century fostered an extensive debate known as the linguistic turn controversy , or the `` innocent eye debate '' , and generally referred to as the structuralism - poststructuralism debate in the philosophy of art . This debate discussed the encounter of the work of art as being determined by the relative extent to which the conceptual encounter with the work of art dominates over the perceptual encounter with the work of art . Decisive for the linguistic turn debate in art history and the humanities were the works of yet another tradition , namely the structuralism of Ferdinand de Saussure and the ensuing movement of poststructuralism . In 1981 , the artist Mark Tansey created a work of art titled `` The Innocent Eye '' as a criticism of the prevailing climate of disagreement in the philosophy of art during the closing decades of the 20th century . Influential theorists include Judith Butler , Luce Irigaray , Julia Kristeva , Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida . The power of language , more specifically of certain rhetorical tropes , in art history and historical discourse was explored by Hayden White . The fact that language is not a transparent medium of thought had been stressed by a very different form of philosophy of language which originated in the works of Johann Georg Hamann and Wilhelm von Humboldt . Ernst Gombrich and Nelson Goodman in his book Languages of Art : An Approach to a Theory of Symbols came to hold that the conceptual encounter with the work of art predominated exclusively over the perceptual and visual encounter with the work of art during the 1960s and 1970s . He was challenged on the basis of research done by the Nobel prize winning psychologist Roger Sperry who maintained that the human visual encounter was not limited to concepts represented in language alone ( the linguistic turn ) and that other forms of psychological representations of the work of art were equally defensible and demonstrable . Sperry 's view eventually prevailed by the end of the 20th century with aesthetic philosophers such as Nick Zangwill strongly defending a return to moderate aesthetic formalism among other alternatives . Classification disputes Main article : Classificatory disputes about art The original Fountain by Marcel Duchamp , 1917 , photographed by Alfred Stieglitz at the 291 after the 1917 Society of Independent Artists exhibit . Stieglitz used a backdrop of The Warriors by Marsden Hartley to photograph the urinal . The exhibition entry tag can be clearly seen . Disputes as to whether or not to classify something as a work of art are referred to as classificatory disputes about art . Classificatory disputes in the 20th century have included cubist and impressionist paintings , Duchamp 's Fountain , the movies , superlative imitations of banknotes , conceptual art , and video games . Philosopher David Novitz has argued that disagreement about the definition of art are rarely the heart of the problem . Rather , `` the passionate concerns and interests that humans vest in their social life '' are `` so much a part of all classificatory disputes about art '' ( Novitz , 1996 ) . According to Novitz , classificatory disputes are more often disputes about societal values and where society is trying to go than they are about theory proper . For example , when the Daily Mail criticized Hirst 's and Emin 's work by arguing `` For 1,000 years art has been one of our great civilising forces . Today , pickled sheep and soiled beds threaten to make barbarians of us all '' they are not advancing a definition or theory about art , but questioning the value of Hirst 's and Emin 's work . In 1998 , Arthur Danto , suggested a thought experiment showing that `` the status of an artifact as work of art results from the ideas a culture applies to it , rather than its inherent physical or perceptible qualities . Cultural interpretation ( an art theory of some kind ) is therefore constitutive of an object 's arthood . '' Anti-art is a label for art that intentionally challenges the established parameters and values of art ; it is term associated with Dadaism and attributed to Marcel Duchamp just before World War I , when he was making art from found objects . One of these , Fountain ( 1917 ) , an ordinary urinal , has achieved considerable prominence and influence on art . Anti-art is a feature of work by Situationist International , the lo - fi Mail art movement , and the Young British Artists , though it is a form still rejected by the Stuckists , who describe themselves as anti-anti - art . Value Judgment Aboriginal hollow log tombs . National Gallery , Canberra , Australia Somewhat in relation to the above , the word art is also used to apply judgments of value , as in such expressions as `` that meal was a work of art '' ( the cook is an artist ) , or `` the art of deception '' , ( the highly attained level of skill of the deceiver is praised ) . It is this use of the word as a measure of high quality and high value that gives the term its flavor of subjectivity . Making judgments of value requires a basis for criticism . At the simplest level , a way to determine whether the impact of the object on the senses meets the criteria to be considered art is whether it is perceived to be attractive or repulsive . Though perception is always colored by experience , and is necessarily subjective , it is commonly understood that what is not somehow aesthetically satisfying can not be art . However , `` good '' art is not always or even regularly aesthetically appealing to a majority of viewers . In other words , an artist 's prime motivation need not be the pursuit of the aesthetic . Also , art often depicts terrible images made for social , moral , or thought - provoking reasons . For example , Francisco Goya 's painting depicting the Spanish shootings of 3rd of May 1808 is a graphic depiction of a firing squad executing several pleading civilians . Yet at the same time , the horrific imagery demonstrates Goya 's keen artistic ability in composition and execution and produces fitting social and political outrage . Thus , the debate continues as to what mode of aesthetic satisfaction , if any , is required to define ' art ' . The assumption of new values or the rebellion against accepted notions of what is aesthetically superior need not occur concurrently with a complete abandonment of the pursuit of what is aesthetically appealing . Indeed , the reverse is often true , that the revision of what is popularly conceived of as being aesthetically appealing allows for a re-invigoration of aesthetic sensibility , and a new appreciation for the standards of art itself . Countless schools have proposed their own ways to define quality , yet they all seem to agree in at least one point : once their aesthetic choices are accepted , the value of the work of art is determined by its capacity to transcend the limits of its chosen medium to strike some universal chord by the rarity of the skill of the artist or in its accurate reflection in what is termed the zeitgeist . Art is often intended to appeal to and connect with human emotion . It can arouse aesthetic or moral feelings , and can be understood as a way of communicating these feelings . Artists express something so that their audience is aroused to some extent , but they do not have to do so consciously . Art may be considered an exploration of the human condition ; that is , what it is to be human . See also Arts portal Visual arts portal Art movement Artist in residence Formal analysis List of artistic media Mathematics and art Street art ( or `` independent public art '' ) Outline of the visual arts , a guide to the subject of art presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics . Book : Art Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Art : definition '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Jump up ^ `` art '' . Merriam - Websters Dictionary . Jump up ^ Is advertising art ? Jump up ^ `` Art , n . 1 '' . OED Online . December 2011 . Oxford University Press . http://www.oed.com . ( Accessed 26 February 2012 . ) Jump up ^ Gombrich , Ernst . ( 2005 ) . `` Press statement on The Story of Art '' . The Gombrich Archive . Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 . Retrieved 18 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Davies ( 1991 ) . Definitions of Art . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 9794 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robert Stecker ( 1997 ) . Artworks : Definition , Meaning , Value . Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 01596 - 5 . Jump up ^ Noël Carroll , ed. ( 2000 ) . Theories of Art Today . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 16354 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dr. Robert J. Belton . `` What Is Art ? '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` art '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Kennick , William ed , and W.E. Kennick , Art and philosophy : readings in aesthetics New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1979 , pp. xi -- xiii . ISBN 0 - 312 - 05391 - 6 . Jump up ^ Elkins , James `` Art History and Images That Are Not Art '' , The Art Bulletin , Vol. 47 , No. 4 ( December 1995 ) , with previous bibliography . `` Non-Western images are not well described in terms of art , and neither are medieval paintings that were made in the absence of humanist ideas of artistic value '' . 553 Jump up ^ Gilbert , Kuhn pp. 73 - 96 Jump up ^ Gilbert , Kuhn pp. 40 - 72 Jump up ^ Aristotle , Poetics I 1447a Jump up ^ Aristotle , Poetics III Jump up ^ Aristotle , Poetics IV Jump up ^ The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press , Oxford 1993 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Gilbert , Kuhn pp. 287 - 326 Jump up ^ David Novitz , The Boundaries of Art , 1992 Jump up ^ Richard Wollheim , Art and its objects , p. 1 , 2nd ed. , 1980 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29706 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Jerrold Levinson , The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics , Oxford University Press , 2003 , p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927945 - 4 Jump up ^ Jerrold Levinson , The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics , Oxford University Press , 2003 , p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927945 - 4 Jump up ^ R.G. Collingwood 's view , expressed in The Principles of Art , is considered in Wollheim , op . cit. 1980 pp. 36 -- 43 Jump up ^ Martin Heidegger , `` The Origin of the Work of Art '' , in Poetry , Language , Thought , ( Harper Perennial , 2001 ) . See also Maurice Merleau - Ponty , `` Cézanne 's Doubt '' in The Merleau - Ponty Aesthetics Reader , Galen Johnson and Michael Smith ( eds ) , ( Northwestern University Press , 1994 ) and John Russon , Bearing Witness to Epiphany , ( State University of New York Press , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Kennick , William ed , and W.E. Kennick , Art and philosophy : readings in aesthetics New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1979 , p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 05391 - 6 Jump up ^ Shiner 2003 . The Invention of Art : A Cultural History Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 75342 - 3 Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest art found in Indonesian cave '' . nature.com. 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Radford , Tim . `` World 's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave '' . Guardian Unlimited , 16 April 2004 . Retrieved on 18 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` African Cave Yields Evidence of a Prehistoric Paint Factory '' . The New York Times . 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shell ' Art ' Made 300,000 Years Before Humans Evolved '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information Ltd. 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gombrich , p. 83 , pp. 75 - 115 pp. 132 - 141 , pp. 147 - 155 , p. 163 , p. 627 . Jump up ^ Gombrich , pp. 86 - 89 , pp. 135 - 141 , p. 143 , p. 179 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Tom Nichols ( 1 December 2012 ) . Renaissance Art : A Beginner 's Guide . Oneworld Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78074 - 178 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Stothoff Badeau and John Richard Hayes , The Genius of Arab civilization : source of Renaissance . Taylor & Francis . 1983 . p. 104 Jump up ^ Gombrich , pp. 127 - 128 Jump up ^ Gombrich , pp. 634 - 635 Jump up ^ William Watson ( 1995 ) . The Arts of China 900 - 1620 . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09835 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gombrich , p. 155 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Colin Moore ( 6 August 2010 ) . Propaganda Prints : A History of Art in the Service of Social and Political Change . A&C Black . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 0591 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gombrich , pp. 394 - 395 , pp. 519 - 527 , pp. 573 - 575 . Jump up ^ `` The Age of Enlightenment An Anthology Prepared for the Enlightenment Book Club '' ( PDF ) . pp. 1 -- 45 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ The New York Times Book Review . 1 , 84 . New York Times Company . 1979 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Adorno , Theodor W. , Aesthetic Theory , ( 1970 in German ) Jump up ^ Dr. Sangeeta ( 6 October 2017 ) . Development of Modern Art Criticism in India after Independence : Post Independence Indian Art Criticism . Notion Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 947697 - 31 - 7 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Walton , Kendall L. ( 1 January 1970 ) . `` Categories of Art '' . The Philosophical Review . 79 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 2183933 . JSTOR 2183933 . Jump up ^ Monelle , Raymond ( 3 January 1992 ) . Linguistics and Semiotics in Music . Routledge . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 3718652099 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Belton , Dr. Robert J. ( 1996 ) . `` The Elements of Art '' . Art History : A Preliminary Handbook . Jump up ^ Xu , Min ; Deng , Guifang ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Against Zangwill 's Extreme Formalism About Inorganic Nature '' ( PDF ) . Philosophia. 43 ( 1 ) : 249 -- 57 . doi : 10.1007 / s11406 - 014 - 9575 - 1 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Paisley ( 1998 ) . `` Intentionalism in Aesthetics '' . New Literary History . 29 ( 4 ) : 831 -- 46 . doi : 10.1353 / nlh. 1998.0042 . Jump up ^ Munk , Eduard ; Beck , Charles ; Felton , Cornelius Conway ( 1844 ) . The Metres of the Greeks and Romans . p. 1 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Tolstoy , Leo ( 1899 ) . What is Art ? . Crowell . p. 24 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Emiroğlu , Melahat Küçükarslan ; Koş , Fitnat Cimşit ( 16 -- 20 September 2014 ) . Design Semiotics and Post-Structuralism . 12th World Congress of Semiotics . New Bulgarian University . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Breskin , Vladimir , `` Triad : Method for studying the core of the semiotic parity of language and art '' , Signs -- International Journal of Semiotics 3 , pp. 1 -- 28 , 2010 . ISSN 1902 - 8822 Jump up ^ The Illustrated London News . Illustrated London News & Sketch Limited . July 1872 . p. 502 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Eric Newton ; William Neil ( 1966 ) . 2000 Years of Christian Art . Harper & Row . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Kirk Richards ; Stephen Gjertson ( 2002 ) . For glory and for beauty : practical perspectives on Christianity and the visual arts . American Society of Classical Realism . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9636180 - 4 - 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Leslie ( 30 December 2005 ) . Pablo Picasso : A Modern Master . New Line Books . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59764 - 094 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jane Dillenberger ; John Handley ( 17 April 2014 ) . The Religious Art of Pablo Picasso . Univ of California Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 27629 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fred S. Kleiner ( 7 January 2009 ) . Gardner 's Art through the Ages : The Western Perspective . Cengage Learning . pp. 24 -- 27 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 57364 - 7 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Luke ( 1 January 2013 ) . `` Damien Hirst 's Shark : Nature , Capitalism and the Sublime '' . Tate . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ La Belle Assemblée . V. J. Bell . 1808 . p. 8 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Giovanni Schiuma ( 19 May 2011 ) . The Value of Arts for Business . Cambridge University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49665 - 0 . Jump up ^ Aristotle . `` ( Book 10 : ) The Poetics '' . Republic . www.authorama.com . Note : Although speaking mostly of poetry here , the Ancient Greeks often speak of the arts collectively . Jump up ^ Einstein , Albert . `` The World as I See It '' . http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/essay.htm Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant , Critique of Aesthetic Judgement ( 1790 ) . Jump up ^ Silvia Tomaskova , Places of Art : Art and Archaeology in Context : ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Constantine Stephanidis ( 24 June 2011 ) . HCI International 2011 Posters ' Extended Abstracts : International Conference , HCI International 2011 , Orlando , FL , USA , July 9 - 14 , 2011 , Proceedings . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 529 -- 533 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 22094 - 4 . Jump up ^ Steve Mithen . The Prehistory of the Mind : The Cognitive Origins of Art , Religion and Science . 1999 Jump up ^ Management Association , Information Resources ( 30 June 2014 ) . Digital Arts and Entertainment : Concepts , Methodologies , Tools , and Applications : Concepts , Methodologies , Tools , and Applications . IGI Global . p. 976 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4666 - 6115 - 8 . Jump up ^ André Breton , Surrealist Manifesto ( 1924 ) Jump up ^ According to Maurizio Bolognini this is not only associated with the postmodern rejection of all canons but with a process of secularization of art , which is finally considered as `` a mere ( albeit essential ) convention , sustained and reproduced by the art system ( artists , galleries , critics , collectors ) , providing a free zone , that is , a more open place for experimentation , removed from the constraints of the practical sphere . '' : see Maurizio Bolognini ( 2008 ) . Postdigitale . Rome : Carocci . ISBN 978 - 88 - 430 - 4739 - 0 . , chap. 3 . Jump up ^ Trotter , Jeramia ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` RiverKings raising autism awareness with art '' . WMC tv . Archived from the original on 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Art exhibit aims to raise awareness of autism '' . Daily News - Miner. 4 April 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anchorage art exhibit to raise awareness about autism '' ( PDF ) . Alaska Department of Health and Social Services . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruhl , Ashleigh ( 18 February 2013 ) . `` Photographer Seeks Subjects To Help Raise Cancer Awareness '' . Gazettes . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bra art raising awareness for breast cancer '' . The Palm Beach Post . n.d . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Marella ( 10 January 2007 ) . `` October art walk aims to raise money , awareness for breast cancer '' . Flagler College Gargoyle . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Students get creative in the fight against human trafficking '' . WDTN Channel 2 News . 26 November 2012 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Looking to raise awareness at ArtPrize '' . WWMT , Newschannel 3 . 10 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SciCafe -- Art / Sci Collision : Raising Ocean Conservation Awareness '' . American Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SMU students raise awareness with ' Art for Darfur ' '' . SMU News Release . 4 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2003 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Greg ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` Red dress art project to raise awareness of murdered and missing Aboriginal women '' . Global Edmonton . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raising elder abuse awareness through intergenerational art '' . Human Resources and Skills Development Canada . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Mathema , Paavan ( 16 January 2013 ) . `` Trash to treasure : Turning Mt . Everest waste into art '' . CNN . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Susan Hogan ( 2001 ) . Healing Arts : The History of Art Therapy . Jessica Kingsley Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85302 - 799 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roland Barthes , Mythologies Jump up ^ Dutton , Denis. 2003 . `` Aesthetics and Evolutionary Psychology '' in The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Kuhn pp. 161 - 165 Jump up ^ `` Ceramics of the Indigenous Peoples of South America : Studies of Production and Exchange using INAA '' . core.tdar.org . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Barbara Ann Kipfer ( 30 April 2000 ) . Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 46158 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ancient Coins as Works of Art . Museum Haaretz. 1960 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ George Hugo Tucker ( 2000 ) . Forms of the `` medieval '' in the `` Renaissance '' : A Multidisciplinary Exploration of a Cultural Continuum . Rookwood Press . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886365 - 20 - 9 . Jump up ^ Antony Griffiths ( 1996 ) . Prints and Printmaking : An Introduction to the History and Techniques . University of California Press . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20714 - 1 . Jump up ^ Győző Vörös ( 2007 ) . Egyptian Temple Architecture : 100 Years of Hungarian Excavations in Egypt , 1907 - 2007 . American Univ in Cairo Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 963 - 662 - 084 - 4 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Adam Waldie ( 1839 ) . The Select Circulating Library . A. Waldie . p. 367 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrea Meyer ; Benedicte Savoy ( 1 January 2014 ) . The Museum Is Open : Towards a Transnational History of Museums 1750 - 1940 . De Gruyter . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 029882 - 6 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Gloria Fossi ( 1999 ) . The Uffizi : The Official Guide : All of the Works . Giunti Editore . pp. 8 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 09 - 01487 - 9 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Public Access to Art in Paris : A Documentary History from the Middle Ages to 1800 . Penn State Press . pp. 281 -- 283 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 04434 - 9 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Findlay ( 23 May 2012 ) . The Value of Art . Prestel Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 641 - 08342 - 7 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Willoughby ( December 1969 ) . `` An Interview with Joseph Beuys '' . ArtForum. 8 ( 4 ) : 45 . Jump up ^ Rorimer , Anne : New Art in the 60s and 70s Redefining Reality , p. 35 . Thames and Hudson , 2001 . Jump up ^ Fineman , Mia ( 21 March 2007 ) . `` YouTube for Artists The best places to find video art online '' . Slate . Retrieved 3 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Jean and Craig McDaniel : Themes of Contemporary Art , Visual Art after 1980 , p. 16 . Oxford University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Maureen McCue ( 23 May 2016 ) . British Romanticism and the Reception of Italian Old Master Art , 1793 - 1840 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 17148 - 5 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Angela K. Nickerson ( July 2010 ) . A Journey Into Michelangelo 's Rome . ReadHowYouWant.com . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4587 - 8547 - 3 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Alvina Ruprecht ; Cecilia Taiana ( 15 November 1995 ) . Reordering of Culture : Latin America , the Caribbean and Canada in the Hood . McGill - Queen 's Press - MQUP . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88629 - 269 - 0 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ John C. Stout ( 11 May 2018 ) . Objects Observed : The Poetry of Things in Twentieth - Century France and America . University of Toronto Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4875 - 0157 - 0 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Claude J. Summers ( 2004 ) . The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts . Cleis Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57344 - 191 - 9 . Jump up ^ Narim Bender ( 21 July 2014 ) . John Sargent : 121 Drawings . Osmora Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7659 - 0006 - 1 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Roger Chapman ; James Ciment ( 17 March 2015 ) . Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Viewpoints and Voices . Routledge . p. 594 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 47351 - 0 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Brian Arthur Brown ( 15 October 2008 ) . Noah 's Other Son : Bridging the Gap Between the Bible and the Qur'an . A&C Black . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 2996 - 4 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` go to nature in all singleness of heart , rejecting nothing and selecting nothing , and scorning nothing , believing all things are right and good , and rejoicing always in the truth '' . Ruskin , John . Modern Painters , Volume I , 1843 . London : Smith , Elder and Co . Jump up ^ Wollheim 1980 , Essay VI . pp. 231 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Griselda Pollock , Differencing the Canon . Routledge , London & New York , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06700 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Modern Art and Modernism : A Critical Anthology . ed . Francis Frascina and Charles Harrison , 1982 . Jump up ^ Jonathan P. Harris ( 2005 ) . Writing Back to Modern Art : After Greenberg , Fried , and Clark . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32429 - 8 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ David Kenneth Holt ( 2001 ) . The Search for Aesthetic Meaning in the Visual Arts : The Need for the Aesthetic Tradition in Contemporary Art Theory and Education . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89789 - 773 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gerd Gemünden ( 1998 ) . Framed Visions : Popular Culture , Americanization , and the Contemporary German and Austrian Imagination . University of Michigan Press . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08560 - 3 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ The New Yorker . F-R Publishing Corporation . 2004 . p. 84 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Duchamp Two Statements on YouTube Jump up ^ Maria Burguete ; Lui Lam ( 2011 ) . Arts : A Science Matter . World Scientific . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4324 - 93 - 9 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Patricia Waugh ( 2006 ) . Literary Theory and Criticism : An Oxford Guide . Oxford University Press . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929133 - 5 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Claire Colebrook ( 1997 ) . New Literary Histories : New Historicism and Contemporary Criticism . Manchester University Press . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4987 - 3 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Tiger C. Roholt ( 10 October 2013 ) . Key Terms in Philosophy of Art . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 3246 - 8 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Darren Hudson Hick ( 24 August 2017 ) . Introducing Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 350 - 00691 - 1 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Leitch , Vincent B. , et al. , eds . The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2001 . Jump up ^ Gaut and Livingston , The Creation of Art , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gaut and Livingston , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Philosophy for Architecture , Branco Mitrovic , 2012 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Structuralism , Michael Lane , Basic Books University of Michigan , 1970 . Jump up ^ Languages of Art : An Approach to a Theory of Symbols . Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill , 1968 . 2nd ed . Indianapolis : Hackett , 1976 . Based on his 1960 -- 61 John Locke lectures . Jump up ^ Nick Zangwill , `` Feasible Aesthetic Formalism '' , Nous , December 1999 , pp. 610 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Duchamp : A Biography , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Deborah Solomon ( 14 December 2003 ) . `` 2003 : the 3rd Annual Year in Ideas : Video Game Art '' . The New York Times Magazine . Jump up ^ Painter , Colin . Contemporary Art and the Home . Berg Publishers , 2002 . p. 12 . ISBN 1 - 85973 - 661 - 0 Jump up ^ Dutton , Denis `` Tribal Art '' in Encyclopedia of Aesthetics , edited by Michael Kelly ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Danto , Arthur . `` Artifact and Art '' in Art / Artifact , edited by Susan Vogel . New York , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glossary : Anti-art '' , Tate . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Caroline . `` Asger Jorn '' , Artforum , 1 September 2001 . Retrieved from encyclopedia.com , 24 January 2010 . Archived 13 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Euan . `` In bed with Tracey , Sarah ... and Ron '' , The Observer , 20 April 2003 . Retrieved on 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stuck on the Turner Prize '' , artnet , 27 October 2000 . Retrieved on 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Joe Potts ( 8 August 2011 ) . The Kahuna Kit . AuthorHouse . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 8689 - 2 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Addison ; Lesley Burgess ( 28 August 2012 ) . Debates in Art and Design Education . Routledge . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 61887 - 8 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Yale H. Ferguson ; Richard W. Mansbach ( 20 March 2008 ) . A World of Polities : Essays on Global Politics . Routledge . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 98149 - 5 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Graham , Gordon ( 2005 ) . Philosophy of the arts : an introduction to aesthetics . Taylor & Francis . Bibliography Oscar Wilde , Intentions , 1891 Stephen Davies , Definitions of Art , 1991 Nina Felshin , ed . But is it Art ? , 1995 Catherine de Zegher ( ed . ) . Inside the Visible . MIT Press , 1996 Evelyn Hatcher , ed . Art as Culture : An Introduction to the Anthropology of Art , 1999 Noel Carroll , Theories of Art Today , 2000 John Whitehead . Grasping for the Wind , 2001 Michael Ann Holly and Keith Moxey ( eds . ) Art History Aesthetics Visual Studies . New Haven : Yale University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0300097891 Shiner , Larry . The Invention of Art : A Cultural History . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 75342 - 3 Arthur Danto , The Abuse of Beauty : Aesthetics and the Concept of Art . 2003 Dana Arnold and Margaret Iverson , eds . Art and Thought . London : Blackwell , 2003 . ISBN 0631227156 Jean Robertson and Craig McDaniel , Themes of Contemporary Art , Visual Art after 1980 , 2005 Further reading Antony Briant and Griselda Pollock , eds . Digital and Other Virtualities : Renegotiating the image . London and NY : I.B. Tauris , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1441676313 Augros , Robert M. , Stanciu , George N. The New Story of Science : mind and the universe , Lake Bluff , Ill. : Regnery Gateway , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 833 - 7 ( this book has significant material on art and science ) Benedetto Croce . Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic , 2002 Botar , Oliver A.I. Technical Detours : The Early Moholy - Nagy Reconsidered . Art Gallery of The Graduate Center , The City University of New York and The Salgo Trust for Education , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1599713571 Burguete , Maria , and Lam , Lui , eds. ( 2011 ) . Arts : A Science Matter . World Scientific : Singapore . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4324 - 93 - 9 Carol Armstrong and Catherine de Zegher , eds . Women Artists at the Millennium . Massachusetts : October Books / The MIT Press , 2006 . ISBN 026201226X Carl Jung , Man and His Symbols . London : Pan Books , 1978 . ISBN 0330253212 E.H. Gombrich , The Story of Art . London : Phaidon Press , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0714832470 Florian Dombois , Ute Meta Bauer , Claudia Mareis and Michael Schwab , eds . Intellectual Birdhouse . Artistic Practice as Research . London : Koening Books , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 3863351182 Katharine Everett Gilbert and Helmut Kuhn , A History of Esthetics . Edition 2 , revised . Indiana : Indiana University Press , 1953 . Kristine Stiles and Peter Selz , eds . Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1986 Kleiner , Gardner , Mamiya and Tansey . Art Through the Ages , Twelfth Edition ( 2 volumes ) Wadsworth , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 64095 - 8 ( vol 1 ) and ISBN 0 - 534 - 64091 - 5 ( vol 2 ) Richard Wollheim , Art and its Objects : An introduction to aesthetics . New York : Harper & Row , 1968 . OCLC 1077405 Will Gompertz . What Are You Looking At ? : 150 Years of Modern Art in the Blink of an Eye . New York : Viking , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0670920495 Władysław Tatarkiewicz , A History of Six Ideas : an Essay in Aesthetics , translated from the Polish by Christopher Kasparek , The Hague , Martinus Nijhoff , 1980 External links Find more aboutartat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Library resources about Art Resources in your library Art and Play from the Dictionary of the History of ideas In - depth directory of art Art and Artist Files in the Smithsonian Libraries Collection ( 2005 ) Smithsonian Digital Libraries Visual Arts Data Service ( VADS ) -- online collections from UK museums , galleries , universities RevolutionArt -- Art magazines with worldwide exhibitions , callings and competitions Adajian , Thomas . `` The Definition of Art '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . 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-5251898486511614968	AR-15s in California	AR - 15s in California - wikipedia AR - 15s in California Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A pre-2017 California - legal AR - 15 clone ( FAR - 15 ) with a 10 - round magazine . Other notable features include pinned and welded muzzle brake , forward assist , `` Bullet Button '' , collapsible stock , and Aimpoint CompM4 ( sight optic ) mounted on the top rail . The Roberti - Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 banned Colt AR - 15 rifles by name in the State of California . California 's 2000 Assault Weapons ban went further and banned AR - 15s made by other manufacturers by name such as Bushmaster , PWA , and Olympic Arms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rifle features 1.1 Fixed - magazine rifle 1.2 Featureless rifle 2 Off - list lower receivers 3 References Rifle features ( edit ) Fixed - magazine rifle ( edit ) This style of rifle is made by combining an AR - 15 upper receiver with an AR - 15 lower receiver which has not been banned by specific name , and which has a fixed , non-detachable 10 - round ( maximum , anything above 10 is a felony ) magazine . In such a configuration , otherwise prohibited features such as a telescoping stock , pistol grip , and flash hider may be present . While formerly prohibited under the now - expired federal assault weapon ban of 1994 -- 2004 , the presence of a bayonet lug is not prohibited by California state law and can be present on firearms without violation . However , the magazine can not be detachable , so to load the rifle the shooter must either `` top load '' or use a tool to release the magazine lock ( such as the tip of a bullet in `` bullet button '' equipped rifles ) . To top - load , the shooter pulls the rear takedown pin , hinges the upper receiver on the front pivot pin , and loads the now exposed magazine . Alternatively , several `` magazine lock '' devices are available which replace the magazine release button with an inset pin that requires the use of a special tool to release the magazine , thereby , disallowing a readily `` detachable magazine '' , to be compliant with California state firearms law . Featureless rifle ( edit ) If a rifle has none of the prohibited features ( pistol grip , telescoping or folding stock , flash hider , grenade / flare launcher , forward pistol grip ) , the rifle may be used with legally owned large - capacity magazines . There are several products available on the market to configure featureless rifles . The California DOJ Bureau of Firearms has attested under oath that the U-15 stock , the Hammerhead Grip and the MonsterMan Grip do not constitute a pistol grip and are therefore legal when used on a detachable magazine semiautomatic centerfire rifle with none of the features listed in CA PC 30515 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A-F ) . Off - List lower receivers ( edit ) Most AR - 15 manufacturers now make lower receivers which qualify as `` Off - List '' Lower ( OLL ) receivers which are legal to possess and use in the state of California . With regard to standard capacity magazine devices , after January 1 , 2000 , it is illegal to offer for sale , import , manufacture , give , or lend ( although it is legal to possess and use ) any detachable box magazine with a capacity exceeding 10 cartridges . Individuals possessing such magazines at a lawful location such as a gun range may only allow use of their lawfully owned standard - capacity magazines by another if they are in the immediate vicinity of the person using such items . All magazines acquired after ( and including ) January 1 , 2000 must be a limited capacity of 10 rounds or be in felony possession of an illegal standard - capacity magazine . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Assault Weapons Identification Guide , 3rd Edition -- November 2001 '' , California Attorney General . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sworn testimony of Frank Navarro , California DOJ Bureau of Firearms Special Agent , in the case of People vs. Haack and Haack , California County of Tulare Superior Court , November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ California Penal Code § 32310 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions : Assault Weapons and . 50 BMG '' , State of California Department of Justice -- Office of the Attorney General . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AR-15s_in_California&oldid=770681468 '' Categories : Semi-automatic rifles United States firearms law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 March 2017 , at 23 : 00 . About Wikipedia	is it legal to own an ar15 in california	[]	[]
-3738887307510784018	It's Hard out Here for a Pimp	It 's Hard Out Here for a Pimp - wikipedia It 's Hard Out Here for a Pimp This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` It 's Hard Out Here for a Pimp '' Song by Three 6 Mafia from the album Hustle & Flow soundtrack Released 2005 Genre Gangsta rap , Crunk Length 3 : 02 Label Atlantic Grand Hustle Songwriter ( s ) DJ Paul , Juicy J , Frayser Boy Producer ( s ) DJ Paul , Juicy J `` It 's Hard Out Here for a Pimp '' is a song written by hip hop group Three 6 Mafia and Cedric Coleman as the theme song to the film Hustle & Flow . It was ranked # 80 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop '' . Performances ( edit ) The song was performed in Hustle & Flow by Terrence Howard and Taraji P. Henson as their respective characters DJay and Shug . Three 6 Mafia included their own version of the song with vocalist Paula Campbell on a 2006 special edition reissue of their platinum album Most Known Unknown . In 2015 , Howard and Henson compete against each other in the Season 1 finale of the Spike series Lip Sync Battle and , by popular demand , performed the song as the first duet by competitors in the show 's history . 78th Academy Awards ( edit ) At the 78th Academy Awards in 2006 , Three 6 Mafia and Henson performed the song shortly before it won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Howard did not wish to perform at the ceremony , and since two of the song 's writers are themselves artists in the form of the trio Three 6 Mafia , they were given the opportunity to perform it . In the live performance , the word `` bitches '' was replaced by `` witches '' in the chorus , much to the disapproval of the International Society of Witchcraft and the occult community at large . Three 6 Mafia became the first hip hop group to win an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and the first hip hop artists to perform at the ceremony . It was the second hip hop song to win an Oscar , after Eminem 's `` Lose Yourself '' , from the film 8 Mile ( 2002 ) . This song became the third in five years to win the Oscar without a Golden Globe Award nomination . The others were `` If I Did n't Have You '' from Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) and `` Al Otro Lado del Río '' from The Motorcycle Diaries ( 2004 ) . Their founding member , Luke Mckinnon of Cambridge , Ma , accepted the award on their behalf . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 137 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blog.vh1.com Jump up ^ Lip Sync Battle First Competitor Duet - It 's Hard Out Here for a Pimp ( from Hustle And Flow ) - Terrence Howard & Taraji P. Henson Spike TV on YouTube Jump up ^ Popkin , Helen A.S. ( March 5 , 2006 ) . ' It 's Hard Out Here ' for a good Oscar song . MSNBC . Accessed April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Three 6 Mafia Wins Oscar '' . xxxlmag.com . Wikinews has related news : 2006 Oscars handed out at Kodak Theatre Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Hard_out_Here_for_a_Pimp&oldid=852447974 '' Categories : 2005 songs Three 6 Mafia songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs written by Juicy J Gangsta rap songs Songs written by DJ Paul Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 02 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang hard out here for a pimp	[]	[]
1988476799831656556	List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones	List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and Milestones - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and Milestones Jump to : navigation , search This is a comprehensive listing that highlights significant achievements and milestones based upon Billboard magazine 's singles charts , most notably the Billboard Hot 100 . This list spans the period from the issue dated January 1 , 1955 to present . The Billboard Hot 100 began with the issue dated August 4 , 1958 , and is currently the standard popular music chart in the United States . Prior to the creation of the Hot 100 , Billboard published four singles charts : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' , `` Most Played by Jockeys '' , `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' and `` The Top 100 '' . These charts , which ranged from 20 to 100 slots , were phased out at different times between 1957 and 1958 . Though technically not part of the Hot 100 chart history , their data are included for computational purposes , and to avoid unenlightening or misleading characterizations . All items listed below are from the Hot 100 era , unless otherwise noted ( pre-Hot 100 charts ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 All - Time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.1 Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.2 Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.3 Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 2 Song milestones 2.1 Most weeks at number one 2.2 Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) 2.3 Most total weeks in the top ten 2.4 Most total weeks on the Hot 100 2.5 Number - one debuts 2.6 Biggest jump to number one 2.7 Biggest single - week upward movements 2.8 Longest climbs to number one 2.9 Biggest drop from number one 2.10 Biggest single - week downward movements 2.11 Biggest drops off the Hot 100 2.12 Number - one songs covered by different artists 2.13 Non-English language number - ones 2.14 Instrumental number - ones 3 Artist achievements 3.1 Most number - one singles 3.2 Most cumulative weeks at number one 3.3 Most consecutive number - one singles 3.4 Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 3.5 Most consecutive years charting a number - one single 3.6 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 3.7 Most top 10 singles 3.8 Most consecutive weeks in the top 10 3.9 Most top 40 singles 3.10 Most Hot 100 entries 3.11 Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 3.12 Self - replacement at number one 3.13 Simultaneously occupying the top two positions 3.14 Simultaneously three or more singles in the top 10 3.15 Posthumous number - ones 3.16 Age records 3.17 Gap records 4 Album achievements 4.1 Most number - one singles from one album 4.2 Most top ten singles from one album 4.3 Other album achievements 5 Producer achievements 5.1 Producers with the most number - one singles 6 Songwriter achievements 6.1 Songwriters with the most number - one singles 6.2 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 7 Selected additional Hot 100 achievements 8 See also 9 References 10 Additional sources All - time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) In 2008 , for the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100 , Billboard magazine compiled a ranking of the 100 best - performing songs on the chart over the 50 years , along with the best - performing artists . In 2013 , Billboard revised the rankings for the chart 's 55th anniversary edition . In 2015 , Billboard revised the rankings again . Shown below are the top 10 songs and top 10 artists over the 57 - year period of the Hot 100 , through October 2015 . Also shown are the artists placing the most songs on the overall `` all - time '' top 100 song list . Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Single Year ( s ) released Artist ( s ) Peak and duration 1 . `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1961 * Chubby Checker # 1 for 3 weeks 2 . `` Smooth '' 1999 Santana featuring Rob Thomas # 1 for 12 weeks 3 . `` Mack the Knife '' 1959 Bobby Darin # 1 for 9 weeks 4 . `` How Do I Live '' 1997 LeAnn Rimes # 2 for 4 weeks 5 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett & GoonRock # 1 for 6 weeks 6 . `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 The Black Eyed Peas # 1 for 14 weeks 7 . `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys mix ) '' Los Del Rio # 1 for 14 weeks 8 . `` Physical '' 1981 Olivia Newton - John # 1 for 10 weeks 9 . `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Debby Boone # 1 for 10 weeks 10 . `` Hey Jude '' 1968 The Beatles # 1 for 9 weeks * -- re-released Source : Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Artist 1 . The Beatles 2 . Madonna 3 . Elton John 4 . Elvis Presley 5 . Mariah Carey 6 . Stevie Wonder 7 . Janet Jackson 8 . Michael Jackson 9 . Whitney Houston 10 . The Rolling Stones Source : Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Number of songs Artist Songs ( ranking ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Say You , Say Me '' ( 89 ) , `` All Night Long '' ( 91 ) Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' ( 20 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) , `` End of the Road '' ( 52 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 23 ) , `` Night Fever '' ( 39 ) , `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( 56 ) Paul McCartney `` Silly Love Songs '' ( 37 ) , `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( 6 ) , `` Boom Boom Pow '' ( 53 ) The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( 10 ) , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( 45 ) Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' ( 11 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' ( 12 ) , `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 79 ) Diana Ross `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Upside Down '' ( 77 ) Andy Gibb `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 27 ) , `` Shadow Dancing '' ( 46 ) Marvin Gaye `` Let 's Get It On '' ( 38 ) , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 81 ) Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Billie Jean '' ( 83 ) Pharrell Williams `` Blurred Lines '' ( 48 ) , `` Happy '' ( 76 ) Elton John `` Candle In the Wind 1997 '' ( 49 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Source : Song milestones Most weeks at number one Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 16 Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men `` One Sweet Day '' 1995 -- 96 Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Despacito '' 2017 14 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 1992 -- 93 Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' 1994 Los del Río `` Macarena '' ( Bayside Boys mix ) Elton John `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' 1997 Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 2005 The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2015 13 Boyz II Men `` End of the Road '' Brandy and Monica `` The Boy Is Mine '' 1998 12 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 Eminem `` Lose Yourself '' 2002 -- 03 Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris `` Yeah ! '' The Black Eyed Peas `` Boom Boom Pow '' 2009 Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell `` Blurred Lines '' 2013 Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth `` See You Again '' 2015 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 11 Elvis Presley † `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' 1956 All - 4 - One `` I Swear '' 1994 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' 1997 Destiny 's Child `` Independent Women Part I '' 2000 -- 01 10 The McGuire Sisters † † `` Sincerely '' 1955 Pérez Prado † † † `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' Debby Boone `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Olivia Newton - John `` Physical '' 1981 -- 82 Santana featuring The Product G&B `` Maria Maria '' 2000 Ashanti `` Foolish '' 2002 Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland `` Dilemma '' Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx `` Gold Digger '' 2005 Beyoncé `` Irreplaceable '' 2006 -- 07 Flo Rida featuring T - Pain `` Low '' 2008 Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris `` We Found Love '' 2011 -- 12 Pharrell Williams `` Happy '' 2014 Adele `` Hello '' 2015 -- 16 Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla `` One Dance '' 2016 † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' charts . † † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Most Played by Jockeys '' chart . † † † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' chart . Source : Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 10 Foreigner `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' 1981 -- 82 Missy Elliott `` Work It '' 2002 -- 03 9 Donna Lewis `` I Love You Always Forever '' Shania Twain `` You 're Still the One '' 1998 8 Shai `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' 1992 -- 93 Deborah Cox `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here '' 1998 -- 99 Brian McKnight `` Back at One '' 1999 -- 2000 Mario Winans featuring Enya and P. Diddy `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' Ed Sheeran `` Thinking Out Loud '' 2015 Source : Most total weeks in the top ten Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 33 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 32 LeAnn Rimes `` How Do I Live '' 1997 -- 98 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 -- 17 31 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2014 -- 15 30 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 29 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 -- 12 28 Jewel `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' 1997 -- 98 Bruno Mars `` That 's What I Like '' 2017 26 Savage Garden `` Truly Madly Deeply '' 1997 -- 98 25 Chubby Checker `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1962 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Timbaland featuring OneRepublic `` Apologize '' 2007 -- 08 OneRepublic `` Counting Stars '' 2013 -- 14 Meghan Trainor `` All About That Bass '' 2014 -- 15 Fetty Wap `` Trap Queen '' 2015 The total weeks displayed in this section are total weeks the song was charted inside the top 10 portion of the chart , instead of total weeks spent on the chart . Only songs that spent 25 weeks or more in the top 10 are considered for inclusion in this section . Source : Most total weeks on the Hot 100 87 weeks -- Imagine Dragons -- `` Radioactive '' ( 2014 ) 79 weeks -- Awolnation -- `` Sail '' ( 2014 ) 76 weeks -- Jason Mraz -- `` I 'm Yours '' ( 2009 ) 69 weeks -- LeAnn Rimes -- `` How Do I Live '' ( 1998 ) 68 weeks -- LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock -- `` Party Rock Anthem '' ( 2012 ) , OneRepublic -- `` Counting Stars '' ( 2014 ) 65 weeks -- Jewel -- `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' ( 1998 ) , Adele -- `` Rolling in the Deep '' ( 2012 ) 64 weeks -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Before He Cheats '' ( 2007 ) 62 weeks -- Lifehouse -- `` You and Me '' ( 2006 ) , The Lumineers -- `` Ho Hey '' ( 2013 ) The year displayed is the year the songs ended their respective chart runs . Number - one Debuts Michael Jackson -- `` You Are Not Alone '' ( September 2 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) Whitney Houston -- `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' ( November 25 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men -- `` One Sweet Day '' ( December 2 , 1995 ) Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( June 14 , 1997 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Honey '' ( September 13 , 1997 ) Elton John -- `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( October 11 , 1997 ) Celine Dion -- `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( February 28 , 1998 ) Aerosmith -- `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( September 5 , 1998 ) Lauryn Hill -- `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' ( November 14 , 1998 ) Clay Aiken -- `` This Is the Night '' ( June 28 , 2003 ) Fantasia Barrino -- `` I Believe '' ( July 10 , 2004 ) Carrie Underwood -- `` Inside Your Heaven '' ( July 2 , 2005 ) Taylor Hicks -- `` Do I Make You Proud '' ( July 1 , 2006 ) Britney Spears -- `` 3 '' ( October 24 , 2009 ) Eminem -- `` Not Afraid '' ( May 22 , 2010 ) Kesha -- `` We R Who We R '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) Britney Spears -- `` Hold It Against Me '' ( January 29 , 2011 ) Lady Gaga -- `` Born This Way '' ( February 26 , 2011 ) Katy Perry -- `` Part of Me '' ( March 3 , 2012 ) Baauer -- `` Harlem Shake '' ( March 2 , 2013 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' ( September 6 , 2014 ) Justin Bieber -- `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( September 19 , 2015 ) Adele -- `` Hello '' ( November 14 , 2015 ) Zayn Malik -- `` Pillowtalk '' ( February 20 , 2016 ) Justin Timberlake -- `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( May 28 , 2016 ) Ed Sheeran -- `` Shape of You '' ( January 28 , 2017 ) DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne -- `` I 'm the One '' ( May 20 , 2017 ) Since 2009 , at least one song or more debuted at number one per year . In 1995 , four songs debuted at number one ( a record amount ) . Source : Biggest jump to number one 97 -- 1 -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 80 -- 1 -- T.I. featuring Rihanna -- `` Live Your Life '' ( October 18 , 2008 ) 78 -- 1 -- Eminem , Dr. Dre and 50 Cent -- `` Crack a Bottle '' ( February 21 , 2009 ) 77 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( September 16 , 2017 ) 72 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' ( September 1 , 2012 ) 71 -- 1 -- T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' ( September 6 , 2008 ) 64 -- 1 -- Maroon 5 -- `` Makes Me Wonder '' ( May 12 , 2007 ) 60 -- 1 -- Rihanna featuring Drake -- `` What 's My Name ? '' ( November 20 , 2010 ) 58 -- 1 -- Flo Rida -- `` Right Round '' ( February 28 , 2009 ) Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . From 1955 to 2001 , under Billboard 's previous methodologies , only two singles ascended directly to # 1 from a previous position beneath the Top 20 : The Beatles ' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , which jumped from # 27 to the top slot in April 1964 , and Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy Is Mine '' which jumped from # 23 to # 1 in June 1998 . Biggest single - Week upward movements 97 -- 1 ( 96 positions ) -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 ( 95 positions ) -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 94 -- 3 ( 91 positions ) -- Beyoncé and Shakira -- `` Beautiful Liar '' ( April 7 , 2007 ) 95 -- 7 ( 88 positions ) -- Akon featuring Eminem -- `` Smack That '' ( October 14 , 2006 ) 97 -- 9 ( 88 positions ) -- Drake featuring Nicki Minaj -- `` Make Me Proud '' ( November 5 , 2011 ) 96 -- 11 ( 85 positions ) -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Cowboy Casanova '' ( October 10 , 2009 ) 100 -- 15 ( 85 positions ) -- A.R. Rahman and Pussycat Dolls featuring Nicole Scherzinger -- `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' ( March 14 , 2009 ) 85 -- 2 ( 83 positions ) -- Katy Perry -- `` Roar '' ( August 31 , 2013 ) 86 -- 4 ( 82 positions ) -- Vanessa Hudgens and Zac Efron -- `` Breaking Free '' ( February 11 , 2006 ) 93 -- 12 ( 81 positions ) -- Matchbox Twenty -- `` How Far We 've Come '' ( September 22 , 2007 ) 93 -- 12 ( 81 positions ) -- Kygo and Selena Gomez -- `` It Ai n't Me '' ( March 11 , 2017 ) 100 -- 19 ( 81 positions ) -- Lorde -- `` Green Light '' ( March 25 , 2017 ) Under Billboard 's previous methodologies , jumps of this magnitude were rare . One exception was Jeannie C. Riley 's `` Harper Valley PTA , '' which advanced 74 slots in August 1968 ; this upward acceleration went unmatched for 30 years , but has been surpassed over a dozen times since 2006 . Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . Longest climbs to number one 33rd week -- Los del Río -- `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' ( 1995 -- 96 ) 31st week -- Lonestar -- `` Amazed '' ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 30th week -- John Legend -- `` All of Me '' ( 2013 -- 14 ) 27th week -- Creed -- `` With Arms Wide Open '' ( 2000 ) 26th week -- Vertical Horizon -- `` Everything You Want '' ( 2000 ) 25th week -- UB40 -- `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1988 ) 23rd week -- Patti Austin and James Ingram -- `` Baby , Come to Me '' ( 1983 ) , Sia featuring Sean Paul -- `` Cheap Thrills '' ( 2016 ) 22nd week -- Vangelis -- `` Chariots of Fire '' ( 1982 ) , Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis -- `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 -- 09 ) 21st week -- Nick Gilder -- `` Hot Child in the City '' ( 1978 ) , Robert John -- `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1979 ) , Outkast -- `` The Way You Move '' ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Adele -- `` Set Fire to the Rain '' ( 2011 -- 12 ) Biggest drop from number one 1 -- 15 -- Billy Preston -- `` Nothing from Nothing '' ( October 26 , 1974 ) 1 -- 15 -- Dionne Warwicke and The Spinners -- `` Then Came You '' ( November 2 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Simon & Garfunkel -- `` The Sound of Silence '' ( January 29 , 1966 ) 1 -- 12 -- Barry White -- `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( September 28 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Andy Kim -- `` Rock Me Gently '' ( October 5 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Stevie Wonder -- `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' ( November 9 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Bachman -- Turner Overdrive -- `` You Ai n't Seen Nothing Yet '' ( November 16 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- John Lennon and Plastic Ono Band -- `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( November 23 , 1974 ) 1 -- 11 -- Diana Ross -- `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' ( January 31 , 1976 ) 1 -- 10 -- Phil Collins -- `` Two Hearts '' ( February 4 , 1989 ) Source : Biggest single - week downward movements 17 -- 96 ( 79 positions ) -- Javier Colon -- `` Stitch by Stitch '' ( July 23 , 2011 ) 21 -- 99 ( 78 positions ) -- Jordan Smith -- `` Somebody to Love '' ( January 2 , 2016 ) 16 -- 93 ( 77 positions ) -- 5 Seconds of Summer -- `` Amnesia '' ( July 26 , 2014 ) 17 -- 92 ( 75 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Die in Your Arms '' ( June 23 , 2012 ) 23 -- 96 ( 73 positions ) -- Colbie Caillat -- `` I Do '' ( March 5 , 2011 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Never Let You Go '' ( March 27 , 2010 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Glee Cast -- `` Empire State of Mind '' ( October 16 , 2010 ) 16 -- 89 ( 73 positions ) -- Jonas Brothers -- `` Pushin ' Me Away '' ( August 9 , 2008 ) 13 -- 86 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton -- `` Hallelujah '' ( February 20 , 2010 ) 20 -- 92 ( 72 positions ) -- The Beatles -- `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( June 5 , 1982 ) Source : Biggest drops off the Hot 100 From # 4 -- Prince and The Revolution -- `` Purple Rain '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 8 -- Prince -- `` When Doves Cry '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 9 -- Soko -- `` We Might Be Dead by Tomorrow '' ( April 5 , 2014 ) From # 11 -- Jonas Brothers -- `` A Little Bit Longer '' ( August 30 , 2008 ) , Taylor Swift -- `` Mean '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) , One Direction -- `` Diana '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) , Mariah Carey -- `` All I Want for Christmas is You '' ( January 16 , 2016 ) † † From # 12 -- Taylor Swift -- `` You Belong with Me '' * ( November 29 , 2008 ) , Lady Gaga -- `` Hair '' ( June 11 , 2011 ) , One Direction -- `` Midnight Memories '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) † -- `` Purple Rain '' and `` When Doves Cry '' reappeared on the Hot 100 for two weeks in 2016 , and the above reflects their re-entries only . When the songs originally charted in 1984 , their chart positions in their final week on the Hot 100 were well below the top 10 . † † -- A recurring holiday song charting during the Christmas season . * -- `` You Belong with Me '' later re-entered the Hot 100 as a single in 2009 to reach a peak of # 2 . The recurring song 's final week on the Hot 100 was in 2010 , when it was low as possible on the chart . Prior to 2008 , the biggest drop off the Hot 100 was `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues , which ranked at # 17 in its final week on the chart in December 1972 . This high drop - off position was matched in January 1975 by `` Junior 's Farm '' by Paul McCartney and Wings . The record went unchallenged for more than three decades , but every title listed above achieved its drop - off after just four weeks or less on the Hot 100 . `` Nights in White Satin '' and `` Junior 's Farm '' dropped off after 18 and 12 weeks , respectively . Source : Number - one songs covered by different artists `` Go Away Little Girl '' -- Steve Lawrence ( 1963 ) and Donny Osmond ( 1971 ) `` The Loco - Motion '' -- Little Eva ( 1962 ) and Grand Funk ( 1974 ) `` Please Mr. Postman '' -- The Marvelettes ( 1961 ) and The Carpenters ( 1975 ) `` Venus '' -- Shocking Blue ( 1970 ) and Bananarama ( 1986 ) `` Lean on Me '' -- Bill Withers ( 1972 ) and Club Nouveau ( 1987 ) `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' -- The Supremes ( 1966 ) and Kim Wilde ( 1987 ) `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' -- Percy Sledge ( 1966 ) and Michael Bolton ( 1991 ) `` I 'll Be There '' -- The Jackson 5 ( 1970 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1992 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' -- Labelle ( 1975 ) and Christina Aguilera / Lil ' Kim / Mýa / Pink ( 2001 ) Source : Non-English language number - ones `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno ( Italian -- August 18 , 1958 for five non-consecutive weeks ) `` Sukiyaki '' -- Kyu Sakamoto ( Japanese -- June 15 , 1963 for three weeks ) `` Dominique '' -- The Singing Nun ( French -- December 7 , 1963 for four weeks ) `` Rock Me Amadeus '' -- Falco ( English / German -- March 29 , 1986 for three weeks ) `` La Bamba '' -- Los Lobos ( Spanish -- August 29 , 1987 for three weeks ) `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río ( English / Spanish -- August 3 , 1996 for fourteen weeks ) `` Hips Do n't Lie '' -- Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean ( English / Spanish -- June 17 , 2006 for two weeks ) `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ( English / Spanish -- May 27 , 2017 for sixteen weeks ) Instrumental number - ones `` The Happy Organ '' -- Dave `` Baby '' Cortez ( May 11 , 1959 for one week ) `` Sleep Walk '' -- Santo & Johnny ( September 21 , 1959 for two weeks ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith ( February 22 , 1960 for nine weeks ) `` Wonderland by Night '' -- Bert Kaempfert ( January 9 , 1961 for three weeks ) `` Calcutta '' -- Lawrence Welk ( February 13 , 1961 for two weeks ) `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk ( May 26 , 1962 for one week ) `` The Stripper '' -- David Rose ( July 7 , 1962 for one week ) `` Telstar '' -- The Tornados ( December 22 , 1962 for three weeks ) `` Love Is Blue '' -- Paul Mauriat ( February 10 , 1968 for five weeks ) `` Grazing in the Grass '' -- Hugh Masekela ( July 20 , 1968 for two weeks ) `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' -- Henry Mancini ( July 28 , 1969 for two weeks ) `` Frankenstein '' -- The Edgar Winter Group ( May 26 , 1973 for one week ) `` Love 's Theme '' -- Love Unlimited Orchestra ( February 9 , 1974 for one week ) `` TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) '' -- MFSB and The Three Degrees † ( April 20 , 1974 for two weeks ) `` Pick Up the Pieces '' -- Average White Band † ( February 22 , 1975 for one week ) `` The Hustle '' -- Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony † ( July 26 , 1975 for one week ) `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' -- Silver Convention † ( November 29 , 1975 for three weeks ) `` Theme from S.W.A.T. '' -- Rhythm Heritage ( February 28 , 1976 for one week ) `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' -- Walter Murphy and the Big Apple Band ( October 9 , 1976 for one week ) `` Gonna Fly Now '' -- Bill Conti † ( July 2 , 1977 for one week ) `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' -- Meco ( October 1 , 1977 for two weeks ) `` Rise '' -- Herb Alpert ( October 20 , 1979 for two weeks ) `` Chariots of Fire '' -- Vangelis ( May 8 , 1982 for one week ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' -- Jan Hammer ( November 9 , 1985 for one week ) `` Harlem Shake '' -- Baauer † ( March 2 , 2013 for five weeks ) † -- Contains vocal part , but is considered an instrumental . See Instrumental # Borderline cases for more . Artist achievements Most number - one singles Number of singles Artist Biggest number - one 20 The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' 18 Elvis Presley † `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 14 Rihanna `` We Found Love '' 13 Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) 12 The Supremes `` Love Child '' Madonna `` Like a Virgin '' 11 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 10 Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) Janet Jackson `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . The biggest number - one listed by each artist reflects its overall performance on the Hot 100 , as calculated by Billboard , and may not necessarily be the single which spent the most weeks at # 1 for the artist , such as Madonna 's `` Like a Virgin '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for `` Take a Bow '' ) , Mariah Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' ( fourteen weeks at # 1 , compared to sixteen for her duet with Boyz II Men , `` One Sweet Day '' ) and Michael Jackson 's duet with Paul McCartney , `` Say Say Say '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for both his solo singles `` Billie Jean '' and `` Black or White '' ) . Billboard now credits the dual # 1 Presley single `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' as a single chart entity . `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' spent 11 weeks at # 1 , `` Hound Dog '' for 6 weeks , `` Do n't Be Cruel '' for 5 weeks . Many chart statisticians however , such as Joel Whitburn still lists Presley as having 18 number ones . Source : Most cumulative weeks at number one Weeks at number one Artist 79 Elvis Presley † Mariah Carey 60 Rihanna 59 The Beatles 50 Boyz II Men 47 Usher 37 Michael Jackson 36 Beyoncé 34 Elton John 33 Janet Jackson Katy Perry † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Presley is sometimes credited with an `` 80th week '' that occurred when `` All Shook Up '' spent a ninth week on top of the `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' chart . Although Billboard 's chart statistician Joel Whitburn still counts this 80th week based on preexisting research , Billboard magazine itself has since revised its methodology and officially credits Presley with 79 weeks . Much of Presley 's total factors in pre-Hot 100 data . If counting from the August 1958 Hot 100 inception , Presley totaled 22 weeks at # 1 . Source : Most consecutive number - one singles Number of singles Artist First hit and date Final hit and date Streak - breaking song 7 Whitney Houston `` Saving All My Love for You '' ( October 26 , 1985 ) `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' ( April 23 , 1988 ) `` Love Will Save the Day '' ( # 9 -- August 27 , 1988 ) 6 The Beatles `` I Feel Fine '' ( December 26 , 1964 ) `` We Can Work It Out '' ( January 8 , 1966 ) `` Nowhere Man '' ( # 3 -- March 26 , 1966 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) `` Love You Inside Out '' ( June 9 , 1979 ) `` He 's A Liar '' ( # 30 -- October 24 , 1981 ) 5 Elvis Presley `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' ( August 10 , 1959 ) `` Surrender '' ( March 20 , 1961 ) `` I Feel So Bad '' ( # 5 -- May 1961 ) The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Back in My Arms Again '' ( June 12 , 1965 ) `` Nothing but Heartaches '' ( # 11 -- September 4 , 1965 ) Michael Jackson `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ( with Siedah Garrett ) ( September 19 , 1987 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( July 2 , 1988 ) `` Another Part of Me '' ( # 11 -- September 10 , 1988 ) Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Emotions '' ( October 12 , 1991 ) `` Ca n't Let Go '' ( # 2 -- January 25 , 1992 ) `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) `` My All '' ( May 23 , 1998 ) `` When You Believe '' ( with Whitney Houston ) ( # 15 -- January 30 , 1999 ) Katy Perry `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) ( June 19 , 2010 ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ( August 17 , 2011 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( # 3 -- January 7 , 2012 ) Houston 's `` Thinking About You '' is not counted as intrerupting the streak , as it never appeared on the Hot 100 , due to not being released to Pop radio . Likewise , Perry 's `` Not Like the Movies '' and `` Circle the Drain '' were only promotional singles , not radio singles . Sources : Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 Number of weeks Artist Year ( s ) charted Singles Albums 12 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , `` She Loves You '' , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' Meet the Beatles ! , The Beatles ' Second Album Whitney Houston 1992 -- 93 `` I Will Always Love You '' The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album 7 Michael Jackson `` Billie Jean '' Thriller Drake 2016 `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) Views The Monkees 1966 -- 67 `` I 'm a Believer '' The Monkees , More of the Monkees Sources : Most consecutive years charting a number - one single Number of years Artist First number - one hit and week Final number - one hit and final week 11 Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Thank God I Found You '' ( February 19 , 2000 ) 7 Elvis Presley † `` Heartbreak Hotel '' ( March 17 , 1956 ) `` Good Luck Charm '' ( April 28 , 1962 ) The Beatles `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( February 1 , 1964 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( June 20 , 1970 ) 6 The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( December 27 , 1969 ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( August 15 , 1981 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' ( January 11 , 1986 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Artist Year charted Singles 6 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Love Me Do '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` I Feel Fine '' 5 1965 `` I Feel Fine '' `` Eight Days a Week '' `` Ticket to Ride '' `` Help ! '' `` Yesterday '' Elvis Presley † 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' The Supremes 1965 `` Come See About Me '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' Jackson 5 1970 `` I Want You Back '' `` ABC '' `` The Love You Save '' `` I 'll Be There '' George Michael 1988 `` Faith '' `` Father Figure '' `` One More Try '' `` Monkey '' Usher `` Yeah ! '' ( featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' `` My Boo '' ( Duet with Alicia Keys ) Rihanna `` Rude Boy '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts . Chart notes : If counting Presley 's dual hit song `` Do n't Be Cruel / Hound Dog '' separately then Elvis has 5 for 1956 . Some Presley songs included here charted # 1 on Cashbox , but not on the Billboard Top 100 , the precursor to the Billboard Hot 100 . Sources : Most top 10 singles Number of singles Artist 38 Madonna 36 Elvis Presley † 34 The Beatles 31 Rihanna 29 Michael Jackson 28 Stevie Wonder 27 Elton John Janet Jackson Mariah Carey 23 The Rolling Stones Whitney Houston Paul McCartney † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 Source : Note : If Paul McCartney 's solo work and work with the Beatles were combined , he would top this list with 57 top ten hits Most consecutive weeks in the Top 10 Number of weeks Artist Years charted Singles 69 Katy Perry 2010 -- 11 `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Teenage Dream '' `` Firework '' `` E.T. '' ( featuring Kanye West ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' 61 The Chainsmokers 2016 -- 17 `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( featuring Daya ) `` Closer '' ( featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( with Coldplay ) 51 Drake 2015 -- 16 `` Hotline Bling '' `` Work '' ( Rihanna featuring Drake ) `` Summer Sixteen '' `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) 48 Ace of Base 1993 -- 94 `` All That She Wants '' `` The Sign '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' 46 Rihanna 2010 -- 11 `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` S&M '' Source : Most top 40 singles 114 -- Elvis Presley ( Pre -- Hot 100 charts included ) 69 -- Lil Wayne 57 -- Elton John 56 -- Drake 52 - Taylor Swift 51 -- Glee Cast 50 -- The Beatles 49 -- Madonna 47 -- Rihanna 46 -- Stevie Wonder 45 -- Jay Z Source : Notes : Presley is credited by Billboard for having 80 Top 40 chart entries which still ranks him first . However , if including his career before the Hot 100 inception , Presley is credited with 114 Top 40 entries . Most Hot 100 entries 207 -- Glee Cast 157 -- Drake 149 -- Elvis Presley ( Pre-Hot 100 and Hot 100 included ) 136 -- Lil Wayne 96 -- Jay Z 91 -- James Brown 86 -- Chris Brown 81 -- Kanye West 80 -- Nicki Minaj 75 -- Ray Charles Source : Notes : Elvis Presley has charted 149 singles on Billboard if tracking his entire career which predates the 1958 Hot 100 . If tracking begins after the 1958 inception of the Hot 100 , Presley only has 108 . Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 431 -- Drake 326 -- Lil Wayne 216 -- Rihanna 207 -- Nicki Minaj 161 -- Chris Brown 159 -- Jay - Z 152 -- Nelly 141 -- Kenny Chesney 139 -- Destiny 's Child 139 -- Taylor Swift 139 -- Katy Perry Source : Self - replacement at number one Elvis Presley -- `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' → `` Love Me Tender '' ( October 27 , 1956 ) ( `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played by Jockeys '' charts ) The Beatles † -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' → `` She Loves You '' ( March 21 , 1964 ) ; `` She Loves You '' → `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' ( April 4 , 1964 ) Boyz II Men -- `` I 'll Make Love to You '' → `` On Bended Knee '' ( December 3 , 1994 ) Puff Daddy -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) → `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) ( August 30 , 1997 ) Ja Rule -- `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) → `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) ( March 9 , 2002 ) Nelly -- `` Hot in Herre '' → `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland ) ( August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast -- `` Hey Ya ! '' → `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) ( February 14 , 2004 ) Usher -- `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) → `` Burn '' ( May 22 , 2004 ) ; `` Burn '' → `` Confessions Part II '' ( July 24 , 2004 ) T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I. featuring Rihanna ) ( October 18 , 2008 ) ; `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( November 15 , 2008 ) The Black Eyed Peas -- `` Boom Boom Pow '' → `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( July 11 , 2009 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' → `` Blank Space '' ( November 29 , 2014 ) The Weeknd -- `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' → `` The Hills '' ( October 3 , 2015 ) Justin Bieber -- `` Sorry '' → `` Love Yourself '' ( February 13 , 2016 ) ; `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne ) → `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) ( May 27 , 2017 ) † The Beatles are the only act in history to have three consecutive , self - replacing # 1s . Source : Simultaneously occupying the top two positions Elvis Presley : October 20 -- November 3 , 1956 ( Pre-Hot 100 charts ) `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' ( `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played by Jockeys '' charts ) The Beatles : From February 22 , 1964 until April 25 , 1964 the Beatles held the top two positions , with various singles . In some of the weeks , the band held the top three or top four slots , the only act in chart history to do so . On April 4 , 1964 , The Beatles occupied the entire top five . `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` She Loves You '' `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` Please Please Me '' Bee Gees : March 18 -- April 15 , 1978 `` Night Fever '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' Puff Daddy : August 9 -- 30 , 1997 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) Ja Rule : March 9 -- 23 , 2002 `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) Ashanti : April 20 -- May 18 , 2002 `` Foolish '' `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) Nelly : August 10 -- 31 , 2002 `` Hot in Herre '' `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland , songs switched positions on August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast : December 20 , 2003 -- February 7 , 2004 `` Hey Ya ! '' `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) Usher : June 26 -- July 3 , 2004 ; July 17 , 2004 `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' 50 Cent : April 16 -- 30 , 2005 `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) Mariah Carey : September 10 , 2005 `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' Akon : December 2 , 2006 `` I Wanna Love You '' ( Akon featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Smack That '' ( Akon featuring Eminem ) April 14 , 2007 `` Do n't Matter '' `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) T.I. : October 18 , 2008 ; November 1 -- 29 , 2008 `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I. featuring Rihanna ) `` Whatever You Like '' ( songs switched positions several times ) Black Eyed Peas : June 27 -- July 18 , 2009 `` Boom Boom Pow '' `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( songs switched positions on July 11 , 2009 ) Pharrell Williams : June 29 -- July 27 , 2013 `` Blurred Lines '' ( Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell ) `` Get Lucky '' ( Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams ) Iggy Azalea : June 7 -- July 5 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) The Weeknd : September 26 , 2015 `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' `` The Hills '' Justin Bieber : February 6 -- 13 , 2016 `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' ( songs switched positions on February 13 , 2016 ) July 1 -- 22 , 2017 `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper , and Lil Wayne ) Simultaneously three or more singles in the top 10 The Beatles : February 29 -- May 2 , 1964 ( Note : The Beatles had as many as five in the top ten April 4 -- 11 , 1964 ) `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Please Please Me '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' The Bee Gees : February 25 -- March 4 , 1978 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Night Fever '' Ashanti : March 30 -- April 6 , 2002 `` Always On Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) `` Foolish '' 50 Cent : May 31 -- June 7 , 2003 `` In Da Club '' `` 21 Questions '' ( 50 Cent featuring Nate Dogg ) `` Magic Stick '' ( Lil ' Kim featuring 50 Cent ) February 19 -- April 30 , 2005 ; May 14 -- 21 , 2005 ( Note : 50 Cent had as many as four in the top ten April 2 -- 9 , 2005 ) `` Disco Inferno '' `` How We Do '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Just a Lil Bit '' Usher : June 5 -- July 10 , 2004 `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon & Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' Akon : May 5 , 2007 and May 19 , 2007 `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) `` Do n't Matter '' `` I Tried '' ( Bone Thugs - n - Harmony featuring Akon ) T - Pain : November 3 -- December 29 , 2007 ( Note : All four titles below were in the top ten November 24 -- December 8 , 2007 ) `` Good Life '' ( Kanye West featuring T - Pain ) `` Cyclone '' ( Baby Bash featuring T - Pain ) `` Kiss Kiss '' ( Chris Brown featuring T - Pain ) `` Low '' ( Flo Rida featuring T - Pain ) Chris Brown : April 5 , 2008 and May 10 , 2008 ( Note : The first two titles below were in the top ten on both charts ) `` With You '' `` No Air '' ( Jordin Sparks & Chris Brown ) `` Shawty Get Loose '' ( Lil Mama featuring Chris Brown & T - Pain ) `` Forever '' Lil Wayne : September 27 , 2008 `` Got Money '' ( Lil Wayne featuring T - Pain ) `` Ca n't Believe It '' ( T - Pain featuring Lil Wayne ) `` Swagga Like Us '' ( Jay - Z & T.I. featuring Kanye West & Lil Wayne ) Adele : March 3 , 2012 `` Rolling in the Deep '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' Iggy Azalea : August 30 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Black Widow '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Rita Ora ) Ariana Grande : August 30 , 2014 `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Bang Bang '' ( Jessie J , Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj ) `` Break Free '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Zedd ) Justin Bieber : December 5 , 2015 -- February 6 , 2016 `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' The Chainsmokers : March 18 , 2017 `` Closer '' ( The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( The Chainsmokers and Coldplay ) Posthumous number - ones Otis Redding ( d . December 10 , 1967 ) -- `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( March 16 , 1968 ) Janis Joplin ( d . October 4 , 1970 ) -- `` Me and Bobby McGee '' ( March 20 , 1971 ) Jim Croce ( d . September 20 , 1973 ) -- `` Time in a Bottle '' ( December 29 , 1973 ) John Lennon ( d . December 8 , 1980 ) -- `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' ( December 27 , 1980 ) The Notorious B.I.G. ( d . March 9 , 1997 ) -- `` Hypnotize '' ( May 3 , 1997 ) and `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( August 30 , 1997 ) Soulja Slim ( d . November 26 , 2003 ) -- `` Slow Motion '' ( Juvenile featuring Soulja Slim ) ( August 7 , 2004 ) Static Major ( d . February 25 , 2008 ) -- `` Lollipop '' ( Lil Wayne featuring Static Major ) ( May 3 , 2008 ) Source : Age records Louis Armstrong ( age 7004229240000000000 ♠ 62 years , 279 days ) is the oldest artist to top the Hot 100 . He set that record with `` Hello , Dolly ! '' on May 9 , 1964 . Cher ( age 7004192900000000000 ♠ 52 years , 297 days ) is the oldest female artist to top the Hot 100 . She set the record with `` Believe '' on March 13 , 1999 . The previous record holder was Grace Slick of Starship , who was 7004173230000000000 ♠ 47 years , 156 days old when their hit `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' began its two - week reign on April 4 , 1987 . Michael Jackson ( age 7003417300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 155 days ) is the youngest artist to top the Hot 100 . He achieved the record , as part of the Jackson 5 , with `` I Want You Back '' on January 31 , 1970 . Stevie Wonder ( age 7003483700000000000 ♠ 13 years , 89 days ) is the youngest solo artist to top the Hot 100 . He set the record with `` Fingertips Pt. 2 '' on August 10 , 1963 . Little Peggy March ( age 7003552800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 50 days ) is the youngest female artist to top the Hot 100 . The song which established this record for her was `` I Will Follow Him '' , which reached # 1 on April 27 , 1963 . Tony Bennett , at 7004311050000000000 ♠ 85 years , 59 days old , is the oldest living artist to chart . His song `` Body and Soul '' , a duet with Amy Winehouse , ranked at # 87 on October 1 , 2011 . French - born Jordy Lemoine ( age 7003198300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 156 days ) is the youngest artist to chart on the Hot 100 . He established the record when his song `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! ( It 's Tough to Be a Baby ) '' , where he is credited simply as Jordy , entered the chart on June 19 , 1993 . Gap Records The longest gap between # 1 hits on the Hot 100 for an artist is 7003912100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 355 days by Cher . Her single `` Believe '' hit # 1 on March 13 , 1999 , her first time on top since `` Dark Lady '' on March 23 , 1974 . Cher also holds the record gap between first and most recent # 1 on the Hot 100 over the longest period of time : 7004122850000000000 ♠ 33 years , 232 days . The first of three weeks at # 1 for `` I Got You Babe '' by Sonny & Cher was August 14 , 1965 . The last week at # 1 for Cher 's `` Believe '' was April 3 , 1999 . The record for the longest wait from an artist 's Hot 100 debut entry to its first # 1 belongs to Santana , with 30 years between the time he first cracked the Hot 100 with `` Jingo '' ( October 25 , 1969 ) and the first of 12 weeks at # 1 with `` Smooth , '' featuring Rob Thomas ( October 23 , 1999 ) . When the Tony Bennett and Amy Winehouse duet `` Body and Soul '' debuted at # 87 for the week of October 1 , 2011 , Bennett became the artist with the longest overall span of singles on the Hot 100 -- 7004194160000000000 ♠ 53 years , 58 days on account of his single `` Young and Warm and Wonderful '' which appeared at # 59 on the very first edition of the Hot 100 , dated August 4 , 1958 . Album achievements Most number - one singles from one album Number of Singles Artist Album Year 5 Michael Jackson Bad Katy Perry Teenage Dream Various artists Saturday Night Fever 1977 Whitney Houston Whitney George Michael Faith Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 Mariah Carey Mariah Carey Usher Confessions Source : Saturday Night Fever generated number - one singles for two different artists : `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' and `` Night Fever '' by the Bee Gees ; and `` If I Ca n't Have You '' by Yvonne Elliman . Katy Perry 's Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection was a reissue of the Teenage Dream album , and featured an additional single , `` Part Of Me '' , which peaked at Number One on the Billboard Hot 100 . This brings her actual total to six . However , this does not count since the single comes from a reissue of the album and not the original release . Most Top ten singles from one album Number of singles Artist Album Year 7 Michael Jackson Thriller 1982 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 6 Michael Jackson Bad George Michael Faith Janet Jackson Janet . Katy Perry Teenage Dream 5 Lionel Richie Ca n't Slow Down Janet Jackson Control 1986 Genesis Invisible Touch Madonna True Blue Huey Lewis and the News Fore ! Whitney Houston Whitney Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Bobby Brown Do n't Be Cruel New Kids on the Block Hangin ' Tough Bon Jovi New Jersey Milli Vanilli Girl You Know It 's True 1989 Various artists † Waiting to Exhale 1995 Fergie The Dutchess 2006 The Black Eyed Peas The E.N.D. 2009 Taylor Swift 1989 2014 Source : † Waiting to Exhale generated top ten singles for five different artists : `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' and `` Count on Me '' by Whitney Houston ( the latter with CeCe Winans ) , `` Not Gon ' Cry '' by Mary J. Blige , `` Sittin ' Up in My Room '' by Brandy , and `` Let It Flow '' by Toni Braxton . Other album achievements Janet Jackson 's Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 has the most top 5 singles , with 7 . Janet Jackson has the most albums with five or more Top 10 hits . Those albums are Control , Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 , and janet . Drake 's More Life places a record - breaking 22 entries to the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time , on the April 8 , 2017 chart , eclipsing his previous record of 18 from his album Views less than one year earlier , on May 21 , 2016 . NOTE : Numbers listed here are , per Billboard 's rules , over one release . Producer achievements Producers with the most number - one singles Number of singles Producer ( s ) Best known producing for Biggest number - one hit and date 23 George Martin The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 22 Max Martin Britney Spears , Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 16 Steve Sholes † Elvis Presley `` Hound Dog / Do n't Be Cruel '' ( August 18 , 1956 ) Jimmy Jam , Terry Lewis Janet Jackson `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' ( May 15 , 1993 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) 14 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 Source : Songwriter achievements Songwriters with the most number - one singles Number of singles Songwriter Best known writing for Biggest number - one hit and date 32 Paul McCartney The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 26 John Lennon 22 Max Martin Katy Perry , Britney Spears , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 17 Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) 16 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Songwriter ( s ) Year Number - one hits ( in chronological order ) 7 John Lennon Paul McCartney 1964 The Beatles -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' † , `` She Loves You '' † , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' † , `` Love Me Do '' Peter and Gordon -- `` A World Without Love '' The Beatles -- `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , `` I Feel Fine '' † † † Barry Gibb † † 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' † Andy Gibb -- `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' † Bee Gees -- `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' Frankie Valli -- `` Grease '' 5 Lamont Dozier Brian Holland Eddie Holland 1965 The Supremes -- `` Come See About Me '' , `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' , `` Back in My Arms Again '' † Four Tops -- `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' † The Supremes -- `` I Hear a Symphony '' John Lennon † † † Paul McCartney † † † 1965 The Beatles -- `` I Feel Fine '' , `` Eight Days a Week '' , `` Ticket to Ride '' , `` Help ! '' , `` Yesterday '' † † † Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' † Chronologically sequential , replacing each other at # 1 † † Holds all - time record of writing the most consecutively charted ( self - replacing ) # 1 songs on the Hot 100 , with 4 . † † † Hold all - time record of writing the most consecutive # 1 A-side singles , with 6 . Record includes these five 1965 A-sides and `` We Can Work It Out '' , which hit # 1 in January 1966 . Source : Selected additional Hot 100 achievements The first # 1 song on the Hot 100 was `` Poor Little Fool '' by Ricky Nelson ( August 4 , 1958 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard incorporated sales and airplay data from Nielsen SoundScan and Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems was `` Set Adrift on Memory Bliss '' by P.M. Dawn ( November 30 , 1991 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard allowed songs without a commercial single release to chart on the Hot 100 was `` I 'm Your Angel '' by R. Kelly and Céline Dion ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Though the song was making its first appearance on the Hot 100 that week , Billboard did not consider it a debut at # 1 , since it appeared on unpublished test charts prior to the allowance of airplay - only songs on the main chart . `` I 'm Your Angel '' also entered the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart that week at # 1 , so it would have been ineligible to chart on the Hot 100 before then . The first `` airplay - only '' song to reach # 1 ( no points from a commercial single release ) was `` Try Again '' by Aaliyah ( June 17 , 2000 ) . Drake holds the record for the most entries in the Hot 100 during a one - week period , with 24 on the April 8 , 2017 chart . The Beatles had long held this record , occupying 14 positions on the Hot 100 dated April 11 , 1964 , a feat unmatched for nearly 51 years . On March 7 , 2015 , Drake tied the Beatles mark , and he equaled it again on October 17 that year . Justin Bieber then reset the record to 17 on December 5 , 2015 , before Drake reclaimed the record with 20 on May 21 , 2016 . Drake also holds the record for the most debuting entries on a Hot 100 chart by any artist , with 21 on April 8 , 2017 . Beyoncé is the record - holder among female artists for the most simultaneous entries in the Hot 100 , with 12 on the May 14 , 2016 chart . The Beatles are the only artists to simultaneously hold the top 2 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and Billboard 200 albums chart . They achieved this feat for nine consecutive weeks , from February 29 , 1964 , to April 25 , 1964 . For the first five weeks of that run , through March 28 , 1964 , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and `` She Loves You '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles ( which swapped positions during March 1964 ) , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles held the top 2 spots on the albums charts . For the remaining weeks of the run , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' and their cover of `` Twist and Shout '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles continued their reign as the top 2 albums . Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb , John Lennon , and Paul McCartney hold the record of writing all of the Top 3 singles for one week . The Gibbs co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 18 , 1978 -- # 1 `` Night Fever '' and # 2 `` Stayin ' Alive '' for the Bee Gees , and # 3 `` Emotion '' for Samantha Sang . Lennon and McCartney co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 14 , 1964 -- # 1 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , # 2 `` She Loves You '' , and # 3 `` Please Please Me '' , all for The Beatles . They continued this record the following week of March 21 , 1964 , when `` She Loves You '' switched places with `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . The Black Eyed Peas hold the record for the longest uninterrupted time at # 1 on the Hot 100 , a total of 26 consecutive weeks from April to October 2009 . `` Boom Boom Pow '' spent the first 12 weeks on top , with `` I Gotta Feeling '' taking over for the remaining 14 weeks . Prior to August 2009 , Usher held this record , spending 19 consecutive weeks on top of the chart in 2004 with `` Yeah ! '' ( 12 weeks at # 1 ) and `` Burn '' ( first 7 of its 8 total weeks at # 1 ) . Taylor Swift holds the all - time record for most top ten debuts on the Hot 100 , with 14 . On December 4 , 2010 , Rihanna 's `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' reached the top spot two weeks after `` What 's My Name ? '' , becoming the first time in Hot 100 history that an album 's debut single hit # 1 after the second single did . Ed Sheeran became the first artist to debut more than one song in the top 10 for the same week . On the chart dated January 28 , 2017 , `` Shape of You '' debuted at # 1 , while `` Castle on the Hill '' entered at # 6 . Drake is the only other artist to have achieved this feat , doing so on April 8 , 2017 . Drake holds the record for being on the Hot 100 for the most consecutive weeks . He placed at least one song , either in a lead or featured role , on every chart from his debut on May 23 , 2009 , to August 19 , 2017 , for a total of 431 weeks in a row . See also List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade List of number - one hits ( United States ) List of best - charting music artists in the U.S. List of artists who reached number one in the United States References Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Anniversary : Find Out The Top Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . This contains the heading of the article only , no charts . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart : 50th Anniversary '' . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary Central '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Hot 100 Songs & Artists of All Time : Chubby Checker 's ' The Twist ' & The Beatles Reign '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greatest of All Time : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Rule Hot 100 , Imagine Dragons Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee 's ' Despacito ' Tops Hot 100 for Ninth Week & Becomes Top Radio Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber , three simultaneous top 10s : Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week ; Justin Bieber , Alessia Cara Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week , Selena Gomez Goes Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Seventh Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Scores Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Eighth Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Ninth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Tops Hot 100 for 10th Week as Twenty One Pilots Fly to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Dethrones Adele 's ' Hello ' Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Leads Hot 100 , Selena Gomez Hits Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers Match Beatles & Bee Gees With Three Songs in Hot 100 's Top 10 & Ed Sheeran Holds at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande , Iggy Azalea Triple Up In Hot 100 's Top 10 , MAGIC ! Still No. 1 '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Radish , Robert of the ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Billboard Hot 100 Posthumous Number One Singles '' . Y ! Music . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Blue Ivy Carter , Jay - Z and Beyonce 's Daughter , Becomes Youngest Person Ever to Appear on a Billboard Chart '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2009 ) . Top Pop Singles 12th Edition . Record Research . p. 515 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tony Bennett Oldest Living Artist Ever On Hot 100 '' . Chart Beat . Billboard.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Is Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' the Next ' Teenage Dream ' ? '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history -- Billboard '' . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' and Other Albums With Five Top 10 Hits ( or More ) '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Janet Jackson 's ' Rhythm Nation 1814 ' Revisited By Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis : Track - by - Track Review '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's 1989 and Other Albums With Five Top 10 Hits or More -- Billboard '' . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7358100/drake-hot-100-record-20-simultaneous-hits-one-dance Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Can Katy Perry Top Michael Jackson 's Hot 100 Record '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leight , Elias ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 2010s '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( July 7 , 2001 ) . `` ' Remind ' Gets Ushered Into No. 1 '' . Billboard . Random House Digital , Inc . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Max Martin scores 20th No. 1 on top 100 with Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd 's ' Ca n't Feel My Face Gives Max Martin His 21st No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering George Martin : ' Fifth Beatle ' Holds Record for Most No. 1s by a Producer on Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Lady Gaga ' Born ' To Be at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs version 2 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Luke * * * Top Songs as a Writer * * * Music VF , US & UK hit charts '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Chart Beat . Billboard . p. 130 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Singles Sales ( chart ) . Billboard . December 5 , 1998 . p. 125 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Drake Ties the Beatles With 14 Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Drake Breaks Hot 100 Record With 20 Simultaneous Hits '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Breaks the Beatles & Drake 's Record for Most Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All 12 of Beyoncé 's ' Lemonade ' Tracks Debut on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Historical Analysis : Adele Matches The Beatles , 50 Cent with Hot 100 , Billboard 200 Moves '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Billboard : How Historic Is Adele & Justin Bieber 's Current Chart Domination ? '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` This Week In Billboard Chart History : Black Eyed Peas Begin Record Six - Month Hot 100 Reign '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas , Jason Mraz Streak To Hot 100 Records '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Extends Her Lead As The Artist With The Most Top 10 Debuts With New Song '' . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Only Girl ' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` '' Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Drake Is n't on the Billboard Hot 100 for the First Time Since 2009 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Christopher G. Feldman , The Billboard Book of No. 2 Singles ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7695 - 4 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2008 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts , 1955 -- 1959 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 092 - X ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Sixties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 074 - 1 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Seventies ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 076 - 8 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Nineties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 137 - 3 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The 2000s ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 182 - 9 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . ( hide ) Billboard charts Albums Billboard 200 Top Album Sales Top Catalog Albums Digital Albums Billboard Comprehensive Albums ( defunct ) R&B / Hip - Hop Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums Rap Albums Rock Rock Albums Alternative Albums Hard Rock Albums Folk Albums Country Top Country Albums Latin Top Latin Albums Regional Mexican Albums Latin Pop Albums Latin Rhythm Albums Tropical Albums Religious Christian Albums Other Heatseekers Albums Tastemaker Albums Dance / Electronic Albums Independent Albums Jazz Albums Reggae Albums Comedy Albums Kid Albums International Canadian Albums European Albums ( defunct ) Singles and tracks Hot 100 Radio Songs Digital Songs Digital Tracks Hot Singles Sales Streaming Songs On - Demand Songs Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Pop Mainstream Top 40 Adult Contemporary Adult Top 40 Pop 100 ( defunct ) Top 40 Tracks ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Dance Club Songs Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Dance / Electronic Singles Sales ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Digital Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Hot Rap Songs Hot R&B Songs Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop Adult R&B Songs Rhythmic Rock Hot Rock Songs Mainstream Rock Alternative Triple A Country Hot Country Songs Country Airplay Latin Hot Latin Songs Latin Pop Airplay Regional Mexican Airplay Tropical Airplay Latin Rhythm Airplay Religious Hot Christian Songs Other Heatseekers Songs Smooth Jazz Songs International Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Euro Digital Songs Japan Hot 100 Philippine Hot 100 Korea K - Pop Hot 100 ( defunct ) European Hot 100 ( defunct ) Türkiye Top 20 ( defunct ) Lists of number - one albums and singles Adult Contemporary Alternative Songs Billboard 200 Dance Club Songs Dance / Electronic Albums Dance / Mix Show Airplay Americana / Folk Albums Hot 100 Hot Country Songs Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs K - Pop Mainstream Rock Top Country Albums Year - End Lists of artists who reached number one US Canada Japan Dance Club Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Alternative Songs Mainstream Rock Adult Contemporary Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Rhythmic Hot Country Songs Adult Top 40 Mainstream Top 40 Latin Songs Social 50 Artist 100 See also Billboard Radio Monitor ( defunct ) List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade Hot Country Songs achievements R&R ( defunct ) Billboard Japan Billboard Greece Billboard Türkiye Billboard Brasil Billboard En Español Billboard K - Town Timeline List of K - pop on the Billboard charts Albums Songs Billboard Philippines Billboard Twitter Real - Time Uncharted ( defunct ) Joel Whitburn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones&oldid=802243628 '' Categories : Billboard charts Lists of record chart achievements Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Italiano Kurdî Norsk Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who had the most number one hits of all time	[ "\n\nNumber of singles\nArtist\nBiggest number-one\n\n\n\n20\n\nThe Beatles\n\"Hey Jude\"[5]\n\n\n\n18\n\nElvis Presley †\n\"Don't Be Cruel\" / \"Hound Dog\"[69][70]\n\n\nMariah Carey\n\"We Belong Together\"[5]\n\n\n\n14\n\nRihanna\n\"We Found Love\"[5]\n\n\n\n13\n\nMichael Jackson\n\"Say Say Say\" (duet with Paul McCartney)[5]\n\n\n\n12\n\nThe Supremes\n\"Love Child\"[71]\n\n\nMadonna\n\"Like a Virgin\"[72]\n\n\n\n11\n\nWhitney Houston\n\"I Will Always Love You\"[5]\n\n\n\n10\n\nStevie Wonder\n\"Ebony and Ivory\" (duet with Paul McCartney)[5]\n\n\nJanet Jackson\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\"[73]\n\n" ]	[ "The Beatles" ]
-1056385533554205542	South African Institute of Chartered Accountants	South African Institute of Chartered Accountants - wikipedia South African Institute of Chartered Accountants hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) South African Institute of Chartered Accountants Abbreviation SAICA Motto Integritas Predecessor The Institute of Accountants and Auditors Formation 1894 Legal status Chartered Body Objective Regulate the auditing and accounting profession in South Africa Headquarters Johannesburg , South Africa Region served South Africa Member 's designations CA ( SA ) , AGA ( SA ) , AAT ( SA ) IFAC member since 1977 Website www.saica.co.za/Default.aspx The South African Institute of Chartered Accountants ( SAICA ) , is a professional accountancy body in South Africa . As of August 2013 , the institute has over 36 000 members . SAICA provides support , advice and services to its CAs throughout their professional lives . SAICA members are business advisors , business leaders and entrepreneurs . SAICA members can use the CA ( SA ) designation . Contents 1 Membership and qualification 2 Regional representation 3 International involvement 4 History 5 An era of change 6 Future 7 South African Designations 7.1 CA ( SA ) -- The Chartered Accountant 7.2 AGA ( SA ) -- The Associate General Accountant 7.3 AAT ( SA ) -- The Associate Accounting Technician 8 CPA 9 References 10 External links Membership and qualification ( edit ) To become a student and a member of South African Institute of Chartered Accountants the candidate needs to enroll for a B Com Accounting degree or an equivalent CA ( SA ) undergraduate qualification at a SAICA accredited university . Once the degree is completed the student is required to complete his Certificate in the Theory of Accounting ( CTA ) . This course focuses on accounting , auditing , taxation and financial management . The course takes a minimum of one year and must be completed at a SAICA accredited university . Upon completion of CTA , the candidates are eligible to enter into a 3 - year learnership with a Registered Training Office ( RTO ) ( to specialise in auditing ) or an Approved Training Organisation ( ATO ) ( to specialise in financial management ) Regional representation ( edit ) SAICA is constituted of four local regional offices as well as two international representative offices , which serve members based in those respective regions . The regions are as follows ; Northern Region ( Gauteng , Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces ) ; Eastern Region ( KwaZulu - Natal province ) ; Southern Region ( Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces ) ; Central Region ( Free State , North West and Northern Cape provinces ) ; SAICA Australia ; SAICA United Kingdom ( UK ) . International involvement ( edit ) SAICA members serve on international accounting bodies including ; the trustees of the International Financial Reporting Standards Foundation ( IFRS Foundation ) , the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) , the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee ( IFRIC ) and the Council of the International Federation of Accountants ( IFAC ) . International contact and co-operation is fundamental to the standing and image of SAICA . Hence , the institute plays an influential role in the Eastern , Central & Southern African Federation of Accountants ( ECSAFA ) . ECSAFA coordinates the development of the accountancy profession and promotes internationally recognised standards of professional competence and conduct in Eastern , Central and Southern Africa . SAICA was a charter member of the Pan African Federation of Accountants , which was inaugurated on 5 May 2011 . SAICA is also a member of the Global Accounting Alliance ( GAA ) -- an alliance of the world 's leading professional accountancy bodies , which was formed in 2005 . The GAA is intended to promote quality services , share information and collaborate on important international issues . It works with national regulators , governments and stakeholders , through member - body collaboration , articulation of consensus views , and working in collaboration , where possible with other international bodies , especially IFAC . History ( edit ) The first professional institute for accountants in South Africa was the Institute of Accountants and Auditors , formed in the South African Republic in Johannesburg in 1894 with 65 members . A year later the Institute of Accountants in Natal was established . The need to regulate the profession lead to the further establishment of various provincial institutes . In a move towards standardization , the first articles of clerkship were instituted in 1905 and the first journal was published in 1909 . Although it did not become a regular publication till 1954 , the journal was the sole communication vehicle aimed directly at members and indicated a need for unification . Between 1905 and 1907 accounting societies were established naming Cape Colony , The Orange River Colony and Natal . By the end of 1907 , the Transvaal Society of Accountants ( which represented more than a half of the registered accountants in South Africa ) had grown to 522 members . From the earliest times attempts were made to form a national body . The first meaningful step took place on 6 May 1921 when the South African Accounting Societies ' General Examining Board was formed to conduct the examination process on behalf of the societies . The second major milestone on the road to unification occurred in 1927 , when the Chartered Accountants Designation ( Private ) Act was passed by parliament . The Act provided protection for the CA ( SA ) allowing only members of the then provincial societies to use it . But world and local politics at the time hampered efforts towards forming a national body and it was only in 1945 that the Joint Council of the Societies of Chartered Accountants ( SA ) , which provided a forum for co-operation between the societies , was formed . In 1950 all theoretical teaching and examining was handed over to universities , but the profession retained the right to set the qualifying examination . The first CTA examinations were held in 1951 . The Public Accountants and Auditors Act was also promulgated in 1951 and it brought into place the regulation of accountants and auditors in public practice . The General Examining Board continued to set the qualifying examination until 1957 when it was taken over by the Public Accountants ' and Auditors ' Board ( PAAB ) . In 1966 The National Council of Chartered Accountants came into being with its own small secretariat -- a further step in the process for unification which was finally achieved in 1980 when the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants was formed with 9012 members . 1973 saw the enactment of a new Companies Act and with it the requirement of companies to present financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice . The profession , together with chambers of commerce and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange , formed the Accounting Practices Board to issue statements of Generally Accepted Accounting Practice . An era of change ( edit ) With the beginnings of globalization , the profession internationally felt the need to work more closely together . This led to the creation of IFAC in 1977 and South Africa was one of the founder members . Although the first woman CA ( SA ) , Miss Elizabeth Kruger , qualified in 1917 , it was not until 1977 that Wiseman Nkuhlu was admitted as the first black African CA ( SA ) . The 1980s proved to be an era of change . While SAICA established numerous committees to improve its service to members and to set standards , the profession recognised the need to open the doors to more black and female CAs ( SA ) . A committee , under the chairmanship of Brian Hawksworth , began to promote this initiative . In 1987 the CAs ' Eden Trust came into being as a joint effort between SAICA , the PAAB and the Association for the Advancement of Black Accountants ( ABASA ) to provide bursaries and grow the number of black CAs ( SA ) . The Eden Trust assisted over 100 black accountants to qualify . In 2002 its name was changed to the Thuthuka Bursary Fund and it was fully incorporated into the institute 's transformation and growth strategy . In 1999 SAICA took over the role of setting the Part 1 of the Qualifying Examination ( QE I ) from the PAAB ( the predecessor of the IRBA ) , while the PAAB took over the responsibility for setting auditing standards , and with this came more clearly defined roles for both bodies . Future ( edit ) The profession began a long process to revise the PAA Act in the early 1990s and this process will came to fruition in 2005 when the Auditing Profession Act ( Act 26 of 2005 ) was promulgated ( the Act commenced on 1 April 2006 ) . The process has been upset by a spate of international and local corporate failures , with the result that governments worldwide saw the need for regulation of auditors to be tightened up and became more involved in the process . Another issue that still requires the profession and SAICA 's contribution is that of Transformation . The Thuthuka project , an initiative by SAICA to promote skills development and transformation in the CA profession , was launched in the Eastern Cape in 2002 and it was expanded to Limpopo and Kwazulu - Natal in 2004 . This programme is providing education support to African learners and students , and seeks to uplift communities while benefiting the CA profession . To regulate SAICA 's efforts going forward , the Institute has now implemented a system whereby leadership issues are identified by the SAICA Board and delegated to the secretariat , so that each day SAICA adds a little more to its history . Confusion often arises regarding the differing roles and responsibilities of SAICA and the IRBA ( previously the Public Accountants and Auditors Board ( PAAB ) ) . It is important to understand the roles of the two bodies . SAICA is a non-profit , voluntary body that provides a wide range of services to its members and associates . It is controlled by a Board , elected by members through regional committees , and by bodies representing the Institute 's other key constituencies such as members in business ( commerce and industry ) , large practices , small practices and ABASA . The IRBA is the statutory body controlling that part of the accountancy profession involved with public accountancy in the Republic of South Africa . It is important to stress that all entrants to the accountancy profession are subject to consistent requirements . Following qualification , chartered accountants entering public practice are required to register with the IRBA , whilst keeping their SAICA membership , and are governed by its regulations . Those qualified chartered accountants practicing outside of public practice are not subject to the jurisdiction of the IRBA , but are subject to the jurisdiction of SAICA . The IRBA functions in terms of the Auditing Profession Act , 2005 ( Act 26 of 2005 ) . Its members are appointed by the Minister of Finance and not more than 40 % of the members of the IRBA Board may be registered auditors . The IRBA is partly funded by fees and levies payable by registered auditors and partly by the National Treasury . The IRBA reports annually to the Minister of Finance , who then tables the report in Parliament . The mission of the IRBA , on the other hand , is to protect the financial interest of the South African public and international investors in South Africa , through the effective regulation of audits conducted by registered auditors and accountants , and in accordance with internationally recognised standards and processes . This is achieved by providing the means and the regulatory framework for the education and training of adequate numbers of competent and disciplined accountants and auditors , to serve the needs of South Africa . The Board strives constantly towards the maintenance and improvement of standards of registered auditors . It protects the public who rely on the services of registered auditors and supports registered auditors who carry out their duties competently , fearlessly and in good faith . In order to ensure that all members , associates and trainees comply with the high professional standards set , SAICA provides technical support , continuing professional development ( lifelong learning ) , disseminates and communicates the latest information on technical developments and business trends to its constituencies . One of SAICA 's major objectives is to ensure that membership of the accountancy profession better reflects the population demographics of South Africa . To this end , the Institute has a number of initiatives in place designed to increase the number of CAs ( SA ) from previously disadvantaged communities . The responsibility for training prospective CAs ( SA ) is a shared one . SAICA is responsible for the registration of trainees and management of their training contracts , either in public practice or outside public practice . Trainees who do not wish to follow the public practice route may specialise in financial management . The Institute sets and adjudicates the Part I ( QE 1 ) and the Part II in financial management examination ( QE 2 ) , for those trainees who have opted to take the financial management route . The IRBA exercises a monitoring role over the SAICA public practice training and QE I examination processes . The IRBA is also responsible for setting and marking the Public Practice Examination ( PPE ) for those trainees choosing the public practice route . Trainees may only write QE 2 or PPE after they have passed QE 1 and upon the completion of a minimum of 18 months of a three - year training contract . After completing their training contract and passing both QE 1 and QE 2 or PPE , candidates are required to register with SAICA in order to use the Chartered Accountant ( CA ( SA ) ) designation . The IRBA conducts practice reviews , investigations and disciplinary processes for registered auditors and accountants . Generally , an individual registered with the IRBA is also a CA ( SA ) registered with SAICA and therefore must comply with the Codes of Professional Conduct of both bodies . According to the Constitution and By - laws of SAICA , any alleged misconduct by a person who is a member of both bodies is dealt with by the IRBA , in the first instance . SAICA accepts the findings of the IRBA disciplinary process and imposes its own disciplinary sentences on those found guilty . Disciplinary matters relating to members not registered with the IRBA , and associates , are dealt with by the SAICA ethics and disciplinary process . South African designations ( edit ) CA ( SA ) -- the Chartered Accountant ( edit ) See also Chartered Accountant : South Africa Members of SAICA are entitled to use CA ( SA ) designation after their names . The designation is associated with someone who has considerable expertise in the theory and practice of accountancy . The requirements for qualification as a Chartered Accountant are : Education : Obtain a Bachelor of Commerce or an equivalent undergraduate qualification ( Bachelor of Accountancy ) recognized for this purpose . Obtain an additional postgraduate Honours degree or postgraduate diploma in Accounting . Obtain a `` Certificate in the Theory of Accounting '' ( CTA ) in conjunction with the postgraduate qualification ( only awarded if all courses are passed in one sitting ) . Completion of a three - year training contract ( `` internship '' ) selecting either of two routes : Training Inside Public Practice ( `` TIPP '' ) : `` Articles '' with a Registered Training Organisation ( RTO ) , a firm of Chartered Accountants in public practice ( such as Deloitte , PKF , PriceWaterhouseCoopers , KPMG , or Ernst & Young ) ; Training Outside Public Practice ( `` TOPP '' ) : `` Articles '' with an Approved Training Organisation ( ATO ) in commerce and industry , typically at a large bank or corporate ( excludes practice as an auditor ) . Pass , in sequence , the two `` board examinations '' set by the IRBA . The Qualifying Examination ( QE ) has two parts , and the second may only be written after passing Part 1 and after the candidate has undergone at least 20 months ' training : the first in accountancy , auditing , tax and financial management ; the second is the Assessment of Professional Competence which replaced the Part II Financial Management and Public Practice Exam . AGA ( SA ) -- the associate General Accountant ( edit ) An AGA ( SA ) is a highly skilled accountant who has completed both a SAICA - accredited BCom degree and SAICA accredited training programme . AGAs operate in a broad range of varied work activities , most of which are complex and non-routine . Core areas include : Financial accounting and reporting Managerial accounting and financial management Taxation Auditing , with specific reference to systems , internal auditing functions , internal control and corporate governance Information technology Payroll accounting . AAT ( SA ) -- the associate accounting technician ( edit ) The AAT qualification is offered through the Association of Accounting Technicians . The range of an AAT 's work will vary widely . Generally AATs work in support positions and some of their key functions include : Purchase accounting Inventory control Payroll accounting Costing and budgeting Sales accounting and credit control Cash and banking Ledger accounts and the preparation of accounts AAT trainees are required to complete a training contract of at least two years and must pass an examination before they are entitled to use the AAT ( SA ) designation . See Association of Accounting Technicians § In South Africa . CPA ( edit ) A South African Chartered Accountant , or CA ( SA ) , is the equivalent of a United States CPA ( Certified Public Accountant ) . However , the CPA designation also exists in South Africa . This qualification was previously designated CFA ( Certified Financial Accountant ) . South African CPAs perform only accounting and tax work , usually for smaller entities , and may not perform auditing work . A recent legal battle between SAICA and the CPA governing body : SAICA requested that the CPA designation be changed back to CFA ( Certified Financial Accountant ) because the `` CPA '' designation might create confusion to Americans who might believe that CPAs can act as auditors . Using the term CPA is also a contravention of the Audit Profession Act which states that only CAs may use the term `` Public Accountant '' or `` Registered Auditor '' . The eventual outcome of this dispute was that the CPA governing body changed its name to SAIPA , the South African Institute of Professional Accountants , and its members designation changed to Professional Accountant ( SA ) without a corresponding acronym . The requirements to earn the designation are : Academic : A degree with a major in financial accounting and with tax , management accounting , auditing and commercial law as subjects . Practical training or experience : at least 3 years under a SAIPA recognised Learnership , or 6 years of relevant verifiable experience . SAIPA Professional Evaluation : This is a three - hour examination offered twice yearly covering financial accounting , auditing , taxation , commercial law , management accounting and practice management . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Accountants , SAICA - South African Institute of Chartered . `` Membership Statistics - About Members - Members - SAICA '' . www.saica.co.za . Jump up ^ Accountants , SAICA - South African Institute of Chartered . `` Becoming a CA - Trainees - SAICA '' . www.saica.co.za . Jump up ^ Accountants , SAICA - South African Institute of Chartered . `` About - SAICA '' . www.saica.co.za . Jump up ^ http://www.ifrs.org/The+organisation/Members+of+the+IASB/Darrel+Scott.htm Jump up ^ `` NBAA BECOMES A MEMBER OF THE PAN AFRICAN FEDERATION OF ACCOUNTANTS ( PAFA ) '' ( PDF ) . NBAA . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Accountants , SAICA - South African Institute of Chartered . `` SAICA History - About - SAICA '' . www.saica.co.za . Jump up ^ `` Thuthuka CA Bursary Fund 2013 '' . Bursaries in South Africa . The Bursary Bin . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) External links ( edit ) The South African Institute of Chartered Accountants official website The Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors official website hide IFAC Member Bodies and Associates Asia IICA ICAI ICAI ( formerly ICWAI ) ICAN ICASL ICMASL ICAB ICMAB ICMAP ICAP ICPAI PIPFA MIA CICPA HKICPA ISCA PICPA IUAA IAI JICPA Africa LICPA ICAG ICPAK ICAN ICAN ICASL ONECCA SAICA SAIPA NBAA OECT ICPAU ZICA ICAZ Europe AAT ACCA CA Ireland CPA Ireland CIMA CIPFA ICAEW ICAS IDW IEKA IFA OEC KWT North America & Caribbean AICPA CMA USA BICA CPA Canada CISPA ICAB ICAG ICAJ ICATT Oceania CA ANZ CPA Australia IPA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants&oldid=848998656 '' Categories : Research institutes in South Africa Accounting in South Africa Professional associations based in South Africa Organisations based in Johannesburg Member bodies of the International Federation of Accountants Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from November 2011 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 19 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the role of south african institute of chartered accountants	[]	[]
2728567037348653439	Bob McNab	Bob McNab - wikipedia Bob McNab Jump to : navigation , search Bob McNab Full name Robert McNab Date of birth ( 1943 - 07 - 20 ) 20 July 1943 ( age 74 ) Place of birth Huddersfield , Yorkshire , England Playing position Left - back Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1963 -- 1966 Huddersfield Town 68 ( 0 ) 1966 -- 1975 Arsenal 278 ( 4 ) 1975 -- 1976 Wolverhampton Wanderers 13 ( 0 ) 1976 San Antonio Thunder 12 ( 1 ) 1976 -- 1977 Barnet 1979 Vancouver Whitecaps ( 0 ) 1983 -- 1984 Tacoma Stars ( indoor ) ( 0 ) National team 1968 -- 1969 England ( 0 ) Teams managed 1980 Vancouver Whitecaps Tacoma Stars 1983 -- 1985 Tacoma Stars ( assistant ) 1985 -- 1986 Tacoma Stars 1994 -- 1995 San Jose Grizzlies ( indoor ) 1999 -- 2000 Portsmouth ( caretaker ) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Robert McNab ( born 20 July 1943 ) is an English former footballer who played as a defender . McNab featured for clubs Huddersfield Town , Arsenal , Wolverhampton Wanderers , San Antonio Thunder , Barnet , Vancouver Whitecaps and Tacoma Stars in his playing career . He also played for England 's national football team . As a manager he was at the helm of teams Vancouver Whitecaps , Tacoma Stars , San Jose Grizzlies and Portsmouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Club career 2 International career 3 Personal life 4 Honours 5 References 6 External links Club career ( edit ) Born in Huddersfield , Yorkshire , McNab started out at local club , Huddersfield Town , where he made close to seventy appearances . In October 1966 he was signed by Bertie Mee for Arsenal for £ 50,000 . He made his debut for the club in a defeat to Leeds United on 15 October 1968 . McNab went on to become a regular and so play in the 1969 Football League Cup Final which Arsenal lost to Swindon Town . As so with Arsenal he went on to lift the 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . Being a stalwart in the back line alongside Pat Rice and Frank McLintock , McNab played 62 matches in Arsenal 's double - winning season , missing just two games . He thus featured throughout that campaign , going on to win a League and FA Cup Double in 1970 -- 71 with the Gunners . With such he missed much of the 1971 -- 72 season due to injury with Sammy Nelson deputising for him . McNab though was able to again play at Wembley in the 1972 FA Cup Final which Arsenal lost to Leeds United . McNab returned to full fitness in playing over 50 matches the following season . However , in 1973 -- 74 he suffered another curtailing injury . With this being the case he again had to share the role of left back . With the younger Nelson being in favour , the 32 - year - old McNab left the club on a free transfer in the summer of 1975 . In total he played 365 matches for Arsenal , scoring six goals . After leaving Arsenal , he at first played for Wolverhampton Wanderers before linking up in the U.S. with the NASL 's San Antonio Thunder . He then returned to England to join up with Barnet only to move back across the Atlantic to Canada . Whilst there he played for the NASL 's Vancouver Whitecaps , where he brought his playing days to a close . McNab went on to coach the Whitecaps and thereafter the Tacoma Stars of the Major Indoor Soccer League . He left being at the helm of the Stars in December 1983 only to become the club 's assistant manager . During the 1983 -- 84 season , whilst in the aforesaid role he also played a solo game for the Stars . He was reappointed as the side 's manager in March 1985 . McNab later emigrated to Los Angeles , California , where he presently lives and works as a property developer . In 1999 , he was part of a consortium led by Milan Mandaric that took over Portsmouth . He was for an instance a caretaker manager of the side until the appointment of Tony Pulis within the following month . International career ( edit ) McNab made his debut for England on 6 November 1968 against Romania . He made a sum of four appearances for England . These caps came wherein home and away draws to Romania as well as a 3 -- 1 win to Northern Ireland at Belfast and another 1 -- 1 tie at Wembley to Belgium altogether . Personal life ( edit ) As well as being a footballer , Bob McNab was a media personality in the 1970s , appearing on the panel for ITV 's coverage of the 1970 FIFA World Cup , and he had a cameo role in the 1973 On The Buses episode `` The Football Match '' . His daughter , Mercedes McNab is a notable actress . McNab was injured for the majority of the 1970 -- 71 season and was thus doubtful for the FA Cup semi final played at the neutral venue of Villa Park against Stoke City . This scenario was referenced in the film Fever Pitch , where Paul Ashworth correctly predicts part of the game 's lineup with the line , `` McNab wo n't play . Bertie Mee would n't risk him . '' Honours ( edit ) Arsenal First Division : 1970 -- 71 FA Cup : 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1969 -- 70 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McNab '' . Eurosport.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McNab '' . Arsenal.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McNab '' . England Football Online.com . Jump up ^ `` MCNAB BACK AS COACH ; GOODWIN RETURNS TO FRONT OFFICE '' , THE SEATTLE TIMES , 6 March 1985 Jump up ^ `` Florida millionaire set to buy Pompey '' . The Guardian . London . 12 May 1999 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dougan and Allison , the World Cup panel beaters , boldly went where no footballers had gone before '' . The Independent . London . 30 June 2007 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' On the Buses '' - The Football Match ( 1973 ) `` . IMdB . Jump up ^ `` Harmony in Huddersfield '' . BBC . External links ( edit ) Bob McNab 's FA Profile Bob McNab 's NASL / MISL Stats Harris , Jeff ( 1995 ) . Hogg , Tony , ed . Arsenal Who 's Who . Independent UK Sports . ISBN 1 - 899429 - 03 - 4 . Vancouver Whitecaps ( 1974 -- 1984 ) -- Head coaches Easton ( 1974 -- 75 ) Krautzun ( 1976 -- 77 ) Osieck ( 1977 ) Waiters ( 1977 -- 79 ) McNab ( 1980 ) Waiters ( 1980 ) Giles ( 1981 -- 83 ) Hinton ( 1984 ) Portsmouth F.C. -- managers Brettell ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Blyth ( 1901 -- 04 ) Bonney ( 1904 -- 08 ) Brown ( 1911 -- 20 ) McCartney ( 1920 -- 27 ) Tinn ( 1927 -- 47 ) Jackson ( 1947 -- 52 ) Lever ( 1952 -- 58 ) Cox ( 1958 -- 61 ) G. Smith ( 1961 -- 70 ) Tindall ( 1970 -- 73 ) Mortimore ( 1973 -- 74 ) St John ( 1974 -- 77 ) Dickinson ( 1977 -- 79 ) Burrows ( 1979 -- 82 ) Campbell ( 1982 -- 84 ) Ball ( 1984 -- 89 ) Gregory ( 1989 -- 90 ) Burrows ( 1990 -- 91 ) Barton ( 1991 ) J. Smith ( 1991 -- 95 ) Fenwick ( 1995 -- 98 ) Waldon ( 1998 ) Ball ( 1998 -- 99 ) McNab ( 1999 -- 00 ) Pulis ( 2000 ) Claridge ( 2000 -- 01 ) Rix ( 2001 -- 02 ) Redknapp ( 2002 -- 04 ) Zajec ( 2004 -- 05 ) Perrin ( 2005 ) Jordan ( 2005 ) Redknapp ( 2005 -- 08 ) Adams & Jordan ( 2008 ) Adams ( 2008 -- 09 ) Hart ( 2009 ) Groves & Woan ( 2009 ) Grant ( 2009 -- 10 ) Cotterill ( 2010 -- 11 ) Whittingham & Gray ( 2011 ) Appleton ( 2011 -- 12 ) Whittingham ( 2012 -- 13 ) Awford ( 2013 ) Barker ( 2013 -- 14 ) Awford ( 2014 -- 15 ) Waddock ( 2015 ) Cook ( 2015 -- 17 ) Jackett ( 2017 -- ) ( c ) = caretaker manager Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_McNab&oldid=833513905 '' Categories : Arsenal F.C. players Barnet F.C. players Continental Indoor Soccer League coaches England international footballers English expatriate footballers English expatriates in Canada English football managers English footballers English emigrants to the United States English people of Scottish descent Expatriate soccer players in Canada Expatriate soccer players in the United States Association football central defenders Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Major Indoor Soccer League ( 1978 -- 92 ) coaches Major Indoor Soccer League ( 1978 -- 92 ) players North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) coaches North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) players Sportspeople from Huddersfield Sportspeople from Los Angeles Portsmouth F.C. managers San Antonio Thunder players English Football League players Vancouver Whitecaps ( 1974 -- 1984 ) coaches Vancouver Whitecaps ( 1974 -- 84 ) players Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players 1943 births Living people English Football League representative players Tacoma Stars players Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français עברית Polski Svenska Тоҷикӣ Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 01 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what arsenal player was in on the buses	[ "As well as being a footballer, Bob McNab was a media personality in the 1970s, appearing on the panel for ITV's coverage of the 1970 FIFA World Cup,[6] and he had a cameo role in the 1973 On The Buses episode \"The Football Match\".[7] His daughter, Mercedes McNab is a notable actress.[8]" ]	[ "Bob McNab" ]
5101088340849459641	Harry Potter	Harry Potter - wikipedia Harry Potter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For other uses , including related topics and derivative works , see Harry Potter ( disambiguation ) . For the character in the series , see Harry Potter ( character ) . For the film adaptations , see Harry Potter ( film series ) . Harry Potter The Harry Potter logo , used first in American editions of the novel series and later in films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Author J.K. Rowling Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy , drama , young adult fiction , mystery , thriller , Bildungsroman Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) Published 26 June 1997 -- 21 July 2007 ( initial publication ) Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book ( as of March 2012 ) No. of books 7 Website www.pottermore.com Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J.K. Rowling . The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard , Harry Potter , and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The main story arc concerns Harry 's struggle against Lord Voldemort , a dark wizard who intends to become immortal , overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic , and subjugate all wizards and muggles , a reference term that means non-magical people . Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim , and commercial success worldwide . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers , and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . The series has also had its share of criticism , including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed , as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts . As of May 2013 , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best - selling book series in history , and have been translated into seventy - three languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest - selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty - four hours of its release . The series was originally published in English by two major publishers , Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States . A play , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , based on a story co-written by Rowling , premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , and its script was published by Little , Brown . The original seven books were adapted into an eight - part film series by Warner Bros. Pictures , which has become the second highest - grossing film series of all time as of August 2015 . In 2016 , the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion , making Harry Potter one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . A series of many genres , including fantasy , drama , coming of age , and the British school story ( which includes elements of mystery , thriller , adventure , horror , and romance ) , the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references . According to Rowling , the main theme is death . Other major themes in the series include prejudice , corruption , and madness . The success of the books and films has allowed the Harry Potter franchise to expand , with numerous derivative works , a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009 , a studio tour in London that opened in 2012 , a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight , and a pentalogy of spin - off films premiering in November 2016 with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , among many other developments . Most recently , themed attractions , collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Early years 1.2 Voldemort returns 2 Supplementary works 2.1 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 2.2 In - universe books 2.3 Pottermore website 3 Structure and genre 4 Themes 5 Origins 6 Publishing history 6.1 Translations 6.2 Completion of the series 6.3 Cover art 7 Achievements 7.1 Cultural impact 7.2 Commercial success 7.3 Awards , honours , and recognition 8 Reception 8.1 Literary criticism 8.2 Social impact 8.3 Controversies 9 Adaptations 9.1 Films 9.1. 1 Spin - off prequels 9.2 Games 9.3 Audiobooks 9.4 Stage production 10 Attractions 10.1 The Wizarding World of Harry Potter 10.2 United Kingdom 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Further information : Harry Potter universe The central character in the series is Harry Potter , an English boy who lives with his aunt , uncle , and cousin - the Dursleys - who discovers , at the age of eleven , that he is a wizard , though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles . The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world , albeit hidden and in secrecy . His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world . Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place . As Harry develops through his adolescence , he learns to overcome the problems that face him : magical , social and emotional , including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships , infatuation , romantic relationships , schoolwork and exams , anxiety , depression , stress , and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation that lies ahead in wizarding Britain 's increasingly - violent second wizarding war . Each novel chronicles one year in Harry 's life during the period from 1991 to 1998 . The books also contain many flashbacks , which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve . The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality . The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture , European folklore , classical mythology and alchemy , incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands , magic plants , potions , spells , flying broomsticks , centaurs , and other magical creatures , the Deathly Hallows , and the Philosopher 's Stone , beside others invented by Rowling . While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings ' Middle - earth a mythic past , the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life , with the action mostly set in Scotland ( Hogwarts ) , the West Country , Devon , London and Surrey in southeast England . The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets , ancient pubs , lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population . Early years When the first novel of the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( published in America and other countries as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) opens , it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the Wizarding World -- an event so very remarkable , even Muggles ( non-magical people ) notice signs of it . The full background to this event and Harry Potter 's past is revealed gradually through the series . After the introductory chapter , the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter 's eleventh birthday , and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed . Despite Harry 's aunt and uncle 's desperate prevention of Harry gleaning about his powers , their efforts are in vain . Harry meets a half - giant , Rubeus Hagrid , who is also his first contact with the Wizarding World . Hagrid reveals himself to be the Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts as well as some of Harry 's history . Harry learns that , as a baby , he witnessed his parents ' murder by the power - obsessed dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who subsequently attempted to kill him as well . Instead , the unexpected happened : Harry survived with only a lightning - shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack and Voldemort disappeared soon afterwards , gravely weakened by his own rebounding curse . As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort 's reign of terror , Harry has become a living legend in the Wizarding World . However , at the orders of the venerable and well - known wizard Albus Dumbledore , the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant Muggle relatives , the Dursleys , who have kept him safe but treated him poorly , including confining him to a cupboard without meals and torturing him like he is their servant . Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a famous magic school in Scotland that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven years , from age eleven to seventeen . With Hagrid 's help , Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year of study at Hogwarts . As Harry begins to explore the magical world , the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used throughout the series . Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends : Ron Weasley , a fun - loving member of an ancient , large , happy , but poor wizarding family , and Hermione Granger , a gifted , bright , and hardworking witch of non-magical parentage . Harry also encounters the school 's potions master , Severus Snape , who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike for him , the rich brat Draco Malfoy whom he quickly makes enemies with , and the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Quirinus Quirrell , who later turns out to be allied with Lord Voldemort . He also discovers a talent of flying on broomsticks and is recruited for his house 's Quidditch team , a sport in the wizarding world where players fly on broomsticks . The first book concludes with Harry 's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort , who , in his quest to regain a body , yearns to gain the power of the Philosopher 's Stone , a substance that bestows everlasting life and turns any metal into pure gold . The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , describing Harry 's second year at Hogwarts . He and his friends investigate a 50 - year - old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school . Ron 's younger sister , Ginny Weasley , enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts , and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus 's diary , Tom Marvolo Riddle , later revealed to be Voldemort 's younger self , who is bent on ridding the school of `` mudbloods '' , a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage . The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary , Voldemort is able to possess her . Through the diary , Ginny acts on Voldemort 's orders and unconsciously opens the `` Chamber of Secrets '' , unleashing an ancient monster , later revealed to be a basilisk , which begins attacking students at Hogwarts . It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly . The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Gilderoy Lockhart , a highly cheerful , self - conceited wizard with a pretentious facade , later turning out to be a fraud . Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school 's history , and learns that Voldemort 's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles . Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts . When Hermione is attacked and petrified , Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets , with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny , and also destroying a part of Voldemort 's soul . The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy , Draco 's father and rival of Ron and Ginny 's father , to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny 's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts . The third novel , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , follows Harry in his third year of magical education . It is the only book in the series which does not feature Lord Voldemort in any form . Instead , Harry must deal with the knowledge that he has been targeted by Sirius Black , his father 's best friend , and , according to the Wizarding World , an escaped mass murderer who assisted in the murder of Harry 's parents . As Harry struggles with his reaction to the dementors -- dark creatures with the power to devour a human soul and feed on despair -- which are ostensibly protecting the school , he reaches out to Remus Lupin , a Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher who is eventually revealed to be a werewolf . Lupin teaches Harry defensive measures which are well above the level of magic generally executed by people his age . Harry comes to know that both Lupin and Black were best friends of his father and that Black was framed by their fourth friend , Peter Pettigrew , who had been hiding as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . In this book , a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised -- in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , none of whom lasts more than one school year . Voldemort returns The Elephant House was one of the cafés in Edinburgh where Rowling wrote the first part of Harry Potter . During Harry 's fourth year of school ( detailed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ) , Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament , a dangerous yet exciting contest where three `` champions '' , one from each participating school , must compete with each other in three tasks in order to win the Triwizard Cup . This year , Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard `` champion '' from overseas visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang , as well as another Hogwarts student , causing Harry 's friends to distance themselves from him . Harry is guided through the tournament by their new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody , who turns out to be an impostor -- one of Voldemort 's supporters named Barty Crouch , Jr. in disguise . The point at which the mystery is unravelled marks the series ' shift from foreboding and uncertainty into open conflict . Voldemort 's plan to have Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort succeeds . Although Harry manages to escape , Cedric Diggory , the other Hogwarts champion in the tournament , is killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-enters the Wizarding World with a physical body . In the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry must confront the newly resurfaced Voldemort . In response to Voldemort 's reappearance , Dumbledore re-activates the Order of the Phoenix , a secret society which works from Sirius Black 's dark family home to defeat Voldemort 's minions and protect Voldemort 's targets , especially Harry . Despite Harry 's description of Voldemort 's recent activities , the Ministry of Magic and many others in the magical world refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned . In an attempt to counter and eventually discredit Dumbledore , who along with Harry is the most prominent voice in the Wizarding World attempting to warn of Voldemort 's return , the Ministry appoints Dolores Umbridge as the High Inquisitor of Hogwarts and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . She transforms the school into a dictatorial regime and refuses to allow the students to learn ways to defend themselves against dark magic . With Ron and Hermione 's suggestion , Harry forms `` Dumbledore 's Army '' , a secret study group aimed to teach his classmates the higher - level skills of Defence Against the Dark Arts that he has learned from his previous encounters with Dark wizards . Through those lessons , Harry begins to develop a crush on the popular and attractive Cho Chang . Juggling schoolwork , Umbridge 's incessant and persistent efforts to land him in trouble and the defensive lessons , Harry begins to lose sleep as he constantly receives disturbing dreams about a dark corridor in the Ministry of Magic , followed by a burning desire . An important prophecy concerning Harry and Lord Voldemort is then revealed , and Harry discovers that he and Voldemort have a painful connection , allowing Harry to view some of Voldemort 's actions telepathically . In the novel 's climax , Harry is tricked into seeing Sirius tortured and races to the Ministry of Magic . He and his friends face off against Voldemort 's followers nicknamed Death Eaters at the Ministry of Magic . Although the timely arrival of members of the Order of the Phoenix saves the teenagers ' lives , Sirius Black is killed in the conflict . In the sixth book , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Voldemort begins waging open warfare . Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts . They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence -- Harry eventually begins dating Ginny , Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown , and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron . Near the beginning of the novel , lacking his own book , Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled ; `` the Half - Blood Prince . '' This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master , Horace Slughorn , but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it , becomes a source of concern . With war drawing near , Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore , who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve . These reveal that in order to preserve his life , Voldemort has split his soul into pieces , creating a series of Horcruxes -- evil enchanted items hidden in various locations , one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book . On their way to collect a Horcrux , Draco , who has joined with the Death Eaters , attempts to attack Dumbledore , and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape , the titular Half - Blood Prince . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last original novel in the series , begins directly after the events of the sixth book . Lord Voldemort has completed his ascension to power and gained control of the Ministry of Magic . Harry , Ron and Hermione drop out of school so that they can find and destroy Voldemort 's remaining Horcruxes . To ensure their own safety as well as that of their family and friends , they are forced to isolate themselves . A ghoul pretends to be Ron ill with a contagious disease , Harry and the Dursleys separate , and Hermione wipes her parents ' memories . As they search for the Horcruxes , the trio learns details about an ancient prophecy about the Deathly Hallows , three legendary items that when united under one Keeper , would supposedly grant that person to be the Master of Death . Harry discovers his handy Invisibility Cloak to be one of those items , and Voldemort to be searching for another : the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand in history . At the end of the book , Harry and his friends learn about Dumbledore 's past , as well as Snape 's true motives -- he had worked on Dumbledore 's behalf since the murder of Harry 's mother . Eventually , Snape is killed by Voldemort out of paranoia . The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts . Harry , Ron and Hermione , in conjunction with members of the Order of the Phoenix and many of the teachers and students , defend Hogwarts from Voldemort , his Death Eaters , and various dangerous magical creatures . Several major characters are killed in the first wave of the battle , including Remus Lupin and Fred Weasley , Ron 's older brother . After learning that he himself is a Horcrux , Harry surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest , who casts a killing curse ( Avada Kedavra ) at him . The defenders of Hogwarts do not surrender after learning of Harry 's presumed death and continue to fight on . Harry awakens and faces Voldemort , whose Horcruxes have all been destroyed . In the final battle , Voldemort 's killing curse rebounds off Harry 's defensive spell ( Expelliarmus ) killing Voldemort . An epilogue `` Nineteen Years Later '' ( set on 1 September 2017 ) describes the lives of the surviving characters and the effects of Voldemort 's death on the Wizarding World . In the epilogue , Harry and Ginny are married with three children , and Ron and Hermione are married with two children . Supplementary works Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part West End stage play . It was written by Jack Thorne and based on a story by author J.K. Rowling , Thorne and director John Tiffany . The play opened on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , London , England . The script was released on 31 July 2016 . The story is set nineteen years after the ending of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter . The play 's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015 : It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and father of three school - age children . While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . In - universe books See also : J.K. Rowling § Philanthropy Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities . In 2001 , she released Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( a purported Hogwarts textbook ) and Quidditch Through the Ages ( a book Harry reads for fun ) . Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic Relief . In 2007 , Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel , one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children 's High Level Group , a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries . The book was published internationally on 4 December 2008 . Rowling also wrote an 800 - word prequel in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller Waterstones . All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels . In 2016 , she released three new e-books : Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide , Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists and Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore website In 2011 , Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project called Pottermore . Pottermore opened to the general public on 14 April 2012 . Pottermore allows users to be sorted , be chosen by their wand and play various minigames . The main purpose of the website was to allow the user to journey though the story with access to content not revealed by JK Rowling previously , with over 18,000 words of additional content . In September 2015 , the website was completely overhauled and most of the features were removed . The site has been redesigned and it mainly focuses on the information already available , rather than exploration . Structure and genre The Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers , children , or adults . The novels fall within the genre of fantasy literature , and qualify as a type of fantasy called `` urban fantasy '' , `` contemporary fantasy '' , or `` low fantasy '' . They are mainly dramas , and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout , though they do contain some notable instances of tragicomedy and black humour . In many respects , they are also examples of the bildungsroman , or coming of age novel , and contain elements of mystery , adventure , horror , thriller , and romance . The books are also , in the words of Stephen King , `` shrewd mystery tales '' , and each book is constructed in the manner of a Sherlock Holmes - style mystery adventure . The stories are told from a third person limited point of view with very few exceptions ( such as the opening chapters of Philosopher 's Stone , Goblet of Fire and Deathly Hallows and the first two chapters of Half - Blood Prince ) . The series can be considered part of the British children 's boarding school genre , which includes Rudyard Kipling 's Stalky & Co. , Enid Blyton 's Malory Towers , St. Clare 's and the Naughtiest Girl series , and Frank Richards 's Billy Bunter novels : the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in Hogwarts , a fictional British boarding school for wizards , where the curriculum includes the use of magic . In this sense they are `` in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes 's Tom Brown 's School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of British public school life '' , though they are , as many note , more contemporary , grittier , darker , and more mature than the typical boarding school novel , addressing serious themes of death , love , loss , prejudice , coming - of - age , and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British setting . Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year . Harry struggles with the problems he encounters , and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules . If students are caught breaking rules , they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors . The stories reach their climax in the summer term , near or just after final exams , when events escalate far beyond in - school squabbles and struggles , and Harry must confront either Voldemort or one of his followers , the Death Eaters , with the stakes a matter of life and death -- a point underlined , as the series progresses , by characters being killed in each of the final four books . In the aftermath , he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore . The only exception to this school - centred setting is the final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts , and only return there to face Voldemort at the dénouement . Themes According to Rowling , a major theme in the series is death : `` My books are largely about death . They open with the death of Harry 's parents . There is Voldemort 's obsession with conquering death and his quest for immortality at any price , the goal of anyone with magic . I so understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death . We 're all frightened of it . '' Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books , some more complex than others , and some including political subtexts . Themes such as normality , oppression , survival , and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series . Similarly , the theme of making one 's way through adolescence and `` going over one 's most harrowing ordeals -- and thus coming to terms with them '' has also been considered . Rowling has stated that the books comprise `` a prolonged argument for tolerance , a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry '' and that they also pass on a message to `` question authority and ... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth '' . While the books could be said to comprise many other themes , such as power / abuse of power , violence and hatred , love , loss , prejudice , and free choice , they are , as Rowling states , `` deeply entrenched in the whole plot '' ; the writer prefers to let themes `` grow organically '' , rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers . Along the same lines is the ever - present theme of adolescence , in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters ' sexualities and not leaving Harry , as she put it , `` stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence '' . Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth , and humanity as a whole . Rowling said that , to her , the moral significance of the tales seems `` blindingly obvious '' . The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy , `` because that ... is how tyranny is started , with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble . '' Origins Main article : Harry Potter influences and analogues In 1990 , Rowling was on a crowded train from Manchester to London when the idea for Harry suddenly `` fell into her head '' . Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying : `` I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before . I simply sat and thought , for four ( delayed train ) hours , and all the details bubbled up in my brain , and this scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard became more and more real to me . '' Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents . The second agent she tried , Christopher Little , offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury . Publishing history The novelist , J.K. Rowling The logo used in British , Australian , and Canadian editions before 2010 , which uses the typeface Cochin Bold . After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher 's Stone , Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £ 2,500 advance for its publication . Despite Rowling 's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books , the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven . On the eve of publishing , Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender - neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group , fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman . She elected to use J.K. Rowling ( Joanne Kathleen Rowling ) , using her grandmother 's name as her second name because she has no middle name . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published by Bloomsbury , the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom , on 26 June 1997 . It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic -- the American publisher of the books -- as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , after Rowling had received US $105,000 for the American rights -- a record amount for a children 's book by an unknown author . Fearing that American readers would not associate the word `` philosopher '' with magic ( although the Philosopher 's Stone is alchemy - related ) , Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for the American market . The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 , and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on 21 July 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release , breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Translations Main article : Harry Potter in translation The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in Moscow , 2007 The series has been translated into 67 languages , placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history . The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean , Armenian , Ukrainian , Arabic , Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Bulgarian , Welsh , Afrikaans , Albanian , Latvian and Vietnamese . The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek , making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD . The second volume has also been translated into Latin . Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well - known authors before their work on Harry Potter , such as Viktor Golyshev , who oversaw the Russian translation of the series ' fifth book . The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay , a popular literary critic and cultural commentator . For reasons of secrecy , translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English , leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available . This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries ; for example , such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English - language book ever to top the best - seller list in France . The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience . Completion of the series In December 2005 , Rowling stated on her web site , `` 2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series . '' Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with the release date of 21 July 2007 . The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral Hotel , Edinburgh , where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of Hermes . It read : `` J.K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room ( 552 ) on 11 January 2007 . '' Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book ( in fact , the epilogue ) was completed `` in something like 1990 '' . In June 2006 , Rowling , on an appearance on the British talk show Richard & Judy , announced that the chapter had been modified as one character `` got a reprieve '' and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed . On 28 March 2007 , the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released . In September 2012 , Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go back to make a `` director 's cut '' of two of the existing Harry Potter books . Cover art For cover art , Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design , with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express , and a title in the font Cochin Bold . The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic , illustrating scenes from the books . These covers were created by first Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft . Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience , Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an ' adult ' style . These initially used black - and - white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books ( including a very American Hogwarts Express ) without depicting people , but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin 's locket on the cover of the final book . International and later editions have been created by a range of designers , including Mary GrandPré for U.S. audiences and Mika Launis in Finland . For a later American release , Kazu Kibuishi created covers in a somewhat anime - influenced style . Achievements `` Platform 93⁄4 '' sign on London King 's Cross railway station Cultural impact For more details on this topic , see Harry Potter fandom . Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books , beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The events , commonly featuring mock sorting , games , face painting , and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours . The final book in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history , moving 11 million units in the first twenty - four hours of release . The series has also gathered adult fans , leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book , identical in text but with one edition 's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults . Besides meeting online through blogs , podcasts , and fansites , Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter symposia . The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins , becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary . The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular , often weekly , insight to the latest discussion in the fandom . Both MuggleCast and PotterCast have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts . Some lessons identified in the series include diversity , acceptance , political tolerance , and equality . Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different than those who had not . Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant , more opposed to violence and torture , less authoritarian , and less cynical . Although it is not known if this is a cause - and - effect relationship , there is a clear correlation , and it seems that Harry Potter 's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond . At the University of Michigan in 2009 , StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical . The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly 's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009 . Characters and elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several organisms , including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia , the spider Eriovixia gryffindori , the wasp Ampulex dementor , and the crab Harryplax severus . Commercial success See also : List of best - selling books Crowd outside a book store for the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling , her publishers , and other Harry Potter related license holders . This success has made Rowling the first and thus far only billionaire author . The books have sold more than 400 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros. , all of which have been highly successful in their own right . The films have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing of more than 400 additional Harry Potter products . The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion . The great demand for Harry Potter books motivated the New York Times to create a separate best - seller list for children 's literature in 2000 , just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . By 24 June 2000 , Rowling 's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks ; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best - seller list . On 12 April 2007 , Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record , with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site . For the release of Goblet of Fire , 9,000 FedEx trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the book . Together , Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble pre-sold more than 700,000 copies of the book . In the United States , the book 's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies . This record statistic was broken by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , with 8.5 million , which was then shattered by Half - Blood Prince with 10.8 million copies . 6.9 million copies of Prince were sold in the U.S. within the first 24 hours of its release ; in the United Kingdom more than two million copies were sold on the first day . The initial U.S. print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies , and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon and Barnes & Noble . Awards , honours , and recognition The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher 's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards ( all of which were awarded in 2001 ) , three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards ( 1999 and 2001 ) , the inaugural Whitbread children 's book of the year award ( 1999 ) , the WHSmith book of the year ( 2006 ) , among others . In 2000 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel , and in 2001 , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award . Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal ( 1997 ) , a short listing for the Guardian Children 's Award ( 1998 ) , and numerous listings on the notable books , editors ' Choices , and best books lists of the American Library Association , The New York Times , Chicago Public Library , and Publishers Weekly . In 2002 , British sociologist Andrew Blake named Harry Potter among the icons of British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond and Sherlock Holmes . In 2003 , four of the books were named in the top 24 of the BBC 's The Big Read survey of the best loved novels in the UK . A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly read aloud in elementary schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association listed the series in its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Three of the books placed among the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time , or children 's novels , in a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal : Sorcerer 's Stone ranked number three , Prisoner of Azkaban 12th , and Goblet of Fire 98th . In 2012 , the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London featured a 100 - foot tall rendition of Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to show off the UK 's cultural icons . Reception Literary criticism Early in its history , Harry Potter received positive reviews . On publication , the first book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers , such as The Scotsman , which said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' , and The Glasgow Herald , which called it `` Magic stuff '' . Soon the English newspapers joined in , with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl 's work : The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' , a view echoed by The Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' . By the time of the release of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars . Yale professor , literary scholar , and critic Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the books ' literary merits , saying , `` Rowling 's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors that she has no other style of writing . '' A.S. Byatt authored a New York Times op - ed article calling Rowling 's universe a `` secondary secondary world , made up of intelligently patchworked derivative motifs from all sorts of children 's literature ... written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons , and the exaggerated ( more exciting , not threatening ) mirror - worlds of soaps , reality TV and celebrity gossip '' . Michael Rosen , a novelist and poet , advocated the books were not suited for children , who would be unable to grasp the complex themes . Rosen also stated that `` J.K. Rowling is more of an adult writer . '' The critic Anthony Holden wrote in The Observer on his experience of judging Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for the 1999 Whitbread Awards . His overall view of the series was negative -- `` the Potter saga was essentially patronising , conservative , highly derivative , dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain '' , and he speaks of `` a pedestrian , ungrammatical prose style '' . Ursula K. Le Guin said , `` I have no great opinion of it . When so many adult critics were carrying on about the ' incredible originality ' of the first Harry Potter book , I read it to find out what the fuss was about , and remained somewhat puzzled ; it seemed a lively kid 's fantasy crossed with a `` school novel '' , good fare for its age group , but stylistically ordinary , imaginatively derivative , and ethically rather mean - spirited . '' By contrast , author Fay Weldon , while admitting that the series is `` not what the poets hoped for '' , nevertheless goes on to say , `` but this is not poetry , it is readable , saleable , everyday , useful prose '' . The literary critic A.N. Wilson praised the Harry Potter series in The Times , stating : `` There are not many writers who have JK 's Dickensian ability to make us turn the pages , to weep -- openly , with tears splashing -- and a few pages later to laugh , at invariably good jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have followed the publication of the liveliest , funniest , scariest and most moving children 's stories ever written '' . Charles Taylor of Salon.com , who is primarily a movie critic , took issue with Byatt 's criticisms in particular . While he conceded that she may have `` a valid cultural point -- a teeny one -- about the impulses that drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling complexities of art '' , he rejected her claims that the series is lacking in serious literary merit and that it owes its success merely to the childhood reassurances it offers . Taylor stressed the progressively darker tone of the books , shown by the murder of a classmate and close friend and the psychological wounds and social isolation each causes . Taylor also argued that Philosopher 's Stone , said to be the most light - hearted of the seven published books , disrupts the childhood reassurances that Byatt claims spur the series ' success : the book opens with news of a double murder , for example . Stephen King called the series `` a feat of which only a superior imagination is capable '' , and declared `` Rowling 's punning , one - eyebrow - cocked sense of humor '' to be `` remarkable '' . However , he wrote that despite the story being `` a good one '' , he is `` a little tired of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle '' , the formulaic beginning of all seven books . King has also joked that `` Rowling 's never met an adverb she did not like ! '' He does however predict that Harry Potter `` will indeed stand time 's test and wind up on a shelf where only the best are kept ; I think Harry will take his place with Alice , Huck , Frodo , and Dorothy and this is one series not just for the decade , but for the ages '' . Sameer Rahim of The Daily Telegraph disagreed , saying `` It depresses me to see 16 and 17 year - olds reading the series when they could be reading the great novels of childhood such as Oliver Twist or A House for Mr Biswas . What that says about the adults who are fanatical fans I 'm not sure -- but I suspect in years to come people will make a link between our plump , comfortable , infantilising society and the popularity of Potter . '' There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings books . Social impact Although Time magazine named Rowling as a runner - up for its 2007 Person of the Year award , noting the social , moral , and political inspiration she has given her fandom , cultural comments on the series have been mixed . Washington Post book critic Ron Charles opined in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books may represent a `` bad case of cultural infantilism '' , and that the straightforward `` good vs. evil '' theme of the series is `` childish '' . He also argued `` through no fault of Rowling 's '' , the cultural and marketing `` hysteria '' marked by the publication of the later books `` trains children and adults to expect the roar of the coliseum , a mass - media experience that no other novel can possibly provide '' . Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books ' potential to improve literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would . The seven - book series has a word count of 1,083,594 ( US edition ) . Agreeing about the motivating effects , Diane Penrod also praised the books ' blending of simple entertainment with `` the qualities of highbrow literary fiction '' , but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the prolific merchandising that accompanies the book launches . However , the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is `` largely a folk legend . '' Research by the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon , nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books . The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres . NEA chairman Dana Gioia said the series , `` got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books . The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading . '' Jennifer Conn used Snape 's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch 's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical teaching , and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . Jenny Sawyer wrote in Christian Science Monitor on 25 July 2007 that the books represent a `` disturbing trend in commercial storytelling and Western society '' in that stories `` moral center ( sic ) have all but vanished from much of today 's pop culture ... after 10 years , 4,195 pages , and over 375 million copies , J.K. Rowling 's towering achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children 's literature : the hero 's moral journey '' . Harry Potter , Sawyer argues , neither faces a `` moral struggle '' nor undergoes any ethical growth , and is thus `` no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white '' . In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry 's first passage through to Platform 93⁄4 as an application of faith and hope , and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes . She also noted the `` deeper magic '' by which the self - sacrifice of Harry 's mother protects the boy throughout the series , and which the power - hungry Voldemort fails to understand . In an 8 November 2002 Slate article , Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to a `` trust - fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him '' . Noting that in Rowling 's fiction , magical ability potential is `` something you are born to , not something you can achieve '' , Suellentrop wrote that Dumbledore 's maxim that `` It is our choices that show what we truly are , far more than our abilities '' is hypocritical , as `` the school that Dumbledore runs values native gifts above all else '' . In a 12 August 2007 New York Times review of Deathly Hallows , however , Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for `` unmooring '' her `` English school story '' from literary precedents `` bound up with dreams of wealth and class and snobbery '' , arguing that she had instead created `` a world of youthful democracy and diversity '' . In 2010 , coinciding with the release of the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 , a series of articles were written about Private Harry Potter of the British army . This real - life Harry Potter was killed in the Arab Revolt near Hebron in 1939 . His grave , located in the British cemetery in Ramla , Israel , began to receive curious visitors leading the Ramla Municipality to list it on their website . The Daily Mail interviewed siblings of Harry Potter who stated , `` We could n't believe people visit his grave , but apparently they come from miles around to have their photo taken next to it . '' In 2016 , an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares the politics of Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign . She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant ' 1 ) the value of tolerance and respect for difference ; 2 ) opposition to violence and punitiveness ; and 3 ) the dangers of authoritarianism . ' She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have responded to the campaign . Controversies Main articles : Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series , Religious debates over the Harry Potter series , Politics of Harry Potter , and Tanya Grotter The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings , stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements . The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling , her publishers , and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright , which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations , targeting the owners of websites over the `` Harry Potter '' domain name , and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work . Various religious conservatives have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children , while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas . The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds . From 1997 to 1998 , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children , but none of the children 's book awards judged by adults , and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children . In 1999 , the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children 's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award , and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the overall winner ; it finished second , very close behind the winner of the poetry prize , Seamus Heaney 's translation of the Anglo - Saxon epic Beowulf . In 2000 , shortly before the publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , the previous three Harry Potter books topped the New York Times fiction best - seller list and a third of the entries were children 's books . The newspaper created a new children 's section covering children 's books , including both fiction and non-fiction , and initially counting only hardback sales . The move was supported by publishers and booksellers . In 2004 , The New York Times further split the children 's list , which was still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for series and individual books , and removed the Harry Potter books from the section for individual books . The split in 2000 attracted condemnation , praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move . Time suggested that , on the same principle , Billboard should have created a separate `` mop - tops '' list in 1964 when the Beatles held the top five places in its list , and Nielsen should have created a separate game - show list when Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? dominated the ratings . Adaptations Films Main article : Harry Potter ( film series ) The locomotive that features as the `` Hogwarts Express '' in the film series . In 1998 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . After many directors including Steven Spielberg , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , and Alan Parker were considered , Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( titled `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' in the United States ) , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision . After extensive casting , filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself , with production ending in July 2001 . Philosopher 's Stone was released on 14 November 2001 . Just three days after the film 's release , production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , also directed by Columbus , began . Filming was completed in summer 2002 , with the film being released on 15 November 2002 . Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter , doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise . Columbus declined to direct Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , only acting as producer . Mexican director Alfonso Cuarón took over the job , and after shooting in 2003 , the film was released on 4 June 2004 . Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third 's release , Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , released on 18 November 2005 . Newell became the first British director of the series , with television director David Yates following suit after he was chosen to helm Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007 . After executives were `` really delighted '' with his work on the film , Yates was selected to direct Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which was released on 15 July 2009 . Gringotts Wizarding Bank as seen in the film series In March 2008 , Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , would be released in two cinematic parts : Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011 . Production of both parts started in February 2009 , with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010 . Rowling had creative control on the film series , observing the filmmaking process of Philosopher 's Stone and serving as producer on the two - part Deathly Hallows , alongside David Heyman and David Barron . The Harry Potter films have been top - rank box office hits , with all eight releases on the list of highest - grossing films worldwide . Philosopher 's Stone was the highest - grossing Harry Potter film up until the release of the final instalment of the series , Deathly Hallows , while Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . As well as being a financial success , the film series has also been a success among film critics . Opinions of the films are generally divided among fans , with one group preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films , and another group preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Rowling has been constantly supportive of all the films and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her `` favourite one '' in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions novels do not have , constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , Rowling was joined by producers David Heyman and David Barron along with directors David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón and Mike Newell in collecting the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf of all the films in the series . Actors Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , who play main characters Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , were also in attendance . Spin - off prequels A new series consisting of five films , beginning with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , will take place before the main series . The first film was released on 18 November 2016 and the next two are due to be released in 2018 and 2020 . Rowling wrote the screenplay for the first instalment , marking her first foray into screenwriting . Games A number of other non-interactive media games and board games have been released such as Cluedo Harry Potter Edition , Scene It ? Harry Potter and Lego Harry Potter models , which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films . There are thirteen Harry Potter video games , eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin - offs . The film / book - based games are produced by Electronic Arts , as was Harry Potter : Quidditch World Cup , with the game version of the first entry in the series , Philosopher 's Stone , being released in November 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone went on to become one of the best - selling PlayStation games ever . The video games were released to coincide with the films , containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books . Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts , along with various other magical areas . The story and design of the games follow the selected film 's characterisation and plot ; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films . The last game in the series , Deathly Hallows , was split , with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011 . The two - part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence , with the gameplay revolving around a third - person shooter style format . The spin - off games Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 and Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 were developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The spin - off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions were developed by SCE London Studio and use the Wonderbook , an augmented reality book designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye . The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions , with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World , and Harry , Voldemort , and Hermione as playable characters . Titles in the series of Harry Potter games Year Title Platform ( s ) Acquired label ( s ) Console Computer Handheld Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone PS1 PS2 Xbox GameCube Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Color GBA PlayStation Greatest Hits Lego Creator : Harry Potter N / A Windows N / A N / A 2002 Lego Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets N / A Windows N / A N / A Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets PS1 PS2 Xbox GameCube Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Color GBA PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits GameCube Player 's Choice 2003 Harry Potter Quidditch World Cup PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits GameCube Player 's Choice 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance NDS PSP PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Advance NDS PSP N / A 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP Mobile Game N / A Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP N / A Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows NDS N / A 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows NDS N / A Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP 3DS PS Vita N / A Harry Potter for Kinect Xbox 360 N / A N / A N / A 2012 Book of Spells PlayStation 3 N / A N / A N / A 2013 Book of Potions PlayStation 3 N / A N / A N / A Audiobooks All seven Harry Potter books have been released in unabridged audiobook versions , with Stephen Fry reading the UK editions and Jim Dale voicing the series for the American editions . Stage production Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child On 20 December 2013 , J.K. Rowling announced that she was working on a Harry Potter -- based play for which she would be one of the producers . British theatre producers Sonia Friedman and Colin Callender will be the co-producers . On 26 June 2015 , on the anniversary of the debut of the first book , Rowling revealed via Twitter that the Harry Potter stage play would be called Harry Potter and The Cursed Child . The Production is expected to open in the summer of 2016 at London 's Palace Theatre , London . The first four months of tickets for the June -- September performances were sold out within several hours upon release . On 10 February 2016 , it was announced via the Pottermore website , that the script would be released in book form , the day after the play 's world premiere , making this the 8th book in the series , with events set nineteen years after the closing chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Main article : The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , located in Universal Orlando Resort 's Island of Adventure After the success of the films and books , Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a new Harry Potter - themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida . The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010 . It includes a re-creation of Hogsmeade and several rides . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Other rides include Dragon Challenge , a pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . Four years later , on 8 July 2014 , Universal opened a Harry Potter - themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park . It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride . Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure . Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series , including Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron . On 15 July 2014 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka , Japan . It includes the village of Hogsmeade , Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride , and Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster . On 7 April 2016 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles , California . United Kingdom In March 2011 , Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series . Warner Bros. Studio Tour London is a behind - the - scenes walking tour featuring authentic sets , costumes and props from the film series . The attraction , Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter , is located at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made . Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British - made productions , following a £ 100 million investment . It opened to the public in March 2012 . References Jump up ^ Peter Svensson ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter breaks e-book lockdown '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . 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Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pottermore -- WW Publishing Cursed Child Script Book Announcement '' . Pottermore. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Sarah ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and The Cursed Child Will Be Published In Book Form '' . TIME . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jason ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Big day is here : Universal hopes Harry Potter 's magic will last '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan : Wizarding World of Harry Potter to open July 15 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Cripps , Karla ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan 's ' Wizarding World of Harry Potter ' opens '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` A Makeover at Universal Studios Hollywood Aims at Disney '' . The New York Times . Universal City , California . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What to expect when the Wizarding World at Universal Studios Hollywood opens in April '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour to open at Leavesden studios in 2012 '' . BBC News . 5 March 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour at Leavesden Studios reveals new sets '' . BBC News . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Further reading Agarwal , Nikita ; Chitra Agarwal ( 2005 ) . Friends and Foes of Harry Potter : Names Decoded . Outskirts Press . ISBN 1 - 59800 - 221 - X Anatol , Giselle Liza ( 2003 ) . Reading Harry Potter : critical essays . Praeger . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 Burkart , Gina ( 2005 ) . A parent 's guide to Harry Potter . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3288 - 2 Duriez , Colin ( 2007 ) . Field Guide to Harry Potter . IVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3430 - 3 Gunelius , Susan ( 2008 ) . Harry Potter : the story of a global business phenomenon . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 20323 - X Heilman , Elizabeth E ( 2008 ) . Critical perspectives on Harry Potter . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96484 - 5 Mulholland , Neil ( 2007 ) . The psychology of Harry Potter : an unauthorized examination of the boy who lived . BenBella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 88 - 4 Silvester , William ( 2010 ) . Harry Potter Collector 's Handbook . Krause . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 0897 - 3 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter . Harry Potter , an external wiki J.K. Rowling 's personal website Harry Potter movies -- Official website ( Warner Bros . ) Harry Potter at Bloomsbury.com ( International publisher ) Harry Potter at Scholastic.com ( US publisher ) Harry Potter at Raincoast.com ( Canadian publisher ) Works by or about Harry Potter in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Orlando resort , Florida ( hide ) The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Books I Love Best Yearly : Younger Readers Award Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1990 ) The BFG by Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl ( 1992 ) Blabber Mouth by Morris Gleitzman ( 1993 ) Fantastic Mr Fox by Roald Dahl ( 1994 ) The Pagemaster by David Kirschner ( 1995 ) When the Wind Changed by Ruth Park ( 1996 ) Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1997 ) Polar the Titanic Bear by Daisy Corning Stone Spedder ( 1998 ) Detective Donut and the Wild Goose Chase by Bruce Whatley and R. Smith ( 1999 ) Just Stupid ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2002 ) The Saddle Club series by Bonnie Bryant ( 2003 ) Just Disgusting ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2004 ) The Bad Book by Andy Griffiths ( 2005 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2006 ) Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. 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1712847988825105150	The Rescuers	The Rescuers - wikipedia The Rescuers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Rescuers ( disambiguation ) . The Rescuers Original theatrical release poster Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman John Lounsbery Art Stevens Produced by Wolfgang Reitherman Ron W. Miller Story by Larry Clemmons Vance Gerry Ken Anderson Frank Thomas Burny Mattinson Fred Lucky Dick Sebast David Michener Ted Berman Based on The Rescuers and Miss Bianca by Margery Sharp Starring Bob Newhart Eva Gabor Michelle Stacy Geraldine Page Joe Flynn Jim Jordan John McIntire Jeanette Nolan Pat Buttram Bernard Fox Music by Score : Artie Butler Songs : Sammy Fain Carol Connors Ayn Robbins Shelby Flint Edited by James Koford James Melton Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date June 22 , 1977 ( 1977 - 06 - 22 ) Running time 77 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7.5 million Box office $71.2 million The Rescuers is a 1977 American animated comedy - drama adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and first released on June 22 , 1977 , by Buena Vista Distribution . The 23rd Disney animated feature film , the film is about the Rescue Aid Society , an international mouse organization headquartered in New York City and shadowing the United Nations , dedicated to helping abduction victims around the world at large . Two of these mice , jittery janitor Bernard ( Bob Newhart ) and his co-agent , the elegant Miss Bianca ( Eva Gabor ) , set out to rescue Penny ( Michelle Stacy ) , an orphan girl being held prisoner in the Devil 's Bayou by treasure huntress Madame Medusa ( Geraldine Page ) . The film is based on a series of books by Margery Sharp , most notably The Rescuers and Miss Bianca . Due to the film 's success , a sequel entitled The Rescuers Down Under was released in 1990 , which made this film the first Disney animated film to have a sequel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Animation 4 Music 4.1 Track list 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 Controversy 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reaction 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot In an abandoned river boat in Devil 's Bayou , a young orphan named Penny drops a message in a bottle , containing a plea for help into the river . The bottle washes up in New York City , where it is recovered by the Rescue Aid Society , an international mouse organization inside the United Nations . The Hungarian representative , Miss Bianca , volunteers to accept the case and chooses Bernard , a stammering janitor , as her co-agent . The two visit Morningside Orphanage , where Penny lived , and meet an old cat named Rufus . He tells them about a woman named Madame Medusa who once tried to lure Penny into her car and may have succeeded in abducting Penny this time . The mice travel to Medusa 's pawn shop , where they discover that she and her partner , Mr. Snoops , are on a quest to find the world 's largest diamond , the Devil 's Eye . They mice learn that Medusa and Mr. Snoops are currently at the Devil 's Bayou with Penny , whom they have indeed kidnapped and placed under the guard of two trained crocodiles , Brutus and Nero . With the help of an albatross named Orville and a dragonfly named Evinrude , the mice follow Medusa to the bayou . There , they learn that Medusa plans to force Penny to enter a small hole that leads down into a pirates ' cave where the Devil 's Eye is located . Bernard and Miss Bianca find Penny and devise a plan of escape . They send Evinrude to alert the local animals , who loathe Medusa , but Evinrude is delayed when he is forced to take shelter from a flock of bats . The following morning , Medusa and Mr. Snoops send Penny down into the cave to find the gem . Unbeknownst to Medusa , Miss Bianca and Bernard are hiding in Penny 's skirt pocket . The three soon find the Devil 's Eye within a pirate skull . As Penny pries the mouth open with a sword , the mice push it out from within , but soon the oceanic tide rises and floods the cave . Miss Bianca , Penny , and Bernard barely manage to retrieve the diamond and escape . Medusa plans to keep the diamond for herself , hiding it in Penny 's teddy bear while holding Penny and Snoops at gunpoint . When she trips over a cable set as a trap by Bernard and Bianca , Medusa loses the bear to Penny , who runs away with it . The local animals arrive at the riverboat and trap the crocodiles Brutus and Nero , then set off Snoops 's fireworks to create more chaos . Meanwhile , Penny and the mice commandeer Medusa 's swamp - mobile , a makeshift airboat . Medusa unsuccessfully pursues them , using Brutus and Nero as water - skis , and is left clinging to the boat 's smoke stacks as the irritated Brutus and Nero circle below . Snoops escapes . Back in New York , the Rescue Aid Society watch a news report of how Penny found the Devil 's Eye , which has been given to the Smithsonian Institution , and how she has been adopted . The meeting is interrupted when Evinrude arrives with a call for help , sending Bernard and Bianca on a new adventure . Cast Bob Newhart as Bernard , Rescue Aid Society 's timid janitor , who reluctantly tags along with Miss Bianca . He is highly superstitious about the number 13 and dislikes flying ( the latter being a personality trait of Newhart ) . Eva Gabor as Miss Bianca , the Hungarian representative of the Rescue Aid Society . She is sophisticated and adventurous . Her Hungarian nationality was derived from that of her voice actress . Geraldine Page as Madame Medusa , a greedy , redheaded , wicked pawnshop owner . Michelle Stacy as Penny , a lonely six - year - old orphan girl , residing at Morningside Orphanage in New York City . Joe Flynn as Mr. Snoops , Medusa 's clumsy business partner . This was Flynn 's final role before his death in 1974 . Jim Jordan as Orville ( named after Orville Wright of the Wright brothers , the inventors of the aeroplane ) , an albatross who gives Bernard and Bianca a ride to Devil 's Bayou . The role was the last for Jordan , who retired after the film 's release . Several of Orville 's screams were recycled from Pinto Colvig 's performances as Goofy . John McIntire as Rufus , the elderly cat who resides at Morningside Orphanage and comforts Penny when she is sad . He was designed by animator Ollie Johnston , who retired after this film following a 40 - year career with Disney . Jeanette Nolan as Ellie Mae and Pat Buttram as Luke , two muskrats who reside in a Southern - style home on a patch of land in Devil 's Bayou . Luke drinks very strong , homemade liquor . James MacDonald as Evinrude , a dragonfly who mans a leaf boat across Devil 's Bayou , giving Bernard and Miss Bianca a ride across the swamp waters . Candy Candido as Brutus and Nero , Medusa 's two aggressive pet crocodiles . Bernard Fox as Mr. Chairman , the chairman to the Rescue Aid Society . George Lindsey as Deadeye , a fisher rabbit who is one of Luke and Ellie Mae 's friends . Larry Clemmons as Gramps , a grumpy , yet kind old turtle who carries a brown cane . Dub Taylor as Digger , a mole . John Fiedler as Deacon Owl Shelby Flint as Singer , Bottle Bill McMillian as T.V. Announcer Production In 1962 , the film began development with its initial treatment developed from the first book centering on a poet held captive by a totalitarian government in the Siberia - like stronghold . However , as the story grew overtly involved with international intrigue , Walt Disney shelved the project as he was unhappy with the political overtones . The project was revived in the early 1970s as a project for the young animators , led by Don Bluth , as the studio would alternate between full - scale `` A pictures '' and smaller , scaled - back `` B pictures '' with simpler animation . The animators had selected the most recent book , Miss Bianca in the Antarctic , with its story focusing on a captured polar bear forced into performing in shows causing the unsatisfied bear to place a bottle that would reach the mice . Jazz singer Louis Prima was to voice the character named Louis the Bear , and this version was to feature six songs sung by Prima written by Floyd Huddleston . However , in 1975 , following headaches and episodes of memory loss , Prima discovered he had a stem brain tumor , and the project was scrapped . Penny struggles to free the Devil 's Eye diamond from a pirate 's skull ; the filmmakers carefully designed every shot of the scene to raise the tension . Meanwhile , the `` A '' crew had finished work on Robin Hood , and was set to begin production on an adaptation of Paul Gallico 's book titled Scruffy under the direction of Ken Anderson . Its story concerned the monkeys of Gibraltar under World War II , which also involved Nazis . When the time had come to greenlight one of the two projects , the studio leaders eventually decided to go for The Rescuers . When Scruffy was shelved , the veteran team turned the project into a more traditional , full - scale production ultimately dropping the Arctic setting of the story with veteran Disney writer Fred Lucky stating , `` It was too stark a background for the animators . '' Cruella de Vil , the villainess from One Hundred and One Dalmatians , was originally considered to be the main antagonist of the film , but Disney animator Ollie Johnston stated it felt wrong to attempt a sequel and the idea was dropped . Instead , she was replaced by a retouched version of the Diamond Duchess in Miss Bianca . The motive to steal a diamond originated in Margery Sharp 's 1959 novel , Miss Bianca . Her appearance was based on animator Milt Kahl 's ex-wife , whom he did not particularly like . This was Kahl 's last film for the studio , and he wanted his final character to be his best ; he was so insistent on perfecting Madame Medusa that he ended up doing almost all the animation for the character himself . Penny was inspired by Patience , the orphan in the novel . For the accomplices , the filmmakers adapted the character , Mandrake , into Mr. Snoops and his appearance was caricatured from animation historian John Culhane . Culhane claims he was practically tricked into posing for various reactions , and his movements were imitated on Mr. Snoops 's model sheet . However , he stated , `` Becoming a Disney character was beyond my wildest dreams of glory . '' Brutus and Nero are based on the two bloodhounds , Tyrant and Torment in the novels . The writers had considered developing Bernard and Bianca into married professional detectives , though they decided that leaving the characters as unmarried novices was more romantic . For the supporting characters , a pint - sized swampmobile for the mice -- a leaf powered by a dragonfly -- was created . As they developed the comedic potential of displaying his exhaustion through buzzing , the dragonfly grew from an incidental into a major character . Veteran sound effects artist and voice talent Jimmy MacDonald came out of retirement to provide the effects . Also , the local swamp creatures were organized into a dedicated home guard that drilled and marched incessantly . However , the writers evolved them into a volunteer group of helpful little bayou creatures . Their leader , a singing bullfrog voiced by Phil Harris , was deleted from the film . A pigeon was originally proposed to be the transportation for Bernard and Bianca , until Ollie Johnston remembered a True Life Adventures episode that showed albatrosses and their clumsy take - offs and landings , and suggested the ungainly bird instead . Animation Ever since One Hundred and One Dalmatians , animation for theatrical Disney animated films was done by xerography , which had been only been able to produce black outlines , but had been improved for the cel artists to use a medium - grey toner in order to create a softer - looking line . At the end of production , it marked the last joint effort by veterans Milt Kahl , Ollie Johnston , and Frank Thomas , and the first Disney film worked on by Don Bluth as an animator , instead of an assistant animator . Other animators who stepped up during production were Glen Keane , Ron Clements , and Andy Gaskill , who would all play an important role in the Disney Renaissance . Music The Rescuers Film score Vinyl LP by Various Artists Released 1977 Recorded 1977 Label Disneyland Producer Artie Butler The songs were written by Sammy Fain , Carol Connors , and Ayn Robbins , and performed by Shelby Flint . For the first time since Bambi , all the most significant songs were sung as part of a narrative , as opposed to by the film 's characters as in most Disney animated films . `` The Journey '' ( also known as `` Who Will Rescue Me ? '' ) -- Sung during the film 's opening credits , the song follows Penny 's bottle as it floats out of the Devil 's Bayou and into the Atlantic Ocean . `` Rescue Aid Society '' -- Sung by the Chairman ( Bernard Fox ) , Bernard ( Bob Newhart ) , and Miss Bianca ( Robie Lester , filling in for Eva Gabor ) , as well as the various international mouse delegates ( the Disney Studio Chorus ) during the R.A.S. meeting . A reprise of the song plays when Bernard and Bianca begin to lose their faith , and are reminded of the song and its meaning . `` Faith is a Bluebird '' -- Although not an actual song , it is a poem recited by Rufus and partially by Penny in a flashback the old cat has to when he last saw the small orphan girl , and comforted her through the poem , about having faith . The titular bluebird that appears in this sequence originally appeared in Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) . `` Tomorrow is Another Day '' -- Sung as Bernard and Bianca travel to Devil 's Bayou upon Orville 's back . The song plays again at the film 's closure , as Bernard and Bianca , assisted by Evinrude and Orville , set out on a new rescue mission . `` Someone 's Waiting For You '' -- Sung as Penny begins to lose her faith , after Medusa cruelly speaks to her . During this segment , the star of faith , that Rufus mentioned earlier lights up the night sky . Bambi and his mother appear during this segment . The song was originally entitled `` The Need to Be Loved '' and featured different lyrics , with recorded versions by Jennifer Paz and Paul Francis Webster . `` For Penny 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' -- Sung by the orphan children at the end of the film , as a variation of the song `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' . Track list Side A 01 . `` The Journey '' -- Shelby Flint 02 . `` Rescue Aid Society '' -- Bernard Fox , Bob Newhart , and Robie Lester 03 . `` Tomorrow Is Another Day '' -- Shelby Flint Side B 04 . `` Someone 's Waiting For You '' -- Shelby Flint 05 . `` Tomorrow Is Another Day ( Reprise ) '' -- Shelby Flint Release The Rescuers was re-released to theaters on December 16 , 1983 along with a new Mickey Mouse featurette , Mickey 's Christmas Carol , Mickey 's first theatrical appearance after a 30 - year absence . In anticipation of its upcoming theatrically released sequel in 1990 , The Rescuers Down Under , The Rescuers saw another successful theatrical run on March 17 , 1989 . Marketing To tie in with the film 's 25th Anniversary , The Rescuers debuted in the Walt Disney Classics Collection line in 2002 , with three different figures featuring three of the film 's biggest stars , as well as the opening title scroll . The three figures were sculpted by Dusty Horner and they were : Brave Bianca , featuring Miss Bianca the heroine and priced at $75 , Bold Bernard , featuring hero Bernard , priced also at $75 and Evinrude Base , featuring Evinrude the dragonfly and priced at $85 . The title scroll featuring the film 's name , The Rescuers and from the opening song sequence `` The Journey , '' was priced at $30 . All figures were retired in March 2005 , except for the opening title scroll which was suspended in December 2012 . The Rescuers was the inspiration for another Walt Disney Classics Collection figure in 2003 . Ken Melton was the sculptor of Teddy Goes With Me , My Dear , a limited edition , 8 - inch sculpture featuring the evil Madame Medusa , the orphan girl Penny , her teddy bear `` Teddy '' and the Devil 's Eye diamond . 1,977 of these sculptures were made , in reference to the film 's release year , 1977 . The sculpture was priced at $299 and instantly declared retired in 2003 . In November 2008 , a sixth sculpture inspired by the film was released . Made with pewter and resin , Cleared For Take Off introduced the character of Orville into the collection and featured Bernard and Bianca a second time . The piece , inspired by Orville 's take - off scene in the film , was sculpted by Ruben Procopio . Home Media The Rescuers premiered on VHS and Laserdisc on September 18 , 1992 as part of the Walt Disney Classics series . It was re-released on VHS as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection on January 5 , 1999 , but was recalled three days later and reissued on March 23 , 1999 ( see `` Controversy '' ) . The Rescuers was released on DVD on May 20 , 2003 , as a standard edition , which was discontinued in November 2011 . On August 21 , 2012 , a 35th anniversary edition of The Rescuers was released on Blu - ray alongside its sequel in a `` 2 - Movie Collection '' . Controversy One of the frozen frames containing a picture of a topless woman in the window . On January 8 , 1999 , three days after the film 's second release on home video , The Walt Disney Company announced a recall of about 3.4 million copies of the videotapes because there was an objectionable image in one of the film 's backgrounds . The image in question is a blurry image of a topless woman that appears in two out of the film 's more than 110,000 frames . The image appears twice in non-consecutive frames during the scene in which Miss Bianca and Bernard are flying on Orville 's back through New York City . The two images could not be seen in ordinary viewing because the film runs too fast -- at 24 frames per second . On January 10 , 1999 , two days after the recall was announced , the London press site The Independent reported : A Disney spokeswoman said that the images in The Rescuers were placed in the film during production , but she declined to say what they were or who placed them ... The company said the aim of the recall was to keep its promise to families that they can trust and rely on the Disney brand to provide the best in family entertainment . The Rescuers video was reissued March 23 , 1999 , with the offending image edited out . Reception Box Office The Rescuers was successful upon its original theatrical release earning $48 million at the box office and becoming Disney 's most successful film to that date . During its initial release in France , it out - grossed Star Wars and became the highest - grossing film in West Germany at the time . The distributor rentals accumulated $19 million while its international rentals grossed $41 million . The film broke a record for the largest financial amount made for an animated film on opening weekend , a record it kept until 1986 , when An American Tail broke the record . The Rescuers was Disney 's first significant success since The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) and the last until The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) . The Rescuers was re-issued in theaters in 1983 and 1989 . The Rescuers has had a lifetime gross of $71.2 million across its original release and several reissues . Critical reaction The Rescuers was said to be Disney 's greatest film since Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , and seemed to signal a new golden age for Disney animation . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 83 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 based on 26 reviews . The website 's consensus states that `` Featuring superlative animation , off - kilter characters , and affectionate voice work by Bob Newhart and Eva Gabor , The Rescuers represents a bright spot in Disney 's post-golden age . '' TV Guide gave the film three stars out of five , saying that `` Four years in the making , costing nearly $8 million , THE RESCUERS is a beautifully animated film that showed Disney still knew a lot about making quality children 's fare even as their track record was weakening . ( ... ) Comic relief is provided by a bird named Orville , who transports the mice as they search for the girl . The voices are all well suited to the characters , and the film is a delight for children as well as adults who appreciate good animation and brisk storytelling . '' Ellen MacKay of Common Sense Media gave the film four out of five stars , writing , `` Great adventure , but too dark for preschoolers '' . In his book , The Disney Films , film historian Leonard Maltin refers to The Rescuers as `` a breath of fresh air for everyone who had been concerned about the future of animation at Walt Disney 's , '' praises its `` humor and imagination and ( it is ) expertly woven into a solid story structure ( ... ) with a delightful cast of characters . '' Finally , he declares the film `` the most satisfying animated feature to come from the studio since 101 Dalmatians . '' He also briefly mentions the ease with which the film surpassed other animated films of its time . Jack Shaheen , in his study of Hollywood portrayals and stereotypes of Arabs , noted the inclusion of delegates from Arab countries in the Rescue Aid Society . Accolades The Rescuers was nominated in 1978 for an Academy Award for the song `` Someone 's Waiting for You '' at the 50th Academy Awards . The song lost to `` You Light Up My Life '' from the film of the same name . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Animation Film Sequel Main article : The Rescuers Down Under The Rescuers was the first Disney animated film to have a sequel . After three successful theatrical releases of the original film , The Rescuers Down Under was released theatrically on November 16 , 1990 . The Rescuers Down Under takes place in the Australian Outback , and involves Bernard and Bianca trying to rescue a boy named Cody and a giant golden eagle called Marahute from a greedy poacher named Percival C. McLeach . Both Bob Newhart and Eva Gabor reprised their lead roles . Jim Jordan , the voice of Orville , had since died , so a new albatross character , Wilbur , was voiced by John Candy . References Jump up ^ Variety Staff . `` Review : ' The Rescuers ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rescuers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Koenig , David ( January 28 , 2001 ) . Mouse Under Glass : Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks . Irvine , California : Bonaventure Press . pp. 153 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0964060517 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Lost Louis Prima Disney Song '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in Disney History -- August 24 '' . This Day in Disney History . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Rebecca ; Bunyan , Dan ( August 23 , 2002 ) . `` Animal Heroes '' . Disney : The Ultimate Visual Guide . Dorling Kindersley . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0789488626 . Jump up ^ Ghez , Didier ( December 17 , 2013 ) . Walt 's People -- Volume 12 : Talking Disney With the Artists Who Knew Him . Xlibris . ISBN 9781477147900 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Cruella de Vil 's Comeback That Was n't : See Long - Lost Sketches of Iconic Villain in ' The Rescuers ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( October 28 , 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1556525919 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madame Medusa '' . Disney Archives : Villains . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Rescuers DVD Fun Facts '' . Disney.go.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Ollie ; Thomas , Frank ( November 1 , 1993 ) . `` The Rescuers '' . The Disney Villain . Disney Editions . pp. 156 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 1562827922 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Margery ( 1959 ) . The Rescuers . Illustrated by Garth Williams . Boston , Toronto : Little , Brown and Company . Jump up ^ Sharp , Margery ( 1962 ) . Miss Bianca . Illustrated by Garth Williams . Boston , Toronto : Little , Brown and Company . Jump up ^ `` James MacDonald '' . Variety . February 17 , 1991 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( March 7 , 1997 ) . `` Carrying on the Tradition '' . Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . Disney Editions . pp. 111 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0786862412 . Jump up ^ Deja , Andreas ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Deja View : Xerox '' . Blogger . andreasdeja.blogspot.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finch , Christopher ( May 27 , 1988 ) . `` Chapter 9 : The End of an Era '' . The Art of Walt Disney : From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdoms . Portland House . p. 260 . ISBN 978 - 0517664742 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rescuers '' . Secondary Price Guide . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rescuers '' . Secondary Price Guide . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Limited Edition - Orville with Bernard & Bianca '' . WDCC Duckman . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burger , Dennis . `` The Rescuers Slated for 2012 Blu - ray Release ! ( Along with Over 30 Other Disney Flicks ) '' . Technologytell . www.technologytell.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Josh Katz ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Teases 2012 Blu - ray Slate '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photographic images of a topless woman can be spotted in The Rescuers '' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davies , Jonathan ( January 11 , 1999 ) . `` Dis Calls in ' Rescuers ' After Nude Images Found '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( January 13 , 1999 ) . `` Disney Knows the Net Never Blinks '' . The Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Miller , D.M. ( 2001 ) . `` What Would Walt Do ? '' . San Jose , CA : Writers Club Press . p. 96 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Recalls ' The Rescuers ' Video '' . Associated Press . January 8 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Disney recalls `` sabotaged '' video `` . The Independent ( London ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` Disney 's animated classic ' The Rescuers ' marks 35th anniversary '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( August 10 , 1978 ) . `` Disney film far behind schedule '' . The New York Times . Eugene Register - Guard . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( September 19 , 1984 ) . `` Walt Disney Productions returns to animation '' . Lewison Daily Sun . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rescuers Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cawley , John . `` The Rescuers '' . The Animated Films of Don Bluth . Cataroo.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Rescuers -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rescuers Review '' . Movies.tvguide.com . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ellen MacKay . `` The Rescuers -- Movie Review '' . Commonsensemedia.org . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leornard ( 2000 ) . The Disney Films , p. 265 . JessieFilm Ltd. , New York . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8527 - 0 . Quotations from this same source were used in the 1998 home video promotional trailer for the film found in the VHS release of Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) of the same year . Jump up ^ Jack G. , Shaheen ( 2001 ) . Reel Bad Arabs : How Hollywood Vilifies a People . Olive branch Press ( an imprint of Interlink publishing group ) . p. 393 . ISBN 1 - 56656 - 388 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Database '' . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Rescuers Official website The Rescuers at AllMovie The Rescuers at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Rescuers on IMDb The Rescuers at the TCM Movie Database The Rescuers at Rotten Tomatoes Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Features One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) Shorts and featurettes The Truth About Mother Goose ( 1957 ) Goliath II ( 1960 ) Aquamania ( 1961 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rescuers&oldid=803430126 '' Categories : 1977 films English - language films 1977 animated films 1970s adventure films 1970s American animated films 1970s comedy - drama films 1970s crime drama films 1970s criminal comedy films 1970s fantasy films American adventure drama films American animated fantasy films American buddy films American children 's adventure films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American fantasy adventure films Animated adventure films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated coming - of - age films Animated drama films Animated films about birds Animated films about cats Animated films about mammals Animated films about reptiles and amphibians Animated films about death Animated films about orphans Animated films based on children 's books Films about abduction Films about the United Nations Films based on multiple works of a series Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring anthropomorphic mice Films produced by Ron W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the names of the alligators in the rescuers	[ "The mice travel to Medusa's pawn shop, where they discover that she and her partner, Mr. Snoops, are on a quest to find the world's largest diamond, the Devil's Eye. They mice learn that Medusa and Mr. Snoops are currently at the Devil's Bayou with Penny, whom they have indeed kidnapped and placed under the guard of two trained crocodiles, Brutus and Nero. With the help of an albatross named Orville and a dragonfly named Evinrude, the mice follow Medusa to the bayou. There, they learn that Medusa plans to force Penny to enter a small hole that leads down into a pirates' cave where the Devil's Eye is located.", "The mice travel to Medusa's pawn shop, where they discover that she and her partner, Mr. Snoops, are on a quest to find the world's largest diamond, the Devil's Eye. They mice learn that Medusa and Mr. Snoops are currently at the Devil's Bayou with Penny, whom they have indeed kidnapped and placed under the guard of two trained crocodiles, Brutus and Nero. With the help of an albatross named Orville and a dragonfly named Evinrude, the mice follow Medusa to the bayou. There, they learn that Medusa plans to force Penny to enter a small hole that leads down into a pirates' cave where the Devil's Eye is located." ]	[ "Brutus", "Nero" ]
-515678549021429432	Age of candidacy	Age of candidacy - wikipedia Age of candidacy Jump to : navigation , search Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Age of candidacy is the minimum age at which a person can legally qualify to hold certain elected government offices . In many cases , it also determines the age at which a person may be eligible to stand for an election or be granted ballot access . The first known example of a law enforcing age of candidacy was the Lex Villia Annalis , a Roman law enacted in 180 BCE which set the minimum ages for senatorial magistrates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Controversies 2 Reform efforts 3 In various countries 3.1 Australia 3.2 Austria 3.3 Belgium 3.4 Belize 3.5 Brazil 3.6 Canada 3.7 Chile 3.8 China 3.9 Cyprus 3.10 Czech Republic 3.11 Denmark 3.12 Estonia 3.13 France 3.14 Germany 3.15 Hong Kong 3.16 India 3.17 Indonesia 3.18 Israel 3.19 Italy 3.20 Iran 3.21 Iraq 3.22 Ireland 3.23 Japan 3.24 South Korea 3.25 Malaysia 3.26 Mexico 3.27 Netherlands 3.28 New Zealand 3.29 Nigeria 3.30 Norway 3.31 Pakistan 3.32 Philippines 3.33 Poland 3.34 Portugal 3.35 Singapore 3.36 South Africa 3.37 Switzerland 3.38 Thailand 3.39 Turkey 3.40 United Kingdom 3.41 United States 3.42 Venezuela 4 Comparison chart 5 See also 6 Notes and references Controversies ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1972 , Linda Jenness ran for President of the United States although she was only 31 at the time . Many youth rights groups view current age of candidacy requirements as unjustified age discrimination . Occasionally people who are younger than the minimum age will run for an office in protest of the requirement or because they do n't know that the requirement exists . On extremely rare occasions , young people have been elected to offices they do not qualify for and have been deemed ineligible to assume the office . In 1934 , Rush Holt of West Virginia was elected to the Senate of the United States at the age of 29 . Since the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30 , Holt was forced to wait until his 30th birthday , six months after the start of the session , before being sworn in . In 1954 , Richard Fulton won election to the Tennessee Senate . Shortly after being sworn in , Fulton was ousted from office because he was only 27 years old at the time . The Tennessee State Constitution required that senators be at least 30 . Rather than hold a new election , the previous incumbent , Clifford Allen , was allowed to resume his office for another term . Fulton went on to win the next State Senate election in 1956 and was later elected to the US House of Representatives where he served for 10 years . In South Carolina , two Senators aged 24 were elected , but were too young according to the State Constitution : Mike Laughlin in 1969 and Bryan Dorn ( later a US Congressman ) in 1941 . They were seated anyway . On several occasions , the Socialist Workers Party ( USA ) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for . In 1972 , Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate , although she was only 31 at the time . Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old , Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified . Despite this handicap , Jenness still received 83,380 votes . In 2004 , the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party 's vice-presidential candidate , although she was only 28 at the time . Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age . Reform efforts ( edit ) In the United States , many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states . In 1994 , South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 30 to 18 . In 1998 , however , they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21 . In 2002 , Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18 . During the early 2000s , the British Youth Council and other groups successfully campaigned to lower age of candidacy requirements in the United Kingdom . The age of candidacy was reduced from 21 to 18 in England , Wales and Scotland on 1 January 2007 , when section 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 entered into force . In various countries ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia a person must be aged 18 or over to stand for election to public office at federal , state or local government level . The youngest ever member of the House of Representatives was 20 - year - old Wyatt Roy elected in the 2010 federal election after the Electoral Act 1918 was amended ( in 1973 ) to reduce the age of candidacy for that office from 21 to 18 . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the European Parliament or National Council . The Diets of regional Länder are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for candidacy in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land . In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35 . Belgium ( edit ) Any Belgian who has reached the age of 21 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives , can become a member of the Senate , or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments . This is regulated in the Constitution and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions . Belize ( edit ) According to the Constitution of Belize , a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the House of Representatives and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House . A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the Senate and must be at least 30 to be President or Vice-President of the Senate . As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed Prime Minister , the Prime Minister must be at least 18 years old . A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council . Brazil ( edit ) The Brazilian Constitution ( Article 14 , Section 3 ( VI ) ) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected President , Vice-President or Senator ; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor ; 21 for Federal or State Deputy , Mayor or Vice-Mayor ; and 18 for city Councilman . Canada ( edit ) In Canada ( other than Alberta , Manitoba , Ontario , the Prince Edward Island , Quebec and Saskatchewan ) a person must be aged 19 or over ( 18 in Alberta , Manitoba , Ontario , the Prince Edward Island , Quebec and Saskatchewan ) to stand for election to public office . However , to be appointed to the Senate , one must be at least 30 years of age , must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which he or she is appointed , and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000 , above his or her debts and liabilities . Chile ( edit ) In Chile the minimum age required to be elected President of the Republic is 35 years on the day of the election . Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years , and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years . For senators it is 35 years ( between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years ) and for deputies it is 21 years ( between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years ) . China ( edit ) In China the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45 . Cyprus ( edit ) In Cyprus the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic , a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected in local elections . A person must be at least 21 years old to be elected to the lower house of the Czech Parliament or to the European Parliament and 40 years old to be a member of the upper house ( Senate ) of the Parliament or the President of the Czech Republic . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections , and 21 years or older in parliamentary elections . The minimum age for the President of Estonia is 40 . France ( edit ) In France , any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the lower house of Parliament , and 24 years or older for the Senate . The minimum age for the President of France is 18 . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in national , regional or local elections . The only exception is the Landtag election in Hesse where a minimum age of 21 is required . The minimum age for the President is 40 . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election . A person must be at least 40 to be candidate in the Chief Executive election , and also at least 40 to be candidate in the election for the President of the Legislative Council from among the members of the Legislative Council . India ( edit ) In India a person must be at least : 35 to be the President or Vice President , Governor and Lieutenant - Governor of the States as specified in the Constitution of India 30 to be a member of Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of Parliament of India ) and a Vidhan Parishad ( the upper house of a State Legislature , in those states where the legislature is bicameral . ) 25 to be the Prime Minister , Lok Sabha Speaker , Union Minister , Chief Minister , Vidhan Sabha Speaker , Minister in the State Governments . Additionally , to be a member of Lok Sabha ( the lower house of Parliament of India ) and a Vidhan Sabha ( the lower house a State Legislature in the States of India . ) 21 to be the Mayor , Chairman , Head and a Member ( Members are variously called Corporators / Councillors / Ward Members according to the type of their respective local bodies ) of a Nagar Nigam ( Municipal Corporation ) , Nagar Palika ( Municipal Council ) , Nagar Panchayat ( Town Committee ) , Gram Sabha ( Village Council ) and Gram Panchayat ( Village Committee ) respectively . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia a person must be at least : 35 to be President or Vice President as specified in the Constitution of Indonesia 30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor , as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act 25 to be Regent , Vice Regent , Mayor , or Deputy Mayor , as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act 21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament , as specified in the 2008 Election Act Israel ( edit ) In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the Knesset ( Basic Law : The Knesset section 6 ( a ) ) or a municipality . When the Prime Minister was directly elected , one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for Prime Minister . Every Israeli Citizen ( including minors ) can be appointed as a Government Minister , or elected as President of Israel , but the latter role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic , 40 to be a Senator , and 25 to be a Deputy , as specified in the 1947 Constitution of Italy . 18 years of age is sufficient , however , to be elected member of the Council of Regions , Provinces , and Municipalities ( Communes ) . Iran ( edit ) In Iran a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president . Iraq ( edit ) The Iraqi constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president and 35 years old to run for Prime Minister . The Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 states that a person must be 30 years old to run for the House of Representatives . There are proposals by various MP 's to amend the Law and reduce the age from 30 to 25 . Ireland ( edit ) The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the President to be at least 35 and members of the Oireachtas ( legislature ) to be 21 . Members of the European Parliament for Ireland must also be 21 . Members of local authorities must be 18 , reduced from 21 in 1973 . The 1922 -- 37 Constitution of the Irish Free State required TDs ( members of the Dáil , lower house ) to be 21 , whereas Senators had to be 35 ( reduced to 30 in 1928 ) . The Thirty - fifth Amendment of the Constitution ( Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President ) Bill 2015 proposes to lower the presidential age limit to 21 . However , this proposal was rejected by 73 % of the voters . Japan ( edit ) In Japan a person must be at least : 25 to be the Member of parliament of the House of Representatives with Japanese nationality , to be the Member of metropolitan , prefecture , city , town , or village with valid vote rights , or to be the Mayor 30 to be the Governor , or to be the Member of parliament of the House of Councillors with Japanese nationality . See also House of Peers ( Japan ) . South Korea ( edit ) In South Korea , a person must be at least 40 years old to be President . A person must be at least 25 years old to be the member of the National Assembly or to be the Mayor 's Governor . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , any citizen 21 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected to the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri . Minimum age for the Senator is 30 by constitution . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , a person must be at least 35 to be President , 25 to be a Senator , or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy , as specified in the 1917 Constitution of Mexico . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand the minimum age required to be elected Prime Minister of New Zealand is 18 years old . Citizens and permanent residents who are enrolled as an elector are eligible to be a candidate for election as a Member of Parliament . Nigeria ( edit ) In Nigeria , a person must be at least 40 years of age to be elected President or Vice President , 35 to be a Senator or State Governor , and 30 to be a Representative in parliament . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , any adult can become a candidate and be elected in any public election , from the calendar year that he or she turns 18 years . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , a person must be at least 40 years old to be President . A person must be at least 25 years old to be a member of the provincial assembly or national assembly . Philippines ( edit ) Ages of candidacy in the Philippines Type of candidate Minimum age President and Vice President 40 Senator 35 Regional governor 35 Member of the House of Representatives 25 Provincial - level elected official 23 City - level elected official 21 Municipal - level elected official 21 Member of the regional legislative assembly 21 Barangay - level elected official 18 Member of youth councils 18 - 24 Poland ( edit ) Ages of candidacy in Poland Type of candidate Minimum age President 35 Senator 30 Mayor / Wójt 25 Poseł 21 Member of the European Parliament 21 Councillor 18 Portugal ( edit ) Ages of candidacy in Portugal Type of candidate Minimum age References President 35 Parliament 18 Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore a person must be at least 45 years old to run for president . South Africa ( edit ) Section 47 , Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that `` Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly '' , defaulting to Section 46 which `` provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years '' in National Assembly elections ; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , any citizen aged 18 or over can become a candidate and be elected in any federal election . Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand the minimum age to be elected to the National Assembly is 35 years . Turkey ( edit ) The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary eligibility as 30 . This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006 , when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment . In 2017 , it was further lowered to 18 , the same as the voting age . The Prime Minister of Turkey has to be a member of the parliament , hence it has the same requirements as parliamentary eligibility . The age of candidacy for the President is 40 . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , a person must be aged 18 or over in Northern Ireland , England , and Wales , and 16 or over in Scotland to stand in elections to all parliaments , assemblies , and councils at the European , UK , devolved , or local level . This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office ; the main example is that of an elected mayor , whether of London or a local authority . There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office . Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll . This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006 . United states ( edit ) Main article : Age of candidacy laws in the United States In the United States , a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President , 30 or over to be a Senator , and 25 or over to be a Representative , as specified in the U.S. Constitution . Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor , State Senator , and State Representative . Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office ( usually 21 or 18 ) . Venezuela ( edit ) In Venezuela , a person must be at least 30 to be President or Vice President , 21 to be a deputy for the National Assembly and 25 to be the Governor of a state . Comparison chart ( edit ) Country President Vice President Prime Minister Upper house Lower house References Australia - - 18 18 18 Austria 35 - 18 Belgium - - 21 21 Belize - - 18 18 18 Brazil 35 35 35 21 Canada - - 30 Chile 35 35 21 China 45 45 Cyprus 35 Czech Republic 40 40 21 Denmark - - 18 - 18 Estonia 40 - 21 France 18 24 18 Germany 40 18 18 Hong Kong 21 India 35 35 25 30 25 Indonesia 35 35 21 21 Israel 30 - 21 Italy 50 40 25 Iran 21 Iraq 40 35 - 30 Ireland 35 30 21 Japan 30 25 South Korea 40 25 Malaysia 30 21 Mexico 35 25 21 Netherlands - - 18 18 18 New Zealand - - 18 Nigeria 40 40 35 30 Norway - - 18 - 18 Pakistan 40 25 25 Philippines 40 40 35 25 Poland 35 - 30 21 Portugal 35 - 18 Singapore 45 South Africa 18 Switzerland 18 Thailand 35 Turkey 40 30 30 United Kingdom - - 18 United States 35 35 - 30 25 Venezuela 30 30 - 21 See also ( edit ) Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Ageism Ballot access Electoral reform Voting age Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Broughton , Thomas ; Marcia Patterson ( 1951 ) . The Magistrates of the Roman Republic . American Philological Association . p. 388 . Jump up ^ `` BYC Youth Manifesto '' ( PDF ) . British Youth Council . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Young people believe that the age to stand as candidates for local , regional , national and European elections should be 16 , as should the age to become a trustee of a charity . Young people have significant responsibilities to society at the age of 16 and can have significant responsibilities in the private sector as company directors ; this inconsistency should be rectified . Young people have lots to offer and the decision of their appointment to positions of political authority or governance of organisations should be in the hands of the electorate or membership respectfully . Jump up ^ `` Unsworn Senators '' . Time Magazine ( January 14 , 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Battle , Dick ; Tom Flake ( January 5 , 1955 ) . `` Senate Vote Ousts Fulton '' . Nashville Banner . Jump up ^ O'Brian , Jack ( 11 January 1969 ) . `` Senate To Have Ineligible Man '' . Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , SC . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jo ( 2008 ) . We Will Be Heard : Women 's Struggles for Political Power in the United States . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 91 . Only 31 , Linda Jenness did not meet the Constitutional age requirement to hold the office of President , but the SWP was on the ballot in 25 states -- six more than in 1968 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidency 2004 '' . Politics1.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Since they were n't going to be elected anyways , the Socialist Workers Party did n't care that they nominated a ticket entirely ineligible to be elected . Why ? Because Róger Calero is both foreign born and also not a US citizen ; and Arrin Hawkins is too young . To avoid ballot access problems for the SWP , as the constitutional ineligibility may also render them unable to be listed on the ballot in some states , the 2000 SWP ticket of James Harris for President and Margaret Trowe for Vice President are being used in states that will not permit the Calero - Hawkins slate to be listed . Jump up ^ `` How old is old enough ? '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . British Youth Council . October 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . BYC believes that at the age of 18 a person may hold elected office . A candidate 's breadth of life experience is something that can be evaluated by the electorate ... BYC strongly believes that the age of voting should be lowered to 16 and candidacy age should be lowered to 18 ... Jump up ^ The Electoral Administration Act 2006 ( Commencement No. 2 , Transitional and Savings Provisions ) Order 2006 , article 3 and Schedule 1 ( 14 ) ( d ) . Jump up ^ The Electoral Administration Act 2006 - Part 5 , Section 17 Archived July 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 31 / BNR ( XXIII . GP ) Bundes - Verfassungsgesetz , ss. 2 and 6 , Republik Österreich Parlament ( German ) . Retrieved on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Bundes - Verfassungsgesetz - Federal Constitutional Law 1920 , 1929 version Archived February 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Laws of Belize , Volume II , Title VIII , Chapter 88 , Part III . `` Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who : is a citizen of Belize ; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election ; and is at least eighteen years old . '' Jump up ^ Brazilian Constitution ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional '' . leychile.cl . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Section 2 , Article 79 . Jump up ^ https://www.psp.cz/docs/guide/ Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Archived April 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Landtagswahlgesetz - LWG I. Allgemeines - § 4 Wählbarkeit . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Piven , Ben ; Ben Willers ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Infographic : Choosing Iran 's next president '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq , Article 68 Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq , Article 77 Jump up ^ Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 , Article 8 ( a ) Jump up ^ Constitution of Ireland Article 12.4. 1 ° ( President ) Article 16.1. 1 ° ( Dáil Éireann ) , Article 18.2 ( Seanad Éireann ) ^ Jump up to : `` Children and rights in Ireland '' . p . Elections . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Parliament Elections Act , 1997 , Section 11 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral ( Amendment ) Act , 1973 , Section 4 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Irish Free State ( Saorstát Eireann ) Act , 1922 , Schedule 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . pp. Article 14 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Irish Free State , Article 31 ; `` Constitution ( Amendment No. 8 ) Act , 1928 , Section 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Referendum 2015 : Home '' . Dublin : Referendum Commission . 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 公職選挙法 '' . Ministry of Justice ( Japan ) . Jump up ^ 국가 법령 정보 센터 - 공직 선거법 Jump up ^ `` O que é preciso para ser candidato a Presidente da República '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cmoissão Nacional de Eleições ( Portugal ) . `` Perguntas Frequentes : Candidatura '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Constitution , Art . 19 ( 2 ) ( b ) . Jump up ^ `` 18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni '' . Evrensel.net ( in Turkish ) . 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Candidacy Law & Legal Definition '' . USLegal.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 5 , Chapter II , Article 227 Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 5 , Chapter I , Article 188 , Section 2 Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 4 , Chapter III , Article 160 Jump up ^ 31 / BNR ( XXIII . GP ) Bundes - Verfassungsgesetz , ss. 2 and 6 , Republik Österreich Parlament ( German ) . Retrieved on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Laws of Belize , Volume II , Title VIII , Chapter 88 , Part III . `` Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who : is a citizen of Belize ; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election ; and is at least eighteen years old . '' Jump up ^ Brazilian Constitution ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional '' . leychile.cl . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.psp.cz/docs/guide/ Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Archived April 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Landtagswahlgesetz - LWG I. Allgemeines - § 4 Wählbarkeit . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Piven , Ben ; Ben Willers ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Infographic : Choosing Iran 's next president '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq , Article 68 Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq , Article 77 Jump up ^ Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 , Article 8 ( a ) Jump up ^ Constitution of Ireland Article 12.4. 1 ° ( President ) Article 16.1. 1 ° ( Dáil Éireann ) , Article 18.2 ( Seanad Éireann ) Jump up ^ `` European Parliament Elections Act , 1997 , Section 11 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral ( Amendment ) Act , 1973 , Section 4 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Irish Free State , Article 31 ; `` Constitution ( Amendment No. 8 ) Act , 1928 , Section 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 公職選挙法 '' . Ministry of Justice ( Japan ) . Jump up ^ 국가 법령 정보 센터 - 공직 선거법 Jump up ^ `` O que é preciso para ser candidato a Presidente da República '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cmoissão Nacional de Eleições ( Portugal ) . `` Perguntas Frequentes : Candidatura '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni '' . Evrensel.net ( in Turkish ) . 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Candidacy Law & Legal Definition '' . USLegal.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . ( hide ) Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School - leaving age Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Drawn pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Cartographic censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Children in the military Intersex rights LGBT Rights Slavery Human trafficking Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory International ownership International waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_candidacy&oldid=841067593 '' Categories : Electoral restrictions Legal terminology Lists by country Minimum ages Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2016 USA - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 21 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what age must you be to be a member of the u.s. senate	[ "In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President, 30 or over to be a Senator, and 25 or over to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.[38] Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18)." ]	[ "30 or over" ]
1674796527942018665	Starland Vocal Band	Starland Vocal Band - wikipedia Starland Vocal Band Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Starland Vocal Band Starland Vocal Band : June 1977 Background information Origin Washington , D.C. , US Genres Pop , folk rock , country , soft rock Years active 1976 -- 1981 Labels RCA , Windsong Records Associated acts John Denver Past members Bill Danoff Taffy Danoff Jon Carroll Margot Chapman Starland Vocal Band was an American pop band , known primarily for `` Afternoon Delight '' , one of the biggest - selling singles of 1976 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Discography 2.1 Studio albums 2.2 Singles 3 Awards and nominations 3.1 Grammy Awards 4 Trivia 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) The group began as Fat City , a husband / wife duo of Bill Danoff and Taffy Nivert . Danoff and Nivert co-wrote the song `` I Guess He 'd Rather Be in Colorado '' and then , with John Denver , `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' which became a hit single in 1971 . The duo recorded two albums as Fat City , and two more as Bill & Taffy , all released from 1969 - 1974 . In the mid 70s , Starland Vocal Band was formed and subsequently signed to Denver 's label Windsong Records . Starland Vocal Band was also composed of Jon Carroll ( keyboards , guitar , vocals ) and Margot Chapman ( vocals ) . Carroll and Chapman married after meeting as members of the group , but later divorced . Their son Ben Carroll is also a musician . The group 's debut album was the self - titled Starland Vocal Band and included `` Afternoon Delight '' . The song was a US # 1 hit and the album also charted . They were nominated for four Grammy Awards and won two : Best Arrangement for Voices and Best New Artist . The song also reached # 18 in the UK . The follow - up album , Rear View Mirror , did not fare as well , with 13 weeks on the Billboard 200 and a peak of # 104 . The band hosted a variety show , The Starland Vocal Band Show , that ran on CBS for six weeks in the summer of 1977 . David Letterman was a writer and regular on the show , which also featured Mark Russell , Jeff Altman , and Proctor and Bergman. April Kelly was a writer for the series . The band broke up in 1981 , unable to match their previous success . Danoff and Nivert divorced shortly afterward . Each of the band members went on to a solo career . In 1998 the Starland Vocal Band reunited for a few concerts , often featuring the children of the four original members as vocalists . In 2007 , they appeared on a 1970s special on the New Jersey Network ( NJN ) , singing `` Afternoon Delight '' . In 2010 Billboard named `` Afternoon Delight '' the 20th sexiest song of all time . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Year Album details Peak chart positions US 1976 Starland Vocal Band Release date : 1976 Label : Windsong 1351 20 1977 Rear View Mirror Release date : April 15 , 1977 Label : Windsong 2239 104 1978 Late Nite Radio Release date : March 1978 Label : Windsong 2598 208 1980 4 X 4 Release date : March 11 , 1980 Label : Windsong 3536 -- 1980 Christmas at Home Release date : November 25 , 1980 Label : Breaker 100 -- A CD compilation album , Afternoon Delight : The Best of the Starland Vocal Band , was released in 1995 by K - tel . Also in 1995 , Collectables released Afternoon Delight : A Golden Classics Edition which included all tracks from the first two albums . Singles ( edit ) Year Single Catalog # ( Windsong ) Peak chart positions Album US CAN CAN AC 1976 `` Afternoon Delight '' / `` Starland '' 10588 6 Starland Vocal Band `` California Day '' / `` War Surplus Baby '' 10785 66 -- 22 `` Hail ! Hail ! Rock and Roll ! '' / `` Ai n't It The Fall '' 10855 71 92 -- 1977 `` Afternoon Delight '' / `` California Day '' 10943 -- -- -- `` Liberated Woman '' / `` Fallin ' In A Deep Hole '' 10992 -- -- -- Rear View Mirror `` The Light of My Life '' / `` Prism '' 11067 -- -- 36 `` Mr. Wrong '' / Too Long A Journey '' 11168 -- -- 33 1978 `` Late Nite Radio '' / `` Please Ms. Newslady '' 11261 -- -- -- Late Nite Radio 1980 `` Loving You with My Eyes '' / `` Apartment For Rent '' 11899 71 -- 26 4 X 4 `` ( Love ) Thought I Would Never Find Love '' / `` Love Stuff '' 12011 -- -- -- Awards and nominations ( edit ) Grammy Awards ( edit ) The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . The band won two awards from four nominations . Year Nominee / work Award Result 1977 Starland Vocal Band Best New Artist Won `` Afternoon Delight '' Record of the Year Nominated Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Nominated Best Arrangement for Voices ( duo , group or chorus ) Won Trivia ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The March 8 , 2011 episode of Glee featured `` Afternoon Delight '' . In The Simpsons episode `` ' Round Springfield '' , Homer Simpson suggests that Lisa get a tattoo of Bleeding Gums Murphy ( who died after Lisa performed `` Stars and Stripes Forever '' at school ) just like he did with Starland Vocal Band ( to which Homer realizes his mistake and says that the band sucked ) ; another Simpsons episode ( `` The Fat and the Furriest '' ) had Lenny , Carl , and Bart dance to and sing `` Afternoon Delight '' as Homer is attacked by a bear . In the 1997 film Good Will Hunting , the main character Will Hunting is forced to visit a hypnotherapist ; he pretends to be under hypnosis by telling a youthly trauma , soon converts his story into the lyrics of `` Afternoon Delight '' , and finishes by singing it , showing he was pretending to be hypnotized ; the song is played over the closing credits . In the movie PCU , Jeremy Piven 's character selects the Starland Vocal Band 's CD from a group and puts it into the player on repeat and then locks the entertainment center forcing the party goers to hear it over and over again . An episode of Arrested Development involves two different references to `` Afternoon Delight '' : one involved a mixup between a playful term for sex and marijuana ; the other was an awkward rendition of the song between relatives Maeby and Michael Bluth and afterwards a duet by George Michael Bluth and Lindsay Bluth . A Sports Night episode refers to Starland Vocal Band winning a Best New Artist award for 1978 , beating out Elvis Costello ; however , the year they won was 1977 and they did not compete against Costello -- the other nominees were Boston , The Brothers Johnson , Dr. Buzzard 's Original Savannah Band , and Wild Cherry . In the 2004 film Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy , a scene in Ron 's office with Ron Burgundy ( Will Ferrell ) , Brian Fantana ( Paul Rudd ) , Brick Tamland ( Steve Carell ) and Champ Kind ( David Koechner ) , where Ron explains the concept of love by breaking out into a rendition of `` Afternoon Delight '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ discogs.com Starland Vocal Band - Albums Jump up ^ billboard.com - the 50 Sexiest Songs of All Time External links ( edit ) Starland Vocal Band at AllMusic Starland Vocal Band at TV.com Starland Vocal Band on IMDb The Starland Vocal Band Show on IMDb Bill Danoff official website Jon Carroll official website ( hide ) Grammy Award for Best New Artist Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Peter Nero ( 1962 ) Robert Goulet ( 1963 ) The Swingle Singers ( 1964 ) The Beatles ( 1965 ) Tom Jones ( 1966 ) No award given ( 1967 ) Bobbie Gentry ( 1968 ) José Feliciano ( 1969 ) Crosby , Stills & Nash ( 1970 ) The Carpenters ( 1971 ) Carly Simon ( 1972 ) America ( 1973 ) Bette Midler ( 1974 ) Marvin Hamlisch ( 1975 ) Natalie Cole ( 1976 ) Starland Vocal Band ( 1977 ) Debby Boone ( 1978 ) A Taste of Honey ( 1979 ) Rickie Lee Jones ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Sheena Easton ( 1982 ) Men at Work ( 1983 ) Culture Club ( 1984 ) Cyndi Lauper ( 1985 ) Sade ( 1986 ) Bruce Hornsby and the Range ( 1987 ) Jody Watley ( 1988 ) Tracy Chapman ( 1989 ) Milli Vanilli ( 1990 ; withdrawn ) Mariah Carey ( 1991 ) Marc Cohn ( 1992 ) Arrested Development ( 1993 ) Toni Braxton ( 1994 ) Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) Hootie & the Blowfish ( 1996 ) LeAnn Rimes ( 1997 ) Paula Cole ( 1998 ) Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Christina Aguilera ( 2000 ) Shelby Lynne ( 2001 ) Alicia Keys ( 2002 ) Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Evanescence ( 2004 ) Maroon 5 ( 2005 ) John Legend ( 2006 ) Carrie Underwood ( 2007 ) Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) Adele ( 2009 ) Zac Brown Band ( 2010 ) Esperanza Spalding ( 2011 ) Bon Iver ( 2012 ) Fun ( 2013 ) Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ( 2014 ) Sam Smith ( 2015 ) Meghan Trainor ( 2016 ) Chance the Rapper ( 2017 ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Natalie Cole Grammy Award for Best New Artist 1977 Succeeded by Debby Boone VIAF : 145583962 MusicBrainz : 2dd30f18 - 241e - 44b3 - 8bb3 - 950380f22dfa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starland_Vocal_Band&oldid=807763806 '' Categories : American pop music groups Grammy Award winners Musical groups from Washington , D.C. David Letterman Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Nederlands Português Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 00 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many grammy nominations did the starland vocal band earn in 1976	[ "The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. The band won two awards from four nominations." ]	[ "four" ]
-7600412527969461150	Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time	Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest albums of All Time - wikipedia Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest albums of All Time For a similar list by NME , see NME 's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Rolling Stone 's `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' magazine cover `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' is a 2003 special issue of American biweekly magazine Rolling Stone , and a related book published in 2005 . The lists presented were compiled based on votes from selected rock musicians , critics , and industry figures , and predominantly feature American and British music from the 1960s and the 1970s . In 2012 , Rolling Stone published a revised edition of the list drawing on the original and a later survey of albums up until the early 2000s . It was made available in `` bookazine '' format on newsstands in the US from April 27 to July 25 . The new list contained 38 albums not present in the previous one , 16 of them released after 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 List statistics 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) The first version of the list , published as a magazine in November 2003 , was based on the votes of 273 rock musicians , critics , and industry figures , each of whom submitted a weighted list of 50 albums . The accounting firm Ernst & Young devised a point system to weigh votes for 1,600 submitted titles . The list includes a few compilations , and `` greatest hits '' collections . The following authors contributed to the citations made of each album : Pat Blashill Anthony DeCurtis Ben Edmonds Gavin Edwards Jenny Eliscu David Fricke Mark Kemp Greg Kot Joe Levy Parke Puterbaugh Austin Scaggs Karen Schoemer Bud Scoppa Rob Sheffield David Thigpen Barry Walters An amended list was released in book form in 2005 , with an introduction written by Steven Van Zandt . As the editor 's foreword explains , some compilation albums were removed , and Robert Johnson 's The Complete Recordings was substituted for both of his King of the Delta Blues Singers volumes , making room for a total of eight new entries on the list . The Complete Recordings would be reinstated to the list in the 2012 edition . List statistics ( edit ) Number of albums from each of the decades Decade Number of albums Percentage 1950s 10 2.0 % 1960s 105 21.0 % 1970s 186 37.2 % 1980s 84 16.8 % 1990s 73 14.6 % 2000s 40 8.0 % 2010s 0.4 % Artists with the most albums 12 albums John Lennon ( two solo albums and ten with The Beatles ) George Harrison ( one solo album , one with John Lennon and ten with The Beatles ) 11 albums Paul McCartney ( one with Wings and ten with The Beatles ) Bob Dylan ( ten solo albums and an additional album as Bob Dylan and the Band ; two in the top 10 including the # 9 and # 4 spots ) 10 albums The Beatles ( four in the top 10 including the # 10 , # 5 , # 3 , and # 1 spots ; an additional four from their solo careers , two from John Lennon , one from George Harrison , and one from Wings , give a total of 14 for the group ) The Rolling Stones ( one in the top 10 at the # 7 spot ) Eric Clapton ( two solo albums , three with Cream , one with Derek and the Dominos , one with the Beatles , one with George Harrison , one with the Yardbirds and one with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers ) 8 albums Bruce Springsteen 7 albums The Who Neil Young ( three solo albums , two with Crazy Horse , one with Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young , and another with Buffalo Springfield ) 6 albums David Bowie Elton John Lou Reed ( two solo albums , four with the Velvet Underground ) 5 albums Chris Hillman ( four albums with the Byrds , one with the Flying Burrito Brothers ) David Crosby ( three albums with the Byrds , two with Crosby , Stills & Nash ) Led Zeppelin Bob Marley and the Wailers Radiohead Paul Simon ( two solo albums , three with Simon and Garfunkel ) U2 Jerry Harrison ( four albums with Talking Heads , one with Modern Lovers ) 4 albums The Byrds Elvis Costello ( one solo album , three with the Attractions ) Grateful Dead James Brown Pink Floyd The Police Prince Roxy Music Sly and the Family Stone The Smiths Stevie Wonder Talking Heads The Velvet Underground ( one album with Nico ) Otis Redding 3 albums The Beach Boys ( one in the top 10 at the # 2 spot ) The Jimi Hendrix Experience Big Star Black Sabbath The Clash ( one in the top 10 at the # 8 spot ) John Coltrane ( two solo albums , one with Miles Davis ) Marvin Gaye ( one in the top 10 at the # 6 spot ) Nick Drake ( in 2003 edition ) Michael Jackson The Kinks Madonna Elvis Presley Miles Davis R.E.M. Simon & Garfunkel Steely Dan Jay Z Stephen Stills ( two with Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young , one with Buffalo Springfield ) The Stooges Al Green The Doors Tom Waits Kanye West PJ Harvey Eminem ( in 2003 edition ) Nirvana Randy Newman Public Enemy ( in 2003 edition ) Gram Parsons ( one with The Byrds , one with The Flying Burrito Brothers , one solo album ) Don Henley ( two with Eagles , one solo album ) Muddy Waters Ray Charles George Clinton ( two with Funkadelic , one with Parliament ) Brian Eno ( two solo albums , one with Roxy Music ) Cream The Band ( one with Bob Dylan ) Creedence Clearwater Revival ( in 2003 edition ) Reception ( edit ) Writing in USA Today newspaper , Edna Gundersen described the list as predictable and `` weighted toward testosterone - fueled vintage rock '' . The Rolling Stone 500 has also been criticised for being male - dominated , outmoded and almost entirely Anglo - American in focus . Following the publicity surrounding the list , rock critic Jim DeRogatis , a former Rolling Stone editor , published Kill Your Idols : A New Generation of Rock Writers Reconsiders the Classics ( ISBN 1 - 56980 - 276 - 9 ) in 2004 . This featured a number of generally younger critics arguing against the high evaluation of various `` great '' albums , some of which had been included in the list , including DeRogatis taking on Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , which had been Rolling Stone 's top choice . See also ( edit ) NME 's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , a similar list All Time Top 1000 Albums , a similar list The 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time , also from Rolling Stone magazine The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , also from Rolling Stone magazine The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time , also from Rolling Stone magazine 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die , a similar list , ordered by time period The 100 Greatest Slovak Albums of All Time The 150 Greatest Indonesian Albums of All Time List of greatest hits albums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Levy , Joe ; Van Zandt , Steven , eds. ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Turnaround . ISBN 1 - 932958 - 61 - 4 . OCLC 70672814 . Related news articles : `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone ( 937 ) . Straight Arrow . December 11 , 2003 . pp. 83 -- 178 . ISSN 0035 - 791X . OCLC 1787396 . `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . rollingstone.com . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Certainly a Thrill : Sgt . Pepper Is Best Album '' , USA Today , November 17 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Collett - White , Mike ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kanye West gets 3 albums on Rolling Stone 's revised 500 greatest list '' . msnbc.com . MSN . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Biron , Dean . 2011 . Towards a Popular Music Criticism of Replenishment . Popular Music & Society , 34 / 5 : 661 -- 682 . Jump up ^ Schmutz , Vaughan. 2005 . Retrospective Critical Consecration in Popular Music : Rolling Stone 's Greatest Albums of All Time . American Behavioral Scientist , 48 / 11 : 1510 -- 1523 . External links ( edit ) 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , Rolling Stone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time&oldid=842489784 '' Categories : Lists of albums Rolling Stone articles Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 20 : 04 . About Wikipedia	500 greatest albums of all time full list	[]	[]
-442138275117768152	Night Owl (album)	Night Owl ( album ) - Wikipedia Night Owl ( album ) Night Owl Studio album by Gerry Rafferty Released June 1979 Recorded 1978 -- 1979 ; Chipping Norton Recording Studios , Lansdowne Recording Studios Genre Folk rock Length 54 : 42 Label United Artists Producer Hugh Murphy , Gerry Rafferty Gerry Rafferty chronology City to City ( 1978 ) Night Owl ( 1979 ) Snakes and Ladders ( 1980 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Smash Hits 7 / 10 Night Owl is a 1979 album by Gerry Rafferty . It was released a year after Rafferty 's Platinum - selling album City to City . While not quite performing as well as its predecessor , Night Owl still managed enough sales to achieve Gold status in North America and the United Kingdom . The title song reached No. 5 on the UK charts . The album made the UK Top 10 . The album was recorded at Chipping Norton Recording Studios , Chipping Norton , England . Contents 1 Re-releases 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 4 Charts 5 References 6 External links Re-releases ( edit ) On 30 January 2007 Collectables Records released Night Owl and City To City as a two - disc set . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Gerry Rafferty . No . Title Length 1 . `` Days Gone Down ( Still Got the Light in Your Eyes ) '' 6 : 31 2 . `` Night Owl '' 6 : 11 3 . `` The Way That You Do It '' 5 : 08 4 . `` Why Wo n't You Talk To Me ? '' 3 : 59 5 . `` Get It Right Next Time '' 4 : 40 6 . `` Take the Money and Run '' 5 : 48 7 . `` Family Tree '' 5 : 55 8 . `` Already Gone '' 4 : 54 9 . `` The Tourist '' 4 : 14 10 . `` It 's Gonna Be a Long Night '' 4 : 22 Personnel ( edit ) Gerry Rafferty -- vocals , acoustic guitar , synthesizer , piano ( 9 ) John Kirkpatrick -- accordion Richard Thompson -- guitar , mandolin Barbara Dickson -- background vocals Richard Harvey -- Hammond organ , synthesiser , recorder , penny whistle Richard Brunton , Hugh Burns -- guitar Betsy Cook -- background vocals Tommy Eyre -- synthesizer , piano Liam Genockey -- drums Graham Preskett -- violin , fiddle , mandolin , piano , string arrangements , conductor Raphael Ravenscroft -- saxophone , lyricon Frank Ricotti -- percussion Linda Thompson -- background vocals Pete Wingfield -- Hammond organ Gary Taylor -- bass guitar , backing vocals Gavin Wright - string leader Technical Barry Hammond , Nick Patrick - engineer Patrick ( John Byrne ) -- front cover painting Charts ( edit ) Album Year Chart Position 1979 Billboard Pop Albums 29 Single Year Song Chart Position 1979 `` Night Owl '' UK Top 40 5 1979 `` Night Owl '' Ireland 5 1979 `` Days Gone Down ( Still Got The Light In Your Eyes ) '' U.S. Billboard Pop Singles 17 1979 `` Days Gone Down ( Still Got The Light In Your Eyes ) '' Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 8 1979 `` Days Gone Down ( Still Got The Light In Your Eyes ) '' Canada RPM Top Singles 19 1979 `` Days Gone Down ( Still Got The Light In Your Eyes ) '' U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 17 1979 `` Get It Right Next Time '' U.S. Billboard Pop Singles 21 1979 `` Get It Right Next Time '' U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 15 1979 `` Get It Right Next Time '' UK Top 40 30 1979 `` Get It Right Next Time '' Ireland 1979 `` Get It Right Next Time '' Canada RPM Top Singles 52 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Starr , Red . `` Albums '' . Smash Hits ( 28 June -- 11 July 1979 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary , August 11 , 1979 Jump up ^ RPM Top Singles , August 4 , 1979 Jump up ^ RPM Top Singles , November 17 , 1979 External links ( edit ) Night Owl at Discogs ( list of releases ) Gerry Rafferty Studio albums Can I Have My Money Back ? City to City Night Owl Snakes and Ladders Sleepwalking North and South On a Wing and a Prayer Over My Head Another World Compilations Gerry Rafferty Baker Street Singles `` Baker Street '' `` Right Down the Line '' `` Night Owl '' Related articles The Humblebums Stealers Wheel Joe Egan This 1970s rock album -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_Owl_(album)&oldid=865708328 '' Categories : Gerry Rafferty albums 1979 albums United Artists Records albums 1970s rock album stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2013 Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 17 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	gerry rafferty if you get it wrong you'll get it right next time	[]	[]
141891912804385962	Disabled parking permit	Disabled parking permit - wikipedia Disabled parking permit `` Blue Badge '' redirects here . For the tour guides in Britain , see Blue Badge tourist guide . A sign requesting permits be displayed for a disabled parking place in Canberra , Australia . An example of a disabled parking place . A UK `` Blue Badge '' Disabled Parking Permit in a custom permit holder for motorcycles , beside the license plate . A disabled parking permit , also known as a disabled badge , disabled placard , handicapped permit , handicapped placard , handicapped tag , and `` Blue Badge '' in the European Union , is displayed upon parking a vehicle permitting the operator of a vehicle to special privileges regarding the parking of that vehicle . These privileges include parking in a space reserved for persons with disabilities , or in some situations , permission to park in a time - limited space for longer time , or to park at a meter without payment . Contents 1 European Union 1.1 United Kingdom 1.1. 1 England and Wales 1.1. 2 Northern Ireland 1.1. 3 Scotland 2 United States 2.1 Disabled parking space requirements 2.2 New York 2.3 Integration of Handicap Parking with Electric Vehicle Charging 2.4 Abuse 3 Oceania 3.1 Australia 4 See also 5 References 6 External links European Union ( edit ) In the European Union ( EU ) , a disabled parking permit allows partial or total exemption from charges or penalties associated with the parking of a motor vehicle used by a badge - holder , and shows entitlement to use of dedicated parking bays and off - street parking ( where they are provided ) . The concession extends in some places to partial or total exemption from tolls or general prohibitions on where a vehicle can be driven . Since 2000 , all general disabled parking permits in the EU have been standardised to a common style and blue colour , leading to the officially - used designation `` Blue Badge '' . A Blue Badge issued in one country of the EU is generally given equal recognition in others with various exceptions as described for the countries below . The privileges vary by area , but some include parking in no parking zones , extended time limit on time - limited parking areas , waived parking fees , and using pedestrian areas in urgent situations . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom ( UK ) , this scheme of permits was originally introduced ( using Orange Badges ) by the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 . Badges are issued as a right if a person meets certain statutory requirements , most of which are associated with actually being in receipt of certain disability benefits from the national Social Security system ; additionally , a local authority can make concessionary issues of badges to persons who have a permanent disability which does not fall directly within the more rigid statutory requirements but which seriously impairs their mobility . General exceptions The Great Britain ( GB ) Blue Badge scheme does not apply to parking away from public roads and local authority car parks , with the general concessions often not recognised at ports , airports and railway stations unless the operators have provided voluntary parking privileges . Parking Maps Until 2010 Directgov provided a service that covers country wide customised maps for Blue Badge Holders with different base colours reflecting councils policies on Blue Badge Holder 's parking . In addition to council policies this service also pin pointed the location of different features specific to disabled community . There are a few dedicated Blue Badge sat - navs available , mainly from the specialist sat - nav company Navevo . See BBNav publicity for a likely list of integral features . Since the cessation of the directgov service maps have been provided by online services such as the crowd - sourced BlueBadgeParking.com which also provides free Sat - nav downloads . Abuse Abuse of Blue Badges in the UK can incur fines of up to £ 1,000 . As of 2016 , the Department for Transport found that 61 out of 152 authorities did not have a policy about prosecuting drivers fraudulently using Blue Badges . The number of prosecuted cases from 2015 is just under 1000 . England and Wales ( edit ) In England and Wales , Blue Badge holders are required ( unless signs show otherwise ) to display a Disabled Person 's Parking Disc ( `` Clock '' ) showing the time the vehicle was first parked so that a time limit can be enforced . Badge holders from elsewhere in the European Union will need to obtain a Clock ( obtainable from their Issuing Office in the UK ) to validate their badge otherwise the vehicle will be treated as if no badge were displayed . Local differences in parking rules In London , the volume of traffic has led to restrictions upon the national scheme in some areas with local colour schemes used to restrict standard concessions to local residents , for example the permits are green in Camden , white in Westminster , purple in Kensington and Chelsea , and red in the City of London . In these cities and boroughs special rules and parking spaces are provided for Blue Badge holders . Similar local schemes operate in other large towns or cities in the UK , for example Norwich operates a ' green badge scheme ' . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The standard scheme only generally applies to on - street parking and is outlined on the Roads Service Northern Ireland website . A `` White Badge '' is required for access to Pedestrian Zones . Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland , a local authority Parking Attendant ( in addition to police and traffic wardens ) has the power to inspect a Blue Badge ; failure to allow this inspection is an offence . There are also proposals to extend the issue of badges to small children and a wider range of ( temporarily or permanently ) disabled people . United states ( edit ) Accessible parking space at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill In the United States , reserved spaces are mandated by the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines . Disabled parking space requirements ( edit ) Indicates parking is restricted to users with handicapped tag ( plate ) or placard According to the Americans With Disabilities Act Handbook , `` Accessible parking spaces should be at least 96 in ( 2440 mm ) wide . Parking access aisles shall be part of an accessible route to the building or facility entrance ... '' Example of a disability license plate A temporary disability placard , usually issued to someone with a temporary disability . Disabled parking permits generally take the form of either specially marked license plates or a placard that hangs from the rear - view mirror . Plates are generally used for disabled drivers on their personal vehicle , while the portable disability placard can be moved from one vehicle to another with the disabled person , both when driving or when riding with another driver . The medical requirements to obtain a permit vary by state , but are usually confined to specific types of disabilities or conditions . These as a general rule include the use of any assistive device such as a wheelchair , crutches , or cane , as well as a missing leg or foot . Some states also include certain cardiovascular , pain , or respiratory conditions . About half of US states ( 26 ) include blindness as a qualifying disability enabling the person to obtain a disability parking permit for use as a passenger , and 14 states include a disabled hand as a qualifying disability . Four states include deafness , and two states ( Virginia and New York ) include mental illness or developmental disabilities as qualifying disabilities . Disability parking placards come in various colors with the significance varying from state to state . The availability of specially reserved parking spaces is regulated by both federal and state laws . Generally at least one space is available at any public parking location , with more being required based on the size of the parking lot and in some cases the type of location , such as a health care facility . Parking spaces reserved for disabled people are typically marked with the International Symbol of Access , though in practice , the design of the symbol varies widely . Often , the parking space is delineated with blue lines instead of the white or yellow lines used elsewhere in the lot . Anyone parking in such reserved spaces must have their disability plate or mirror placard displayed , or else the car can be ticketed for illegal parking . In some major US cities , local law also allows such vehicles to park for free at city parking meters and also exempts from time limits on time parked . In the US states of California , Maryland , Massachusetts , South Carolina , Texas , Utah , and Virginia , holders of a Disabled parking permit are exempt from parking meter fees . In some states ( including Virginia ) accessible - designated parking meters exist , which , unless the permit holder is exempt , must be paid at the same rate as non-designated meters . One will also be subject to receiving a violation ticket if a valid disability license plate or placard is not displayed on the vehicle . Fraudulent use of another person 's placard is heavily fined . If traveling from other countries , requirements to obtain a parking permit vary from state to state . Some states will honour other country permits , while others require application as a visitor / tourist . Canada 's provinces will honor a US state issued disabled plate or placard since US states will honor Canadian disabled plates and placards . New York ( edit ) The city does recognize valid placards from other jurisdictions for marked disabled parking spaces , all of which are in off - street lots . Disabled drivers from outside New York City who possess state - issued disability parking permits have claimed illegal discrimination and civil rights violations on the part of New York City . In 1991 a disabled elderly man from New Jersey was issued a ticket while parking in Brooklyn while displaying his New Jersey - issued disability parking placard . In 1997 a woman with multiple sclerosis using a wheelchair was similarly issued a ticket while parking in New York City for displaying a non-NYC issued disability parking placard . Both drivers maintain that failure to recognize non-NYC disability parking placards is a violation of their civil rights . Integration of handicap parking with Electric vehicle charging ( edit ) In California alone , there are over 27,000 Plug in Electric Vehicles ( PEV ) with about 2,000 being added every month . While most PEV charging is done at home , the public charging infrastructure is also expanding , with 6218 public charging stations as of July 2013 . Although the number of PEVs is still a small portion of the cars on the road , and the number of PEVs with Handicap placards is much smaller still , the needs of handicap PEV drivers must be integrated with public charging spaces . Guidelines are that 1 in 25 PEV Charging Stations be made ADA space compliant . Although not intuitively obvious , it 's important to recognize that a PEV charging station is not parking space , rather a charging service , in the same manner that gas station fill up spots are not parking spaces . Electric vehicle charging stations that meet the ADA space requirements are not to be reserved exclusively for the use of persons with disabilities , they are shared by any PEV needing to charge . Further more any PEV charging space , ADA space compliant or not , can not be used by non-PEV vehicles , including those with handicap placards . Recommended signage , along with common courtesy , ask that ADA space compliant charging stations are to be used last . Abuse ( edit ) The abuse and / or misuse of disabled parking permits has been identified as a major problem in the US , with some estimates indicating the majority seen on the street are used or obtained fraudulently . The substantial privilege and convenience granted by a permit provides a major incentive to use one illegally or obtain one fraudulently , and medical privacy law often confounds attempts to identify truly disabled individuals from abuses . In 1999 , 19 of UCLA 's current and former football players were charged with abuse of disabled parking placards . Abuse occurs under the following circumstances : A non-disabled driver using the vehicle , plate or placard of another person who is disabled without transporting that person . This often occurs with family members of disabled people . Using an illegally purchased placard that originally was issued to another person . Forging a physician 's signature on the form submitted to the motor vehicle department . Feigning or exaggerating symptoms of a medical condition in order to convince a physician to submit the form . A related issue is physician approval of permits for medical conditions that do n't actually qualify under that jurisdiction 's requirements . Often this is simply an error on the physician 's part due to not fully understanding the law . A common example is cognitive , psychiatric , or developmental conditions ( such as autism ) , which in all but two states do not qualify for a permit . Such permits are still legal and valid , and most recipients honestly believe they have a qualifying disability . The result is far more permits than existing parking spaces can usually support , which often leaves more severely disabled individuals without a place to park . Disabled persons who hold parking permits but have invisible disabilities may be difficult to tell apart from fraudulent permit users . On occasion , suspicion of fraud has led to hostility against legitimate permit holders . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , disabled parking permits are provided under the Australian Disability Parking Scheme , which was established in September 2010 to harmonise disability permits across Australia . Disabled parking permits are applied for through state and territory organisations , and rules for eligibility differ among jurisdictions . If someone else parks in a disabled zone , he will be fined by either police or the council . See also ( edit ) Adapted automobile Parking violation References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Disabled parking . Jump up ^ `` Neuer Parkausweis für Behinderte ( English : New parking card for disabled '' . FAHRLEHRERVERBAND Baden - Württemberg e.V . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parking card for people with disabilities in the European Union : conditions in the member states '' ( pdf ) . European Commission . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parking card for people with disabilities in the European Union : conditions in the Member States '' ( PDF ) . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Directgov Blue Badge map '' . Directgov . Archived from the original on 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Sawer , Patrick ( 31 December 2016 ) . `` Able - bodied motorists ' getting away ' with disabled parking fraud '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disabled Persons Badge Scheme for Northern Ireland '' . Roads Service Northern Ireland . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 4.6 Parking and Passenger Loading Zones '' . ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities ( ADAAG ) . United States Access Board . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Justice ( October 1991 ) . Americans with Disabilities Act Handbook . Equal Opportunity Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice . p. 25 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Disabled Parking Placards or License Plates Application '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Application for a Parking Permit or License Plates , for Persons with Severe Disabilities '' ( PDF ) . New York State Department of Motor Vehicles . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` www.youcantparkhere.com ( A gallery of accessible parking symbols ) '' . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How do I obtain a disabled parking permit in the USA ? '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NYC DOT '' . nyc.gov . Jump up ^ Hanley , Robert ( 5 June 1991 ) . `` New York Urged to Broaden Handicapped - Parking Rights '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ENCOUNTERING THE WOODEN HEART OF LITTLE OLD N.Y. '' highbeam.com . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations Jump up ^ `` Interim Disabled Access Guidelines for 97 - 03 Electrical Vehicle Charging Stations '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` State of California Governor 's Office of Planning and Research , Plug - In Electric Vehicles : Universal Charging Access Guidelines and Best Practices '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Shoup , Donald . `` Ending the Abuse of Disabled Parking Placards '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Peters , Justin . `` Handicapped - Parking Fraud Is Just About the Jerkiest Crime Imaginable '' . Slate . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Berthelsen , Christian ( 29 July 1999 ) . `` College Football ; 9 Enter Pleas in U.C.L.A. Parking Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( 14 September 1999 ) . `` Five More Charged in Parking Scandal '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chirbas , Kurt ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` California DMV cracks down on misuse of disability parking placards '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ TEGNA . `` One out of every 8 California drivers now has a disabled parking placard '' . KPNX . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . They also charged some drivers with fraud after they discovered forged doctor signatures on applications . Jump up ^ Chirbas , Kurt ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` California DMV cracks down on misuse of disability parking placards '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . It brings to mind there are doctors out there who might be over-prescribing , '' said R. Michael Paravagna , a member of the Commission on Disability Access . `` Maybe they are handing them out like candy . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Sharon ( 6 May 2003 ) . `` Handicap That Allows Parking Is n't Always Obvious '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Ian . `` How Can We Stop Handicap Fraud ? '' . Freakonomics . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Invisible Disabilities Association ( 2004 ) . `` Looks Can be Deceiving '' . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Cline , Katie . `` People with invisible disabilities face discrimination while using parking passes '' . The Red & Black . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleshler , David . `` Parking lot vigilantes abuse woman with ' invisible ' disability '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Disability Parking Scheme '' . Government of Australia . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mobility Parking Scheme '' . Roads and Maritime Services . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) BlueBadgeParking.com -- a worldwide , crowd - sourced map of disabled parking locations with SatNav downloads ) Federation Internationale de l'Automobile -- information about disabled parking schemes around the world Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured clear distance ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Left - and right - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Impaired driving Breathalyzer Field sobriety testing Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured clear distance ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Impaired driving Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disabled_parking_permit&oldid=848036607 '' Categories : Identifiers Disability rights Parking law Vehicle registration plates Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 11 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when can you use a handicapped placard for parking in designed handicapped parking	[]	[]
-300444913157797485	Metonymy	Metonymy - wikipedia Metonymy Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with meronymy or meronomy . Metonymy ( / mɪˈtɒnɪmi / mi - TON - i - mee ) is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept . The words metonymy and metonym come from the Greek μετωνῠμία , metōnymía , `` a change of name '' , from μετά , metá , `` after , beyond '' , and - ωνυμία , - ōnymía , a suffix that names figures of speech , from ὄνῠμα , ónyma or ὄνομα , ónoma , `` name '' . A place is often used as a metonym for a government or other official institutions , for example , Brussels for the institutions of the European Union , The Hague for the International Court of Justice or International Criminal Court , Nairobi for the government of Kenya , or the White House and Capitol Hill for the executive and legislative branches , respectively , of the United States federal government . A place can represent an entire industry : for instance Wall Street is often used metonymically to describe the entire U.S. financial and corporate banking sector . Common nouns and phrases can also be metonyms : red tape can stand for bureaucracy , whether or not that bureaucracy actually uses red tape to bind documents . In Commonwealth realms , The Crown is a metonym for the state in all its aspects . Metonymy and related figures of speech are common in everyday speech and writing . Synecdoche and metalepsis are considered specific types of metonymy . Polysemy , multiple meanings of a single word or phrase , sometimes results from relations of metonymy . Both metonymy and metaphor involve the substitution of one term for another . In metaphor , this substitution is based on some specific analogy between two things , whereas in metonymy the substitution is based on some understood association or contiguity . American literary theorist Kenneth Burke described metonymy as one of four `` master tropes '' , each a substitute for respective broader concepts : metaphor , a substitute for perspective ; metonymy , a substitute for reduction ; synecdoche , a substitute for representation ; and irony , a substitute for dialectic . He described these tropes and the way they overlap in A Grammar of Motives . In addition to its use in everyday speech , metonymy is a figure of speech in some poetry and in much rhetoric . Greek and Latin scholars of rhetoric made significant contributions to the study of metonymy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning relationships 1.1 Metaphor and metonymy 1.2 Examples 2 Rhetoric in ancient history 3 Jakobson , structuralism , and realism 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Bibliography 6 Further reading Meaning relationships ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Synecdoche , in which a specific part of something is used to refer to the whole , is usually understood as a specific kind of metonymy . Sometimes an absolute distinction is made between a metonymy and a synecdoche , treating metonymy as different from , rather than inclusive of , synecdoche . There is a similar problem with the terms simile and metaphor . When the distinction is made , it is the following : when `` A '' is used to refer to `` B '' , it is a synecdoche if A is a component of B or if B is a component of A , and a metonym if A is commonly associated with B but not part of its whole or a whole of its part . Thus , `` 20,000 hungry mouths to feed '' is a synecdoche because mouths ( A ) are a part of the people ( B ) referred to . `` Australia votes '' is also a synecdoche because Australia is a whole of which the people who voted are a part . On the other hand , `` The White House said '' is metonymy , but not synecdoche , for the president and his staff , because , although the White House is associated with the president and his staff , the building is not a part of the people . Similarly , metalepsis is closely related to metonymy , and is sometimes understood as a specific kind of metonymy . Metalepsis is a figure of speech in which a word or a phrase from figurative speech is used in a new context . The new figure of speech refers to an existing one . For example , in the idiom `` lead foot '' , meaning someone who drives fast , lead is a heavy substance , and a heavy foot on the accelerator pedal would cause a vehicle to go quickly . The use of `` lead foot '' to describe a person follows the intermediate substitution of `` lead '' for `` heavy '' . The figure of speech is a `` metonymy of a metonymy '' . The concept of metonymy also informs the nature of polysemy , i.e. , how the same phonological form ( word ) has different semantic mappings ( meanings ) . If the two meanings are unrelated , as in the word pen meaning both writing instrument and enclosure , they are considered homonyms . Within logical polysemies , a large class of mappings may be considered to be a case of metonymic transfer ( e.g. , `` chicken '' for the bird , as well as its meat ; `` crown '' for the object , as well as the institution ) . Other cases where the meaning is polysemous , however , may turn out to be more metaphorical , e.g. , `` eye '' as in the `` eye of the needle '' . Metaphor and metonymy ( edit ) Main article : Metaphor and metonymy Metonymy works by the contiguity ( association ) between two concepts , whereas the term `` metaphor '' is based upon their analogous similarity . When people use metonymy , they do not typically wish to transfer qualities from one referent to another as they do with metaphor . There is nothing press - like about reporters or crown - like about a monarch , but `` the press '' and `` the crown '' are both common metonyms . Some uses of figurative language may be understood as both metonymy and metaphor ; for example , the relationship between `` a crown '' and a `` king '' could be interpreted metaphorically ( i.e. , the king , like his gold crown , could be seemingly stiff yet ultimately malleable , over-ornate , and consistently immobile ) . Two examples using the term `` fishing '' help clarify the distinction . The phrase `` to fish pearls '' uses metonymy , drawing from `` fishing '' the idea of taking things from the ocean . What is carried across from `` fishing fish '' to `` fishing pearls '' is the domain of metonymy . In contrast , the metaphorical phrase `` fishing for information '' transfers the concept of fishing into a new domain . If someone is `` fishing '' for information , we do not imagine that the person is anywhere near the ocean ; rather , we transpose elements of the action of fishing ( waiting , hoping to catch something that can not be seen , probing ) into a new domain ( a conversation ) . Thus , metaphor works by presenting a target set of meanings and using them to suggest a similarity between items , actions , or events in two domains , whereas metonymy calls up or references a specific domain ( here , removing items from the sea ) . Examples ( edit ) Main article : List of metonyms Here are some broad kinds of relationships where metonymy is frequently used : Containment : When one thing contains another , it can frequently be used metonymically , as when `` dish '' is used to refer not to a plate but to the food it contains , or as when the name of a building is used to refer to the entity it contains , as when `` the White House '' or `` the Pentagon '' are used to refer to the U.S. presidential staff or the military leadership , respectively . A physical item , place , or body part used to refer to a related concept , such as `` the bench '' for the judicial profession , `` stomach '' or `` belly '' for appetite or hunger , `` mouth '' for speech , various terms for the genitalia for sexual desire or satisfaction of said desire , being `` in diapers '' for infancy , `` palate '' for taste , `` the altar '' or `` the aisle '' for marriage , `` hand '' for someone 's responsibility for something ( `` he had a hand in it '' ) , `` head '' or `` brain '' for mind or intelligence , or `` nose '' for concern about someone else 's affairs , ( as in `` keep your nose out of my business '' ) . A reference to Timbuktu , as in `` from here to Timbuktu , '' usually means a place or idea is too far away or mysterious . Tools / instruments : Often a tool is used to signify the job it does or the person who does the job , as in the phrase `` the press '' ( referring to the printing press ) , or as in the proverb , `` The pen is mightier than the sword . '' Product for process : This is a type of metonymy where the product of the activity stands for the activity itself . For example , in `` The book is moving right along , '' the book refers to the process of writing or publishing . Punctuation marks often stand metonymically for a meaning expressed by the punctuation mark . For example , `` He 's a big question mark to me '' indicates that something is unknown . Synecdoche : A part of something is often used for the whole , as when people refer to `` head '' of cattle or assistants are referred to as `` hands . '' An example of this is the Canadian dollar , referred to as the loonie for the image of a bird on the one - dollar coin . The United States one hundred - dollar bill is often referred to as `` Bens '' , `` Benjamins '' or `` Franklins '' because it bears the portrait of Benjamin Franklin . Also , the whole of something is used for a part , as when people refer to a municipal employee as `` the council '' or police officers as `` the law '' . Toponyms : A country 's capital city or some location within the city is frequently used as a metonymy for the country 's government , such as Washington , D.C. , in the United States ; Ottawa in Canada ; Tokyo in Japan ; New Delhi in India ; Downing Street or Whitehall in the UK ; and the Kremlin in Russia . Similarly , other important places , such as Wall Street , Madison Avenue , Silicon Valley , Hollywood , Negril , Vegas , and Detroit are commonly used to refer to the industries that are located there ( finance , advertising , high technology , entertainment , tourism , gambling , and motor vehicles , respectively ) . Such usage may persist even when the industries in question have moved elsewhere , for example , Fleet Street continues to be used as a metonymy for the British national press , though it is no longer located in the physical street of that name . Sometimes , metaphor and metonymy may both be at work in the same figure of speech , or one could interpret a phrase metaphorically or metonymically . For example , the phrase `` lend me your ear '' could be analyzed in a number of ways . One could imagine the following interpretations : Analyze `` ear '' metonymically first -- `` ear '' means `` attention '' ( because we use ears to pay attention to someone 's speech ) . Now , when we hear the phrase `` lending an ear ( attention ) '' , we stretch the base meaning of `` lend '' ( to let someone borrow an object ) to include the `` lending '' of non-material things ( attention ) , but , beyond this slight extension of the verb , no metaphor is at work . Imagine the whole phrase literally -- imagine that the speaker literally borrows the listener 's ear as a physical object ( and the person 's head with it ) . Then the speaker has temporary possession of the listener 's ear , so the listener has granted the speaker temporary control over what the listener hears . We then interpret the phrase `` lend me your ear '' metaphorically to mean that the speaker wants the listener to grant the speaker temporary control over what the listener hears . First , analyze the verb phrase `` lend me your ear '' metaphorically to mean `` turn your ear in my direction , '' since we know that , literally , lending a body part is nonsensical . Then , analyze the motion of ears metonymically -- we associate `` turning ears '' with `` paying attention , '' which is what the speaker wants the listeners to do . It is difficult to say which analyses above most closely represents the way a listener interprets the expression , and it is possible that different listeners analyse the phrase in different ways , or even in different ways at different times . Regardless , all three analyses yield the same interpretation . Thus , metaphor and metonymy , though different in their mechanism , work together seamlessly . Rhetoric in Ancient history ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( December 2013 ) Western culture studied poetic language and deemed it to be rhetoric . A. Al - Sharafi supports this concept in his book Textual Metonymy , `` Greek rhetorical scholarship at one time became entirely poetic scholarship . '' Philosophers and rhetoricians thought that metaphors were the primary figurative language used in rhetoric . Metaphors served as a better means to attract the audience 's attention because the audience had to read between the lines in order to get an understanding of what the speaker was trying to say . Others did not think of metonymy as a good rhetorical method because metonymy did not involve symbolism . Al - Sharafi explains , `` This is why they undermined practical and purely referential discourse because it was seen as banal and not containing anything new , strange or shocking . '' Greek scholars contributed to the definition of metonymy . For example , Isocrates worked to define the difference between poetic language and non-poetic language by saying that , `` Prose writers are handicapped in this regard because their discourse has to conform to the forms and terms used by the citizens and to those arguments which are precise and relevant to the subject - matter . In other words , Isocrates proposes here that metaphor is a distinctive feature of poetic language because it conveys the experience of the world afresh and provides a kind of defamiliarisation in the way the citizens perceive the world . '' Democritus described metonymy by saying , `` Metonymy , that is the fact that words and meaning change . '' Aristotle discussed different definitions of metaphor , regarding one type as what we know to be metonymy today . Latin scholars also had an influence on metonymy . The treatise Rhetorica ad Herennium states metonymy as , `` the figure which draws from an object closely akin or associated an expression suggesting the object meant , but not called by its own name . '' The author describes the process of metonymy to us saying that we first figure out what a word means . We then figure out that word 's relationship with other words . We understand and then call the word by a name that it is associated with . `` Perceived as such then metonymy will be a figure of speech in which there is a process of abstracting a relation of proximity between two words to the extent that one will be used in place of another . '' Cicero viewed metonymy as more of a stylish rhetorical method and described it as being based on words , but motivated by style . Jakobson , structuralism , and realism ( edit ) Metonymy became important in French structuralism through the work of Roman Jakobson . In his 1956 essay `` The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles '' , Jakobson relates metonymy to the linguistic practice of ( syntagmatic ) combination and to the literary practice of realism . He explains : The primacy of the metaphoric process in the literary schools of Romanticism and symbolism has been repeatedly acknowledged , but it is still insufficiently realized that it is the predominance of metonymy which underlies and actually predetermines the so - called ' realistic ' trend , which belongs to an intermediary stage between the decline of Romanticism and the rise of symbolism and is opposed to both . Following the path of contiguous relationships , the realistic author metonymically digresses from the plot to the atmosphere and from the characters to the setting in space and time . He is fond of synecdochic details . In the scene of Anna Karenina 's suicide Tolstoy 's artistic attention is focused on the heroine 's handbag ; and in War and Peace the synecdoches `` hair on the upper lip '' or `` bare shoulders '' are used by the same writer to stand for the female characters to whom these features belong . Jakobson 's theories were important for Claude Lévi - Strauss , Roland Barthes , Jacques Lacan , and others . See also ( edit ) Look up metonymy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . - onym Antonomasia Deferred reference Eggcorn Eponym Enthymeme Euphemism by comparison Generic trademark Kenning Meronymy Newspeak Pars pro toto Slang Sobriquet Social stereotype Totum pro parte References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` metonymy '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Metonymy - Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Alfred Hux ; James Mickleborough Greenwood ( 1893 ) . Studies in English Grammar : A Comprehensive Course for Grammar Schools , High Schools , and Academies . New York City : Silver Burdett . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Jr. , Raymond W. ( 1999 ) . `` Speaking and Thinking with Metonymy '' , in Pattern and Process : A Whiteheadian Perspective on Linguistics , ed . Klaus - Uwe Panther and Günter Radden . Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 61 -- 76 . ISBN 9027223564 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael D ( 2013 ) , The Crown and Canadian Federalism , Toronto : Dundurn Press , p. 20 , ISBN 9781459709898 Jump up ^ Dirven , René ; Pörings , Ralf ( 2002 ) . Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017373 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wilber , Ken ( 2000 ) . Sex , Ecology , Spirituality . Shambhala Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8348 - 2108 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tompkins , Penny ; James Lawley . `` Metonymy and Part - Whole Relationships '' . www.cleanlanguage.co.uk . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Burke , Kenneth . ( 1945 ) A Grammar of Motives . New York : Prentice Hall Inc . pp. 503 -- 09 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Harold ( 2003 ) . A Map of Misreading . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516221 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` metalepsis '' . Silva Rhetoricae . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Daniel . `` Rhetorical Tropes '' . Semiotics for Beginners . Aberystwyth University . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Example drawn from Dirven , 1996 Jump up ^ Lakoff and Johnson 1999 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Lakoff and Johnson 1999 , p. 245 Jump up ^ Geeraerts , Dirk ( 2002 ) . `` The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in composite expressions '' . In R. Dirven and R. Pörings . Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast ( PDF ) . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 435 -- 465 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017373 - 4 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Sharafi , Abdul Gabbar ( 2004 ) . Textual Metonymy : A Semiotic Approach . Jump up ^ Jakobson , Roman ( 1956 ) . `` The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles '' . In Dirven , René ; Pörings , Ralf . Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast ( revised ed . ) . de Gruyter . pp. 41 -- 48 . ISBN 9783110173741 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dirven , René ( 2003 ) . `` Metonymy and Metaphor : Different Mental Strategies of Conceptualisation '' . In Dirven , René ; Pörings , Ralf . Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast ( revised ed . ) . de Gruyter . pp. 75 -- 112 . ISBN 9783110173741 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Blank , Andreas ( 1997 ) . Prinzipien des lexikalischen Bedeutungswandels am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 093160 - 0 . Corbett , Edward P.J. ( 1998 ) ( 1971 ) . Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511542 - 0 . Dirven , René ( 1999 ) . `` Conversion as a Conceptual Metonymy of Event Schemata '' . In K.U. Panther and G. Radden . Metonymy in Language and Thought . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 275 -- 288 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 2356 - 2 . Fass , Dan ( 1997 ) . Processing Metonymy and Metaphor . Ablex . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56750 - 231 - 2 . Grzega , Joachim ( 2004 ) . Bezeichnungswandel : Wie , Warum , Wozu ? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie . Heidelberg : Universitätsverlag Winter ( de ) . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8253 - 5016 - 1 . Lakoff , George ; Johnson , mark ( 1999 ) . Philosophy in the Flesh : The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05674 - 3 . Somov , Georgij Yu. ( 2009 ) . `` Metonymy and its manifestation in visual artworks : Case study of late paintings by Bruegel the Elder '' . Semiotica. 2009 ( 174 ) : 309 -- 66 . doi : 10.1515 / semi. 2009.037 . Smyth , Herbert Weir ( 1920 ) . Greek Grammar . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press . p. 680 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36250 - 0 . Warren , Beatrice ( 2006 ) . Referential Metonymy . Publications of the Royal Society of Letters at Lund . Lund , Sweden : Almqvist & Wiksell International . ISBN 978 - 91 - 22 - 02148 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Fass , Dan ( 1988 ) . `` Metonymy and metaphor : what 's the difference ? '' . Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics. 1 . pp. 177 -- 81 . ISBN 963 - 8431 - 56 - 3 . doi : 10.3115 / 991635.991671 . Gaines , Charles ( 2003 ) . `` Reconsidering Metaphor / Metonymy : Art and the Suppression of Thought '' ( 64 ) . Jakobson , Roman ( 1995 ) ( 1956 ) . `` Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Disturbances '' . In Linda Waugh and Monique Monville - Burston . On Language . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 63536 - 1 . Lakoff , George ( 1980 ) . Metaphors We Live By . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46801 - 1 . Low , Graham . `` An Essay Is a Person '' . In Cameron , Lynne ; Low , Graham . Researching and Applying Metaphor . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 221 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64964 - 3 . Pérez - Sobrino , Paula ( 2014 ) . `` Meaning construction in verbomusical environments : Conceptual disintegration and metonymy '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Pragmatics . Elsevier . 70 : 130 -- 151 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pragma. 2014.06. 008 . Peters , Wim ( 2003 ) . `` Metonymy as a cross-lingual phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the ACL 2003 Workshop on Lexicon and Figurative Language . 14 : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.3115 / 1118975.1118976 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metonymy&oldid=807454605 '' Categories : Rhetorical techniques Literary techniques Semantics Metonymy Tropes by type Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from December 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛語 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the idea that concepts are represented by a common instance of the category is called	[ "Metonymy (/mɪˈtɒnɪmi/ mi-TON-i-mee)[1] is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.[2] The words metonymy and metonym come from the Greek μετωνῠμία, metōnymía, \"a change of name\", from μετά, metá, \"after, beyond\", and -ωνυμία, -ōnymía, a suffix that names figures of speech, from ὄνῠμα, ónyma or ὄνομα, ónoma, \"name\".[3]" ]	[ "Metonymy" ]
8828648454906830015	Take-out	Take - out - wikipedia Take - out `` Take away '' and `` Takeaway '' redirect here . For other uses , see Take away ( disambiguation ) . `` Take Out '' and `` Takeout '' redirect here . For other uses , see Take Out ( disambiguation ) . `` Carryout '' redirects here . For the song , see Carry Out . `` To go '' redirects here . For the verb `` to go '' , see Go ( verb ) . For country in West Africa , see Togo . Upper left : A Meat Feast Parmo from Stockton - on - Tees , UK . Upper right : Fish and chips . Lower left : Pizza delivery . Lower right : Döner kebab Take - out or takeout ( in North America -- U.S. and Canada -- and the Philippines ) ; carry - out ( in some dialects in the U.S. and Scotland ) ; take - away ( in the United Kingdom other than Scotland , Australia , South Africa , and Ireland ) , takeaways ( in New Zealand ) , parcel ( in Indian and Pakistani English ) , refer to prepared meals or other food items , purchased at a restaurant , that the purchaser intends to eat elsewhere . A concept found in many ancient cultures , take - out food is now common worldwide , with a number of different cuisines and dishes on offer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Business operation 2.1 Service 3 Packaging 4 Disposable serviceware waste 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) Thermopolium in Herculanum The concept of prepared meals to be eaten elsewhere dates back to antiquity . Market and roadside stalls selling food were common in Ancient Greece and Rome . In Pompeii , archaeologists have found a number of thermopolia , service counters opening onto the street which provided food to be taken away . There is a distinct lack of formal dining and kitchen area in Pompeian homes , which may suggest that eating , or at least cooking , at home was unusual . Over 200 thermopolia have been found in the ruins of Pompeii . In the cities of medieval Europe a number of street vendors sold take - out food . In medieval London , street vendors sold hot meat pies , geese , sheep 's feet and French wine , while in Paris roasted meats , squab , tarts and flans , cheeses and eggs were available . A large strata of society would have purchased food from these vendors , but they were especially popular amongst the urban poor , who would have lacked kitchen facilities in which to prepare their own food . However , these vendors often had a bad reputation , often being in trouble with civic authorities reprimanding them for selling infected meat or reheated food . The cooks of Norwich often defended themselves in court against selling such things as `` pokky pies '' and `` stynkyng mackerelles '' . In 10th and 11th century China , citizens of cities such as Kaifeng and Hangzhou were able to buy pastries such as yuebing and congyoubing to take away . By the early 13th century , the two most successful such shops in Kaifeng had `` upwards of fifty ovens '' . A traveling Florentine reported in the late 14th century that in Cairo , people carried picnic cloths made of raw hide to spread on the streets and eat their meals of lamb kebabs , rice and fritters that they had purchased from street vendors . In Renaissance Turkey , many crossroads saw vendors selling `` fragrant bites of hot meat '' , including chicken and lamb that had been spit roasted . Aztec marketplaces had vendors that sold beverages such as atolli ( `` a gruel made from maize dough '' ) , almost 50 types of tamales ( with ingredients that ranged from the meat of turkey , rabbit , gopher , frog , and fish to fruits , eggs , and maize flowers ) , as well as insects and stews . After Spanish colonization of Peru and importation of European food stocks including wheat , sugarcane and livestock , most commoners continued primarily to eat their traditional diets , but did add grilled beef hearts sold by street vendors . Some of Lima 's 19th century street vendors such as `` Erasmo , the ' negro ' sango vendor '' and Na Aguedita are still remembered today . Street food vendors in early 20th century New York City . During the American colonial period , street vendors sold `` pepper pot soup '' ( tripe ) `` oysters , roasted corn ears , fruit and sweets , '' with oysters being a low - priced commodity until the 1910s when overfishing caused prices to rise . In 1707 , after previous restrictions that had limited their operating hours , street food vendors had been banned in New York City . Many women of African descent made their living selling street foods in America in the 18th and 19th centuries ; with products ranging from fruit , cakes and nuts in Savannah , Georgia , to coffee , biscuits , pralines and other sweets in New Orleans . In the 19th century , street food vendors in Transylvania sold gingerbread - nuts , cream mixed with corn , and bacon and other meat fried on tops of ceramic vessels with hot coals inside . The Industrial Revolution saw an increase in the availability of take - out food . By the early 20th Century , fish and chips was considered an `` established institution '' in Britain . The hamburger was introduced to America around this time . The diets of industrial workers were often poor , and these meals provided an `` important component '' to their nutrition . In India , local businesses and cooperatives , had begun to supply workers in the city of Bombay ( now Mumbai ) with tiffin boxes by the end of the 19th century . Business operation ( edit ) Service ( edit ) See also : Pizza delivery and Drive - through A market stall in Thailand selling take - out food Take - out food can be purchased from restaurants that also provide sit - down table service or from establishments specialising in food to be taken away . Providing a take - out service saves operators the cost of cutlery , crockery and pay for servers and hosts ; it also allows many customers to be served quickly , without restricting sales by remaining to eat their food . Although once popular in Europe and America , street food has declined in popularity . In part , this can be attributed to a combination of the proliferation of specialized takeaway restaurants and legislation relating to health and safety . Vendors selling street food are still common in parts of Asia , Africa and the Middle East , with the annual turnover of street food vendors in Bangladesh and Thailand being described as particularly important to the local economy . Scooter used for pizza delivery in Hong Kong . Many restaurants and take - out establishments have benefit from the invention of the car . Drive - through or drive - thru outlets allow customers to order , pay for , and receive food without leaving their cars . The idea was pioneered in 1931 in a California fast food restaurant , Pig Stand Number 21 . By 1988 , 51 % of McDonald 's turnover was being generated by drive - throughs , with 31 % of all US take - out turnover being generated by them by 1990 . Some take - out businesses offer food for delivery , which usually involves contacting a local business by telephone or online . In countries including Australia , Canada , India , Brazil , Japan , much of the European Union and the United States , food can be ordered online from a menu , then collected or delivered . The industry has kept pace with technological developments since the 1980s beginning with the rise of the personal computer . Specialized computer software for food delivery helps determine the most efficient routes for carriers , track order and delivery times , manage calls and orders with PoS software , and other functions . Since 2008 satellite navigation tracking technology has been used for real - time monitoring of delivery vehicles by customers over the Internet . Some businesses offer a guarantee to deliver within a predetermined period of time , with late deliveries not charged for . For example , Domino 's Pizza had a commercial campaign in the 1980s and early 1990s which promised `` 30 minutes or it 's free '' . This was discontinued in the United States in 1993 due to the number of lawsuits arising from accidents caused by hurried delivery drivers . Packaging ( edit ) See also : Disposable food packaging , Foam food container , and Oyster pail Take - out food is packaged in paper , paperboard , corrugated fiberboard , plastic , or foam food containers . One common container is the oyster pail , a folded , waxed or plastic coated , paperboard container . The oyster pail was quickly adopted , especially in the West , for `` Chinese takeout '' . In Britain old newspapers were traditionally used for wrapping fish and chips until this was banned for health reasons in the 1980s . Many people are nostalgic for this traditional wrapping ; some modern fish and chip shops wrap their food in faux - newspaper , food - safe paper printed to look like a newspaper . Corrugated fiberboard and foam containers are to some extent self - insulating , and can be used for other foods . Thermal bags and other insulated shipping containers keep food hot ( or cold ) more effectively for longer . Aluminium containers are also popular for take - out packaging due to their low cost . Expanded polystyrene is often used for hot drinks containers and food trays because it is lightweight and heat - insulating . All types of container can be produced with supplier information and design to create a brand identity . Pizza served in a cardboard box . Boiled rice served in an oyster pail . Leaf - wrapped rice dish ( nasi kuning ) Paper - wrapped food Take - out food in Thailand is often packaged in plastic bags Disposable serviceware waste ( edit ) Disposable chopsticks in a university cafeteria trash bin in Japan . Main article : Disposable food packaging Packaging of fast food and take - out food is necessary for the customer but involves a significant amount of material that ends up in landfills , recycling , composting , or litter . Fast - food foam food containers were the target of environmentalists in the U.S. and were largely replaced with paper wrappers among large restaurant chains . In 2002 , Taiwan began taking action to reduce the use of disposable tableware at institutions and businesses , and to reduce the use of plastic bags . Yearly , the nation of 17.7 million people was producing 59,000 tons of disposable tableware waste and 105,000 tons of waste plastic bags , and increasing measures have been taken in the years since then to reduce the amount of waste . In 2013 Taiwan 's Environmental Protection Administration ( EPA ) banned outright the use of disposable tableware in the nation 's 968 schools , government agencies and hospitals . The ban is expected to eliminate 2,600 metric tons of waste yearly . In Germany , Austria , and Switzerland , laws banning use of disposable food and drink containers at large - scale events have been enacted . Such a ban has been in place in Munich , Germany since 1991 , applying to all city facilities and events . This includes events of all sizes , including very large ones ( Christmas market , Auer - Dult Faire , Oktoberfest and Munich City Marathon ) . For small events of a few hundred people , the city has arranged for a corporation to offer rental of crockery and dishwasher equipment . In part through this regulation , Munich reduced the waste generated by Oktoberfest , which attracts tens of thousands of people , from 11,000 metric tons in 1990 to 550 tons in 1999 . China produces about 57 billion pairs of single - use chopsticks yearly , of which half are exported . About 45 percent are made from trees -- about 3.8 million of them -- mainly cotton wood , birch , and spruce , the remainder being made from bamboo . Japan uses about 24 billion pairs of these disposables per year , and globally the use is about 80 billion pairs are thrown away by an estimated 1.4 billion people . Reusable chopsticks in restaurants have a lifespan of 130 meals . In Japan , with disposable ones costing about 2 cents and reusable ones costing typically $1.17 , the reusables better the $2.60 breakeven cost . Campaigns in several countries to reduce this waste are beginning to have some effect . See also ( edit ) Chinese restaurant counter in a Northside Chicago neighborhood Condiment sachet Leftovers Oyster pail , a type of paper container from America that later became used with Chinese American cuisine Pizza delivery Street food References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` take away '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Levity : Paradise Secured '' . The Acorn . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . But we 're only here for a take - away ( or parcel , in local parlance ) . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . p. 580 . ISBN 9780195307962 . 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Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long Towell Long , Luis Alberto Vargas . Food Culture In Mexico . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Pilcher ( December 20 , 2005 ) . Food In World History . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ken Albala ( May 25 , 2011 ) . Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia . Boo . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katherine Leonard Turner . Good Food for Little Money : Food and Cooking Among Urban Working - class ... Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Artemis P. Simopoulos . Street Foods . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ African American Foodways : Explorations of History and Culture - . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991 : Public Eating : Proceedings . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harbottle , Lynn ( 2004 ) . Food for Health , Food for Wealth : Ethnic and Gender Identities in British Iranian Community . New York , USA : Berghahn Books . p. 72 . ISBN 9781571816344 . Jump up ^ Roncaglia , Sara ( 2013 ) . Feeding the City : Work and Food Culture of the Mumbai Dabbawalas . London , UK : Open Book Publishers . pp. xvi . ISBN 9781909254008 . Jump up ^ Mason , Laura ( 2004 ) . Food Culture in Great Britain . CT , USA : Greenwood Press . p. 170 . ISBN 9780313327988 . Jump up ^ Gough , B ; Gough , J ( 2008 ) . FCS Hospitality Services L3 . Cape Town , South Africa : Pearson Education South Africa . p. 203 . ISBN 9781770251373 . Jump up ^ Heine , Peter ( 2004 ) . Food Culture in the Near East , Middle East , and North Africa . CT , USA : Greenwood Press . p. 119 . ISBN 9780313329562 . Jump up ^ Sethuraman , S.V. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Urban Informal Sector in Asia : An Annotated Bibliography . Geneva , Switzerland : International Labour Organisation . p. 192 . ISBN 9789221082590 . Jump up ^ `` Drive - through or drive - thru '' . Collins Dictionary . n.d . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sculle , Keith ; Jakle , John ( 2002 ) . Fast Food : Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age . Maryland , USA : Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 9780801869204 . Jump up ^ Kretzmann , David . `` Why Domino 's Digital Component Is Important '' . DailyFinance . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marianne Kolbasuk McGee . `` GPS Comes To High - Tech Pizza - Delivery Tracking '' , InformationWeek , February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pizza Pizza 's Guarantee '' . pizzapizza.ca . Archived from the original ( Commercial website ) on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jury award spurs Domino 's to drop deadly policy '' . Georgia Trial Lawyers Association . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2003 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Advocate poster with Chinese Take - out Carton '' . The Fortune Cookie Chronicles . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Alexander ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` The unlikely origin of fish and chips '' . BBC News Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Review of a fish and chip restaurant '' . Time Out . 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , J. ( 2003 ) . Excel HSC & Preliminary Senior Science . NSW , Australia : Pascal Press . p. 132 . ISBN 9781741251166 . Jump up ^ Paine , Frank ( 1995 ) . The Packaging User 's Handbook . Glasgow , UK : Blackie Academic & Professional . p. 287 . ISBN 9780751401516 . Jump up ^ Reducing Wasted Food & Packaging : A Guide for Food Services and Restaurants ( PDF ) , EPA - 909 - K - 14 - 002 , US Environmental Protection Agency , retrieved March 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Some fast - food brands look beyond polystyrene , others embrace it , Plastics Today , Heather Caliendo , August 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ Env . Research Foundation ( undated ) . Taiwan 's Plastics Ban . Jump up ^ China Post . June 5 , 2013 . EPA to ban disposable cups from June 1 . Jump up ^ Pre-Waste EU . ( undated ) . Ban on disposable food and drink containers at events in Munich , Germany ( Pre-waste factsheet 99 ) Jump up ^ New York Times . Reus October 24 , 2011 . Disposable Chopsticks Strip Asian Forests . By Rachel Nuwer . Jump up ^ Ecopedia. 2013 . How Wooden Chopsticks Are Killing Nature . By Alastair Shaw . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Take - out food . Look up Take - out , takeout , carry - out , or take - away in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . hide Fast food Types Convenience food Junk food Snack food Street food Take - out Points of sale Fast food restaurant Food booth Food cart Food court Food truck Select dishes Bacon Breakfast sandwich Breakfast sausage Buffalo wings Cheeseburger Chicken fingers / Chicken nuggets Cookie French fries French toast Fried chicken Grilled cheese Gyro Hamburger Hot dog Hot pretzel Ice cream Kebab Macaroni and cheese Onion rings Pancakes Pasta PB&J Pizza Salad Sausage Spaghetti Taco Waffles Issues Criticism of fast food hide Fast culture Consumerism Convenience food Exponential population growth Fast fashion Fast food Instant gratification Overconsumption Planned obsolescence Take - out Throw - away society Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take-out&oldid=846479056 '' Categories : Restaurants by type Restaurant terminology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Ripoarisch Simple English Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 01 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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-6972208864266922647	The Tower of London (novel)	The Tower of London ( novel ) - wikipedia The Tower of London ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search The Tower of London First edition title page Author W.H. Ainsworth Illustrator George Cruikshank Publication date 1840 The Tower of London is a novel by William Harrison Ainsworth serially published in 1840 . It is a historical romance that describes the history of Lady Jane Grey from her short - lived time as Queen of England to her execution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Story 2.1 Characters 2.2 Illustrations 3 Themes 4 Sources 5 Critical response 6 Notes 7 References Background ( edit ) During 1840 , Ainsworth was busy writing the serial The Tower of London while writing a serial for Guy Fawkes and while planning to start his own magazine . Both novels began their publication in January 1840 , with The Tower of London being published on its own until December 1840 . Ainsworth celebrated the conclusions of The Tower of London with a large dinner party near the printers of his works , Bradbury and Evans , at the Sussex Hotel . The work was illustrated by George Cruikshank . Story ( edit ) The Tower of London seen from the River Thames The plot begins with Lady Jane Grey , wife of Guilford Dudley and daughter - in - law to the Duke of Northumberland , as she enters the Tower of London on 10 July 1553 . Prior to her entrance into the Tower , she ruled as Queen of England for nine days after she and her husband were put on the throne by the Duke of Northumberland . Soon after , Mary I was able to take control of England and sent the Duke to be executed . Dudley , to gain back the kingdom , formed a rebellion , which results in failure and the imprisonment of both himself and his wife . After the imprisonment , Simon Renard , the Spanish Ambassador to England , arranges a marriage between Mary and Philip of Spain to bring a Catholic take over of England . The events of the book alternate between historical background and the plot of Lady Jane . In Book II , incidents throughout the history of England from William the Conqueror to the 1820 Cato Street conspiracy are mentioned . The novel returns to Lady Jane busying herself with prayer as she awaits her execution with her only hope for freedom is to become a Catholic . There are conspiracies over Mary 's rule of England , which come from those who supported the imprisoned Lady Jane and also those who wish to put Elizabeth , the Protestant daughter of Henry VIII , on the throne . However , neither of these two sides succeed before the novel ends , and Lady Jane is executed . Characters ( edit ) A painting of Lady Jane Grey , possibly from the late 16th century and based on an earlier portrait Lady Jane Grey Lord Guildford Dudley John Dudley , 1st Duke of Northumberland Mary I Philip of Spain Xit ( Sir Narcissus Le Grand ) Og , Gog and Magog Winwike Cuthbert Cholmondeley Mistress Cicely Lawrence Nightgall Elizabeth Gunnora Boase Gilbert Pot Simon Renard Mauger , the headsman Mistress Placida Paston The Duke of Suffolk Master Hairun Peter Trusbut Dame Poentia Trusbut Illustrations ( edit ) The novel is illustrated with 40 engravings and 58 woodcuts by Cruikshank . The illustrations depict moments from the story while the woodcuts show off architectural features related to the Tower . Ainsworth was grateful for the illustrations to the novel , and he wrote in the preface that `` it was no slight satisfaction to him , that circumstances at length enabled him to carry into effect his favourite project , in conjunction with the inimitable artist whose designs accompany the work . '' Themes ( edit ) The novel begins with a preface which explains : `` It has been , for years , the cherished wish of the writer of the following pages , to make the Tower of London -- the proudest monument of antiquity , considered with reference to its historical associates , which this country , or any other possess -- the groundwork of a romance '' . He continues by describing his idea for the Tower itself , `` Desirous of exhibiting the Tower in its triple light of a palace , a prison , and a fortress , the Author has shaped his story with reference to that end ; and he has also endeavoured to contrive such a series of incidents as should naturally introduce every reflect of the old pile -- its towers , chapels , halls , chambers , gateways , arches , and draw - bridges -- so that no part of it should remain unillustrated . '' St John 's Chapel in the Tower , which Lady Jane visited on her first night in the castle The focus in the novel is the three aspects of the Tower of London . To further this focus , Ainsworth depicts two crownings , a wedding , executions , and even a siege of the Tower . Lady Jane has her first night at the Tower as the Queen of England , and she visits St John 's Chapel , located in the White Tower . Later , she is kept as the Tower 's prisoner . Overall , the Tower has gothic elements along with having a connection to the Catholic Church in its architecture . The Tower , in its style , also represented the sublime and the connection with the divine . With these various dimensions to the Tower , there is a connection between The Tower of London and Victor Hugo 's Notre Dame de Paris , in their emphasis on architecture and with history . The architectural descriptions within the novel tend to break up some of the aspects of the plot , but they serve to show how the Tower has changed over time . This transcends the temporal bounds of the plot to connect the origins of the Tower to the 19th century when Ainsworth published the novel . According to literary critic George Worth , `` Ainsworth seems constantly to be trying to remind his readers , living in an age of urbanization and industrialization in which historic old landmarks were being swept away or defaced or ' restored ' beyond recognition , that they had a heritage , one very large vested in physical structures of one kind or another , and that the heritage ( ... ) might soon be gone beyond recall . '' Catholics , in general , were viewed negatively by Ainsworth 's contemporary English audience . In particular , Mary had the reputation for seeking the death of people and was dubbed `` Bloody Mary '' . Although Ainsworth disagreed with the Catholic religion , he felt that they were part of an idealised English past , and he sought to describe them neutrally . Of Mary herself , Ainsworth emphasised aspects that made her a decent queen . Although many Catholics in the novel tried to use Mary to push Catholicism in a fanatical manner , Ainsworth introduces Cardinal Pole as a moderating figure who tries to sway Mary away from such views . Sources ( edit ) The Tower of London is based on the events following the death of Edward VI . Various groups tried to seize the throne , and Mary I was crowned . This brought about a restoration of Catholicism and the rebellion of Thomas Wyatt . In depicting Mary , Ainsworth tried to overcome the view of her as `` Bloody Mary '' and any anti-Catholic bigotry . He felt that he could depict her without any bias as he focused on what was known about her knowledge and religious aspects . Ainsworth was accused of sensationalising violence in his novels ; for instance critic Richard Church remarked that Ainsworth `` brought sensationalism and an atmosphere of the Chamber of Horrors into the historical novel '' . Despite these assertions , Ainsworth was faithful to the sources he worked from . Most of his information was derived from David Jardine 's A Reading on the Use of Torture in the Criminal Law of England ( 1837 ) , and details such as the use of the Scavenger 's Daughter are based on Jardine 's description of torture in the Tudor period . By recounting suffering and torture in The Tower of London , Ainsworth made plain the consequences of failed political intrigue in the Tudor period . Jardine notes that members of the nobility were not tortured ; Ainsworth overlooks this with the intention of showing that failure in political machinations came at a high price . In this , Ligocki feels that Ainsworth was true to the nature of the Tudor period , reflecting the `` cruelty and ruthlessness of the politically ambitious of the age '' . Critical response ( edit ) Edgar Allan Poe believes that `` The authorship of this work does a little , and but a little , more credit to Mr. Ainsworth than that of ' Jack Sheppard ' . It is in no spirit cavilling that we say it is rarely our lot to review a work more utterly destitute of every ingredient requisite to a good romance '' . In 1934 , Malcolm Elwin argues , `` several of his novels -- particularly Tower of London and Old St. Paul 's , in spite of the absurd antics of the hero of the latter -- have undoubtedly the quality of durability . No writer could hope to surpass either as romantic histories of their particular subject . '' Leo Mason , in a 1939 article , says that `` History through the eyes of romance is the essence of Ainsworth at his best -- The Lancashire Witches , Tower of London , Old St. Paul 's , are romantic histories and will no doubt endure . '' Worth , in 1972 , explains that Ainsworth `` spaces his ( architectural ) descriptions judiciously throughout the novel in such a way as to heighten the effect of the novel rather than detract from it . '' In 1975 , Nicholas Rance claims that The Tower of London is an `` incongruous merging of historical romance and guide book '' . The enduring image of the Tower of London as a grim place of torture and imprisonment was largely shaped by the works of 19th - century authors , particularly Ainsworth 's novel . Such was its influence in emphasising the Tudor epoch of the Tower 's history , in the late 20th century historians R Allen Brown and P Curnow felt it still dominated the public perception of the castle . In their official handbook to the Tower , published in 1986 , the noted that `` Still an innocent visitor to the place today might be led to suppose by guides and guidebooks , that it was built almost entirely for the Tudor monarchs '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carver 2003 pp. 228 , 231 Jump up ^ Carver 2003 pp. 234 -- 235 ^ Jump up to : Carver 2003 p. 241 Jump up ^ Worth 1972 pp. 60 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : Ainsworth 1841 p. ix Jump up ^ Carver 2003 pp. 235 , 237 -- 240 Jump up ^ Worth 1972 pp. 71 -- 73 Jump up ^ Worth 1972 pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Carver 2003 p. 234 Jump up ^ Worth 1972 p. 63 Jump up ^ Ligocki 1972 qtd p. 25 Jump up ^ Ligocki 1972 pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Carver 2003 qtd p. 24 Jump up ^ Elwin 1934 pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Mason 1939 pp. 160 -- 161 Jump up ^ Worth 1972 p. 69 Jump up ^ Rance 1975 p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , 36 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 91 References ( edit ) Ainsworth , William Harrison . The Tower of London . Paris : Baudry 's European Library , 1841 . Allen Brown , Reginald ; Curnow , P. Tower of London , Greater London : Department of the Environment Official Handbook . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 11 - 671148 - 5 . Carver , Stephen . The Life and Works of the Lancashire Novelist William Harrison Ainsworth , 1805 -- 1882 . Lewiston : Edwin Mellen Press , 2003 . Ellis , S.M. William Harrison Ainsworth and His Friends . 2 Vols . London : Garland Publishing , 1979 . Elwin , Malcolm . Victorian Wallflowers . London : Jonathan Cape , 1934 . Impey , Edward ; Parnell , Geoffrey . The Tower of London : The Official Illustrated History . London : Merrell Publishers in association with Historic Royal Palaces , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 85894 - 106 - 7 . Ligocki , Llewellyn . `` Ainsworth 's Historical Accuracy Reconsidered '' , Albion : A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies IV ( 1972 ) , pp. 23 -- 28 . Mason , Leo . `` William Harrison Ainsworth '' , The Dickensian XXXV ( 1939 ) . Rance , Nicholas . The Historical Novel and Popular Politics in Nineteenth Century England . London : Vision , 1975 . Worth , George . William Harrison Ainsworth . New York : Twayne Publishers , 1972 . ( hide ) William Harrison Ainsworth Topics Ainsworth 's novels origin dispute People George Cruikshank Charles Dickens William Makepeace Thackeray Early novels Rookwood Jack Sheppard Guy Fawkes The Tower of London Old St. Paul 's The Miser 's Daughter Windsor Castle St. James 's Later novels Auriol The Lancashire Witches Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tower_of_London_(novel)&oldid=802379262 '' Categories : Novels by William Harrison Ainsworth 1840 British novels Historical novels Victorian novels Art by George Cruikshank Novels first published in serial form Tower of London Works originally published in American magazines Lady Jane Grey Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 20 : 14 . 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-247351894001872141	In God We Trust	In God We Trust - wikipedia In God We Trust Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see In God We Trust ( disambiguation ) . `` In God We Trust '' on the back of a United States twenty - dollar bill `` In God We Trust '' is the official motto of the United States . It was adopted as the nation 's motto in 1956 as an alternative or replacement to the unofficial motto of E pluribus unum , which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created and adopted in 1782 . `` In God We Trust '' first appeared on the Two - cent piece in 1864 and has appeared on paper currency since 1957 . A law passed in a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress ( P.L. 84 - 140 ) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 , declared `` In God We Trust '' must appear on American currency . This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957 , when it appeared on the one - dollar silver certificate . The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1 , 1957 . The 84th Congress later passed legislation ( P.L. 84 - 851 ) , also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 , declaring the phrase to be the national motto . Some groups and people have expressed objections to its use , citing its religious reference that violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property . It is also the motto of the U.S. state of Florida . Its Spanish equivalent , En Dios Confiamos , is the motto of the Republic of Nicaragua . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Society and culture 2.1 Pop culture 2.2 License plates 3 Criticism 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links History ( edit ) Salmon P. Chase , Treasury Secretary , scribes `` In God is our Trust , '' scratches out `` is our '' and overwrites `` We '' to arrive at `` In God We Trust '' in a December 9 , 1863 , letter to James Pollock , Director of the Philadelphia Mint . The phrase appears to have originated in `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 . The fourth stanza includes the phrase , `` And this be our motto : ' In God is our Trust . ' '' This version of the motto made an early appearance on the twenty dollar interest bearing notes issued in 1864 along with the motto `` God and our Right '' . Francis Scott Key 's `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem , which soon became `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , includes the phrase `` And this be our motto : In God is our Trust '' in its fourth stanza The Reverend M.R. Watkinson , in a letter dated November 13 , 1861 , petitioned the Treasury Department to add a statement recognizing `` Almighty God in some form in our coins '' in order to `` relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism '' . At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the Civil War . Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase acted on this proposal and directed the then - Philadelphia Director of the Mint , James Pollock , to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase . Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to Congress for the new designs in late 1863 . As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress , it was found that the Act of Congress dated January 18 , 1837 prescribed the mottoes and devices that should be placed upon the coins of the United States . This meant that the mint could make no changes without the enactment of additional legislation by the Congress . Such legislation was introduced and passed on April 22 , 1864 , allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one - cent and two - cent coins . An Act of Congress passed on March 3 , 1865 , allowed the Mint Director , with the Secretary 's approval , to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that `` shall admit the inscription thereon '' . In 1873 , Congress passed the Coinage Act , granting that the Secretary of the Treasury `` may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto '' . The use of `` In God We Trust '' has been interrupted . The motto disappeared from the five - cent coin in 1883 , and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938 . However , at least two other coins minted in every year in the interim still bore the motto , including the Morgan dollar and the Seated Liberty half dollar . In 1908 , Congress made it mandatory that the phrase be printed on all coins upon which it had previously appeared . This decision was motivated after a public outcry following the release of a $20 coin which did not bear the motto . The motto has been in continuous use on the one - cent coin since 1909 , and on the ten - cent coin since 1916 . It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins , half - dollar coins , and quarter - dollar coins struck since July 1 , 1908 . Since 1938 , all US coins have borne the motto . A quarter dollar with the United States ' official motto `` In God We Trust '' on the obverse side During the Cold War era , the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union , which promoted state atheism and thus implemented antireligious legislation . The 84th Congress passed a joint resolution `` declaring IN GOD WE TRUST the national motto of the United States '' . The law was signed by President Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 . The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302 , now states : `` ' In God we trust ' is the national motto . '' The same day , the President signed into law a requirement that `` In God We Trust '' be printed on all U.S. currency and coins . On paper currency , it first appeared on the silver certificate in 1957 , followed by other certificates . Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966 , depending on the denomination . ( Of these , only Federal Reserve Notes are still circulated . ) Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced the bill in the House , saying `` In these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom , we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom '' . A framed poster displaying the national motto of the United States in a New Philadelphia High School classroom In 2006 , on the 50th anniversary of its adoption , the Senate reaffirmed `` In God We Trust '' as the official national motto of the United States of America . In 2011 the House of Representatives passed an additional resolution reaffirming `` In God We Trust '' as the official motto of the United States , in a 396 -- 9 vote . According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today , CNN , and Gallup , 90 % of Americans support the inscription `` In God We Trust '' on U.S. coins . The phrase has been incorporated in many hymns and religio - patriotic songs . During the American Civil War , the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto `` In God we trust '' in early August 1862 . In Judaism and Christianity , the official motto `` In God We Trust '' resounds with several verses from the Bible , including Psalm 118 : 8 , Psalm 40 : 3 , Psalm 73 : 28 , and Proverbs 29 : 25 . In Islam the word for the concept of reliance on God is called Tawakkul ; the phrase `` In God We Trust '' is found in two places of the Koran , in Surah 10 Yunus , as well as Surah 7 Al - A'raf , although several other verses reinforce this concept . Melkote Ramaswamy , a Hindu American scholar , writes that the presence of the phrase `` In God We Trust '' on American currency is a reminder that `` there is God everywhere , whether we are conscious or not . '' After the September 11 attacks in 2001 , many public schools across the United States posted `` In God We Trust '' framed posters in their `` libraries , cafeterias and classrooms '' . The American Family Association supplied several 11 - by - 14 - inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to the displaying of the posters . Society and culture ( edit ) Pop culture ( edit ) An e-mail conspiracy theory is that `` In God We Trust '' was intentionally omitted from new U.S. dollar coins in 2007 . The first coins produced under the Presidential $1 Coin Program did indeed lack the `` In God We Trust '' inscription along their edges ( along with the `` E Pluribus Unum '' inscription , the year of production , and the mint mark ; these coins , unlike normal dollar coins , had completely blank edges ) , but these coins , known as `` godless dollars '' , were the result of a minting error , not a deliberate omission . Marty Feldman 's satirical comedy In God We Tru $ t ( 1980 ) . The film They Live plays on the idea . Special sunglasses allow the wearers to see simple hidden messages instead of the signs they see without them . Advertising is seen as `` OBEY '' , `` CONSUME '' and `` MARRY AND REPRODUCE '' . Dollar bills are all marked `` THIS IS YOUR GOD '' . License plates ( edit ) ' In God We Trust ' optional license plate designed by Troy Wingard for the South Carolina Department of Public Safety in 2002 As of April 1 , 2016 the following U.S. states currently offer an `` In God We Trust '' license plate as a speciality plate for an additional normal vehicle registration processing which vary from state to state : Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , Florida , Indiana , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , Utah , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wisconsin . Florida ( Which also offers a speciality plate ) and Georgia which both display the county of issuance on their License Plate offer the option of `` In God We Trust '' in place of the County Name . Criticism ( edit ) Advocates of separation of church and state have questioned the legality of this motto , asserting that it is a violation of the United States Constitution , prohibiting the government from passing any law respecting the establishment of religion . Religious accommodationists state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty , is not coercive , and does not prefer one religious denomination over another . `` In God We Trust '' as a national motto and on U.S. currency has been the subject of numerous unsuccessful lawsuits . The motto was first challenged in Aronow v. United States in 1970 , but the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled : `` It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency ' In God We Trust ' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion . Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise . '' The decision was cited in Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , a 2004 case on the Pledge of Allegiance . These acts of `` ceremonial deism '' are `` protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content '' . In Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) , the Supreme Court also held that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . Aside from constitutional objections , President Theodore Roosevelt took issue with using the motto on coinage as he considered using God 's name on money to be sacrilege . See also ( edit ) God Save the Queen May God have mercy upon your soul So help me God Gott mit uns Deus seja louvado Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annual report -- American Civil Liberties Union , Volume 5 . American Civil Liberties Union . 1951 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . In 1956 , an official national motto was adopted , `` In God We Trust , '' replacing the unofficial `` E Pluribus Unum . '' Jump up ^ Refiguring Mass Communication : A History . University of Illinois Press . 24 March 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . He held high the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution , and the nation 's unofficial motto , e pluribus unum , even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of the Treasury ( 2011 ) . `` History of ' In God We Trust ' '' . www.treasury.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ 12 Mar 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Atheist in battle to remove ' In God We Trust ' from US currency '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ As shown on the Córdoba ( bank notes and coins ) ; see for example Banco Central de Nicaragua Archived 2012 - 05 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chase , Salmon P ( December 9 , 1863 ) . Letter to James Pollock . Document # RG 104_UD 87 - A_Folder In God We Trust 1861_Part1 . National Archives and Records Administration . p. 11 . Jump up ^ United States ( 1897 ) . Congressional Serial Set . US : Government Printing Office , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of ' In God We Trust ' '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Ann W. ( 2008 ) . Religion , Rhetoric , and Ritual in the U.S. Government , '' Church - state Issues in America Today . Westport CT : Greenwood Publishing Group , pp. 77 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record , 1956 , p. 13917 , via NonBeliever.org Jump up ^ `` 10 Interesting Facts About Theodore Roosevelt '' . Republicanpresidents.net . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Merriman , Scott A. Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO , 2007 . Print . `` In 1956 , the United States , changed its motto to `` In God We Trust , '' in large part to differentiate itself from the Soviet Union , its Cold War enemy that was widely seen as promoting atheism . '' Jump up ^ Public Law 84 - 851 Jump up ^ Public Law 84 - 140 Jump up ^ Steven B. Epstein , `` Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism '' Columbia Law Review , Vol. 96 , No. 8 . ( Dec. , 1996 ) , p. 2083 -- 2174 , quoting the peroration ( abridged here ) of the speech by Charles Edward Bennett , sponsor in the House , the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject . President Eisenhower and W. Randolph Burgess , Deputy to the Treasury for Monetary Affairs , had approved of the legislation ! 101 Congressional Record pp. 4384 ( quoted ) , 7796 . ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ `` The legislation placing `` In God We Trust '' on national currency US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives `` . history.house.gov. 1955 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Felicia Sonmez ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Social issues return to fore with ' In God We Trust ' resolution '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . In 2006 , on the 50th anniversary of its adoption , the Senate reaffirmed ' In God We Trust ' as the official national motto of the United States , '' Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote . `` Tomorrow , the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions , misunderstandings of church and state , rogue court challenges , and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats . Jump up ^ Jennifer Steinhauer ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` In God We Trust , With the House 's Help '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation 's motto , the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution `` reaffirming ' In God We Trust ' as the official motto of the United States . '' Jump up ^ Todd Starnes ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` See Which Congressmen Voted Against ' In God We Trust ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming `` In God We Trust '' as the official motto of the United States . The 396 -- 9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes ( R - VA ) . Jump up ^ `` USA TODAY / CNN / Gallup Poll results '' . USA Today . 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . C. The inscription `` In God We Trust '' on U.S. coins ; 2003 Sep 19 -- 21 ; Approve 90 ; Disapprove 8 ; No opinion 2 Jump up ^ The Regimental Committee , 125th PA Volunteers , 1862 -- 1863 ( 2009 ) . Regimental History . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Library . pp. 150 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 112 - 13570 - 5 . Jump up ^ Alexander , ted ( 2011 ) . The Battle of Antietam . Charleston , SC : The History Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 179 - 6 . Jump up ^ 125th PA Vol . Infantry : IN GOD WE TRUST . YouTube . 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In God We Trust : The Motto '' . All About History . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Verses including the word Putting One 's Trust in Allah ( Tawakkul ) '' . Quran Index . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ramaswamy , Melkote ( 2012 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Faith / Values Indianapolis Star '' . indystar.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com -- ' In God We Trust ' pressed for schools '' . usatoday.com. 19 February 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Change '' , Snopes , http://www.snopes.com/politics/religion/dollarcoin.asp Jump up ^ David S Morgan ( 2007 - 03 - 07 ) . `` '' Godless '' Dollar Coins Slip Through Mint `` . CBS News . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Associated Press : Dollar Coins Missing ' In God We Trust ' , By David S Morgan , ( Mar. 7 , 2007 ) , CBS News Archived March 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sunglasses : How ' They Live ' Took on Republicans and Won '' , by Joshua Rothkopf , Rolling Stone ^ Jump up to : Richard H. Fallon ( 2004 ) . The Dynamic Constitution : an Introduction to Americans Constitutional Law . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60078 - 1 . `` Strict separationists '' believe that the government has no business supporting religious beliefs or institutions in any way -- for example , by providing tax breaks to churches , assisting parochial schools , including prayers or benedictions in public ceremonies , or inscribing `` In God We Trust '' on the currency . Religious accommodationists can well explain why certain entrenched social practices ( such as the inscription of `` In God We Trust '' on the currency ) were not historically perceived as presenting constitutional difficulties : The relevant practices are not coercive and do not prefer one narrow sect over another . Jump up ^ Markoe , Lauren ( 2014 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Atheists Lose Latest Battle To Remove ' In God We Trust ' From U.S. Currency '' . huffingtonpost.com . Religion News Service . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Aronow , 432 F. 2d at 243 . Jump up ^ LYNCH v. DONNELLY , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) U.S. Supreme Court Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962 . Much more recently , in 1952 , speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 313 , the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments , saying : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being . Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case , supra , mentioned many of these evidences of religion , and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... ( P ) rayers in our legislative halls ; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive ; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday ; `` So help me God '' in our courtroom oaths -- these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws , our public rituals , our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session : `` God save the United States and this Honorable Court '' ( 312 -- 313 ) . To this list may be added tax exemption of churches , chaplaincies in the armed forces , the `` Pray for Peace '' postmark , the widespread observance of Christmas holidays , and , in classrooms , singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God , and the words `` in God is our trust '' as found in the National Anthem , and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 , 1954 , to include the words `` under God '' . Jump up ^ `` ROOSEVELT DROPPED ' IN GOD WE TRUST ' ; President Says Such a Motto on Coin Is Irreverence , Close to Sacrilege . NO LAW COMMANDS ITS USE He Trusts Congress Will Not Direct Him to Replace the Exalted Phrase That Invited Constant Levity '' . The New York Times . November 14 , 1907 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to In God We Trust . Final answer ? Not quite as star gets second chance to play for a million -- article in The Guardian about a disputed quiz question about the motto of the United States . Local documentary on origin of phrase United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Numismatics portal Religion portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&oldid=807061270 '' Categories : English phrases National mottos State mottos of the United States Symbols of Florida National symbols of the United States Symbols of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Words coined in the 1810s The Star - Spangled Banner Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 17 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did we add in god we trust	[ "\"In God We Trust\" is the official motto of the United States. It was adopted as the nation's motto in 1956 as an alternative or replacement to the unofficial motto of E pluribus unum, which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created and adopted in 1782.[1][2]" ]	[ "1956" ]
227468420773907806	Handsfree	Handsfree - wikipedia Handsfree Jump to : navigation , search `` Hands free '' redirects here . For other uses , see Hands Free ( disambiguation ) . Hands - free phone kit fitted to a Saab 9 - 5 . Look up handsfree in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Hands - free is an adjective describing equipment that can be used without the use of hands ( for example via voice commands ) or , in a wider sense , equipment which needs only limited use of hands , or for which the controls are positioned so that the hands are able to occupy themselves with another task ( such as driving ) without needing to hunt far afield for the controls . Devices that are typically used for handsfree communication use Bluetooth as its wireless technology . They still require a smartphone or other device to initiate a call . These devices include Bluetooth headsets , hands - free car kits ( HFCK ) , and personal navigation devices ( PND ) . Originally introduced as optional features connected by a wire to smartphones or other communication devices , they now generally are available with wireless technology . Bluetooth handsfree options are now also easily found in any high end automotive as part of the vehicle 's stereo system , or in after market stereo system units . This option utilizes the vehicle 's speakers to transmit the caller 's voice in the phone call and have an embedded microphone in the stereo unit itself , the steering wheel , or use a separate wired microphone that can be placed anywhere in the vehicle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mobile phones 2 Software technologies 3 See also 4 References Mobile phones ( edit ) Main article : Mobile phones and driving safety Handsfree mobile phones are obligatory in many countries for use of a mobile phone while driving . However , studies have shown that even with a hands - free unit , the added distraction to the driver , and the increase in crash rates , are almost as substantial as when driving and talking on a normal mobile phone . In the United Kingdom , as of 2003 , it is illegal to use a handheld mobile phone while driving . Similar laws have been adopted in many jurisdictions worldwide , and many make provisions for hands - free phone use . Installation of hands - free devices in the UK is governed by MPT 1362 , which is now referred to as FCS 1362 . A technical document created and updated by the Federation of Communication Services . In Australia , all states have banned the use of a mobile phone while driving unless it is used with a handsfree headset . Software technologies ( edit ) Since handsfree devices replace a phone 's own speaker and microphone capability in a phone call , they now also must deal with the same issues that standard mobile phones and land phones deal with . The main acoustic issues are echo cancellation and noise suppression , although there are others as well . There have been many ways developed to cancel echo in phone calls and results range from poor to excellent . These acoustic technologies must also remove or reduce the noise levels so that the caller is well understood . A person making a call from a handsfree device who is in a busy restaurant or while driving will introduce large levels of noise into the call . This situation is complicated as the software must not only remove the noise around him , but must transmit his voice clearly and loudly to whoever is connected to him . The best software solutions combine both echo cancellation and noise cancellation into a single technology so that the caller has the freedom to use a handsfree device anywhere they please . Having an acoustic solution with only one feature will dramatically reduce its flexibility . See also ( edit ) Bluetooth Hands - free computing Smartglasses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schiesel , Seth ( 4 November 2010 ) . `` Kinect by Microsoft Keeps You Entertained Hands Free '' . Retrieved 28 April 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Tedeschi , Bob ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` New Hands - Free Headsets From Plantronics and Aliph '' . Retrieved 28 April 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Tedeschi , Bob ( 17 June 2009 ) . `` Talk Hands - Free and Listen to Your Songs too '' . Retrieved 28 April 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Quain , John R. ( 22 April 2007 ) . `` Bluetooth Plays Matchmaker : M3 , Meet MP3 '' . Retrieved 28 April 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Cell Phone Users Drive Like Old Folks - Driving to Distraction : How the New Study was Performed ( from the University of Utah ) Jump up ^ `` The Road Vehicles ( Construction and Use ) ( Amendment ) ( No. 4 ) Regulations 2003 '' . Office of Public Sector Information . 20 October 2003 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handsfree&oldid=816801608 '' Categories : Automotive technologies Traffic collisions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français हिन्दी עברית Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Suomi Svenska اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 20 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when can a hands free device be used	[]	[]
4341536819057905478	Subject-matter jurisdiction	Subject - matter jurisdiction - wikipedia Subject - matter jurisdiction Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States Federal Civil Procedure doctrines Justiciability Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Jurisdiction Subject - matter Federal - question Diversity Amount in controversy Supplemental Removal Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 Personal In personam In rem Quasi in rem Federalism Erie doctrine Abstention Sovereign immunity Abrogation Rooker -- Feldman doctrine Adequate and independent state ground Subject - matter jurisdiction is the authority of a court to hear cases of a particular type or cases relating to a specific subject matter . For instance , bankruptcy court only has the authority to hear bankruptcy cases . Subject - matter jurisdiction must be distinguished from personal jurisdiction , which is the power of a court to render a judgment against a particular defendant , and territorial jurisdiction , which is the power of the court to render a judgment concerning events that have occurred within a well - defined territory . Unlike personal or territorial jurisdiction , lack of subject - matter jurisdiction can not be waived . A judgment from a court that did not have subject - matter jurisdiction is forever a nullity . To decide a case , a court must have a combination of subject ( subjectam ) and either personal ( personam ) or territorial ( locum ) jurisdiction . Subject - matter jurisdiction , personal or territorial jurisdiction , and adequate notice are the three most fundamental constitutional requirements for a valid judgment . State courts ( edit ) In the United States , many state court systems are divided into divisions such as criminal , civil law , family , and probate . A court within any one of those divisions would lack subject - matter jurisdiction to hear a case regarding matters assigned to another division . Most U.S. state court systems , however , include a superior court that has `` general '' jurisdiction ; that is , it is competent to hear any case over which no other state court has exclusive jurisdiction . Because the United States federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over a very small percentage of cases , such as copyright disputes , patent disputes , and United States bankruptcy court disputes , state courts have the authority to hear the vast majority of cases . U.S. federal courts ( edit ) Subject - matter jurisdiction is significantly more limited in United States federal courts . The maximal constitutional bounds of federal courts ' subject - matter jurisdiction are defined by Article III Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution . Federal courts ' actual subject - matter jurisdiction derives from Congressional enabling statutes , such as 28 U.S.C. § § 1330 -- 1369 and 28 U.S.C. § § 1441 -- 1452 . The United States Congress has not extended federal courts ' subject - matter jurisdiction to its constitutional limits . For example , the amount - in - controversy requirement for diversity jurisdiction is based on 28 U.S.C. § 1332 , not a constitutional restriction . Moreover , Congress could constitutionally overrule the complete - diversity rule in diversity cases . By far the most important two categories of federal subject - matter jurisdiction in non-criminal cases are federal question jurisdiction and diversity jurisdiction . The enabling statute for federal question jurisdiction , 28 U.S.C. § 1331 , provides that the district courts have original jurisdiction in all civil actions arising under the Constitution , laws , or treaties of the United States . As mentioned before , this jurisdiction is ordinarily not exclusive ; states too can hear claims based on federal law . The enabling statute for diversity jurisdiction , 28 U.S.C. § 1332 , grants the district courts jurisdiction in an action that meets two basic conditions : Complete diversity requirement . No defendant is a citizen of the same state as any plaintiff . Amount in controversy requirement . The matter in controversy exceeds $75,000 . Federal courts also have removal jurisdiction , which is the authority to try cases removed by defendants from state courts . The contours of removal jurisdiction are almost identical to those of original jurisdiction . According to Rule 12 ( b ) ( 1 ) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , a federal court has the authority to dismiss a case for lack of subject - matter jurisdiction upon motion of a party or sua sponte , upon its own initiative. ( 1 ) In federal criminal cases ( offenses against the laws of the United States ) , the federal district courts of the United States have subject matter jurisdiction granted under 18 U.S.C. § 3231 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island vs. Massachusetts , 37 U.S. 657 ( 1838 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . ( `` However late this objection has been made , or may be made in any cause , in an inferior or appellate court of the United States , it must be considered and decided , before any court can move one further step in the cause ; as any movement is necessarily the exercise of jurisdiction . Jurisdiction is the power to hear and determine the subject matter in controversy between parties to a suit , to adjudicate or exercise any judicial power over them ; the question is , whether on the case before a court , their action is judicial or extra-judicial ; with or without the authority of law , to render a judgment or decree upon the rights of the litigant parties . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Joyce v. United States , 474 F. 2d 215 ( 3d Cir. 1973 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . ( `` Where there is no jurisdiction over the subject matter , there is , as well , no discretion to ignore that lack of jurisdiction . '' ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subject-matter_jurisdiction&oldid=788786138 '' Categories : Civil procedure Legal terminology Jurisdiction Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2014 USA - centric Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2017 , at 13 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does a state court have subject matter jurisdiction	[]	[]
367808524957767517	Cold war (general term)	Cold War ( general term ) - wikipedia Cold War ( general term ) This article is about the general term for a type of international conflict . For the specific conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States , see Cold War . Part of a series on War History ( show ) Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth - Gen Battlespace ( show ) Air Cyber Information Land Mountain Sea Space Weapons ( show ) Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics ( show ) Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Target saturation Trench warfare Operational ( show ) Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy ( show ) Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive Grand strategy ( show ) Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization ( show ) Command and control Doctrine Engineers Intelligence Ranks Technology and equipment Personnel ( show ) Military recruitment Conscription Recruit training Military specialism Women in the military Children in the military Transgender people and military service Sexual harassment in the military Conscientious objection Counter recruitment Logistics ( show ) Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management Related ( show ) Asymmetric warfare Broken - Backed War Theory Court - martial Cold war Deterrence theory Horses in warfare Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network - centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Theater Tripwire force War crime War film War game War novel Wartime sexual violence Women in war World war Colonial war Lists ( show ) Battles Military occupations Military tactics Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers A cold war is a state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions , propaganda , acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates . This term is most commonly used to refer to the Soviet - American Cold War . The surrogates are typically states that are `` satellites '' of the conflicting nations , i.e. , nations allied to them or under their political influence . Opponents in a cold war will often provide economic or military aid , such as weapons , tactical support or military advisors , to lesser nations involved in conflicts with the opposing country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the term 2 Tensions Labelled a Cold War 2.1 Cold War II 2.2 Middle East 2.3 South Asia 2.4 East Asia 2.5 China vs. India 3 References Origins of the term ( edit ) The expression `` cold war '' was rarely used before 1945 . Some writers credit the fourteenth century Spaniard Don Juan Manuel for first using the term ( in Spanish ) , when dealing with the conflict between Christianity and Islam as a `` cold war '' . However he used the term `` tepid '' not `` cold '' . The word `` cold '' first appeared in a faulty translation of his work in the 19th century . At the end of World War II , George Orwell used the term in the essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' published October 19 , 1945 , in the British newspaper Tribune . Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear war , he warned of a `` peace that is no peace '' , which he called a permanent `` cold war '' . Orwell directly referred to that war as the ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and the Western powers . Moreover , in The Observer of March 10 , 1946 , Orwell wrote that `` ( a ) fter the Moscow conference last December , Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire . '' The definition which has now become fixed is of a war waged through indirect conflict . The first use of the term in this sense , to describe the post -- World War II geopolitical tensions between the USSR and its satellites and the United States and its western European allies ( which in practice acted as satellites of the opposing force ) is attributed to Bernard Baruch , an American financier and presidential advisor . In South Carolina , on April 16 , 1947 , he delivered a speech ( by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope ) saying , `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war . '' Newspaper reporter - columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency , with the book Cold War ( 1947 ) . Tensions labelled a Cold War ( edit ) Since the NATO - Warsaw Pact Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) , a number of global and regional tensions have also been called `` Cold War . '' Cold War II ( edit ) Main article : Cold War II Cold War II , also called Second Cold War , Cold War 2.0 , or the New Cold War refers to a renewed state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical power - blocs , with one bloc typically reported as being led by Russia or China , and the other led by the United States or NATO . This is akin to the original Cold War that saw a global confrontation between the Western Bloc led by the United States and the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union , Russia 's predecessor . Middle East ( edit ) See also : Arab Cold War , Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict , Qatar -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict , and Iran -- Israel proxy conflict An Atlantic Council member Bilal Y . Saab , an About.com writer Primoz Manfreda , an Iranian scholar Seyyed Hossein Mousavian and a Princeton University scholar Sina Toossi , journalist Kim Ghattas , Foreign Policy journalist Yochi Dreazen , Brookings Institution researcher Sultan Barakat , and Newsweek journalist Jonathan Broder use the term `` cold war '' to refer to tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran . In February 2016 , a University of Isfahan professor Ali Omidi dismissed the assumptions that the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia would grow tense . South asia ( edit ) A commentator Ehsan Ahrari , a writer Bruce Riedel , a political commentator Sanjaya Baru and a Princeton University academic Zia Mian have used the term `` cold war '' since 2002 to refer to long - term tensions between India and Pakistan , which were part of the British India until its partition in 1947 . East asia ( edit ) See also : Korean conflict A Naval Postgraduate School academic Edward A. Olsen , a British politician David Alton , a York University professor Hyun Ok Park , and a University of Southern California professor David C. Kang used the term to refer to tensions between North Korea and South Korea , which have been divided since the end of World War II in 1945 . They interchangeably called it the `` Korean Cold War '' . China 's Defense Ministry spokesman Geng Yansheng , The Diplomat editor Shannon Tiezzi , and The Guardian columnist Simon Tisdall used the term to refer to tensions between China and Japan . China 's state - run newspaper Global Times says that China and Japan `` are stuck in a state of ' cold peace ' and ( m ) ust avoid sliding into a cold war . '' China vs India ( edit ) Imran Ali Sandano of the University of Sindh , Arup K. Chatterjee of the Jindal Global Law School , journalist Bertil Lintner , writer Bruno Maçães , politician - lawyer P. Chidambaram , and some others use the terms like `` new cold war '' to refer to growing tensions between China and India . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simon Dalby ; Gearoid O.u Tuathail ( 2002 ) . Rethinking Geopolitics . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Kort , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Columbia Guide to the Cold War . Columbia University Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Geiger , Till ( 2004 ) . Britain and the Economic Problem of the Cold War . Ashgate Publishing . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Orwell , George , The Observer , March 10 , 1946 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Safire , William ( October 1 , 2006 ) . `` Islamofascism Anyone ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` This Day on History - April 16 , 1947 : Bernard Baruch coins the term `` Cold War '' `` . A + E Networks . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Full quote in the context of industrial labor problems in the United States of America in 1947 which could only solved , according to Bernard Baruch , through `` unity '' between labor and management which in return would give the United States the power to play its role as the major force by which , in the words of Baruch , `` the world can renew itself physically or spiritually . '' : `` Let us not be deceived - we are today in the midst of a cold war . Our enemies are to be found abroad and at home . Let us never forget this : Our unrest is the heart of their success . The peace of the world is the hope and the goal of our political system ; it is the despair and defeat of those who stand against us . We can depend only on ourselves . '' Jump up ^ Lippmann , Walter ( 1947 ) . Cold War . Harper . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dmitri Trenin ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Welcome to Cold War II '' . Foreign Policy . Graham Holdings . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ As Cold War II Looms , Washington Courts Nationalist , Rightwing , Catholic , Xenophobic Poland , Huffington Post , 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Ryan ( 3 October 2015 ) . `` Rubio : U.S. ' barreling toward a second Cold War ' '' . The Des Moines Register . USA Today . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Bovt , George ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` Who Will Win the New Cold War ? '' . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Trenin , Dmitri ( 2 March 2014 ) . `` The crisis in Crimea could lead the world into a second cold war '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cold war 2.0 : how Russia and the west reheated a historic struggle '' . The Guardian . 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Eve Conant ( 12 September 2014 ) . `` Is the Cold War Back ? '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Tisdall ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` The new cold war : are we going back to the bad old days ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Philip N. Howard ( 1 August 2012 ) . `` Social media and the new Cold War '' . Reuters . Reuters Commentary Wire . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell , Bill . `` A New Cold War , Yes . But It 's With China , Not Russia '' . Newsweek.com . Newsweek . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Saab , Bilal Y. ( 18 October 2016 ) . `` Why an Iran - Saudi Arabia Conflict Is More Likely Today Than Ever Before '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Manfreda , Primoz . `` Iran and Saudi Arabia -- Middle East Cold War '' . About.com . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mousavian , Seyyed Hossein ; Toossi , Sina ( 19 September 2016 ) . `` Ending the Iran - Saudi Cold War '' . LoebLog . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghattas , Kim ( 15 July 2015 ) . `` The Saudi Cold War With Iran Heats Up '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Dreazen , Yochi ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` In Yemen , the Middle East 's cold war could get hot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Barakat , Sultan ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Is the Iranian - Saudi ' cold war ' heating up ? How to reduce the temperature '' . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Broder , Jonathan ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` The Loser of the Cold War Between Iran and Saudi Arabia May Be Obama '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Omidi , Ali ( February 2016 ) . `` Five reasons why Iran - Saudi conflict wo n't escalate '' . Al - Monitor . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahrari , Ehsan ( 21 June 2002 ) . `` Similarity breeds contempt : India and Pakistan '' . Asia Times . Archived from the original on 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Riedel , Bruce ( 26 May 2014 ) . `` Indian and Pakistani Leaders Seek to End Their Cold War , but Will the ' Deep State ' Allow Peace ? '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Baru , Sanjaya ( October 2016 ) . `` An Indo - Pak Cold War '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mian , Zia ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Kashmir , climate change , and nuclear war '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Edward A. ( 1992 ) . `` Korean Security : Is Japan 's ' Comprehensive Security ' Model a Viable Alternative ? '' . In Doug Bandow ; Ted Galen Carpenter . The U.S. - South Korean Alliance : Time for a Change . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . p. 140 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Edward A. ( 2013 ) ( 2002 ) . US National Defense for the Twenty - first Century : Grand Exit Strategy . Routledge . pp. 115 -- 116 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5098 - 6 . LCCN 2002073300 . 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Jump up ^ `` After US - Russia Cold War , Are India -- China Headed Towards the Same Path ? '' . The EurAsian Times . 2 April 2018 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_war_(general_term)&oldid=836990539 '' Categories : Warfare by type Wars by type Geopolitical rivalry International relations Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Kurdî Português Slovenčina Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 02 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the cold war get its name	[]	[]
1805094428727057089	xXx: Return of Xander Cage	XXx : Return of Xander Cage - wikipedia XXx : Return of Xander Cage xXx : Return of Xander Cage Theatrical release poster Directed by D.J. Caruso Produced by Joe Roth Jeff Kirschenbaum Vin Diesel Samantha Vincent Written by F. Scott Frazier Based on Characters by Rich Wilkes Starring Vin Diesel Donnie Yen Deepika Padukone Kris Wu Ruby Rose Tony Jaa Nina Dobrev Toni Collette Samuel L. Jackson Music by Brian Tyler Robert Lydecker Cinematography Russell Carpenter Edited by Jim Page Vince Filippone Production company Paramount Pictures One Race Films Revolution Studios Roth Kirschenbaum Films Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date January 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) ( Mexico City ) January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $346.1 million xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( released as xXx : Reactivated in some countries ) is a 2017 American action film directed by D.J. Caruso and written by F. Scott Frazier . The film stars Vin Diesel , Donnie Yen , Deepika Padukone , Kris Wu , Ruby Rose , Tony Jaa , Nina Dobrev , Toni Collette , Ariadna Gutiérrez , Hermione Corfield , and Samuel L. Jackson . It is the third installment in the xXx franchise and a sequel to both xXx ( 2002 ) and xXx : State of the Union ( 2005 ) . Unlike the previous films , which were distributed by Columbia Pictures , the film was released by Paramount Pictures on January 20 , 2017 , in 2D , RealD 3D and IMAX 3D . This also marks the first film produced by Revolution Studios in ten years since 2007 's The Water Horse : Legend of the Deep . The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $346 million worldwide against a production budget of $85 million , making it the highest - grossing film of Revolution Studios and in the franchise . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Home media 6 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) NSA Agent Augustus Gibbons attempts to recruit footballer Neymar for the xXx program when a satellite crashes in Brazil , apparently killing them both . Shortly afterwards , a team of four skilled individuals led by Xiang infiltrate a highly guarded CIA office in New York City and retrieve `` Pandora 's Box '' , a device which is capable of controlling satellites to crash at specific locations as warheads . CIA Agent Jane Marke tracks down former xXx operative Xander Cage , who faked his death and has been living in self - imposed exile in the Dominican Republic , and convinces him to return to active service to retrieve the device . In London , after enlisting an old friend , Ainsley , for help , Cage tracks down the attackers to the Philippines . At an RAF outpost in Lakenheath , a unit of Special Forces operatives led by Paul Donovan is assigned to help Xander , but he rejects them in favour of his own team , composed of sharpshooter Adele Wolff , DJ Harvard `` Nicks '' Zhou , and getaway driver Tennyson `` The Torch . '' They are also aided by introverted weapons specialist Becky Clearidge . The team locates Xiang and his teammates Serena , Talon and Hawk , and Cage meets Xiang in an underground nightclub on a remote island , where Xiang reveals that his team are also xXx agents , recruited by Gibbons . He claims to have stolen Pandora 's Box to prevent its misuse , although Serena believes they should destroy it . Shortly after , Russian soldiers raid the island . The group manages to fend off the attackers , while Xiang manages to escape with Pandora 's Box . Xander intercepts Xiang and chases him to a nearby beach . Serena betrays him , destroys the Box and joins Xander 's team , while Xiang escapes and regroups with Talon and Hawk . After another satellite crash in the Olympic Stadium in Moscow , Marke determines that the device that Serena destroyed was only a prototype , and that both teams have been wasting time , while Cage determines that CIA Director Anderson is involved in the conspiracy and that the actual Pandora 's Box is in his hands . Cage 's and Xiang 's teams race to reach Anderson first in Detroit , tracking the unique signal of Pandora 's Box , with Xander and Xiang fighting and later protecting each other from Anderson 's men . Xander confronts Anderson , who admits to causing the satellite crash that killed Gibbons . Anderson is then shot dead by Wolff . Cage reluctantly allows the CIA to arrest Xiang in an attempt to frame him for the Moscow attack , and they secure the box . En route back to headquarters , Marke announces that the xXx Program has been shut down and shoots Xander in order to keep it for herself . She then sends a group of assassins to eliminate the others , who are awaiting extraction at a local NSA warehouse . They join forces to fend off their attackers and receive assistance from another former xXx operative , Darius Stone . Xander survives due to a bulletproof vest Becky had given him earlier and joins forces with Xiang to fight Donovan and his men , while Marke uses the box to send a satellite plummeting towards the warehouse where the teams are fighting . Xander ejects Donovan from the plane , while Xiang sends Marke falling to her death and then parachutes out with the box in hand . Despite Becky 's attempts to halt the signal , they can not stop the satellite from crashing . In a last attempt to protect them , Xander crashes the plane into the approaching satellite before it reaches the warehouse and jumps out , using the cargo load to safely reach the ground . Xiang gives Cage the device , and Xander decides to destroy it . The team attends Gibbons ' funeral , where Xander is approached by Gibbons himself , who faked his death and is now rebuilding the xXx Program on his own , starting with Neymar as the newest recruit . Gibbons compliments Xander on a job well done and Xander decides to continue in service , ready for a new mission to watch the watchers and preserve liberty . Cast ( edit ) Vin Diesel as Xander Cage , a former xXx operative who was believed to have died Donnie Yen as Xiang , who heads a team trying to secure Pandora 's Box Deepika Padukone as Serena Unger , supports Xiang Kris Wu as Nicks , full name Nicky Zhou , a guy who supports Cage ; he likes to DJ Ruby Rose as Adele Wolff , a sniper who supports Cage Tony Jaa as Talon , supports Xiang Nina Dobrev as Becky Clearidge , assigned by Marke to provide technical and weapons / equipment support to Cage Rory McCann as Tennyson Torch , supports Cage ; he keeps a record of the number of times he drives a vehicle to crash into things Toni Collette as Jane Marke , CIA agent lead who brings in Cage for the job Samuel L. Jackson as Augustus Gibbons , founder of the xXx program , an NSA Agent who originally recruited Cage Hermione Corfield as Ainsley , a friend of Cage who lives in London Tony Gonzalez as Paul Donovan , Special Forces operative working for Marke Michael Bisping as Hawk , supports Xiang Ice Cube reprises his role from the xXx : State of the Union film as Darius Stone . Footballer Neymar appears as himself . Al Sapienza plays CIA Director Anderson . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Although the character of Xander Cage was supposedly killed in the sequel to explain his absence , Vin Diesel announced in 2006 that he would be returning as Xander Cage in a sequel , entitled xXx : The Return of Xander Cage . Initially , not only Diesel was set to return , but also the director of xXx , Rob Cohen . Diesel has said that the style and music will also be similar to that of the original film , more of what the fans want , with an emphasis on extreme stunts and with a heavy metal soundtrack . Joe Roth was in talks to produce . According to Cohen , he has also approached Sony , and `` now we 're writing a script with the guys who wrote Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines and Terminator Salvation . So we 'll do another Xander Cage XXX . We 'll bring it up to speed a bit and bring back the extreme sports guy who 's drafted to be a spy . '' On June 10 , 2009 , Cohen dropped out of the production , instead moving to direct the action film Medieval . On August 26 , 2009 , SlashFilm announced that Ericson Core would be directing and production would start in early 2010 . In April 2010 , it was revealed that the third film would be financed by Paramount Pictures instead of Sony , and would also be shot in 3D . Meanwhile , Rob Cohen had returned as director . Vin Diesel will produce , among others , while Gloria S. Borders , Scott Hemming , Ric Kidney and Vince Totino will serve as executive producers . Casting ( edit ) In January 2014 , Vin Diesel confirmed work on a sequel tentatively titled xXx : The Return of Xander Cage . On August 23 , 2015 , Vin Diesel announced on his Instagram page that `` While I was filming xXx , guys on set called me Air Diesel ... The time to return has come . Filming starts December in the Philippines . # ILiveForThisShit ... '' . On October 10 , 2015 , it was reported that director D.J. Caruso would direct the film . Diesel announced that UFC fighter Conor McGregor was cast in a role and that Jackson will be reprising his role as Gibbons . However , in April 2016 it was announced McGregor had dropped out of his planned appearance to focus on training and the UFC ; he was replaced by Michael Bisping . On January 1 , 2016 , Twitch reported that Tony Jaa , Jet Li and Deepika Padukone were cast in roles . The following week , Nina Dobrev and Ruby Rose were also cast . Dobrev would be playing a witty and sarcastic techie , while Padukone would play a huntress who happens to be Cage 's former lover . Rose would play a sniper . Andrey Ivchenko was confirmed to be another villain in the film , given that earlier reports revealed Li to be playing an adversary as well . It was rumored that Ice Cube , who played the protagonist Darius Stone in the second film in 2005 , would reprise his role , which was confirmed in January 2017 . On February 6 , 2016 , Caruso revealed on his Twitter account that Kris Wu had joined the cast , he also added that Wu would be playing a vital character . On February 12 , 2016 , reports brought in the news that Jet Li dropped out of the film and was replaced with Donnie Yen in the role of the main antagonist , Xiang . On June 3 , 2016 , it was revealed that Brazilian footballer Neymar joined the film 's cast . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on February 2 , 2016 , primarily at Cinespace Film Studios ' Kipling Avenue facility in Hamilton , Ontario . Filming lasted until May 20 , 2016 , and also took place in the Dominican Republic and the Philippines . Soundtrack ( edit ) Brian Tyler composed and wrote the film 's original score alongside Robert Lydecker . The film 's soundtrack contained songs and remixes of various artists , including songs by Kris Wu , Nicky Jam and Ice Cube who appear in the film . All music composed by Brian Tyler and Robert Lydecker . show Film Score No . Title Length 1 . `` xXx : The Return of Xander Cage '' 4 : 05 2 . `` Xander Cage ... Live and in Concert '' 1 : 55 3 . `` I Live for This $ # ! % '' 4 : 15 4 . `` Windfall '' 2 : 22 5 . `` Carte Blanche '' 3 : 00 6 . `` Launched '' 4 : 08 7 . `` The Last Greatest Adventure '' 5 : 38 8 . `` Pandora 's Box '' 2 : 58 9 . `` Rock , Paper , Scissors , Grenade Launcher '' 2 : 18 10 . `` A New Ride '' 2 : 42 11 . `` Tattoos and Triangulation '' 3 : 35 12 . `` Evolution '' 5 : 42 13 . `` Wave Riders '' 3 : 45 14 . `` Twenty Two and a Half '' 3 : 05 15 . `` Battle of the X 's '' 5 : 33 16 . `` Not So Special Forces '' 2 : 42 17 . `` Besting the Best of the Best '' 3 : 50 18 . `` Read Between the Lines '' 2 : 28 19 . `` xXx Incorporated '' 2 : 40 20 . `` Xero Gravity '' 2 : 38 21 . `` Brotherhood '' 1 : 35 Total length : 70 : 56 xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( Music from the Motion Picture ) Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` In My Foreign '' The Americanos featuring Ty Dolla Sign , Lil Yachty , Nicky Jam and French Montana 3 : 38 2 . `` All the Way Up ( Remix ) '' Fat Joe , Remy Ma and David Guetta 3 : 31 3 . `` Divebomb '' Madsonik and KILL THE NOISE featuring Tom Morello 3 : 33 4 . `` Anthem '' Alesso 5 : 17 5 . `` Gunshy '' ImanoS featuring Pusha T and Karen Harding 3 : 54 6 . `` Mercy '' Bishop Briggs 2 : 48 7 . `` Burning Man '' watt featuring Post Malone 3 : 17 8 . `` Blood in the Cut '' K. Flay 3 : 08 9 . `` Juice '' Kris Wu 3 : 10 10 . `` Take it to the Top '' Madsonik 3 : 53 11 . `` Thank God '' Ice Cube 5 : 16 Release ( edit ) The film premiered in Mexico City on January 5 , 2017 , and Paramount Pictures released the film on January 20 , 2017 , in the United States . The film was released on January 14 , 2017 , in India . Box Office ( edit ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage grossed $44.9 million in the United States and Canada and $301.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $346.3 million , against a production budget of $85 million . In North America , the film was released alongside Split , The Founder , The Resurrection of Gavin Stone and the wide expansion of 20th Century Women , and was expected to gross $16 -- 20 million from about 3,651 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.2 million from its Thursday night previews at 2,536 theaters . It ended up grossing $20 million , finishing second at the box office behind Split ( $40.2 million ) and ranking as the second - highest debut of the xXx franchise . Worldwide , the film had an opening weekend of $70.5 million , nearly totaling the amount its predecessor made during its entire theatrical run ( $71.1 million ) . In China , Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen , placing him at the front of some film posters ahead of Vin Diesel , and shared clips and reviews of Yen 's performance in the film on popular Chinese social media site Weibo . Paramount 's efforts worked very well in China . xXx was number one in its opening weekend with $61.9 million , and crossed the $100 million mark in just six days with $22.2 m coming from Valentine 's Day alone after reviews praising Donnie Yen 's performance sweeps through Chinese social media , driving moviegoers to the cinema . Aside from Donnie Yen , the digital focused marketing was also credited for the film 's success . Kris Wu 's popularity was also a key factor and his music video for his song in the xXx soundtrack garnered 40 million views ahead of the film 's release in China . The film joined Terminator Genisys and Warcraft as the only Hollywood releases to earn $100 million in China without making $100 million in the United States . The largest territory for the film is China , with US $164 million . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 45 % based on 121 reviews , and an average rating of 4.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` xXx : Return of Xander Cage should satisfy fans of the first two installments , but its preponderance of set pieces ca n't quite make up for a tired storyline that fails to take the franchise -- or action fans -- anywhere new . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score 42 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Andrew Lapin of Uproxx gave the film a negative review , saying : `` There is an intellectual argument to be made in favor of the Fast & Furious franchise , which features diverse casts , operatic plotlines , and cartoon setpieces that often look like a child assembled them out of Hot Wheels sets . xXx is aiming for a much lower bar , striving only to be marketable , not inventive . The series is no longer interested in aping James Bond , lacking as it does a decent gadget or supervillain and often highlighting the sidekicks at the expense of Xander himself . '' Home media ( edit ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage was released on Digital HD on May 2 , 2017 and on Blu - ray and DVD on May 16 , 2017 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of Ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Action Movie DJ Caruso , Joe Roth , Vin Diesel Nominated Choice Action Movie Actor Vin Diesel ( also for The Fate of the Furious ) Nominated Choice Action Movie Actress Ruby Rose Nominated Nina Dobrev Nominated Deepika Padukone Nominated Choice Breakout Movie Star Nominated Choice Movie Ship Deepika Padukone and Ruby Rose Nominated Sequel ( edit ) In an interview with Variety published January 2017 , Diesel revealed that Paramount has already contacted him about returning for a fourth film . Director D.J. Caruso has confirmed the news on Twitter that all of the major cast will be back for the fourth installment of the xXx franchise . The film producer Joe Roth told Variety `` In today 's Hollywood , it requires strong partners to produce and finance such big - budget movies as the xXx series , and The H Collective is a welcome and exciting new company that we look forward to working with . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Deepika Padukone Joins Vin Diesel in ' XXX : The Return of Xander Cage ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Tyler Scoring ' xXx : Return of Xander Cage ' '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Lydecker Co-Scoring ' xXx : Return of Xander Cage ' '' . Film Music Reporter . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` xXx : The Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` xXx : The Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : China Just Turned ' xXx : Return Of Xander Cage ' Into A Hit '' . The Forbes . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Former NFL Star Tony Gonzalez Joins ' xXx ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Footie Neymar will debut with Deepika Padukone in ' xXx : The Return of Xander Cage ' '' . Daily News and Analysis . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Cohen Speaks on XXX : The Return of Xander Cage '' . CelebriFi . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( September 14 , 2008 ) . `` Columbia revs up another ' XXX ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Chris Monfette. `` Cohen Talks XXX3 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` XXX : The Return of Xander Cage Finds A New Director '' . / Film . Jump up ^ 3D ' XXX ' Moves From Sony To Paramount ; Rob Cohen And Vin Diesel Back In Fold , Deadline , Mike Fleming , April 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Edmundson , David . `` XXX : THE RETURN OF XANDER CAGE Trailer Brings Vin Diesel Back '' . Geek Legacy . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex . `` Vin Diesel : xXx 3 Will Be Directed by D.J. Caruso '' . IGN.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel -- Timeline Photos -- Facebook '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Scott ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Bisping Replaces Conor McGregor in ' XXX ' Sequel -- Thanks , Nate Diaz '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Todd ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Jaa , Jet Li and Deepika Padukone Join Vin Diesel In XXX : THE RETURN OF XANDER CAGE '' . Twitch . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Nina Dobrev , Ruby Rose in Talks to Join Vin Diesel for ' XXX : The Return of Xander Cage ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Nina Dobrev and Ruby Rose in Talks to Join Vin Diesel in ' XXX 3 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Rumour : Ice Cube to join Vin Diesel in xXx : The Return of Xander Cage '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romaine , Jenna ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Ice Cube to Reprise Role for ' xXx : The Return of Xander Cage ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D.j. Caruso ( @ Deejaycar ) ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` New cast members ! # xandercagereturns # xxx3 Welcome to the Xander Zone @ HermioneCorfield # KrisWu # HermioneCorfield '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Wrap : Chinese Superstar Kris Wu Joins Vin Diesel in ' xXx : The Return of Xander Cage ' '' . Jump up ^ D.j. Caruso ( @ Deejaycar ) ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` @ marsh_ling Big part . A few months shooting '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ D.j. Caruso ( @ Deejaycar ) ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` @ YifanIsMyGalaxy they are vital characters and play huge roles . The mentions seem generic without detail . We do n't control them '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marsh , James ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Donnie Yen In , Jet Li Out Of XXX : THE RETURN OF XANDER CAGE '' . Twitch . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar Conquers Hollywood '' . Marca . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` xXx 3 starts filming this month , Samuel L Jackson joins cast '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. August 2018 : Page 25 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Tyler Scoring ' xXx : Return of Xander Cage ' Film Music Reporter '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Vin Diesel 's ' xXx : The Return of Xander Cage ' Gets January 2017 Release '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Split ' And ' xXx ' Merge Into Market While ' The Founder ' May Get Lost In Heavy Traffic -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` ' Split ' Hauls in $2 Million from Thursday Previews , ' xXx 3 ' Delivers $1.2 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Uni / Blumhouse 's ' Split ' Is A Hit With High $39 M To $40 M+ ; ' Xander Cage ' Falls Down '' . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' $97.7 M Debut , ' xXx ' Big In China , ' Lego Batman , ' ' John Wick ' Open -- International Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' xXx : Return of Xander Cage ' Opens to Massive $61.9 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` V - Day Box Office : La La , xXx Win ♥ ♥ ♥ , Earn $ $ $ '' . China Film Insider . Jump up ^ `` ' xXx : Return Of Xander Cage ' China Box Office Muscles Past $100 M In First 6 Days '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` The surprising success of ' xXx ' sequel in China offers marketing lessons for Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Times . 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Warcraft ' Snags Jaw - Dropping $46 Million Opening Day In China '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` xXx : The Return of Xander Cage '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` xXx : Return of Xander Cage reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Lapin , Andrew ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Vin Diesel Aims His Skateboard Low With ' xXx : Return Of Xander Cage ' '' . Uproxx . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` xXx : Return of Xander Cage Sets Its Home - Release Date '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ScoopWhoop ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Deepika Padukone Nominated In Teen Choice Awards For Her Role In ' xXx : Return of Xander Cage ' '' . ScoopWhoop . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Leads Second Wave of Teen Choice Awards 2017 Nominations '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Helen ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Vin Diesel Says Paramount Wants Another ' xXx ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deepika to be a part of ' xXx 4 ' : Filmmaker Dj Caruso confirms Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . dna . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel will play Xander Cage once again as xXx 4 finds funding '' . The Independent . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website XXx : Return of Xander Cage on IMDb XXx : Return of Xander Cage at Rotten Tomatoes XXx : Return of Xander Cage at Metacritic XXx : Return of Xander Cage at AllMovie xXx Films xXx XXX : State of the Union xXx : Return of Xander Cage Music xXx xXx : State of the Union Films directed by D.J. Caruso The Salton Sea ( 2002 ) Taking Lives ( 2004 ) Two for the Money ( 2005 ) Disturbia ( 2007 ) Eagle Eye ( 2008 ) I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) Inside ( 2011 ) Standing Up ( 2013 ) The Disappointments Room ( 2016 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) Vin Diesel Director and writer Multi-Facial ( 1995 ) Strays ( 1997 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Producer A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Video games Wheelman ( 2009 , executive producer ) Related Dominic Toretto One Race Films Racetrack Records Tigon Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XXx:_Return_of_Xander_Cage&oldid=865126852 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s action thriller films 2010s spy films 2010s sequel films American films American action thriller films American spy films American sequel films Films about space programs Films set in Brazil Films set in Detroit Films set in the Dominican Republic Films set in Hong Kong Films set in London Films set in Moscow Films set in New York City Films set in the Philippines Films set in Suffolk Films set on airplanes Films shot in the Dominican Republic Films shot in Miami Films shot in the Philippines Films shot in Toronto Girls with guns films IMAX films Paramount Pictures films Revolution Studios films Films directed by D.J. 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2454461719846890029	It (2017 film)	It ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia It ( 2017 film ) `` It ( 2017 ) '' redirects here . For the miniseries , see It ( miniseries ) . For other works , see It ( novel ) . Not to be confused with I.T. ( film ) . It Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Muschietti Produced by Roy Lee Dan Lin Seth Grahame - Smith David Katzenberg Barbara Muschietti Screenplay by Chase Palmer Cary Fukunaga Gary Dauberman Based on It by Stephen King Starring Jaeden Lieberher Bill Skarsgård Music by Benjamin Wallfisch Cinematography Chung - hoon Chung Edited by Jason Ballantine Production companies New Line Cinema RatPac - Dune Entertainment Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures KatzSmith Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $700.4 million It ( also known as It : Chapter One ) is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Andy Muschietti , based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King . The screenplay is by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . The film is set in the summer of 1989 and tells the story of seven children in Derry , Maine , who are terrorized by the eponymous being , only to face their own personal demons in the process . The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries . The film stars Jaeden Lieberher and Bill Skarsgård as Bill Denbrough and Pennywise the Dancing Clown , respectively , with Jeremy Ray Taylor , Sophia Lillis , Finn Wolfhard , Chosen Jacobs , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Nicholas Hamilton , and Jackson Robert Scott in supporting roles . Principal photography began in the Riverdale neighborhood of Toronto on June 27 , 2016 , and ended on September 21 , 2016 . Other Ontario locations included Port Hope and Oshawa . It premiered in Los Angeles on September 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. Pictures on September 8 , 2017 . Upon release , the film set numerous box office records and grossed $700 million worldwide . Unadjusted for inflation , it is the highest - grossing horror film and the fourth - highest - grossing R - rated film ( after the Deadpool films and The Matrix Reloaded ) , as well as the most profitable horror film . It received positive reviews , with critics praising the performances , direction , cinematography and musical score , with many calling it one of the best Stephen King adaptations . A sequel , It : Chapter Two , is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.2 Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design 3.5. 1 Costume design 3.5. 2 Creature design 3.6 Visual effects 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Home media 6.2 Marketing 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 Notes 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot In October 1988 , Bill Denbrough gives his seven - year - old brother , Georgie , a paper sailboat . Georgie sails the boat along the rainy streets of small town Derry , and is disappointed when it falls down a storm drain . As he attempts to retrieve it , Georgie sees a clown in the sewer , who introduces himself as Pennywise the Dancing Clown . The clown entices Georgie to come closer , then severs his arm and drags him into the sewer . The following summer , Bill and his friends -- Richie Tozier , Eddie Kaspbrak , and Stan Uris -- run afoul of older bully Henry Bowers and his gang . Bill , still haunted by Georgie 's disappearance and the resulting neglect from his grief - stricken parents , discovers that his brother 's body may have washed up in a marshy wasteland called the Barrens . He recruits his friends to investigate , believing his brother may still be alive . Ben Hanscom learns that the town has been plagued by unexplained tragedies and child disappearances for centuries . He is targeted by Bowers ' gang , after which he flees into the Barrens and meets Bill 's group . They find the sneaker of a missing girl , while a member of the pursuing Bowers Gang , Patrick Hockstetter , is killed by Pennywise while searching the sewers for Ben . Beverly Marsh , a girl ostracized over rumors of promiscuity , also joins the group ; both Bill and Ben develop feelings for her . Later , the group befriends Mike Hanlon after defending him from Bowers . All the while each member of the group has encountered terrifying phenomena in various forms ; these include the same menacing clown who attacked Georgie , a headless boy , a fountain of blood , a diseased and rotting man , a creepy painting come to life , Mike 's parents burning alive , and a phantom Georgie . Now calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , they realize they are all being terrorized by the same entity . They determine that `` It '' assumes the appearance of what they fear , awakens every 27 years to feed on the children of Derry before returning to hibernation , and moves about by using sewer lines , which all lead to a well currently under the abandoned house at 29 Neibolt Street . After an attack by Pennywise , the group ventures to the house to confront him , only to be separated and terrorized . Eddie breaks his arm , while Pennywise gloats to Bill about Georgie . As they regroup , Beverly impales Pennywise through the head , forcing the clown to retreat . After the encounter , the group begins to splinter , with only Bill and Beverly resolute in fighting It . Weeks later , after Beverly confronts and incapacitates her sexually abusive father , she is abducted by Pennywise . The Losers Club reassembles and travels back to the Neibolt house to rescue her . Bowers , who has killed his father after being compelled into madness by It , attacks the group . Mike fights back and pushes Bowers down the well to his apparent death . The Losers descend into the sewers and find It 's underground lair , which contains a mountain of decayed circus props and children 's belongings , around which the bodies of missing children float in mid-air . Beverly , now catatonic after being exposed to It 's true form , is restored to consciousness as Ben kisses her . Bill encounters Georgie , but recognizes that he is Pennywise in disguise . Pennywise attacks the group and takes Bill hostage , offering to spare the others if they let It keep Bill . The Losers reject this and reaffirm their friendship , overcoming their various fears . After a brief battle , they defeat Pennywise and it retreats , with Bill declaring that It will starve during its hibernation . Bill finally accepts his brother 's death and is comforted by his friends . As summer ends , Beverly informs the group of a vision she had while catatonic , where she saw them fighting the creature as adults . The Losers create a blood oath by cutting each other 's hands and forming a circle , swearing to return to Derry in adulthood if It returns and destroy the creature once and for all . Stanley , Eddie , Richie , Mike , and Ben make their goodbyes as the group part ways . Beverly tells Bill she is leaving the next day to live with her aunt in Portland . As she leaves , Bill runs up to her and they kiss . Cast See also : It ( novel ) § Characters Jaeden Lieberher as Bill Denbrough : The stuttering leader of the Losers ' Club searching for his missing brother Georgie . Losing his brother makes the battle against It a more personal crusade for him . On the character of Denbrough , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , on top of the terror of It and the fear of heights , to which he stated , `` Bill is like a ghost in his own home : nobody sees him because his parents ca n't get over Georgie 's death . '' Ty Simpkins was considered for the role in Cary Fukunaga 's production . Bill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown : An ancient , trans - dimensional evil being that awakens every twenty - seven years . Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts , with Poulter stating , `` I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing , but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director 's attached now . '' Poulter continued , `` I think , with all due respect to him of course , I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary 's vision for the movie , and so I have n't had a chance to connect with that ( new ) director . '' Mark Rylance , Ben Mendelsohn , Kirk Acevedo , Richard Armitage , Hugo Weaving , and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role , with Mendelsohn passing on the project , as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut . On June 3 , 2016 , The Independent officially reported , after final negotiations took place , that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character . On portraying Pennywise , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's such an extreme character . Inhumane , It 's beyond even a sociopath because he 's not even human . He 's not even a clown . I 'm playing just one of the beings It creates . '' Skarsgård described the character further , saying , `` It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise , and enjoys the game and the hunt . '' He also commented , `` What 's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else . But he thinks it 's funny . '' On Pennywise 's design , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's important that we do something fresh and original for this one . It 's purposely not going toward that weird , greasy look . '' He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry , stating that , `` ( Curry ) 's performance was truly great , but it 's important for me to do something different because of that . I 'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry . '' Skarsgård also elaborated on his age , stating , `` There 's a childishness to the character , because he 's so closely linked to the kids . The clown is the manifestation of children 's imaginations , so there 's something child - like about that . '' Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård 's physical attributes : `` His build is really interesting . He 's really tall and lanky , and feels a little clown like in his movement . When he came in -- we had a lot of different actors read , and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited . '' Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger 's Joker , `` You 've had ( Ledger ) doing almost a clown joker , you 've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown . We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out . '' Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård 's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows , to which he remarked , `` Pennywise shows up , he 's front and center , and he does his show . He has an act ... So it 's weird all the time , and every little thing implies a further threat . '' Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise , to which he stated , `` He 's not just a character that can shape - shift , his influence is all around . The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares . '' On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise , Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character , and Skarsgård caught his attention , `` The character has a childish and sweet demeanor , but there 's something very off about him . Bill has that balance in him . He can be sweet and cute , but he can be pretty disturbing . '' Jeremy Ray Taylor as Ben Hanscom : Hanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends . He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library . He is also very overweight , which earns his place in the Losers ' Club , but like all of the Losers , there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances . On the character of Hanscom , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` ... Ben is bullied at school . '' Sophia Lillis as Beverly Marsh : The only female member of the Losers ' Club , she is bullied at school , particularly over false rumors that she is promiscuous . Her home life is also dismal , as she is being abused physically and sexually by her father . On the character of Marsh , Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair , `` Beverly 's case is of course the worst , because it 's about sexual abuse on a minor . '' In an interview with Rolling Stone , Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård : `` We actually were n't allowed to see him until our scenes , because we wanted the horror to be real . '' On Skarsgård 's appearance as Pennywise , she recalled , `` Everyone had different reactions , but all of us were like , ' Wow , what did we get ourselves into ? ' One look at him , and ... you know , he 's a really scary clown that wants to kill us . I was a little bit shocked . '' Finn Wolfhard as Richie Tozier : The bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough , whose loud mouth and foul language often get him into trouble . Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga 's version . On casting Wolfhard as Richie Tozier , Muschietti wanted an actor who not only matched the physical description , but also embodied the character as `` ( S ) ome of the characters of the Losers ' Club are very , very particular and very specific and , for me , you ca n't play Richie Tozier if you 're not Richie Tozier . So , for me that was probably the character where I said , ' Man , I have to find Richie Tozier in real life . ' ( ... ) then along came Finn ( Wolfhard ) , and I immediately realized this kid had a burning need inside to express himself and be funny and when I saw him , I said , ' Yeah , that 's him . ' '' As for the character of Tozier , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` We do n't know much about Richie 's personality , because he 's the big mouth of the group . But we suppose he 's also neglected at home , and he 's the clown of the band because he needs attention . '' Chosen Jacobs as Mike Hanlon : An African American homeschool student and outsider . Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather , he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher . On the experience of shooting Muschietti 's piece , Jacobs spoke of the experience as `` ... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ... '' Jack Dylan Grazer as Eddie Kaspbrak : Kaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac , overly exaggerated by the immense number of objects in his medicine cabinet ; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends . His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria , however ; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him . Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) and Batman ( 1989 ) that gave him `` ... insight on how ( he ) could ( improvise ) or reuse those things as references to the time period . '' Wyatt Oleff as Stan Uris : A Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi . He is studying for his bar mitzvah but is n't interested in religion , which is upsetting to his father . On the character of Uris , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` Long story short , there 's all sorts of difficult situations , and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open - minded , so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy . '' Nicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers : A young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang , a gang of older teenage thugs attending Derry High School , and terrorizes the Losers ' Club . Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard 's portrayal of the character in It ( 1990 ) , and in Hamilton 's words , `` watched all the bits of my original character '' for research . Hamilton added , through the character of Bowers , that `` There 's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun . '' Additionally Hamilton stated , `` I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor . I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face . '' Jackson Robert Scott as Georgie Denbrough : The innocent , energetic 7 - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough . His death at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer 's events . Additionally , Owen Teague appears as Patrick Hockstetter , a psychopathic bully of the Bowers Gang who meets his end early at the hands of Pennywise ; Logan Thompson appears as Vic Criss , a bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is reluctant to engage in their most sadistic acts ; Jake Sim appears as Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , another bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is known for his ability to belch on command . Additionally , It 's other forms include ; Javier Botet as a hobo who encounters Eddie Kaspbrak at the house on 29 Neibolt Street ; and Tatum Lee as Judith , a disturbing woman from an abstract painting that haunts Stan . Stephen Bogaert appears as Alvin Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh ; Molly Atkinson appears as Sonia Kaspbrak , the overprotective mother of Eddie Kaspbrak ; Geoffrey Pounsett appears as Zack Denbrough , the father of Bill and George Denbrough ; Pip Dwyer appears as Sharon Denbrough , the mother of Bill and George Denbrough ; Stuart Hughes appears as Oscar `` Butch '' Bowers , a police officer and abusive father of Henry Bowers ; Steven Williams appears as Leroy Hanlon , the stern grandfather of Mike Hanlon , who runs a nearby abattoir ; Ari Cohen appears as Rabbi Uris , the father of Stanley Uris ; Joe Bostick and Megan Charpentier appear as Mr. Keene and Gretta Keene , the pharmacist at Derry , and his teenage daughter who targets Beverly for ridicule , respectively . Production The project first entered development in 2009 . The proposed film adaptation went through three phases of planning : initially a single film with screenwriter David Kajganich ; then the dual film project , first with Cary Fukunaga attached as director and co-writer , then with Andy Muschietti . Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On March 12 , 2009 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. would bring Stephen King 's novel to the big screen , with David Kajganich adapting the novel , and Dan Lin , Roy Lee and Doug Davison producing the piece . When Kajganich learnt of Warner Bros . ' plans to adapt King 's novel , he went after the job . Knowing that Warner Bros. was committed to adapting It as a single feature film , Kajganich began to reread the novel in an attempt to try to find a structure that would accommodate such a large number of characters in two different time periods , around 120 pages , which was one of Warner Bros . ' stipulations . Kajganich worked with Lin , Lee , and Davison on The Invasion ( 2007 ) , and he knew they would champion good storytelling , and allow him the time to work out a solid first draft of the screenplay . Kajganich spoke of the remake being set in the , `` mid-1980s and in the present ... mirroring the twenty - odd - year gap King uses in the book ... and with a great deal of care and attention paid to the backstories of all the characters '' . Kajganich also mentioned that Warner Bros. wished for the adaptation to be rated R , saying , `` ... we can really honor the book and engage with the traumas ( both the paranormal ones and those they deal with at home and school ) that these characters endure '' . He said that his dream choice for Pennywise would be Buster Keaton if he were still alive , and that the Pennywise that he scripted is `` less self - conscious of his own irony and surreality '' . As of June 29 , 2010 , Kajganich was re-writing his screenplay . Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) `` I am in the midst of rewriting the first script now . We 're not working on the second part yet . The first script is just about the kids . It 's more like The Goonies ( 1985 ) meets a horror film ... We 're definitely honoring the spirit of Stephen King , but the horror has to be modernized to make it relevant . That 's my job , right now , on this pass . I 'm working on making the horror more about suspense than visualization of any creatures . I just do n't think that 's scary . What could be there , and the sounds and how it interacts with things , is scarier than actual monsters . '' -- Cary Fukunaga , on the development of It On June 7 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter said that Cary Fukunaga was boarding the project as director , and would co-write the script with Chase Palmer . The producers were now Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment , Dan Lin of Lin Pictures , and Seth Grahame - Smith and David Katzenberg of KatzSmith Productions . On May 21 , 2014 , Warner Bros. was announced to have moved the film to its New Line Cinema division , with overseer duties conducting by New Line 's Walter Hamada and Dave Neustadter , along with Vice President of Production at Warner Bros. , Niija Kuykendall . On December 5 , 2014 , in an interview with Vulture , Dan Lin announced that the first film would be a coming - of - age story about the children tormented by It , and the second will skip ahead in time as those same characters band together to continue the fight as adults . Lin also stated that Fukunaga was then only committed to directing the first film , though was currently closing a deal to co-write the second . Lin concluded by mentioning King , to which he remarked , `` The most important thing is that ( King ) gave us his blessing . We did n't want to make this unless he felt it was the right way to go , and when we sent him the script , the response that Cary got back was , ' Go with God , please ! This is the version the studio should make . ' So that was really gratifying . '' Lin confirmed that Fukunaga was set to begin principal photography in the summer of 2016 . On February 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga was interviewed by Slate , and spoke about It , mentioning that he has someone in mind for the role of Pennywise . On March 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga noted his goal to find the `` perfect guy to play Pennywise '' . Fukunaga also said that he , Kajganich and Palmer had changed the names and dates in the script , adding , `` ... the spirit is similar to what he 'd like to see in cinemas '' . On May 4 , 2015 , it was officially announced that Will Poulter had been cast to play Pennywise , after Fukunaga was `` blown away '' by his audition . Ty Simpkins was then considered to play one of The Losers ' Club members . On May 25 , 2015 , it was reported that Fukunaga had dropped out as the director of It . According to TheWrap , Fukunaga clashed with the studio and did not want to compromise his artistic vision in the wake of budget cuts by New Line , which greenlit the first film at $30 million . However , Fukunaga maintained that was not the case , stating he had bigger disagreements with New Line over the direction of the story , `` I was trying to make an unconventional horror film . It did n't fit into the algorithm of what they knew they could spend and make money back on based on not offending their standard genre audience . '' He made mention that the budget was fine , as well as his desire to make Pennywise more than just the clown . Fukunaga concluded by stating , `` We invested years and so much anecdotal storytelling in it . Chase and I both put our childhood in that story . So our biggest fear was they were going to take our script and bastardize it ... So I 'm actually thankful that they are going to rewrite the script . I would n't want them to stealing our childhood memories and using that ... I was honoring King 's spirit of it , but I needed to update it . King saw an earlier draft and liked it . '' On Fukunaga 's departure , King wrote , `` The remake of IT may be dead -- or undead -- but we 'll always have Tim Curry . He 's still floating down in the sewers of Derry . '' Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) `` The way Cary intended to execute the script is something that only he can talk about . I can say my version of It highly emphasizes Pennywise 's most terrifying virtue , which is It 's ability to materialise into your worse fear ; I want to take people in a journey into Pennywise 's world through a disturbing , surrealistic and intoxicating experience that will leave nobody at ease . '' -- Andy Muschietti , on his version of It On July 16 , 2015 , it was announced that Andy Muschietti was in negotiations to direct It , with New Line beginning a search for a new writer to tailor a script to Muschietti 's vision . The announcement also confirmed the possible participation of Muschietti 's sister , Barbara Muschietti , as a producer , and Richard Brener joining Hamada , Neustadter and Kuykendall to oversee the project . On April 22 , 2016 , it was indicated that Will Poulter , who had been cast to portray Pennywise in Fukunaga 's version , had dropped out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and that executives were meeting with actors to portray the antagonist . Also that day , New Line Cinema set the film for a release of September 8 , 2017 . On October 30 , 2015 , Muschietti was interviewed by Variety wherein he spoke about his vision of It , while mentioning Poulter was still in the mix for the role of Pennywise : `` ( Poulter ) would be a great option . For me he is at the top of my list ... '' He confirmed that next summer is the time for them to start shooting . It was decided to shoot It during the summer months to give the filmmakers time to work with the children who have the main roles in the first part of the film . Muschietti went on to say that `` King described 50s ' terror iconography '' , adding that he feels there is a whole world now to `` rediscover , to update '' . He said there would not be any mummies or werewolves and that the `` terrors are going to be a lot more surprising '' . On February 19 , 2016 , at the D.I.C.E. Summit 2016 , producer Roy Lee confirmed that Fukunaga and Chase Palmer 's original script had been rewritten , remarking , `` It will hopefully be shooting later this year . We just got the California tax credit ... ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muscetti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On May 5 , 2016 , in an interview with Collider , David Kajganich expressed uncertainty as to whether drafts of his original screenplay would be used by Dauberman and Muschietti , with the writer stating , `` We know there 's a new director , I do n't know myself whether he 's going back to any of the previous drafts or writing from scratch . I may not know until the film comes out . I do n't know how it works ! If you find out let me know . '' On June 2 , 2016 , Jaeden Lieberher was confirmed as portraying lead protagonist Bill Denbrough , while The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bill Skarsgård was in final negotiations to star as Pennywise , with a cast also including Finn Wolfhard , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs and Jeremy Ray Taylor . Also that day , there was a call for 100 background performers , with the background actor call going from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. ; by 4 p.m. , more than 300 people had gone through . The casting call also asked for a marching band and period cars between 1970 and 1989 . On June 9 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Owen Teague was set to portray Patrick Hockstetter . On June 21 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Nicholas Hamilton had been cast to play Henry Bowers , and Bloody Disgusting reported that Javier Botet had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced . On June 22 , 2016 , Deadline Hollywood reported that Muschietti had chosen Sophia Lillis to portray Beverly Marsh , and on June 24 , 2016 , Moviepilot wrote that Stephen Bogaert had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced , portraying Al Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh . On July 22 , 2016 , Barbara Muschietti was interviewed by Northumberland News ' Karen Longwell , wherein she spoke about the filming locations on It , while mentioning the beauty of Port Hope being one of the reasons as to why it was chosen . Muschietti added , `` We were looking for an idyllic town , one that would be a strong contrast to the story . Port Hope is the kind of place we all wish we had grown up in : long summers riding bicycles , walks by the lake , a lovely main street , charming homes with green lawns , warm people . '' Muschietti also mentioned that 360 extras from the area , from adults to small children , had been involved . On August 11 , 2016 , at The CW TCA presentation for the series Frequency , producer Dan Lin spoke of the piece 's comparison to Netflix 's Stranger Things , describing It being an `` homage to 1980s movies '' , while remarking : `` I think a great analogy is actually Stranger Things , and we 're seeing it on Netflix right now . It 's very much an homage to ' 80s movies , whether it 's classic Stephen King or even Spielberg . Think about Stand by Me ( 1986 ) as far as the bonding amongst the kids . But there is a really scary element in Pennywise . '' Lin continued , speaking of how well the young cast had bonded in the first weeks of shooting , `` We clearly had a great dynamic amongst the kids . Really great chemistry is always a challenging thing with a movie like It because you 're casting kids who do n't have a ton of experience , but it ended up being really natural . Each kid , like a The Goonies ( 1985 ) or Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , has a very specific personality and they 're forming the loser 's club obviously ... We 've spent a few months getting the kids to bond and now they 're going to fight this evil , scary clown . '' On February 9 , 2017 , at the press day for The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) , Lin confirmed that It would be rated R by the MPAA , and stated to Collider.com 's Steve Weintraub , `` If you 're going to make a `` Rated - R movie '' , you have to fully embrace what it is , and you have to embrace the source material . It is a scary clown that 's trying to kill kids ... They do have a scary clown that 's taken over the town of Derry , so it 's going to be rated R . '' On March 11 , 2017 , Muschietti , at the SXSW festival , spoke of an element of the pre-production phase in his attempt to keep Skarsgård separated from the film 's child actors , wherein the actor was not introduced to the young cast until Pennywise 's first encounter with the children : `` It was something that we agreed on , and that 's how it happened ... The day that he showed up on the stage , they f * cking freaked out . Bill is like , seven - foot high , and I ca n't describe how scary he looks in person . He 's a wiry man , crouching , making sounds , snotting , drooling , speaking in Swedish sometimes . Terrifying . '' Muschietti stated that the story had been moved forward , with the scenes with the young Losers Club shifting from the 1950s to the 1980s , while also describing the plot as `` getting much wider '' , with new material not in the novel or the 1990 miniseries . However , Muschietti said he hoped the material would still strike the same emotional resonance that the book did for him when he first read it : `` It 's all about trying to hit the core and the heart . '' On July 12 , 2017 , Muschietti , in an interview with French magazine Mad Movies , spoke of the R rating allowing him to go into adult themes , which was championed from the people at New Line Cinema . He also stated that , `` ... if you aimed for a PG - 13 movie , you had nothing at the end . So we were very lucky that the producers did n't try to stop us . In fact it 's more our own moral compass that sometimes showed us that some things lead us in places where we did n't want to go . '' In the same interview , on July 12 , 2017 , producer Barbara Muschietti added that there was only one scene that was deemed to be too horrific to feature in the new adaptation , stating , `` ... you wo n't find the scene where a kid has his back broken and is thrown in the toilets . We thought that the visual translation of that scene had something that was really too much . '' Muschietti concluded by emphasizing that nothing was removed from the original vision , nor was the violence of any event watered down . On July 19 , 2017 , in an interview with Variety 's Brent Lang , director Muschietti commented of the monstrous forms that It will be taking , as well as noting the fact that they are very different from the incarnations present in King 's story , `` The story is the same , but there are changes in the things the kids are scared of . In the book they 're children in the ' 50s , so the incarnations of the monsters are mainly from movies , so it 's Wolf Man , the Mummy , Frankenstein , ( and ) Dracula . I had a different approach . I wanted to bring out deeper fears , based not only on movie monsters but on childhood traumas . '' While on the topic of the key to a successful horror film , Muschietti concluded by remarking that `` Stay true to what scares you . If you do n't respect that , you ca n't scare anyone . '' Muschietti explained how Skarsgård caught his attention to embody Pennywise , while pointing out that he did not want the young cast to spend too much time with the actor when not shooting , and encouraged them to `` maintain distance '' , wherein Muschietti detailed : `` We wanted to carry the impact of the encounters to when the cameras were rolling . The first scene where Bill interacted with the children , it was fun to see how the plan worked . The kids were really , really creeped out by Bill . He 's pretty intimidating because he 's six - four and has all this makeup . '' Filming Port Hope had undergone a number of changes to transform into the town of Derry . Production designer Mara LePere - Schloop went to Bangor , Maine , to scope out locations , including the Thomas Hill Standpipe , the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens , and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River . LePere - Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city , and possibly take some aerial shots . On May 31 , 2016 , Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope , with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11 , 2016 to July 18 , 2016 . Principal photography begun in Toronto , with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6 , 2016 . By July 8 , 2016 , Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry ; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library , The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office , and numerous shops had their frontage changed . A statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park , US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown , and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman and Lethal Weapon 2 , confirming the film 's 1989 setting . On July 11 , 2016 , preliminary shooting took place in Port Hope Town Hall , Memorial Park cenotaph , Queen Street , between Walton and Robertson streets and the Capitol Theatre . On July 12 , 2016 , filming occurred between the intersection of Mill and Walton street , Walton Street bridge , and in front and behind 16 -- 22 Walton Street and Port Hope Town Hall . Other shooting locations included Queen Street between Walton and Robertson street , and Memorial Park , on July 13 . It was also reported , on July 14 , that filming had been set up on the alley between Gould 's Shoe 's and Avanti Hair Design , and John and Hayward streets . Filming moved to Cavan Street , between Highland Drive and Ravine Drive , and Victoria Street South , between Trafalgar Street and Sullivan Street , on July 15 . Filming in Port Hope ended on July 18 , at Watson 's Guardian Drugs . Oshawa had been chosen by producers of It as the next filming location , and on July 20 , 2016 , filming notices were sent out to homes in the area of Eulalie Avenue and James Street , near downtown Oshawa , advising residents that filming would take place in the area from August 5 to August 8 , 2016 . On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced the crew had worked on the formerly vacant lot at the dead end of James Street constructing the set , in the form of a dilapidated old house . It was also remarked that the structure is a facade built around scaffolding that would be used for exterior shots . The set was composed of pre-fabricated modules that were trucked in and put into place by IATSE carpenters . On July 18 , 2016 , production crews had arrived in Riverdale , Toronto , with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave , which is home to a circa 1902 heritage - designated building called Cranfield House , up until August 19 , 2016 . It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa , which included the haunted house location , as well as on Court and Fisher streets . Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21 , 2016 , with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21 , 2016 , and post-production initially beginning on September 14 , 2016 . Design Costume design Pennywise 's gray costume was partly inspired by the clothing style of the Renaissance , as seen in this portrait of Francis , Duke of Anjou , by Nicholas Hilliard . On August 16 , 2016 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , costume designer Janie Bryant spoke of crafting Pennywise 's form - fitting suit and the inspirations it drew from -- involving a number of eras -- among them Medieval , Renaissance , Elizabethan , and Victorian . Bryant explained that the costume incorporates all these otherworldly past lives , highlighting the point that Pennywise is a clown from a different time . In designing Pennywise 's costume , Bryant included a Fortuny pleating , which gives the costume an almost crepe - like effect , to which Bryant remarked , `` It 's a different technique than what the Elizabethans would do . It 's more organic , it 's more sheer . It has a whimsical , floppy quality to it . It 's not a direct translation of a ruff or a whisk , which were two of the collars popular during the Elizabethan period . '' Bryant played with multiple eras as a way of reflecting Pennywise 's immortality , and added a `` doll - like quality to the costume '' . She further stated , `` The pants being short , the high waistline of the jacket , and the fit of the costume is a very important element . It gives the character a child - like quality . '' Bryant spoke of the two puffs off the shoulder , sleeves and again on the bloomers , with her desire to create an `` organic , gourd or pumpkin kind of effect '' , which includes the peplum at the waist , and the flared , skirt - like fabric blossoming from below his doublet . She explains , `` It helps exaggerate certain parts of the body . The costume is very nipped in the waist and with the peplum and bloomers it has an expansive silhouette . '' The main color of his costume is a dusky gray , but with a few splashes of colour . She concludes the interview by stating , `` The pompoms are orange , and then with the trim around the cuffs and the ankles , it 's basically a ball fringe that 's a combination of orange , red , and cinnamon . It 's almost like Pennywise fades into his environment . But there are accents to pull out the definition of the gray silk . '' Creature design Judith , the woman in the portrait whose form It assumes to terrify Stan , did not appear in the novel . Muschietti based this sequence on the paintings of Amedeo Modigliani , one of which hung in his childhood home , and which he found frightening , interpreting Modigliani 's stylisation as monstrosity . The eponymous creature in Muschietti 's previous film , Mama , was also based on Modigliani 's work . Visual effects Nicholas Brooks was the overall visual effects supervisor , and visual effects company Rodeo FX worked on most of the visual effects on It . Amalgamated Dynamics worked on the special makeup effects . Themes The film has been described as a loss of innocence story , with fear , mortality and survivalist themes . Muschietti remarked of the film 's elements of coming of age and issues of mortality , adding that such themes are prevalent in King 's book , though in reality they occur in a more progressive way , `` There 's a passage ( in It ) that reads , ' Being a kid is learning how to live and being an adult is learning how to die . ' There 's a bit of a metaphor of that and it just happens in a very brutal way , of course . '' He also mentioned the characterization of Pennywise 's survivalist attitude , and a passage in the novel which inspired Muschietti was when Bill wonders if Pennywise is eating children simply because that is what people are told monsters do , `` It 's a tiny bit of information , but that sticks with you so much . Maybe it is real as long as children believe in it . And in a way , Pennywise 's character is motivated by survival . In order to be alive in the imagination of children , he has to keep killing . '' While Muschietti acknowledged It being a horror film , he felt that it is not simply that , `` It 's a story of love and friendship and a lot of other beautiful emotions . '' The graphic sexual content that was in the novel and Fukunaga 's original script was not included in the film . Music The film 's score was composed by British composer , Benjamin Wallfisch . A soundtrack album was released in August 2017 . All tracks written by Benjamin Wallfisch . No . Title Length 1 . `` Every 27 Years '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Paper Boat '' 1 : 55 3 . `` Georgie , Meet Pennywise '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Derry '' 2 : 25 5 . `` River Chase '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Egg Boy '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Beverly '' 1 : 20 8 . `` Come Join the Clowns , Eds '' 1 : 20 9 . `` You 'll Float Too '' 3 : 20 10 . `` Shape Shifter '' 1 : 42 11 . `` Hockstetter Attack '' 2 : 15 12 . `` Haircut '' 4 : 15 13 . `` Derry History '' 2 : 48 14 . `` January Embers '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Saving Mike '' 1 : 15 16 . `` This Is Not a Dream '' 2 : 08 17 . `` Slideshow '' 2 : 00 18 . `` Georgie 's Theme '' 1 : 42 19 . `` He Did n't Stutter Once '' 1 : 33 20 . `` 29 Neibolt St . '' 4 : 17 21 . `` Time to Float '' 3 : 04 22 . `` It 's What It Wants '' 1 : 19 23 . `` You 'll Die If You Try '' 4 : 38 24 . `` Return to Neibolt '' 2 : 31 25 . `` Into the Well '' 2 : 05 26 . `` Pennywise 's Tower '' 1 : 48 27 . `` Deadlights '' 2 : 04 28 . `` Searching for Stanley '' 2 : 28 29 . `` Saving Beverly '' 3 : 36 30 . `` Georgie Found '' 1 : 53 31 . `` Transformation '' 0 : 58 32 . `` Feed on Your Fear '' 2 : 34 33 . `` Welcome to the Losers Club '' 3 : 05 34 . `` Yellow Raincoat '' 1 : 43 35 . `` Blood Oath '' 3 : 11 36 . `` Kiss '' 0 : 54 37 . `` Every 27 Years ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 07 38 . `` Epilogue -- The Pennywise Dance '' 0 : 36 Release It was released in North America on September 8 , 2017 . In Europe , the film was released in Belgium on September 6 , 2017 , Denmark and the Netherlands on September 7 , 2017 , and Norway and Finland on September 8 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , the alternate title of the film was announced by Stephen King as Part 1 -- The Losers ' Club . In addition to the conventional 2D format , It was also released across 615 IMAX screens globally , including 389 domestically . Home Media The film was released on digital download on December 19 , 2017 , and was released on 4K , Blu - ray and DVD on January 9 , 2018 . Marketing On January 31 , 2016 , Muschietti , on his Instagram , posted a sketch that was thought to be the precursor to Pennywise 's final look , to celebrate pre-production getting underway . Beginning from July 11 , 2016 , Muschietti posted a variety of missing person posters of children within the Derry area , including Betty Ripsom , Richie Tozier , Paul Greenberg , Jonathan Chan , and Tania McGowan . Muschietti shared a photo of a missing person poster featuring Richie Tozier . The poster lists all of the character 's information , as part of It 's marketing campaign . The first official image for It debuted on July 13 , 2016 , introducing the first look at Skarsgård 's Pennywise The Dancing Clown , as well as an interview with Skarsgård , conducted by Anthony Breznican . Thomas Freeman of Maxim wrote `` ... Skarsgard in full , terrifying costume , ... he 's clearly got what it takes to fill King 's most macabre , nightmare - inducing creation . '' Chris Eggertsen of HitFix responded positively , stating the image to be `` ... an appropriately macabre look that does n't deviate too radically from the aesthetic of Curry 's Pennywise ... dare I say , a more creepily seductive look to Skarsgard 's version that was absent from Curry 's interpretation . '' On July 30 , 2016 , Muschietti released three storyboard images , up until the date of August 22 , 2016 , with the first featuring Bill Denbrough making a paper boat for his younger brother George . The second storyboard features Bill leading his bike , nicknamed Silver , across a lawn with the included phrase : `` He thrusts his fists against the posts but still insists he sees the ghosts '' . The third and final storyboard features Bill asleep next to a sketch of Beverly Marsh . On August 16 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly released the full costume image of Skarsgård 's Pennywise to promote It , including an interview with costume designer Janie Bryant . JoBlo.com 's Damion Damaske was fond of the new design , though was understanding of others being dismissive of it . Damaske also stated , `` One of the chief complaints is that it looked too automatically scary , and that one of the reasons Pennywise chooses his guise is to trick and lure children . '' Dave Trumbore of Collider noted that `` This one 's going to divide some folks . It 's nowhere near as baggy or colorful as the one Tim Curry ... donned ... , but the new version certainly seems to have a lot more thought and intent behind its creation . '' Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting called the image one of `` ... ( drawing ) attention and curiosity '' . Barkan then stated `` I do n't know if it 's morbid curiosity or hopeful wishes but the overall response to his face and makeup seemed to be quite positive ! '' On March 9 , 2017 , Neha Aziz of SXSW announced that Muschietti would appear at a screening event titled , Face Your Fears , to share footage from It , while discussing his inspirations and influences . On March 11 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It by releasing a teaser trailer and a scene at the South by Southwest festival . Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting heralded the trailer : `` It was maybe 90 seconds of footage , but it was a damn impressive 90 seconds of footage ... As far as teasers go , it 's one of the best that I 've ever seen . '' Dread Central 's Jonathan Barkan praised the scene , and stated , `` The kids are clearly very adept at working off one another . There was a chemistry between the four that was wonderful to see and it 's obvious that Muschietti worked very hard to ensure they were believable . '' Eric Vespe of Ai n't It Cool News remarked that `` ... this one scene shows us the key traits of the bulk of the members of the Losers Club within one sequence . I loved it for that reason . '' On March 28 , 2017 , New Line released a 139 - second teaser trailer to promote It , following a 19 - second trailer and the official teaser poster the prior day , and for exhibitors at CinemaCon . Tom Philip of GQ heralded the trailer and its tonality by stating : `` Dark corners everywhere and a pervading sense of absolute doom , even in the scenes where the creature is n't looming . That projector scene ! Christ ! '' Michael Gold of The New York Times praised the trailer , and stated : `` There 's always tension in the sustained string chords of the soundtrack , and it imbues everything with suspense and darkness . '' Wired 's Brian Raftery spoke most highly of the trailer , to which he stated , `` The teaser 's scariest moment features no gore or gotcha - ness ; instead , it involves a misfiring slide - projector and a barely discernible clown - grin . Nothing in the It trailer feels like a cheap thrill , which is all the more thrilling . '' IndieWire 's William Earl reacted positively to the `` top - notch '' production design of Derry , Maine within the trailer . The trailer was viewed 197 million times in the first 24 hours after it was released , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day ( later surpassed by Avengers : Infinity War ) . In addition to dethroning The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , the trailer numbers surpassed previous records held by Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) , and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . On May 7 , 2017 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting 137 seconds , was shown at the MTV Movie & TV Awards in Los Angeles , California , with the new preview showcasing a snippet of the film where the `` Losers ' Club '' search for Pennywise 's many victims . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone felt snippet of the film `` was initially ... similar to Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , with the Losers ' Club playfully bantering about `` gray water '' ... A series of scary images soon follow before the trailer ends on Pennywise doing unimaginable balloon tricks to lure a victim . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider.com praised the trailer , and stated : `` This new trailer really plays up the kids ' role and their fears . It 's a smart move , because if a sequel does come along , it 's going to be looking at the kids as adults , so that aspect will be lost . '' Digital Spy 's Jack Tomlin spoke of the clarity in that director Muschietti 's film will carry on down the `` creepy as hell '' vibe he gave the first trailer . On July 13 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly released a collection of new images and concept art such as Pennywise 's lair to promote It , including commentary from director Andrés Muschietti . On July 19 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It , by releasing three reels of footage at San Diego Comic - Con , before an advanced screening of Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) . Reception Box Office It has grossed $327.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $372.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $700.4 million , against a production budget of $35 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $293.7 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the 5th most profitable release of 2017 and highest for any horror all - time . In North America , initial opening weekend projections had the film grossing $50 -- 60 million . By the week of its release , estimates were raised to $60 -- 70 million , with a chance to go higher if word of mouth was strong . It opened in 4,103 theaters , setting the record for most venues for an R - rated film ( beating Logan 's 4,071 from the past March ) . A few days before its release , the film became Fandango 's top horror pre-seller of all - time , eclipsing Paranormal Activity 3 ( 2011 ) , as well as setting the record as the site 's top pre-seller among September releases , beating Sully ( 2016 ) . The film made $13.5 million from Thursday night previews , setting the record for highest amount by both an R - rated ( besting Deadpool 's $12.6 million ) and a horror film . Due to the high Thursday gross , Deadline.com noted some industry trackers upped weekend projections to $90 million . It went on to have an opening day of $50.2 million ( including previews ) , increasing weekend projections to over $100 million . The film 's Friday gross not only set a record for biggest single - day amount by an R - rated film ( beating Deadpool 's $47.3 million ) but nearly eclipsed Paranormal Activity 3 's entire weekend gross of $52.6 million , which was the highest opening weekend gross for a horror film . It went on to open to $123.1 million , setting the records for largest opening weekend for both a September release and a horror film , and was the second - biggest debut for an R - rated film behind Deadpool ( $132.4 million ) . Variety and Deadline both noted that the film 's opening weekend could have been even greater if not for Hurricane Irma shutting down nearly 50 % of Florida 's theaters , a state that typically accounts for 5 % of the country 's box office grosses . During its first full week , the film made $8.8 million on Monday , $11.4 million on Tuesday , $7.9 million on Wednesday and $7.2 million on Thursday , each setting September records for their respective days . In its second weekend the film grossed $60.1 million ( a better - than - average for horror films drop of 51 % ) , making more in its second weekend than previous opening record holder Paranormal Activity 3 made in its first , and again topped the box office . It also pushed the domestic total to $218.7 million , overtaking Crocodile Dundee for highest - grossing September film ( $174.8 million in 1984 ) . In its third week the film was dethroned by newcomer Kingsman : The Golden Circle , finishing second at the box office with $29.7 million . In its fourth week , the film initially made a projected gross of $17.3 million , apparently retaking its top spot at the box office ahead of Kingsman ( $17 million ) . However the following day , actual results had the film finishing in second by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million , while beating out newcomer American Made ( $16.8 million ) . The film continued to hold well in the following weeks , making $10 million and $6.1 million in its fifth and sixth weeks , finishing a respective 3rd and 4th at the box office . Critical response Bill Skarsgård 's portrayal of Pennywise the Dancing Clown received widespread praise from critics and audiences . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 323 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and fiendishly frightening with an emotionally affecting story at its core , It amplifies the horror in Stephen King 's classic story without losing touch with its heart . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 69 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave an 85 % overall positive score and a 64 % `` definite recommend '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , saying : `` What will REALLY put a chill down your spine and raise the hairs on the back of your neck are the moments when an adolescent character is isolated from friends , all alone in the cellar or the bathroom or the alley or a dark office , and something they 've long feared springs to ' life ' in a certain fashion , confirming their worst sense of dread and doom . '' Andrew Barker of Variety praised the visuals and cast , while acknowledging the familiarities , calling the film `` a collection of alternately terrifying , hallucinatory , and ludicrous nightmare imagery ... a series of well - crafted yet decreasingly effective suspense setpieces ; and a series of well - acted coming - of - age sequences that do n't quite fully mature . '' Mark Kermode of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars , writing that the film `` is an energetic romp with crowd - pleasing appeal that is n't afraid to bare its gory teeth '' . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic gave the film a mixed review , calling it `` a solid but relatively conventional horror movie '' and writing that it `` privileges CGI scares over dread and nuance '' . Some critics were disappointed with the film 's implementation of jump scares . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune noted the film 's `` diminishing returns of one jump scare after another '' , writing that `` nearly every scene begins and ends the same way , with a slow build ... leading up to a KAAA - WHUMMMMMM ! ! ! ! sound effect '' . Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the film 's visuals but wrote that it `` simplifies its appeal with jump scares '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly lauded the child actors but wrote that `` the more we see of Pennywise , the less scary he becomes '' . Accolades Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Sci - Fi / Horror Movie It Nominated Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Horror It Won Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Poster It Nominated MTV Movie Awards June 18 , 2018 Best Movie It Nominated Best Villain Bill Skarsgard Nominated Most Frightened Performance Sophia Lillis Nominated Best On - Screen Team Finn Wolfhard , Sophia Lillis , Jaeden Lieberher , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Jeremy Ray Taylor & Chosen Jacobs Won Saturn Awards June 27 , 2018 Best Horror Film It Nominated Best Supporting Actor Bill Skarsgard Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Sophia Lillis Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga , Gary Dauberman and Stephen King Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 12 , 2018 Choice Movie Villain Bill Skarsgard Nominated Choice Breakout Movie Star Sophia Lillis Nominated Choice Movie Ship Sophia Lillis & Jeremy Ray Taylor Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Acting Ensemble It Nominated Best Youth Performance Sophia Lillis Nominated Sequel Main article : It : Chapter Two On February 16 , 2016 , producer Roy Lee , in an interview with Collider , mentioned a second film , remarking that : `` ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muschietti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On July 19 , 2017 , Muschietti revealed that the plan is to get production underway for the sequel to It next spring , adding , `` We 'll probably have a script for the second part in January ( 2018 ) . Ideally , we would start prep in March . Part one is only about the kids . Part two is about these characters 30 years later as adults , with flashbacks to 1989 when they were kids . '' On July 21 , 2017 , Muschietti spoke of looking forward to having a dialogue in the second film that does not exist within the first , stating , `` ... it seems like we 're going to do it . It 's the second half , it 's not a sequel . It 's the second half and it 's very connected to the first one . '' Muschietti confirmed that two cut scenes from the film will hopefully be included in the second , one of which being the fire at the Black Spot from the book . On September 25 , 2017 , New Line Cinema announced that the sequel would be released on September 6 , 2019 , with Gary Dauberman writing the script . Later in December 2017 , Agent Cody Banks writer Jeffrey Jurgensen was also listed as a screenwriter . As of February 2018 , Jessica Chastain was in negotiations to star as the adult Beverly Marsh . In April 2018 , James McAvoy and Bill Hader entered negotiations to play the adult Bill Denbrough and Richie Tozier . In May 2018 , James Ransone revealed on Twitter that he would play the adult Eddie Kaspbrak . Shortly afterwards , Andy Bean and Jay Ryan had joined the cast to play the adult Stanley Uris and Ben Hanscom respectively . In June 2018 , Isaiah Mustafa signed on to play the adult Mike Hanlon . McAvoy revealed on his Instagram account that filming had officially begun on June 19 , 2018 . Notes Jump up ^ Writers Andy Muschietti , Cary Fukunaga and David Kajganich refer to Skarsgård 's character as Pennywise in various interviews , most notably with Collider . In addition , Pennywise introduces himself to Georgie Denbrough as Pennywise the Dancing Clown ; the term It is not used in either of these cases . See also List of horror films about clowns References Jump up ^ `` IT ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` With new adaptation of ' It , ' New Line Cinema hopes to continue horror winning streak '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office To Wake Up From Long Summer 's Nap As ' It ' Happens With $60 Ms Opening , Possible $70 M -- Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Let 's Talk About that ' IT ' Ending and How It Sets up The Next Chapter '' . Collider . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Owen ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Director 's Cut Of It : Chapter One On The Way '' . Empire . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) - Andy Muschietti - Synopsis , Characteristics , Moods , Themes and Related - AllMovie '' . AllMovie . ^ Jump up to : `` IT -- Warner Bros '' . Warner Bros. January 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen King 's It Director Cary Fukunaga Seeks the `` Perfect '' Pennywise for Remake `` . IGN . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` It Remake Has a Rating , Plans for a Sequel '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kristian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Just As Glorious And Terrifying As You Feared '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Casts Hollywood Legacy as Pennywise the Clown '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King has an ' It ' remake update for you '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Production with One Last Creepy Photo '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Courtney ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mansion in Riverdale sets the scene for horror film ' It ' '' . CTV Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Port Hope eyed for remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . May 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Burnham , Emily ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Crew from new adaptation of Stephen King 's `` It '' in Bangor to scope out potential filming locations `` . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT 's first trailer introduces terrifying new version of Stephen King 's clown Pennywise '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . 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Empire . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Two - part remake of Stephen King 's It will finally go into production this year , gets R rating '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Reboot of Stephen King 's It Finds Its Pennywise ... Again '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kee ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Richard Armitage Blows his Cover '' . Anthem Magazine . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` New version of Stephen King 's It finds its younger , hipper Pennywise '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` It ' : Here 's Who 's Testing For the Role of Pennywise ! 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Jump up ^ `` Hundreds turn up for Stephen King 's ' It ' background actor cast call in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton in Stephen King 's ' It ' ; Monterey Media Acquires ' The Last Film Festival ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Horror Wizard Javier Botet to Haunt ' The Mummy ' and Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Creature Performer Javier Botet Joins The Mummy and Stephen King 's It '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . 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Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` IT Filming in Toronto This Summer '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Dustin ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' : Port Hope 's Transformation into Derry and What it reveals about Plot '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` DurhamRegion : Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Preparation for Stephen King 's ' It ' filming started in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oshawa sewers to be haunted by literary terror '' . The Oshawa Express . July 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shah , Maryam ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' movie being filmed in Oshawa '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jef ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' That 's how you make a haunted house ' : Elaborate set for film of Stephen King 's ' It ' being built in Oshawa '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Peter ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming of Stephen King 's horror classic ' It ' becoming nightmare for some residents '' . Global News . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matteis , Stephanie ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Film crew for Stephen King movie It creates horror show for Riverdale resident '' . CBC.ca . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Honderich , Holly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Excessive film shoots at Riverdale home irks neighbours '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Joanna ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lights , camera , too much action at oft - used Pape Avenue film set '' . InsideToronto . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novakovic , Stefan ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Redevelopment Plan Re-Emerges for Storied East End Mansion '' . Urban Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruta , Mike ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' was a hit and it 's a wrap in Oshawa '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Filming : Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Wraps Production , Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filming on Andy Muschietti 's Remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' has Wrapped '' . Addicted to Horror Movies . September 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) -- IMDbPro '' . IMDb . September 14 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` The First Look at Pennywise The Clown From The New ' It ' Film Is Terrifying '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` It : First full unsettling look at Pennywise the clown in Stephen King remake '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabethan Doublets '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . May 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Muschietti Talks Paintings that Inspired Nightmarish New ' IT ' Creature '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It '' . Cinefex . July 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IT -- In Production '' . Rodeo FX . March 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FILMOGRAPHY '' . Rodeo FX . March 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amalgamated Dynamics -- Filmography '' . Amalgamated Dynamics . July 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Images Of Pennywise And The Kids From It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` See a creepy / cool photo of the new Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' remake '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` AndrÉs Muschietti Spills New Details about It and Reveals New Images '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise and the Losers ' Club Highlighted in New ' IT ' Images '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefansky , Emma ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Images Feature a Red Balloon and a Bunch of Terrified '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise disarms in secret Comic - Con footage from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Sexual Content Involving Pre-Teens Cut From New IT Movie '' . ScreenGeek . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It Scores Lights Out Composer Benjamin Wallfisch '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IT : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by Benjamin Wallfisch on Apple Music , 2017 - 09 - 08 , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Play Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.cinemagnus.nl/verwacht/film/it/1169/ Jump up ^ `` IT - 2017 '' . Filmweb.no . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King Says the New ' It ' Movie Succeeds Beyond Expectations '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King calls It remake a ' wonderful production ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Scares Life Into Box Office , Beats ' Deadpool ' With $13.5 M Record Preview ; $90 M+ 3 - Day Possible '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Blu - ray Will Contain 11 Deleted and Extended Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Has Pennywise 's New Look Already Been Revealed ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Collin ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pennywise 's New Look Teased as IT Begins Shooting '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Blu - ray . July 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ThePhantomFox ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Greenberg missing poster taken from the IT filming in Port Hope '' . Reddit . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Ananda ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Latest Pics From The Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' IT ' Are Worthy of the King Himself '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Remake : Missing Posters Show Pennywise 's Victims '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Look at Pennywise the Clown from Stephen King 's It Movie '' . IGN . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` First look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` It : First look at Pennywise the Clown in Stephen King adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Thomas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` The First Look at Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' is the Stuff of Nightmares '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' remake : Here 's your first look at the new Pennywise '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Director Andy Muschietti Shares Images From the Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Check Out A Bunch of Spooky New Images From The Set of IT '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Dig These Cryptic and Creepy Behind - the - Scenes Images From IT ! '' . Blumhouse Productions . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It -- Slideshow '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Take a full look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maxim Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Daily Heat Index : Here 's the First Look at Pennywise the Clown 's Creepy Costume for Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damaske , Damion ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` First Look at Pennywise 's `` Friendly '' Guise from the New It Reboot `` . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Bill Skarsgård 's Creepy New Pennywise Costume Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` IT Remake Teaser Trailer Description : New Pennywise Does n't Hold Back '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First trailer for re-make of Stephen King 's ' It ' ' leaves audience screaming ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Seen Footage From Stephen King 's ' It ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First footage from Stephen King 's It remake gets critics excited '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : We Saw Footage From Stephen King 's It and Annabelle 2 '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The first footage from the new adaptation of Stephen King 's IT screened at SXSW and it looks really good ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For It Preys On Your Fears '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Poster and Teaser Trailer Heralds the Horrors to Come '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New It Poster Released , Trailer to be Revealed Tomorrow '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Creepy ' IT ' Poster Offers Up a Balloon ; Trailer Tomorrow ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` CinemaCon : New Line Scares up ' Annabelle : Creation ' as Sequel Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Creeps to Top of Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip , Tom ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Trailer for the New IT Remake Will Ruin Your Childhood All Over Again '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Here to Give You Nightmares '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` With the First Trailer for It , Stephen King Reclaims the ' 80s '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Earl , William ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Breakdown : The 6 Best Parts That Perfectly Capture the Novel 's Brilliance '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Scares Up Worldwide Traffic Record In First 24 Hours With Near 200M , Smokes ' Fate Of The Furious ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Sets Record for Most Online Views in Single Day '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` It trailer sets all - time viewing record for 24 - hour period '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The It Movie Is Already Breaking Records '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Brings Horror to the MTV Movie & TV Awards With New Clip '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' New Footage Spooks Audiences at MTV Movie & TV Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` It : Watch Pennywise Show His Face , If You Dare '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hincks , Joseph ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the New Trailer for Andres Muschietti 's It '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Eliza ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` A New It Trailer Is Here to Ruin Balloons Forever '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` IT movie : New trailer for Stephen King adaptation floats online '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Terrifying New ' It ' Trailer Sees Losers ' Club Journey Into Sewers '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Trailer Promises Further Trouble for the Beleaguered Clown Community '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlin , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the latest teaser for Stephen King 's It -- as The Losers ' Club are terrorised by Pennywise the Clown '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Losers descend into Pennywise 's nest in this new look at Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Images Show off the Losers While Concept Art Teases the Final Confrontation '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It movie 's new concept art reveals Pennywise 's terrifying lair '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Stephen King 's ' IT ' Concept Art Reveal Pennywise 's Lair '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` New Line Cinema Brings Horror to the # SDCC With `` ScareDiego '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : New Line 's ' ScareDiego ' Event To Include Exclusive ' IT ' Footage , ' Annabelle : Creation ' Screening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` # SDCC17 Update : New Line Cinemas Hosting ScareDiego Event With New IT Footage and Annabelle : Creation Screening '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the ' IT ' Booth at the # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` No. 5 ' It ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After Horrific Summer At Box Office , ' It ' Will Bring Life To Fall Marketplace With Potential $60 M Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` After Dismal Summer , Hollywood Pins Hopes on Fall Ticket Sales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Targets Fall Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango : ' IT ' Shatters Presales Records for Horror Movies and September Releases '' . Box Office Pro . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' It ' Scares Up Record - Crushing $13.5 Million Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazed Clown Cashes Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Stephen King 's ' It ' Smashes Records With Massive $117 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ' Scares Up $11.4 M , Biggest Tuesday Ever For September ; Stephen King Film To Clear $200 M This Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony . `` ' American Assassin ' Collects $915 K In Previews ; ' It ' Still King Of The B.O. As Horror Pic Heads To $200 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest September Release Ever With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman ' Edges Out ' It ' In Fierce Three - Way B.O. Tie ; Early AM Figures Have ' American Made ' In 3rd '' . Deadline Hollywood . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` No doubt about ' IT ' : Stephen King clown puts serious scares on screen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Andrew Barker ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` It review -- enthusiastic , cine - literate retelling of Stephen King 's horror novel '' . The Observer . The Guardian . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Orr ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` It : A Solid but Conventional Shocker '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zack Sharf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Reviews Are Disappointed the Film Uses ' Too Many Jump Scares ' That Do n't Add Up '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' review : Stand by me , and we 'll deal with this clown '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Review : Stephen King 's Killer Clown Faithfully Comes to Life , But Do n't Expect Any Surprises '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` It delivers the scares , despite too much clowning around '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Darling , Cary ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards : Full Winners List -- Updated Live '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 StLFCA Annual Award Winners '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : ' Black Panther ' , ' Solo ' , ' Riverdale ' Lead Nominations -- List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Esme . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : See the full list of winners '' . EW . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards : ' Get Out ' Is In with D.C. Film Critics '' ( Press release ) . Washington , D.C. : Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' It ' Movie Hopefully Shooting This Year ; Will Be Rated - R '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti Says He 's Coming Back for a Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Second IT Movie Adaptation Aims to Start Filming Next Year '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It sequel set to start filming next spring '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It Already has a Sequel Planned '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti on Reinventing Pennywise and Sequel Plans '' . Collider . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Why The IT Movie Left The Adult Storyline Out Of The First Film '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` The ' IT ' Movie Had to Cut Two Crazy Scenes to Stay On - Budget '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Sequel Sets September 2019 Release Date '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Movie Sequel Plans Move Forward at New Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Are You Afraid Of The Dark ? Movie Gets October 2019 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Jessica Chastain to Play Adult Beverly in IT : Chapter Two , and More Movie News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` James McAvoy , Bill Hader in Talks for ' It : Chapter 2 ' '' . Jump up ^ `` James Ransone signs on to play Eddie Kaspbrak in It : Chapter Two '' . Consequence of Sound . 2018 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' It : Chapter 2 ' Taps Andy Bean to Play Stanley ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/film/news/it-chapter-2-mike-hanlon-isaiah-mustafa-1202838872/ Jump up ^ McAvoy , James ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 on IT 2 . Glad you got the memo guys '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . 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5947404711755869084	The Great British Bake Off (series 2)	The Great British bake Off ( series 2 ) - wikipedia The Great British bake Off ( series 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Great British Bake Off ( series 2 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 8 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 14 August ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) -- 4 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 1 Next → Series 3 The second series of The Great British Bake Off started 14 August 2011 with twelve amateur bakers . Unlike series one , the competition was held in a single location -- in the ground of Valentines Mansion , a 17th - century mansion house in Redbridge . In addition to their on - screen presenting roles , Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins also took over the narration of the show , which had been done by Stephen Noonan the previous series . Series two also introduced the `` star baker '' award for the most impressive performer each week . Three and a half thousand people applied for the competition , and 12 were selected . Each episode was filmed over two 14 - hour days . The competition was won by Joanne Wheatley . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cakes 3.2 Episode 2 : Tarts 3.3 Episode 3 : Bread 3.4 Episode 4 : Biscuits 3.5 Episode 5 : Pies 3.6 Episode 6 : Desserts 3.7 Episode 7 : Pâtisserie ( Semi-Final ) 3.8 Episode 8 : Final 3.9 Extras and special episodes 4 Post-show career 5 Ratings 5.1 Specials 6 References The Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Ben Frazer 31 Graphic Designer Northampton Holly Bell 31 Advertising executive Leicester Ian Vallance 40 Fundraiser for English Heritage Dunstable , Bedfordshire Janet Basu 63 Teacher of Modern Languages Formby , Liverpool Jason White 19 Civil Engineering Student Croydon Joanne Wheatley 41 Housewife Ongar , Essex Keith Batsford 31 House husband Arlesey , Bedfordshire Mary - Anne Boermans 45 Housewife Kidderminster , Worcestershire Robert Billington 25 Photographer London Simon Blackwell 31 Rugby Coach Norfolk Urvashi Roe 40 Head of Marketing Enfield , London Yasmin Limbert 43 Childminder West Kirby , The Wirral Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 Jo SB WINNER Holly SB SB Runner Up Mary - Anne Runner Up Janet SB OUT Yasmin SB OUT Jason SB SB OUT Robert OUT Ben OUT Ian OUT Urvashi OUT Simon OUT Keith OUT There was no Star Baker this week , as Paul and Mary felt it would n't be right to single out one baker when the results were incredibly close . Colour key : -- Baker got through to the next round -- Baker was eliminated -- Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . -- Baker was the Star Baker -- Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but did not win star baker -- Baker was the series runner - up -- Baker was the series winner Episodes ( edit ) Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Episode 1 : cakes ( edit ) For their very first challenge , the bakers were asked to bake 24 cupcakes in 2 hours . They are allowed to make 2 different types of cupcakes . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a Coffee and Walnut Battenburg cake using Mary Berry 's recipe . The cake needs to have the perfect sponge which holds its form ( perfect symmetry ) , distinguish flavors , and a smooth exterior . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake a chocolate tiered celebration cake with elaborate , multi-layer design . Baker Signature ( 24 Cupcakes ) Technical ( Coffee and Walnut Battenberg ) Showstopper ( Chocolate Tiered Cake ) Ben Rhubarb and Custard Cupcakes After Dinner Cupcakes 2nd Vanilla Sponge with White Chocolate and Raspberry Buttercream Holly Cherry Bakewell Inspired Cupcakes Ginger Cupcakes with Fig Truffle 1st UNKNOWN Ian Apple and Cinnamon Cupcakes 10th UNKNOWN Janet Raspberry and Cream Cupcakes 8th Chocolate Marble Cake with Dark and White Chocolate Truffles Jason Lemon Meringue Cupcakes Apple and Cinnamon Cupcakes 6th UNKNOWN Jo Chocolate Orange Cupcakes Orange and Cardamom Cupcakes 11th Chocolate and Strawberry Cake Keith Earl Grey Cupcakes 12th Chocolate and Sour Cream Cake Mary - Anne Banoffee Cupcakes 4th Chocolate and Raspberry Opera cake Robert Blackberry and Vanilla Cupcakes with Liquorice Frosting 3rd Genoise Layered Mousse Cake with Chocolate Ganache Simon Guinness and Chocolate Cupcakes 9th Two - Tiered Chocolate Courgette Cake Urvashi Cherry Blossom Cupcakes Japanese Lime Cupcakes 7th UNKNOWN Yasmin Cardamom and Pomegranate Cupcakes 5th UNKNOWN Episode 2 : tarts ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake a savory Quiche in 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a Tarte au Citron using Mary 's recipe in 1 1 / 2 hours . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 24 miniature sweet tarts . Baker Signature ( Quiche ) Technical ( Tarte au Citron ) Showstopper ( 24 Miniature Sweet Tarts ) Ben Chorizo , Pepper and Gruyere Quiche 1st Lemon Meringue Tarts Holly Pesto Quiche 4th Milk Chocolate and Pistachio Tarts Trifle Tarts Ian Stilton , Spinach and New Potato Quiche with Paprika and Walnut Pastry 2nd UNKNOWN Janet Quiche Printanière 8th Red Fruit Tarts Chocolate and Cherry Tarts Jason Salmon and Pak Choi Quiche 3rd Mint Chocolate Tarts Blueberry Bakewell Tarts Jo Caramelised Onion , Gruyere and Thyme Quiche 10th Raspberry and Mascarpone Tarts with Lemon and Almond Pastry Honey and Almond Tarts with Sweetcrust Mary - Anne Roasted Cauliflower , Cheese and Caramelised Onion Quiche 9th Butterscotch Brulée Tarts in Pecan Pastry Apple Rose Tarts Robert Smoked Bacon and Kale Quiche 5th Chocolate , Fennel and Ginger Tart Almond , Creme Patissiere and Poached Pear Tart Simon Smoked Haddock and Watercress Quiche 11th Passion Fruit and Ricotta Tarts Salted Chocolate , Stem Ginger and Mascarpone Cream Tarts Urvashi Crab , Coriander and Coconut Quiche 7th Strawberry and Basil Tarts Elderflower and Honeycomb Tarts Yasmin Smoked Haddock and Watercress Quiche 6th Chocolate and Orange with Cinnamon - Orange Pastry Tarts Blueberry and Hazelnut with Hazelnut Pastry Tarts Episode 3 : bread ( edit ) For their signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake a free formed flavored loaf ( not using a tin ) . For the technical challenge , the bakers were given 3 1 / 2 hours to bake a Focaccia , using Paul 's recipe . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 2 displays . One display is to make a basket out of bread . The second display is to make 12 sweet and 12 savory rolls . They had 5 hours . Baker Signature ( Free Form Loaf ) Technical ( Focaccia ) Showstopper ( 12 sweet and 12 savoury rolls ) Ben Walnut , Raisin and Rosemary Loaf 3rd UNKNOWN Holly Picnic Loaf 6th Stilton and Walnut Rolls Ian Courgette , Caerphilly Cheese and Thyme Loaf 10th Walnut and Raisin Rolls Cracked Wheat Logs Janet Zupfe Loaf with Gruyère Cheese 8th Apple and Walnut Granary Rolls Red Onion Cottage Rolls Jason Cheese and Onion Tear and Share Loaf 7th UNKNOWN Jo Stromboli flavored with Mozzarella , Ham , and Picante Pepper 1st UNKNOWN Mary - Anne Ploughman 's Loaf 5th Herb and Walnut Breads Chocolate and Chilli Buns Robert Rye and Coriander Seed Loaf 4th Blueberry Brioche Rolls Lemon and Poppy Seed Rolls Urvashi Salt and Peppercorn Loaf 9th Chilli and Halloumi Rolls Lemon and Coriander Mini Loaves Yasmin Egyptian Dukkah Loaf with Mixed Spices 2nd Pesto Bread Sweet Coconut Rolls In this episode , two bakers were eliminated rather than one baker . Episode 4 : biscuits ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were give 1 1 / 2 hours to make 12 biscuits . The biscuits should not be too hard or too crumbly . For the technical challenge , the bakers were given 1 1 / 2 hours to bake 24 brandy snaps . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake a macaron display . They need 3 different flavors , bake 120 of them , and had 5 hours to complete it . Baker Signature ( 12 Biscuits ) Technical ( 24 Brandy Snaps ) Showstopper ( Macarons ) Ben Stem Ginger Nuts 5th Chocolate and Almond Macarons Pine Nut Macarons Pistachio Macarons Holly Strawberry and Custard Melts 3rd ' Chocolate bars of my youth ' ( Caramel Macarons , Mint Chocolate Macarons and Chocolate Orange Macarons ) Janet Christmas Marzipan Biscuits 4th Raspberry Macarons Blackcurrant Macarons Almond Macarons Jason Lebkuchen 1st Mocktail Macarons ( Mojito , Cranberry Cooler , and Pina Colada ) Jo Lavender Biscuits 8th Blueberry Macarons Coconut Macarons Strawberry Macarons Mary - Anne Melting Moments 2nd Blackcurrant and Mint Macarons Gooseberry and Elderflower Macarons Hazelnut Macarons Robert Chocolate and Ginger Oat Biscuits 7th Strawberry and Lime Macarons Lemon Macarons Chocolate and Cardamom Macarons Yasmin Chocolate Chip and Pistachio Biscotti 6th Chocolate and Lime Macarons Coffee and Walnut Macarons Pineapple and Coconut Macarons In this episode , two bakers were Star Bakers rather than one baker . Episode 5 : pies ( edit ) For the signature , the bakers were asked to bake a family pie with either a ruff puff pastry or flaky pastry in 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a batch of 6 miniature pork pies in 2 1 / 2 hours using Paul 's recipe . The technical was a 2 day bake challenge , so the bakers were judged the next day . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake a meringue pie -- a fruit and / or custard pie topped with meringue . Baker Signature ( Family Pie ) Technical ( 6 Miniature Pork Pie ) Showstopper ( Meringue Pie ) Holly Stilton , Potato and Caramelised Onion Pie 4th Lime Meringue Pie Janet Chicken and Chestnut Pie 1st Rhubarb Meringue Pie Jason Brown Down Chicken Pie 7th Plum Meringue Pie Jo Salmon and Asparagus Pie 6th Apple and Raspberry Meringue Pie Mary - Anne Chicken and Bacon Pie 2nd Midnight Meringue Robert Chicken and Mushroom Pie 3rd Rhubarb and Custard Meringue Pie Yasmin Family Fish Pie 5th Peach and Raspberry Meringue Pie Once again , in this episode , two bakers were eliminated instead of one baker . Episode 6 : desserts ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake a cheesecake in 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a chocolate roulade in 1 3 / 4 hours using Mary 's recipe . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake Croquembouche inspired bake in 5 hours . Baker Signature ( Baked Cheesecake ) Technical ( Chocolate Roulade ) Showstopper ( Croquembouche ) Holly Father Christmas ' Baked Cheesecake 3rd Hansel and Gretel 's Croquembouche Janet Rhubarb and Ginger Baked Cheesecake 5th Orange and Nougatine Croquembouche Jo Rum and Raisin Baked Cheesecake 1st Limoncello and White Chocolate Croquembouche Mary - Anne Tutti Fruitti Curd Baked Cheesecake 4th Orange and Praline Croquembouche with Cardamom Caramel Yasmin Baked Amaretto Cheesecake 2nd Rose Croquembouche Episode 7 : pâtisserie ( semi-final ) ( edit ) For the signature bake , the semi finalists were asked to bake a layered mousse cake in 2 hours , with the judges seeking a light sponge and a rich mousse . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake 12 identical Iced Fingers . Using Paul 's recipe , they were to be filled with cream and jam . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 3 types of pastries . The bakers had to use the same dough - which must be crisp on the outside and soft on the inside - for all three . Baker Signature ( Layered Mousse Cake ) Technical ( 12 Iced Fingers ) Showstopper ( 3 Different Types of Pastries or Croissants ) Holly White Chocolate , Hazelnut and Raspberry Genoise Mousse Cake 1st Apricot , Macadamia and White Chocolate Pinwheels Almond Croissants Apple , Raisin and Cinnamon Plaits Janet Chocolate Amaretto Mousse Cake 4th Pain Aux Raisin Plain Croissant Pain Au Chocolat Jo Raspberry & Strawberry Mousse Cake 3rd Pain Aux Raisin Chocolate Twists Banana and Raisin Pastries Mary - Anne Chocolate and Orange Mousse Cake 2nd Raspberry Rose Danishes Praline Spirals Alsatian Plaited Danishes In this episode , none of the bakers were individually highlighted as Star Baker . Episode 8 : final ( edit ) For their final signature bake , the finalists were asked to bake 12 mille - feuille in 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a sachertorte in 2 hours and 40 minutes . For their final showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 3 different types of petits fours : Meringue , Sweet Pastry , and Sponge Based , within 4 hours . Baker Signature ( 12 Mille - Feuille ) Technical ( Sachertorte ) Showstopper ( Petits Fours ) Holly Banoffee Inspired Mille Feuille 2nd Strawberry and Cream Meringue Nest Gooseberry and Elderflower ' Bakewell ' Tarts Neapolitan Ice - Cream Sandwich Jo Raspberry and Blueberry Mille Feuille 1st Mini Victoria Sandwiches Raspberry , White Chocolate and Pistachio Mini Meringues Mini Banoffee Pie with Banana Mousse Mary - Anne Lemon and Ginger Mille Feuille 3rd Fruit Tarts with Elderflower Custard Strawberry and Rhubarb Cheesecakes Black Fruit Meringue with Everlasting Syllabub Extras and special episodes ( edit ) Both episodes 9 and 10 were Masterclasses by Paul and Mary where they demonstrated how to make the Technical Challenges that they had set throughout the series . Episode 9 showed the first four of the series ; Coffee and walnut Battenberg , Tarte au Citron , Focaccia and Brandy Snaps . Episode 10 showed the last four of the series ; Pork pies , Chocolate roulade , Iced fingers and Sachertorte . Episode 11 went back and revisited the bakers from Series 1 to catch up on what the contestants had been doing since they had been on the show . Post-show career ( edit ) Some of the contestants went on to a career in baking or have a change of career as a result of appearing on the show . Joanne Wheatley has written two best selling books on baking , A Passion for Baking published on 16 May 2013 , and Home Baking initially as a Sainsbury 's exclusive . She writes a monthly column for Sainsbury 's magazine and is a regular guest columnist for The Sun newspaper . She runs cookery courses from her home in Essex , and has appeared in various television shows such as The Alan Titchmarsh Show and What 's Cooking . Holly Bell teaches baking classes and for a time worked as an occasional radio presenter on BBC Radio Leicester . She also appeared as a guest presenter on QVC shopping channel . She wrote an eBook called Ready , Steady , Bake ! which was published on 5 July 2012 , and published a book Recipes from a Normal Mum on 17 July 2014 . Mary - Anne Boermans wrote a book on baking , Great British Bakes : Forgotten Treasures for Modern Bakers , which was published on 7 November 2013 . Ratings ( edit ) Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking 16 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) 3.10 23 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) 3.53 30 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 30 ) 3.82 6 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) 3.60 5 13 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 13 ) 3.83 6 20 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) 4.25 7 27 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) 4.42 8 4 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) 5.06 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking The Great British Bake Off Masterclass 6 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 2.32 6 13 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 2.14 9 The Great British Bake Off Revisited 20 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake - Off winner '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Valentines Mansion proves to be the perfect setting for TV show '' . Redbridge i . 16 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edd Kimber and Jo Wheatley : Great British Bake Off changed our lives '' . Metro. 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake - Off winner '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Home Baking ( Sainsbury 's Exclusive ) '' . Sainsbury . Archived from the original on 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sainsbury 's Magazine - February content '' . Exact Editions Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Jo 's Blue AGA '' . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off Winner Jo Wheatley Interview '' . Mojo Mums . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : What past winners are doing now from Edd Kimber to last year 's Frances Quinn '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Holly Bell '' . Food Heaven . 10 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holly Bell '' . Good Food Bakes and Cakes Show . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Baking Book Bargain ! ! '' . Me , Bookshelf and I . Jump up ^ Carolyn Hart ( 17 July 2014 ) , `` Cookbook of the week : Recipes from a Normal Mum '' , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Samuel Muston ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` On The Menu : Lardo London ; Stolichnya ' Salted Karamel vodka ; Mary - Anne Boermans ' Great British Bakes ; EatPlayLove2013 ; Perrier '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_2)&oldid=839949279 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off British cooking television programmes BBC Television programmes 2011 British television seasons English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use British English from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 19 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the second series of the great british bake off	[ "Three and a half thousand people applied for the competition, and 12 were selected. Each episode was filmed over two 14-hour days.[3] The competition was won by Joanne Wheatley.[4]" ]	[ "Joanne Wheatley" ]
-5827157463053608492	Great Pyramid of Giza	Great pyramid of Giza - wikipedia Great pyramid of Giza Jump to : navigation , search The Great Pyramid of Giza Owner Khufu Location Giza pyramid complex , Giza , Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Ancient name Khufu 's Horizon Architect Hemiunu Constructed c. 2580 -- 2560 BC ( 4th dynasty ) Type True pyramid Height 146.7 metres ( 481 ft ) or 280 cubits ( ancient ) 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) ( contemporary ) Base 230.34 metres ( 756 ft ) or 440 cubits Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres ( 91,227,778 cu ft ) Slope 51 ° 52 ' ± 2 ' UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( iii ) , ( vi ) Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Location of Great Pyramid of Giza Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact . Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World It is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenicised as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) , is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 rolls of papyrus called The diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered stone and other construction materials to Khufu 's brother at Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them some wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fiber - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery rather than resting on the block beneath it , which would have resulted in an unacceptable cumulative pressure at the lower end of the Gallery . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 - 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Briar and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths in the world including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References Notes Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiunu . ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Collins ( 2001 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ Cole Survey ( 1925 ) based on side lengths 230.252 m , 230.454 m , 230.391 m , 230.357 m Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 38 For 2600 BC , bisecting the semi-circular path of star 10i Draconis around the North Celestial Pole during the half - day darkness of a mid-winter evening would easily provide accurate true north . See Nature 412 : 699 ( 2001 ) ; further sources and discussion available via DIO . Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 39 Jump up ^ Verner ( 2003 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Petrie Wisdom of the Egyptians 1940 : 30 Jump up ^ Rossi , Corina ( 2007 ) , Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69053 - 9 Jump up ^ Stille , Alexander . `` The World 's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` British Museum -- Limestone block from the pyramid of Khufu '' . britishmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Clarke , Somers ; Reginal Engelbach ( 1991 ) . Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture . Dover Publications . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26485 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stocks , Denys Allen ( 2003 ) . Experiments in Egyptian archaeology : stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt . Routledge . pp. 182 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30664 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Verner ( 2001 ) , p. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 327 , 329 -- 337 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Engineering '' . June 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Chamber '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Northern Shaft '' . The Upuaut Project . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Great Pyramid 's Secret Doors Be Opened ? '' . Fox News . 12 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Gupton , Nancy ( 4 April 2003 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third `` Door '' Found in Great Pyramid `` . National Geographic . 23 September 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First images from Great Pyramid 's chamber of secrets '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jackson & Stamp ( 2002 ) , p. 79 , 104 Jump up ^ `` Vyse , H. ( 1840 ) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837 : With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt , and an Appendix . Vol I . '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas and Dr Zahi Hawass inside the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. ; Dieter Arnold ( 2005 ) . Temples of Ancient Egypt . I.B. Tauris . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 945 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter ; Nigel Strudwick ; Helen Strudwick ( 2002 ) . The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture . I.B. Tauris . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 465 - 8 . 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The Great Pyramid of Giza : Measuring Length , Area , Volume , and Angles . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 6059 - 5 . Lepre , J.P. ( 1990 ) . The Egyptian Pyramids : A Comprehensive , Illustrated Reference . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 461 - 2 . Lightbody , David I ( 2008 ) . Egyptian Tomb Architecture : The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism . British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4073 - 0339 - 0 . Oakes , Lorana ; Lucia Gahlin ( 2002 ) . Ancient Egypt . Hermes House . ISBN 1 - 84309 - 429 - 0 . Petrie , Sir William Matthew Flinders ( 1883 ) . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Field & Tuer . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0709 - 8 . Romer , John ( 2007 ) . The Great Pyramid : Ancient Egypt Revisited . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Pyramids at DMOZ Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570BC -- 1300AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton ) Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many blocks in the great pyramid of giza	[ "Based on these estimates, building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day. Additionally, since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks, completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night. The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880–82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh.[5] Almost all reports are based on his measurements. Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision. Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones, the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide (1/50 of an inch).[6]" ]	[ "an estimated 2.3 million blocks," ]
4987154783551156960	The Cask of Amontillado	The Cask of Amontillado - wikipedia The Cask of Amontillado `` The Cask of Amontillado '' Illustration of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' by Harry Clarke , 1919 Author Edgar Allan Poe Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Horror short story Publication type Periodical Publisher Godey 's Lady 's Book Media type Print ( Magazine ) Publication date November 1846 `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( sometimes spelled `` The Casque of Amontillado '' ( a. mon. ti. ˈʝa. ðo ) ) is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe , first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey 's Lady 's Book . The story , set in an unnamed Italian city at carnival time in an unspecified year , is about a man taking fatal revenge on a friend who , he believes , has insulted him . Like several of Poe 's stories , and in keeping with the 19th - century fascination with the subject , the narrative revolves around a person being buried alive -- in this case , by immurement . As in `` The Black Cat '' and `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' , Poe conveys the story from the murderer 's perspective . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Publication history 3 Analysis 4 Inspiration 5 Adaptations 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Fortunato and Montresor drink in the catacombs. 1935 Illustration by Arthur Rackham The story 's narrator , Montresor , tells an unspecified person , who knows him very well , of the day he took his revenge on Fortunato ( Italian for `` the fortunate one '' ) , a fellow nobleman . Angry over numerous injuries and some unspecified insult , Montresor plots to murder his `` friend '' during Carnival , while the man is drunk , dizzy , and wearing a jester 's motley . Montresor lures Fortunato into a private wine - tasting excursion by telling him he has obtained a pipe ( about 130 gallons , 492 litres ) of what he believes to be a rare vintage of Amontillado . He proposes obtaining confirmation of the pipe 's contents by inviting a fellow wine aficionado , Luchesi , for a private tasting . Montresor knows Fortunato will not be able to resist demonstrating his discerning palate for wine and will insist that he taste the amontillado rather than Luchesi who , as he claims , `` can not tell Amontillado from Sherry '' . Fortunato goes with Montresor to the wine cellars of the latter 's palazzo , where they wander in the catacombs . Montresor offers wine ( first Médoc , then De Grave ) to Fortunato in order to keep him inebriated . Montresor warns Fortunato , who has a bad cough , of the dampness , and suggests they go back , but Fortunato insists on continuing , claiming that `` ( he ) shall not die of a cough '' . During their walk , Montresor mentions his family coat of arms : a golden foot in a blue background crushing a snake whose fangs are embedded in the foot 's heel , with the motto Nemo me impune lacessit ( `` No one attacks me with impunity '' ) . At one point , Fortunato makes an elaborate , grotesque gesture with an upraised wine bottle . When Montresor appears not to recognize the gesture , Fortunato asks , `` You are not of the masons ? '' Montresor says he is , and when Fortunato , disbelieving , requests a sign , Montresor displays a trowel he had been hiding . When they come to a niche , Montresor tells his victim that the Amontillado is within . Fortunato enters drunk and unsuspecting and therefore , does not resist as Montresor quickly chains him to the wall . Montresor then declares that , since Fortunato wo n't go back , Montresor must `` positively leave '' him there . Montresor reveals brick and mortar , previously hidden among the bones nearby , and proceeds to wall up the niche using his trowel , entombing his friend alive . At first , Fortunato , who sobers up faster than Montresor anticipated , shakes the chains , trying to escape . Fortunato then screams for help , but Montresor mocks his cries , knowing nobody can hear them . Fortunato laughs weakly and tries to pretend that he is the subject of a joke and that people will be waiting for him ( including the Lady Fortunato ) . As Montresor finishes the topmost row of stones , Fortunato wails , `` For the love of God , Montresor ! '' to which Montresor replies , `` Yes , for the love of God ! '' He listens for a reply but hears only the jester 's bells ringing . Before placing the last stone , he drops a burning torch through the gap . He claims that he feels sick at heart , but dismisses this reaction as an effect of the dampness of the catacombs . In the last few sentences , Montresor reveals that 50 years later , Fortunato 's body still hangs from its chains in the niche where he left it . The murderer concludes : In pace requiescat ! ( `` May he rest in peace ! '' ) . Publication history ( edit ) Montresor walling up Fortunato. 1935 Illustration by Arthur Rackham `` The Cask of Amontillado '' was first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey 's Lady 's Book , which was , at the time , the most popular periodical in America . The story was only published one additional time during Poe 's life . Analysis ( edit ) Casks of amontillado in a commercial cellar Although the subject matter of Poe 's story is a murder , `` The Cask of Amontillado '' is not a tale of detection like `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' or `` The Purloined Letter '' ; there is no investigation of Montresor 's crime and the criminal himself explains how he committed the murder . The mystery in `` The Cask of Amontillado '' is in Montresor 's motive for murder . Without a detective in the story , it is up to the reader to solve the mystery . Montresor never specifies his motive beyond the vague `` thousand injuries '' and `` when he ventured upon insult '' to which he refers . Some context is provided , including Montresor 's observation that his family once was great ( but no longer so ) , and Fortunato 's belittling remarks about Montresor 's exclusion from Freemasonry . Many commentators conclude that , lacking significant reason , Montresor must be insane , though even this is questionable because of the intricate details of the plot . There is also evidence that Montresor is almost as clueless about his motive for revenge as his victim . In his recounting of the murder , Montresor notes , `` A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser . It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong '' . After Fortunato is chained to the wall and nearly entombed alive , Montresor merely mocks and mimics him , rather than disclosing to Fortunato the reasons behind his exacting revenge . Montresor may not have been entirely certain of the exact nature of the insults for which he expected Fortunato to atone . Additional scrutiny into the vague injuries and insults may have to do with a simple matter of Montresor 's pride and not any specific words from Fortunato . Montresor comes from an established family . His house had once been noble and respected , but has fallen slightly in status . Fortunato , as his name would seem to indicate , has been blessed with good fortune and wealth and is , therefore , viewed as unrefined by Montresor ; however , this lack of refinement has not stopped Fortunato from surpassing Montresor in society , which could very well be the `` insult '' motive for Montresor 's revenge . There is indication that Montresor blames his unhappiness and loss of respect and dignity within society on Fortunato . It is easy to ascertain that Fortunato is a Freemason , while Montresor is not , which could be the source of Fortunato 's recent ascension into upper class society . Montresor even imparts this blame to Fortunato when he states , `` You are rich , respected , admired , beloved ; you are happy , as once I was '' . This interchanging of fortunes is a suggestion that , since the names Montresor and Fortunato mirror one another , there is a psychological reciprocal identification between victim and executioner . This identification reciprocity is further suggested when one takes into consideration that Montresor entombs Fortunato in the Montresor family catacombs rather than dispatching him elsewhere in the city amidst the chaos of the Carnival . It is with this converging of the two characters that one is able to see the larger symbolism of the Montresor crest -- the foot steps on the serpent while the serpent forever has his fangs embedded in the heel . Upon further investigation into the true nature of character , double meaning can be derived from the Montresor crest . It is the position of Montresor to view himself as the owner of the righteous foot that is crushing the insolent Fortunato serpent and his `` thousand injuries '' that progress into insult . A more allegoric meaning of Poe 's places the actors in reverse . The blind oaf Fortunato has unintentionally stepped upon the snake in the grass -- the sneaky and cunning Montresor -- who , as a reward for this accidental bruising , sinks his fangs deep into the heel of his offender , forever linking them in a form of mutual existence . Though Fortunato is presented as a connoisseur of fine wine , L. Moffitt Cecil of Texas Christian University argues that his actions in the story make that assumption questionable . For example , Fortunato comments on another nobleman being unable to distinguish amontillado from sherry when amontillado is in fact a type of sherry , and treats De Grave , an expensive French wine , with very little regard by drinking it in a single gulp . Cecil also states that a true wine connoisseur would never sample wine while intoxicated and describes Fortunato as merely an alcoholic . Cecil also suggests that some people might feel Fortunato deserved to be buried alive for wasting a bottle of fine wine . Immurement , a form of imprisonment , usually for life , in which a person is placed within an enclosed space with no exit , is featured in other works by Poe , including `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' , `` The Premature Burial '' , `` The Black Cat '' , and `` Berenice '' . Inspiration ( edit ) An apocryphal legend holds that the inspiration for `` The Cask of Amontillado '' came from a story Poe had heard at Castle Island ( South Boston ) , Massachusetts , when he was a private stationed at Fort Independence in 1827 . According to this legend , while stationed at Castle Island in 1827 he saw a monument to Lieutenant Robert Massie . Massie had been killed in a sword duel on Christmas Day 1817 by Lieutenant Gustavus Drane , following a dispute during a card game . According to the legend , other soldiers then took revenge on Drane by getting him drunk , luring him into the dungeon , chaining him to a wall , and sealing him in a vault . This version of Drane 's demise is false ; Drane was courtmartialled for the killing and acquitted , and lived until 1846 . A report of a skeleton discovered on the island may be a confused remembering of Poe 's major source , Joel Headley 's `` A Man Built in a Wall '' , which recounts the author 's seeing an immured skeleton in the wall of a church in Italy . Headley 's story includes details very similar to `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ; in addition to walling an enemy into a hidden niche , the story details the careful placement of the bricks , the motive of revenge , and the victim 's agonized moaning . Poe may have also seen similar themes in Honoré de Balzac 's La Grande Bretèche ( Democratic Review , November 1843 ) or his friend George Lippard 's The Quaker City , or The Monks of Monk Hall ( 1845 ) . Poe may have borrowed Montresor 's family motto Nemo me impune lacessit from James Fenimore Cooper , who used the line in The Last of the Mohicans ( 1826 ) . Thomas Dunn English Poe wrote his tale , however , as a response to his personal rival Thomas Dunn English . Poe and English had several confrontations , usually revolving around literary caricatures of one another . Poe thought that one of English 's writings went a bit too far , and successfully sued the other man 's editors at The New York Mirror for libel in 1846 . That year English published a revenge - based novel called 1844 , or , The Power of the S.F. Its plot was convoluted and difficult to follow , but made references to secret societies and ultimately had a main theme of revenge . It included a character named Marmaduke Hammerhead , the famous author of `` The Black Crow '' , who uses phrases like `` Nevermore '' and `` lost Lenore '' , referring to Poe 's poem `` The Raven '' . This parody of Poe was depicted as a drunkard , liar , and an abusive lover . Poe responded with `` The Cask of Amontillado '' , using very specific references to English 's novel . In Poe 's story , for example , Fortunato makes reference to the secret society of Masons , similar to the secret society in 1844 , and even makes a gesture similar to one portrayed in 1844 ( it was a signal of distress ) . English had also used an image of a token with a hawk grasping a snake in its claws , similar to Montresor 's coat of arms bearing a foot stomping on a snake -- though in this image , the snake is biting the heel . In fact , much of the scene of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' comes from a scene in 1844 that takes place in a subterranean vault . In the end , then , it is Poe who `` punishes with impunity '' by not taking credit for his own literary revenge and by crafting a concise tale ( as opposed to a novel ) with a singular effect , as he had suggested in his essay `` The Philosophy of Composition '' . Poe may have also been inspired , at least in part , by the Washingtonian movement , a fellowship that promoted temperance . The group was made up of reformed drinkers who tried to scare people into abstaining from alcohol . Poe may have made a promise to join the movement in 1843 after a bout of drinking with the hopes of gaining a political appointment . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' then may be a `` dark temperance tale '' , meant to shock people into realizing the dangers of drinking . Poe scholar Richard P. Benton has stated his belief that `` Poe 's protagonist is an Englished version of the French Montrésor '' and has argued forcefully that Poe 's model for Montresor `` was Claude de Bourdeille , comte de Montrésor ( Count of Montrésor ) , the 17th - century political conspirator in the entourage of King Louis XIII 's weak - willed brother , Gaston d'Orléans '' . The `` noted intriguer and memoir - writer '' was first linked to `` The Cask of Amontillado '' by Poe scholar Burton R. Pollin . Further inspiration for the method of Fortunato 's murder comes from the fear of live burial . During the time period of this short story some coffins were given methods of alerting the outside in the event of live entombment . Items such as bells tied to the limbs of a corpse to signal the outside were not uncommon . This theme is evident in Fortunato 's costume of a jester with bells upon his hat , and his situation of live entombment within the catacombs . Poe may have known bricklaying through personal experience . Many periods in Poe 's life lack significant biographical details , including what he did after leaving the Southern Literary Messenger in 1837 . Poe biographer John H. Ingram wrote to Sarah Helen Whitman that someone named `` Allen '' said that Poe worked `` in the brickyard ' late in the fall of 1834 ' '' . This source has been identified as Robert T.P. Allen , a fellow West Point student during Poe 's time there . Adaptations ( edit ) In 1951 , EC ( Entertaining Comics ) published a comic adaptation in Crime Suspenstories # 3 , under the name `` Blood Red Wine '' . The adaptation was written by Albert B. Feldstein , with art by Graham Ingels , and a cover by Johnny Craig . The ending was changed from Poe 's original to show the murderer get his come - comeuppance only moments after the crime . It was reprinted in 1993 by Russ Cochran . In 1951 , Gilberton 's Classics Illustrated # 84 featured a faithful adaptation , with art by Jim Lavery . It has been reprinted multiple times over the years . In 1960 , Editora Continental ( Brazil ) published an adaptation in Classicos De Terror # 1 by Gedeone Malagola . Roger Corman 's 1962 anthology film Tales of Terror combines the story with another Poe story , The Black Cat This loosely adapted version is decidedly comic in tone , and stars Peter Lorre as Montresor ( given the name Montresor Herringbone ) and Vincent Price as Fortunato Luchresi . The amalgamation of the two stories provides a motive for the murderer : Fortunato has an affair with Montresor 's wife . In 1963 , Dell Comics adapted the version from Roger Corman 's Tales Of Terror with art by Fran Matera . In 1965 , Warren Publishing included an adaptation in Creepy # 6 . It was written by Archie Goodwin , with art by Reed Crandall . The ending borrows from the 1951 EC version , except for the murderer getting what was coming to him 50 years later . This version has been reprinted many times over the years . In 1967 , Editora Taika ( Brazil ) issued an adaptation in Album Classicos De Terror # 4 . It was adapted by Francisco De Assis , with art by Osvaldo Talo . This borrows Archie Goodwin 's revised ending verbatim . In 1970 , O Livreiro Editora ( Brazil ) published an adaptation in Terror Ilustrado # 1 by Edmundo Rodrigues . Vincent Price filmed a solo recitation of the story for a segment of the 1970 Anthology film An Evening of Edgar Allan Poe . The production features Montresor recounting the story to an unseen guest in a vast , empty dining room . `` The Merciful '' , a 1971 episode of Night Gallery , features the story with a twist : an old couple in a basement , with the wife ( Imogene Coca ) building the wall and quoting from the Poe story , while the husband ( King Donovan ) sits passively in a rocking chair . Once she has finished , he gets up from the chair and walks up the stairs . The wife has sealed herself in . In 1974 , Skywald did an adaptation in Scream # 5 . Adaptation by Al Hewetson , art by `` Maro Nava '' ( a possible psudonym for Jerry Grandenetti ) . In 1989 , this was reprinted by Eternity Comics in Murders In The Rue Morgue # 1 . In 1975 , Warren did an adaptation in Creepy # 70 . Adaptation by Rich Margopoulos , art by Martin Salvador . This has been reprinted multiple times over the years . In 1976 , The Alan Parsons Project released an album titled Tales of Mystery and Imagination with one of the tracks called `` The Cast of Amontillado '' . In 1977 , Marvel Comics did an adaptation in Marvel Classics Comics # 28 . Adaptation & layouts by Don McGregor , art by Michael Golden , making his professional comics debut . This has been reprinted twice by Editora Bloch ( Brazil ) . In 1977 , Pendulum Press did an adaptation in The Best Of Poe ( part of their Now Age Books / Pendulum Illustrated Classics / Now Age Illustrated series ) . Adaptation by Naunerle Farr , art by Noly Zamora . This has been reprinted multiple times since , most recently by Saddleback Illustrated Classics in 2006 . In 1979 , Moby Books did an illustrated story adaptation in Tales Of Mystery And Terror ( part of their Great Illustrated Classics series ) . Adaptation by Marjorie P. Katz , art by Pablo Marcos . In 1980 , Organizacion Editorial Novaro ( Mexico ) did an illustrated story adaptation in Cuentos De Edgar Allan Poe ( part of their Clasicos Ilustrados series ) . Adaptation by Hector D. Shelley , art by Guido Del Carpio Rivera . In 1982 , Troll Associates did an illustrated children 's book . Adaptation by David E. Cutts , art by Ann Toulmin - Rothe . In 1989 , Globe Communications Corp did an adaptation in Monsters Attack # 2 . Adaptation by Charles E. Hall , art by Walter James Brogan . In 1995 , Mojo Press did an adaptation in The Tell - Tale Heart : Stories And Poems by Edgar Allan Poe . Art by Bill D. Fountain . In 1997 , Cottage Classics did an illustrated version in Maxon 's Poe : Seven Stories And Poems by Edgar Allan Poe . Art by Maxon Poe . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' was made into a British film in 1998 , directed by Mario Cavalli , screenplay by Richard Deakin and starring Anton Blake as Montresor and Patrick Monckton as Fortunato . In 1999 , Albin Michel -- L'Echo des Savanes ( France ) did a comics version , `` El Tonel De Amontillado '' in Le Chat Noir . Adaptation & art by Horacio Lalia . In 2001 , Eureka Productions featured an adaptation in Graphic Classics # 1 . Art by Pedro Lopez . In 2003 , Lou Reed included an adaptation on the extended edition of his Poe - themed album The Raven , titled `` The Cask '' and performed by Willem Dafoe ( as Montresor ) and Steve Buscemi ( as Fortunato ) . In 2009 , Edelvives Zaragoza ( Spain ) did a comics version , `` El Barril De Amontillado '' in Tres Cuentos De Poe . Adaptation & art by Xavier Besse . Edgar Allan Poe 's The Cask of Amontillado ( 2011 ) stars David JM Bielewicz and Frank Tirio , Jr . It was directed by Thad Ciechanowski , produced by Joe Serkoch , by production company DijitMedia , LLC / Orionvega . It was a winner of 2013 regional Emmy Award . In 2013 , Lance Tait 's stage adaptation located the action of the story in Nice , France . In 2014 , Dark Horse Comics did an adaptation in The Premature Burial . Adaptation & art by Richard Corben . In 2014 , Ediciones De La Flor ( Argentina ) did an adaptation in Lo Mejor De Poe ( `` The Best of Poe '' ) . Adaptation & art by Edu Molina . in 2014 , Keith Carradine starred in Terroir , a feature length film adaptation by John Charles Jopson . This story is told in Christopher Moore 's book The Serpent of Venice ( 2014 ) from the perspective of the main character , Pocket , a jester . In this version , Pocket is saved by a mermaid . The fourth episode in season 9 American Masters titled Edgar Allan Poe : Terror of the Soul adapts the story . In spring 2017 , Udon Entertainment 's Manga Classics line will publish The Stories of Edgar Allan Poe , which will include a manga format adaptation of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cecil , L. Moffitt ( 1972 ) . `` Poe 's Wine List '' . Poe Studies . 5 ( 2 ) : 41 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1972. tb00193. x . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z . Checkmark Books . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David F. ( 1993 ) . `` Poe 's Art of Transformation : ' The Cask of Amontillado ' in Its Cultural Context '' . In Silverman , Kenneth . The American Novel : New Essays on Poe 's Major Tales . Cambridge University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42243 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe -- ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore . ^ Jump up to : Baraban , Elena V. ( 2004 ) . `` The Motive for Murder in ' The Cask of Amontillado ' by Edgar Allan Poe '' . Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. 58 ( 2 ) : 47 -- 62 . doi : 10.2307 / 1566552 . JSTOR 1566552 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stepp , Walter ( 1976 ) . `` The Ironic Double In Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Studies in Short Fiction. 13 ( 4 ) : 447 . ^ Jump up to : St. John Stott , Graham ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Explicator. 62 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 00144940409597179 . ^ Jump up to : Platizky , Roger ( Summer 1999 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Explicator. 57 ( 4 ) : 206 . doi : 10.1080 / 00144949909596874 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Philip ( 1990 ) . Old Boston in Early Photographs . Boston : Bostonian Society . p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Vrabel , Jim ( 2004 ) . When in Boston : a time line & almanac . Northeastern University . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 620 - 4 / ISBN 1 - 555 - 53621 - 2 p. 105 Jump up ^ Wilson , Susan ( 2000 ) . Literary Trail of Greater Boston . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05013 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Battery B , 4th U.S. Light Artillery -- First Lieutenants of the 4th U.S. Artillery '' . Jump up ^ Headley , J.T. ( 1844 ) . `` A Man Built in a Wall '' . Letters from Italy . London : Wiley & Putnam . pp. 191 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Mabbott , Thomas Ollive , editor . Tales and Sketches : Volume II . Urbana , Ill. : University of Illinois Press , 2000 . p. 1254 Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1993 ) , pp. 94 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Edward Craney ( 1976 ) . `` Marginalia -- A Possible Debt to Cooper '' . Poe Studies . 9 ( 1 ) : 23 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1976. tb00266. x . Jump up ^ Silverman , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial . pp. 312 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rust , Richard D. ( 2001 ) . `` Punish with Impunity : Poe , Thomas Dunn English and ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Review . 2 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 52 . JSTOR 41508404 . Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1993 ) , pp. 96 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Benton , Richard P. ( 1996 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' : Its Cultural and Historical Backgrounds '' . Poe Studies . 30 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 19 -- 27 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1997. tb00089. x . Jump up ^ Pollin , Burton R. ( 1970 ) . `` Notre - Dame de Paris in Two of the Tales '' . Discoveries in Poe . Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press . pp. 24 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial . pp. 129 -- 130 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Dwight ; Jackson , David K. ( 1987 ) . The Poe Log : A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe , 1809 -- 1849 . New York : G.K. Hall & Co. p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 1401 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe , A to Z : the essential reference to his life and work . New York City : Facts on File . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . OCLC 44885229 . Jump up ^ `` The Cask of Amontillado ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Emmy Winners '' . www.natasmid-atlantic.org . National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Caridad , Ava ( 2016 ) . `` Lance Tait : The Black Cat and Other Plays : Adapted from Stories by Edgar Allan Poe '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Review . Penn State University Press . 17 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 69 . doi : 10.5325 / edgallpoerev. 17.1. 0066 . JSTOR 10.5325 / edgallpoerev. 17.1. 0066 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe : Terror of the Soul '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Udon Ent. to Release Street Fighter Novel , Dragon 's Crown Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 21 , 2016 . . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Cask of Amontillado Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Cask of Amontillado . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' -- Full text of the first printing , from Godey 's Lady 's Book , 1846 Full text on PoeStories.com with hyperlinked vocabulary words . Free - to - download MP3 dramatisation of the story ( Yuri Rasovsky ) The Cask of Amontillado public domain audiobook at LibriVox Edgar Allan Poe Bibliography Poems `` Tamerlane '' ( 1827 ) `` Al Aaraaf '' ( 1829 ) `` Sonnet to Science '' ( 1829 ) `` To Helen '' ( 1831 ) `` The City in the Sea '' ( 1831 ) `` The Haunted Palace '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conqueror Worm '' ( 1843 ) `` Lenore '' ( 1843 ) `` Eulalie '' ( 1843 ) `` The Raven '' ( 1845 ) `` Ulalume '' ( 1847 ) `` A Dream Within a Dream '' ( 1849 ) `` Eldorado '' ( 1849 ) `` The Bells '' ( 1849 ) `` Annabel Lee '' ( 1849 ) '' Tales `` Metzengerstein '' ( 1832 ) `` Bon - Bon '' ( 1832 ) `` MS . Found in a Bottle '' ( 1833 ) `` Berenice '' ( 1835 ) `` Morella '' ( 1835 ) `` The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall '' ( 1835 ) `` Ligeia '' ( 1838 ) `` A Predicament '' ( 1838 ) `` The Devil in the Belfry '' ( 1839 ) `` The Man That Was Used Up '' ( 1839 ) `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' ( 1839 ) `` William Wilson '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion '' ( 1839 ) `` The Business Man '' ( 1840 ) `` The Man of the Crowd '' ( 1840 ) `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( 1841 ) `` A Descent into the Maelström '' ( 1841 ) `` Never Bet the Devil Your Head '' ( 1841 ) `` Eleonora '' ( 1841 ) `` The Oval Portrait '' ( 1842 ) `` The Masque of the Red Death '' ( 1842 ) `` The Mystery of Marie Rogêt '' ( 1842 ) `` The Pit and the Pendulum '' ( 1842 ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' ( 1843 ) `` The Gold - Bug '' ( 1843 ) `` The Black Cat '' ( 1843 ) `` The Spectacles '' ( 1844 ) `` A Tale of the Ragged Mountains '' ( 1844 ) `` The Premature Burial '' ( 1844 ) `` The Oblong Box '' ( 1844 ) `` The Angel of the Odd '' ( 1844 ) `` Thou Art the Man '' ( 1844 ) `` The Purloined Letter '' ( 1844 ) `` Some Words with a Mummy '' ( 1845 ) `` The Thousand - and - Second Tale of Scheherazade '' ( 1845 ) `` The Imp of the Perverse '' ( 1845 ) `` The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether '' ( 1845 ) `` The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar '' ( 1845 ) `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( 1846 ) `` Hop - Frog '' ( 1849 ) Essays `` Maelzel 's Chess Player '' ( 1836 ) `` The Philosophy of Furniture '' ( 1840 ) `` Morning on the Wissahiccon '' ( 1844 ) `` The Philosophy of Composition '' ( 1846 ) `` The Poetic Principle '' ( 1846 ) Eureka : A Prose Poem ( 1848 ) Novels The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket ( 1837 ) The Journal of Julius Rodman ( 1840 ) Collections Tamerlane and Other Poems ( 1827 ) Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ( 1840 ) Play Politian ( 1835 ) Other The Conchologist 's First Book ( 1839 ) The Balloon - Hoax ( 1844 ) The Light - House ( 1849 ) Related Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe ( wife ) Eliza Poe ( mother ) David Poe Jr. ( father ) William Henry Poe ( brother ) Poe Museum Poe Cottage Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum National Historic Site The Penn magazine Death Edgar Award In popular culture film and television music Poe Toaster Tales of Mystery & Imagination BNF : cb16163302n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cask_of_Amontillado&oldid=854611493 '' Categories : 1846 short stories Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe Fiction with unreliable narrators Horror short stories Revenge in fiction Short stories adapted into films Works originally published in Godey 's Lady 's Book Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 16 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who killed fortunato in the cask of amontillado	[ "The story's narrator, Montresor, tells an unspecified person, who knows him very well, of the day he took his revenge on Fortunato (Italian for \"the fortunate one\"), a fellow nobleman. Angry over numerous injuries and some unspecified insult, Montresor plots to murder his \"friend\" during Carnival, while the man is drunk, dizzy, and wearing a jester's motley.\n" ]	[ "Montresor" ]
-8600524087063314293	Rostow's stages of growth	Rostow 's Stages of growth - wikipedia Rostow 's Stages of growth Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand Index Outline History Branches Classification History of economics Schools of economics Mainstream economics Heterodox economics Economic methodology Economic theory Political economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics International economics Applied economics Mathematical economics Econometrics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Economic systems Economic growth Market National accounting Experimental economics Computational economics Game theory Operations research By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Economic geography Financial Health Economic history Industrial organization Information Institutional Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary Natural resource Organizational Personnel Economic planning Economic policy Public economics Public / Social choice Regional Rural Service Socioeconomics Economic sociology Economic statistics Urban Welfare Welfare economics Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Glossary Glossary of economics Business and economics portal Rostow 's Stages of Economic Growth model is one of the major historical models of economic growth . It was published by American economist Walt Whitman Rostow in 1960 . The model postulates that economic growth occurs in five basic stages , of varying length : Traditional society Transitional society Take - off Drive to technological maturity High mass consumption Rostow 's model is one of the more structuralist models of economic growth , particularly in comparison with the `` backwardness '' model developed by Alexander Gerschenkron , although the two models are not mutually exclusive . Rostow argued that economic take - off must initially be led by a few individual economic sectors . This belief echoes David Ricardo 's comparative advantage thesis and criticizes Marxist revolutionaries ' push for economic self - reliance in that it pushes for the `` initial '' development of only one or two sectors over the development of all sectors equally . This became one of the important concepts in the theory of modernization in social evolutionism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Theoretical Framework 3 Stages of Development Process 3.1 Traditional Societies 3.2 Pre-conditions for Take - off 3.3 Take - off 3.4 Drive to Maturity 3.5 Age of High Mass Consumption 3.6 Dark Matter Consumption 4 Criticism of the model 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Overview ( edit ) Below is an outline of Rostow 's Five Stages of Growth : Traditional Society characterized by subsistence agriculture or hunting and gathering ; almost wholly a `` primary '' sector economy limited technology Some advancements and improvements to processes , but limited ability for economic growth because of the absence of modern technologies , lack of class or individual economic mobility , with stability prioritized and change seen negatively This is where society generally begins before progressing towards the next stages of growth No centralized nations or political systems . Pre-conditions to `` take - off '' External demand for raw materials initiates economic change . Development of more productive , commercial agriculture and cash crops not consumed by producers and / or largely exported . Widespread and enhanced investment in changes to the physical environment to expand production ( i.e. irrigation , canals , ports ) Increasing spread of technology and advances in existing technologies Changing social structure , with previous social equilibrium now in flux Individual social mobility begins Development of national identity and shared economic interests . Take - off Urbanization increases , industrialization proceeds , technological breakthroughs occur . `` Secondary '' ( goods - producing ) sector expands and ratio of secondary vs. primary sectors in the economy shifts quickly towards secondary . Textiles and apparel are usually the first `` take - off '' industry , as happened in Great Britain 's classic `` Industrial Revolution '' An Example of the Take - off phase is the Agriculture ( Green ) Revolution in the 1960s . Drive to Maturity Diversification of the industrial base ; multiple industries expand and new ones take root quickly Manufacturing shifts from investment - driven ( capital goods ) towards consumer durables and domestic consumption Rapid development of transportation infrastructure . Large - scale investment in social infrastructure ( schools , universities , hospitals , etc . ) Age of Mass Consumption the industrial base dominates the economy ; the primary sector is of greatly diminished weight in economy and society widespread and normative consumption of high - value consumer goods ( e.g. automobiles ) consumers typically ( if not universally ) , have disposable income , beyond all basic needs , for additional goods Urban society ( a movement away from rural countrysides to the cities ) Beyond consumption age of diminishing relative marginal utility as well as an age for durable consumer goods large families and Americans feel as if they were born into a society that has high economic security and high consumption a stage where its merely speculation on whether there is further consumer diffusion or what the new generation will bring for growth Rostow claimed that these stages of growth were designed to tackle a number of issues , some of which he identified himself , writing : `` Under what impulses did traditional , agricultural societies begin the process of their modernization ? When and how did regular growth become a built - in feature of each society ? What forces drove the process of sustained growth along and determined its contours ? What common social and political features of the growth process may be discerned at each stage ? What forces have determined relations between the more developed and less developed areas ; and what relation if any did the relative sequence of growth bear to outbreak of war ? And finally where is compound interest taking us ? Is it taking us to communism ; or to the affluent suburbs , nicely rounded out with social overhead capital ; to destruction ; to the moon ; or where ? '' Rostow asserts that countries go through each of these stages fairly linearly , and set out a number of conditions that were likely to occur in investment , consumption , and social trends at each state . Not all of the conditions were certain to occur at each stage , however , and the stages and transition periods may occur at varying lengths from country to country , and even from region to region . Theoretical framework ( edit ) Rostow 's model is a part of the liberal school of economics , laying emphasis on the efficacy of modern concepts of free trade and the ideas of Adam Smith . It disagrees with Friedrich List 's argument which states that economies which rely on exports of raw materials may get `` locked in '' , and would not be able to diversify , regarding this Rostow 's model states that economies may need to depend on raw material exports to finance the development of industrial sector which has not yet of achieved superior level of competitiveness in the early stages of take - off . Rostow 's model does not disagree with John Maynard Keynes regarding the importance of government control over domestic development which is not generally accepted by some ardent free trade advocates . The basic assumption given by Rostow is that countries want to modernize and grow and that society will agree to the materialistic norms of economic growth . Stages of development process ( edit ) Traditional societies ( edit ) An economy in this stage has an unlimited production function which barely attains the minimum level of potential output . This does not entirely mean that the economy 's production level is static . The output level can still be increased , as there was often a surplus of uncultivated land which can be used for increasing agricultural production . Modern science and technology has yet to be introduced . As a result , these pre-Newtonian societies , unaware of the possibilities to manipulate the external world , rely heavily on manual labor and self - sufficiency to survive . States and individuals utilize irrigation systems in many instances , but most farming is still purely for subsistence . There have been technological innovations , but only on ad hoc basis . All of that this can result in increases in output , but never beyond an upper limit which can not be crossed . Trade is predominantly regional and local , largely done through barter , and the monetary system is not well developed . Investment 's share never exceeds 5 % of total economic production . Wars , famines and epidemics like plague cause initially expanding populations to halt or shrink , limiting the single greatest factor of production : human manual labor . Volume fluctuations in trade due to political instability are frequent ; historically , trading was subject to great risk and transport of goods and raw materials was expensive , difficult , slow and unreliable . The manufacturing sector and other industries have a tendency to grow but are limited by inadequate scientific knowledge and a `` backward '' or highly traditionalist frame of mind which contributes to low labour productivity . In this stage , some regions are entirely self - sufficient . In settled agricultural societies before the Industrial Revolution , a hierarchical social structure relied on near - absolute reverence for tradition , and an insistence on obedience and submission . This resulted in concentration of political power in the hands of landowners in most cases ; everywhere , family and lineage , and marriage ties , constituted the primary social organization , along with religious customs , and the state only rarely interacted with local populations and in limited spheres of life . This social structure was generally feudalistic in nature . Under modern conditions , these characteristics have been modified by outside influences , but the least developed regions and societies fit this description quite accurately ... Preconditions for take - off ( edit ) In the second stage of economic growth the economy undergoes a process of change for building up of conditions for growth and take off . Rostow said that these changes in society and the economy had to be of fundamental nature in the socio - political structure and production techniques . This pattern was followed in Europe , parts of Asia , the Middle East and Africa . There is also a second or third pattern in which he said that there was no need for change in socio - political structure because these economies were not deeply caught up in older , traditional social and political structures . The only changes required were in economic and technical dimensions . The nations which followed this pattern were in North America and Oceania ( New Zealand and Australia ) . There are three important dimensions to this transition : firstly , the shift from an agrarian to an industrial or manufacturing society begins , albeit slowly . Secondly , trade and other commercial activities of the nation broaden the market 's reach not only to neighboring areas but also to far - flung regions , creating international markets . Lastly , the surplus attained should not be wasted on the conspicuous consumption of the land owners or the state , but should be spent on the development of industries , infrastructure and thereby prepare for self - sustained growth of the economy later on . Furthermore , agriculture becomes commercialized and mechanized via technological advancement ; shifts increasingly towards cash or export - oriented crops ; and there is a growth of agricultural entrepreneurship . The strategic factor is that investment level should be above 5 % of the national income . This rise in investment rate depends on many sectors of the economy . According to Rostow capital formation depends on the productivity of agriculture and the creation of social overhead capital . Agriculture plays a very important role in this transition process as the surplus quantity of the produce is to be utilized to support an increasing urban population of workers and also becomes a major exporting sector , earning foreign exchange for continued development and capital formation . Increases in agricultural productivity also lead to expansion of the domestic markets for manufactured goods and processed commodities , which adds to the growth of investment in the industrial sector . Social overhead capital creation can only be undertaken by government , in Rostow 's view . Government plays the driving role in development of social overhead capital as it is rarely profitable , it has a long gestation period , and the pay - offs accrue to all economic sectors , not primarily to the investing entity ; thus the private sector is not interested in playing a major role in its development . All these changes effectively prepare the way for `` take - off '' only if there is basic change in attitude of society towards risk taking , changes in working environment , and openness to change in social and political organisations and structures . According to Rostow , the preconditions to take - off begins from an external intervention by more developed and advanced societies , which `` set in motion ideas and sentiments which initiated the process by which a modern alternative to the traditional society was constructed out of the old culture . '' The pre-conditions of take - off closely track the historic stages of the ( initially ) British Industrial Revolution . Referring to the graph of savings and investment , notably , there is a steep increase in the rate of savings and investment from the stage of `` Pre Take - off '' till `` Drive to Maturity : '' then , following that stage , the growing rate of savings and investment moderates . This initial and accelerating steep increase in savings and investment is a pre-condition for the economy to reach the `` Take - off '' stage and far beyond . Take - off ( edit ) This stage is characterized by dynamic economic growth . As Rostow suggests , all is premised on a sharp stimulus ( or multiple stimuli ) that is / are any or all of economic , political and technological change . The main feature of this stage is rapid , self - sustained growth . Take - off occurs when sector led growth becomes common and society is driven more by economic processes than traditions . At this point , the norms of economic growth are well established and growth becomes a nation 's `` second nature '' and a shared goal . In discussing the take - off , Rostow is noted to have adopted the term `` transition '' , which describes the process of a traditional economy becoming a modern one . After take - off , a country will generally take as long as fifty to one hundred years to reach the mature stage according to the model , as occurred in countries that participated in the Industrial Revolution and were established as such when Rostow developed his ideas in the 1950s . Per Rostow there are three main requirements for take - off : 1 . The rate of productive investment should rise from approximately 5 % to over 10 % of national income or net national product 2 . The development of one or more substantial manufacturing sectors , with a high rate of growth ; 3 . The existence or quick emergence of a political , social and institutional framework which exploits the impulses to expansion in the modern sector and the potential external economy effects of the take - off . The third requirement implies that the needed capital must be mobilized from domestic resources and steered into the economy , rather than into domestic or state consumption. Industrialization becomes a crucial phenomenon as it helps to prepare the basic structure for structural changes on a massive scale . Rostow says that this transition does not follow a set trend as there are a variety of different motivations or stimulus which began this growth process . Take off requires a large and sufficient amount of loanable funds for expansion of the industrial sector which generally come from two sources which are : Shifts in income flows by way of taxation , implementation of land reforms and various other fiscal measures . Re-investment of profits earned from foreign trade as has been observed in many East Asian countries . While there are other examples of `` Take - off '' based on rapidly increasing demand for domestically produced goods for sale in domestic markets , more countries have followed the export - based model , overall and in the recent past . The US , Canada , Russia and Sweden are examples of domestically based `` take - off '' ; all of them , however , were characterized by massive capital imports and rapid adoption of their trading partners ' technological advances . This entire process of expansion of the industrial sector yields an increase in rate of return to some individuals who save at high rates and invest their savings in the industrial sector activities . The economy exploit their underutilized natural resources to increase their production . Tentative take - off dates The take - off also needs a group of entrepreneurs in the society who pursue innovation and accelerate the rate of growth in the economy . For such an entrepreneurial class to develop , firstly , an ethos of `` delayed gratification '' , a preference for capital accumulation over expenditure , and high tolerance of risk must be present . Secondly , entrepreneurial groups typically develop because they can not secure prestige and power in their society via marriage , via participating in well - established industries , or through government or military service ( among other routes to prominence ) because of some disqualifying social or legal attribute ; and lastly , their rapidly changing society must tolerate unorthodox paths to economic and political power . The ability of a country to make it through this stage depends on the following major factors : Existence of enlarged , sustained effective demand for the product of key sectors . Introduction of new productive technologies and techniques in these sectors . The society 's increasing capacity to generate or earn enough capital to complete the take - off transition . Activities in the key sector should induce a chain of growth in other sectors of the economy , that also develop rapidly . An example of a country in the Take - off stage of development is Equatorial Guinea . It has the largest increases in GDP growth since 1980 and the rate of productive investment has risen from 5 % to over 10 % of income or product . In the table note that Take - off periods of different countries are the same as the industrial revolution in those countries . Drive to maturity ( edit ) After take - off , there follows a long interval of sustained growth known as the stage of drive to maturity . Rostow defines it `` as the period when a society has effectively applied the range of modern technology to the bulk of its resources . '' Now regularly growing economy drives to extend modern technology over the whole front of its economic activity . Some 10 - 20 % of the national income is steadily invested , permitting output regularly to outstrip the increase in population . The makeup of the economy changes unceasingly as technique improves , new industries accelerate , older industries level off . The economy finds its place in the international economy : goods formerly imported are produced at home ; new import requirements develop , and new export commodities to match them . The leading sectors in an economy will be determined by the nature of resource endowments and not only by technology . Tentative drive to maturity dates On comparing the dates of take - off and drive to maturity , these countries reached the stage of maturity in approximately 60 years . The structural changes in the society during this stage are in three ways : Work force composition in agriculture shifts from 75 % of the working population to 20 % . The workers acquire greater skill and their wages increase in real terms . The character of leadership changes significantly in the industries and a high degree of professionalism is introduced Environmental and health cost of industrialization is recognized and policy changes are thus made . During this stage a country has to decide whether the industrial power and technology it has generated is to be used for the welfare of its people or to gain supremacy over others , or the world in toto . A prime example of a country in the Drive to Maturity stage is South Africa . It is developing a world - class infrastructure - including a modern transport network , widely available energy , and sophisticated telecommunications facilities . Additionally , the commercial farm sector shed 140,000 jobs , a decline of roughly 20 % , in the eleven - year period from 1988 to 1998 . This diversity leads to reduction in poverty rate and increasing standards of living , as the society no longer needs to sacrifice its comfort in order to build up certain sectors . Age of high mass consumption ( edit ) The age of high mass consumption refers to the period of contemporary comfort afforded many western nations , wherein consumers concentrate on durable goods , and hardly remember the subsistence concerns of previous stages . Rostow uses the Buddenbrooks dynamics metaphor to describe this change in attitude . In Thomas Mann 's 1901 novel , Buddenbrooks , a family is chronicled for three generations . The first generation is interested in economic development , the second in its position in society . The third , already having money and prestige , concerns itself with the arts and music , worrying little about those previous , earthly concerns . So too , in the age of high mass consumption , a society is able to choose between concentrating on military and security issues , on equality and welfare issues , or on developing great luxuries for its upper class . Each country in this position chooses its own balance between these three goals . There is a desire to develop an egalitarian society and measures are taken to reach this goal . According to Rostow , a country tries to determine its uniqueness and factors affecting it are its political , geographical and cultural structure and also values present in its society . Historically , the United States is said to have reached this stage first , followed by other western European nations , and then Japan in the 1950s . Dark matter consumption ( edit ) This step is more of a theoretical speculation by Rostow rather than an analytical step in the process by Rostow . Individuals begin having larger families and do not value income as a pre-requisite for more vacation days . Consumer products become more durable and more diverse . New Americans will behave in a way where the high economic security and level mass consumption is considered normal . Rostow does make the point that it is possible with the large baby boom it could either cause economic issues or dictate an even larger diffusion of consumer goods . With increasing urban and suburban population there will be undoubtedly an increase in consumer goods and services as well . Criticism of the model ( edit ) Rostow is historical in the sense that the end result is known at the outset and is derived from the historical geography of a developed , bureaucratic society . Rostow is mechanical in the sense that the underlying motor of change is not disclosed and therefore the stages become little more than a classificatory system based on data from developed countries . His model is based on American and European history and defines the American norm of high mass consumption as integral to the economic development process of all industrialized societies . His model assumes the inevitable adoption of Neoliberal trade policies which allow the manufacturing base of a given advanced polity to be relocated to lower - wage regions . Rostow 's model does not apply to the Asian and the African countries as events in these countries are not justified in any stage of his model . The stages are not identifiable properly as the conditions of the take - off and pre take - off stage are very similar and also overlap . According to Rostow growth becomes automatic by the time it reaches the maturity stage but Kuznets asserts that no growth can be automatic there is need for push always . There are two unrelated theories of take off one is that take is a sectoral and a non-linear notion and other is that it is highly aggregative . Rostow 's thesis is biased towards a western model of modernization , but at the time of Rostow the world 's only mature economies were in the west , and no controlled economies were in the `` era of high mass consumption . '' The model de-emphasizes differences between sectors in capitalistic vs. communistic societies , but seems to innately recognize that modernization can be achieved in different ways in different types of economies . Another assumption that Rostow took is of trying to fit economic progress into a linear system . This assumption is questioned due to empirical evidence of many countries making ' false starts ' then reaching a degree of progress and change and then slipping back . E.g. : In the case of contemporary Russia slipping back from high mass consumption to a country in transition . Another criticism of Rostow 's work is that it consideres large countries with a large population ( Japan ) , with natural resources available at just the right time in its history ( Coal in Northern European countries ) , or with a large land mass ( Argentina ) . He has little to say and indeed offers little hope for small countries , such as Rwanda , which do not have such advantages . Neo-liberal economic theory to Rostow , and many others , does offer hope to much of the world that economic maturity is coming and the age of high mass consumption is nigh. This does leave a potential `` grim meathook future '' for the outliers , which do not have the resources , political will , or external backing to become competitive with already developed economies . ( See Dependency theory ) See also ( edit ) Development economics Ragnar Nurkse Virtuous circle and vicious circle Critical minimum effort theory Strategy of unbalanced growth Low - level equilibrium trap Dual economy Big Push Model References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rostow , W.W. ( 1960 ) . `` The Five Stages of Growth - A Summary '' . The Stages of Economic Growth : A Non-Communist Manifesto . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 4 -- 16 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Rostow , W.W. ( 1962 ) . The Stages of Economic Growth . London : Cambridge University Press . pp. 2 , 38 , 59 . ^ Jump up to : Mishra , Puri ( 2010 ) . Economics of Development and Planning -- Theory and Practice . Himalaya Publishing House . pp. 127 -- 136 . ISBN 81 - 8488 - 829 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rostow emphasizes in Stages that `` the stages of growth are an arbitrary and limited way of looking at the sequence of modern history : ... to dramatize not merely the uniformities in the sequence of modernization but also -- and equally -- the uniqueness of each nation 's experience . '' Jump up ^ `` Rostow 's Stages of Development vs. Self - Sufficiency '' . Lewis historical society . 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rostow , W.W. ( 1960 ) . The Stages of Economic Growth : A Non-Communist Manifesto . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Brett Wallace ( 2008 - 02 - 02 ) . `` IB Geography : Development : Rostow Model '' . Slideshare.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Seligso , Mitchell A . `` The Five Stages of Growth W.W. Rostow '' . Development and Underdevelopment : The Political Economy of Global Inequality . Lynne Rienner : 12 . ^ Jump up to : Mallick , Oliver Basu ( 2005 ) . `` Rostow 's five - stage model of development and ist ( sic ) relevance in Globalization '' ( PDF ) . School of Social Science Faculty of Education and Arts the University of Newcastle . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stages of Development '' . Nvcc.edu. 2004 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : http://albahaegeo.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/rostow_lewis.pdf ^ Jump up to : Beckett , Paul A . The Journal of Developing Areas 29.2 ( 1995 ) : 284 - 86 . Web . Jump up ^ Itagaki , Yoichi ( 1963 ) . `` Criticism of Rostow 's Stage Approach : The Concept of State , System and Type '' . The Developing Economies. 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1746 - 1049.1963. tb01138. x . Jump up ^ `` Grim Meathook Future '' is a quote from new media writer Joshua Ellis `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 18 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Further reading ( edit ) Rostow , W.W. ( 1960 ) . The Stages of Economic Growth : A Non-Communist Manifesto . Cambridge University Press . Baran , P. ; Hobsbawm , E.J. ( 1961 ) . `` The Stages of Economic Growth '' . Kyklos. 14 ( 2 ) : 234 -- 242 . Hunt , Diana ( 1989 ) . `` Rostow of the Stages of Growth '' . Economic Theories of Development : An Analysis of Competing Paradigms . New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf . pp. 95 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 7450 - 0237 - 4 . Meier , Gerald M. ( 1989 ) . `` Sequence of Stages '' . Leading Issues in Economic Development ( Fifth ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 69 -- 72 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505572 - 1 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rostow%27s_stages_of_growth&oldid=841048880 '' Categories : Economics models Economic growth Political economy Economic history studies Theories of history Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2014 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Italiano Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 19 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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907073679805439174	Turn on red	Turn on red - Wikipedia Turn on red This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In countries where one drives on the left , replace `` right turn '' with `` left turn '' and vice versa . For left turn on red in right - side - drive countries , and right turn on red in left - side - drive countries , see # Left turn on red in countries with right hand traffic ( turning across traffic ) below . French sign indicating to cyclists that they may treat the red light as a yield if turning right . `` No right turns on red light '' sign in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada Turning right on red is forbidden in New York City unless this sign or similar is posted . In the United States outside New York City , right turns are permitted on red ( except for school buses and trucks carrying hazardous materials ) unless there is a `` No Turn on Red '' or a `` Right Turn Signal '' light indicating the same and controlling the right turn . `` Right turn on red '' traffic light in Belgrade , Serbia , right turn only after passing pedestrians and traffic oncoming from left . A turn on red is a principle of law permitting vehicles at a traffic light showing a red signal to turn into the direction of traffic nearer to them ( almost always after a complete stop ) when the way is clear , without having to wait for a green signal . It is intended to allow traffic to resume moving , with minimal risk provided that proper caution is observed . It is commonly known as a right turn on red ( or simply right on red ) in countries that drive on the right side of the road , or a left turn on red in countries which drive on the left side of the road . Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 2 Central America 3 South America 4 Europe 5 Asia 6 Oceania 7 Pedestrian safety 8 Left turn on red in countries with right hand traffic ( turning across traffic ) 9 See also 10 References 11 External links North America ( edit ) Right turns on red are permitted in many regions of North America . While Western states have allowed it for more than 50 years ; eastern states amended their traffic laws to allow it in the 1970s as a fuel - saving measure in response to motor fuel shortages in 1973 . The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 required in § 362 ( c ) ( 5 ) that in order for a state to receive federal assistance in developing mandated conservation programs , they must permit right turns on red lights . All 50 states , the District of Columbia , Guam , and Puerto Rico have allowed right turns on red since 1980 , except where prohibited by a sign or where right turns are controlled by dedicated traffic lights . ( The last state with a right - on - red ban , Massachusetts , ended its ban on January 1 , 1980 . ) The few exceptions include New York City , where right turns on red are prohibited , unless a sign indicates otherwise . In some states , such as New York , Virginia , North Carolina , and California , a right turn on red is prohibited when a red arrow is displayed . At intersections where U-turns are permitted and controlled by a U-turn arrow from the left-most lane , motorists turning right on red onto the same road must yield to those making U-turns before turning , as the motorists making U-turns have the right of way and a collision could easily occur . At intersections where U-turns are prohibited in the same fashion , a green right turn arrow will sometimes appear with the red light for those turning right onto the road , allowing only traffic turning right to proceed without having to stop or yield to other vehicles or pedestrians . Some states such as California have `` No U-Turn '' signs posted at these intersections because of the green right turn arrow . Most Caribbean countries with right - hand traffic , such as the Dominican Republic , allow right turn on red unless a sign prohibits it . Some vehicles , such as those carrying hazardous materials and school buses , are not allowed to turn on red under any circumstance and must wait for a green light or arrow . During 1982 -- 1992 , approximately 84 fatal crashes per year occurred in the U.S. where a vehicle was turning right at intersections where right turn on red was permitted . As of 1992 , right turn on red is governed federally by 42 U.S.C. § 6322 ( c ) ( `` Each proposed State energy conservation plan to be eligible for Federal assistance under this part shall include : ... ( 5 ) a traffic law or regulation which , to the maximum extent practicable consistent with safety , permits the operator of a motor vehicle to turn such vehicle right at a red stop light after stopping , and to turn such vehicle left from a one - way street onto a one - way street at a red light after stopping . '' ) . All turns on red are forbidden in New York City unless a sign is posted permitting it . Through most of Canada , a driver may turn right at a red light after coming to a complete stop unless a sign indicates otherwise . In the province of Quebec , turning right on a red was illegal until a pilot study carried out in 2003 showed that the right turn on red manoeuvre did not result in significantly more accidents . Subsequent to the study , the Province of Quebec now allows right turns on red except where prohibited by a sign . However , like in New York City , it remains illegal to turn right on a red anywhere on the Island of Montreal . Motorists are reminded of this by large signs posted at the entrance to all bridges . In Mexico , right turns on red are generally allowed unless a sign indicates otherwise . Mexico City has implemented a new transit law which prohibits right turns and motorists can be issued a citation for noncompliance . Central America ( edit ) In Costa Rica , right turns on red are allowed in general , but a sign can forbid them . South America ( edit ) Chilean right turn on red permitted sign In Chile , right turns on red are only allowed when a sign permitting it is shown . In Paraguay , right turns on red are allowed in some towns . In Argentina , Brazil , Peru and Uruguay , right turns on red are not allowed . Europe ( edit ) German Right turn on red permission sign In the European Union member states in general , it is illegal to turn on a red light , unless it is indicated otherwise , for example by a green arrow on a red light , a flashing amber arrow with a red light or a permanent green board next to the red light . In Poland , right turns on red are permitted , only if an additional green arrow light ( apart from the main signal light ) is present and lit . However , the regulations require drivers to stop completely , as their paths intersect with other vehicles or pedestrians in at least one direction . Green arrow light can be also directed left ( the same regulations apply ) . In Germany , right turns on red are only permitted , after a complete stop , when a specific sign is present . This rule was first introduced in 1978 in East Germany and was originally supposed to become obsolete together with the East German highway code by the end of 1990 , following German reunification . However , authorities were unable to remove the signs in time , and public opinion caused them to leave the regulation unchanged , even extending its scope to the areas of the former West Germany in 1994 . By 1999 , there were 300 turn - on - red intersections on the territory of the former West Germany while that of the former East Germany featured 2,500 . However , the numbers in the former West Germany have risen considerably since then and as of 2002 a total of 5,000 turn - on - red intersections were counted , representing 48 % of the national total . This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2014 ) In Russia , turns on red are prohibited unless a separate arrow - shaped green light allows it ; drivers must give way to any vehicle coming from a different direction . When the arrow is not lit , turns in the arrow direction are prohibited . French Right turn ( or others ) on red permission sign In the Netherlands , bicycles are occasionally allowed to turn right on a red light ( assuming that the design of the junction is such that the light is even applicable to right turning cyclists , which it often is not in the Netherlands ) . Wherever this is the case , a sign `` rechtsaf voor fietsers vrij '' ( right turn free for cyclists ) or `` rechtsaf voor ( brom ) fietsers vrij '' ( right turn free for cyclists and mopeds ) is present . In France a right turn on red without stopping is allowed when a separate arrow - shaped amber light flashes , but drivers do not have priority . They must check if any pedestrians are crossing before turning and must give way to vehicles coming from other directions. . In France , cyclists are permitted to turn right on red if a sign indicates it . In Belgium , road signs that allow cyclists to turn right on a red light have been added to traffic law in 2012 . Such roads signs have been placed on intersections in the Brussels Capital Region . Like in the Netherlands , Belgium and France have a road sign that allows cyclists to turn right on a red light . The French and Belgian signs consist of a yield sign with a yellow bike and arrow inside . Such signs are placed under traffic lights . Sign allowing cyclists to turn right on red in France and Belgium . In the United Kingdom , which drives on the left , left turn on red is prohibited , but at some junctions there is a separate left arrow - shaped green `` filter '' light which , when lit , allows left - hand turns but conflicting traffic will always have a red signal . Other non conflicting traffic movements may have their own left or right arrow - shaped green light . Sometimes there are specific lanes without signals for turning left , separated from the through traffic signalled traffic by traffic islands , but give way signs are installed . In the Republic of Ireland , which drives on the left , left turns on red are prohibited . In Lithuania , drivers are allowed to turn right on red when a particular sign with a green arrow on a white background is mounted beside the red light of the traffic signal . However , on 10 November 2014 , national traffic rules were altered meaning that this sign will be valid only until 31 December 2019 at the latest , by which time all such signs will have been eliminated . These changes for reasons of road safety . In Czech Republic and Slovakia right turns on red are allowed only when there is a lit green arrow present ( called S 5 in Czech Republic and S 10 in Slovakia ) . Also in this case the car turning on red must give way to ongoing traffic , to pedestrians and other road users . ( According to Czech law § 70 of decree 30 / 2001 of Law Codex ; and Slovak law § 9 , part 3g , decree 9 / 2009 of Law Codex ) In Romania , right turns on red are prohibited , except when there is a small green flashing light with a right turn arrow . Drivers must yeld to pedestrians . In some one - way junctions , the same rule applies for left on red ( such as Cluj - Napoca Avram Iancu Square ) . In Bulgaria , right turns on red are prohibited . In Spain , right turns on red are allowed only if there 's either a flashing amber or lit green arrow - shaped traffic light . Flashing amber arrow allows turning without priority ( turn must be done exercising caution , giving way to any other vehicles and pedestrians that may cross the path ) , while a lit green arrow grants priority . If just a regular set of traffic lights is present ( no light arrows ) , then turning on red is prohibited . In Iceland , right turns on red are prohibited . Asia ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) Singapore `` Left Turn On Red '' sign As in the United Kingdom , left turn on red is always prohibited in Hong Kong . At some junctions , however , there may be separate sets of signals for left turns , or specific lanes for turning left separating from the through traffic by traffic islands and give way signs are installed . One such example is at the junction of Queen 's Road East and Morrison Hill Road . In China , a right turn on red is generally permitted , unless there is a red arrow pointing to the right . However , certain cities such as Shantou prohibited right turn on red . In India , which drives on the left , a `` free left turn '' is generally prohibited . However , some cities specifically permit turning left on a red signal . An explicit green or blinking orange left signal also permits a turn on red , which usually means that conflicting traffic is not permitted to enter the same road . In Japan , which drives on the left , the only left turn allowed requires a green left arrow along with the red light . In Singapore , which drives on the left , left turn on red is allowed only when the `` Left Turn On Red '' sign is displayed at the traffic junction . The driver will have to stop at the red light first and give way to pedestrians and oncoming vehicles from their right before turning . In Taiwan , right turn on red is always prohibited , except when there is a green arrow along with the red light . In Thailand , which drives on the left , left turn on red is allowed unless a sign prohibits it . In Saudi Arabia , right turn on red is generally permitted , unless there is a dedicated slip lane for right turn . In Lebanon , unless sign or a red arrow prohibits it , right turning on red is permitted after coming to a full stop to give way to oncoming traffic and pedestrians . Oceania ( edit ) Australian `` left turn on red '' sign at traffic lights In Australia , which drives on the left , left turns on red are not permitted unless a sign indicating otherwise exists at the intersection . At such intersections , a sign generally reads `` left turn on red permitted after stopping , '' meaning a vehicle can make a left turn only after coming to a complete stop first and giving way to approaching traffic and any crossing pedestrians or cyclists . These intersections often take the form of a slip lane . Such signs are only in limited locations in the states of New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia as well as the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory and are banned in other states . In South Australia , there were just 6 such intersections allowing turns on red in the entire state as of 2016 . There are conflicting views on the policy of left turns on red , with supporters pointing to lower vehicle emission and time savings , while opponents cite safety concerns . In New Zealand , which drives on the left , left turns on red are not permitted . However , some intersections have a slip lane passing to the left of the traffic light that then joins on to the main road with a give way sign , effectively allowing a left turn on red . Pedestrian safety ( edit ) Turns on red are especially problematic for pedestrians due to drivers looking left for traffic on red light and not noticing a pedestrian waiting to cross the street to the driver 's right . This may lead to a `` right hook '' collision when the driver and pedestrian both enter the intersection . Right on red reduces perceived safety for pedestrians and hence walkability . Suburbanization and car oriented development of the west has been a driving force behind right turn on red , although in some downtown core areas even in Western US right on red is explicitly prohibited with signs . Left turn on red in countries with right hand traffic ( turning across traffic ) ( edit ) Left turns on red for US states Left turns on red from one - way and two - way streets into one - way streets permitted Left turns on red from one - way streets into one - way streets permitted State prohibits left turns on red In the U.S. , 36 states and Puerto Rico allow left turns on red only if both the origin and destination streets are one way . ( See South Carolina law Section 56 - 5 - 970 C3 , for example . ) Five other states , namely Alaska , Idaho , Michigan , Oregon and Washington , allow left turns on red onto a one - way street even from a two - way street . The following states and territories ban left turns on red : South Dakota ( unless permitted by local ordinance ) , Connecticut , Maine , Missouri , New Hampshire , New Jersey , North Carolina , Rhode Island , the District of Columbia , and Guam . New York City also prohibits left turn on red lights , unless a sign indicates otherwise . In Canada , left turn on red light from a one - way road into a one - way road is permitted except in some areas of Quebec , New Brunswick , and Prince Edward Island . Left turn on red light from a two - way road into a one - way road is permitted in British Columbia but only if the driver turns onto the closest lane and yields to pedestrians and cross traffic . See also ( edit ) Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Driver 's Manual '' ( PDF ) . New York State Department of Motor Vehicles . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Policy and Conservation Act '' . govtrack.us . Jump up ^ Rabinovitz , Jonathan D ( 1979 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Right - On - Red Comes to Boston '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Right Turn on Red '' ( PDF ) . Sustainable Streets Index . New York City Department of Transportation . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 : Traffic Control '' . Online Driver 's Manual and Study Guide . New York State Department of Motor Vehicles . Jump up ^ `` Right Turn on Red '' ( PDF ) . nyc.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transports Québec : Right Turn on Red '' . mtq.gouv.qc.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Estado de Mexico Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Adiós a la vuelta continua y multas por usar el teléfono , así el nuevo Reglamento de Tránsito del DF - Animal Político '' . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Ramu , Marri ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) . `` For a change , it 's a hassle - free ride '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chandigarh traffic police , promoting road safety , traffic safety , India road signs & rules , safe responsible driving , first aid India '' . www.chandigarhtrafficpolice.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Did govt change the `` No Free Left '' Rule , off late - Team - BHP `` . Team-BHP.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Left Turn On Red Scheme , Singapore Archived June 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ONE Motoring , Land Transport Authority Singapore 2011 - 08 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Traffic lights and road markings - Safety & Rules '' . Roads and Maritime Services . Archived from the original on 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Left Turn on Red project '' . Brisbane City Council . Archived from the original on 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Peta ( 19 October 2013 ) . `` Left turns at red lights to be allowed in new traffic trial '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call to allow left - hand turns on red lights in SA '' . ABC News . 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Acott , Kent ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Turn left on red possible solution '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Code of Laws ( Unannotated ) : Current through the end of the 2010 Session '' . South Carolina Legislature Online . Office of Legislative Printing , Information & Technology Systems . November 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . S.C. Code Section 56 - 5 - 970 ( C ) ( 3 ) . Except when a sign is in place prohibiting a turn , vehicular traffic facing any steady red signal may cautiously enter the intersection to turn right or to turn left from a one - way street into a one - way street after stopping as required by item ( 1 ) or ( 2 ) . Such vehicular traffic shall yield the right - of - way to pedestrians lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk and to other traffic lawfully using the intersection . Jump up ^ `` DOC Frame Page '' . Legis.state.ak.us . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Motor Vehicles Code Section 316.075 - State Uniform Traffic Control - Traffic control signal devices . - Florida Attorney Resources - Florida Laws '' . law.onecle.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Offices , Legislative . `` Idaho State Legislature '' . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Legislature - Section 257.612 '' . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RCW 46.61. 055 : Traffic control signal legend '' . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The place in New York City where you can turn left on red '' . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ BC Motor Vehicle Act Archived September 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Section 129 External links ( edit ) The Safety Impact Of Right Turn On Red : Report To Congress , National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Traffic Tech Sarkar , van Houten , and Moffatt , Using License Manuals To Increase Awareness About Pedestrian Hazards at Intersections , Transportation Research Record 1674 . Traffic Light Signals and Red Light Cameras : Turning on Red Light ( US ) , by Justin JIH . hide Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured clear distance ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Left - and right - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured clear distance ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Jump up ^ Sarkar , Sheila ; Van Houten , Ron ; Moffatt , John ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Using License Manuals To Increase Awareness About Pedestrian Hazards at Intersections . Missed Opportunity for Educating Drivers '' . Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board . 1674 : 49 -- 56 . doi : 10.3141 / 1674 - 07 . ISSN 0361 - 1981 . 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5161851484661690391	British Virgin Islands	British Virgin Islands - wikipedia British Virgin Islands For the island group , which also includes the United States Virgin Islands and Spanish Virgin Islands , see Virgin Islands . Coordinates : 18 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W / 18.500 ° N 64.500 ° W / 18.500 ; - 64.500 Virgin Islands Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Vigilate '' ( Latin ) `` Be Vigilant '' Anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' Territorial song : `` Oh , Beautiful Virgin Islands '' Location of British Virgin Islands ( circled in red ) Status British Overseas Territory Capital and largest city Road Town 18 ° 25.883 ′ N 64 ° 37.383 ′ W / 18.431383 ° N 64.623050 ° W / 18.431383 ; - 64.623050 Official languages English Ethnic groups 76.5 % Black 7 % White 5 % Hispanic 5 % Multiracial 2 % East Indian 4.5 % Other Demonym Virgin Islander Government Parliamentary dependency under constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Governor Augustus Jaspert Deputy Governor V. Inez Archibald Premier Orlando Smith UK government minister Tariq Ahmad Legislature House of Assembly Established as a dependency of the United Kingdom Separate 1960 Autonomy 1967 Area Total 153 km ( 59 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 1.6 Population 2018 census 31,758 ( 212th ) Density 260 / km ( 673.4 / sq mi ) ( 68th ) GDP ( PPP ) estimate Total $853.4 million Per capita $43,366 Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone AST ( UTC -- 4 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 1 - 284 ISO 3166 code VG Internet TLD . vg The British Virgin Islands ( BVI ) , officially simply `` Virgin Islands '' , are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean , to the east of Puerto Rico . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles . The British Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Tortola , Virgin Gorda , Anegada , and Jost Van Dyke , along with over 50 other smaller islands and cays . About 15 of the islands are inhabited . The capital , Road Town , is on Tortola , the largest island , which is about 20 km ( 12 mi ) long and 5 km ( 3 mi ) wide . The islands had a population of about 28,000 at the 2010 Census , of whom approximately 23,500 lived on Tortola . For the islands , the latest United Nations estimate ( 2016 ) is 30,661 . British Virgin Islanders are British Overseas Territories citizens and since 2002 are British citizens as well . Although the territory is not part of the European Union and not directly subject to EU law , British Virgin Islanders are deemed to be citizens of the EU by virtue of their British citizenship . Parts of the islands were damaged in September 2017 by Hurricane Irma . The most severe destruction was on Tortola . Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Geography 4 Climate 5 Hurricane Irma 6 Politics 6.1 Subdivisions 6.2 Law and criminal justice 6.3 Military 7 Economy 7.1 Tourism 7.2 Financial services 7.2. 1 Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act 7.2. 2 Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 7.3 Agriculture and industry 7.4 Currency 7.5 Workforce 7.5. 1 CARICOM status & The CARICOM Single Market Economy 8 Transport 9 Demographics 10 Education 11 Religion 12 Culture 12.1 Language 12.2 Music 12.3 Literature 13 Sport 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Name ( edit ) The official name of the territory is still simply the `` Virgin Islands '' , but the prefix `` British '' is often used . This is commonly believed to distinguish it from the neighbouring American territory which changed its name from the `` Danish West Indies '' to `` Virgin Islands of the United States '' in 1917 . However , local historians have disputed this , pointing to a variety of publications and public records dating from between 21 February 1857 and 12 September 1919 where the Territory is referred to as the British Virgin Islands . British Virgin Islands government publications continue to begin with the name `` The territory of the Virgin Islands '' , and the territory 's passports simply refer to the `` Virgin Islands '' , and all laws begin with the words `` Virgin Islands '' . Moreover , the territory 's Constitutional Commission has expressed the view that `` every effort should be made '' to encourage the use of the name `` Virgin Islands '' . But various public and quasi-public bodies continue to use the name `` British Virgin Islands '' or `` BVI '' , including BVI Finance , BVI Electricity Corporation , BVI Tourist Board , BVI Athletic Association , BVI Bar Association and others . In 1968 the British Government issued a memorandum requiring that the postage stamps in the territory should say `` British Virgin Islands '' ( whereas previously they had simply stated `` Virgin Islands '' ) , a practice which is still followed today . This was likely to prevent confusion following on from the adoption of US currency in the Territory in 1959 , and the references to US currency on the stamps of the Territory . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the British Virgin Islands The Virgin Islands were first settled by the Arawak from South America around 100 BC ( though there is some evidence of Amerindian presence on the islands as far back as 1500 BC ) . The Arawaks inhabited the islands until the 15th century when they were displaced by the more aggressive Caribs , a tribe from the Lesser Antilles islands , after whom the Caribbean Sea is named . The first European sighting of the Virgin Islands was by Christopher Columbus in 1493 on his second voyage to the Americas . Columbus gave them the fanciful name Santa Ursula y las Once Mil Vírgenes ( Saint Ursula and her 11,000 Virgins ) , shortened to Las Vírgenes ( The Virgins ) , after the legend of Saint Ursula . The Spanish Empire claimed the islands by discovery in the early 16th century , but never settled them , and subsequent years saw the English , Dutch , French , Spanish , and Danish all jostling for control of the region , which became a notorious haunt for pirates . There is no record of any native Amerindian population in the British Virgin Islands during this period , although most of the native population on nearby Saint Croix was killed or dispersed . The Dutch established a permanent settlement on the island of Tortola by 1648 . In 1672 , the English captured Tortola from the Dutch , and the English annexation of Anegada and Virgin Gorda followed in 1680 . Meanwhile , over the period 1672 -- 1733 , the Danish gained control of the nearby islands of Saint Thomas , Saint John and Saint Croix . The ruins of St. Phillip 's Church , Tortola , one of the most important historical ruins in the territory . The British islands were considered principally a strategic possession , but were planted when economic conditions were particularly favourable . The British introduced sugar cane which was to become the main crop and source of foreign trade , and slaves were brought from Africa to work on the sugar cane plantations . The islands prospered economically until the middle of the nineteenth century , when a combination of the abolition of slavery in the territory , a series of disastrous hurricanes , and the growth in the sugar beet crop in Europe and the United States significantly reduced sugar cane production and led to a period of economic decline . In 1917 , the United States purchased St. John , St. Thomas , and St. Croix from Denmark for US $25 million , renaming them the United States Virgin Islands . The British Virgin Islands were administered variously as part of the British Leeward Islands or with St. Kitts and Nevis , with an administrator representing the British Government on the islands . The islands gained separate colony status in 1960 and became autonomous in 1967 . Since the 1960s , the islands have diversified away from their traditionally agriculture - based economy towards tourism and financial services , becoming one of the wealthiest areas in the Caribbean . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the British Virgin Islands Map of British Virgin Islands ( Note : Anegada is farther away from the other islands than shown ) The British Virgin Islands comprise around 60 tropical Caribbean islands , ranging in size from the largest , Tortola 20 km ( 12 mi ) long and 5 km ( 3 mi ) wide , to tiny uninhabited islets , altogether about 150 square kilometres ( 58 square miles ) in extent . They are located in the Virgin Islands archipelago , a few miles east of the US Virgin Islands . The North Atlantic Ocean lies to the north of the islands , and the Caribbean Sea lies to the south . Most of the islands are volcanic in origin and have a hilly , rugged terrain . Anegada is geologically distinct from the rest of the group and is a flat island composed of limestone and coral . In addition to the four main islands of Tortola , Virgin Gorda , Anegada , and Jost Van Dyke , other islands include ( see also Islands of the British Virgin Islands ) : Beef Island ( connected to Tortola ) Cooper Island Ginger Island Great Camanoe Great Thatch Guana Island ( owned by Henry Jarecki ) Little Thatch ( owned by Curt and Nancy Richardson ) Mosquito Island ( owned by Sir Richard Branson ) Necker Island ( owned by Sir Richard Branson ) Norman Island ( owned by Henry Jarecki ) Peter Island ( owned by Van Andel family ) Salt Island Prickly Pear Eustatia Saba Rock Frenchman 's Cay ( connected to Tortola ) Nanny Cay ( connected to Tortola ) Scrub Island Sandy Cay Green Cay Sandy Spit Little Jost Van Dyke Great Tobago Little Tobago Dog Islands a.k.a. `` The Dogs '' Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of the British Virgin Islands The British Virgin Islands have a tropical rainforest climate , moderated by trade winds . Temperatures vary little throughout the year . In the capital , Road Town , typical daily maxima are around 32 ° C ( 89.6 ° F ) in the summer and 29 ° C ( 84.2 ° F ) in the winter . Typical daily minima are around 24 ° C ( 75.2 ° F ) in the summer and 21 ° C ( 69.8 ° F ) in the winter . Rainfall averages about 1,150 mm ( 45.3 in ) per year , higher in the hills and lower on the coast . Rainfall can be quite variable , but the wettest months on average are September to November and the driest months on average are February and March . hide Climate data for Virgin Gorda , British Virgin Islands Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33 ( 91 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 35 ( 95 ) 34 ( 93 ) 35 ( 95 ) 35 ( 95 ) 36 ( 96 ) 35 ( 95 ) 33 ( 92 ) 33 ( 91 ) 31 ( 87 ) 36 ( 96 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 26 ( 79 ) 27 ( 80 ) 28 ( 82 ) 29 ( 84 ) 29 ( 85 ) 30 ( 86 ) 31 ( 87 ) 31 ( 87 ) 30 ( 86 ) 29 ( 85 ) 28 ( 82 ) 27 ( 80 ) 29 ( 84 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 20 ( 68 ) 19 ( 67 ) 20 ( 68 ) 21 ( 69 ) 22 ( 71 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 73 ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 71 ) 21 ( 69 ) 22 ( 71 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 17 ( 62 ) 16 ( 60 ) 16 ( 60 ) 17 ( 62 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 65 ) 19 ( 66 ) 19 ( 66 ) 16 ( 61 ) 18 ( 64 ) 17 ( 63 ) 16 ( 60 ) 16 ( 60 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 74.2 ( 2.92 ) 63.2 ( 2.49 ) 55.4 ( 2.18 ) 84.6 ( 3.33 ) 116.6 ( 4.59 ) 70.6 ( 2.78 ) 83.1 ( 3.27 ) 112 ( 4.4 ) 156 ( 6.14 ) 133.4 ( 5.25 ) 178.8 ( 7.04 ) 112 ( 4.4 ) 1,239.9 ( 48.79 ) Source : Intellicast Hurricanes occasionally hit the islands , with the hurricane season running from June to November . Hurricane Danny ( 2015 ) was the most recent until 7 September 2017 when Hurricane Irma caused extensive damage . Hurricane Irma ( edit ) Main article : Effects of Hurricane Irma in the British Virgin Islands The islands were struck by Hurricane Irma on 6 September 2017 , causing extensive damage , as well as four deaths in the BVI . A state of emergency was declared by the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency . The most significant damage was on Tortola . The UK 's Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson visited Tortola on 13 September 2017 and said that he was reminded of photos of Hiroshima after it had been hit by the atom bomb . By 8 September , the UK government sent troops with medical supplies and other aid . More troops were expected to arrive a day or two later , but the ship HMS Ocean , carrying more extensive assistance , was not expected to reach the islands for another two weeks , however . Entrepreneur Richard Branson , a resident of Necker Island ( British Virgin Islands ) , called on the UK government to develop a massive disaster recovery plan for British islands that were damaged . That should include `` both through short - term aid and long - term infrastructure spending '' , he said . Premier Orlando Smith also called for a comprehensive aid package to rebuild the BVI . On 10 September , PM Theresa May pledged £ 32 million to the Caribbean for a Hurricane relief fund ; the UK government would also match donations made by the public via the British Red Cross appeal . Specifics were not provided to the news media as to the amount that would be allocated to the Virgin Islands . Boris Johnson 's visit to Tortola on 13 September 2017 during his Caribbean tour was intended to confirm the UK 's commitment to helping restore British islands but he provided no additional comments on the aid package . He did confirm that HMS Ocean ( L12 ) was on the way to the BVI items like timber , buckets , bottled water , food , baby milk , bedding and clothing , as well as ten pickup trucks , building materials and hardware . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the British Virgin Islands Legislative Council building in Road Town . The High Court sits upstairs . Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions The territory operates as a parliamentary democracy . Ultimate executive authority in British Virgin Islands is vested in the Queen , and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of the British Virgin Islands . The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government . Defence and most foreign affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom . The most recent constitution was adopted in 2007 ( the Virgin Islands Constitution Order , 2007 ) and came into force when the Legislative Council was dissolved for the 2007 general election . The head of government under the constitution is the Premier ( before the new constitution the office was referred to as Chief Minister ) , who is elected in a general election along with the other members of the ruling government as well as the members of the opposition . Elections are held roughly every four years . A cabinet is nominated by the Premier and appointed and chaired by the Governor . The Legislature consists of the Queen ( represented by the Governor ) and a unicameral House of Assembly made up of 13 elected members plus the Speaker and the Attorney General . The current Governor is Augustus Jaspert ( since 22 August 2017 ) . The current Premier is Orlando Smith ( since 9 November 2011 ) , who is leader of the ruling National Democratic Party . Subdivisions ( edit ) Main articles : Elections in the British Virgin Islands and Districts of the British Virgin Islands The British Virgin Islands is a unitary territory . The territory is divided into nine electoral districts , and each voter is registered in one of those districts . Eight of the nine districts are partly or wholly on Tortola , and encompass nearby neighbouring islands . Only the ninth district ( Virgin Gorda and Anegada ) does not include any part of Tortola . At elections , in addition to voting their local representative , voters also cast votes for four `` at - large '' candidates who are elected upon a territory - wide basis . The territory is also technically divided into five administrative districts ( one for each of the four largest islands , and then a fifth for all other islands ) , and into six civil registry districts ( three for Tortola , Jost Van Dyke , Virgin Gorda and Anegada ) although these have little practical relevance today . Law and criminal Justice ( edit ) Main article : Law of the British Virgin Islands Crime in the British Virgin Islands is comparatively low by Caribbean standards ( and indeed compared to the neighbouring US Virgin Islands ) . Whilst statistics and hard data are relatively rare , and are not regularly published by governmental sources in the British Virgin Islands , the Premier did announce that in 2013 there has been a 14 % decline in recorded crime as against 2012 . Homicides are rare , with just one incident recorded in 2013 . The British and US Virgin Islands sit at the axis of a major drugs transshipment point between Latin America and the continental United States . The American DEA regards the adjacent US territories of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands as a `` High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area '' . A co-operation agreement exists between the British Virgin Islands and the US Coast Guard allowing American forces to pursue suspected drug traffickers through the territorial waters of the British Virgin Islands . In August 2011 a joint raid between the American DEA and the Royal Virgin Islands Police Force arrested a number of British Virgin Islands residents who are accused of being involved in major drugs transshipments , although their extradition to the United States has become bogged down in protracted legal wrangling . Military ( edit ) Main article : Military of the British Virgin Islands Economy ( edit ) Road Town , Tortola , British Virgin Islands Main article : Economy of the British Virgin Islands As a tax haven with an opaque banking system , the British Virgin Islands enjoys one of the more prosperous economies of the Caribbean region , with a per capita average income of around $42,300 ( 2010 est . ) The average monthly income earned by a worker in the territory was US $2,452 as at the time of the 2010 Census . 29 % of the population fell into the `` low income '' category . Although it is common to hear criticism in the British Virgin Islands ' press about income inequality , no serious attempt has been made by economists to calculate a Gini coefficient or similar measure of income equality for the territory . A report from 2000 suggested that , despite the popular perception , income inequality was actually lower in the British Virgin Islands than in any other OECS state , although in global terms income equality is higher in the Caribbean than in many other regions . The `` twin pillars '' of the economy are tourism and financial services . Politically , tourism is the more important of the two , as it employs a greater number of people within the territory , and a larger proportion of the businesses in the tourist industry are locally owned , as are a number of the highly tourism - dependent sole traders ( for example , taxi drivers and street vendors ) . Economically however , financial services associated with the territory 's status as an offshore financial centre are by far the more important . 51.8 % of the Government 's revenue comes directly from licence fees for offshore companies , and considerable further sums are raised directly or indirectly from payroll taxes relating to salaries paid within the trust industry sector ( which tend to be higher on average than those paid in the tourism sector ) . Tourism ( edit ) The Baths , Virgin Gorda Tourism accounts for approximately 45 % of national income . The islands are a popular destination for US citizens . In 2006 a total of 825,603 people visited the islands , of whom 443,987 were cruise ship passengers . Tourists frequent the numerous white sand beaches , visit The Baths on Virgin Gorda , snorkel the coral reefs near Anegada , or experience the well - known bars of Jost Van Dyke . The BVI are known as one of the world 's greatest sailing destinations , and charter sailboats are a very popular way to visit less accessible islands . Every year since 1972 the BVI has hosted the Spring Regatta , which is a seven - day collection of sailing races throughout the islands . A substantial number of the tourists who visit the BVI are cruise ship passengers , and although they produce far lower revenue per head than charter boat tourists and hotel based tourists , they are nonetheless important to the substantial - and politically important - taxi driving community . Only Virgin Islanders are permitted to work as taxi drivers . Financial services ( edit ) Financial services account for over half of the income of the territory . The majority of this revenue is generated by the licensing of offshore companies and related services . The British Virgin Islands is a significant global player in the offshore financial services industry . In 2000 KPMG reported in its survey of offshore jurisdictions for the United Kingdom government that over 45 % of the world 's offshore companies were formed in the British Virgin Islands . Since 2001 , financial services in the British Virgin Islands have been regulated by the independent Financial Services Commission . At the end of 2012 the banking sector of the British Virgin Islands comprised six commercial banks and one restricted bank , 12 authorised custodians , two licensed money services businesses and one licensed financing service provider . As such the British Virgin Islands is frequently labelled as a `` tax haven '' by campaigners and NGOs , and has been expressly named in anti-tax haven legislation in other countries on various occasions . Successive governments in the British Virgin Islands have fought against the tax haven label , and made various commitments to tax exchange and recording beneficial ownership information of companies following the 2013 G8 summit . On 10 September 2013 British Prime Minister David Cameron said `` I do not think it is fair any longer to refer to any of the Overseas Territories or Crown Dependencies as tax havens . They have taken action to make sure that they have fair and open tax systems . It is very important that our focus should now shift to those territories and countries that really are tax havens . '' In the April 2016 Panama Papers leak , the British Virgin Islands was the most commonly used tax haven by clients of Mossack Fonseca . Foreign Account tax Compliance Act ( edit ) On June 30 , 2014 , The British Virgin Islands was deemed to have an Inter - Governmental Agreement ( IGA ) with the United States of America with respect to the `` Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act '' of the United States of America . The Model 1 Agreement ( 14 Pages ) recognizes that : The Government of Great Britain and Northern Ireland provided a copy of the Letter of Entrustment which was sent to the Government of the British Virgin Islands , to the Government of the United States of America `` via diplomatic note of May 28 , 2014 '' . The Letter of Entrustment dated July 14 , 2010 was originally provided to the Government of the British Virgin Islands and authorized the Govt of the BVI `` to negotiate and conclude Agreements relating to taxation that provide for exchange of information on tax matters to the OECD standard '' ( Paragraph 2 of the FATCA Agreement ) . Via an `` Entrustment Letter '' dated March 24 , 2014 , The Govt of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , authorized the Govt of the BVI to sign an agreement on information exchange to facilitate the Implementation of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act . On March 27 , 2017 , the US Treasury site disclosed that the Model 1 agreement and related agreement were `` In Force '' on July 13 , 2015 . Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act ( edit ) Under the UK Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2018 , beneficial ownership of companies in British overseas territories such as the British Virgin Islands must be publicly registered for disclosure by 31 December 2020 . The Government of the British Virgin Islands plans to challenge this law , arguing that it violates the Constitutional sovereignty granted to the islands . Agriculture and industry ( edit ) Agriculture and industry account for only a small proportion of the islands ' GDP . Agricultural produce includes fruit , vegetables , sugar cane , livestock and poultry , and industries include rum distillation , construction and boat building . Currency ( edit ) The official currency of the British Virgin Islands has been the United States dollar ( US $ ) since 1959 , the currency also used by the United States Virgin Islands . Workforce ( edit ) The British Virgin Islands is heavily dependent on migrant workers , and over 50 % of all workers on the islands are of a foreign descent . Only 37 % of the entire population were born in the territory . The national labour - force is estimated at 12,770 , of whom approximately 59.4 % work in the service sector but less than 0.6 % are estimated to work in agriculture ( the balance in industry ) . CARICOM status & the CARICOM Single market economy ( edit ) According to the membership section of the CARICOM Community site , as of July 2 , 1991 , The British Virgin Islands holds Associate Member status in CARICOM . In recognition of the CARICOM ( Free Movement ) Skilled Persons Act which came into effect in July 1997 in some of the CARICOM countries such as Jamaica and which has been adopted in other CARICOM countries , such as Trinidad and Tobago , it is possible that CARICOM nationals who hold the `` A Certificate of Recognition of Caribbean Community Skilled Person '' may be allowed to work in the BVI under normal working conditions . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in the British Virgin Islands There are 113 kilometres ( 70 mi ) of roads . The main airport , Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport , also known as Beef Island Airport , is located on Beef Island , which lies off the eastern tip of Tortola and is accessible by the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge . Cape Air , LIAT and Air Sunshine are amongst the airlines offering scheduled service . Virgin Gorda and Anegada have their own smaller airports . Private air charter services operated by Island Birds Air Charter fly directly to all three islands from any major airport in the Caribbean . Helicopters are used to get to islands with no runway facilities ; Antilles Helicopter Services is the only helicopter service based in the country . The main harbour is in Road Town . There are also ferries that operate within the British Virgin Islands and to the neighbouring United States Virgin Islands . As in the UK and in the United States Virgin Islands , cars in the British Virgin Islands drive on the left , however they differ in that nearly all cars are left hand drive , being imported from the United States . The roads are often quite steep , narrow and winding , and ruts can be a problem when it rains . Cyril E. King Airport in the US Virgin Islands has flights to a wider range of destinations , so is also used for travelling to the British Virgin Islands . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the British Virgin Islands As of the 2010 Census , the population of the territory was 28,054 . At the time of the 2003 census the population was around 21,730 . The majority of the population ( 83 % ) are Afro - Caribbean , descended from slaves brought to the islands by the British . Other large ethnic groups include those of British and other European origin . The 2004 Census reports : 83.4 % African 7 % European / Caucasian 9.6 % Others * * Includes Indian , Carib / Amerindian , Black / Carib mixed , and mixed - race Hispanic The 2010 Census reports the main places of origin of residents as follows : 37 % local born ( many locals go to St. Thomas or the United States for maternity services ) 7.2 % Guyana 7.0 % St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6.0 % Jamaica 5.5 % United States 5.4 % Dominican Republic 5.3 % United States Virgin Islands * Includes Indian , Carib / Amerindian , Black / Carib mixed , and mixed - race Hispanic . About 4 % of the population is of Hispanic origin , irrespective of race , primarily from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic . The territory has also been recently relieving immigrants from many islands in Lesser Antilles . The islands are heavily dependent upon migrant labour . In 2004 , migrant workers accounted for 50 % of the total population . 32 % of workers employed in the British Virgin Islands work for the government . Unusually , the territory has one of the highest drowning mortality rates in the world being higher than other high risk countries such as China and India . 20 % of deaths in the British Virgin Islands during 2012 were recorded as drownings , all of them being tourists . Despite this , the territory 's most popular beach still has no lifeguard presence . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in the British Virgin Islands The British Virgin Islands operates several government schools as well as private schools . There is also a community college , H. Lavity Stoutt Community College , that is located on the eastern end of Tortola . This college was named after Lavity Stoutt , the first Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands . It is extremely common for students from the British Virgin Islands to travel overseas for tertiary education , either to the University of the West Indies , or to colleges and universities in either the United Kingdom , United States , or Canada . The literacy rate in the British Virgin Islands is high at 98 % . There is a University of the West Indies Open campus in the territory . Religion ( edit ) Jost Van Dyke Methodist Church Over 90 % of the population who indicated a religious affiliation at the 2010 Census were Christian with the largest individual Christian denominations being Methodist ( 17.6 % ) , Anglican ( 12 % ) , Church of God ( 11 % ) and Roman Catholic ( 9 % ) . The Constitution of the British Virgin Islands commences with a professed national belief in God . Hindus and Muslims constitute each approximately 1.2 % of the population according to Word Religion Database 2005 . Religion in % of population National Census 2001 hide 1991 Methodist 22.7 32.9 Anglican 11.6 16.7 Church of God 11.4 9.2 Roman Catholic 9.5 10.5 Pentecostal 9.1 4.1 Seventh Day Adventist 8.4 6.3 Baptist 8.2 4.7 None 6.4 3.6 Other 3.4 4.4 Not stated 2.7 Jehovah 's Witnesses 2.2 Hindu 2.0 2.2 Muslim 0.9 0.6 Evangelical 0.5 -- Moravian 0.5 0.6 Rastafarian 0.4 0.2 Presbyterian 0.4 0.7 Bahai 0.03 0.00 Brethren 0.03 0.04 Salvation Army 0.03 0.04 Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Virgin Islands Language ( edit ) Main article : Virgin Islands Creole The primary language is British English , although there is a local dialect . Spanish is spoken by Puerto Rican , Dominican and other Spanish - speaking immigrants . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of the Virgin Islands The traditional music of the British Virgin Islands is called fungi after the local cornmeal dish with the same name , often made with okra . The special sound of fungi is due to a unique local fusion between African and European music . It functions as a medium of local history and folklore and is therefore a cherished cultural form of expression that is part of the curriculum in BVI schools . The fungi bands , also called `` scratch bands '' , use instruments ranging from calabash , washboard , bongos and ukulele , to more traditional western instruments like keyboard , banjo , guitar , bass , triangle and saxophone . Apart from being a form of festive dance music , fungi often contains humorous social commentaries , as well as BVI oral history . Literature ( edit ) Among the noted names in Virgin Islands literature are Alphaeus Osario Norman ( 1885 - 1942 ) , Verna Penn Moll , Jennie Wheatley , and Patricia G. Turnbull . Their poetry and that of 22 other writers , including the fastly emerging poet and literary critic Richard Georges , can be found in Where I See the Sun -- Contemporary Poetry in The Virgin Islands ( Tortola , Virgin Gorda , Anegada , Jost Van Dyke ) , an anthology edited by Lasana M. Sekou in 2016 . Sport ( edit ) See also : Cricket in the West Indies Because of its location and climate the British Virgin Islands has long been a haven for sailing enthusiasts . Sailing is regarded as one of the foremost sports in all of the BVI . Calm waters and steady breezes provide some of the best sailing conditions in the Caribbean . Many sailing events are held in the waters of this country , the largest of which is a week - long series of races called the Spring Regatta , the premier sailing event of the Caribbean , with several races hosted each day . Boats include everything from full - size mono - hull yachts to dinghies . Captains and their crews come from all around the world to attend these races . The Spring Regatta is part race , part party , part festival . There are races , games , and music during the day , and some partying at night . The Spring Regatta is normally held during the first week of April . Since 2009 , the BVI have made a name for themselves as a host of international basketball events . The BVI hosted three of the last four events of the Caribbean Basketball Championship ( FIBA CBC Championship ) . See also ( edit ) British Virgin Islands portal Caribbean portal United Kingdom portal Outline of the British Virgin Islands List of British Virgin Islanders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Source for all ethnic groups including labels is 2010 Census of Population . Jump up ^ Minister of State in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office with responsibility for the British Overseas Territories . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The BVI Beacon `` Portrait of a population : 2018 Census published '' p. 4 , 20 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ According to the Virgin Islands Constitution Order , 2007 , the territory 's official name is simply ' Virgin Islands ' . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Although under Council Regulation No. 1932 / 2006 BOTCs `` without the right of abode in the UK '' were classified as non-EU nationals , the conferment of British citizenship in 2002 means most BOTCs acquired the right of abode in the United Kingdom along with British citizenship and hence are not considered by the EU as third - country nationals . Jump up ^ `` Survivors on Tortola recall storm horror '' . BBC News . 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moll , Peter ( 15 December 2016 ) . `` Victorian news mined for VI history '' . BVI Beacon . Jump up ^ `` About the Territory '' . Government of the Virgin Islands . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Samuel M. ed . The Indigenous People of the Caribbean . Gainesville : University Press of Florida , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1692 - 4 Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , a major market for sugar from the Territory , the Sugar Duties Act 1846 also created a considerable downward effect on the price of Caribbean sugar cane . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Gorda historic weather averages in British Virgin Islands '' . Intellicast . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Branson ' devastated ' about Hurricane Irma destruction '' . 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Eliza Mackintosh and Donie O'Sullivan , . `` Do n't forget about us : Irma 's desperate Caribbean survivors '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Bosotti , Aurora ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma damage UPDATE : British Virgin Islands Destroyed by deadly storm '' . Daily Express . Jump up ^ `` Paradise lost : Tortola seeks UK aid after Irma '' . Jump up ^ `` Boris Johnson reminded of Hiroshima on visit to Irma - hit Tortola '' . Jump up ^ ( now ) , Naaman Zhou ; Yuhas , Alan ; Weaver , Matthew ; Farrer , Martin ; ( earlier ) , and Martin Pengelly ; Pilkington , Ed ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Caribbean in chaos as Irma brings floods to Florida Keys -- as it happened '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Farmer , Ben ; Swinford , Steven ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` British response to Hurricane Irma ' found wanting ' , senior MPs say , as Royal Navy arrives in Caribbean '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ ( now ) , Naaman Zhou ; Yuhas , Alan ; Weaver , Matthew ; Farrer , Martin ; ( earlier ) , and Martin Pengelly ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Caribbean in chaos as Irma brings floods to Florida Keys -- as it happened '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ CNN , Hilary Clarke and Samantha Beech , . `` European leaders step up Irma relief effort in Caribbean '' . Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ; Pengelly , Martin ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` What we know so far as Hurricane Irma lashes Florida '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hurricane-irma-foreign-secretarys-visit-to-the-uk-overseas-territories-in-the-Caribbean Jump up ^ `` French , British officials view Irma 's damage , vow island aid '' . 14 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Nicole ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : British marines hunt Caribbean prison inmates after storm jailbreak '' . Jump up ^ `` Explanatory Memorandum to the Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Which Caribbean Islands are the Safest , Most Dangerous ? '' . About.com . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crimes down by 14 % -- Premier '' . BVI News . 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How safe is the Caribbean ? An Island by Island Look '' . International Business Times . 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US sees shift in cocaine trafficking '' . BVI Beacon. 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ US Justice Department ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Thirteen Indicted for Airdropping Multi-Hundred Kilogram Quantities of Cocaine in the Caribbean Sea and for Money Laundering Offenses '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Three Years On & Extradition Proceedings Still Unsettled '' . BVI Platinum. 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ben ( 2009 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Islands resent crackdown of the tax havens by G - 20 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Nick ; Baker , Richard ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Leighton Holdings linked to ' corrupt ' fees for Iraq pipeline contracts '' . The Australian . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ CIA . Economy : British Virgin Islands . The World Factbook , CIA publications , 19 December . 2006 . Retrieved 25 December . 2006 . Jump up ^ Dennis C. Canterbury . European Bloc Imperialism . ISBN 9004184953 . Jump up ^ Review of Financial Regulation in the Crown Dependencies ( Cmnd Paper 4855 of 2000 ) . HMSO . Part III , paragraph 1.3 . ISBN 0 10 148554 9 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` List of Banks in British Virgin Islands '' . thebanks.eu . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2012 ( Final ) '' . bvifsc.vg . Jump up ^ Leigh , David ; Frayman , Harold ; Ball , James ( 25 November 2012 ) . `` Offshore secrets : British Virgin Islands , land of sand , sea and secrecy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ See for example the Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act Jump up ^ International Adviser ( 12 September 2013 ) . `` Jersey , Guernsey , IoM revel in Cameron 's ' not tax havens ' comments '' . BBC News ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` David Cameron : Crown dependency tax haven banner ' not fair ' '' . Jump up ^ Karmanau , Yuras ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Ukrainian president under fire over Panama Papers '' . Associated Press . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ( FATCA ) '' . www.treasury.gov . Jump up ^ https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-BVI-6-30-2014.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-BVI-6-30-2014.pdf . ^ Jump up to : https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/law/overseas-territories-to-fight-public-register-demands/5066370.article ^ Jump up to : The Times . `` British Virgin Islands -- workforce '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Secretariat , CARICOM . `` Country Profile for British Virgin Islands -- Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Secretariat '' . caricom.org . Jump up ^ Secretariat , CARICOM . `` Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) -- Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Secretariat '' . caricom.org . Jump up ^ `` : Caribbean Single Market Economy ( CSME ) :. : : Ministry of Labour and Social Security : :. : '' . www.mlss.gov.jm . Jump up ^ Security , Immigration Division Ministry of National . `` CSME '' . immigration.gov.tt . Jump up ^ http://www.caribbeanjobs.com/careers/page/How-to-Apply-for-a-CARICOM-Skills-Certificate.aspx Jump up ^ `` British Virgin Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice - GOV.UK '' . fco.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Drowning '' , publication World Health Organization ^ Jump up to : The BVI Beacon , Thursday , August 15 , 2013 article entitled `` Report : Passports up , marriages down last year '' . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Civil Registry and Passport Office for 2012 which includes `` For the 20 percent that represented drowning , all were tourists who died from snorkelling or diving in the VI waters in and around caves at Norman Island , as well as near Virgin Gorda ... The Virgin Islands should , therefore put safety measures in place such as the dissemination of information to hotels , dive shops and marinas . '' The same report confirms that the deaths of 86 persons were recorded in the Territory during 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No lifeguards at Cane Garden Bay & Virgin Gorda beaches '' . virginislandsnewsonline.com . Jump up ^ British Virgin Islands Schools Archived 23 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , BVI Government website Jump up ^ http://open.uwi.edu/british_virgin_islands ^ Jump up to : The BVI Beacon `` Portrait of a population : 2010 Census published '' pg. 6 , 20 November 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` National Population Census Report 2001 -- The British Virgin Islands '' ( PDF ) . Caribbean Community Secretariat. 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ The second paragraphs of the recitals ( appearing between Article 1 and Article 2 ) contains the words : `` ( T ) he society of the Virgin Islands is based upon certain moral , spiritual and democratic values including a belief in God . '' Jump up ^ cited in `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population '' ( PDF ) . Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life . 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Penn , Dexter J.A. Music of the British Virgin Islands : Fungi Archived 26 May 2012 at Archive.is . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BVI Book Of Poetry Set For Year End Reveal '' . Jump up ^ `` The Best Sailing '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Yacht Races '' . vacationtortola.com . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBritish Virgin Islandsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Directories British Virgin Islands from UCB Libraries GovPubs British Virgin Islands at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) British Virgin Islands Guide from The Moorings NGO sources `` Non-Self - Governing Territories listed by General Assembly in 2002 '' . United Nations Special Committee of 24 on Decolonization . Retrieved 10 March 2005 . Official sites and overviews The Government of the British Virgin Islands ( official government site ) The Government of the BVI , London Office -- Official government site HM Governor 's Office in the British Virgin Islands Old Government House Museum , British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands Tourist Board The British Virgin Islands Ports Authority -- Official site National Parks Trust of the British Virgin Islands -- Official site British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission -- Official site `` British Virgin Islands '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Wikimedia content Wikimedia Atlas of British Virgin Islands Articles related to the British Virgin Islands Geographic locale Lat. and Long . 18 ° 25 ′ 53 '' N 64 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 18.43139 ° N 64.62306 ° W / 18.43139 ; - 64.62306 ( Road Town ) Countries and dependencies of North America Sovereign states Entire Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States In part Colombia San Andrés and Providencia France Guadeloupe Martinique Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Dependencies Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Netherlands Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands United States Navassa Island Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Venezuela Federal Dependencies Nueva Esparta International membership Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Secretariat ( Secretary - General ) Members Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Grenada Guyana Haiti Jamaica Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Associate members Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Observers Aruba Colombia Curaçao Dominican Republic Mexico Puerto Rico Sint Maarten Venezuela Institutions Common Fund for Commodities ( CFC ) Court of Justice ( CCJ ) Disaster Emergency Management ( CDEMA ) Examinations Council ( CXC ) Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology Public Health Agency ( CARPHA ) Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) Related organizations CARIFORUM Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Member of the Community but not of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) British overseas territory awaiting entrustment to join the CSME Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Members Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Grenada Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Associate members Anguilla British Virgin Islands Martinique Financial institutions East Caribbean dollar Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Eastern Caribbean Central Securities Registry Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange Other institutions Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Countries , territories and dependencies of the United Kingdom Constituent countries England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Overseas territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Crown dependencies Bailiwick of Guernsey Guernsey Alderney Sark Isle of Man Jersey Former colonies List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas . 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Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Île Amsterdam Île Saint - Paul Kerguelen Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Lampedusa Lampione Linosa Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Chafarinas Islands Alhucemas Islands Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . 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766705886319459371	Brand New Key	Brand New key - wikipedia Brand New key Jump to : navigation , search `` Brand New Key '' Single by Melanie from the album Gather Me B - side `` Some Say ( I Got Devil ) '' Released October 1971 Genre Folk , pop Length 2 : 26 Label Neighborhood Songwriter ( s ) Melanie Safka Producer ( s ) Peter Schekeryk Melanie singles chronology `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1970 ) `` Brand New Key '' ( 1971 ) `` The Nickel Song '' ( 1972 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1970 ) `` Brand New Key '' ( 1971 ) `` The Nickel Song '' ( 1972 ) `` Brand New Key '' is a pop song written and sung by folk music singer Melanie . Initially a track of Melanie 's album Gather Me , produced by Melanie 's husband , Peter Schekeryk , it was known also as `` The Rollerskate Song '' due to its chorus . It was her greatest success , scoring No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart during December 1971 and January 1972 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 9 song of 1972 . It also scored No. 1 in Canada and Australia and No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart . The song was featured in the 1997 movie Boogie Nights as well as the 2010 movie Jackass 3D and an episode of Helix . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Controversy 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Selected list of recorded versions 5 Parodies and other versions 6 References in popular culture 7 References Overview ( edit ) The song is sung from the viewpoint of a girl with roller skates trying to attract the attention of a boy . In an interview with Examiner.com , Melanie described what she claimed was the inspiration for the song : `` I was fasting with a 27 - day fast on water . I broke the fast and went back to my life living in New Jersey and we were going to a flea market around six in the morning . On the way back ... and I had just broken the fast , from the flea market , we passed a McDonald 's and the aroma hit me , and I had been a vegetarian before the fast . So we pulled into the McDonald 's and I got the whole works ... the burger , the shake , and the fries ... and no sooner after I finished that last bite of my burger ... that song was in my head . The aroma brought back memories of roller skating and learning to ride a bike and the vision of my dad holding the back fender of the tire . And me saying to my dad ... ' You 're holding , you 're holding , you 're holding , right ? ' Then I 'd look back and he was n't holding and I 'd fall . So that whole thing came back to me and came out in this song . '' Controversy ( edit ) Many listeners detect sexual innuendo in the lyrics , with the key in its lock thought to symbolize sexual intercourse , or in phrases such as `` I go pretty far '' and `` I 've been all around the world '' . Another common viewpoint on the song , is that the song is clearly an innocent reflection upon the typical workings of a child 's mind regarding their possessions ( In this case , quad skates and the associated key essential for tightening / loosening a locking clamp on the skates ) . Melanie has acknowledged the possibility of detecting sexual innuendo in the song , without confirming or denying the intent : ( The song ) , `` Brand New Key '' , I wrote in about fifteen minutes one night . I thought it was cute ; a kind of old thirties tune . I guess a key and a lock have always been Freudian symbols , and pretty obvious ones at that . There was no deep serious expression behind the song , but people read things into it . They made up incredible stories as to what the lyrics said and what the song meant . In some places , it was even banned from the radio . My idea about songs is that once you write them , you have very little say in their life afterward . It 's a lot like having a baby . You conceive a song , deliver it , and then give it as good a start as you can . After that , it 's on its own . People will take it any way they want to take it . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 -- 72 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 11 Canada 27 UK 46 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1995 Sharon , Lois & Bram , on the album Let 's Dance ! 1996 Rasputina , on the album Thanks for the Ether . 1998 Deana Carter , on the album Everything 's Gonna Be Alright . 2007 The Dollyrots , on the album Because I 'm Awesome . 2009 Katharine McPhee , on the album Unbroken . 2012 Olivia Newton - John , on the album A Few Best Men ( soundtrack ) . Parodies and other versions ( edit ) A version of the song entitled `` Combine Harvester '' , with new rustic - themed lyrics by Irish songwriter Brendan O'Shaughnessy ( including `` I 've got a brand new combine harvester An ' I 'll give you the key '' ) , was recorded by Irish comedian Brendan Grace , whose version scored No. 1 on the Irish Charts during 1975 . For the UK Singles Chart , West Country comedy folk act The Wurzels scored No. 1 for two weeks during June 1976 with a version of this . After the January 1994 attack on Nancy Kerrigan , a parody of `` Brand New Key '' circulated on radio stations . The parody featured lyrics from Tonya Harding 's point of view , and included the chorus , `` I 've got a brand new pair of figure skates / You 've got a busted knee ; / They 're gon na lock up my ex-husband and throw away the key . '' The song was used prominently in the 2005 movie Evil Aliens . With lyrics describing Best Film nominee Pan 's Labyrinth , Minnie Driver sang a parody of the song at the 2007 Spirit Awards ( `` I blew a giant frog to smithereens , I got his golden key '' ) . References in popular culture ( edit ) Melanie 's version is heard in the 1997 music Boogie Nights as Dirk Diggler ( Mark Wahlberg ) has his `` audition '' with Rollergirl ( Heather Graham ) in front of Jack Horner ( Burt Reynolds ) . The song is also played in Jackass 3 - D during the `` Bungee Boogie '' stunt skit ( in which the cast members use bungee cords , skateboards and a ramp to slingshot into a kiddie pool ) . On April 4 , 2016 , Jimmy Fallon lip synced the song during a `` Lip Sync Battle '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , while he competed with actress Melissa McCarthy . On the October 17 , 2016 , episode of singing competition television show The Voice , Team Miley ( Cyrus ) contestants Darby Walker and Karlee Metzger performed the song in a battle round . Despite coaches Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , and Alicia Keys all preferring Metzger 's vocal performance , Cyrus chose to name Walker the winner of the battle . Shortly after , Metzger was stolen onto Team Blake , saving her from elimination . The original version appears in season one of the FX show The Bridge , as the character Daniel Frye flushes his supply of drugs and alcohol . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ray Shahso ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Classic Rock Music Reporter : ' Melanie ' Safka Exclusive : `` My Mother Drove Me To Woodstock '' ( Part 1 ) `` . classicrockmusicwriter.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Brand New Key '' - Melanie `` . Superseventies.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MELANIE '' . officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 161 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Songs from the Year 1972 '' . tsort.info . Jump up ^ 1972_in_British_music # Best - selling_singles Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Maclean 's Magazine November 6 , 1995 . Vol. 108 , Iss. 45 ; pg. 72 . `` Let 's Dance by Sharon , Lois & Bram '' . Chisholm , Patricia . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 327 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Boogie Nights soundtrack listing and review by Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine http://www.allmusic.com/album/boogie-nights-original-soundtrack-mw0000027564 Retrieved 3 / 30 / 14 . Jump up ^ Lip Sync Battle with Melissa McCarthy . YouTube . April 4 , 2016 . Preceded by `` Family Affair '' by Sly & the Family Stone Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Melanie version ) December 25 , 1971 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` American Pie '' by Don McLean Preceded by `` No Charge '' by J.J. Barrie UK number one single ( Wurzels version ) June 12 , 1976 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` You to Me Are Everything '' by The Real Thing ( hide ) Melanie Albums Born to Be ( 1968 ) Affectionately Melanie ( 1969 ) Candles in the Rain ( 1970 ) Leftover Wine ( 1970 ) The Good Book ( 1970 ) Gather Me ( 1971 ) Garden in the City ( 1972 ) Stoneground Words ( 1972 ) Melanie at Carnegie Hall ( 1973 ) Madrugada ( 1974 ) Photograph ( 1976 ) Ballroom Streets ( 1978 ) Noted singles `` Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1970 ) `` Brand New Key '' ( 1971 ) `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' ( 1973 ) Related Woodstock Music Festival Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brand_New_Key&oldid=810822804 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1972 singles 1976 singles British pop songs Melanie Safka songs Novelty songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles 1971 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang i've got a brand new pair of roller skates	[ "\"Brand New Key\" is a pop song written and sung by folk music singer Melanie. Initially a track of Melanie's album Gather Me, produced by Melanie's husband, Peter Schekeryk, it was known also as \"The Rollerskate Song\" due to its chorus. It was her greatest success, scoring No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart during December 1971 and January 1972. Billboard ranked it as the No. 9 song of 1972. It also scored No. 1 in Canada and Australia and No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the 1997 movie Boogie Nights as well as the 2010 movie Jackass 3D and an episode of Helix." ]	[ "folk music singer Melanie" ]
-6343067425330602025	Northwest Territory	Northwest Territory - wikipedia Northwest Territory Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical U.S. territory . For the Canadian territory , see Northwest Territories . For the Hudson 's Bay Company territory , see North - Western Territory . For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 , see Northwestern United States . For other related terms , see Northwest ( disambiguation ) . Territory Northwest of the River Ohio Organized incorporated territory of United States ← ← 1787 -- 1803 → → Seal Motto Meliorem lapsa locavit `` He has planted one better than the one fallen '' Capital Marietta ( 1788 -- 1799 ) Chillicothe ( 1799 -- 1803 ) Government Organized incorporated territory Governor 1787 -- 1802 Arthur St. Clair 1802 -- 1803 Charles Willing Byrd History Northwest Ordinance July 13 , 1787 Affirmed by United States Congress August 7 , 1789 Indiana Territory created May 7 , 1800 Statehood of Ohio March 1 , 1803 The Northwest Territory in the United States was formed after the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 - 1783 ) , and was known formally as the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . It encompassed most of the pre-war British colonial territory north of the Ohio River of the Ohio Country , parts of Illinois Country , and parts of old French Canada ( New France ) below the Great Lakes . ( These had been under French royal claims before 1763 . ) It was an organized incorporated territory of the United States spanning most or large parts of six eventual U.S. States . It existed legally from July 13 , 1787 , until March 1 , 1803 , when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio , and the remainder was reorganized by additional legislative actions . In the 18th century , Great Britain and France disputed for control of this region . The French had claimed it in the 17th century as part of New France . The competition between these empires resulted in the Seven Years ' War in Europe . In North America the war front was known as the French and Indian War . After Britain gained control following its defeat of France in 1763 , it attempted to reserve much of this territory for use by Native Americans , under the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , and for a new colony , the British Province of Quebec . This roused resentment among the British colonists of the Thirteen Colonies , who were already seeking to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains . The region was assigned to the United States in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , but sporadic westward emigrant settlements had already resumed late in the war after the Iroquois Confederacy 's power was broken and the tribes scattered by the 1779 Sullivan Expedition . Soon after the Revolution ended , land - hungry migrants started moving west . A gateway trading post developed as the town of Brownsville , Pennsylvania , which was a key outfitting center west of the mountains . Other wagon roads , such as the Kittanning Path surmounting the gaps of the Allegheny in central Pennsylvania , or trails along the Mohawk River in New York , enabled a steady stream of settlers to reach the near west and the lands bordering the Mississippi . This activity stimulated the development of the eastern parts of the eventual National Road by private investors . The Cumberland -- Brownsville toll road linked the water routes of the Potomac River with the Monongahela River of the Ohio / Mississippi riverine systems in the days when water travel was the only good alternative to walking and riding . Most of the territory and its successors was settled by emigrants passing through the Cumberland Narrows , or along the Mohawk Valley in New York State . The Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to provide for the administration of the territories and set rules for admission of jurisdictions as states . On August 7 , 1789 , the new U.S. Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the Constitution . The territory included all the land of the United States west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River . It covered all of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota . The area covered more than 260,000 square miles ( 670,000 km ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 British control 1.2 American Revolution 1.3 Indian wars 1.4 Statehood for Ohio 1.5 Education 2 Law and government 2.1 Officials 2.2 General Assembly 3 Territorial counties 4 Territorial contributions 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Older sources 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) European exploration of the region began with French - Canadian voyageurs in the 17th century , followed by French missionaries and French fur traders . French - Canadian explorer Jean Nicolet was the first recorded European entrant into the region , landing in 1634 at the current site of Green Bay , Wisconsin ( although Étienne Brûlé is stated by some sources as having explored Lake Superior and possibly inland Wisconsin in 1622 ) . The French exercised control from widely separate posts in the region , which they claimed as New France ; among these was the post at Fort Detroit , founded in 1701 . France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain as part of the Indian Reserve in the 1763 Treaty of Paris , after being defeated in the French and Indian War ( and Seven Years ' War in Europe ) . British control ( edit ) From the 1750s to the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 , the British had a long - standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state , a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest . It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British , who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade headquartered in Montreal . A new colony , named Charlotina , was proposed for the southern Great Lakes region . However , facing armed opposition by Native Americans , the British issued the Proclamation of 1763 , which prohibited white colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains . This action angered American colonists interested in expansion , as well as those who had already settled in the area . In 1774 , by the Quebec Act , Britain annexed the region to the Province of Quebec in order to provide a civil government and to centralize British administration of the Montreal - based fur trade . The prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained , contributing to the American Revolution . American Revolution ( edit ) In February 1779 , George Rogers Clark of the Virginia Militia captured Kaskaskia and Vincennes from British commander Henry Hamilton . Virginia capitalized on Clark 's success by laying claim to the whole of the Old Northwest , calling it Illinois County , Virginia , until 1784 , when Virginia ceded its land claims to the federal government . The Old Northwest Territory included all the then - owned land of the United States west of Pennsylvania , east of the Mississippi River , and northwest of the Ohio River . It covered all of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota . The area covered more than 260,000 square miles ( 670,000 km ) and was a significant addition to the United States . It was inhabited by about 45,000 Native Americans and 4,000 traders , mostly Canadien and British -- although both groups included the Metis , a sizeable group descended from Native women married to European or Canadian traders who established a unique culture that ruled the Upper Midwest for more than a century . Britain officially ceded the area north of the Ohio River and west of the Appalachians to the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War with the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , but the British continued to maintain a presence in the region as late as 1815 , the end of the War of 1812 . The state cessions that eventually allowed for the creation of the Territories North and South West of the River Ohio Several states ( Virginia , Massachusetts , New York , and Connecticut ) then had competing claims on the territory . Other states , such as Maryland , refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation so long as these states were allowed to keep their western territory , fearing that those states could continue to grow and tip the balance of power in their favor under the proposed system of federal government . As a concession in order to obtain ratification , these states ceded their claims on the territory to the federal government : New York in 1780 , Virginia in 1784 , Massachusetts and Connecticut in 1785 . So the majority of the territory became public land owned by the U.S. government . Virginia and Connecticut reserved the land of two areas to use as compensation to military veterans : The Virginia Military District and the Connecticut Western Reserve . In this way , the United States included territory and people outside any of the states . Thomas Jefferson 's Land Ordinance of 1784 was the first organization of the territory by the United States . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a standardized system for surveying the land into saleable lots , although Ohio would be partially surveyed several times using different methods , resulting in a patchwork of land surveys in Ohio . Some older French communities ' property claims based on earlier systems of long , narrow lots also were retained . The rest of the Northwest Territory was divided into roughly uniform square townships and sections , which facilitated land sales and development . The ordinance also stipulated that the territory would eventually form at least three - but not more than five - new states . American settlement officially began at Marietta , Ohio , on April 7 , 1788 , with the arrival of forty - eight pioneers . Indian wars ( edit ) The young United States government , deeply in debt following the Revolutionary War and lacking authority to tax under the Articles of Confederation , planned to raise revenue from the methodical sale of land in the Northwest Territory . This plan necessarily called for the removal of both Native American villages and squatters from the Eastern U.S. Difficulties with Native American tribes and a supporting British military presence presented continuing obstacles for American expansion . As late as 1791 , Rufus Putnam wrote to President Washington that `` we shall be so reduced and discouraged as to give up the settlement . '' The military campaign of General `` Mad '' Anthony Wayne against the Native Americans , who were supported by a British company , eventually culminated with victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and the Treaty of Greenville of 1795 . Jay 's Treaty , in 1794 , temporarily helped to smooth relations with British traders in the region , where British citizens outnumbered American citizens throughout the 1790s . Furthermore , in regards to the Leni Lenape Native Americans living in the region , Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would `` be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity . '' The first governor of the Northwest Territory , Arthur St. Clair , formally established the government on July 15 , 1788 , at Marietta . His original plan called for the organization of five initial counties : Washington ( Ohio east of the Scioto River ) , Hamilton ( Ohio between the Scioto and the Miami Rivers ) , Knox ( Indiana and eastern Illinois ) , St. Clair ( Illinois and Wisconsin ) , and Wayne ( Michigan ) . Under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , which created the Northwest Territory , General St. Clair was appointed governor of what is now Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , along with parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota . He named Cincinnati , Ohio , after the Society of the Cincinnati , and it was there that he established his home . When the territory was divided in 1800 , he served as governor of the Ohio Territory . As Governor , he formulated the Maxwell Code ( named after its printer , William Maxwell ) , the first written laws of the territory . He also sought to end Native American claims to Ohio land and clear the way for white settlement . In 1789 , he succeeded in getting certain Indians to sign the Treaty of Fort Harmar , but many native leaders had not been invited to participate in the negotiations , or had refused to do so . Rather than settling the Indian 's claims , the treaty provoked them to further resistance in what is sometimes known as the `` Northwest Indian War '' ( or `` Little Turtle 's War '' ) . Mutual hostilities led to a campaign by General Josiah Harmar , whose 1,500 militiamen were defeated by the Indians in October 1790 . In March 1791 , St. Clair succeeded Harmar as commander of the United States Army and was commissioned as a major general . He personally led a punitive expedition involving two Regular Army regiments and some militia . In October 1791 as an advance post for his campaign , Fort Jefferson ( Ohio ) was built under the direction of General Arthur St. Clair . Located in present - day Darke County in far western Ohio , the fort was built of wood and intended primarily as a supply depot ; accordingly , it was originally named Fort Deposit . One month later , near modern - day Fort Recovery , his force advanced to the location of Indian settlements near the headwaters of the Wabash River , but on November 4 they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by Miami Chief Little Turtle and Shawnee chief Blue Jacket . More than 600 soldiers and scores of women and children were killed in the battle , which has since borne the name `` St. Clair 's Defeat '' , also known as the `` Battle of the Wabash '' , the `` Columbia Massacre , '' or the `` Battle of a Thousand Slain '' . It remains the greatest defeat of a US Army by Native Americans in history , with about 623 American soldiers killed in action and about 50 Native American killed . Although an investigation exonerated him , St. Clair resigned his army commission in March 1792 at the request of President Washington , but continued to serve as Governor of the Northwest Territory . Check signed by Arthur St. Clair while Governor of the Northwest Territory ( 1796 ) A Federalist , St. Clair hoped to see two states made of the Ohio Territory in order to increase Federalist power in Congress . However , he was resented by Ohio Democratic - Republicans for what were perceived as his partisanship , high - handededness and arrogance in office . In 1802 , his opposition to plans for Ohio statehood led President Thomas Jefferson to remove him from office as territorial governor . He thus played no part in the organizing of the state of Ohio in 1803 . The first Ohio Constitution provided for a weak governor and a strong legislature , in part due to a reaction to St. Clair 's method of governance . Statehood for Ohio ( edit ) On July 4 , 1800 , in preparation for Ohio 's statehood , the Indiana Territory was decreed by an act of the U.S. Congress , signed into law by President John Adams on May 7 , 1800 , effective on July 4 . The Congressional legislation encompassed all land west of the present Indiana -- Ohio border and its northward extension to Lake Superior , reducing the Northwest Territory to present - day Ohio and the eastern half of Michigan 's Lower Peninsula . Ohio was admitted as a state on March 1 , 1803 , at the same time the remaining land was annexed to Indiana Territory , and the Northwest Territory went out of existence . Ongoing disputes with the British over the region was a contributing factor to the War of 1812 . Britain irrevocably ceded claim to the former Northwest Territory with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 . Education ( edit ) The 1784 Northwest Ordinance called for a public university for the education , settlement and eventual statehood of the frontier of Ohio and beyond . Article 3 stated `` Religion , morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind , schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged . '' In 1786 , Manasseh Cutler became interested in the settlement of western lands by American pioneers to the Northwest Territory . The following year , as agent of the Ohio Company of Associates that he had been involved in creating , he organized a contract with Congress whereby his associates ( former soldiers of the Revolutionary War ) might purchase one and a half million acres ( 6,000 km2 ) of land at the mouth of the Muskingum River with their Certificate of Indebtedness . Cutler greatly impacted the Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Northwest Territory , which was finally presented to Congress by Massachusetts delegate Nathan Dane . In order to smooth passage of the Northwest Ordinance , Cutler bribed key congressmen by making them partners in his land company . In changing the office of provisional governor from an elected to an appointed position , Cutler was able to offer the position to the president of Congress , Arthur St. Clair . The Land Ordinance of 1785 created an innovation in public education when it reserved resources for local public schools . The ordinance divided the territory into 36 mile townships , and each township was further divided into 36 one mile tracts for purposes of sale . The ordinance then stated that `` there shall be reserved from sale the lot No. 16 of every township for the maintenance of public schools within the said township . '' In 1801 , Jefferson Academy was established in Vincennes . As Vincennes University , it remains the oldest public institution of higher learning from the Northwest Territory . The next year , American Western University was created in Athens , Ohio , upstream of the Hocking River , due to its location directly between Chillicothe ( an original capital of Ohio ) and Marietta . It was formally established on February 18 , 1804 as Ohio University , when its charter instrument was approved by the Ohio General Assembly . Its establishment came 11 months after Ohio was admitted to the Union . The first three students enrolled in 1808 . Ohio University graduated two students with bachelor 's degrees in 1815 . Law and government ( edit ) Map of the states and territories of the United States as it was on August 7 , 1789 , when the Northwest Territory was first organized , to May 26 , 1790 , when the Southwest Territory was organized Main article : Northwest Ordinance At first , the territory had a modified form of martial law . The governor was also the senior army officer within the territory , and he combined legislative and executive authority . But a supreme court was established , and he shared legislative powers with the court . County governments were organized as soon as the population was sufficient , and these assumed local administrative and judicial functions . Washington County was the first of these , at Marietta in 1788 . This was an important event , as this court was the first establishment of civil and criminal law in the pioneer country . As soon as the number of free male settlers exceeded 5,000 , the Territorial Legislature was to be created , and this happened in 1798 . The full mechanisms of government were put in place , as outlined in the Northwest Ordinance . A bicameral legislature consisted of a House of Representatives and a Council . The first House had 22 representatives , apportioned by population of each county . The House then nominated 10 citizens to be Council members . The nominations were sent to the U.S. Congress , which appointed five of them as the Council . This assembly became the legislature of the Territory , although the governor retained veto power . Article VI of the Articles of Compact within the Northwest Ordinance prohibited the owning of slaves within the Northwest Territory . However , territorial governments evaded this law by use of indenture laws . The Articles of Compact prohibited legal discrimination on the basis of religion within the territory . The township formula created by Thomas Jefferson was first implemented in the Northwest Territory through the Land Ordinance of 1785 . The square surveys of the Northwest Territory would become a hallmark of the Midwest , as sections , townships , counties ( and states ) were laid out scientifically , and land was sold quickly and efficiently ( although not without some speculative aberrations ) . Officials ( edit ) Arthur St. Clair was the territory 's governor until November 1802 , when President Thomas Jefferson removed him from office and appointed Charles Willing Byrd , who served the position until Ohio became a state and elected its first governor , Edward Tiffin , on March 3 , 1803 . The Supreme Court consisted of ( 1 ) John Cleves Symmes , ( 2 ) James Mitchell Varnum , died 1789 , replaced by George Turner , who resigned in 1796 , and was replaced by Return Jonathan Meigs , Jr. , and ( 3 ) Samuel Holden Parsons , died 1789 , replaced by Rufus Putnam , who resigned 1796 , and was replaced by Joseph Gilman . There were three secretaries : Winthrop Sargent ( July 9 , 1788 -- May 31 , 1798 ) ; William Henry Harrison ( June 29 , 1798 -- December 31 , 1799 ) ; and Charles Willing Byrd ( January 1 , 1800 -- March 1 , 1803 ) . The territory 's first common pleas court opened at Marietta on September 2 , 1788 . Its first judges were General Rufus Putnam , General Benjamin Tupper , and Colonel Archibald Crary . Ebenezer Sproat was the first sheriff , Paul Fearing became the first attorney to practice in the territory , and Colonel William Stacy was foreman of the first grand jury . Griffin Greene was appointed justice of the peace . Winthrop Sargent , the first secretary of the territory , married Roewena Tupper , daughter of Gen. Benjamin Tupper , on February 6 , 1789 at Marietta in the first marriage ceremony held within the Northwest Territory . General Assembly ( edit ) The General Assembly of the Northwest Territory consisted of a Legislative Council ( five members chosen by Congress ) and a House of Representatives consisting of 22 members elected by the male freeholders in nine counties . The first session of the Assembly was held in September 1799 . Its first important task was to select a non-voting delegate to the U.S. Congress . Locked in a power struggle with Governor St. Clair , the legislature narrowly elected William Henry Harrison as the first delegate over the governor 's son , Arthur St. Clair , Jr . Subsequent congressional delegates were William McMillan ( 1800 -- 1801 ) and Paul Fearing ( 1801 -- 1803 ) . The first session of the First Territorial Legislature met from September 16 to December 19 , 1799 at Cincinnati . ( show ) first session , First Territorial Legislature 1799 Legislative Council County Councilman Notes Hamilton Jacob Burnet James Findlay Washington Robert Oliver Jefferson David Vance Knox Henry Vanderburgh President of the Council ( show ) first session , First Territorial Legislature 1799 House of Representatives County Representative Notes Adams Joseph Darlinton Hamilton Robert Benham Aaron Caldwell William Goforth John Ludlow Isaac Martin William McMillan John Smith Jefferson James Pritchard Knox John Small Randolph John Edgar Ross Samuel Findlay Elias Langham Nathaniel Massie Edward Tiffin Speaker of the House Thomas Worthington St. Clair Shadrach Bond , Sr . Washington Paul Fearing Return Jonathan Meigs , Jr . Wayne Charles Francois Chobert de Joncaire Solomon Sibley Jacob Visgar The second session of the First Territorial Legislature met from November 3 to December 9 , 1800 at Chillicothe . ( show ) second session , First Territorial Legislature 1800 Legislative Council County Councilman Notes Hamilton Jacob Burnet James Findlay Washington Robert Oliver President of the Council Jefferson David Vance ( show ) second session , First Territorial Legislature 1800 House of Representatives County Representative Notes Adams Joseph Darlinton Nathaniel Massie seated November 10 Hamilton Robert Benham William Goforth John Ludlow vice Aaron Caldwell , removed from territory William Lytle Isaac Martin William McMillan resigned when he was elected to Congress John Smith Jefferson Zenas Kimberly James Pritchard Ross Samuel Findlay Elias Langham Edward Tiffin Speaker of the House Thomas Worthington Washington Paul Fearing Return Jonathan Meigs , Jr . Wayne Charles Francois Chobert de Joncaire Solomon Sibley Jacob Visgar The first session of the Second Territorial Legislature met from November 23 , 1801 to January 23 , 1802 at Chillicothe . ( show ) first session , Second Territorial Legislature 1801 -- 1802 Legislative Council County Councilman Notes Hamilton Jacob Burnet Washington Robert Oliver President of the Council Jefferson David Vance Wayne Solomon Sibley ( show ) first session , Second Territorial Legislature 1801 -- 1802 House of Representatives County Representative Notes Adams Joseph Darlinton Nathaniel Massie Hamilton Francis Dunlavy John Ludlow Moses Miller Jeremiah Morrow Daniel Reeder John Smith Jacob White Jefferson Zenas Kimberly Thomas McCune John Milligan Ross Elias Langham seated November 26 Edward Tiffin Speaker of the House Thomas Worthington Trumbull Edward Paine Washington Ephraim Cutler Rufus Putnam Wayne Charles Francois Chobert de Joncaire George McDougal Jonathan Schiefflein The second session of the Second Territorial Legislature was scheduled to begin the fourth Monday in November , 1802 at Cincinnati . As the Ohio Constitutional Convention was then in session , no attempt was made to convene the body by members or the territorial governor . Territorial counties ( edit ) Seal of the Northwest territory over a time capsule outside the Campus Martius Museum . Latin phrase `` He has planted one better than the one fallen , '' signifies the replacement of wilderness by civilization . Ohio Counties in 1802 13 counties were formed by Governor Arthur St. Clair during the territory 's existence : Washington County , with its seat at Marietta , was the first county formed in the territory , proclaimed on July 26 , 1788 by territorial governor St. Clair . Its original boundaries were proclaimed as all of present - day Ohio east of a line extending due south from the mouth of the Cuyahoga River , but this did not take into account Connecticut 's still unresolved claim of the Western Reserve . It kept these boundaries until 1796 . Hamilton County , with its seat at Cincinnati , was proclaimed on January 2 , 1790 . The same proclamation officially changed Cincinnati 's name from Losantiville into its present form . Its original boundaries claimed all land north of the Ohio between the Great Miami River and Little Miami River as far north as Standing Stone Fork ( now Loramie Creek ) , just north of present - day Piqua . In 1792 Hamilton County was expanded to encompass all lands between the mouths of the Great Miami and Cuyahoga Rivers , as well as all of what is now the Lower Peninsula of Michigan . Its territory was reduced several times after 1796 . St. Clair County , with its seat at Kaskaskia was proclaimed on April 27 , 1790 . It originally encompassed most of present - day Illinois south of the Illinois River . It lost most of its southern lands in the formation of Randolph County in 1795 , necessitating the transfer of the county seat to Cahokia , but would expand to the north to take in northwest present - day Illinois and most of present - day Wisconsin in 1801 after becoming part of Indiana Territory . Knox County , with its seat at Vincennes , was proclaimed on June 20 , 1790 , and encompassed the majority of the territory 's land area -- all land between St. Clair County and Hamilton County , extending north to Canada . Randolph County was formed October 5 , 1795 with its seat at Kaskaskia and encompassed the southern half of what was St. Clair County . Wayne County was formed on August 15 , 1796 , out of portions of Hamilton County and unorganized land , with its seat at Detroit , which had been evacuated by the British five weeks previously . Wayne County originally covered all of Michigan 's Lower Peninsula , northwestern Ohio , northern Indiana and a small portion of the present Lake Michigan shoreline , including the site of present - day Chicago . The lands west of the extension of the present Indiana - Ohio border became part of Indiana Territory in 1800 ; the eastern portion of the county 's land in Ohio were folded into Trumbull County that same year . The territory north of the Ordinance Line became part of Indiana Territory in 1803 as a reorganized Wayne County ; the remainder reverted to unorganized status after Ohio statehood . Adams County was formed on July 10 , 1797 , with its seat at Manchester ; it encompassed most of present - day south central Ohio . Jefferson County was formed July 29 , 1797 with its seat at Steubenville , carved out of Washington County and originally encompassed all of what is now northeastern Ohio . Ross County was organized on August 20 , 1798 with its seat at Chillicothe and was carved out of portions of Knox , Hamilton and Washington counties . Knox , Randolph and St. Clair counties were separated from the territory effective July 4 , 1800 , and , along with the western part of Wayne County , and unorganized lands in what are now Minnesota and Wisconsin , became the Indiana Territory . Trumbull County was proclaimed July 10 , 1800 out of the Western Reserve portion of Jefferson and Wayne Counties , with its county seat at Warren , chosen over rivals Cleveland and Youngstown . Clermont County was formed December 6 , 1800 out of Hamilton County , with its seat at Williamsburg . In contrast with most other Northwest Territory counties , Clermont County 's original boundaries are only slightly larger than its present - day limits . Fairfield County was proclaimed December 9 , 1800 , formed out of Ross and Washington counties , with its seat at Lancaster . Belmont County was proclaimed September 7 , 1801 , formed out of Washington and Jefferson counties , with its seat at St. Clairsville . The Northwest Territory ceased to exist upon Ohio statehood on March 1 , 1803 ; the lands in Ohio that were previously part of Wayne County but not included in Trumbull County reverted to an unorganized status until new counties could be formed . The remainder of Wayne County , roughly the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula , was attached to Indiana Territory . Territorial contributions ( edit ) US states that ceded territorial claims in what would become the Northwest Territory : State of New York , 1780 -- 1782 Commonwealth of Virginia , 1781 -- 1784 Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 1784 -- 1785 State of Connecticut , 1786 and 1800 U.S. territories that encompassed land that was previously part of the Northwest Territory : Territory of Indiana , 1800 -- 1816 Territory of Michigan , 1805 -- 1837 Territory of Illinois , 1809 -- 1818 Territory of Wisconsin , 1836 -- 1848 Territory of Minnesota , 1849 -- 1858 US states that encompass land that was once part of the Northwest Territory : State of Ohio , 1803 State of Indiana , 1816 State of Illinois , 1818 State of Michigan , 1837 State of Wisconsin , 1848 State of Minnesota , 1858 See also ( edit ) Ohio portal Indiana portal Illinois portal Michigan portal Wisconsin portal Minnesota portal History portal American pioneers to the Northwest Territory Historic regions of the United States History of Ohio Illinois - Wabash Company Indian barrier state Northwest Indian War Northwestern University -- Created in 1851 to serve the people of the former Northwest Territory Ohio Country Ohio University -- First institution of higher education chartered by an Act of Congress in America ( Northwest Ordinance ) Zane 's trace Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Before the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , the western border of U.S. territory ended on the Mississippi ; the lands beyond still being a possession of Napoleonic France or the Kingdom of Spain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Northwest Territory '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith , `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea , '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61 # 2 - 4 ( 1989 ) : 46 - 63 . Jump up ^ Palmer , pp. 400 -- 421 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. ( 2015 ) . The Victory with No Name . The Native American Defeat of the First American Army . Oxford University Press . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. ( 2015 ) . The Victory with No Name . The Native American Defeat of the First American Army . Oxford University Press . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Winkler , John F. ( 2011 ) . Wabash 1791 : St. Clair 's Defeat ; Osprey Campaign Series # 240 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 84908 - 676 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Religion and the Congress of the Confederation , 1774 -- 89 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael S. Warner , `` General Josiah Harmar 's Campaign Reconsidered : How the Americans Lost the Battle of Kekionga . '' Indiana Magazine of History ( 1987 ) : 43 -- 64 . online Jump up ^ Leroy V. Eid , `` American Indian Military Leadership : St. Clair 's 1791 Defeat . '' Journal of Military History 57.1 ( 1993 ) : 71 -- 88 . Jump up ^ William O. Odo , `` Destined for Defeat : an Analysis of the St. Clair Expedition of 1791 . '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly ( 1993 ) 65 # 2 pp : 68 -- 93 . Jump up ^ John F. Winkler , Wabash 1791 : St Clair 's Defeat ( Osprey Publishing , 2011 ) Jump up ^ McDougall , Walter A. Freedom Just Around the Corner : A New American History , 1585 -- 1828 . ( New York : Harper Collins , 2004 ) , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Knight , George Wells ( 1885 ) . History and Management of Land Grants for Education in the Northwest Territory ( Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Wisconsin ) . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio University '' . Ohio History Central : An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ohio General Assembly ( 1917 ) . Manual of Legislative Practice in the General Assembly . State of Ohio . p. 199 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery in Indiana Territory '' . Indiana Historical Bureau . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burtner , W.H. , Jr. ( 1998 ) . `` Charles Willing Byrd '' . 41 . Ohio Historical Society : 237 . Jump up ^ Force , Manning , ed. ( 1897 ) . `` The Supreme Court -- a Historical Sketch '' . Bench and Bar of Ohio : a Compendium of History and Biography. 1 . Chicago : Century Publishing and Engraving Company . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hildreth , S.P. ( 1848 ) . Pioneer History : Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley , and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory . Cincinnati , Ohio : H.W. Derby and Co. pp. 232 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , L. ( 1987 ) . True Stories from Pioneer Valley . Marietta , Ohio : Broughton Foods . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , pp. 131 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Reinke , Edgar C. `` Meliorem Lapsa Locavit : An Intriguing Puzzle Solved '' . Ohio History . 94 : 74 . says the young tree on the seal of the NWT is an apple , while Summers , Thomas J. ( 1903 ) . History of Marietta . Marietta , Ohio : Leader Publishing . p. 115 . says it is a buckeye , and perhaps the genesis of Ohio 's nickname . Jump up ^ Griswold , S.O. ( 1884 ) . The Corporate Birth and Growth of the City of Cleveland . Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society . Tract No. 62 . Jump up ^ Unknown ( 1894 ) . History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County . S.B. Nelson & Co . Jump up ^ Walton , W.C. ( 1928 ) . A Brief History of St. Clair County . McKendree College . Jump up ^ Esarey , Logan ( 1915 ) . A History of Indiana . W.K. Stewart Co. p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Information for the Target Investment Areas Trumbull County and the Historic Western Reserve '' . Trumbull County . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2005 . Further reading ( edit ) Barnhart , Terry A . `` ' A Common Feeling ' : Regional Identity and Historical Consciousness in the Old Northwest , 1820 - 1860 . '' Michigan Historical Review ( 2003 ) : 39 - 70 . in JSTOR Barr , Daniel P . The Boundaries Between Us : Natives and Newcomers Along the Frontiers of the Old Northwest Territory , 1750 - 1850 ( Kent State University Press , 2006 ) Beatty - Medina , Charles , and Melissa Rinehart , eds . Contested Territories : Native Americans and Non-natives in the Lower Great Lakes , 1700 - 1850 ( Michigan State University Press , 2012 ) Buley , R. Carlyle . The Old Northwest : Pioneer Period , 1815 - 1840 ( 2 vols. , Bloomington , Ind. , 1951 ) . Pulitzer Prize for history Buley , R. Carlyle . `` Pioneer health and medical practices in the old northwest prior to 1840 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1934 ) : 497 - 520 . in JSTOR Calloway , Colin G . The Victory with No Name : The Native American Defeat of the First American Army ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Davis , James E. `` '' New Aspects of Men and New Forms of Society `` : The Old Northwest , 1790 - 1820 . '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1976 ) : 164 - 172 . in JSTOR Elkins , Stanley , and Eric McKitrick . `` A Meaning for Turner 's Frontier : Part I : Democracy in the Old Northwest . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1954 ) : 321 - 353 . in JSTOR Esarey , Logan . `` Elements of Culture in the Old Northwest . '' Indiana Magazine of History ( 1957 ) : 257 - 264 . online Heath , William . William Wells and the Struggle for the Old Northwest ( University of Oklahoma Press , 2015 ) he lived 1770 - 1812 Kuhns , Frederck I. , `` Home Missions and Education in the Old Northwest . '' Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society ( 1953 ) : 137 - 155 . in JSTOR Owens , Robert M. Mr. Jefferson 's hammer : William Henry Harrison and the origins of American Indian policy ( University of Oklahoma Press , 2012 ) Ubbelohde , Carl . `` History and the Midwest as a Region . '' Wisconsin Magazine of History ( 1994 ) : 35 - 47 . in JSTOR Zimmer , Louise ( 1987 ) . True Stories of Pioneer Times . Marietta , Ohio : Broughton Foods . -- -- -- ( 1993 ) . More True Stories from Pioneer Valley . Marietta , Ohio : Sugden Book Store . Older sources ( edit ) Barker , Joseph ( 1958 ) . Recollections of the First Settlement of Ohio . Marietta , Ohio : Marietta College . Original manuscript written late in Joseph Barker 's life , prior to his death in 1843 Gilkey , Elliot Howard , ed. ( 1901 ) . The Ohio Hundred Year Book : a Hand - book of the Public Men and Public Institutions of Ohio ... State of Ohio . Hildreth , S.P. ( 1848 ) . Pioneer History : Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley , and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory . Cincinnati , Ohio : H.W. Derby and Co . Hildreth , S.P. ( 1852 ) . Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio . Cincinnati , Ohio : H.W. Derby and Co . Hulbert , Archer Butler ( 1917 ) . The Records of the Original Proceedings of the Ohio Company , Volumes I and 2 . Marietta , Ohio : Marietta Historical Commission . Lindley , H. ; Schneider , N. & Quaife , M. ( 1937 ) . History of the Ordinance of 1787 and the Old Northwest Territory ( A Supplemental Text for School Use ) . Marietta , Ohio : Northwest Territory Celebration Commission . Morse , J. ( 1797 ) . `` North - West Territory '' . The American Gazetteer . Boston , Massachusetts : S. Hall , and Thomas & Andrews . Summers , Thomas J. ( 1903 ) . History of Marietta . Marietta , Ohio : Leader Publishing . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Northwest Ordinance Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northwest Territory . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Northwest Territory . 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4911808174397178951	Battle of Camden	Battle of Camden - wikipedia Battle of Camden This article is about the 1780 battle . For the 1781 battle known as the Second Battle of Camden , see Battle of Hobkirk 's Hill . Battle of Camden Part of the American Revolutionary War Battle of Camden -- Death of De Kalb Date August 16 , 1780 Location Kershaw County , north of Camden , South Carolina 34 ° 21 ′ 52.39 '' N 80 ° 36 ′ 50.04 '' W / 34.3645528 ° N 80.6139000 ° W / 34.3645528 ; - 80.6139000 Coordinates : 34 ° 21 ′ 52.39 '' N 80 ° 36 ′ 50.04 '' W / 34.3645528 ° N 80.6139000 ° W / 34.3645528 ; - 80.6139000 Result British victory Belligerents Great Britain Loyalists United States Commanders and leaders Lord Cornwallis Lord Rawdon Horatio Gates Johann de Kalb † Marquis de La Rouërie Strength 2,100 1,500 regulars 600 militia 4 guns 4,000 1,500 regulars 2,500 militia 7 - 8 guns Casualties and losses 68 killed 245 wounded 11 missing 900 killed and wounded 1,000 captured 8 guns captured 200 + wagons captured Southern theater 1780 -- 83 1780 Charleston Moncks Corner Lenud 's Ferry Waxhaws Mobley 's Meeting House Ramsour 's Mill Huck 's Defeat Colson 's Mill Rocky Mount Hanging Rock Camden Fishing Creek Musgrove Mill Wahab 's Plantation Black Mingo Charlotte Kings Mountain Shallow Ford Fishdam Ford Blackstock 's Farm 1781 Yorktown Campaign Richmond Waters Creek Cape Henry Blandford Spencer 's Ordinary Green Spring Francisco Chesapeake Yorktown Cowpens Cowan 's Ford Torrence 's Tavern Pyle 's Massacre Wetzell 's Mill Guilford Court House Fort Watson Hobkirk 's Hill Fort Motte Augusta Ninety - Six House in the Horseshoe Eutaw Springs Lindley 's Mill 1782 Videau 's Bridge Wambaw Combahee River James Island 1783 Chesapeake Bay The Great Wagon Road along which advance forces of both armies met on the night before the battle The Battle of Camden was a major victory for the British in the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War ( American War of Independence ) . On August 16 , 1780 , British forces under Lieutenant General Charles , Lord Cornwallis routed the American forces of Major General Horatio Gates about five miles north of Camden , South Carolina , strengthening the British hold on the Carolinas following the capture of Charleston . The rout was a humiliating defeat for Gates , the American general best known for commanding the Americans at the British defeat of Saratoga , whose army had possessed a large numerical superiority over the British force . Following the battle , he never held a field command again . His political connections , however , helped him avoid inquiries and courts martial into the debacle . Contents 1 Background 2 Deployments 3 Battle 4 Casualties 5 Analysis 5.1 Tactical evaluation 5.2 Strategic evaluation 6 Aftermath 7 Legacy 8 Order of battle 8.1 British 8.2 Colonial 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Following the British defeat at Saratoga in 1777 , and the Battle of Monmouth in 1778 , the French entered the American Revolutionary War in June 1778 , followed by the Spanish in June 1779 . With the war at a stalemate in the north , the British decided to renew their `` southern strategy '' to win back their rebellious North American colonies . The strategy relied on the Loyalists joining forces with British regulars to roll northward through North Carolina and Virginia , besieging the rebels in the north on all sides . This campaign repeated the successful December 1778 Capture of Savannah , with Sir Henry Clinton 's successful Siege of Charleston in May 1780 . British forces then campaigned in the Back Country , capturing the key towns of Georgetown , Cheraw , Camden , Ninety Six , and Augusta . Clinton returned to New York on 5 June 1780 , after the southern remnants of the Continental Army were defeated in May 1780 at the Battle of Waxhaws , tasking Lord Cornwallis with the pacification of the remaining portions of the state . The Patriot resistance remaining in South Carolina consisted of militia under commanders such as Thomas Sumter , William Davie , and Francis Marion . Washington sent Continental Army regiments south , consisting of the Maryland Line and Delaware Line , under the temporary command of Major General Jean , Baron de Kalb . Departing New Jersey on 16 April 1780 , they arrived at the Buffalo Ford on the Deep River , 30 miles south of Greensboro , in July . Horatio Gates , the `` Hero of Saratoga '' arrived in camp on 25 July 1780 , to take command . Two days later , Gates ordered his army to take the direct road to Camden , against the advice of his officers , including Otho Holland Williams . Williams noted the country they were marching through `` was by nature barren , abounding with sandy plains , intersected by swamps , and very thinly inhabited , '' and what few inhabitants they may come across were most likely hostile . All of the troops had been short of food since arrival at the Deep River . On 7 Aug. , Gates was joined by 2,100 North Carolina militiamen under the command of General Richard Caswell . At Rugeley 's Mill , 15 miles north of Camden , 700 Virginia Militia under the command of General Edward Stevens joined Gates ' `` Grand Army '' . In addition , Gates had Armand 's Legion . However , at this stage , Gates no longer had the help of Marion 's or Sumter 's men , and in fact had sent 400 of his Continental 's to help Sumter with a planned attack on a British supply convoy . Gates also refused the help of Col. William Washington 's cavalry . Apparently Gates planned on building defensive works 5.5 miles north of Camden in an effort to force British abandonment of that important town . Gates told his aide Thomas Pinckney he had no intention of attacking the British with an army consisting mostly of militia . Camden was garrisoned by about 1,000 men under Lord Rawdon . General Cornwallis , alerted to Gates ' movement on August 9 , marched from Charleston with reinforcements , arriving at Camden on August 13 , increasing the effective British troop strength to 2,239 men . Gates ordered a night march to commence at 10 PM on the 15th Aug. , despite his army of 3,052 , of which two - thirds were militia , having never maneuvered together . Unfortunately , their evening meal acted as a purgative while they marched , with Armand 's horse in the lead . On a collision course was Cornwallis ' army , also on a 10 PM night march , with Tarleton 's dragoons in the lead . A short period of confusion ensued when both forces collided around 2 AM , but both sides soon separated , not wanting a night battle . Deployments ( edit ) Battle of Camden initial dispositions and movements , 16 August 1780 Gates formed up before first light . On his right flank he placed Mordecai Gist 's 2nd Maryland ( three regiments ) and the Delaware Regiment , with Baron de Kalb in overall command of the right wing . On his left flank , he placed Caswell 's 1,800 North Carolina militia , left of them were Stevens ' 700 Virginians , and behind the Virginians were 120 of Armand 's Legion . Gates and staff stayed behind the reserve force , Smallwood 's the 1st Maryland Regiment , about 200 yards behind the battle line . Thus , the total number of Continentals on the field numbered 900 . Gates placed seven guns along the line , manned by about 100 men . Also present , but whose disposition was unknown , were 70 mounted volunteer South Carolinians . Gates ' formation , though a typical British practice of the time , placed his weakest troops against the most experienced British regiments , while his best troops would face only the weaker elements of the British forces . Cornwallis had roughly 2,239 men , including Loyalist militia and Volunteers of Ireland . Cornwallis also had the infamous and highly experienced Tarleton 's Legion , who were formidable in a pursuit situation . Cornwallis formed his army in two brigades . Lord Rawdon was in command of the left , facing the Continental Infantry with the Irish Volunteers , Banastre Tarleton 's infantry and the Loyalist troops . On the right was Lt. Col James Webster , facing the inexperienced militia with the 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers and the 33rd Regiment of Foot . In reserve , Cornwallis had two battalions of the 71st Regiment of Foot and Tarleton 's cavalry force . He also placed four guns in the British center . Battle ( edit ) General Horatio Gates , portrait by Gilbert Stuart Gates ordered Stevens and de Kalb to attack , while Cornwallis issued the same order to Webster . The 800 strong 33rd Fusiliers advanced with bayonets towards the 2,500 soldiers in the Virginia and North Carolina militia . The militia , however , had never used bayonets before . The American left wing collapsed as the Virginians and then the North Carolinians fled . The Virginians fled so fast that they only suffered 3 wounded . The North Carolinians fled all the way back to Hillsborough , North Carolina . According to Williams , referring to the British charge , `` the impetuosity with which they advanced , firing and huzzaing , threw the whole body of militia into such a panic that they generally threw down their loaded arms and fled in the utmost consternation . The unworthy example of the Virginians was almost instantly followed by the North Carolinians . '' Furthermore , in a letter to Thomas Jefferson , then governor of Virginia , `` picture it as bad as you possibly can and it will not be as bad as it really is . '' A member of the North Carolina militia , Garret Watts , later confessed , `` It was instantaneous . There was no effort to rally , no encouragement to fight . Officers and men joined in the flight . I threw away my gun ... '' Rawdon 's troops advanced in two charges , but a heavy fire repulsed his regiments . The Continental troops then launched a counterattack which came close to breaking Rawdon 's line , which began to falter . Cornwallis rode to his left flank and steadied Rawdon 's men . Instead of pursuing the fleeing militia , Webster wheeled to the left , into the Continentals . One North Carolina militia that had been stationed next to the Delaware Line held its ground , the only militia unit to do so . De Kalb called up the reserve 1st Maryland Brigade to support the 2nd , but they could get no closer than several hundred feet . However , as Lt. Col. Benjamin Ford , of the 6th Maryland , stated to Williams ' entreaties , `` We are outnumbered and outflanked . See the enemy charge with bayonets . '' With the British closing in on three sides , Cornwallis ordered Tarleton 's cavalry to charge the rear of the Continental line . The cavalry charge broke up the formation of the Continental troops , who finally broke and fled . However , Gist was able to move 100 Continentals in good order through a swamp , where the cavalry could not follow . Additionally , about 50 to 60 Maryland Line Continentals , under the leadership of Maj . Archibald Anderson , Lt. Col. John Eager Howard , and Capt . Robert Kirkwood , were able to retreat in good order . According to Tarleton , `` rout and slaughter ensued in every quarter . '' De Kalb , attempting to rally his men , was unhorsed , and would die of his 11 wounds ( 8 by bayonet , and 2 by musket ) two days later as a British prisoner . After just one hour of combat , the American troops had been utterly defeated , suffering over 2,000 casualties . Tarleton 's cavalry pursued and harried the retreating Continental troops for some 22 miles ( 35 km ) before drawing rein . By that evening , Gates , mounted on a swift horse , had taken refuge 60 miles ( 97 km ) away in Charlotte , North Carolina . According to Charles Stedman , one of Cornwallis ' officers , `` The road for some miles was strewn with the wounded and killed who had been overtaken by the legion in their pursuit . The numbers of dead horses , broken wagons , and baggage scattered on the road formed a perfect scene of horror and confusion : Arms , knapsacks , and accoutrements found were innumerable ; such was the terror and dismay of the Americans . '' Casualties ( edit ) The British casualties were 68 killed , 245 wounded and 11 missing . Hugh Rankin says , `` of the known dead , 162 were Continentals , 12 were South Carolina militiamen , 3 were Virginia militiamen and 63 were North Carolina militiamen '' . David Ramsay says , `` 290 American wounded prisoners were carried into Camden after this action . Of this number , 206 were Continentals , 82 were North Carolina militia and 2 were Virginia militia . The resistance made by each corps may in some degree be estimated from the number of wounded . The Americans lost the whole of their artillery - 8 field pieces , upwards of 200 wagons and the greatest part of their baggage . '' A letter from Cornwallis to Lord George Germain , dated 21 August 1780 , says that his army took `` about one thousand Prisoners , many of whom wounded '' on August 18 . The website Documentary History of the Battle of Camden , 16 August 1780 details on its Officer Casualties at Camden page the fates of 48 Continental officers at Camden : 5 were killed , 4 died of wounds , 4 were wounded without being captured , 11 were wounded and captured and 24 were captured without being wounded . These ratios would suggest that a significant number of the Americans wounded in the battle escaped capture . Analysis ( edit ) There are many reasons given for Gates ' defeat . The most prominent are the following : Tactical evaluation ( edit ) Gates , as a former British officer , was accustomed to the traditional British deployment of the most experienced regiments on the place of honor : the right flank of the battle line . Gates had therefore placed the Continental regiments on his right flank , and the mass of militia which had joined him -- of whom nearly all of the Virginians had never been in a battle -- on the left flank , facing the most experienced British regiments . Gates was also too far behind his troops to observe the battle or see what the British were doing . Tarleton claims Gates made four errors , including not taking a stronger position on Saunders ' Creek before Cornwallis arrived , moving his army at night , the placement of his militia , and the adjustment of his disposition just before battle . Strategic evaluation ( edit ) Aside from tactics on the battlefield , Gates had made several strategic errors before joining the battle : His aggressive movement brought his forces deep into pro-British territory , where residents still loyal to the Crown would provide no supplies nor join his army . So far from their supply lines , Gates ' forces were weakened by lack of adequate food , many of them falling victim to diarrhea . Gates took great confidence in his victory at Saratoga but erred in mapping the inexperience of Burgoyne ( his opponent in that battle ) onto Cornwallis , who was a gifted strategist . Aftermath ( edit ) Lieutenant - Colonel Banastre Tarleton by Sir Joshua Reynolds Gates proceeded onwards to Hillsborough , a distance of 180 miles , where he arrived on the 19th and then composed his report to Congress on 20 Aug . The report to the President of the Continental Congress , Samuel Huntington , began , `` In deepest Distress and Anxiety of Mind , I am obliged to acquaint your Excellency with the Total Defeat of the Troops under my Command . '' In a 30 Aug. letter to George Washington , Gates wrote , But if being unfortunate is solely a Reason sufficient for removing me from Command I shall most cheerfully submit to the Orders of Congress ; and resign an office few Generals would be anxious to possess ... '' Gates lost control of the southern army . However , Daniel Morgan and Nathaniel Greene defended Gates ' actions , but not his decision to fight . Major General Nathaniel Greene , George Washington 's original preference , was given command of the southern army . Gates , who had strong political connections in the Continental Congress , successfully avoided inquiries into the debacle . Legacy ( edit ) The Camden Battlefield is located about 5.5 miles ( 8.9 km ) north of Camden . Approximately 479 acres of the core of the battlefield is owned by the Palmetto Conservation Foundation , and is undergoing preservation in private - public partnership . The original five acres were owned by the Hobkirk Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution who gave their portion over to the current owners . The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 , and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . Aspects of the battle were included in the 2000 movie The Patriot , in which Ben and Gabriel Martin are seen watching a similar battle . Ben comments at the stupidity of Gates fighting `` muzzle to muzzle with Redcoats '' . The film is not historically accurate , depicting too many Continental troops relative to the number of militia , and showing the Continentals and militia retreating at the same time . Order of battle ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) British ( edit ) Overall Command : Lt. Gen. Lord Cornwallis Right Brigade : Commanding Officer : Lt. Col. James Webster Heavy Infantry 23rd Regiment of Foot 33rd Regiment of Foot 2 guns Left Brigade : Commanding Officer : Col. Lord Rawdon 2nd American Regiment Infantry , British Legion Loyalist Militia : John Hamilton 's Royal North Carolina Regiment Morgan Bryan 's North Carolina Volunteers 2 guns Reserves : 71st Regiment of Foot : Lt. Col. Alexander McDonald Dragoons , British Legion : Lt. Col. Banastre Tarleton Colonial ( edit ) Overall Command : Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates Right Flank : Commanding Officer : Brig. Gen. Mordecai Gist 2nd Maryland Regiment 1st Delaware Regiment 3 guns Center : Commanding Officer : Brig. Gen. Richard Caswell North Carolina Militia 2 guns Left Flank : Commanding Officer : Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens Virginia Militia Armand 's Legion Reserve : Commanding Officer : Brig. Gen. William Smallwood 1st Maryland Regiment 2 guns Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Boatner , p. 169 Jump up ^ Sava , Dameron p. 252 ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , John ( 1997 ) . The Road to Guilford Courthouse . New York : John Wiley & Sons . p. 26 , 71 , 80 . ISBN 9780471327165 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of Camden '' . Revolutionarywar101.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Piecuch , Jim ( 2006 ) . The Battle of Camden . Charleston : The History Press . ISBN 9781596291447 . Jump up ^ Rankin , p. 244 Jump up ^ Ramsay , p. 169 Jump up ^ ' Letter from Charles , the Earl , Cornwallis to Lord George Germain , dated 21 August 1780 , State Records of North Carolina XV : 269 - 273 . References ( edit ) Boatner , Mark Mayo , Cassell 's Biographical Dictionary of the American War of Independence , 1763 - 1783 , Cassell and Company Ltd. , London , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 29296 - 6 Buchanan , John , The Road to Guilford Courthouse : The Revolution In The Carolinas. 1997 , John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 32716 - 6 Ramsay , David , The History of the American Revolution , Liberty Fund , Indianapolis , 1990 ( first published 1789 ) , Volume II Rankin , Hugh F. ( 1971 ) . The North Carolina Continentals . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1154 - 8 . Russell , David Lee The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies 2000 . Ward , Christopher War of the Revolution 2 Volumes , MacMillan , New York , 1952 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Camden ( South Carolina ) . Battle Commemoration website - Includes a listing of American and British participants and casualties Portrait of Baron DeKalb Portrait of John Edgar Howard Portrait of William Smallwood Portrait of William Washington Portrait of Otho Williams History Animation of Battle of Camden 220 Broad Street - Historic Camden / Cornwallis House - Kershaw County at Roots & Recall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camden&oldid=864248454 '' Categories : 1780 in the United States Conflicts in 1780 Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Battles of the American Revolutionary War Kershaw County , South Carolina South Carolina in the American Revolution 1780 in South Carolina American Revolutionary War orders of battle Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 01 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on Corporate law By jurisdiction ( show ) Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa United States Vietnam European Union France Germany United Kingdom General corporate forms ( show ) Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint - stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Sole proprietorship Corporate forms by jurisdiction ( show ) European Union Societas ( SE ) Societas cooperativa ( SCE ) Societas privata ( SPE ) Societas unius personae ( SUP ) Economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation ( CIO ) Community interest company ( CIC ) Industrial and provident society ( IPS ) Limited company ( Ltd . ) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company ( LLC ) Low - profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag ( AB ) Aktiengesellschaft ( AG ) Ansvarlig selskap ( ANS ) Aktieselskab ( A / S ) Aksjeselskap ( AS ) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) Kabushiki gaisha ( K.K. ) Naamloze vennootschap ( N.V. ) Osakeyhtiö ( Oy ) S.A. 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capitalism Democratic capitalism Dirigisme Eco-capitalism Humanistic capitalism Inclusive capitalism Liberalism ( economic ) Libertarianism Neo-Capitalism Neoliberalism Objectivism Ordoliberalism Social democracy Capitalism portal Economics portal Philosophy portal Politics portal A business ( also known as an enterprise , a company , or a firm ) is an organizational entity and legal entity made up of an association of people , be they natural , legal , or a mixture of both who share a common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talents and organize their collectively available skills or resources to achieve specific declared goals and are involved in the provision of goods and services to consumers. A business can also be described as an organisation that provides goods and services for human needs . A company or association of persons can be created at law as legal person so that the company in itself can accept limited liability for civil responsibility and taxation incurred as members perform ( or fail ) to discharge their duty within the publicly declared `` birth certificate '' or published policy . Because companies are legal persons , they also may associate and register themselves as companies -- often known as a corporate group . When the company closes it may need a `` death certificate '' to avoid further legal obligations . Businesses serve as conductors of economic activity , and are prevalent in capitalist economies , where most of them are privately owned and provide goods and services allocated through a market to consumers and customers in exchange for other goods , services , money , or other forms of exchange that hold intrinsic economic value . Businesses may also be social nonprofit enterprises or state - owned public enterprises operated by governments with specific social and economic objectives . A business owned by multiple private individuals may form as an incorporated company or jointly organized as a partnership . Countries have different laws that may ascribe different rights to the various business entities . The word `` business '' can refer to a particular organization or to an entire market sector ( for example , `` the finance business '' is `` the financial sector '' ) or to all economic sectors collectively ( `` the business sector '' ) . Compound forms such as `` agribusiness '' represent subsets of the concept 's broader meaning , which encompasses all activity by suppliers of goods and services . Typically private - sector businesses aim to maximize their profit , although in some contexts they may aim to maximize their sales revenue or their market share . Government - run businesses may aim to maximize some measure of social welfare . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Forms 3 Classifications 4 Activities 4.1 Accounting 4.2 Finance 4.3 Manufacturing 4.4 Marketing 4.5 Research and development 4.6 Sales 5 Management 5.1 Restructuring state enterprises 6 Organization and regulation 6.1 Commercial law 6.2 Capital 6.3 Intellectual property 6.4 Trade union 7 See also 8 References Etymology ( edit ) The English word company has its origins in the Old French military term compaignie ( first recorded in 1150 ) , meaning a `` body of soldiers '' , and originally from the Late Latin word companio `` companion , one who eats bread ( pane ) with you '' , first attested in the Lex Salica as a calque of the Germanic expression * gahlaibo ( literally , `` with bread '' ) , related to Old High German galeipo `` companion '' and Gothic gahlaiba `` messmate '' . By 1303 , the word referred to trade guilds . Usage of company to mean `` business association '' was first recorded in 1553 , and the abbreviation `` co . '' dates from 1769 . The Old English signs ( Northumbrian ) `` care , anxiety , occupation , '' from being `` careful , anxious , busy , occupied , diligent '' ( see busy ( adj . ) ) + - ness . Middle English sense of `` state of being much occupied or engaged '' ( mid-14c . ) is obsolete , replaced by busyness . The sense of `` a person 's work , occupation '' is first recorded late 14c. ( in late Old English big ( adj . ) appears as a noun in the sense `` occupation , state of employment '' ) . Meaning `` what one is about at the moment '' is from the 1590s . The sense of `` trade , commercial engagements '' is first attested 1727 . Forms ( edit ) Main article : List of business entities Forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction , but several common entities exist : Sole proprietorship : A sole proprietorship , also known as a sole trader , is owned by one person and operates for their benefit . The owner operates the business alone and may hire employees . A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business , whether from operating costs or judgments against the business . All assets of the business belong to a sole proprietor , including , for example , computer infrastructure , any inventory , manufacturing equipment , or retail fixtures , as well as any real property owned by the sole proprietor . Partnership : A partnership is a business owned by two or more people . In most forms of partnerships , each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business . The three most prevalent types of for - profit partnerships are : general partnerships , limited partnerships , and limited liability partnerships . Corporation : The owners of a corporation have limited liability and the business has a separate legal personality from its owners . Corporations can be either government - owned or privately owned . They can organize either for profit or as nonprofit organizations . A privately owned , for - profit corporation is owned by its shareholders , who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff . A privately owned , for - profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals , or publicly held , with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange . Cooperative : Often referred to as a `` co-op '' , a cooperative is a limited - liability business that can organize as for - profit or not - for - profit . A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members , not shareholders , and they share decision - making authority . Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives . Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy . Limited liability companies ( LLC ) , limited liability partnerships , and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections . In contrast , unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are usually not as protected . Franchises : A franchise is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open and run a business from a larger corporation . Franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse . One out of twelve retail businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business . A company limited by guarantee . Commonly used where companies are formed for noncommercial purposes , such as clubs or charities . The members guarantee the payment of certain ( usually nominal ) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation , but otherwise , they have no economic rights in relation to the company . This type of company is common in England . A company limited by guarantee may be with or without having share capital . A company limited by shares . The most common form of the company used for business ventures . Specifically , a limited company is a `` company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested '' with corporations being `` the most common example of a limited company . '' This type of company is common in England and many English - speaking countries . A company limited by shares may be a publicly traded company or a privately held company . A company limited by guarantee with a share capital . A hybrid entity , usually used where the company is formed for noncommercial purposes , but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return . This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK , although provisions still exist in law for them to exist . A limited liability company . `` A company -- statutorily authorized in certain states -- that is characterized by limited liability , management by members or managers , and limitations on ownership transfer '' , i.e. , L.L.C. LLC structure has been called `` hybrid '' in that it `` combines the characteristics of a corporation and of a partnership or sole proprietorship '' . Like a corporation , it has limited liability for members of the company , and like a partnership it has `` flow - through taxation to the members '' and must be `` dissolved upon the death or bankruptcy of a member '' . An unlimited company with or without a share capital . A hybrid entity , a company where the liability of members or shareholders for the debts ( if any ) of the company are not limited . In this case doctrine of a veil of incorporation does not apply . Less common types of companies are : Companies formed by letters patent . Most corporations by letters patent are corporations sole and not companies as the term is commonly understood today . Charter corporations . Before the passing of modern companies legislation , these were the only types of companies . Now they are relatively rare , except for very old companies that still survive ( of which there are still many , particularly many British banks ) , or modern societies that fulfill a quasi-regulatory function ( for example , the Bank of England is a corporation formed by a modern charter ) . Statutory companies . Relatively rare today , certain companies have been formed by a private statute passed in the relevant jurisdiction . Note that `` Ltd after the company 's name signifies limited company , and PLC ( public limited company ) indicates that its shares are widely held . '' In legal parlance , the owners of a company are normally referred to as the `` members '' . In a company limited or unlimited by shares ( formed or incorporated with a share capital ) , this will be the shareholders . In a company limited by guarantee , this will be the guarantors . Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions . Examples include `` segregated portfolio companies '' and restricted purpose companies . There are , however , many , many sub-categories of types of company that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world . Companies are also sometimes distinguished for legal and regulatory purposes between public companies and private companies . Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded , often ( although not always ) on a stock exchange which imposes listing requirements / Listing Rules as to the issued shares , the trading of shares and future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of an exchange . Private companies do not have publicly traded shares , and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares . In some jurisdictions , private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders . A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors ; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company . The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction , with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction . Classifications ( edit ) Main article : Industry classification Agriculture , such as the domestication of fish , animals and livestock , as well as lumber , oil and mining businesses that extract natural resources and raw materials , such as wood , petroleum , natural gas , ores , plants or minerals . Financial services businesses include banks , brokerage firms , credit unions , credit cards , insurance companies , asset and investment companies such as private equity firms , private equity funds , real estate investment trusts , sovereign wealth funds , pension funds , mutual funds , index funds , and hedge funds , stock exchanges , and other companies that generate profits through investment and management of capital . Entertainment companies and mass media agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of intellectual property . They include film studios and production houses , mass media companies such as cable television networks , online digital media agencies , talent agencies , mobile media outlets , newspapers , book and magazine publishing houses . Industrial manufacturers produce products , either from raw materials or from component parts , then export the finished products at a profit . They include tangible goods such as cars , buses , medical devices , glass , or aircraft . Real estate businesses sell , invest , construct and develop properties , including land , residential homes , and other buildings . Retailers , wholesalers , and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers ; they make their profits by marking up their prices . Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers . Transportation businesses such as railways , airlines , shipping companies that deliver goods and individuals to their destinations for a fee . Utilities produce public services such as water , electricity , waste management or sewage treatment . These industries are usually operated under the charge of a public government . Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically charge for labor or other services provided to government , to consumers , or to other businesses . Interior decorators , beauticians , hairstylists , make - up artists , tanning salons , laundromats , dry cleaners , and pest controllers are service businesses . Activities ( edit ) Accounting ( edit ) Main article : Accounting Accounting is the measurement , processing and communication of financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations . The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494 . Accounting , which has been called the `` language of business '' , measures the results of an organization 's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users , including investors , creditors , management , and regulators . Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants . The terms `` accounting '' and `` financial reporting '' are often used as synonyms . Finance ( edit ) Main article : Finance Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments . It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk . Finance can also be defined as the science of money management . Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level and their expected rate of return . Finance can be broken into three different sub-categories : public finance , corporate finance and personal finance . Manufacturing ( edit ) Main article : Manufacturing Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines , tools , chemical and biological processing , or formulation . The term may refer to a range of human activity , from handicraft to high tech , but is most commonly applied to industrial production , in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale . Marketing ( edit ) Main article : Marketing Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as `` the activity , set of institutions , and processes for creating , communicating , delivering , and exchanging offerings that have value for customers , clients , partners , and society at large . '' The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services . Marketing tactics include advertising as well as determining product pricing . Research and development ( edit ) Main article : Research and development Research and development refer to activities in connection with corporate or government innovation . Research and development constitute the first stage of development of a potential new service or product . Research and development are very difficult to manage since the defining feature of the research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result . Sales ( edit ) Main article : Sales Sales are activity related to selling or the amount of goods or services sold in a given time period . Management ( edit ) Main article : Management See also : Outline of business management The efficient and effective operation of a business , and study of this subject , is called management . The major branches of management are financial management , marketing management , human resource management , strategic management , production management , operations management , service management , and information technology management . Owners may manage their businesses themselves , or employ managers to do so for them . Whether they are owners or employees , managers administer three primary components of the business ' value : financial resources , capital ( tangible resources ) , and human resources . These resources are administered in at least five functional areas : legal contracting , manufacturing or service production , marketing , accounting , financing , and human resources . Restructuring state enterprises ( edit ) In recent decades , states modeled some of their assets and enterprises after business enterprises . In 2003 , for example , the People 's Republic of China modeled 80 % of its state - owned enterprises on a company - type management system . Many state institutions and enterprises in China and Russia have transformed into joint - stock companies , with part of their shares being listed on public stock markets . Business process management ( BPM ) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients . BPM attempts to improve processes continuously . It can , therefore , be described as a `` process optimization process '' . It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient , effective and capable of change than a functionally focused , traditional hierarchical management approach . Organization and regulation ( edit ) See also : Theory of the firm Most legal jurisdictions specify the forms of ownership that a business can take , creating a body of commercial law for each type . The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually : The size and scope of the business firm and its structure , management , and ownership , broadly analyzed in the theory of the firm . Generally , a smaller business is more flexible , while larger businesses , or those with wider ownership or more formal structures , will usually tend to be organized as corporations or ( less often ) partnerships . In addition , a business that wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so . The sector and country . Private profit - making businesses are different from government - owned bodies . In some countries , certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized in certain ways . Tax advantages . Different structures are treated differently in tax law and may have advantages for this reason . Disclosure and compliance requirements . Different business structures may be required to make less or more information public ( or report it to relevant authorities ) and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations . Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership ( either formed with or without limited liability ) . Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations . The relationships and legal rights of shareholders , limited partners , or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized . Generally speaking , shareholders in a corporation , limited partners in a limited partnership , and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity , which is legally treated as a separate `` person '' . This means that unless there is misconduct , the owner 's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed . Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle , they will be treated as a general partnership . The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created , and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located . No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership , and without an agreement , the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located . A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a sole proprietor , whether that person owns it directly or through a formally organized entity . Depending on the business needs , an adviser can decide what kind is proprietorship will be most suitable . A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include : General partners in a partnership ( other than a limited liability partnership ) , plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity , are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business . Generally , corporations are required to pay tax just like `` real '' people . In some tax systems , this can give rise to so - called double taxation , because first the corporation pays tax on the profit , and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners , individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns , at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed . In most countries , there are laws which treat small corporations differently from large ones . They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws , have simplified procedures in specialized areas , and have simplified , advantageous , or slightly different tax treatment . `` Going public '' through a process known as an initial public offering ( IPO ) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public . This requires the organization as a distinct entity , to disclose information to the public , and adhering to a tighter set of laws and procedures . Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares , but increasingly there are also public LLC 's that sell units ( sometimes also called shares ) , and other more exotic entities as well , such as , for example , real estate investment trusts in the USA , and unit trusts in the UK . A general partnership can not `` go public '' . Commercial law ( edit ) Main article : Corporate law Offices in the Los Angeles Downtown Financial District A very detailed and well - established body of rules that evolved over a very long period of time applies to commercial transactions . The need to regulate trade and commerce and resolve business disputes helped shape the creation of law and courts . The Code of Hammurabi dates back to about 1772 BC for example , and contains provisions that relate , among other matters , to shipping costs and dealings between merchants and brokers . The word `` corporation '' derives from the Latin corpus , meaning body , and the Maurya Empire in Iron - Age India accorded legal rights to business entities . In many countries , it is difficult to compile all the laws that can affect a business into a single reference source . Laws can govern treatment of labour and employee relations , worker protection and safety , discrimination on the basis of age , gender , disability , race , and in some jurisdictions , sexual orientation , and the minimum wage , as well as unions , worker compensation , and working hours and leave . Some specialized businesses may also require licenses , either due to laws governing entry into certain trades , occupations or professions , that require special education or to raise revenue for local governments . Professions that require special licenses include law , medicine , piloting aircraft , selling liquor , radio broadcasting , selling investment securities , selling used cars , and roofing . Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business . Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation , for example , public utilities , investment securities , banking , insurance , broadcasting , aviation , and health care providers . Environmental regulations are also very complex and can affect many businesses . Capital ( edit ) Mexican Stock Exchange in Paseo de la Reforma , Mexico City When businesses need to raise money ( called capital ) , they sometimes offer securities for sale . Capital may be raised through private means , by an initial public offering or IPO on a stock exchange , or in other ways . Major stock exchanges include the Shanghai Stock Exchange , Singapore Exchange , Hong Kong Stock Exchange , New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ ( the USA ) , the London Stock Exchange ( UK ) , the Tokyo Stock Exchange ( Japan ) , and Bombay Stock Exchange ( India ) . Most countries with capital markets have at least one . Businesses that have gone public are subject to regulations concerning their internal governance , such as how executive officers ' compensation is determined , and when and how information is disclosed to shareholders and to the public . In the United States , these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . Other western nations have comparable regulatory bodies . The regulations are implemented and enforced by the China Securities Regulation Commission ( CSRC ) in China . In Singapore , the regulatory authority is the Monetary Authority of Singapore ( MAS ) , and in Hong Kong , it is the Securities and Futures Commission ( SFC ) . The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law . It is not unheard of for certain kinds of corporate transactions to require a team of five to ten attorneys due to sprawling regulation . Commercial law spans general corporate law , employment and labor law , health - care law , securities law , mergers and acquisitions , tax law , employee benefit plans , food and drug regulation , intellectual property law on copyrights , patents , trademarks , telecommunications law , and financing . Other types of capital sourcing include crowdsourcing on the Internet , venture capital , bank loans , and debentures . Intellectual property ( edit ) Main article : Intellectual property Businesses often have important `` intellectual property '' that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable . This could require patents , copyrights , trademarks , or preservation of trade secrets . Most businesses have names , logos , and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking . Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law , while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law . Because of the nature of intellectual property , a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors . Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property , and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties . In order to protect trade secrets , companies may require employees to sign noncompete clauses which will impose limitations on an employee 's interactions with stakeholders , and competitors . Trade union ( edit ) Main article : Trade union A trade union ( or labor union ) is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade , improving safety standards , achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement , increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work , and better working conditions . The trade union , through its leadership , bargains with the employer on behalf of union members ( rank and file members ) and negotiates labor contracts ( collective bargaining ) with employers . The most common purpose of these associations or unions is `` maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment '' . This may include the negotiation of wages , work rules , complaint procedures , rules governing hiring , firing , and promotion of workers , benefits , workplace safety and policies . See also ( edit ) Book : Business Business and economics portal Main article : Outline of business Accounting List of accounting topics Advertising Bank Big business Business acumen Business broker Business ethics Social responsibility Business hours Business law topics Business mathematics Business mediator Business school Business tourism Business valuation Businessperson Capitalism Change management analyst Commerce Company Corporate personhood Cost overrun E-commerce Electronic business Economics Economic democracy Financial economics List of economics topics Entrepreneurship Finance List of finance topics Franchising Government ownership Human resources Industry Innovation Insurance Intellectual property Interim management International trade List of international trade topics Investment Job creation program Labour economics Limited liability List of company registers List of largest employers List of oldest companies Lists of companies Management information system Manufacturing List of production topics Marketing List of marketing topics Money Organizational studies Profit Real estate List of real estate topics Revenue shortfall Shareholder value Small business Strategic management Strategic planning Tax Trade Types of business entity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ sterioti , peggy ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Compare : Aaker , David Glad ; Stafford , George ( 2010 ) . `` 1 : Strategic Market Management : An Introduction and Overview '' . Strategic Market Management : Global Perspectives . Joliet , Il : John Bay . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 68975 - 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . What is a business ? What is a business strategy ? Having groups of managers provide answers to these basic questions shows that there is little consensus as to what these basic terms mean . ( ... ) A business is generally an organizational unit that has ( or should have ) a defined strategy and a manager with sales and profit responsibility . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` company '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Holloway , S.S. ; Parmigiani , A. ( 2014 ) . `` Friends and Profits Do n't Mix : The Performance Implications of Repeated Partnerships '' . Academy of Management Journal . 59 ( 2 ) : 460 . doi : 10.5465 / amj. 2013.0581 . Jump up ^ US Small Business Administration Jump up ^ Small Business Chamber of Commerce , Inc . Jump up ^ Definition of a Franchise Business Jump up ^ h Welsh , Dianne H.B. ; Desplaces , David E. ; Davis , fAmy E. ( 2011 ) . `` A Comparison of Retail Franchises , Independent Businesses , and Purchased Existing Independent Business Startups : Lessons from the Kauffman Firm Survey '' . Journal of Marketing Channels. 18 : 3 . doi : 10.1080 / 1046669X. 2011.533109 . ^ Jump up to : Black 's Law and lee Dictionary . Second Pocket Edition . Bryan A. Garner , editor . West . 2001 . Jump up ^ Companies Act 2006 Jump up ^ root . `` Limited Liability Company ( LLC ) Definition - Investopedia '' . Investopedia . Jump up ^ Needles , Belverd E. ; Powers , Marian ( 2013 ) . Principles of Financial Accounting . Financial Accounting Series ( 12 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ Accounting Research Bulletins No. 7 Reports of Committee on Terminology ( Report ) . Committee on Accounting Procedure , American Institute of Accountants . November 1940 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ DIWAN , Jaswith . ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS & THEORIES . LONDON : MORRE . pp. 001 -- 002 . id # 94452 . Jump up ^ Peggy Bishop Lane on Why Accounting Is the Language of Business , Knowledge @ Wharton High School , September 23 , 2013 , retrieved 25 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` Department of Accounting '' . Foster School of Business . Foster School of Business . 2013 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Marketing definition approved in October 2007 by the American Marketing Association : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Major Industries . People.com Jump up ^ `` Law Code of Hammurabi '' . Jump up ^ Vikramaditya S. Khanna . `` The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Webb , Sidney ; Webb , Beatrice ( 1920 ) . History of Trade Unionism . Longmans and Co . London . ch . 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-5086230781113414001	Stepfamily	Stepfamily - wikipedia Stepfamily Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article or section might have an extensive bias or disproportional coverage towards the US . Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A stepfamily , blended family or bonus family is a family where at least one parent has children that are not genetically related to the other spouse or partner . Either one parent may have children from a previous relationship . Children in a stepfamily may live with one biological parent , or they may live with each biological parent for a period of time . In addition , visitation rights mean that children in stepfamilies often have contact with both biological parents , even if they permanently live with only one . A child is referred to as the stepchild , stepdaughter or stepson of their biological parent 's new spouse , and that person as the stepparent , stepfather or stepmother of the child . A stepfather is the husband of one 's mother , and not one 's biological father . A stepmother is the wife of one 's father , and not one 's biological mother . A step - grandmother is the wife of one 's grandfather , and not one 's biological grandmother . A step - grandfather is the husband of one 's grandmother , and not one 's biological grandfather . A step - uncle is the husband of one 's parent 's sister ( aunt ) , and not one 's uncle . A step - aunt is the wife of one 's parent 's brother ( uncle ) , and not one 's aunt . Similarly , a stepbrother is the son of a stepparent whom one is not biologically related to . A stepsister is the daughter of a stepparent to whom one is not biologically related . A step - grandson is the grandson of one 's spouse who one is not biologically related to . A step - granddaughter is the granddaughter of one 's spouse to whom one is not biologically related . A step - cousin is the son or daughter of one 's aunt 's husband ( step - uncle ) or uncle 's wife ( step - aunt ) who one is not biologically related . A parent 's spouse of the same sex may also count as a stepparent . Alternatively , in Australia Under the Family Law Act 1975 ( Cth ) a `` stepparent '' in relation to a child , is interpreted as a person who is not a parent of the child ; and is , or has been , married to or a de facto partner of , a parent of the child ; and treats , or at any time while married to , or a de facto partner of , the parent treated , the child as a member of the family formed with the parent . A `` simple '' stepfamily is one in which only one member of the couple has a prior child or children and the couple has not yet had additional children . When both members of the couple have at least one pre-existing child , the new family is `` complex '' or `` blended '' from the start ; if only one member has one or more prior children but the couple has another child together , the `` complex '' / `` blended '' designation replaces the `` simple '' designation upon the birth of the new child . If both members of the couple have prior children , those children are stepbrothers and stepsisters to one another . Any subsequent child born to the couple is a half - sibling of the respective members ' prior children . If a stepparent legally adopts the partner 's child or children , he or she becomes the child 's legal parent . In such cases , the parents may stop using the terms `` stepparent '' and `` stepchild '' and instead refer to the child simply as their son or daughter ; depending on the child 's degree of affinity for the adoptive parent and / or approval of the legal proceedings culminating in the child 's adoption , the child may likewise drop the `` step - '' designation from his / her description of the relationship . Even when all parties describe the relationship using the terms applied to biological and adoptive families , however , at least some of the emotional and psychological issues common to stepfamilies may persist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Challenges 3 Legal status 4 Stepparent adoption in the United States 5 Abuse 6 In research 7 Education 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The earliest recorded use of the prefix step - , in the form steop - , is from an 8th - century glossary of Latin - Old English words meaning `` orphan '' . Steopsunu is given for the Latin word filiaster and steopmoder for nouerca . Similar words recorded later in Old English include stepbairn , stepchild and stepfather . The words are used to denote a connection resulting from the remarriage of a widowed parent and are related to the word ástíeped meaning bereaved , with stepbairn and stepchild occasionally used simply as synonyms for orphan . Words such as stepbrother , stepniece and stepparent appeared much later and do not have any particular connotation of bereavement . Corresponding words in other Germanic languages include : Old High German stiuf - and Old Norse stjúp - . Challenges ( edit ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( July 2014 ) According to James Bray , three of the challenges facing a stepfamily are financial and living arrangements , resolving feelings about the previous marriage and anticipating parenting changes . Additional challenges that a step - or blended family face are those regarding the paternal parents as well as the inherent bond that paternal parents have with their children and vice versa . Stepparents often face significant difficulties when interacting with the paternal parent . Often , paternal parents feel as though the other man or woman is going to ultimately replace them . This is a common feeling for a parent to have when faced with the new circumstance of blended families ... Legal status ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although historically stepfamilies are built through the institution of marriage and are legally recognized , it is currently unclear if a stepfamily can be both established and recognized by less formal arrangements , such as when a man or woman with children cohabits with another man or woman outside of marriage . This relationship is becoming more common in all Western countries . There appear to be many cultures in which these families are recognized socially as de facto families . However , in modern Western culture it is often unclear as to what , if any , social status and protection they enjoy in law . The stepparent is a `` legal stranger '' in most of the U.S. and has no legal right to the minor child no matter how involved in the child 's life they are . The biological parents ( and , where applicable , adoptive parents ) hold that privilege and responsibility . If the biological parent does not give up their parental rights and custody of the child , the other parent 's subsequent marriage can not create a parental relationship without the biological parent 's written consent before a `` child '' reaches adulthood . In most cases , the stepparent can not be ordered to pay child support . Stepparents generally do not have the authority to give legal consent to medical treatment for a stepchild , unless the stepparent has legally adopted the child or been designated a legal guardian . A child 's parents or legal guardians may sign a statement authorizing a third party to consent to medical care . With regard to unmarried couples , one can easily imagine such social and legal recognition , most notably in the case of common law marriage . Unmarried couples today may also find social recognition locally through community consensus . Still , it is not at all clear what formal parenting roles , rights , responsibilities and social etiquette should exist between `` stepparents '' and their `` stepchildren . '' This often leaves the parents in unexpected conflicts with each other , their former spouses and the children . For all the confusion which stepparents may feel , it is often even less clear to the stepchildren what the interpersonal relationships are , or should be , between themselves and their stepsiblings ; between themselves and their stepparent ; and even between themselves and their birth parents . These relationships can be extremely complex , especially in circumstances where each `` stepspouse '' may bring children of their own to the home or in households where children are expected to actively participate in each of the newly created families of both birth parents . Although most stepfamilies can agree on what they do not want to be for one another , they are often hard pressed to agree upon what they do want to be for one another . This makes it difficult for everyone in the family to learn their roles . It is especially difficult for the children , because the roles and expectations of them change as they move between the homes and families of both of their birth parents . Stepparent adoption in the United states ( edit ) In the United States , the most common form of adoption is adopting a stepchild . By adopting a stepchild , the stepparent is agreeing to be fully responsible for their spouse 's child . The biological parent not living with the child no longer has any rights or responsibilities for the child , including child support . Stepparents can become legal parents to their stepchildren through the process of stepparent adoption . Both biological parents , if living , must consent or agree to the adoption . When a stepparent adopts a stepchild , either the non-custodial parent of the child willingly gives up his or her parental rights to the child , or the court terminates the parental rights of the biological parent if there is evidence of abuse or neglect to the child . If a parent is not involved in the child 's life , the court can terminate that biological parent 's rights on the grounds of abandonment . Grounds for abandonment in most states is no contact between the parent and child for at least one year . Local laws to complete a stepparent adoption vary . While having the non-custodial parent consent to the adoption is the easiest way to complete a stepparent adoption , it is still possible to have one completed when they either do not consent , or can not be located . A stepparent adoption can still occur if the other birth parent refuses to give consent or can not be located . Most states ' laws allow parental rights to be terminated when a parent has willfully failed to pay child support or communicate with the child for a period of time , usually a year . Stepparent adoption also can occur if the other biological parent is deceased . Abuse ( edit ) Main article : Cinderella effect A common villain of classic fairy tales is the abusive stepmother . She mistreats her non-biological child by locking them away , or trying to kill them in some cases , and treats her own children very well if she has any . In popular culture phrases like `` I 'll beat you like a red - headed stepchild '' are uttered as a common threat that show just how aware people are about the assumed nature of stepfamily abuse . The thought is that because this child is not the biological child they are more likely to be beaten due to a lack of kinship ties . The research on this topic shows that this issue is not so clearly defined however . The image of the wicked step mother is well known but much of the research available shows more of the abuse coming from stepfathers rather than step mothers . Stepfathers have been shown to abuse female stepchildren more than males . They are also shown to be more abusive towards female children than biological families , but less abusive than adoptive fathers . The abuse studied with men in mind tends to focus on physical or sexual abuse of children rather than emotional abuse . Neglect is also discussed as a qualifying method of child abuse by step parents in general . In 2004 a U.S. study by Weekes and Weekes - Shackelford found that while biological fathers fatally abuse children 5 and under at a rate of 5.6 per million per year ; step fathers were found to have a rate of 55.9 per million per year . A U.K. study done in 2000 had different results which found that many less children responded as being abused by a step parent . Economic factors could also play a role in the abuse of step children . In places with higher levels of social strain abuse may be more prevalent or more violent . Other studies of census data and child neglect and abuse records have found that step parents may be over represented in abuse figures . They found that when the data is balanced , the biological parents have a much higher rate of abuse than the step parents do . Step mothers are thought to be less violent in their abuse and instead rely mainly on verbal and emotion abuse . There is little research in the field of parental abuse by children in concern with step children abusing step parents . The abuse of step children by their siblings is also a topic with little research . In research ( edit ) In her book , Becoming a Stepfamily , Patricia Papernow ( 1993 ) suggests that each stepfamily goes through seven distinct stages of development , which can be divided into the Early , Middle , and Late stages . The Early stages consist of the Fantasy , Immersion , and Awareness stages . In the Fantasy stage , both children and parents are typically `` stuck '' in their fantasies or wishes for what their family could be like . The developmental task for this stage is for each member to articulate their wants and needs . In the Immersion stage , the family is typically struggling to live out the fantasy of a `` perfect '' blended family . In this stage , it is critical for the `` insider spouse '' ( i.e. the biological parent who typically forms the emotional hub of the family ) to understand that the feelings of the `` outsider spouse '' and children are real . The task of this stage is to persist in the struggle to become aware of the various experiences . This stage is followed by the Awareness stage , in which the family gathers information about what the new family looks like ( e.g. , roles , traditions , `` family culture '' ) and how each member feels about it . The tasks of this stage are twofold : individual and joint . The individual task is for each member to begin to put words to the feelings they are experiencing , and to voice their needs to other family members . The joint task is for family members to begin to transcend the `` experiential gaps '' and to try to form an understanding of other members ' roles and experiences . The Middle stages consist of the Mobilization and Action stages . In the Mobilization stage , the stepparent can begin to step forward to address the family 's process and structure . The tasks of this stage are to confront differences in each member 's perception of the new family , as well as to influence one another before shaming or blaming begins to take action to reorganize the family structure . The goal here is to make joint decisions about new stepfamily rituals , rules , and roles . The focus in this stage is on the stepfamily 's unique `` middle ground '' ( i.e. the `` areas of shared experience , shared values , and easy cooperative functioning created over time , '' p. 39 ) , and on balancing this new middle ground with honoring of past and other relationships . The Later stages consist of the Contact and Resolution stages . In the Contact stage , the couple is working well together , the boundaries between households are clear , and stepparents have definite roles with stepchildren as `` intimate outsiders . '' The task for this stage is in solidifying the stepparent 's role , and in continuing the process of awareness . Finally , in the Resolution stage , the stepfamily 's identity has become secure . The family accepts itself for who it is , there is a strong sense of the stepfamily 's middle ground , and children feel secure in both households . The task for this stage is to nourish the depth and maturity gained through this process , and to rework any issues that might arise at family `` nodal events '' ( e.g. , weddings , funerals , graduations , etc . ) . In her book , Stepmonster : A New Look at Why Real Stepmothers Think , Feel , and Act the Way We Do , social researcher Wednesday Martin takes an anthropological approach to examining stepfamily dynamics . The Daily Mail said that Stepmonster `` in the US , has become widely regarded as the ' go to ' source for stepmothers , stepchildren , and therapists . '' Education ( edit ) The prevalence of stepfamilies has increased over the past century with the increase of divorce and remarriage . According to the Step Family Foundation , `` over 50 % of US families are remarried or recoupled . '' These families are unique in their experiences facing many challenges which first - married families do not . For example , role ambiguity , dealing with stepchildren , and ex-spouses are only a few of the issues which are unique to these families . In response to these families ' desire for assistance , stepfamily education has become an increasingly common topic among scholars and educators . Although still a relatively new facet within the marriage education realm , stepfamily education provides important information which may not be addressed in traditional marriage or relationship education curriculum . As discussed by Adler - Baeder and Higginbotham ( 2004 ) a number of curricula are currently available to stepfamilies and family life educators ; however , further research is needed in order to determine best - practices for the field . One way in which this gap is being filled is through the current implementation of Healthy Marriage Demonstration Grants in the U.S. As part of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 , grants for healthy marriage and responsible fatherhood , which include at - risk and diverse populations such as stepfamilies , are providing important information on the evaluation of stepfamily programs and their effectiveness in servicing stepfamilies . See also ( edit ) Half - sibling Cinderella effect Phaedra complex Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ WebMD . `` Teen Health : Living with a Stepparent '' . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ The Free Dictionary By Farlex . `` stepfather '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ The Free Dictionary By Farlex . `` Stepmother '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.stepfamily.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Stepparents-Rights-and-Responsibilities-in-Australia2.pdf ) Jump up ^ See , e.g. , http://www.bccf.ca/professionals/blog/2012-09/canadian-stepfamilies-composition-and-complexity ( British Columbia Council for Families ; source uses Canadian English ) . Jump up ^ `` step - '' The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989 . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 4 April 2000 < Registration required , retrieved 15 December 2006. > Jump up ^ Bray , PhD , James . `` Making stepfamilies work '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tartakovsky , M. ( 2011 ) . Surviving and Thriving As a Stepfamily . Psych Central . Retrieved on July 19 , 2013 , from http://psychcentral.com/lib/surviving-and-thriving-as-a-stepfamily/0005770 Jump up ^ `` New blends - the legal definition of step - parenting - Family Law Partners '' . Family Law Partners . 2014 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` All Our Families Berkeley Law '' . Berkeley Law . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` National Stepfamily Resource Center Law & Policy FAQ '' . www.stepfamilies.info . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . `` Stepparent Adoption '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wortman , Mark A. `` Step Parent Adoption '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Male Perpetrators of Child Maltreatment : Findings from NCANDS '' . ASPE. 2015 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of filicide : Stepparents and genetic parents kill differently '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Child Maltreatment in the United Kingdom : a Study of the Prevalence of Abuse and Neglect . '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Stepchildren , Community Disadvantage , and Physical Injury in a Child Abuse Incident : A Preliminary Investigation '' . Jump up ^ Mercer , Jean ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) . `` CHILDMYTHS : Who 's Abusive ? Comparing Step - Parents , Adoptive Parents , and Others '' . CHILDMYTHS . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Papernow , Patricia L. ( 1993 ) . `` Becoming a Stepfamily : Patterns of Development in Remarried Families '' . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Jump up ^ Papernow , 1993 . Jump up ^ Paernow , 1993 . Jump up ^ Waterlow , Lucy . `` We 're not stepmonsters ! '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Borchard , Therese . `` Stepmonster : 8 Reasons Why Stepmothers are Prone to Depression '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Havrilesky , Heather . `` Beware the stepmonster ! '' . Salon . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Waterlow , Lucy . `` We 're Not Stepmonsters '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stepfamily Statistics '' . The Step Family Foundation . Jump up ^ Adler - Baeder , F. & Higginbotham , B. ( 2004 ) . Implications of remarriage and stepfamily formation for marriage education . Family Relations , 53 ( 5 ) , 448 -- 458 . Jump up ^ `` ACF Healthy Marriage Initiative : Funding Opportunities '' . Acf.hhs.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . References ( edit ) Warner , Marina . From the Beast to the Blonde : On Fairy Tales and Their Tellers , ISBN 0 - 374 - 15901 - 7 Tatar , Maria . The Hard Facts of the Grimms ' Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 691 - 06722 - 8 Tatar , Maria . The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) LeBey , Barbara ( 2004 ) . Remarried with Children : Ten Secrets for Successfully Blending and Extending Your Family . New York : Bantam . Martin , Wednesday , Ph. D. ( 2009 ) . Stepmonster : A New Look at Why Real Stepmothers Think , Feel , and Act the Way We Do . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Papernow , Patricia L. ( 1993 ) . Becoming a Stepfamily : Patterns of Development in Remarried Families . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Ulrike Zartler , Valerie Heinz - Martin , Oliver Arránz Becker ( Eds . ) ( 2015 ) . Family Dynamics After Separation : A Life Course Perspective on Post-Divorce Families . Special Issue ZfF , Volume 10 , Barbara Budrich , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8474 - 0686 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Look up step - or stepfamily in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Step Parents at DMOZ Family History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family Blended family Dysfunctional family Polyfidelitous families First - degree relatives Parent Father Mother Child Daughter Son Sibling Brother Sister Second - degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Nephew and niece Third - degree relatives Great - grandparent Great - grandchild Grand - nephew and grand - niece Cousin Family - in - law Spouse Wife Husband Parents - in - law Siblings - in - law Stepfamily Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart Progenitor Relationships Agape ( parental love ) Eros ( marital love ) Filial piety Philia ( friendly love ) Storge ( familial love ) Holidays Mother 's Day U.S. Father 's Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Wedding anniversary Related Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood Parenting Types Adoptive Alloparenting Complex family Coparenting Foster care Kommune 1 Noncustodial Nuclear family Orphaned Shared Single parent Blended family Surrogacy In loco parentis Theories Areas Attachment theory Applied behavior analysis Behaviorism Child development Cognitive development Developmental psychology Human development Love Maternal bond Nature versus nurture Parental investment Paternal bond Pediatrics Social psychology Styles Attachment parenting Concerted cultivation Gatekeeper parent Helicopter parent Nurturant parenting Slow parenting Soccer mom Strict father model Taking Children Seriously Work at home parent Techniques After - school activity Allowance Bedtime Child care Co-sleeping Homeschooling Latchkey kid Parent Management Training Play ( date ) Role model Spoiled child Television Toy ( educational ) Discipline Blanket training Corporal punishment in the home Curfew Grounding Tactical ignoring Time - out Abuse Child abandonment Child abuse Child labour Child neglect Cinderella effect Incest Narcissistic parent Parental abuse by children Parental alienation Legal and social aspects Child support Cost of raising a child Marriage Parental responsibility Deadbeat parent Paternity Disownment Experts T. Berry Brazelton Tanya Byron Bryan Caplan Rudolf Dreikurs David Elkind Jo Frost Haim Ginott Thomas Gordon Alan E. Kazdin Truby King Annette Lareau Penelope Leach Madeline Levine William Sears B.F. Skinner Benjamin Spock Baby and Child Care Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stepfamily&oldid=803205482 '' Categories : Family Stepfamily Adoption , fostering , orphan care and displacement Hidden categories : Articles with disproportional geographic scope from August 2016 Articles needing cleanup from July 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the word step dad come from	[ "The earliest recorded use of the prefix step-, in the form steop-, is from an 8th-century glossary of Latin-Old English words meaning \"orphan\". Steopsunu is given for the Latin word filiaster and steopmoder for nouerca. Similar words recorded later in Old English include stepbairn, stepchild and stepfather. The words are used to denote a connection resulting from the remarriage of a widowed parent and are related to the word ástíeped meaning bereaved, with stepbairn and stepchild occasionally used simply as synonyms for orphan. Words such as stepbrother, stepniece and stepparent appeared much later and do not have any particular connotation of bereavement. Corresponding words in other Germanic languages include: Old High German stiuf- and Old Norse stjúp-.[6]" ]	[ "Latin-Old English words meaning \"orphan\"" ]
414880146143897837	Engine configuration	Engine configuration - wikipedia Engine configuration Wikimedia Commons has media related to Engines by cylinder layout . Engine configuration is an engineering term for the layout of the major components of a reciprocating piston internal combustion engine . These components are the cylinders and crankshafts in particular but also , sometimes , the camshaft ( s ) . Many apparently ' standard ' names for configurations are historic , arbitrary , or overlapping . For example , the 180 ° V engine is so named because the crankshaft is related to a V engine more closely than it is related to other opposed - piston engines such as the boxer . Others would consider it a flat engine because of its shape . The names W engine and rotary engine have each been used for several unconnected designs . The H - 4 and H - 6 engines produced by Subaru are not H engines at all , but boxer engines . The Subaru H - 4 and H - 6 designs are so named because they are horizontally opposed pistons . Contents 1 Categorisation by piston motion 2 Other categorizations 2.1 By valve placement 2.2 By camshaft placement 3 References Categorisation by piston motion ( edit ) See also : Multi-cylinder engine Engine types include : Single - cylinder engines Inline engine designs : Straight engine , with all of the cylinders placed in a single row U engine , two separate straight engines with crankshafts linked by a central gear . The square four is a U engine where the two straight engines have two cylinders each . V engine , with two banks of cylinders at an angle , most commonly 60 or 90 degrees . Flat engine , two banks of cylinders directly opposite each other on either side of the crankshaft . H engine , two separate flat engines with crankshafts linked by a central gear . W engine . Combination of V and straight , giving 3 banks , or two V 's intertwined giving 4 banks . Opposed piston engine , with multiple crankshafts , an example being : Delta engines , with three banks of cylinders and three crankshafts X engine . Radial designs , including most : Rotary engine designs . Almost only seen on World War I aircraft . Pistonless rotary engines , notably : Wankel engine . The standard names for some configurations are historic , arbitrary , or both , with some overlap . For example , the cylinder banks of a 180 ° V engine do not in any way form a V , but it is regarded as a V engine because of its crankshaft and big end configuration , which result in performance characteristics similar to a V engine . But it is also considered a flat engine because of its shape . On the other hand , some engines which have none of the typical V engine crankshaft design features and consequent performance characteristics are also regarded as V engines , purely because of their shape . Similarly , the Volkswagen Group VR6 engine is a hybrid of the V engine and the straight engine , and can not be definitively labeled as either . Other categorizations ( edit ) By valve placement ( edit ) The majority of four stroke engines have poppet valves , although some aircraft engines have sleeve valves . Valves may be located in the cylinder block ( side valves ) , or in the cylinder head ( overhead valves ) . Modern engines are invariably of the latter design . There may be two , three , four or five valves per cylinder , with the intake valves outnumbering the exhaust valves in case of an odd number . By camshaft placement ( edit ) Poppet valves are opened by means of a camshaft which revolves at half the crankshaft speed . This can be either chain , gear or toothed belt driven from the crankshaft , and can be located in the crankcase ( where it may serve one or more banks of cylinders ) or in the cylinder head . If the camshaft is located in the crankcase , a valve train of pushrods and rocker arms will be required to operate overhead valves . Mechanically simpler are side valves , where the valve stems rested directly on the camshaft . However , this gives poor gas flows within the cylinder head as well as heat problems and fell out of favor for automobile use , see flathead engine . The majority of modern automobile engines place the camshaft on the cylinder head in an overhead camshaft ( OHC ) design . There may be one or two camshafts in the cylinder head ; a single camshaft design is called single overhead camshaft ( SOHC ) . A design with two camshafts per cylinder head is called double overhead camshaft ( DOHC ) . Note that the camshafts are counted per cylinder head , so a V engine with one camshaft in each of its two - cylinder heads is still an SOHC design , and a V engine with two camshafts per cylinder head is DOHC , or informally a `` quad cam '' engine . With overhead camshafts , the valvetrain will be shorter and lighter , as no pushrods are required . Some overhead camshaft designs still have rocker arms ; this facilitates adjustment of mechanical clearances . A four valves per cylinder design usually has two valves for intake and two for exhaust , which requires two camshafts per cylinder bank . If there are two camshafts in the cylinder head , the cams can sometimes bear directly on cam followers on the valve stems ( tappets ) . The cam followers aid in noise reduction , dampened vibration , shock absorption and the carrying of axial load . This latter arrangement is the most inertia free , allows the most unimpeded gas flows in the engine and is the usual arrangement for high performance automobile engines . It also permits the spark plug to be located in the center of the cylinder head , which promotes better combustion characteristics . Beyond a certain number of valves , the effective area covered decreases , so four is the common-most number . Odd numbers of valves necessarily means the intake or exhaust side must have one valve more . In practice this is invariably the intake valves - even in even - numbered head designs , inlet valves are often larger in size than exhaust . Very large engines ( e.g. marine engines ) can have either extra camshafts or extra lobes on the camshaft to enable the engine to run in either direction . Furthermore , other manipulations of valves can be used for e.g. engine braking , such as in a Jake brake . A disadvantage of overhead cams is that a much longer chain ( or belt ) is needed to drive the cams than with a camshaft located in the cylinder block , usually a tensioner is also needed . A break in the belt may destroy the engine if pistons touch open valves at top dead center . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Camshaft Basics '' . www.oregoncamshaft.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` OHV , OHC , SOHC and DOHC ( twin cam ) engine - Automotive illustrated glossary '' . Samarins.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` How Car Engines Work '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cam Follower Bearings On Emerson Bearing '' . products.emersonbearing.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Reciprocating engines and configurations Type Bourke Orbital ( Sarich ) Piston Pistonless ( Wankel ) Radial Axial Rotary Split cycle Stelzer Tschudi Stroke cycles Two - stroke Four - stroke Five - stroke Six - stroke Two - and four - stroke Configurations & number of cylinders Single cylinder Single Two cylinders Split - single I2 V2 F2 Inline / straight I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I12 I14 Flat F2 F4 F6 F8 F10 F12 F16 V / Vee V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V8 V10 V12 V14 V16 V18 V20 V24 W8 W12 W16 W18 Other inline U Square four VR Opposed X X24 Junkers Jumo 222 Components Valves Cylinder head porting Corliss Intake Exhaust Multi Overhead Piston Poppet Side Sleeve Slide Rotary valve Variable valve timing Camless Desmodromic Hydraulic tappet Fuel supplies Carburetor Gasoline direct injection Common rail Mechanisms Cam Camshaft Overhead camshaft Connecting rod Crank Crankshaft Scotch yoke Swashplate Rhombic drive Linkages Peaucellier -- Lipkin Watt 's ( parallel ) Other Hemi Recuperator Turbo - compounding Automotive engine Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark - ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head ( crossflow , reverse - flow ) Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal - type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram - air intake Scroll - type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body Turbocharger Twin - turbo Variable - geometry turbocharger Variable - length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean - burn Stratified charge engine Turbo fuel stratified injection Unit injector Ignition Contact breaker Magneto Distributor Electrical ballast High tension leads Ignition coil Spark plug Wasted spark Electrics and engine management Air -- fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery ( lead -- acid battery ) Crankshaft position sensor Dynamo Drive by wire Electronic control unit Engine control unit Engine coolant temperature sensor Glow plug Idle air control actuator MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Starter motor Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze ( ethylene glycol ) Core plug Electric fan Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan ( fan clutch ) Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys Portal Category Car design Classification By size Micro City Kei Subcompact Supermini Family Compact Mid-size Full - size Custom Hot rod Lead sled Lowrider Street rod T - bucket Luxury Compact executive Executive Personal ( MPV ) Compact Mini ( SUV ) Compact Crossover Mini Sports Grand tourer Hot hatch Muscle Pony Sport compact Super Antique Classic Economy Leisure Ute Van Voiturette Body styles 2 + 2 Baquet Barchetta Berlinetta Brougham Cabrio coach Cabriolet / Convertible Coupé Coupé de Ville Coupé utility Drophead coupe ( Convertible ) Fastback Hardtop Hatchback Landaulet Liftback Limousine Multi-stop truck Notchback Panel van Phaeton Pickup truck Quad coupé Retractable hardtop Roadster Runabout Saloon / Sedan Sedan delivery Sedanca de Ville ( Coupé de Ville ) Shooting - brake Spider / Spyder ( Roadster ) Station wagon Targa top Torpedo Touring Town ( Coupé de Ville ) T - top Vis - à - vis Specialized vehicles Amphibious Connected Driverless ( autonomous ) Hearse Gyrocar Roadable aircraft Taxicab Tow truck Propulsion Alternative fuel Autogas Biodiesel Diesel Electric ( battery NEV ) Ethanol ( E85 ) Fuel cell Gasoline / petrol ( direct injection ) Homogeneous charge compression ignition Hybrid ( plug - in ) Hydrogen Internal combustion Liquid nitrogen Steam Drive wheels Front - wheel Rear - wheel Two - wheel Four - wheel Six - wheel Eight - wheel Ten - wheel Twelve - wheel Engine position Front Mid Rear Layout ( engine / drive ) Front / front Front mid / front Rear / front Front / rear Rear mid / rear Rear / rear Front / four - wheel Mid / four - wheel Rear / four - wheel Engine configuration ( internal combustion ) Boxer Flat Four - stroke H - block Reciprocating Single - cylinder Straight Two - stroke V ( Vee ) W engine Wankel Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engine_configuration&oldid=830670524 '' Categories : Engine technology Engines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 07 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in which one of the following four-stroke cylinder arrangements	[]	[]
2206226301122663145	Colorado River Compact	Colorado River compact - wikipedia Colorado River compact Member states of the Colorado River Compact Upper Division states Lower Division states Map of Colorado River Basin The Colorado River Compact is a 1922 agreement among seven U.S. states in the basin of the Colorado River in the American Southwest governing the allocation of the water rights to the river 's water among the parties of the interstate compact . The agreement was signed at a meeting at Bishop 's Lodge , near Santa Fe , New Mexico , by representatives of the seven states the Colorado river and its tributaries pass through on the way to Mexico . Contents ( hide ) 1 Law of the River 2 Provisions 3 Future developments and issues 4 Criticism and renegotiation 5 References 6 Further reading Law of the River ( edit ) The Colorado River is managed and operated under numerous compacts , federal laws , court decisions and decrees , contracts , and regulatory guidelines collectively known as `` The Law of the River . '' Provisions ( edit ) The compact divides the river basin into two areas , the Upper Division ( comprising Colorado , New Mexico , Utah and Wyoming ) and the Lower Division ( Nevada , Arizona and California ) . The compact requires the Upper Basin states not to deplete the flow of the river below 7,500,000 acre feet ( 9.3 km ) during any period of ten consecutive years . Based on rainfall patterns observed in the years before the treaty 's signing in 1922 , the amount specified in the compact was assumed to allow a roughly equal division of water between the two regions . The states within each basin were required to divide their 7,500,000 - acre ( 30,000 km ) foot per year ( 289 m3 / s ) share allotment among themselves . The compact enabled the widespread irrigation of the Southwest , as well as the subsequent development of state and federal water works projects under the United States Bureau of Reclamation . Such projects included the Hoover Dam and Lake Powell . The current specific annual allotments in the Lower Basin were established in 1928 as part of the Boulder Canyon Project , while the current specific annual allotments in the Upper Basin were established by the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948 . They are : Upper Basin , 7.5 million acre ft / year ( 293 m3 / s ) total Colorado 51.75 % * 3.86 million acre ft / year ( 150.7 m3 / s ) Utah 23.00 % * 1.71 million acre ft / year ( 67.0 m3 / s ) Wyoming 14.00 % * 1.04 million acre ft / year ( 40.8 m3 / s ) New Mexico 11.25 % * 0.84 million acre ft / year ( 32.8 m3 / s ) Arizona 0.70 % 0.05 million acre ft / year ( 2.0 m3 / s ) * Percentages with a star are a percentage of the total after Arizona 's 0.05 million are deducted . Arizona 's percentage is of the total . Lower Basin , 7.5 million acre ft / year ( 293 m3 / s ) total California 58.70 % 4.40 million acre ft / year ( 172 m3 / s ) Arizona 37.30 % 2.80 million acre ft / year ( 109 m3 / s ) Nevada 4.00 % 0.30 million acre ft / year ( 12 m3 / s ) In addition to this , 1,500,000 - acre - foot ( 1.9 × 10 m ) / year of Colorado River water is allocated to Mexico , pursuant to the treaty relating to the use of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana rivers and of the Rio Grande , signed February 3 , 1944 , and its supplementary protocol signed November 14 , 1944 . Also , the lower basin can get an additional 1,100,000 - acre - foot ( 1.4 × 10 m ) / year in surplus conditions . The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states . The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river . In 1921 , Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources . The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922 , the same year it was signed . Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states : Wyoming , Colorado , Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California , Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states . This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states . Prior to the compact , the name of the river was standardized along its length . Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the `` Grand River '' . The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado , and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s . One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population , and this increased the demand for water , particularly in California . In more recent years , mainly because of Las Vegas , Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River . In 1934 , Arizona , unhappy with California 's decision to dam and divert the river , called out the National Guard and even commissioned a two boat `` navy . '' The matter was eventually settled in court . The agreement was controversial even at the time , however . Arizona , for example , was dissatisfied with the lower basin allotment . Led by Fred Colter , the state refused to sign the agreement , and did not do so until two months after Colter 's death in 1944 . The specific allotments were disputed by Arizona until the United States Supreme Court upheld the amount in the 1963 decision in Arizona v. California . The agreement ended many years of dispute , clearing the way for the Central Arizona Project , authorized by Congress in 1968 . Mexico was able to gain some of the river rights , Arizona took steps to protect its water rights and keep from California gaining too large of a share , which ultimately led to the Arizona v. California supreme Court Case . The Arizona v. Colorado court case lasted 11 years and cost over $5 million and 50 lawyers . This case set the precedent of SCOTus using water rights . The case ultimately decided that the Boulder Canyon Provision was correct for the lower states ( which are California , Nevada , and Arizona ) . The Court ultimately ruled in favor of Arizona , however they agreed with the way that California interpreted that it got surplus water was correct and so there was essentially some compromise on both sides . Future developments and issues ( edit ) Since the development of the Colorado River Compact , California has been using the surplus water that has been left over from other states . With increasing population growth in the Southwest there is concern that this surplus soon will not exist for California 's use . In 2001 , Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt signed an interim agreement , determining how water surplus from the Colorado River will be allocated between the states , and creating a fifteen - year period to allow California time to put conservation methods in place to reduce the state 's water usage and dependence on Colorado River water . There is also concern regarding Nevada 's increasing population and the state 's water usage . Nevada , with the smallest water allocation in the lower river basin , may find in the near future that the water supplied by the Colorado River will not meet the state 's growing needs . In 2008 Southern Nevada Water Authority General Manager Pat Mulroy said that she does not support a water reallocation . This is because all of the states in the river basin have experienced growth she says that it is unlikely that Nevada 's allocation would increase , and it could even decrease . Instead Nevada , like California , may have to work on conservation methods as well as finding other water sources to support the state 's growing population . Development was the prime concern of the Colorado River Compact , when signed in 1922 . Using and reusing the river water as well as frequent damming results in an unfavorable environment for native fish species . Dams block fish passage , reduce natural silt deposition along flood plains and in deltas , and change water temperatures -- all negatively impacting the natural ecosystem. ( 14 ) The high water usage has also caused the river delta , located in Mexico , to significantly deteriorate . Once a lush and green area from the high amounts of silt deposit , the plentiful ecosystem has now all but disappeared . The Colorado River had been over allocated since the beginning of its time , as during the signing of the Colorado River Compact , the flows were vastly overestimated and much more generous than they should have been . It was originally estimated to have 17 million acre - feet a year , but even prior to the drought flows have often been less than a third of that . Criticism and renegotiation ( edit ) In recent years , the compact has become the focus of even sharper criticism , in the wake of a protracted decrease in precipitation in the region . Specifically , the amount of water allocated was based on an expectation that the river 's average flow was 16,400,000 acre feet ( 20.2 km ) per year ( 641 m3 / s ) . Subsequent tree ring studies , however , have concluded that the long - term average water flow of the Colorado is significantly less . Estimates have included 13,200,000 acre feet ( 16.3 km ) per year ( 516 m3 / s ) , 13,500,000 acre feet ( 16.7 km ) per year ( 528 m / s ) , and 14,300,000 acre feet ( 17.6 km ) per year ( 559 m / s ) . Many analysts have concluded that when the compact was negotiated , the period used as the basis for `` average '' flow of the river ( 1905 -- 1922 ) included periods of abnormally high precipitation , and that the recent drought in the region is in fact a return to historically typical patterns . The decrease in precipitation has led to widespread dropping of reservoir levels in the region , in particular at Lake Powell , created by the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963 , where the exposure of long - inundated canyons has prompted calls for the reservoir to be permanently drained and decommissioned . In December 2007 , a set of interim guidelines on how to allocate Colorado River water in the event of shortages was signed by the Secretary of the Interior . The guidelines are described as interim because they extend through 2026 , and , `` acknowledging the potential for impacts due to climate change and increased hydrologic variability , '' interim guidelines provide `` the opportunity to gain valuable operating experience for the management of Lake Powell and Lake Mead , particularly for low reservoir conditions ... whether during the interim period or thereafter . '' The agreement specifies three levels of shortage conditions , depending on the level of Lake Mead : Light shortage . When the surface elevation at Lake Mead is below 1,075 feet ( 328 m ) relative to mean sea level but above 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) , the Lower Basin states will receive 7,167,000 acre feet ( 8.840 km ) per year : 4,400,000 acre feet ( 5.4 km ) to California , 2,480,000 acre feet ( 3.06 km ) to Arizona , and 287,000 acre feet ( 0.354 km ) to Nevada . Heavy shortage . When the surface elevation of Lake Mead is below 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) but above 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) , 7,083,000 acre feet ( 8.737 km ) per year will be delivered to the Lower Basin states : 4,400,000 acre feet ( 5.4 km ) to California , 2,400,000 acre feet ( 3.0 km ) to Arizona , and 283,000 acre feet ( 0.349 km ) to Nevada . Extreme shortage . The most severe shortage considered in the interim guidelines is when the level of Lake Mead drops below 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) , in which event 7,000,000 acre feet ( 8.6 km ) per year will be delivered to the Lower Basin states : 4,000,000 acre feet ( 4.9 km ) to California , 2,320,000 acre feet ( 2.86 km ) to Arizona , and 280,000 acre feet ( 0.35 km ) to Nevada . On August 15 , 2008 , Arizona Senator John McCain called for the compact to be renegotiated . Due to the Senator 's position as the Republican Party nominee in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election and Colorado 's swing state status , criticism of the compact may have gained national significance . Minute 319 . On November 20 , 2012 , the International Boundary and Water Commission of the United States and Mexico signed an agreement termed `` Minute 319 , '' which updated the Law of the River to address how the 1,500,000 acre feet ( 1.9 km ) of Colorado River water that Mexico receives every year would be affected by surplus or drought conditions . Under surplus conditions ( when the surface elevation of Lake Mead is above 1,145 feet ( 349 m ) relative to mean sea level ) the annual flow to Mexico will increase by 40,000 acre feet ( 0.049 km ) . In cases where the surface elevation of Lake Mead is higher than that , the extra deliveries to Mexico progressively increase , reaching a maximum of an additional 200,000 acre feet ( 0.25 km ) per year . Minute 319 also specifies that deliveries to Mexico will be reduced under drought conditions . Starting from the base allocation of 1,500,000 acre feet ( 1.9 km ) per year , annual deliveries will be reduced by 50,000 acre feet ( 0.062 km ) if the surface elevation of Lake Mead is between 1,075 feet ( 328 m ) and 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) above mean sea level ; reduced by 70,000 acre feet ( 0.086 km ) acre - feet if the elevation is 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) to 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) ; and reduced by 125,000 acre feet ( 0.154 km ) if the surface elevation is below 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Reclamation : Lower Colorado Region - Law of the River '' . Usbr.gov. 2005 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Colorado River Basin Compact , 1948 '' ( PDF ) . Usbr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado River interim guidelines for Lower Basin shortages and the coordinated operations for Lake Powell and lake Mead '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Eric I. Boime , `` Fluid Boundaries : Southern California , Baja California , and the Conflict over the Colorado River , 1848 - 1944 , '' ( Ph. D diss . University of California , San Diego , 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Sharing Colorado River Water : History , Public Policy and the Colorado River Compact '' . Wrrc.arizona.edu . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona '' . Usbr.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Central Arizona Project '' . 2005 - 04 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Registration Form '' . National Park Service . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.crwua.org/colorado-river/uses/law-of-the-river Jump up ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/967706.pdf ^ Jump up to : https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/05/25/the-disappearing-river Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sweet , P. `` Leave the Venerable Colorado River Be . '' Las Vegas Sun , November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ H.G. Hidalgo , T.C. Piechota , and J.A. Dracup , 2000 : Alternative principal components regression procedures for dentrohydrological reconstructions , Water Resources Research v. 36 , p. 3241 - 3249 Jump up ^ C.W. Stockton and G.C. Jacoby , 1976 : Long - term surface - water supply and streamflow trends in the Upper Colorado River Basin . Lake Powell Res . Proj . Bulletin no 18 , National Science Foundation , Arlington , VA Jump up ^ C.A. Woodhouse , S.T. Gray , and D.M. Meko , 2005 : Updated streamflow reconstructions for the Upper Colorado River Basin , Water Resources Research v. 42 , W05415 , doi : 10.1029 / 2005 / WR004455 , 2006 Jump up ^ National Research Council , Colorado River Basin Water Management , National Academies Press , Jun 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Western States to Share Colorado River Water '' . Npr.org. 2007 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Final Environmental Impact Statement : Colorado River Interim guidelines for Lower Basin shortages and coordinated operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead '' . Usbr.gov . October 2007 . p. 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 2008 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Today 's Polls , 8 / 16 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Interim International Cooperative Measures in the Colorado River Basin Through 2017 ... '' ( PDF ) . Ibwc.gov. 2012 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Norris Hundley . Water and the West : The Colorado River Compact and the Politics of Water in the American West ( University of California Press , 2009 ) 415 pp. the standard scholarly history ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26011 - 5 Lawrence J. MacDonnell ; et al. ( October 1995 ) . `` The Law of the Colorado River : Coping with Severe Sustained Drought '' . Water Resources Bulletin . 31 : 825 -- 836 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1752 - 1688.1995. tb03404. x . Jason Robison . `` Review of Hundley , Water and the West , '' H - Water , H - Net Reviews . September , 2010 . online Sandra Postel . The Colorado River Delta Series , National Geographic . March through May , 2013 . online Daniel Tyler . Silver Fox of the Rockies : Delphus E. Carpenter and Western Water Compacts , ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press ) 2003 . Colorado River system Jurisdictions United States Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Mexico Baja California Sonora Canyons Byers Canyon Gore Canyon Red Gorge Glenwood Canyon De Beque Canyon Horsethief Canyon Ruby Canyon Westwater Canyon Cataract Canyon Narrow Canyon Glen Canyon Grand Canyon Marble Canyon Granite Gorge Middle Granite Gorge Lower Granite Gorge Grand Wash Canyon Iceberg Canyon Virgin Canyon Boulder Canyon Black Canyon Pyramid Canyon Mohave Canyon Natural features River course Rocky Mountains Colorado River Basin Colorado Plateau Grand Lake Horseshoe Bend Sonoran Desert Mojave Desert Lower Colorado River Valley Mohave Valley Parker Valley Palo Verde Valley Colorado Desert Alamo River New River Salton Sea Imperial Valley Delta Montague Island Gulf of California / Sea of Cortez Tributaries Blue River Dirty Devil River Dolores River Escalante River Eagle River Fraser River Gila River Green River Gunnison River Kanab Creek Little Colorado River Paria River Roaring Fork River San Juan River Thunder River / Tapeats Creek Virgin River Las Vegas Wash Williams Fork Río Hardy Engineering Mainstem dams Shadow Mountain Granby Windy Gap Grand Valley Price - Stubb Glen Canyon Hoover Davis Parker Headgate Rock Palo Verde Imperial Laguna Morelos Major reservoirs Fontenelle Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir Blue Mesa Reservoir Navajo Lake Lake Powell Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Imperial Reservoir Theodore Roosevelt Lake San Carlos Lake Aqueducts and canals Grand Ditch Colorado River Aqueduct San Diego Aqueduct Central Arizona Project All - American Canal Coachella Canal Water projects Boulder Canyon Project Colorado - Big Thompson Project Colorado River Storage Project Grand Valley AVA Yuma Project Designated areas Arches National Park Canyonlands National Park Colorado National Monument Dead Horse Point State Park Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Grand Canyon National Park Lake Mead National Recreation Area Rocky Mountain National Park Related topics Arizona v. California Colorado River Board of California Colorado River Compact Floyd Dominy Lee 's Ferry International Boundary and Water Commission Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Rapids and features U.S. Bureau of Reclamation William Mulholland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Compact&oldid=838534395 '' Categories : History of the American West United States interstate compacts Colorado River Water and the environment Water in Colorado Water law in the United States Colorado law New Mexico law Utah law Wyoming law Nevada law Arizona law California law Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who decides where the water from the colorado river goes	[ "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]" ]	[ "Wyoming", "Colorado", "Utah", "New Mexico", "California", "Arizona", "Nevada" ]
5962620607934830883	History of ballet	History of ballet - wikipedia History of ballet Jump to : navigation , search Main articles : Ballet and History of dance A publicity photo for the premiere of Tchaikovsky 's ballet The Sleeping Beauty ( 1890 ) . Ballet is a formalized form of dance with its origins in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries . Ballet spread from Italy to France with the help of Catherine de ' Medici , where ballet developed even further under her aristocratic influence . An early example of Catherine 's development of ballet is through ' Le Paradis d ' Amour ' , a piece of work presented at her daughter 's wedding , Marguerite de Valois to Henry of Navarre . Aristocratic money was responsible for the initial stages of development in ' court ballet ' , as it was royal money that dictated the ideas , literature and music used in ballets that were created to primarily entertain the aristocrats of the time . The first formal ' court ballet ' ever recognized was staged in 1573 , ' Ballet des Polonais ' . In true form of royal entertainment , ' Ballet des Polonais ' was commissioned by Catherine de ' Medici to honor the Polish ambassadors who were visiting Paris upon the accession of Henry of Anjou to the throne of Poland . In 1581 , Catherine de ' Medici commissioned another court ballet , Ballet Comique de la Reine , however it was her compatriot , Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx , who organized the ballet . Catherine de ' Medici and Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx were responsible for presenting the first court ballet ever to apply the principles of Baif 's Academie , by integrating poetry , dance , music and set design to convey a unified dramatic storyline . Moreover , the early organization and development of ' court ballet ' was funded by , influenced by and produced by the aristocrats of the time , fulfilling both their personal entertainment and political propaganda needs . In the late 17th century Louis XIV founded the Académie Royale de Musique ( the Paris Opera ) within which emerged the first professional theatrical ballet company , the Paris Opera Ballet . The predominance of French in the vocabulary of ballet reflects this history . Theatrical ballet soon became an independent form of art , although still frequently maintaining a close association with opera , and spread from the heart of Europe to other nations . The Royal Danish Ballet and the Imperial Ballet of the Russian Empire were founded in the 1740s and began to flourish , especially after about 1850 . In 1907 the Russian ballet in turn moved back to France , where the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev and its successors were particularly influential . Soon ballet spread around the world with the formation of new companies , including London 's The Royal Ballet ( 1931 ) , the San Francisco Ballet ( 1933 ) , American Ballet Theatre ( 1937 ) , The Royal Winnipeg Ballet ( 1939 ) , The Australian Ballet ( 1940 ) , the New York City Ballet ( 1948 ) , the National Ballet of Canada ( 1951 ) , and the National Ballet Academy and Trust of India ( 2002 ) . In the 20th century styles of ballet continued to develop and strongly influence broader concert dance , for example , in the United States choreographer George Balanchine developed what is now known as neoclassical ballet , subsequent developments have included contemporary ballet and post-structural ballet , for example seen in the work of William Forsythe in Germany . The etymology of the word `` ballet '' reflects its history . The word ballet comes from French and was borrowed into English around the 17th century . The French word in turn has its origins in Italian balletto , a diminutive of ballo ( dance ) . Ballet ultimately traces back to Italian ballare , meaning `` to dance '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Renaissance -- Italy and France 1.2 17th century -- France and Court Dance 1.3 Popularity throughout Europe 2 18th century 2.1 France and development as an art form 2.2 Outside France 3 19th century 3.1 Romantic movement 3.2 Russia 3.3 Argentina 4 20th century and modernism 4.1 Russia and the Ballets Russes 4.2 United States of America 5 Neoclassical ballet 6 Contemporary 7 Development of ballet method 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Origins ( edit ) Renaissance -- Italy and France ( edit ) Main article : Renaissance dance Engraving of the second scene of the Ballet Comique de la Reine , staged in Paris in 1581 for the French court . Ballet originated in the Renaissance court as an outgrowth of court pageantry in Italy , where aristocratic weddings were lavish celebrations . Tutus , ballet slippers and pointe work were not yet used . The choreography was adapted from court dance steps . Performers dressed in fashions of the times . For women that meant formal gowns that covered their legs to the ankle . Early ballet was participatory , with the audience joining the dance towards the end . Domenico da Piacenza ( c. 1400 -- c. 1470 ) was one of the first dancing masters . Along with his students , Antonio Cornazzano and Guglielmo Ebreo , he was trained in dance and responsible for teaching nobles the art . Da Piacenza left one work : De arte saltandi et choreus ducendi ( On the art of dancing and conducting dances ) , which was put together by his students . In 1489 Galeazzo , Duke of Milan , married Isabella of Aragon in Tortona . An elaborate dance entertainment was arranged for the celebrations by the Italian dance master Bergonzio di Botta . The dances were linked by a slim narrative concerning Jason and the Argonauts , and each corresponded to a different course for the dinner . Tristano Calco of Milan wrote about the event , and it was considered so impressive , that many similar spectacles were organized elsewhere . Ballet was further shaped by the French ballet de cour , which consisted of social dances performed by the nobility in tandem with music , speech , verse , song , pageant , decor and costume . When Catherine de ' Medici , an Italian aristocrat with an interest in the arts , married the French crown heir Henry II , she brought her enthusiasm for dance to France and provided financial support . Catherine 's glittering entertainments supported the aims of court politics and usually were organized around mythological themes . The first ballet de cour was the Ballet de Polonais . This Ballet was performed in 1573 on the occasion of the visit of the Polish Ambassador . It was choreographed by Balthasar de Beaaujoyeulx and featured an hour - long dance for sixteen women , each representing a French province . Ballet Comique de la Reine ( 1581 ) , which was also choreographed and directed by Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx , was commissioned by Louise of Lorraine , queen consort of King Henry III , son of Catherine , to celebrate the marriage of Henry 's favorite the Duke de Joyeuse to Marguerite de Lorraine , the sister of Queen Louise . The ballet lasted for more than five hours and was danced by twenty four dancers : twelve naiades and twelve pages . In the same year , the publication of Fabritio Caroso 's Il Ballarino , a technical manual on court dancing , both performance and social , helped to establish Italy as a centre of technical ballet development . 17th century -- France and court dance ( edit ) Main article : French ballet Louis XIV in Lully 's Ballet Royal de la Nuit ( 1653 ) . Ballet developed as a performance - focused art form in France during the reign of Louis XIV , who was passionate about dance . Pierre Beauchamp , the man who codified the five basic positions of the feet in ballet , was the king 's personal dance teacher and favorite partner in ballet de cour in the 1650s . In 1661 Louis XIV , who was determined to reverse a decline in dance standards that began in the 17th century , established the Académie Royale de Danse . Beauchamp was appointed Intendant des ballets du roi and in 1680 became the director of the dance academy , a position he held until 1687 . Jean - Baptiste Lully , an Italian violinist , dancer , choreographer , and composer , who joined the court of Louis XIV in 1652 , played a significant role in establishing the general direction ballet would follow for the next century . Supported and admired by King Louis XIV , Lully often cast the king in his ballets . The title of Sun King for the French monarch , originated in Louis XIV 's role in Lully 's Ballet de la Nuit ( 1653 ) . The fourteen - year - old Louis XIV danced five roles in this 12 - hour ballet . This Ballet was lavish and featured a scene where a set piece of a house was burned down , included witches , werewolves , gypsies , shepherds , thieves , and the goddesses Venus and Diana . Lully 's main contribution to ballet were his nuanced compositions . His understanding of movement and dance allowed him to compose specifically for ballet , with musical phrasings that complemented physical movements . Lully also collaborated with the French playwright Molière . Together , they took an Italian theatre style , the commedia dell'arte , and adapted it into their work for a French audience , creating the comédie - ballet . Among their greatest productions , with Beauchamp as the choreographer , was Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme ( 1670 ) . In 1669 Louis XIV founded the Académie d'Opéra with Pierre Perrin as director . Louix XIV retired in 1670 , largely because of excessive weight gain . Earlier , in 1661 he had founded a school , the Adacemie Royale de danse . Beauchamp was the first ballet - master of the Opéra and created the dances for the new company 's first production Pomone with music by Robert Cambert . Later , after Perrin went bankrupt , the king reestablished the Opéra as the Académie royale de Musique and made Lully the director . Beauchamp was one of the principal choreographers . In this position Lully , with his librettist Philippe Quinault , created a new genre , the tragédie en musique , each act of which featured a divertissement that was a miniature ballet scene . With almost all his important creations Jean - Baptiste Lully brought together music and drama with Italian and French dance elements . His work created a legacy which would define the future of ballet . Popularity throughout Europe ( edit ) The Royal Ballet of the Dowager of Bilbao 's Grand Ball , 1626 . France 's court was in some ways the leading source of fashionable culture for many other royal courts in Europe . Styles of entertainment were imitated , including the royal ballets . Courts in Spain , Portugal , Poland , Germany , and elsewhere all became audiences and participants in ballets . In addition to France , Italy became an important influence on the art form , predominantly Venice . Professional ballet troupes began to organize and tour Europe , performing for aristocratic audiences . In Poland , King Władysław IV Vasa ( 1633 -- 1648 ) hosted Italian opera productions , which included ballet performers in some scenes . The famous European ballet - masters who worked for the Polish court include Louis de Poitiers , Charles Duparc , Jean Favier , Antoine Pitrot , Antonio Sacco and Francesco Caselli . 18th century ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) France and development as an art form ( edit ) The 18th century was a period of advance in the technical standards of ballet and the period when ballet became a serious dramatic art form on par with the opera . Central to this advance was the seminal work of Jean - Georges Noverre , Lettres sur la danse et les ballets ( 1760 ) , which focused on developing the ballet d'action , in which the movements of the dancers are designed to express character and assist in the narrative . Noverre believed that : ballet should be technical but also move the audience emotionally , plots need to be unified , the scenery and music need to support the plot and be unified within the story , and that pantomime needs to be simple and understandable . Reforms were made in ballet composition by composers such as Christoph Willibald Gluck . Finally , ballet was divided into three formal techniques sérieux , demi - caractère and comique . Ballet also began to be featured in operas as interludes called divertissements . Outside France ( edit ) Venice continued to be a centre of dance in Europe , particularly during the Venice Carnival , when dancers and visitors from across the continent would travel to the city for a lively cultural exchange . The city 's Teatro San Benedetto became a famous landmark largely due to the ballets performed there . Italian ballet techniques remained the dominant influence in much of southern and eastern Europe until Russian techniques supplanted them in the early 20th century . Ballet performances spread to Eastern Europe during the 18th century , into areas such as Hungary , where they were held in private theatres at aristocratic castles . Professional companies were established that performed throughout Hungary and also toured abroad . The Budapest National Theatre increasingly serving a role as a home for the dancers . Some of the leading dancers of the time who performed throughout Europe were Louis Dupré , Charles Le Picque with Anna Binetti , Gaetano Vestris , and Jean - Georges Noverre . 19th century ( edit ) Polish ballet performers at the 1827 Venice Carnival . The dancer on the left is performing `` en travestie '' as a woman taking the man 's role . The ballerina became the most popular dance performer in Europe in the first half of the 19th century , gradually turning the spotlight away from the male dancer . In many performances , ballet heroes were played by a woman , like the Principal Boy in pantomime . The professionalism of ballet companies became a focus for a new generation of ballet masters and dancers . Vienna was an important source of influential ballet coaches . The first ballet master of Hungary 's National Theatre and Royal Opera was the Vienna - born Frigyes Campilli , who worked in Budapest for 40 years . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 19th century was a period of great social change , which was reflected in ballet by a shift away from the aristocratic sensibilities that had dominated earlier periods through romantic ballet . Ballerinas such as Geneviève Gosselin , Marie Taglioni and Fanny Elssler experimented with new techniques such as pointework that gave the ballerina prominence as the ideal stage figure . Taglioni was known as the `` Christian Dancer , '' as her image was light and pure ( associated with her role as the sylph in La Sylphide ) . She was trained primarily by her father , Filipo Taglioni . In 1834 , Fanny Elssler arrived at the Paris Opera and became known as the `` Pagan Dancer , '' because of the fiery qualities of the Cachucha dance that made her famous . Professional librettists began crafting the stories in ballets . Teachers like Carlo Blasis codified ballet technique in the basic form that is still used today . The ballet boxed toe shoe was invented to support pointe work . Romantic movement ( edit ) Main article : Romantic ballet Marie Taglioni as Flore in Charles Didelot 's ballet Flore et Zéphire ( ca . 1831 ) . She was a pioneer of pointework . The Romantic movement in art , literature , and theatre was a reaction against formal constraints and the mechanics of industrialization. ( 22 ) The zeitgeist led choreographers to compose romantic ballets that appeared light , airy and free that would act as a contrast to the spread of reductionist science through many aspects of daily life that had , in the words of Poe , `` driven the hamadryad from the woods '' . These `` unreal '' ballets portrayed women as fragile unearthly beings , ethereal creatures who could be lifted effortlessly and almost seemed to float in the air . Ballerinas began to wear costumes with pastel , flowing skirts that bared the shins . The stories revolved around uncanny , folkloric spirits . An example of one such romantic ballet is La Sylphide , one of the oldest romantic ballets still performed today . One strain of the Romantic movement was a new exploration of folklore and traditional ethnic culture . This influence was seen in the emergence of European folk dance and western portrayals of African , Asian , and Middle East peoples on European stages . In ballets from this period , non-European characters were often created as villains or as silly divertisements to fit the orientalist western understanding of the world . The National Opera of Ukraine , a performing arts theatre with a resident opera company , was established in Kiev in 1867 . It also included a small resident troupe of ballet dancers , who would perform mainly folk - style dancing during opera productions . By 1893 , this grew to a troupe large enough to stage large ballets . Folk dancing and ballets with Ukrainian stories were among the early productions . Many leading European professional ballet companies that survive today were established at new theatres in Europe 's capital cities during the mid - to late - 19th century , including the Kiev Ballet , the Hungarian National Ballet , the National Theatre Ballet ( Prague ) and the Vienna State Ballet ( formerly the Vienna State Opera Ballet ) . These theatres usually combined large opera , drama and ballet companies under the same roof . Composers , dramatists , and choreographers were then able to create works that took advantage of the ability to collaborate among these performance troupes . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Russian ballet Mikhail Mordkin as Prince Siegfried and Adelaide Giuri as Odette with students as the little swans in the Moscow Imperial Bolshoi Theatre 's production of the Petipa / Ivanov / Tchaikovsky Swan Lake . 1901 While France was instrumental in early ballet , other countries and cultures soon adopted the art form , most notably Russia . Russia has a recognized tradition of ballet , and Russian ballet has had great importance in its country throughout history . After 1850 , ballet began to wane in Paris , but it flourished in Denmark and Russia thanks to masters such as August Bournonville , Jules Perrot , Arthur Saint - Léon , Enrico Cecchetti and Marius Petipa . In the late nineteenth century , orientalism was in vogue . Colonialism brought awareness of Asian and African cultures , but distorted with disinformation and fantasy . The East was often perceived as a faraway place where anything was possible , provided it was lavish , exotic and decadent . Petipa appealed to popular taste with The Pharaoh 's Daughter ( 1862 ) , and later The Talisman ( 1889 ) , and La Bayadère ( 1877 ) . Petipa is best remembered for his collaborations with Tchaikovsky . He used his music for his choreography of The Nutcracker ( 1892 , though this is open to some debate among historians ) , The Sleeping Beauty ( 1890 ) , and the definitive revival of Swan Lake ( 1895 , with Lev Ivanov ) . These works were all drawn from European folklore . The female dancers ' classical tutu as it is recognized today began to appear at this time . It consisted of a short , stiff skirt supported by layers of crinoline or tulle that revealed the acrobatic legwork , combined with a wide gusset that served to preserve modesty . Argentina ( edit ) Ballet companies from Europe began lucrative tours of theatres in North , Central and South America during the mid-19th century . The prestigious Colon Theater in Buenos Aires , Argentina had hosted foreign ballet artists on its stage , with touring companies from Europe presenting full ballets as early as 1867 . By the 1880s , the Colon Theater had its own professional ballet company . It would still be several decades before most countries outside of Europe could claim their own professional ballet companies , however . 20th century and modernism ( edit ) Russia and the ballets Russes ( edit ) Anna Pavlova as a bacchante in Bacchanale by Mikhail Mordkin . Sergei Diaghilev brought ballet full - circle back to Paris when he opened his company , Ballets Russes . It was made up of dancers from the Russian exile community in Paris after the Revolution . Diaghilev and composer Igor Stravinsky merged their talents to bring Russian folklore to life in The Firebird and Petrushka choreographed by Fokine . Diaghilev 's next choreographic commissions went to Nijinsky . His First ballet was L'apres - midi d'un Faune ( Afternoon of a Faun ) to music by Debussy . It was notable for its two dimensional shapes and lack of ballet technique . It caused controversy by depicting the faun rubbing the scarf of one of the maidens on himself , in simulated masturbation . The most controversial work of the Ballets Russes however , was The Rite of Spring , choreographed by Nijinsky with music by Stravinsky . The ballet 's modern music , pigeon toed stomping and theme of human sacrifice shocked audiences so much they rioted . After the `` golden age '' of Petipa , Michel Fokine began his career in St. Petersburg but moved to Paris and worked with Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes . Vaslav Nijinsky in The Spectre of the Rose , 1911 . Russian ballet continued development under Soviet rule . There was little talent left in the country after the Revolution , but it was enough to seed a new generation . After stagnation in the 1920s , by the mid-1930s that new generation of dancers and choreographers appeared on the scene . The technical perfection and precision of dance was promoted ( and demanded ) by Agrippina Vaganova , who had been taught by Petipa and Cecchetti and headed the Vaganova Ballet Academy , the school to prepare dancers for the Kirov Ballet in St. Petersburg / Leningrad . Ballet was popular with the public . Both the Moscow - based Bolshoi and the St. Petersburg ( then Leningrad ) - based Kirov ballet companies were active . Ideological pressure forced the creation of many socialist realist pieces , most of which made little impression on the public and were removed from the repertoire of both companies later . Some pieces of that era , however , were remarkable . The Romeo and Juliet by Prokofiev and Lavrovsky is a masterpiece . The Flames of Paris , while it shows all the faults of socialist realist art , pioneered the active use of the corps de ballet in the performance and required stunning virtuosity . The ballet version of the Pushkin poem , The Fountain of Bakhchisarai with music from Boris Asafiev and choreography by Rostislav Zakharov was also a hit . The well - known ballet Cinderella , for which Prokofiev provided the music , is also the product of the Soviet ballet . During the Soviet era , these pieces were mostly unknown outside the Soviet Union and later outside of the Eastern Bloc . However , after the collapse of the Soviet Union they received more recognition . The 1999 North American premiere of The Fountain of Bakhchisarai by the Kirov Ballet in New York was an outstanding success , for example . The Soviet era of the Russian Ballet put a lot of emphasis on technique , virtuosity and strength . It demanded strength usually above the norm of contemporary Western dancers . When watching restored old footage , one can only marvel at the talent of their prima ballerinas such as Galina Ulanova , Natalya Dudinskaya and Maya Plisetskaya and choreographers such as Pyotr Gusev . Russian companies , particularly after World War II engaged in multiple tours all over the world that revitalized ballet in the West . Maiden Tower written by Afrasiyab Badalbeyli is the first ballet in the Muslim East . United States of America ( edit ) Following the move of the Ballets Russes to France , ballet began to have a broader influence , particularly in the United States of America . From Paris , after disagreements with Diaghilev , Fokine went to Sweden and then the USA and settled in New York . Diaghilev believed that traditional ballet offered little more than prettiness and athletic display . For Fokine that was not enough . In addition to technical virtuosity he demanded drama , expression and historical authenticity . The choreographer must research the period and cultural context of the setting and reject the traditional tutu in favour of accurate period costuming . Fokine choreographed Sheherazade and Cleopatra . He also reworked Petrouchka and The Firebird . One of his most famous works was The Dying Swan , performed by Anna Pavlova . Beyond her talents as a ballerina , Pavlova had the theatrical gifts to fulfill Fokine 's vision of ballet as drama . Legend has it that Pavlova identified so much with the swan role that she requested her swan costume from her deathbed . The Dying Swan choreographed by Fokine , performed by three soloists ( shown in order ) : 1 . Anna Pavlova ( 7 seconds ) 2 . Yvette Chauvire ( 10 seconds ) 3 . Natalia Makarova ( 14 seconds ) . George Balanchine developed state - of - the - art technique in America by opening a school in Chicago and more importantly , in New York . He adapted ballet to the new media , movies and television . A prolific worker , Balanchine rechoreographed classics such as Swan Lake and Sleeping Beauty as well as creating new ballets . He produced original interpretations of the dramas of William Shakespeare such as Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night 's Dream , and also of Franz Léhar 's The Merry Widow . In 1967 , Balanchine 's Jewels broke with the narrative tradition and dramatized a theme rather than a plot . This focus fits with the state - sponsored funding sources in the United States which sought to encourage `` liberty and freethinking '' in contrast to narrative - driven dance , which was seen as to be connected too closely with socialism , especially Soviet communism . Today , partly thanks to Balanchine , ballet is one of the most well - preserved dances in the world . Barbara Karinska was a Russian emigree and a skilled seamstress who collaborated with Balanchine to elevate the art of costume design from a secondary role to an integral part of a ballet performance . She introduced the bias cut and a simplified classic tutu that allowed the dancer more freedom of movement . With meticulous attention to detail , she decorated her tutus with beadwork , embroidery , crochet and appliqué . Neoclassical ballet ( edit ) Main article : Neoclassical ballet Ballets Russes with Apollo ( 1928 ) choreographed by George Balanchine . Dancers are Alexandrova Danilova and Serge Lifar . George Balanchine is often considered to have been the first pioneer of what is now known as neoclassical ballet , a style of dance between classical ballet and today 's contemporary ballet . Tim Scholl , author of From Petipa to Balanchine , considers Balanchine 's Apollo ( 1928 ) to be the first neoclassical ballet . It represented a return to form in response to Serge Diaghilev 's abstract ballets . Apollo and other works are still performed today , predominantly by the New York City Ballet . However , other companies are able to pay a fee for performance rights to George Balanchine 's works . Frederick Ashton is another prominent choreographer associated with the neoclassical style . Three of his works have become standard pieces in the international repertoire : Sylvia ( 1952 ) , Romeo and Juliet ( 1956 ) , and Ondine ( 1958 ) , the last of which was created as a vehicle to showcase Margot Fonteyn . Contemporary ( edit ) Main article : Contemporary ballet A 2010 performance of Irène Tassembédo 's contemporary ballet piece Allah Garibou . One dancer who trained with Balanchine and absorbed much of this neo-classical style was Mikhail Baryshnikov . Following Baryshnikov 's appointment as artistic director of American Ballet Theatre in 1980 , he worked with various modern choreographers , most notably Twyla Tharp . Tharp choreographed Push Comes To Shove for ABT and Baryshnikov in 1976 ; in 1986 she created In The Upper Room for her own company . Both these pieces were considered innovative for their use of distinctly modern movements melded with the use of pointe shoes and classically trained dancers -- for their use of contemporary ballet . Tharp also worked with the Joffrey Ballet company , founded in 1957 by Robert Joffrey . She choreographed Deuce Coupe for them in 1973 , using pop music and a blend of modern and ballet techniques . The Joffrey Ballet continued to perform numerous contemporary pieces , many choreographed by co-founder Gerald Arpino . Today there are many contemporary ballet companies and choreographers . These include Madrid Ballet ; Royal Ballet of Flanders ; Alonzo King and his company , Alonzo King LINES Ballet ; Nacho Duato and Compañia Nacional de Danza ; William Forsythe , who has worked extensively with the Frankfurt Ballet and today runs The Forsythe Company ; and Jiří Kylián , formerly the artistic director of the Nederlands Dans Theater . Traditionally `` classical '' companies , such as the Kirov Ballet and the Paris Opera Ballet , also regularly perform contemporary works . Development of ballet method ( edit ) Main article : Ballet training Several well - known ballet methods are named after their originators . For example , two prevailing systems from Russia are known as the Vaganova method after Agrippina Vaganova , and the Legat Method , after Nikolai Legat . The Cecchetti method was invented by Italian dancer Enrico Cecchetti ( 1850 -- 1928 ) , and the Bournonville method , which was invented by August Bournonville ( 1805 -- 1879 ) , is employed chiefly in Bournonville 's own country of Denmark . See also ( edit ) Dance portal List of ballets by title Ballet music History of dance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Ballet Academy & Trust of India in New Delhi , India . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chantrell ( 2002 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Kirstein ( 1952 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Thoinot Arbeau , _Orchesography_ , trans . by Mary Steware Evans , with notes by Julia Sutton ( New York : Dover , 1967 ) Jump up ^ `` BALLET 101 : A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving the Ballet by Robert Greskovic '' . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2002 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Catherine de ' Medici ( 1519 - 1589 ) '' , article from September 1990 , published on `` Andros on Ballet '' page , on Michael Minn website . Jump up ^ Vuillier , Gaston ( 1898 ) . History of Dancing from the Earliest Ages to Our Own Times , pp. 65 -- 69 . New York : D. Anderson and Company . ( Facsimile reprint ( 2004 ) : Whitefish , Montana : Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 8166 - 3 . ) Jump up ^ Bland ( 1976 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Frances A. Yates , _The French Academies of the Sixteenth Century_ , 2nd ed . ( London : Routledge , 1988 ) Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1992 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Elizabeth ( 2004 ) . `` Le Balet Comique de la Reine , 1581 : An Analysis '' . University of Washington website . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2002 ) , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Bland ( 1976 ) , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Costonis , Maureen Needham ( 1992 ) . `` Beauchamps ( Beauchamp ) Pierre '' in Sadie ( 1992 ) 1 : 364 . ^ Jump up to : Rosow , Lois ( 1992 ) . `` Lully '' in Sadie ( 1992 ) 3 : 82 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2002 ) , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2002 ). , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2002 ) , p. 74 . Anderson ( 1992 ) , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Pitt , Charles ( 1992 ) . `` Paris '' in Sadie ( 1992 ) 3 : 856 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish National Ballet History '' . Polish National Theatre . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kassing , Gayle . History of dance : an interactive arts approach . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics , 2007 . Print . Jump up ^ `` The Hungarian National Ballet '' . Hungarian State Opera House . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MAD . DESARGUS - LEMAIRE ET MDELLE . AMÉLIE GALSTER / dans / le pas de deux polonais '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Buranbaeva , Oksana ; Vanja Mladineo ( 2011 ) . Culture and Customs of Hungary . ABC - CLIO . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Macaulay , Alastair ( 5 September 2012 ) . `` Stereotypes in Toeshoes '' . New York Times . New York , United States . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Laura ( December 9 , 2005 ) . `` Kiev Ballet cleaves to the classics '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Foster , David William ; Melissa Fitch Lockhart , ; Darrell B. Lockhart ( 1998 ) . Culture and Customs of Argentina . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30319 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Музыкальная энциклопедия . Гл . ред . Ю . В . Келдыш . Т 1 . А -- Гонг. 1072 стб . с илл . М. : Советская энциклопедия , 1973 Jump up ^ Чингиз Абдуллаев : `` Вместо того , чтобы отталкивать нас , россиянам надо менять свои взгляды и отношение к народам бывших союзных республик '' Archived May 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ... первый балет на мусульманском востоке появился у нас . Jump up ^ Большая Советская Энциклопедия . Гл . ред . А . М . Прохоров , 3 - е изд . Т. 1 . А -- Ангоб. 1969 . 608 стр. , илл. ; 47 л . илл . и карт , 1 отд . л . табл . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved February 9 , 2008 . George Balanchine Jump up ^ Kiley , Brendan ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Old Is the New New : The Cold War and Don Quixote at Pacific Northwest Ballet '' . The Stranger . Seattle , United States . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Jack ( 1992 ) . Ballet & Modern Dance : A Concise History ( 2nd ed . ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton Book Company , Publishers . ISBN 0 - 87127 - 172 - 9 . Andre , Paul ; Arkadyev , V. ( 1999 ) Great History of Russian Ballet : Its Art & Choreography ( 1999 ) . Bland , Alexander ( 1976 ) . A History of Ballet and Dance in the Western World . New York : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 53740 - 4 . Caddy , Davinia. ( 2012 ) . The Ballets Russes and Beyond : Music and Dance in Belle - Epoque Paris . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Cohen , Selma Jeanne , founding editor ( 1998 ) . International Encyclopedia of Dance . New York : Oxford University Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Cross , Samuel H. ( 1944 ) `` The Russian Ballet Before Dyagilev . '' Slavonic and East European Review . American Series 3.4 ( 1944 ) : 19 - 49 . in JSTOR Ezrahi , Christina. ( 2012 ) Swans of the Kremlin : Ballet and Power in Soviet Russia ( University of Pittsburgh Press ) ; examines the resilience of artistic creativity in a history of the Bolshoi and Marinsky / Kirov ballets Franko , Mark ( 1993 ) . Dance as Text : Ideologies of the Baroque Body . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Homans , Jennifer , ( 2010 ) . Apollo 's Angels : A History of Ballet . New York : Random House . Johnson , Alfred Edwin . ( 1913 ) The Russian Ballet ( Houghton Mifflin ) online Kassing , Gayle. ( 2007 ) . History of dance : an interactive arts approach . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics . Lee , Carol ( 2002 ) . Ballet In Western Culture : A History of its Origins and Evolution . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94256 - X . Lifar , Serge. ( 1954 ) . A history of Russian ballet from its origins to the present day ( Hutchinson ) McGowan , Margaret M. ( 1978 ) . L'art du ballet de cour en France , 1581 -- 1643 . Paris : Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique . Propert , Walter Archibald. ( 1972 ) The Russian Ballet in Western Europe , 1909 - 1920 . B. Blom Roslavleva , Natalia. ( 1966 ) . Era of the Russian Ballet , New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. , Inc . Sadie , Stanley , ed. ( 1992 ) . The new Grove dictionary of opera ( 4 volumes ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56159 - 228 - 9 . Surit͡s , E. I͡A , and E. I︠A︡ Surit︠s︡. ( 1990 ) Soviet Choreographers in the 1920s ( Duke Univ Press , 1990 ) . Wiley , Roland John . ( 1990 ) A century of Russian ballet : documents and accounts , 1810 - 1910 ( Oxford University Press ) Ballet General information Company Glossary History Music Timeline Terminology Aplomb Arabesque Barre Battement Divertissement Entrée de ballet Grand pas Pas de deux Pas de quatre Pas de trois Pièce d'occasion Turnout Variation Ballet by genre Ballet d'action Ballet blanc Ballets de cour Character Classical Comédie - ballet Contemporary Comic ballet Grotesque dance Narrative ballet Neoclassical Opéra - ballet Romantic ballet Ballet by region Azerbaijani British French Italian Russian Technique Balanchine Bournonville Cecchetti Pointe technique Positions ( arms ) Positions ( feet ) Vaganova Occupations and ranks Ballet dancer Ballet master Character dancers Corps de ballet Danseur Étoile Danseur noble Demi - soloist Prima ballerina assoluta Principal dancer Répétiteur Soloist Ballet apparel Ballet shoe Dance belt Leg warmer Leotard Pointe shoe Tights Tutu Unitard Awards Prix Benois de la Danse Prix de Lausanne ‎ Telstra Ballet Dancer Awards Organisations Ballet Society Publications Ballet Review Dance and Dancers Pointe Related articles Ballet ( documentary film ) Chamber ballet Choreography Royal Academy of Dance Western stereotype of the male ballet dancer Lists Ballets Characters Companies Dancers Schools Ballet portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_ballet&oldid=834446006 '' Categories : History of dance History of ballet Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Esperanto Македонски Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dance created for the entertainment of the aristocracy is called	[ "Ballet is a formalized form of dance with its origins in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries. Ballet spread from Italy to France with the help of Catherine de' Medici, where ballet developed even further under her aristocratic influence. An early example of Catherine's development of ballet is through 'Le Paradis d' Amour', a piece of work presented at her daughter's wedding, Marguerite de Valois to Henry of Navarre. Aristocratic money was responsible for the initial stages of development in 'court ballet', as it was royal money that dictated the ideas, literature and music used in ballets that were created to primarily entertain the aristocrats of the time. The first formal 'court ballet' ever recognized was staged in 1573, 'Ballet des Polonais'. In true form of royal entertainment, 'Ballet des Polonais' was commissioned by Catherine de' Medici to honor the Polish ambassadors who were visiting Paris upon the accession of Henry of Anjou to the throne of Poland. In 1581, Catherine de' Medici commissioned another court ballet, Ballet Comique de la Reine, however it was her compatriot, Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx, who organized the ballet. Catherine de' Medici and Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx were responsible for presenting the first court ballet ever to apply the principles of Baif's Academie, by integrating poetry, dance, music and set design to convey a unified dramatic storyline. Moreover, the early organization and development of 'court ballet' was funded by, influenced by and produced by the aristocrats of the time, fulfilling both their personal entertainment and political propaganda needs." ]	[ "Ballet" ]
8743669751471257963	I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore	I Do n't Feel at home in This world Anymore - wikipedia I Do n't Feel at home in This world Anymore Jump to : navigation , search I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore Film poster Directed by Macon Blair Produced by Mette - Marie Kongsved Neil Kopp Vincent Savino Anish Savjani Written by Macon Blair Starring Melanie Lynskey Elijah Wood David Yow Jane Levy Devon Graye Music by Brooke Blair Will Blair Cinematography Larkin Seiple Edited by Tomas Vengris Production company Film Science XYZ Films Distributed by Netflix Release date January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) ( Sundance Film Festival ) February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore ( often stylized I do n't feel at home in this world anymore . ) is a 2017 American comedy thriller film written and directed by Macon Blair in his directorial debut . It stars Melanie Lynskey , Elijah Wood , David Yow , Jane Levy and Devon Graye . The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19 , 2017 ; it went on to win the Grand Jury Prize for the U.S. Dramatic competition . It was released by Netflix on 24 February 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Nursing assistant Ruth returns home from a bad day at work when she realizes she has been burgled . She reports to the police that the thief has medication along with her grandmother 's silverware and a laptop computer . When she asks Detective William Bendix for advice , he chastises her for leaving her door unlocked . Ruth then goes door to door , asking her neighbors if they saw anything suspicious . One of them , Tony , becomes enraged that someone would target a neighbor . Frightened by his reaction , Ruth leaves ; however , later , she returns to seek his help after the police refuse to follow up on a mobile app revealing the location of her laptop . Ruth and Tony go to the location , where Ruth intimidates the owner into returning her laptop . He reveals he bought it from a fence who operates a resale shop . After getting the shop 's address , Ruth and Tony investigate further the next morning where Ruth finds her grandmother 's silverware and a man whose shoe matches a print left in her yard . Ruth gets into a scuffle with the owner when he demands she pay for the stolen silverware . After he breaks her finger , Tony knocks him unconscious , and they flee . After Ruth becomes frustrated that she was not able to confront the youth she suspects to be the burglar , Tony reveals that he caught the license plate number on the van he rode away in . Tony researches the tag number of the van online , revealing the owner of the van and possible thief as Christian Rumack . After again receiving no help from Bendix , Ruth and Tony impersonate cops at the address belonging to the van where a woman named Meredith lets them inside and answers their questions regarding Christian Rumack and the van . She reveals that the owner of the van , her husband Chris , is not the one who uses the van ; it is instead her step - son , who was given the van by his father . She says Christian became disowned by his father after being jailed for drug - related offenses and befriending criminals he met there . Chris senior returns home abruptly with his bodyguard . Despite Chris offering a payoff , Ruth merely states that she has no interest in money and only wants to confront Christian about his behavior . Chris taunts her for her idealism and kicks them out . Christian and his friends , Marshall and Dez , watch from the side , calling off their intended robbery of Chris and instead send Christian to confront Ruth about what she knows about them . He surprises her inside her home , and she crushes his windpipe in self - defense . As he staggers into the street , a bus strikes and kills him . Marshall and Dez kidnap Ruth , forcing her to take Christian 's place in their heist . Ruth gains them entry into the mansion , where Meredith and Cesar are held at gunpoint and told to summon Chris . Dez shoots Chris in the hand after he comes downstairs . Cesar attempts to shoot Marshall , who fires back at him . As the two fight , Cesar is shot in the neck and dies . Marshall demands that Chris open their safe . Marshall opens it to find that there is no cash inside , only documents . Marshall and Dez proclaim that they are `` done here '' . Tony arrives and strikes Dez in the face with a throwing ninja star . When Dez tries to fire her gun at Tony , it backfires and explodes , blowing her hand off . Chris takes the opportunity to try to steal Marshall 's gun , but Marshall accidentally shoots him through the head , killing him . Marshall points his gun at Tony next , but Ruth wrestles him to the ground . Dez stabs Tony several times in the stomach . Marshall 's gun goes off as Ruth fights him , and a stray bullet strikes Dez in the head , killing her . Ruth gains the upper hand over Marshall , bludgeoning him in the head and leg with the butt of his own gun , and helps Tony flee into the forest behind the mansion . Marshall recovers and chases them . Ruth hides a severely injured Tony under some foliage and continues to run from Marshall . Ruth attacks Marshall by throwing rocks at him , and his sudden movements cause him to be bitten by a water moccasin . Ruth leaves him to die from his wounds . Panicked that she can not find Tony on her way back , Ruth sees her grandmother 's ghost point her in the correct direction . Grateful that Ruth saved her life , Meredith neglects to identify her as one of the burglars to Bendix . Ruth returns to her daily life with Tony , who survives his wounds , and she joins his church . Cast ( edit ) Melanie Lynskey as Ruth Kimke Elijah Wood as Tony David Yow as Marshall Jane Levy as Dez Devon Graye as Christian Rumack , Jr . Christine Woods as Meredith Robert Longstreet as Christian Rumack Gary Anthony Williams as William Bendix Lee Eddy as Angie Derek Mears as Donkey Jason Manuel Olazabal as Cesar Maxwell Hamilton as Smoker Matt Orduna as Dan Michelle Moreno as Jana Huff Jeb Berrier as Gearhead Writer and director Macon Blair makes a cameo appearance as a man Ruth meets at a bar . The movie is dedicated `` For Lee & Buck . '' ( Lee Eddy who played Angie & Buck Eddy - Blair who played young Ruth ) Production ( edit ) In April 2016 , it was announced Melanie Lynskey and Elijah Wood had been cast in the film , with Macon Blair writing and directing the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began in April 2016 , in Portland , Oregon . Release ( edit ) The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19 , 2017 . It received a worldwide release on February 24 , 2017 , streaming exclusively on Netflix . Critical reception ( edit ) I Do n't Feel At Home in This World Anymore received positive reviews from film critics . It currently holds an 88 % `` fresh '' rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on 51 reviews , with an average score of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Do n't Feel At Home In This World Anymore transcends its unwieldy title to offer timely , intoxicatingly dark observations on gender dynamics and social norms in modern America . '' On Metacritic , the film has a 75 out of 100 rating , based on 15 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Gotham Independent Film Awards November 27 , 2017 Best Actress Melanie Lynskey Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Printable Film Guide '' ( PDF ) . Sundance Film Festival . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Sundance Film Festival Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . Sundance Film Festival Official Site . Sundance Organization . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmidlin , Charlie ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Elijah Wood on What It 's Like to Work with Nicolas Cage on ' The Trust ' '' . Vice . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Macon Blair '' . Digesis Magazine . May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Macon Blair '' . Filmmaker Magazine . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Elijah Wood 's in Portland -- where should he visit ? '' . Oregon Live . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spitz , Enid ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` The New Elijah Wood Movie Is Filming in NoPo Tonight '' . wweek.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance 2017 : Robert Redford , New Rashida Jones Netflix Series , ' Rebel In The Rye ' & More On Premiere , Docu , Midnight & Kids Slates '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Announces Slate of Original Films , Documentaries and Series at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival '' . The Futon Critic . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` i do n't feel at home in this world anymore . Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` ' Get Out ' Leads 2017 Gotham Awards Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore on IMDb I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore at Rotten Tomatoes Awards Preceded by The Birth of a Nation Sundance Grand Jury Prize : U.S. Dramatic 2017 Most recent Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Feel_at_Home_in_This_World_Anymore&oldid=839818635 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American drama films American crime films Directorial debut films Netflix original films Films shot in Portland , Oregon Films about revenge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is i don't feel at home in this world anymore set	[]	[]
-1666724172930740015	The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency	The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency - wikipedia The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency Jump to : navigation , search For the first book in the series , see The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( novel ) . For the television film and series , see The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( TV series ) . The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency Series Author Alexander McCall Smith Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Crime fiction Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) eBook This article discusses the series of novels by Alexander McCall Smith that began with The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency . Seventeen novels have been published in the series between 1998 and 2016 . Mma Precious Ramotswe is the main character in a series of 17 novels published between 1998 and 2016 . The country of Botswana is in a sense a character as well , as it is a crucial aspect of how the stories flow . Mma Ramotswe starts up her detective agency when she is 34 years old , using the inheritance from her father to move to the capital city Gaborone to buy a house for herself and find an office for her new business . She feels a detective needs to know about people more than anything , to solve problems for them . The readership was at first small , then gained abruptly in popularity in the US and in England , beyond the author 's home in Scotland . In 2004 , sales in English exceeded five million , and the series has been translated to other languages . The novels are as much about the adventures and foibles of different characters as they are about solving mysteries . Each book in the series follows from the previous book . The novels have been adapted for radio by the author and for television . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis of series 2 Publication history 3 Reception 4 Characters in the series 4.1 Main 4.2 Secondary 5 Settings 6 Themes and topics of the stories 7 Issues addressed in the cases 8 Series Order 9 Adaptations 9.1 Television 9.2 Radio 10 Related book 11 References 12 External links Synopsis of series ( edit ) Mma Precious Ramotswe is the main character in a series including 17 novels from 1998 to 2016 . The country of Botswana is in a sense a character as well , as it is a crucial aspect of how the stories flow and the problems which face her clients . Mma Ramotswe starts up her detective agency when she is 34 years old , using the inheritance from her father to move to the capital city Gaborone to buy a house for herself and find an office for her new business . She feels a detective needs to know about people more than anything , to solve problems for them . Her story is told in the first novel from birth to opening the detective agency in the first novel . Mma Ramotswe is a Motswana woman who is the protagonist in the series and the main detective . Mma is a Setswana term of respect for a woman ; the equivalent term for a man is Rra . Mma Precious Ramotswe solves cases for wives whose husbands have gone missing , for a school teacher whose son has disappeared by finding the kidnappers , for a wealthy father whose 16 - year - old daughter is frustrating him by going out on her own . She helps a man atone for sins of his youth by finding the people he hurt decades earlier . She uncovers a scheme by twin brothers to use one medical degree and certificate between the two of them . She solves a case for herself , when she thinks she must seek a divorce from her first husband , but learns differently when she seeks out his mother . Her personal life has a main sorrow , that her only child lived just a few days , as the child 's father beat her during the pregnancy , a story told in retrospect . This led her to decide never to marry again after he left her . Her joy is her engagement and eventual marriage to Mr J.L.B. Matekoni , who has taken on foster care of a sister and brother from the orphan farm . The cases are set in the cities of Botswana , mainly on the edge of the Kalahari desert , rather than in the desert . There are occasional forays into neighboring nations . After her first few cases , she purchases a book by Clovis Andersen on detection , The Principles of Private Detection , and then quotes from it throughout the novels when a guide is needed for deciding next steps . The novels are as much about the adventures and foibles of different characters as they are about solving mysteries . Each novel in the series follows on from the previous one as to setting and plot . McCall Smith 's writing style in this series is `` deceptively simple '' as he `` writes in a clear , uncomplicated prose , yet his work is nonetheless insightful and perceptive . His humour is dry , charming and kind - hearted , revealing an author who is keenly observant without a trace of maliciousness . '' Publication history ( edit ) The readership was at first small , then gained abruptly in popularity in the US and in England , beyond the author 's home in Scotland . The initial books were published in Scotland . Per Kirkus Reviews , the early novels in this series had their American publication later than in the UK , which published the first in 1998 , the second in 2000 , and the third , Morality for Beautiful Girls , in 2001 . The first three novels appeared in 2002 in the USA . In their review of the first novel in the series , Kirkus Reviews notes that `` The first American publication of this 1999 debut has been preceded by two special Booker citations and two sequels , Tears of the Giraffe ( 2000 ) and Morality for Beautiful Girls ( 2001 ) , both forthcoming in the series . '' In an item from the Wisconsin Public Radio program , To the Best of Our Knowledge , the first novel `` The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency , was a surprise hit ( in Scotland ) , receiving two special Booker citations and a place on the Times Literary Supplement 's International Books of the Year and the Millennium list . '' The UK success did not speed publishers to release it in the USA . `` American publishers were slow to take an interest , and by the time The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency was picked up by Pantheon Books , Smith had already written two sequels . The books went from underground hits to national phenomena in the United States , spawning fan clubs and inspiring celebratory reviews . '' In the Company of Cheerful Ladies was the first of the No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency novels to be printed in hardback , with a very large initial print run of 101,000 copies to meet the anticipated demand , as sales in English of the series to date , in 2004 , exceeded five million . In 2004 , the year of the sixth novel 's publication , Alexander McCall Smith won the Author of the Year award at the British Book Awards and the Crime Writers Association Dagger in the Library award , both for the No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency series . Reception ( edit ) The novels have been reviewed in English and in other languages . Characters in the series ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Mma Precious Ramotswe , the first female private investigator in Botswana . ' Traditionally built ' heroine and protagonist of the series . Mma Grace Makutsi , the agency 's only employee , first as secretary , then as assistant detective , and then associate detective , then partner in business . Mr. J.L.B. Matekoni , mechanic and proprietor of Tlokweng Road Speedy Motors , Mma Ramotswe 's suitor and eventual husband . He is always referred to in these novels by this very formal title . Secondary ( edit ) Obed Ramotswe , father of Precious , known to her as the Daddy . He worked in the mines in his younger days , then came home to raise his daughter and continue enlarging his herd of cattle . He was known for his keen eye for the best cattle , and bred some of his own . He tells his own story in the first novel , and is mentioned often by Mma Ramotswe throughout the series . Charlie , the older of the two apprentices in Mr. J.L.B. Matekoni 's garage . He is later cut from his apprenticeship and joined the No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency as a Jr Assistant Detective . Fanwell , the younger apprentice , is always referred to as the apprentice in the earlier novels . His name is not mentioned until Tea Time for the Traditionally Built . He lives in a small house with his grandmother and his several younger brothers and sisters . Although he is slightly more serious than his older friend , Charlie , he still frequently discusses girls with Charlie . He eventually becomes a mechanic in `` The Limpopo Academy of Private Detection '' . Mr. Polopetsi , an assistant to Mma Ramotswe and Mr. J.L.B. Matekoni . He is introduced in In The Company of Cheerful Ladies . After disappearing from the series , he returns in ' The Woman Who Walked In Sunshine . It is announced that he has become an assistant Chemistry teacher at a local secondary school , but comes back to work at the agency part time whilst Mma Ramotswe is on her holiday . Phuti Radiphuti , Grace Makutsi 's fiancé , introduced in In The Company of Cheerful Ladies . In The Double Comfort Safari Club , he has an accident in which he loses his foot , which causes Mma Makutsi to worry about their relationship . They are finally married in The Saturday Big Tent Wedding Party . Violet Sephotho , Mma Makutsi 's rival from the Botswana Secretarial College , introduced in In the Company of Cheerful Ladies . She returns in most books subsequent to her introduction with new schemes to ruin Mma Makutsi 's life with Rra Phuti Radiphuti . In The Saturday Big Tent Wedding Party , she is discussed as running for a parliament in an upcoming by - election but makes no direct appearance . In The Minor Adjustment Beauty Salon she is named as the owner of the dress shop Botswana Elegance , but again makes no direct appearance . Dr Moffat , The doctor and his wife are good friends of Mma Ramotswe , and he treats Mr J.L.B. Matekoni when he falls into a deep depression . He is based on a real person , Howard Moffat , a direct descendant of Robert Moffat , the Scottish missionary whose daughter Mary married David Livingstone . Mma Sylvia Potokwani , matron of the ' Orphan Farm ' , always ready to offer wisdom , bush tea and fruit cake to Mma Ramotswe . Mma Potokwani is effective in achieving her goals for the orphans and the orphan farm . This skill has Mr. J.L.B. Matekoni doing mechanical repairs for free and later taking on two foster children . She has lots of family on her husband 's side ; Mma Ramotswe meets Comfort Pokokwani and another Mma Potokwani in the sixteenth novel of the series . Note Mokoti , Mma Precious Ramotswe 's former husband and father of her short - lived baby . Note treated Mma Ramotswe poorly and Precious says that marrying him was a mistake . Later she learns he was married to another woman at the time of their marriage , so she has no need of divorce prior to her marriage to Matekoni . Mma Ramotswe and Mr J.L.B. Matekoni 's two adopted children , Motholeli and Puso . Clovis Andersen , an American , author of the self - published The Principles of Private Detection and idol of both Mma Ramotswe and Mma Makutsi . He arrives for a visit in The Limpopo Academy of Private Detection and his presence helps to solve a very personal case . Itumelang Clovis Radiphuti infant son of Mma Makutsi and Phuti Radiphuti , born three weeks premature in The Minor Adjustment Beauty Salon . Charlie , who often argues with Mma Makutsi , stated that Itumelang was a ' 100 % ' baby . Fanwell is also fond of the child . Settings ( edit ) Gaborone Mochudi Molepolole Francistown Themes and topics of the stories ( edit ) Women in traditional vs. nontraditional occupations , and feminism Rural way of life in southern Africa , including muti , vs urbanity and modernity Social relations in traditional African society Christianity and traditional belief systems in contemporary Africa AIDS and AIDS orphans in sub-Saharan Africa Clinical depression Emotional intelligence , moral philosophy and virtue ethics Craftsmanship and mechanics Issues addressed in the cases ( edit ) Domestic violence Forgiveness and restitution Marital infidelity Series Order ( edit ) The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( 1998 ) Tears of the Giraffe ( 2000 ) Morality for Beautiful Girls ( 2001 ) The Kalahari Typing School for Men ( 2002 ) The Full Cupboard of Life ( 2004 ) In The Company of Cheerful Ladies ( 2004 -- also known as The Night - Time Dancer ) Blue Shoes and Happiness ( 2006 ) The Good Husband of Zebra Drive ( 2007 ) The Miracle at Speedy Motors ( 2008 ) Tea Time for the Traditionally Built ( 2009 ) The Double Comfort Safari Club ( 2010 ) The Saturday Big Tent Wedding Party ( 2011 ) The Limpopo Academy of Private Detection ( 2012 ) The Minor Adjustment Beauty Salon ( 2013 ) The Handsome Man 's De Luxe Cafe ( 2014 ) The Woman Who Walked in Sunshine ( 2015 ) Precious and Grace ( 2016 ) The House of Unexpected Sisters ( 2017 ) Adaptations ( edit ) The novels have been adapted for radio by the author and for television . Television ( edit ) Main article : The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( TV series ) The BBC and American television network HBO filmed a series based on the books that stars Jill Scott as Mma Ramotswe and was shot on location in Botswana . The 109 - minute pilot was written by Richard Curtis and Anthony Minghella , who also directed . The six 60 - minute episodes were written and directed by others , as Mr Minghella died before the series was filmed . Radio ( edit ) McCall Smith himself dramatised the series for BBC Radio 4 . Thirty - one episodes have been broadcast , the first on 10 September 2004 , and the most recent on 5 August 2016 . The episodes encompass the first to the sixteenth books . They star Claire Benedict as Mma Ramotswe ( except the 2010 and 2017 episodes , when she was played by Janice Acquah ) . Episodes : The Daddy -- 10 September 2004 The Bone -- 17 September 2004 The Maid -- 24 September 2004 Tears of the Giraffe -- 1 October 2004 The Chief Justice of Beauty -- 30 August 2005 The Confession -- 6 September 2005 The Kalahari Typing School for Men -- 13 September 2005 The Admirer -- 20 September 2005 How to Handle Men through the Application of Psychology -- 18 January 2007 House of Hope -- 25 January 2007 The Return of Note -- 1 February 2007 The Ceremony -- 8 February 2007 There Is No Such Thing as Free Food -- 1 January 2008 The Best Profession for a Blackmailer -- 2 January 2008 A Very Rude Woman -- 3 January 2008 Talking Shoes -- 4 January 2008 The Miracle at Speedy Motors -- 25 December 2008 Tea Time for the Traditionally Built -- 25 December 2009 The Seller of Beds -- 25 December 2009 An Exceptionally Wicked Lady -- 2 December 2010 Canoeing for Ladies -- 3 December 2010 A Late Van Just Glimpsed -- 3 November 2011 The Saturday Big Tent Wedding -- 4 November 2011 A Man from a Far Place -- 20 March 2013 The Limpopo Academy of Private Detection -- 21 March 2013 The Modern Husband Course -- 5 February 2014 The Minor Adjustment Beauty Salon -- 6 February 2014 The Handsome Man 's Deluxe Cafe -- 12 March 2015 The Dish of Yesterday -- 13 March 2015 This Is Not a Rubbish Boy -- 4 August 2016 The Woman Who Walked in Sunshine -- 5 August 2016 The Fat Cattle Club -- 19 July 2017 Precious and Grace -- 20 July 2017 Related book ( edit ) A cookbook associated with the novels was published in 2009 ; Mma Ramotswe 's Cookbook by Stuart Brown , with a foreword by Alexander McCall Smith . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Elizabeth ( 2009 ) . `` Alexander McCall Smith : Critical Perspective '' . British Council on Literature . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency '' . Kirkus Reviews . 2001 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ McCall Smith , Alexander ( August 2002 ) . Tears of the Giraffe ( First Anchor Books ed . ) . New York : Anchor , Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3135 - 1 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander McCall Smith '' . To the Best of Our Knowledge . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Precious success puts publisher in major league '' . The Scotsman. 17 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander McCall Smith Awards 2004 '' . British Council , Literature . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dagger in the Library Award 2004 '' . Crime Writers Association . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Sercombe , Eva ( 7 December 2015 ) . `` Alexander McCall Smith a jeho První dámská detektivní kancelář '' ( The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency by Alexander McCall Smith ) . Velká Británie ( in Czech ) . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bellafante , Ginia ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` Unusual Sleuth , Unusual Setting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Oglethorpe , Tim ( 12 March 2009 ) . `` Move over Miss Marple ... Jill Scott is back as Mma Ramotswe in new series of The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Carr , David ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Anthony Minghella , 54 , Director , Dies '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McCall Smith , Alexander . `` The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency Radio '' . Radio Listings of BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Daddy Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Bone Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Maid Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : Tears of the Giraffe Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Chief Justice of Beauty Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Confession Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Kalahari Typing School for Men Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Admirer Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : How to Handle Men through the Application of Psychology Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : House of Hope Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Return of Note Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Ceremony Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : There Is No Such Thing as Free Food Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : Best Profession for a Blackmailer Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : A Very Rude Woman Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : Talking Shoes Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Miracle at Speedy Motors Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : Tea Time for the Traditionally Built Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Seller of Beds Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : An Exceptionally Wicked Lady Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : Canoeing for Ladies Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : A Late Van Just Glimpsed Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Saturday Big Tent Wedding Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : A Man from a Far Place Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Limpopo Academy of Private Detection Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Modern Husband Course Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Minor Adjustment Beauty Salon Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Handsome Man 's Deluxe Cafe Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Dish of Yesterday Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : This Is Not a Rubbish Boy Jump up ^ BBC -- Afternoon Play -- The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Woman Who Walked in Sunshine Jump up ^ `` The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : The Fat Cattle Club '' . BBC Radio 4 . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency : Precious and Grace '' . BBC Radio 4 . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Mma Ramotswe 's Cookbook External links ( edit ) Alexander McCall Smith 's official website Web site for the series BBC Official Press Release The Guardian 's humorous `` digested '' version of Blue Shoes and Happiness ( February 28 , 2006 ) Interview in The Times with Alexander McCall Smith ( February 28 , 2006 ) Internet Movie Database article on the television series ( hide ) Novels by Alexander McCall Smith The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( 1998 ) Tears of the Giraffe ( 2000 ) Morality for Beautiful Girls ( 2001 ) The Kalahari Typing School for Men ( 2002 ) The Full Cupboard of Life ( 2003 ) In the Company of Cheerful Ladies ( 2004 ) Blue Shoes and Happiness ( 2006 ) The Good Husband of Zebra Drive ( 2007 ) The Miracle at Speedy Motors ( 2008 ) Tea Time for the Traditionally Built ( 2009 ) The Double Comfort Safari Club ( 2010 ) The Saturday Big Tent Wedding Party ( 2011 ) The Limpopo Academy of Private Detection ( 2012 ) The Minor Adjustment Beauty Salon ( 2013 ) The Handsome Man 's De Luxe Café ( 2014 ) The Woman Who Walked in Sunshine ( 2015 ) Professor Dr von Igelfeld Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) The Finer Points of Sausage Dogs ( 2003 ) At the Villa of Reduced Circumstances ( 2003 ) The 21⁄2 Pillars of Wisdom ( 2004 ) Unusual Uses for Olive Oil ( 2011 ) The Sunday Philosophy Club The Sunday Philosophy Club ( 2004 ) Friends , Lovers , Chocolate ( 2005 ) The Right Attitude to Rain ( 2006 ) The Careful Use of Compliments ( 2007 ) The Comfort of Saturdays ( 2008 ) The Lost Art of Gratitude ( 2009 ) The Charming Quirks of Others ( 2010 ) The Forgotten Affairs of Youth ( 2011 ) The Uncommon Appeal of Clouds ( 2012 ) 44 Scotland Street 44 Scotland Street ( 2004 ) Espresso Tales ( 2005 ) Love Over Scotland ( 2006 ) The World According to Bertie ( 2007 ) The Unbearable Lightness of Scones ( 2008 ) The Importance of Being Seven ( 2010 ) Bertie Plays the Blues ( 2011 ) Sunshine on Scotland Street ( 2012 ) Bertie 's Guide to Life and Mothers ( 2013 ) The Revolving Door of Life ( 2015 ) The Bertie Project ( 2016 ) Corduroy Mansions Corduroy Mansions ( 2009 ) The Dog Who Came in from the Cold ( 2010 ) A Conspiracy of Friends ( 2011 ) Adaptations The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_No._1_Ladies%27_Detective_Agency&oldid=800869416 '' Categories : Crime novel series Novels set in Botswana Novel series English - language novels The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français 日本語 Scots Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 05 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the no 1 ladies detective agency books in order	[]	[]
4038227043787933462	Clothes hanger	Clothes hanger - wikipedia Clothes hanger Jump to : navigation , search Wire ( top ) and wooden ( bottom ) clothes hangers Foldable clothes hanger with sheath , about 1960 Various clothes hangers A clothes hanger , coat hanger , or coathanger , is a device in the shape of : Human shoulders designed to facilitate the hanging of a coat , jacket , sweater , shirt , blouse or dress in a manner that prevents wrinkles , with a lower bar for the hanging of trousers or skirts . Clamp for the hanging of trousers , skirts , or kilts . Both types can be combined in a single hanger . There are three basic types of clothes hangers . The first is the wire hanger , which has a simple loop of wire , most often steel , in a flattened triangle shape that continues into a hook at the top . The second is the wooden hanger , which consists of a flat piece of wood cut into a boomerang - like shape with the edges sanded down to prevent damage to the clothing , and a hook , usually of metal , protruding from the point . Some wooden hangers have a rounded bar from tip to tip , forming a flattened triangle . This bar is designed to hang the trousers belonging to the jacket . The third kind and most used in today 's world are plastic coat hangers , which mostly mimic the shape of either a wire or wooden hanger . Plastic coat hangers are also produced in smaller sizes to accommodate the shapes of children 's clothes . Some hangers have clips along the bottom for suspending skirts . Dedicated skirt and trousers hangers may not use the triangular shape at all , instead using just a rod with clips . Other hangers have little rings coming from the top two bars to hang straps from tank - tops on . Specialized pant hanger racks may accommodate many pairs of trousers . Foldable clothes hangers that are designed to be inserted through the collar area for ease of use and the reduction of stretching are an old , yet potentially useful variation on traditional clothes hangers . They have been patented over 200 times in the U.S. alone , as in U.S. Patent 0586456 , awarded in 1897 to George E. Hideout . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In popular culture 3 Unintended uses 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) Some historians believe President Thomas Jefferson invented a forerunner of the wooden clothes hanger . However , today 's most - used hanger , the shoulder - shaped wire hanger , was inspired by a coat hook that was invented in 1869 by O.A. North of New Britain , Connecticut . An employee of the Timberlake Wire and Novelty Company , Albert J. Parkhouse of Jackson , Michigan has also been credited with the invention . The story goes that one morning in 1903 , Parkhouse arrived to work to find that all coat hooks were taken . Annoyed , he took a piece of wire , bent it into the shape we would recognize today , and hung his coat . Also credited is Christopher Cann in 1876 as an engineering student at Boston University . In 1906 Meyer May , a men 's clothier of Grand Rapids , Michigan , became the first retailer to display his wares on his wishbone - inspired hangers . Some of these original hangers can be seen at the Frank Lloyd Wright designed Meyer May House in Grand Rapids . In 1932 Schuyler C. Hulett patented an improved design , which used cardboard tubes mounted on the upper and lower parts of the wire to prevent wrinkles , and in 1935 Elmer D. Rogers added a tube on the lower bar , which is still used . Hangers can be made in wood , wire , plastic , rarely from rubber substance and other materials . Some are padded with fine materials , such as satin , for expensive clothes , lingerie and fancy dresses . The soft , plush padding is intended to protect garments from shoulder dents that wire hangers may make . A caped hanger is an inexpensive wire clothing hanger covered in paper . Caped hangers are used by dry cleaners to protect garments after cleaning . Used wire hangers may be recycled , or returned to the dry cleaner . In popular culture ( edit ) A wire clothes hanger was also a featured prop in an iconic central scene in the 1981 movie Mommie Dearest , in which Joan Crawford , played by Faye Dunaway with cold cream all over her face , enters the room of her daughter , Christina , at night while she sleeps , to admire the beautiful clothes hanging nicely in her closet . She then becomes enraged upon discovering that Christina has used a wire hanger , instead of the expensive padded hangers Joan provided and instructed her to use . Fearing that her dresses are ruined , Joan wakes her daughter in terror and gives her a thrashing . Joan 's fierce cry of `` No wire hangers , ever ! '' quickly worked its way into pop culture since wire hangers sometimes bring distortion in the clothes and tears holes through the fabric when not used properly . Wire clothes hangers play a prominent part in the 2008 movie Birdemic : Shock and Terror . During a key scene in this `` Romantic thriller '' directed by James Nguyen , four terrified characters defend themselves against bloodthirsty hawks and vultures by waving wire hangers over their heads in the parking lot of a San Francisco Bay Area Motel 6 . Unfolded wire clothes hangers , because of their use in performing illegal or self - induced abortions ( by inserting one in the uterus ) , have been used for pro-choice protests . Unintended uses ( edit ) Wire is versatile , and wire clothes hangers are often used as cheap sources of semi-tough wire , more available than baling wire for all sorts of home projects . The use of wire clothes hangers for use as makeshift welding rod has been common for nearly 100 years . Similarly , many similar do - it - yourself and children 's projects use wire hangers as holders of various types , from keeping a brake caliper from hanging by the brake line during auto repair work , to securing a gate on a bird cage . The much - loved ' Advent Crown ' made for children 's TV programme Blue Peter was made from four wire coathangers . Coathangers can be used to make dowsing rods . After sanding , wire hangers also find uses as conducting wire for uses as varied as hot wiring cars to games to testing hand steadiness . They are commonly used to gain forcible entry into older automobiles whose locks and entry systems are not protected from such methods . There is a long history of using wire coat hangers as replacement car radio antennas . Clothes hangers are also commonly used as an implement for roasting marshmallows or hot dogs at camp - outs . Collecticus magazine reported in October 2007 that clothes hangers have now become collectible , especially those with a famous company or event advertised across the front . For example , a 1950 Butlins hanger sold for £ 10.10 in October 2006 within Collecticus . In 1995 , while performing surgery in an airliner at 35,000 feet , orthopedic surgeon Angus Wallace and his fellow doctor Tom Wong used an unfolded coathanger , sterilised with brandy , as a trocar to stiffen a catheter for use as a chest tube to relieve a passenger 's pneumothorax . More seriously , straightened - out wire clothes hangers have infamously been used , as mentioned above , to perform unsafe and / or illegal abortions ( frequently self - administered ) by inserting them into the uterus in an attempt to extract the embryo or fetus , a method that entails serious risks to the life and health of the woman undergoing the procedure . Gallery ( edit ) Regular clothes hanger Clip hanger with two clamps Clip hanger with only one clamp See also ( edit ) Coat rack Shoe hanger Clothes line Drying rack Clothes valet References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.google.com/patents/US586456 Jump up ^ Jefferson encyclopedia Jump up ^ http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/coathanger.htm Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Who Invented the Coat Hanger ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Hanger Reuse and Recycling '' . NYC Department of Sanitation . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Lisa ( 2003 ) . Celebrity Tantrums ! : The Official Dirt . ECW Press . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Oakley , Doug . `` CA : Berkeley council sends coat hangers to protest health care bill 's abortion restrictions '' , Oakland Tribune . 10 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Waldo L. Fielding , M.D. , Tony Cenicola , ed. , `` Repairing the Damage , Before Roe '' , The New York Times ( June 3 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Neuroscience for Kids University of Washington Jump up ^ Anstead , Mike ( 9 June 2006 ) `` The Scot who raised England 's hopes '' . The Guardian Jump up ^ Wallace , W.A. ; Wong , T. ; O ' Bichere , A. ; Ellis , B.W. ( 1995 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Managing in flight emergencies '' . British Medical Journal . 311 ( 7001 ) : 374 -- 376 . PMC 2550436 . PMID 7640548 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 311.7001. 374 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothes hangers . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clothes_hanger&oldid=802273725 '' Categories : American inventions Domestic implements Clothing industry Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 02 : 47 . About Wikipedia	what type of plastic are clothes hangers made from	[]	[]
-8421380529906453957	Wonder Woman (soundtrack)	Wonder Woman ( Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Wonder Woman ( Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Woman Soundtrack album by Rupert Gregson - Williams Released June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) Genre Soundtrack Length 78 : 38 Label WaterTower Producer Rupert Gregson - Williams Rupert Gregson - Williams chronology Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) Sandy Wexler 2017 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) DC Extended Universe soundtrack chronology Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Suicide Squad 2016 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Wonder Woman2017 Singles from Wonder Woman `` To Be Human '' Released : May 25 , 2017 Wonder Woman is the soundtrack to the film of the same name . The music is written , arranged and composed by Rupert Gregson - Williams . It was released on June 2 , 2017 by WaterTower Music . On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He is joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski who provide additional music . The soundtrack was released on the same day as the film on CD , digital , and vinyl . The score also heavily samples the `` Is She with You ? '' theme from the film `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' , which was written by Hans Zimmer and Tom Holkenborg . Australian singer Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track will also feature on the soundtrack . The single was released on May 25 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Rupert Gregson - Williams , except where noted . No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Amazons of Themyscira '' 6 : 47 2 . `` History Lesson '' 5 : 16 3 . `` Angel on the Wing '' 3 : 45 4 . `` Ludendorff , Enough ! '' 7 : 37 5 . `` Pain , Loss & Love '' 5 : 27 6 . `` No Man 's Land '' 8 : 52 7 . `` Fausta '' 3 : 20 8 . `` Wonder Woman 's Wrath '' 4 : 06 9 . `` The God of War '' 8 : 02 10 . `` We Are All to Blame '' 3 : 11 11 . `` Hell Hath No Fury '' 3 : 58 12 . `` Lightning Strikes '' 3 : 35 13 . `` Trafalgar Celebration '' 4 : 50 14 . `` Action Reaction '' 5 : 54 15 . `` To Be Human '' ( Florence Welch and Rick Nowels ) Sia featuring Labrinth 4 : 00 Total length : 78 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 52 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 98 New Zealand Heatseekers Albums ( RMNZ ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 71 US Billboard 200 53 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Gets Hacksaw Ridge Composer '' . Screen Rant. 2016 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Gets Hacksaw Ridge Composer '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Tom Howe '' . tomhowe.co.uk . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Paul Mounsey '' . hans-zimmer.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Andrew Kawczynski '' . hans-zimmer.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Gregson - Williams '' . @ RupertGWilliams on Twitter . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sia 's New Track , ' To Be Human , ' Featured on ' Wonder Woman ' Soundtrack '' . radio.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sia Channels Her Inner ' Wonder Woman ' with New ' To Be Human ' Single for Soundtrack : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 424 '' . Auspop.com.au . June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack -- Chart history '' Billboard Canadian Albums Chart for Soundtrack . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Soundtrack . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack -- Chart history '' Billboard Soundtrack Albums for Soundtrack . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official site Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Athena Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark , Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eris / Strife Eviless The First Born Giganta Hades Medusa Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc . Locations Aeaea Boston , Massachusetts London , England Mount Olympus Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) The Underworld Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas In other media Super Friends ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Justice League ( episodes ) Justice League Unlimited ( episodes ) Justice League : The New Frontier Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Young Justice DC Universe Online Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Action Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Justice League Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Olive Byrne Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Category DC Extended Universe Feature films Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad accolades Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Music Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad `` Heathens '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Purple Lamborghini '' `` Gangsta '' Wonder Woman `` To Be Human '' See also Cast Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_Woman_(soundtrack)&oldid=802413027 '' Categories : 2017 soundtracks DC Extended Universe soundtracks Film scores WaterTower Music soundtracks Wonder Woman in other media Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the music for wonder woman movie	[ "Wonder Woman is the soundtrack to the film of the same name. The music is written, arranged and composed by Rupert Gregson-Williams. It was released on June 2, 2017 by WaterTower Music." ]	[ "Rupert Gregson-Williams" ]
1576380492574268053	The Gospel of John (film)	The Gospel of John ( film ) - wikipedia The Gospel of John ( film ) The Gospel of John Directed by Philip Saville Produced by Garth Drabinsky Chris Chrisafis Written by John Goldsmith Starring Henry Ian Cusick Narrated by Christopher Plummer Music by Jeff Danna Cinematography Mirosław Baszak Edited by Michel Archand Distributed by Visual Bible International THINKFilm Release date 26 September 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 26 ) Running time 180 minutes Country United Kingdom Canada United States Language English Budget $16 million Box office $4,068,087 The Gospel of John is a 2003 film that is the story of Jesus ' life as recounted by the Gospel of John . It is a motion picture that has been adapted for the screen on a word - for - word basis from the American Bible Society 's Good News Bible . This three - hour epic feature film follows John 's Gospel precisely , without additions to the story from other Gospels , or omission of complex passages . Contents 1 Production 2 Cast 3 Directors and Producers 4 Other Critical Contributions 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) This film was created by a constituency of artists from Canada and the United Kingdom , along with academic and theological consultants from around the world . The cast was selected primarily from the Stratford Shakespeare Festival and Soulpepper Theatre Company , as well as Britain 's Royal Shakespeare Company and Royal National Theatre . The musical score , composed by Jeff Danna and created for the film , is partially based on the music of the Biblical period . The film was produced by Visual Bible International . Cast ( edit ) The film is narrated by Christopher Plummer and stars Scottish - Peruvian actor Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus . Others cast include British actors Stuart Bunce ( John ) , Richard Lintern ( Leading Pharisee ) , Scott Handy ( John the Baptist ) , Lynsey Baxter ( Mary Magdalene ) , and Canadian actors Diego Matamoros ( Nicodemus ) , Stephen Russell ( Pontius Pilate ) , Daniel Kash ( Simon Peter ) , Cedric Smith ( Caiaphas ) and Nancy Palk ( Samaritan Woman ) . Directors and producers ( edit ) The film was directed by Philip Saville and co-produced by Canadian producer Garth Drabinsky and British producer Chris Chrisafis . Executive producers were Sandy Pearl , Joel B. Michaels , Myron Gottliel and Martin Katz Other critical contributions ( edit ) Also involved were screenwriter John Goldsmith , production designer Don Taylor , sound mixer David Lee , makeup artist Trefor Proud , costume designer Debra Hanson , and director of photography and film editors Miroslaw Baszak and Michel Arcand . The filming production was shot in Toronto , Ontario , and Almeria , Andalucia , Spain . Criticism ( edit ) While the film is largely a faithful depiction of the Gospel of John , some have commented that the inclusion of Mary Magdalene at the Last Supper has no Biblical citation . However , according to the Gospels , she was one of the women who accompanied Jesus and the disciples to Jerusalem , was present at the Crucifixion and burial of Jesus , was the first to whom Jesus appeared at the Resurrection , and was with the disciples in the upperroom after the Resurrection . Thus , like many modern movies about Jesus , the producers are faithfully attempting to help their audience see what the Gospel writers sometimes have not included . See also ( edit ) The Visual Bible : Matthew The Visual Bible : Acts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Gospel of John at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ John F.A. SawyerThe Blackwell Companion to the Bible and Culture 2012 `` Overshadowed by The Passion is British director Philip Saville 's The Gospel of John ( 2003 ) a film whose text is the Gospel of John , ... The film is narrated by Christopher Plummer , whose authoritative voice makes the text sound like gospel '' Jump up ^ http://www.womeninthebible.net/women-bible-old-new-testaments/mary-magdalene/ External links ( edit ) The Gospel of John on IMDb The Gospel of John at Rotten Tomatoes Enthusiastic review by Andy Naselli Arts & Faith Top100 Spiritually Significant Films list The Blog on The Gospel of John Film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gospel_of_John_(film)&oldid=843184222 '' Categories : English - language films 2003 films Canadian films British films Religious epic films Gospel of John Biographical films about Jesus Films directed by Philip Saville Cultural depictions of John the Baptist Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate Portrayals of the Virgin Mary in film Films set in Jerusalem Films set in the Roman Empire Films set in the 1st century Films about Christianity Films shot in Almería Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Polski Română Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 13 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the movie the gospel of john filmed	[ "The filming production was shot in Toronto, Ontario, and Almeria, Andalucia, Spain.\n", "The filming production was shot in Toronto, Ontario, and Almeria, Andalucia, Spain.\n" ]	[ "Toronto, Ontario", "Almeria, Andalucia, Spain" ]
1528878483012912657	Indian vice-presidential election, 2017	Indian Vice-Presidential election , 2017 - wikipedia Indian Vice-Presidential election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Indian vice-presidential election , 2017 ← 2012 5 August 2017 2022 → Turnout 98.21 Nominee Venkaiah Naidu Gopal Krishna Gandhi Party BJP Independent Alliance NDA UPA Home state Andhra Pradesh Delhi Electoral vote 516 244 Percentage 67.89 % 32.11 % Vice President before election Mohammad Hamid Ansari INC Elected Vice President Venkaiah Naidu BJP The elections to the next Vice-President of India , were held on 5 August 2017 . The announcement was made by the Election Commission of India . Rajya Sabha Secretary - General Shumsher K. Sheriff served as the Returning Officer for the 15th Vice-Presidential election . Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari , completed his second term on 10 August 2017 . Venkaiah Naidu won the election and took oath as 13th Vice-President of India on 11 August 2017 at Darbar Hall , Rashtrapati Bhawan , New Delhi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Election process 3 Candidates 3.1 NDA Candidate 3.2 UPA Candidate 4 Results 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Outgoing Vice President Hamid Ansari The Vice President of India is the exofficio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian parliament ) and functions as its speaker . He also assumes the post of the President of India in case a vacancy and stays in the post for a maximum period of six months and performs all the functions of the President . The Vice President also has a term of five years . During the election , the outgoing vice president was Mohammad Hamid Ansari . He was elected to the post in 2007 and re-elected in 2012 . His term ends on 10th August 2017 . The Election Commission of India announced that the election would be held on 5th August and the result would be declared on the same day . Election process ( edit ) The Vice President is elected by an electoral college which includes members of the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of Indian parliament ) and the members of the Lok Sabha ( lower house of the Indian parliament ) . The nominated members of the mentioned houses are also eligible to vote in the election process . In the election , voting will be done by a secret ballot and the members of parliament will use a `` special pen '' to mark their preference . For the 2017 election , the electoral college consists of Rajya Sabha members : 233 elected and 12 nominated Lok Sabha members : 543 elected and 2 nominated . Candidates ( edit ) A candidate participating in the election needs the support of at least 20 electors who would be the proposers of the candidate and needs to get another additional support of at least 20 seconders . The candidate also has to deposit ₹ 15000 ( $233 ) as a security deposit . Two candidates were nominated for the election . One candidate was nominated by the National Democratic Alliance and another by United Progressive Alliance . NDA candidate ( edit ) Venkaiah Naidu was nominated by National Democratic Alliance . He was the then Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation of India . He had also served as a party president of Bharatiya Janata Party . Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that Naidu was a `` fitting candidate '' for the post . According to Indian Express leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party felt that if Naidu got elected then it would act as a morale booster for the party in south Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh . Besides the parties of the NDA , YSR Congress party , AIADMK and Telangana Rashtra Samiti parties also pledged to support Naidu . News18 wrote that Naidu was expected to get 489 votes compared to 394 votes required to win the election . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Venkaiah Naidu ( 1949 - 07 - 01 ) 1 July 1949 ( age 68 ) Nellore , Andhra Pradesh Minister of Information and Broadcasting ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Minister of Urban Development ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Minister of Rural Development ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Rajya Sabha Member from Karnataka ( 1998 - 2016 ) Member , Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly ( 1978 - 1983 ) President of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Minister of Parliamentary Affairs ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Andhra Pradesh 18 July 2017 Upa candidate ( edit ) Gopalkrishna Gandhi was the candidate nominated by the United Progressive Alliance and had the support of 18 opposition parties . He is the grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and C. Rajagopalachari , two prominent figures of Indian freedom movement . A former diplomat , Gandhi is an alumni of St. Stephen 's College and has also served as India 's envoy to Sri Lanka , Norway and South Africa . He has also held the post of Governor of West Bengal and presided over the state during Nandigram violence . Gandhi had the support of Indian National Congress , Janata Dal ( United ) , Rashtriya Janata Dal , Nationalist Congress Party and the Left Front . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Gopalkrishna Gandhi ( 1946 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1946 ( age 71 ) Delhi 24th Governor of West Bengal ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Delhi 11 July 2017 Results ( edit ) Following the election , Venkaiah Naidu was elected 13th Vice-President of India . He has sworn - in to the office on 11 August 2017 . Of 790 seats in Parliament , 5 seats were vacant during the election . e d Results of the Indian vice-presidential election , 2017 Candidate Party Electoral Votes % of Votes Venkaiah Naidu BJP 516 67.89 Gopalkrishna Gandhi Independent 244 32.11 Total 760 100.00 Valid Votes 760 96.82 Invalid Votes 11 1.40 Turnout 771 98.22 Abstentions 14 1.78 Electors 785 See also ( edit ) List of Vice-Presidents of India Indian presidential election , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Election to the Office of the Vice-President , 2017 ( 15th Vice-Presidential Election ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Terms of the Houses '' . eci.nic.in . Election Commission of India / National Informatics Centre . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President -- Election , Powers and Functions '' . OM ABC . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the Vice-President of India is elected : Know what it will take Venkaiah Naidu or Gopalkrishna Gandhi to win '' . Financial Express . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission issues notification for vice president polls '' . New Indian Express . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is the procedure to elect the vice president : All you need to know '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vice-Presidential Election 2017 : Venkaiah Naidu is NDA 's nominee , to take on Opposition 's Gopalkrishna Gandhi '' . First Post . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Rajya Sabha and South in mind , NDA names Venkaiah for vice-president '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu vs Gopalkrishna Gandhi : Here 's How the 13th Vice President of India Will be Elected Today '' . News18 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu files his nomination for vice-president '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Presidential Election 2017 : Who Is Gopalkrishna Gandhi ? Vice President Candidate Known For Straight Talk '' . NDTV . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vice-Presidential Election LIVE updates : Counting begins , 98 per cent polling recorded '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eye On Nitish Kumar , Opposition Picks Gopalkrishna Gandhi For Vice-President '' . NDTV . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Venkaiah Naidu To Become 13th Vice-President of India External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Vice-presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1979 1984 2002 2007 2012 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_vice-presidential_election,_2017&oldid=809922109 '' Categories : 2017 elections in India August 2017 events in Asia Vice-presidential elections in India Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी ગુજરાતી ಕನ್ನಡ Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 10 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	president and vice president of india in 2017	[]	[]
-5006021257457473540	Data visualization	Data visualization - wikipedia Data visualization `` Dataviz '' redirects here . For the software company , see DataViz . Part of a series on Statistics Data visualization Major dimensions ( hide ) Exploratory data analysis Information design Interactive data visualization Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics Statistical graphics Plot Data analysis Infographic Data science Important figures ( hide ) Tamara Munzner Ben Shneiderman John W. Tukey Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Hadley Wickham Information graphic types ( hide ) Line chart Bar chart Histogram Scatterplot Boxplot Pareto chart Pie chart Area chart Control chart Run chart Stem - and - leaf display Cartogram Small multiple Sparkline Table Related topics ( hide ) Data Information Big data Database Chartjunk Visual perception Regression analysis Statistical model Misleading graph Data visuali zation or data visuali sation is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication . It involves the creation and study of the visual representation of data . To communicate information clearly and efficiently , data visualization uses statistical graphics , plots , information graphics and other tools . Numerical data may be encoded using dots , lines , or bars , to visually communicate a quantitative message . Effective visualization helps users analyze and reason about data and evidence . It makes complex data more accessible , understandable and usable . Users may have particular analytical tasks , such as making comparisons or understanding causality , and the design principle of the graphic ( i.e. , showing comparisons or showing causality ) follows the task . Tables are generally used where users will look up a specific measurement , while charts of various types are used to show patterns or relationships in the data for one or more variables . Data visualization is both an art and a science . It is viewed as a branch of descriptive statistics by some , but also as a grounded theory development tool by others . Increased amounts of data created by Internet activity and an expanding number of sensors in the environment are referred to as `` big data '' or Internet of things . Processing , analyzing and communicating this data present ethical and analytical challenges for data visualization . The field of data science and practitioners called data scientists help address this challenge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Characteristics of effective graphical displays 3 Quantitative messages 4 Visual perception and data visualization 4.1 Human perception / cognition and data visualization 5 History of data visualization 6 Terminology 7 Examples of diagrams used for data visualization 8 Other perspectives 9 Data presentation architecture 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Scope 9.3 Related fields 10 See also 10.1 People ( historical ) 10.2 People ( active today ) 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Data visualization is one of the steps in analyzing data and presenting it to users . Data visualization refers to the techniques used to communicate data or information by encoding it as visual objects ( e.g. , points , lines or bars ) contained in graphics . The goal is to communicate information clearly and efficiently to users . It is one of the steps in data analysis or data science . According to Friedman ( 2008 ) the `` main goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and effectively through graphical means . It does n't mean that data visualization needs to look boring to be functional or extremely sophisticated to look beautiful . To convey ideas effectively , both aesthetic form and functionality need to go hand in hand , providing insights into a rather sparse and complex data set by communicating its key - aspects in a more intuitive way . Yet designers often fail to achieve a balance between form and function , creating gorgeous data visualizations which fail to serve their main purpose -- to communicate information '' . Indeed , Fernanda Viegas and Martin M. Wattenberg suggested that an ideal visualization should not only communicate clearly , but stimulate viewer engagement and attention . Data visualization is closely related to information graphics , information visualization , scientific visualization , exploratory data analysis and statistical graphics . In the new millennium , data visualization has become an active area of research , teaching and development . According to Post et al. ( 2002 ) , it has united scientific and information visualization . Characteristics of effective graphical displays ( edit ) Charles Joseph Minard 's 1869 diagram of Napoleonic France 's invasion of Russia , an early example of an information graphic The greatest value of a picture is when it forces us to notice what we never expected to see . John Tukey Professor Edward Tufte explained that users of information displays are executing particular analytical tasks such as making comparisons or determining causality . The design principle of the information graphic should support the analytical task , showing the comparison or causality . In his 1983 book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information , Edward Tufte defines ' graphical displays ' and principles for effective graphical display in the following passage : `` Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity , precision and efficiency . Graphical displays should : show the data induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology , graphic design , the technology of graphic production or something else avoid distorting what the data has to say present many numbers in a small space make large data sets coherent encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data reveal the data at several levels of detail , from a broad overview to the fine structure serve a reasonably clear purpose : description , exploration , tabulation or decoration be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set . Graphics reveal data . Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations . '' For example , the Minard diagram shows the losses suffered by Napoleon 's army in the 1812 -- 1813 period . Six variables are plotted : the size of the army , its location on a two - dimensional surface ( x and y ) , time , direction of movement , and temperature . The line width illustrates a comparison ( size of the army at points in time ) while the temperature axis suggests a cause of the change in army size . This multivariate display on a two dimensional surface tells a story that can be grasped immediately while identifying the source data to build credibility . Tufte wrote in 1983 that : `` It may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn . '' Not applying these principles may result in misleading graphs , which distort the message or support an erroneous conclusion . According to Tufte , chartjunk refers to extraneous interior decoration of the graphic that does not enhance the message , or gratuitous three dimensional or perspective effects . Needlessly separating the explanatory key from the image itself , requiring the eye to travel back and forth from the image to the key , is a form of `` administrative debris . '' The ratio of `` data to ink '' should be maximized , erasing non-data ink where feasible . The Congressional Budget Office summarized several best practices for graphical displays in a June 2014 presentation . These included : a ) Knowing your audience ; b ) Designing graphics that can stand alone outside the context of the report ; and c ) Designing graphics that communicate the key messages in the report . Quantitative messages ( edit ) A time series illustrated with a line chart demonstrating trends in U.S. federal spending and revenue over time . A scatterplot illustrating negative correlation between two variables ( inflation and unemployment ) measured at points in time . Author Stephen Few described eight types of quantitative messages that users may attempt to understand or communicate from a set of data and the associated graphs used to help communicate the message : Time - series : A single variable is captured over a period of time , such as the unemployment rate over a 10 - year period . A line chart may be used to demonstrate the trend . Ranking : Categorical subdivisions are ranked in ascending or descending order , such as a ranking of sales performance ( the measure ) by sales persons ( the category , with each sales person a categorical subdivision ) during a single period . A bar chart may be used to show the comparison across the sales persons . Part - to - whole : Categorical subdivisions are measured as a ratio to the whole ( i.e. , a percentage out of 100 % ) . A pie chart or bar chart can show the comparison of ratios , such as the market share represented by competitors in a market . Deviation : Categorical subdivisions are compared against a reference , such as a comparison of actual vs. budget expenses for several departments of a business for a given time period . A bar chart can show comparison of the actual versus the reference amount . Frequency distribution : Shows the number of observations of a particular variable for given interval , such as the number of years in which the stock market return is between intervals such as 0 - 10 % , 11 - 20 % , etc . A histogram , a type of bar chart , may be used for this analysis . A boxplot helps visualize key statistics about the distribution , such as median , quartiles , outliers , etc . Correlation : Comparison between observations represented by two variables ( X , Y ) to determine if they tend to move in the same or opposite directions . For example , plotting unemployment ( X ) and inflation ( Y ) for a sample of months . A scatter plot is typically used for this message . Nominal comparison : Comparing categorical subdivisions in no particular order , such as the sales volume by product code . A bar chart may be used for this comparison . Geographic or geospatial : Comparison of a variable across a map or layout , such as the unemployment rate by state or the number of persons on the various floors of a building . A cartogram is a typical graphic used . Analysts reviewing a set of data may consider whether some or all of the messages and graphic types above are applicable to their task and audience . The process of trial and error to identify meaningful relationships and messages in the data is part of exploratory data analysis . Visual perception and data visualization ( edit ) A human can distinguish differences in line length , shape , orientation , and color ( hue ) readily without significant processing effort ; these are referred to as `` pre-attentive attributes '' . For example , it may require significant time and effort ( `` attentive processing '' ) to identify the number of times the digit `` 5 '' appears in a series of numbers ; but if that digit is different in size , orientation , or color , instances of the digit can be noted quickly through pre-attentive processing . Effective graphics take advantage of pre-attentive processing and attributes and the relative strength of these attributes . For example , since humans can more easily process differences in line length than surface area , it may be more effective to use a bar chart ( which takes advantage of line length to show comparison ) rather than pie charts ( which use surface area to show comparison ) . Human perception / cognition and data visualization ( edit ) Almost all data visualizations are created for human consumption . Knowledge of human perception and cognition is necessary when designing intuitive visualizations . Cognition refers to processes in human beings like perception , attention , learning , memory , thought , concept formation , reading , and problem solving . Human visual processing is efficient in detecting changes and making comparisons between quantities , sizes , shapes and variations in lightness . When properties of symbolic data are mapped to visual properties , humans can browse through large amounts of data efficiently . It is estimated that 2 / 3 of the brain 's neurons can be involved in visual processing . Proper visualization provides a different approach to show potential connections , relationships , etc. which are not as obvious in non-visualized quantitative data . Visualization can become a means of data exploration . History of data visualization ( edit ) There is no comprehensive ' history ' of data visualization . There are no accounts that span the entire development of visual thinking and the visual representation of data , and which collate the contributions of disparate disciplines . Michael Friendly and Daniel J Denis of York University are engaged in a project that attempts to provide a comprehensive history of visualization . Contrary to general belief , data visualization is not a modern development . Stellar data , or information such as location of stars were visualized on the walls of caves ( such as those found in Lascaux Cave in Southern France ) since the Pleistocene era . Physical artefacts such as Mesopotamian clay tokens ( 5500 BC ) , Inca quipus ( 2600 BC ) and Marshall Islands stick charts ( n.d. ) can also be considered as visualizing quantitative information . First documented data visualization can be tracked back to 1160 B.C. with Turin Papyrus Map which accurately illustrates the distribution of geological resources and provides information about quarrying of those resources . Such maps can be categorized as Thematic Cartography , which is a type of data visualization that presents and communicates specific data and information through a geographical illustration designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area . Earliest documented forms of data visualization were various thematic maps from different cultures and ideograms and hieroglyphs that provided and allowed interpretation of information illustrated . For example , Linear B tablets of Mycenae provided a visualization of information regarding Late Bronze Age era trades in the Mediterranean . The idea of coordinates was used by ancient Egyptian surveyors in laying out towns , earthly and heavenly positions were located by something akin to latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC , and the map projection of a spherical earth into latitude and longitude by Claudius Ptolemy ( c. 85 -- c. 165 ) in Alexandria would serve as reference standards until the 14th century . Invention of paper and parchment allowed further development of visualizations throughout history . Figure shows a graph from the 10th , possibly 11th century that is intended to be an illustration of the planetary movement , used in an appendix of a textbook in monastery schools . The graph apparently was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time . For this purpose the zone of the zodiac was represented on a plane with a horizontal line divided into thirty parts as the time or longitudinal axis . The vertical axis designates the width of the zodiac . The horizontal scale appears to have been chosen for each planet individually for the periods can not be reconciled . The accompanying text refers only to the amplitudes . The curves are apparently not related in time . Planetary Movements By the 16th century , techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities , and geographic and celestial position were well - developed ( for example , a `` wall quadrant '' constructed by Tycho Brahe ( 1546 -- 1601 ) , covering an entire wall in his observatory ) . Particularly important were the development of triangulation and other methods to determine mapping locations accurately . French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat developed analytic geometry and two - dimensional coordinate system which heavily influenced the practical methods of displaying and calculating values . Fermat and Blaise Pascal 's work on statistics and probability theory laid the groundwork for what we now conceptualize as data . According to the Interaction Design Foundation , these developments allowed and helped William Playfair , who saw potential for graphical communication of quantitative data , to generate and develop graphical methods of statistics . Playfair TimeSeries In the second half of the 20th century , Jacques Bertin used quantitative graphs to represent information `` intuitively , clearly , accurately , and efficiently '' . John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization ; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book `` The Visual Display of Quantitative Information '' paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians . With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization ; starting with hand drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications -- including interactive designs leading to software visualization . Programs like SAS , SOFA , R , Minitab , Cornerstone and more allow for data visualization in the field of statistics . Other data visualization applications , more focused and unique to individuals , programming languages such as D3 , Python and JavaScript help to make the visualization of quantitative data a possibility . Private schools have also developed programs to meet the demand for learning data visualization and associated programming libraries , including free programs like The Data Incubator or paid programs like General Assembly . Terminology ( edit ) Data visualization involves specific terminology , some of which is derived from statistics . For example , author Stephen Few defines two types of data , which are used in combination to support a meaningful analysis or visualization : Categorical : Text labels describing the nature of the data , such as `` Name '' or `` Age '' . This term also covers qualitative ( non-numerical ) data . Quantitative : Numerical measures , such as `` 25 '' to represent the age in years . Two primary types of information displays are tables and graphs . A table contains quantitative data organized into rows and columns with categorical labels . It is primarily used to look up specific values . In the example above , the table might have categorical column labels representing the name ( a qualitative variable ) and age ( a quantitative variable ) , with each row of data representing one person ( the sampled experimental unit or category subdivision ) . A graph is primarily used to show relationships among data and portrays values encoded as visual objects ( e.g. , lines , bars , or points ) . Numerical values are displayed within an area delineated by one or more axes . These axes provide scales ( quantitative and categorical ) used to label and assign values to the visual objects . Many graphs are also referred to as charts . Eppler and Lengler have developed the `` Periodic Table of Visualization Methods , '' an interactive chart displaying various data visualization methods . It includes six types of data visualization methods : data , information , concept , strategy , metaphor and compound . Examples of diagrams used for data visualization ( edit ) Name Visual Dimensions Example Usages Bar chart of tips by day of week Bar chart length / count category ( color ) Comparison of values , such as sales performance for several persons or businesses in a single time period . For a single variable measured over time ( trend ) a line chart is preferable . Histogram of housing prices Histogram bin limits count / length ( color ) Determining frequency of annual stock market percentage returns within particular ranges ( bins ) such as 0 - 10 % , 11 - 20 % , etc . The height of the bar represents the number of observations ( years ) with a return % in the range represented by the bin . Basic scatterplot of two variables Scatter plot x position y position ( symbol / glyph ) ( color ) ( size ) Determining the relationship ( e.g. , correlation ) between unemployment ( x ) and inflation ( y ) for multiple time periods . Scatter Plot Scatter plot ( 3D ) position x position y position z color Network Analysis Network nodes size nodes color ties thickness ties color spatialization Finding clusters in the network ( e.g. grouping Facebook friends into different clusters ) . Discovering bridges ( information brokers or boundary spanners ) between clusters in the network Determining the most influential nodes in the network ( e.g. A company wants to target a small group of people on Twitter for a marketing campaign ) . Finding outlier actors who do not fit into any cluster or are in the periphery of a network . Streamgraph Streamgraph width color time ( flow ) Treemap Treemap size color disk space by location / file type Gantt Chart Gantt chart color time ( flow ) schedule / progress , e.g. in project planning Heat map Heat map row column cluster color Analyzing risk , with green , yellow and red representing low , medium , and high risk , respectively . PhenoPlot glyph - based ellipses dimensions color proportional filling jagged versus straight lines High dimensional data Representing shape measurements of cells . Visualizing markers ' abundance in various cellular compartments . Visualizing tumor data such as size , grade and cellularity Other perspectives ( edit ) There are different approaches on the scope of data visualization . One common focus is on information presentation , such as Friedman ( 2008 ) . Friendly ( 2008 ) presumes two main parts of data visualization : statistical graphics , and thematic cartography . In this line the `` Data Visualization : Modern Approaches '' ( 2007 ) article gives an overview of seven subjects of data visualization : Articles & resources Displaying connections Displaying data Displaying news Displaying websites Mind maps Tools and services All these subjects are closely related to graphic design and information representation . On the other hand , from a computer science perspective , Frits H. Post in 2002 categorized the field into sub-fields : Information visualization Interaction techniques and architectures Modelling techniques Multiresolution methods Visualization algorithms and techniques Volume visualization Data presentation architecture ( edit ) A data visualization from social media Data presentation architecture ( DPA ) is a skill - set that seeks to identify , locate , manipulate , format and present data in such a way as to optimally communicate meaning and proper knowledge . Historically , the term data presentation architecture is attributed to Kelly Lautt : `` Data Presentation Architecture ( DPA ) is a rarely applied skill set critical for the success and value of Business Intelligence . Data presentation architecture weds the science of numbers , data and statistics in discovering valuable information from data and making it usable , relevant and actionable with the arts of data visualization , communications , organizational psychology and change management in order to provide business intelligence solutions with the data scope , delivery timing , format and visualizations that will most effectively support and drive operational , tactical and strategic behaviour toward understood business ( or organizational ) goals . DPA is neither an IT nor a business skill set but exists as a separate field of expertise . Often confused with data visualization , data presentation architecture is a much broader skill set that includes determining what data on what schedule and in what exact format is to be presented , not just the best way to present data that has already been chosen . Data visualization skills are one element of DPA . '' Objectives ( edit ) DPA has two main objectives : To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible ( minimize noise , complexity , and unnecessary data or detail given each audience 's needs and roles ) To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible ( provide relevant , timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning , is actionable and can affect understanding , behavior and decisions ) Scope ( edit ) With the above objectives in mind , the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of : Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role , tasks , locations and access to technology Defining important meaning ( relevant knowledge ) that is needed by each audience member in each context Determining the required periodicity of data updates ( the currency of the data ) Determining the right timing for data presentation ( when and how often the user needs to see the data ) Finding the right data ( subject area , historical reach , breadth , level of detail , etc . ) Utilizing appropriate analysis , grouping , visualization , and other presentation formats Related fields ( edit ) DPA work shares commonalities with several other fields , including : Business analysis in determining business goals , collecting requirements , mapping processes . Business process improvement in that its goal is to improve and streamline actions and decisions in furtherance of business goals Data visualization in that it uses well - established theories of visualization to add or highlight meaning or importance in data presentation . Information architecture , but information architecture 's focus is on unstructured data and therefore excludes both analysis ( in the statistical / data sense ) and direct transformation of the actual content ( data , for DPA ) into new entities and combinations . HCI and interaction design , since the many of the principles in how to design interactive data visualisation have been developed cross-disciplinary with HCI . Visual journalism and data - driven journalism or data journalism : Visual journalism is concerned with all types of graphic facilitation of the telling of news stories , and data - driven and data journalism are not necessarily told with data visualisation . Nevertheless , the field of journalism are at the forefront in developing new data visualisations to communicate data . Graphic design , conveying information through styling , typography , position , and other aesthetic concerns . See also ( edit ) Analytics Balanced scorecard Big Data Business analysis Business intelligence Data analysis Data profiling Data science Data warehouse Exploratory data analysis Infographic Information architecture Information design Information visualization Interaction design Interaction techniques Scientific visualization Software visualization Statistical analysis Statistical graphics Visual analytics Visual journalism People ( historical ) ( edit ) Jacques Bertin W.E.B. DuBois Charles Joseph Minard Otto Neurath Florence Nightingale William Playfair John Snow John Tukey People ( active today ) ( edit ) Mike Bostock - Bostock is one of the key developers of the Javascript library d3. js . Alberto Cairo - Cairo focuses on communication in data visualisation and visual journalism Mona Chalabi - Data journalist at FiveThirtyEight . Previously at the Guardian , the Bank of England , and the Economist Intelligence Unit . William S. Cleveland Kennedy Elliott - Senior graphics editor at National Geographic George Furnas Jeffrey Heer Gordon Kindlmann Aaron Koblin Manuel Lima Giorgia Lupi Miriah Meyer Branko Milanovic Tamara Munzner Kim Rees - Rees is the head of Data Visualization at Capital One Hanspeter Pfister Max Roser - Roser is an economist at the University of Oxford and author of the online data visualisation publication Our World In Data . Ola Rosling - Rosling developed the scatter - plot graphing tool used on Gapminder.org Hans Rosling Adrien Segal - Oakland , CA based artist known for her sculptures based on tidal and snow data . Ben Shneiderman - Shneiderman is an early pioneer in the field of data visualisation and HCI Moritz Stefaner Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Martin M. Wattenberg Hadley Wickham Leland Wilkinson Bang Wong References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Friendly ( 2008 ) . `` Milestones in the history of thematic cartography , statistical graphics , and data visualization '' . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Few - Perceptual Edge - Selecting the Right Graph for Your Message - 2004 Jump up ^ Manuela Aparicio and Carlos J. Costa ( November 2014 ) . `` Data visualization '' . Communication Design Quarterly Review . 3 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 11 . doi : 10.1145 / 2721882.2721883 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Nikos Bikaks ( 2018 ) `` Big Data Visualization Tools '' Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies , Springer 2018 . Jump up ^ Forbes - Gil Press - A Very Short History of Data Science - May 2013 Jump up ^ Vitaly Friedman ( 2008 ) `` Data Visualization and Infographics '' in : Graphics , Monday Inspiration , January 14th , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fernanda Viegas and Martin Wattenberg ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` How To Make Data Look Sexy '' . CNN.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Frits H. Post , Gregory M. Nielson and Georges - Pierre Bonneau ( 2002 ) . Data Visualization : The State of the Art . Research paper TU delft , 2002 . Archived 2009 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Tukey , John ( 1977 ) . Exploratory Data Analysis . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 07616 - 0 . Jump up ^ Edward Tufte - Presentation - August 2013 ^ Jump up to : Tufte , Edward ( 1983 ) . The Visual Display of Quantitative Information . Cheshire , Connecticut : Graphics Press . ISBN 0 - 9613921 - 4 - 2 . Jump up ^ CBO - Telling Visual Stories About Data - June 2014 Jump up ^ Stephen Few - Perceptual Edge - Graph Selection Matrix ^ Jump up to : Steven Few - Tapping the Power of Visual Perception - September 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` Data Visualization for Human Perception '' . The Interaction Design Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Visualization '' ( PDF ) . SFU . SFU lecture . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` How much of the brain is involved with vision ? - Quora '' . www.quora.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Friendly , Michael . `` A Brief History of Data Visualization '' . Springer - Verlag . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , D. ( 9 August 2000 ) . `` Ice Age star map discovered '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dragicevic , Pierre ; Jansen , Yvonne ( 2012 ) . `` List of Physical Visualizations and Related Artefacts '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Yvonne ; Dragicevic , Pierre ; Isenberg , Petra ; Alexander , Jason ; Karnik , Abhijit ; Kildal , Johan ; Subramanian , Sriram ; Hornbaek , Kasper ( 2015 ) . `` Opportunities and challenges for data physicalization '' . Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems : 3227 -- 3236 . ^ Jump up to : Friendly , Michael ( 2001 ) . `` Milestones in the history of thematic cartography , statistical graphics , and data visualization '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Funkhouser , Howard Gray ( Jan 1936 ) . `` A Note on a Tenth Century Graph '' . Osiris. 1 : 260 -- 262 . doi : 10.1086 / 368425 . JSTOR 301609 . Jump up ^ Friendly , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` A Brief History of Data Visualization '' ( PDF ) . York University . Springer - Verlag . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NY gets new boot camp for data scientists : It 's free but harder to get into than Harvard '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Steven Few - Selecting the Right Graph for Your Message - September 2004 Jump up ^ Lengler , Ralph ; Eppler , Martin . J. `` Periodic Table of Visualization Methods '' . www.visual-literacy.org . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Data Visualization : Modern Approaches '' . in : Graphics , August 2nd , 2007 Jump up ^ Frits H. Post , Gregory M. Nielson and Georges - Pierre Bonneau ( 2002 ) . Data Visualization : The State of the Art Archived 2009 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ The first formal , recorded , public usages of the term data presentation architecture were at the three formal Microsoft Office 2007 Launch events in Dec , Jan and Feb of 2007 -- 08 in Edmonton , Calgary and Vancouver ( Canada ) in a presentation by Kelly Lautt describing a business intelligence system designed to improve service quality in a pulp and paper company . The term was further used and recorded in public usage on December 16 , 2009 in a Microsoft Canada presentation on the value of merging Business Intelligence with corporate collaboration processes . Further reading ( edit ) Roels , Reinout , Baeten , Yves & Signer , Beat ( 2016 ) `` Interactive and Narrative Data Visualisation for Presentation - based Knowledge Transfer '' Communications in Computer and Information Science ( CCIS ) , 739 , 2017 . Chandrajit Bajaj , Bala Krishnamurthy ( 1999 ) . Data Visualization Techniques . William S. Cleveland ( 1993 ) . Visualizing Data . Hobart Press . William S. Cleveland ( 1994 ) . The Elements of Graphing Data . Hobart Press . Alexander N. Gorban , Balázs Kégl , Donald Wunsch , and Andrei Zinovyev ( 2008 ) . Principal Manifolds for Data Visualization and Dimension Reduction . LNCSE 58 . Springer . John P. Lee and Georges G. Grinstein ( eds . ) ( 1994 ) . Database Issues for Data Visualization : IEEE Visualization ' 93 Workshop , San Diego . Peter R. Keller and Mary Keller ( 1993 ) . Visual Cues : Practical Data Visualization . Frits H. Post , Gregory M. Nielson and Georges - Pierre Bonneau ( 2002 ) . Data Visualization : The State of the Art . Stewart Liff and Pamela A. Posey , Seeing is Believing : How the New Art of Visual Management Can Boost Performance Throughout Your Organization , AMACOM , New York ( 2007 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 0035 - 7 Stephen Few ( 2009 ) Fundamental Differences in Analytical Tools - Exploratory , Custom , or Customizable . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Data visualization . Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography , Statistical Graphics , and Data Visualization , An illustrated chronology of innovations by Michael Friendly and Daniel J. Denis . Duke University - Christa Kelleher Presentation - Communicating through infographics - visualizing scientific & engineering information - March 6 , 2015 hide Visualization of technical information Fields Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual culture Volume visualization Image types Chart Diagram Engineering drawing Graph of a function Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Schematic Skeletal formula Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration User interface People Jacques Bertin Stuart Card Thomas A. DeFanti Michael Friendly George Furnas Pat Hanrahan Nigel Holmes Christopher R. Johnson August Kekulé Manuel Lima Alan MacEachren Jock D. Mackinlay Michael Maltz Bruce H. McCormick Miriah Meyer Charles Joseph Minard Rudolf Modley Gaspard Monge Tamara Munzner Otto Neurath Florence Nightingale Hanspeter Pfister Clifford A. Pickover William Playfair Karl Wilhelm Pohlke Adolphe Quetelet George G. Robertson Arthur H. Robinson Lawrence J. Rosenblum Ben Shneiderman Fraser Stoddart Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Ade Olufeko Howard Wainer Martin Wattenberg Bang Wong Related topics Cartography Chartjunk Computer graphics in computer science Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging science Information graphics Information science Mental visualisation Misleading graph Neuroimaging Patent drawing Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual perception Volume cartography Volume rendering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_visualization&oldid=850325597 '' Categories : Visualization ( graphic ) Statistical charts and diagrams Information technology governance Data Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Slovenščina ไทย 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 04 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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1905330893833174651	Elaboration likelihood model	Elaboration likelihood model - wikipedia Elaboration likelihood model Jump to : navigation , search The elaboration likelihood model ( ELM ) of persuasion is a dual process theory describing the change of attitudes form . The ELM was developed by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo in 1986 . The model aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli , why they are used , and their outcomes on attitude change . The ELM proposes two major routes to persuasion : the central route and the peripheral route . Under the central route , persuasion will likely result from a person 's careful and thoughtful consideration of the true merits of the information presented in support of an advocacy . The central route involves a high level of message elaboration in which a great amount of cognition about the arguments are generated by the individual receiving the message . The results of attitude change will be relatively enduring , resistant , and predictive of behavior . On the other hand , under the peripheral route , persuasion results from a person 's association with positive or negative cues in the stimulus or making a simple inference about the merits of the advocated position . The cues received by the individual under the peripheral route are generally unrelated to the logical quality of the stimulus . These cues will involve factors such as the credibility or attractiveness of the sources of the message , or the production quality of the message . The likelihood of elaboration will be determined by an individual 's motivation and ability to evaluate the argument being presented . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Routes 2.1 Central route 2.2 Peripheral route 3 Determinants of route 3.1 Motivation 3.2 Ability 4 Elements 4.1 Core ideas 4.2 Assumptions 4.3 Variables 4.4 Consequences 5 Applications 5.1 In advertising communications 5.2 In healthcare 5.3 In e-commerce 5.4 In media 5.5 In politics 6 Methodological considerations 7 Critiques of the theory 8 Alternative models 9 See also 9.1 Advertising models 10 References 11 Further reading Origin ( edit ) Elaboration likelihood model is a general theory of attitude change . According to the theory 's developers Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo , they intended to provide a general `` framework for organizing , categorizing , and understanding the basic processes underlying the effectiveness of persuasive communications '' . The study of attitudes and persuasion began as the central focus of social psychology , featured in the work of psychologists Gordon Allport ( 1935 ) and Edward Alsworth Ross ( 1908 ) . Allport described attitudes as `` the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology '' . Considerable research was devoted to the study of attitudes and persuasion from the 1930s through the late 1970s . These studies embarked on various relevant issues regarding attitudes and persuasion , such as the consistency between attitudes and behaviors and the processes underlying attitude / behavior correspondence . However , Petty and Cacioppo noticed a major problem facing attitude and persuasion researchers to the effect that there was minimal agreement regarding `` if , when , and how the traditional source , message , recipient , and channel variables affected attitude change '' . Noticing this problem , Petty and Cacioppo developed the elaboration likelihood model as their attempt to account for the differential persistence of communication - induced attitude change . Petty and Cacioppo suggested that different empirical findings and theories on attitude persistence could be viewed as stressing one of two routes to persuasion which they presented in their elaboration likelihood model . Routes ( edit ) The elaboration likelihood model proposes two distinct routes for information processing : a central route and a peripheral route . The ELM holds that there are numerous specific processes of change on the `` elaboration continuum '' ranging from low to high . When the operation processes at the low end of the continuum determine attitudes , persuasion follows the peripheral route . When the operation processes at the high end of the continuum determine attitudes , persuasion follows the central route . Central route ( edit ) ELM Diagram The central route is used when the message recipient has the motivation as well as the ability to think about the message and its topic . When people process information centrally , the cognitive responses , or elaborations , will be much more relevant to the information , whereas when processing peripherally , the individual may rely on heuristics and other rules of thumb when elaborating on a message . Being at the high end of the elaboration continuum , people assess object - relevant information in relation to schemas that they already possess , and arrive at a reasoned attitude that is supported by information . It is important to consider two types of factors that influence how and how much one will elaborate on a persuasive message . The first are the factors that influence our motivation to elaborate , and the second being the factors that influence our ability to elaborate . Motivation to process the message may be determined by a personal interest in the subject of the message , or individual factors like the need for cognition . However , if the message recipient has a strong , negative attitude toward the position proposed by the message , a boomerang effect ( an opposite effect ) is likely to occur . That is , they will resist the message , and may move away from the proposed position . Two advantages of the central route are that attitude changes tend to last longer and are more predictive of behavior than the changes from the peripheral route . Overall , as people 's motivation and ability to process the message and develop elaborations decreases , the peripheral cues present in the situation become more important in their processing of the message . Peripheral route ( edit ) The peripheral route is used when the message recipient has little or no interest in the subject and / or has a lesser ability to process the message . Being at the low end of the elaboration continuum , recipients do not examine the information as thoroughly . With the peripheral route , they are more likely to rely on general impressions ( e.g. `` this feels right / good '' ) , early parts of the message , their own mood , positive and negative cues of the persuasion context , etc . Because people are `` cognitive misers , '' looking to reduce mental effort , they often use the peripheral route and thus rely on heuristics ( mental shortcuts ) when processing information . When an individual is not motivated to centrally process an issue because they lack interest in it , or if the individual does not have the cognitive ability to centrally process the issue , then these heuristics can be quite persuasive . Robert Cialdini 's Principles of Social Influence ( 1984 ) , which include commitment , social proof , scarcity , reciprocation , authority , as well as liking the person who is persuading you , are some examples of frequently used heuristics . In addition , credibility can also be used as a heuristic in peripheral thinking because when a speaker is seen as having a higher credibility , then the listener may be more likely to believe the message . Credibility is a low - effort and somewhat reliable way to give us an answer of what to decide and / or believe without having to put in much work to think it through . If these peripheral influences go completely unnoticed , the message recipient is likely to maintain their previous attitude towards the message . Otherwise , the individual will temporarily change his attitude towards it . This attitude change can be long - lasting , although durable change is less likely to occur than it is with the central route . Determinants of route ( edit ) The two most influential factors that affect which processing route an individual uses are motivation ( the desire to process the message ; see Petty and Cacioppo , 1979 ) and ability ( the capability for critical evaluation ; see Petty , Wells and Brock , 1976 ) . The extent of motivation is in turn affected by attitude and personal relevance . Individuals ' ability for elaboration is affected by distractions , their cognitive busyness ( the extent to which their cognitive processes are engaged by multiple tasks ) , and their overall knowledge . Motivation ( edit ) Attitudes towards a message can affect motivation . Drawing from cognitive dissonance theory , when people are presented with new information ( a message ) that conflicts with existing beliefs , ideas , or values , they will be motivated to eliminate the dissonance , in order to remain at peace with their own thoughts . For instance , people who want to believe that they will be academically successful may recall more of their past academic successes than their failures . They may also use their world knowledge to construct new theories about how their particular personality traits may predispose them to academic success ( Kunda , 1987 ) . If they succeed in accessing and constructing appropriate beliefs , they may feel justified in concluding that they will be academically successful , not realizing that they also possess knowledge that could be used to support the opposite conclusion . Motivation and ability Personal relevance can also affect an individual 's degree of motivation . For instance , undergraduate students were told of a new exam policy that would take effect either one or ten years later . The proposal of the new exam policy was either supported by strong or weak arguments . Those students who were going to personally be affected by this change would think more about the issue than those students who were not going to be personally affected . An additional factor that affects degree of motivation is an individual 's need for cognition . Individuals who take greater pleasure in thinking than others tend to engage in more effortful thinking because of its intrinsic enjoyment for them , regardless of the importance of the issue to them or the need to be correct . Ability ( edit ) Ability includes the availability of cognitive resources ( for instance , the absence of time pressures or distractions ) and the relevant knowledge needed to examine arguments . Distractions ( for instance , noise in a library where a person is trying to read a journal article ) can decrease a person 's ability to process a message . Cognitive busyness , which can also serve as a distraction , limits the cognitive resources otherwise available for the task at hand ( assessing a message ) . Another factor of ability is familiarity with the relevant subject . Though they might not be distracted nor cognitively busy , their insufficiency in knowledge can hinder people 's engagement in deep thinking . Elements ( edit ) Core ideas ( edit ) There are four core ideas to the ELM . The ELM argues that when a person encounters some form of communication , they can process this communication with varying levels of thought ( elaboration ) , ranging from a low degree of thought ( low elaboration ) to a high degree of thought ( high elaboration ) . The ELM predicts that there are a variety of psychological processes of change that operate to varying degrees as a function of a person 's level of elaboration . On the lower end of the continuum are the processes that require relatively little thought , including classical conditioning and mere exposure . On the higher end of the continuum are processes that require relatively more thought , including expectancy - value and cognitive response processes . When lower elaboration processes predominate , a person is said to be using the peripheral route , which is contrasted with the central route , involving the operation of predominantly high elaboration processes . The ELM predicts that the degree of thought used in a persuasion context determines how consequential the resultant attitude becomes . Attitudes formed via high - thought , central - route processes will tend to persist over time , resist persuasion , and be influential in guiding other judgments and behaviors to a greater extent that attitudes formed through low - thought , peripheral - route processes . The ELM also predicts that any given variable can have multiple roles in persuasion , including acting as a cue to judgment or as an influence on the direction of thought about a message . The ELM holds that the specific role by which a variable operates is determined by the extent of elaboration . Assumptions ( edit ) One of the main assumptions of the ELM is that the attitudes formed through the central route rather than the peripheral route are stronger and more difficult to change . This means that when the central route is taken ( involving high - elaboration thought in which all information is being carefully analyzed ) , the attitudes formed become more stable and less susceptible to counter-persuasion , whereas when the peripheral route is taken ( involving low - elaboration thought based on heuristics and shortcuts to establish an attitude ) short - term attitude change is more likely to occur . Variables ( edit ) A variable is essentially anything that can increase or decrease the persuasiveness of a message . Motivation ( desire to process the message ) , ability ( capability for critical evaluation ) , attractiveness , mood and expertise are just a few examples of variables that can influence persuasiveness . Variables also have different roles , for example , they may have a positive effect as a cue , but a negative effect if it ends up decreasing thought about a strong message . Under high elaboration , a given variable ( e.g. , expertise ) can serve as an argument ( e.g. , `` If Einstein agrees with the theory of relativity , then this is a strong reason for me to as well '' ) or a biasing factor ( e.g. , `` If an expert agrees with this position it is probably good , so let me see who else agrees with this conclusion '' ) , at the expense of contradicting information . Under low - elaboration conditions , a variable may act as a peripheral cue ( e.g. , the belief that `` experts are always right '' ) . While this is similar to the Einstein example above , this is a shortcut which ( unlike the Einstein example ) does not require thought . Under moderate elaboration , a variable may direct the extent of information processing ( e.g. , `` If an expert agrees with this position , I should really listen to what ( s ) he has to say '' ) . Recent adaptations of the ELM have added a role for variables : to affect the extent to which a person trusts their thoughts in response to a message ( self - validation role ) . A person may think , `` If an expert presented this information , it is probably correct , and thus I can trust that my reactions to it are informative with respect to my attitude . '' This role , because of its metacognitive nature , only occurs in high - elaboration conditions . Consequences ( edit ) For an individual intent on forming long - lasting beliefs on topics , the central route is advantageous by the fact that arguments are scrutinized intensely and that information is unlikely to be overlooked . However , this route uses a considerable amount of energy , time , and mental effort . It is not worthwhile to exert considerable mental effort to achieve correctness in all situations and people do not always have the requisite knowledge , time , or opportunity to thoughtfully assess the merits of a proposal . For those , the use of the peripheral route excels at saving energy , time , and mental effort . This is particularly advantageous in situations in which one must make a decision within a small time constraint . On the other hand , the peripheral route is prone to errors in judgment , at least in attributing reasons for behaviors . Applications. ( edit ) Researchers have applied the elaboration likelihood model to many fields , including advertising , marketing , consumer behavior and health care , just to name a few . In advertising communications ( edit ) Advertising The elaboration likelihood model can be applied to advertising and marketing . In 1983 , Petty , Cacioppo and Schumann conducted a study to examine source effects in advertising . It was a product advertisement about a new disposable razor . The authors purposefully made one group of subjects highly involved with the product , by telling them the product would be test marketed soon in the local area and by the end of the experiment they would be given a chance to get a disposable razor . Whereas , the authors made another group of subjects have low involvement with the product by telling them that the product would be test marketed in a distant city and by the end of the experiment they would have the chance to get a toothpaste . In addition to varying involvement , the authors also varied source and message characteristics by showing a group of the subjects ads featuring popular athletes , whereas showing other subjects ads featuring average citizens ; showing some subjects ads with strong arguments and others ads with weak arguments . This experiment shows that when the elaboration likelihood was low , featuring famous athletes in the advertisement would lead to more favorable product attitudes , regardless of the strength of the product attributes presented . Whereas when elaboration likelihood was high , only the argument strength would manipulate affected attitudes . It is widely acknowledged that effects of ads are not only limited to the information contained in the ad alone but are also a function of the different appeals used in the ads ( like use celebrities or non-celebrities as endorsers ) . In a study conducted by Rollins and Bhutada in 2013 , ELM theory was the framework used to understand and evaluate the underlying mechanisms describing the relationships between endorser type , disease state involvement and consumer response to direct - to - consumer advertisements ( DTCA ) . The finding showed while endorser type did not significantly affect consumer attitudes , behavioral intentions and information search behavior ; level of disease state involvement , though , did . More highly involved consumers had more positive attitudes , behavioral intentions and greater information search behavior . In healthcare ( edit ) Healthcare Recent research has been conducted to apply the ELM to the healthcare field . In 2009 , Angst and Agarwal published a research article , `` Adoption of Electronic Health Records in the Presence of Privacy Concerns : the Elaboration Likelihood Model and Individual Persuasion '' . This research studies electronic health records ( EHRs ) , ( an individual 's ) concern for information privacy ( CFIP ) and the elaboration likelihood model ( ELM ) . The two researchers aimed to investigate the question , `` Can individuals be persuaded to change their attitudes and opt - in behavioral intentions toward EHRs , and allow their medical information to be digitized even in the presence of significant privacy concerns ? '' Since the ELM model provides an understanding how to influence attitudes , the said model could be leveraged to alter perceptions and attitudes regarding adoption and adaptation of change . Findings of the research included : `` Issue involvement and argument framing interact to influence attitude change , and that concern for information privacy further moderates the effects of these variables . '' `` Likelihood of adoption is driven by concern for information privacy and attitude . '' `` An individual 's CFIP interacts with argument framing and issue involvement to affect attitudes toward EHR use and CFIP directly influence opt - in behavioral intentions . '' `` Even people have high concerns for privacy , their attitudes can be positively altered with appropriate message framing . '' In e-commerce ( edit ) E-commerce Chen and Lee conducted a study about online shopping persuasion by applying the elaboration likelihood model back to 2008 . In this study , how online shopping influences consumers ' beliefs and perceived values on attitude and approach behavior were examined . `` Twenty cosmetics and 20 hotel websites were selected for participants to randomly link to and read , and the students were then asked to fill in a 48 - item questionnaire via the internet . It was found that when consumers have higher levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness , central route website contents would be more favorable for eliciting utilitarian shopping value ; whereas when consumers have higher levels of emotional stability , openness , and extraversion , peripheral route website contents would be more critical in facilitating experiential and hedonic shopping value '' , Chen explained . In 2009 , another study about the effects of consumer skepticism on online shopping was conducted by Sher and Lee . Data on young customers ' attitudes about a product were acquired through an online experiment with 278 college students , and two findings emerged after analysis . First , highly skeptical consumers tend to stick with their original impression than been influenced by other factors ( Central Route ) ; which means , they are biased against certain types of information and indifferent to the message quality . Second , consumers with low skepticism tend to adopt the peripheral route in forming attitude ; that is , they are more persuaded by online review quantity . Lee indicated , `` these findings contribute to the ELM research literature by considering a potentially important personality factor in the ELM framework '' . Other studies applied ELM in e-commerce and internet related fields are listed below for your additional references : How does web personalization affect users attitudes and behaviors online ? An eye - tracking study of online shopping to understand how customers use ELM in their e-commerce experience . Using an elaboration likelihood approach to better understand the persuasiveness of website privacy assurance cues for online consumers . Multichannel Retailing 's use of central and peripheral routes through Internet and cross-channel platforms . Using ELM and Signalling Theory to analyze Internet recruitment . In media ( edit ) Media In order to reduce youth smoking by developing improved methods to communicate with higher risk youth , Flynn and his colleagues conducted a study in 2013 , exploring the potential of smoking prevention messages on TV based on the ELM . `` Structured evaluations of 12 smoking prevention messages based on three strategies derived from the ELM were conducted in classroom settings among a diverse sample of non-smoking middle school students in three states . Students categorized as likely to have higher involvement in a decision to initiate cigarette smoking , are reported relatively high ratings on a cognitive processing indicator for messages focused on factual arguments about negative consequences of smoking than for messages with fewer or no direct arguments . Message appeal ratings did not show greater preference for this message type among higher involved versus lower involved students . Ratings from students reporting lower academic achievement suggested difficulty processing factual information presented in these messages . The ELM may provides a useful strategy for reaching adolescents at risk for smoking initiation , but particular attention should be focused on lower academic achievers to ensure that messages are appropriate for them . '' Another research directed by Boyce and Kuijer was focusing on media body ideal images triggers food intake among restrained eaters based on ELM . Their hypotheses were based on restraint theory and the ELM . From the research , they found participants ' attention ( advertent / inadvertent ) toward the images was manipulated . Although restrained eaters ' weight satisfaction was not significantly affected by either media exposure condition , advertent ( but not inadvertent ) media exposure triggered restrained eaters ' eating . These results suggest that teaching restrained eaters how to pay less attention to media body ideal images might be an effective strategy in media -- literary interventions . In politics ( edit ) Hans - Joachim Mosler applied ELM to study if and how a minority can persuade the majority to change its opinion . The study used Agent - based social simulation . There were 5 agents . 3 ( or 4 ) of whom held a neutral opinion on some abstract topic , while the other 2 ( or 1 ) held a different opinion . In addition , there were differences between the agents regarding their argument quality and peripheral cues . The simulation was done in rounds . In each round , one of the agents had an opportunity to influence the other agents . The level of influence was determined by either the argument strength ( if the central route was taken ) or the peripheral cues ( if the peripheral route was taken ) . After 20 rounds of persuasion , the distance between the majority 's original opinion to its new opinion was studied . It was found that , the peripheral cues of the minority were more important than the argument quality . I.e , a minority with strong arguments but negative cues ( e.g. , different skin - color or bad reputation ) did not succeed in convincing the majority , while a minority with weak arguments and positive cues ( e.g. , appearance or reputation ) did succeed . The results depend also on the level of personal relevance -- how much the topic is important to the majority and to the minority . Methodological considerations ( edit ) In designing a test for the aforementioned model , it is necessary to determine the quality of an argument , i.e. , whether it is viewed as strong or weak . If the argument is not seen as strong , then the results of persuasion will be inconsistent . A strong argument is defined by Petty and Cacioppo as `` one containing arguments such that when subjects are instructed to think about the message , the thoughts they generate are fundamentally favorable . '' An argument that is universally viewed as weak will elicit unfavorable results , especially if the subject considers it under high elaboration , thus being the central route . Test arguments must be rated by ease of understanding , complexity and familiarity . To study either route of the elaboration likelihood model , the arguments must be designed for consistent results . Also , when assessing persuasion of an argument , the influence of peripheral cues needs to be taken into consideration as cues can influence attitude even in the absence of argument processing . The extent or direction of message processing also needs to be taken into consideration when assessing persuasion , as variables can influence or bias thought by enabling or inhibiting the generation of a particular kind of thought in regard to the argument . `` While the ELM theory continues to be widely cited and taught as one of the major cornerstones of persuasion , questions are raised concerning its relevance and validity in 21st century communication contexts . '' Critiques of the theory ( edit ) Some researchers have been criticized for misinterpreting the ELM . One such instance is Kruglanski and Thompson thinking that the processing of central or peripheral routes is determined by the type of information that affects message persuasion . For example , message variables are only influential when the central route is used and information like source variables is only influential when the peripheral route is used.In fact , the ELM does not make statements about types of information being related to routes . Rather , the key to the ELM is how any type of information will be used depending on central or peripheral routes , regardless of what that information is . For example , the central route may permit source variables to influence preference for certain language usage in the message ( e.g. `` beautiful '' ) or validate a related product ( e.g. cosmetics ) , while the peripheral route may only lead individuals to associate the `` goodness '' of source variables with the message . Theoretically , all of these could occur simultaneously . Thus , the distinction between central and peripheral routes is not the type of information being processed as those types can be applied to both routes , but rather how that information is processed and ultimately whether processing information in one way or the other will result in different attitudes . A second instance of misinterpretation that is also related to the first is that processing of the central route solely involves thinking about the message content and not thoughts about the issue . Petty and Cacioppo ( 1981 ) stated `` If the issue is very important to the person , but the person does n't understand the arguments being presented in the message , or if no arguments are actually presented , then elaboration of arguments can not occur. ... Nevertheless , the person may still be able to think about the issue . '' Therefore , issue - relevant thinking is still a part of the central route and is necessary for one to think about the message content . Lastly , a third instance of misinterpretation by Kruglanski and Thompson is the disregard for the quantitative dimension presented by the ELM and more focus on the qualitative dimension . This quantitative dimension is the peripheral route involves low - elaboration persuasion that is quantitatively different from the central route that involves high elaboration . With this difference the ELM also explains that low - elaboration persuasion processes are qualitatively different as well . It is seen as incorrect if the ELM focuses on a quantitative explanation over a qualitative one ; however one of the ELM 's key points is that elaboration can range from high to low which is not incorrect as data from experiments conducted by Petty ( 1997 ) as well as Petty and Wegener ( 1999 ) suggest that persuasion findings can be explained by a quantitative dimension without ever needing a qualitative one . Alternative Models ( edit ) Social judgment theory -- emphasizes the distance in opinions , and whether it is in the `` acceptance latitude '' or `` rejection latitude '' or in the intermediate zone . Social impact theory - emphasizes the number , strength and immediacy of the people trying to influence a person to change its mind . Heuristic - systematic model Extended transportation - imagery model See also ( edit ) Advertising Advertising management Attitude change Cognitive biases Cognitive resources Consumer behaviour Countersignaling E-commerce Integrated marketing communications Marketing Marketing communications Motivation Need for cognition Online shopping Persuasion Advertising models ( edit ) AIDA ( marketing ) AISDALSLove DAGMAR marketing Elaboration likelihood model ( section ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Petty ( 1986 ) `` Communication and persuasion : central and peripheral routes to attitude change . '' Springer - Verlag , New York . ^ Jump up to : Kruglanski , Arie W. ; Van Lange , Paul A.M. ( 2012 ) . Handbook of theories of social psychology . London , England : Sage . pp. 224 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ( 1984 ) . `` Source factors and the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Consumer Research . 11 : 668 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T . `` The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology : 126 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60214 - 2 . Jump up ^ Miller , Katherine ( 2005 ) . Theories of message processing , Chapter 8 , Communication theories : perspectives , processes , and contexts . McGraw - Hill . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ( 1986 ) . `` The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology : 129 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60214 - 2 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ( 1986 ) . `` The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology : 125 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60214 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allport , Gordon ( 1935 ) . `` Attitudes '' . A Handbook of Social Psychology : 789 -- 844 . Jump up ^ Ajzen , Icek ; Fishbein , Martin ( 1977 ) . `` Attitude - behavior relations : A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research . '' . Psychological Bulletin , American Psychological Association . 84 ( 5 ) : 888 -- 918 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.84. 5.888 . Jump up ^ Fazio , Russell H ; Zanna , Mark P ( 1981 ) . `` Direct experience and attitude - behavior consistency '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . 14 : 161 -- 202 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60372 - x . Jump up ^ Sherman , Steve J ; Fazio , Russell H ; Herr , Paul M ( 1983 ) . `` On the consequences of priming : Assimilation and contrast effects '' . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology . 19 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 340 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1031 ( 83 ) 90026 - 4 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ( 1986 ) . `` The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology : 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Morris , J.D. ; Singh , A.J. ; Woo , C. `` Elaboration likelihood model : A missing intrinsic emotional implication '' . Journal of Targeting , Measurement and Analysis for Marketing . 14 : 79 -- 98 . doi : 10.1057 / palgrave. jt. 5740171 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , E. ( 2012 ) . In addition , there are different variables that a persuader can use to affect an individual 's ability to process a message ( commonly used factors are the presence or absence of distractions , background knowledge of the topic , and the comprehensibility of the message or how easy it is to understand ) that can enhance or reduce the amount of critical thinking that one would use to create elaborations from the message being presented . A First Look at Communication Theory , 8th ed . McGraw - Hill : New York , 205 - 207 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Brian W. ( 1989 ) . `` Reconceptualizing social influence in counseling : The Elaboration Likelihood Model . '' . Journal of Counseling Psychology . 36 : 24 -- 33 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 0167.36. 1.24 . ^ Jump up to : Chaiken & Trope ( Eds . ) ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Social Cognition '' . ^ Jump up to : Kunda , Ziva ( 1990 ) . `` The Case for Motivated Reasoning '' . Psychological Bulletin . 108 ( 3 ) : 480 -- 498 . PMID 2270237 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.108. 3.480 . Jump up ^ Petty R. and Cacioppo J. `` Communication and persuasion : central and peripheral routes to attitude change . '' Springer - Verlag , New York . ^ Jump up to : Petty , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Thought confidence as a determinant of persuasion : the self validation hypothesis '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 82 : 722 -- 741 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.82. 5.722 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Daniel T. ; Pelham , Brett W. ; Krull , Douglas S. ( 1988 ) . `` On Cognitive Busyness : When Person Perceivers Meet Persons Perceived '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 54 ( 5 ) : 733 -- 740 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.54. 5.733 . ^ Jump up to : Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ; Schumann , David ( 1983 ) . `` Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness : The moderating role of involvement '' . Journal of Consumer Research . 10 : 135 -- 146 . doi : 10.1086 / 208954 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ( 1984 ) . `` Source factors and the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Consumer Research : 668 -- 672 . ^ Jump up to : Rollins , B. ; Bhutada , N. ( 2014 ) . `` Impact Of Celebrity Endorsements In Disease - Specific Direct - To - Consumer ( DTC ) Advertisements : An Elaboration Likelihood Model Approach '' . International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing . 8 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 177 . doi : 10.1108 / ijphm - 05 - 2013 - 0024 . Jump up ^ Angst , Corey ; Agarwal , Ritu ( 2009 ) . `` Adoption of electronic health records in the presence of privacy concerns : the elaboration likelihood model and individual persuasion '' . MIS Quarterly . 33 ( 2 ) : 339 -- 370 . Jump up ^ Angst , Corey ; Agarwal , Ritu ( 2009 ) . `` Adoption of electronic health records in the presence of privacy concerns : the elaboration likelihood model and individual persuasion '' . MIS Quarterly . 33 ( 2 ) : 339 . Jump up ^ Chen , S. ; Lee , K. ( 2008 ) . `` The Role Of Personality Traits And Perceived Values In Persuasion : An Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective On Online Shopping '' . Social Behavior & Personality : An International Journal . 36 ( 10 ) : 1379 -- 1400 . doi : 10.2224 / sbp. 2008.36. 10.1379 . ^ Jump up to : Sher , P.J. ; Lee , S. ( 2009 ) . `` Consumer Skepticism And Online Reviews : An Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective '' . Social Behavior & Personality : An International Journal . 37 ( 1 ) : 137 -- 143 . doi : 10.2224 / sbp. 2009.37. 1.137 . Jump up ^ Ho , S. ; Bodoff , D. ( 2014 ) . `` The Effects Of Web Personalization On User Attitude And Behavior : An Integration Of The Elaboration Likelihood Model And Consumer Search Theory '' . MIS Quarterly . 38 ( 2 ) : 497 -- A10 . Jump up ^ Yang , S ( 2015 ) . `` An Eye - Tracking Study Of The Elaboration Likelihood Model In Online Shopping '' . Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. 14 ( 4 ) : 233 -- 240 . doi : 10.1016 / j. elerap. 2014.11. 007 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Lowry , Paul ; Moody , Gregory D. ; Vance , Anthony ; Jensen , Matthew L. ; Jenkins , Jeffrey L. ; Wells , Taylor ( 2012 ) . `` Using an elaboration likelihood approach to better understand the persuasiveness of website privacy assurance cues for online consumers '' . Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology ( JASIST ) . 63 ( 4 ) : 755 -- 766 . SSRN 1948055 . doi : 10.1002 / asi. 21705 . Jump up ^ Bezes , C ( 2015 ) . `` Identifying Central And Peripheral Dimensions Of Store And Website Image : Applying The Elaboration Likelihood Model To Multichannel Retailing '' . Journal of Applied Business Research . 31 ( 4 ) : 1453 . Jump up ^ Gregory , C. ; Meade , A. ; Thompson , L. ( 2013 ) . `` Understanding Internet Recruitment Via Signaling Theory And The Elaboration Likelihood Model '' . Computers in Human Behavior . 29 ( 5 ) : 1949 -- 1959 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chb. 2013.04. 013 . ^ Jump up to : Flynn , B.S. ; Worden , J.K. ; Bunn , J.Y. ; Connolly , S.W. ; Dorwaldt , A.L. ( 2011 ) . `` Evaluation Of Smoking Prevention Television Messages Based On The Elaboration Likelihood Model '' . Health Education Research . 26 ( 6 ) : 976 -- 987 . doi : 10.1093 / her / cyr082 . ^ Jump up to : Boyce , J. ; Kuijer , R. ( 2014 ) . `` Focusing On Media Body Ideal Images Triggers Food Intake Among Restrained Eaters : A Test Of Restraint Theory And The Elaboration Likelihood Model '' . Eating Behaviors. 15 ( 2 ) : 262 -- 270 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eatbeh. 2014.03. 003 . Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Mosler ( 2006 ) . `` Better Be Convincing or Better Be Stylish ? a Theory Based Multi-Agent Simulation to Explain Minority Influence in Groups Via Arguments or Via Peripheral Cues '' . Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation . Jump up ^ Griffin E. A First Look at Communication Theory , 8th ed . McGraw - Hill , New York , p366 - 377 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz L. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . Vol 19 . Academic press , Orlando 1986 p132 - 134 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Petty , Richard E. ( 1986 ) . Communication and Persuasion : Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change . Springer New York . Jump up ^ Kitchen , P. ; Kerr , G. ; Schultz , D. ; McColl , R. ; Pals , H. ( 2014 ) . `` The Elaboration Likelihood Model : Review , Critique And Research Agenda '' . European Journal of Marketing . 48 ( 11 / 12 ) : 2033 -- 2050 . doi : 10.1108 / EJM - 12 - 2011 - 0776 . ^ Jump up to : Richard E. Petty ; S. Christian Wheeler ; George Y . Bizer ( 1999 ) . `` Is There One Persuasion Process or More ? Lumping Versus Splitting in Attitude Change Theories '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Petty , R.E. & Cacioppo , J.T. ( 1981 ) . Attitudes and persuasion : Classic and contemporary approaches . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E. ( 1997 ) . `` The Evolution of Theory and Research in Social Psychology : From Single to Multiple Effect and Process Models of Persuasion '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Petty , R.E. ; Wegener , D.T. ( 1999 ) . `` The Elaboration Likelihood Model : Current Status and Controversies '' ( PDF ) . Further reading ( edit ) Eagly A. and Chaiken S. Psychology of Attitudes . Harcourt , Brace and Jovanovich , Fort Worth , Texas , 2003 . Jae , H. ; Delvicchio , D. ( 2004 ) . `` Decision making by elaboration likelihood model - analysis journal and model '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Consumer Affairs . 38 ( 2 ) : 342 -- 354 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 6606.2004. tb00873. x . Metzler A. et al. National HIV Prevention Conference , Atlanta , Georgia , 1999 . Petty R. and Cacioppo J. , Brown W. and Dubuque I. ( ed . ) Attitudes and Persuasion : Classic and Contemporary Approaches . Petty R. and Wegener D. , Chaiken S. and Trope Y. ( ed . ) `` The elaboration likelihood model : current status and controversies . '' Dual Process Theories in Social Psychology Guilford Press , New York . p41 - 72 . Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo , The Elaboration likelihood model of Persuasion. 1986 . p136 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elaboration_likelihood_model&oldid=802560682 '' Categories : Attitude change Advertising E-commerce Promotion and marketing communications Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti فارسی Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 23 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	an attitude change developed through the central route of the elaboration likelihood model will be	[ "Under the central route, persuasion will likely result from a person's careful and thoughtful consideration of the true merits of the information presented in support of an advocacy.[3] The central route involves a high level of message elaboration in which a great amount of cognition about the arguments are generated by the individual receiving the message. The results of attitude change will be relatively enduring, resistant, and predictive of behavior.[4]" ]	[ "relatively enduring, resistant, and predictive of behavior" ]
-3549782595440455549	Islamic studies	Islamic studies - wikipedia Islamic studies Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mir Sayyid Ali , a scholar writing a commentary on the Quran , during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan . Part of a series on Islamic studies History Philosophy Theology Early historiography Early social changes Early / Modern philosophy Eschatology Concept of God Tawhid ( Islamic monotheism ) Mysticism ( Sufism ) Jurisprudence Criminal Economic Etiquettical Hygienical Marital Military Political Theological Science Astronomy Inventions Mathematics Medicine ( Medieval ophthalmology ) Arts Astrology Calligraphy Literature Classical Arabic Poetry Music Pottery Architecture Mosques ( conversion into ) By region , people or dynasty Chinese Indo - Islamic Iranian Moorish Mughal Ottoman Other topics Islamization of knowledge Shu'ubiyya Sports Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamah ( Shia doctrine ) Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( hide ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal Ilkhanate Empire ruler , Ghazan , studying the Quran Portrait of a painter during A Persian miniature of Shah Abu'l Ma'ali a scholar . Islamic studies refers to the study of Islam . Islamic studies can be seen under at least two perspectives : From a secular perspective , Islamic studies is a field of academic research whose subject is Islam as religion and civilization . From a traditional Islamic perspective , Islamic studies is an umbrella term for religious sciences ( ' Ulum al - din ) pursued by the ulama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Themes 3.1 History of Islam 3.2 Theology 3.3 Mysticism 3.4 Law 3.5 Philosophy 3.6 Sciences 3.7 Literature 3.8 Architecture 3.9 Art 3.10 Comparative religion 3.11 Economics 3.12 Psychology 3.13 Islam and Modernity 4 Journals 5 See also 5.1 Secular perspective 5.2 Religious perspective 5.3 Secular perspective 5.4 Religious perspective 6 Notes 7 Bibliography 8 External links Overview ( edit ) In a Muslim context , Islamic studies is the umbrella term for the Islamic sciences ( ' Ulum al - din ) . It includes all the traditional forms of religious thought , such as kalam ( Islamic theology ) and fiqh ( Islamic jurisprudence ) , but also incorporates fields generally considered secular in the West , such as Islamic science and Islamic economics . In a non-Muslim context , Islamic studies generally refers to the historical study of Islam : Islamic civilization , Islamic history and historiography , Islamic law , Islamic theology and Islamic philosophy . Academics from diverse disciplines participate and exchange ideas about Islamic societies , past and present , although Western , academic Islamic studies itself is in many respects a self - conscious and self - contained field . Specialists in the discipline apply methods adapted from several ancillary fields , ranging from Biblical studies and classical philology to modern history , legal history and sociology . A recent trend , particularly since 9 / 11 , has been the study of contemporary Islamist groups and movements by academics from the social sciences or in many cases by journalists , although since such works tend to be written by non-Arabists they belong outside the field of Islamic studies proper . Scholars in the field of academic Islamic studies are often referred to as `` Islamicists '' and the discipline traditionally made up the bulk of what used to be called Oriental studies . In fact , some of the more traditional Western universities still confer degrees in Arabic and Islamic studies under the primary title of `` Oriental studies '' . This is the case , for example , at the University of Oxford , where Classical Arabic and Islamic studies have been taught since as early as the 16th century , originally as a sub-division of Divinity . This latter context gave early academic Islamic studies its Biblical studies character and was also a consequence of the fact that throughout early - Modern Western Europe the discipline was developed by churchmen whose primary aim had actually been to refute the tenets of Islam . Despite their now generally secular , academic approach , many non-Muslim Islamic studies scholars have written works which are widely read by Muslims , while in recent decades an increasing number of Muslim - born scholars have trained and taught as academic Islamicists in Western universities . Many leading universities in Europe and the US offer academic degrees at both undergraduate and postgraduate level in Islamic studies , in which students can also study Arabic and therefore begin to read Islamic texts in the original language . Because Arabic and Islamic studies are generally seen as inseparable in academia , named undergraduate degrees that combine the two are usually still categorized as single - subject degrees rather than as ' joint ' or ' combined ' degrees like , for example , those in Arabic and Politics . This rationale explains why , because of their heavy emphasis on the detailed study of Islamic texts in Classical Arabic , some institutions -- such as the School of Oriental and African Studies ( SOAS ) in London and Georgetown University in Washington DC -- only accept graduates who already have degree - level Arabic and a strong background in the academic study of Islam onto their Masters programmes in Islamic studies . Such institutions will generally direct students new to the field and with little or no Arabic to broader master 's degrees in Middle Eastern studies or Middle East politics , in which Arabic can be studied ab initio . A recent HEFCE report emphasises the increasing , strategic importance for Western governments since 9 / 11 of Islamic studies in higher education and also provides an international overview of the state of the field . History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Islamic studies is often argued by Muslims to begin with the founding of the Islamic religion by Abraham , continue throughout the history of Judaism with Islamic Prophets such as David and Solomon , then early Christianity with Jesus in particular , and then up to modern times with the final revelation of God as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad . The first attempt to understand Islam as a topic of modern scholarship ( as opposed to a Christological heresy ) was within the context of 19th - century Christian European Oriental studies . Some orientalists praised the religious tolerance of Islamic countries in contrast with the Christian West . In the years 1821 to 1850 , the Royal Asiatic Society in England , the Société Asiatique in France , the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft in Germany , and the American Oriental Society in the United States were founded . In the 2nd half of the 19th century , philological and historical approaches were predominant . Leading in the field were German researchers like Theodore Nöldeke ' s study on the history of the Quran , or Ignaz Goldziher ' s work on the prophetic tradition . Western orientalists and Muslim scholars alike preferred to interpret the history of Islam in a conservative way . They did not question the traditional account of the early time of Islam , of Muhammad and how the Quran was written . In the 1970s , the Revisionist School of Islamic Studies questioned the uncritical adherence to traditional Islamic sources and started to develop a new picture of the earliest times of Islam by applying the historical - critical method . Themes ( edit ) History of Islam ( edit ) Main article : History of Islam To understand the history of Islam provides the indispensable basis to understand all aspects of Islam and its culture . Themes of special interest are : Historiography of early Islam History of the Quran Historicity of Muhammad Early Muslim conquests Theology ( edit ) Main articles : Islamic theology and Kalam Kalam ( علم الكلام ) is one of the `` religious sciences '' of Islam . In Arabic , the word means `` discussion '' and refers to the Islamic tradition of seeking theological principles through dialectic . A scholar of kalam is referred to as a mutakallim . Islamic eschatology Mysticism ( edit ) Main article : Sufism Sufism ( تصوف taṣawwuf ) is a mystic tradition of Islam based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as it is gradually revealed to the heart and mind of the Sufi ( one who practices Sufism ) . It might also be referred to as Islamic mysticism . While other branches of Islam generally focus on exoteric aspects of religion , Sufism is mainly focused on the direct perception of truth or God through mystic practices based on divine love . Sufism embodies a number of cultures , philosophies , central teachings and bodies of esoteric knowledge . Law ( edit ) Main articles : Sharia and Fiqh Islamic jurisprudence relates to everyday and social issues in the life of Muslims . It is divided in fields like : the study of sharia law Islamic economics Islamic finance Islamic commercial law Islamic family law Qur'an and Hadith studies Key distinctions include those between fiqh , hadith and ijtihad . Philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Islamic philosophy Islamic philosophy is a part of Islamic studies . It is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between faith , reason or philosophy , and the religious teachings of Islam . A Muslim engaged in this field is called a Muslim philosopher . It is divided in fields like : Early Islamic philosophy Avicennism Averroism Modern Islamic philosophy Sufi philosophy Transcendent theosophy List of Muslim philosophers Illuminationist philosophy Islamic ethics Islamic metaphysics Sufi metaphysics Sciences ( edit ) Main articles : Islam and science and Science in medieval Islam Islam and science is science in the context of traditional religious ideas of Islam , including its ethics and prohibitions . A Muslim engaged in this field is called a Muslim scientist This is not the same as science as conducted by any Muslim in a secular context . Certain liberal movements in Islam eschew the practice of Islamic science , arguing that science should be considered separate from religion as it is today in the West . As in Catholicism however , believers argue that the guiding role of religion in forming ethics of science can not be ignored and must impose absolute constraints on inquiry . Qur'an and science Islamic creationism Science in medieval Islam examines the full range of scientific investigation in the Muslim world , whether performed within a religious or secular context . Significant progress in science was made in the Muslim world during the Middle Ages , especially during the Islamic Golden Age , which is considered a major period in the history of science . Timeline of Islamic science and engineering Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam Astronomy in medieval Islam Islamic astrology Inventions in medieval Islam Inventions in the modern Islamic world Islamic sociology Sociology in medieval Islam Mathematics in medieval Islam Medicine in medieval Islam Ophthalmology in medieval Islam Physics in medieval Islam Psychology in medieval Islam Literature ( edit ) Main article : Islamic literature Arabic literature Arabic epic literature Islamic poetry Arabic poetry Persian literature This field includes the study of modern and classical Arabic and the literature written in those languages . It also often includes other modern , classic or ancient languages of the Middle East and other areas that are or have been part of , or influenced by , Islamic culture , such as Hebrew , Turkish , Persian , Urdu , Azerbaijanian and Uzbek . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Islamic architecture Islamic architecture is the entire range of architecture that has evolved within Muslim culture in the course of the history of Islam . Hence the term encompasses religious buildings as well as secular ones , historic as well as modern expressions and the production of all places that have come under the varying levels of Islamic influence . It is very common to mistake Persian architecture for Islamic architecture . Art ( edit ) Main article : Islamic art Islamic calligraphy Islamic pottery Muslim music Islamic visual art has , throughout history , been mainly abstract and decorative , portraying geometric , floral , Arabesque , and calligraphic designs . Unlike the strong tradition of portraying the human figure in Christian art , Islamic art is typically distinguished as not including depictions of human beings . The lack of portraiture is due to the fact that early Islam forbade the painting of human beings , especially the Prophet , as Muslims believe this tempts followers of the Prophet to idolatry . This prohibition against human beings or icons is called aniconism . Despite such a prohibition , depictions of human beings do occur Islamic art , such as that of the Mughals , demonstrating a strong diversity in popular interpretation over the pre-modern period . Increased contact with the Western civilization may also have contributed to human depictions in Islamic art in modern times . Comparative religion ( edit ) Main article : Islam and other religions Islamic comparative religion is the study of religions in the view of Islam . This study may be undertaken from a conservative Muslim perspective , which often sees Judaism and Christianity as having been originally similar to Islam , and later developing away from the root monotheist religion . However , some liberal movements within Islam dispute the conservative view as being ahistorical ; they claim that Islam is the end - result rather than the origin point of monotheist thought . Islam and Christianity Islam and Jainism Islam and Judaism Judeo - Islamic philosophies ( 800 - 1400 ) Economics ( edit ) Main article : Islamic economic jurisprudence Islamic economics is economics in accordance with Islamic law . Because the Qur'an spoke against usury in the context of early Muslim society , it generally entails trying to remove or redefine interest rates from financial institutions . In doing so , Islamic economists hope to produce a more `` Islamic society '' . However , liberal movements within Islam may deny the need for this field , since they generally see Islam as compatible with modern secular institutions and law . Islamic banking Islamic economics in the world Psychology ( edit ) Main article : Islamic psychology Psychology in medieval Islam Sociology in medieval Islam Sufi psychology This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Islam and modernity ( edit ) An interesting field of study is how Islam reacts on the contact with Western modernity , and how Islam can catch up with modernity without betraying itself . These studies comprise Islamic history , Islamic theology , Islamic Mysticism , and Islamic philosophy , as well as the study of Western philosophy , sociology and politology . Al - Nahda Islam and modernity Liberal and Progressive Muslim movements Journals ( edit ) Die Welt des Islams ( Brill ) Islamic Law and Society ( Brill ) Islam and Christian - Muslim Relations ( Routledge ) Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam ( The Max Schloessinger Memorial Foundation , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem ) Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies open access ( Lancaster University ) Journal of Islamic Studies ( Oxford University Press ) Hakeem Al Hind ( Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Kerala , India ) Al Mahara ( Maharajas College Kochin , India ) The Muslim World ( Blackwell Publishing ) Studia Islamica ( Maisonneuve & Larose ) Pax Islamica ( Mardjani Publishing House ) See also ( edit ) Secular perspective ( edit ) List of Islamic terms in Arabic Islamic studies by author ( non-Muslim or academic ) Religious perspective ( edit ) The Islamic College Ahsan - Ul - Uloom Allamah Madrasah Muslim scholars List of Islamic studies scholars Secular perspective ( edit ) Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies Zwemer Center for Muslim Studies Islamic Studies Research Unit SOAS MA in Islamic Studies Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University Article from The University of Chicago Chronicle Muslim Philosophy Digital Islam , research project on the Middle East , Islam and digital media . Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi Pakistaniaat : A Journal of Pakistan Studies Kraus - Meyerhof Offprints of Islamic Scholarship Religious perspective ( edit ) Australian Islamic Library Monthly At - Tahreek , Bangladesh - based research journal on Tawheed and Saheeh ( authentic ) Sunnah . Islamic University Jamia Arabia Ahsan - Ul - Uloom College of Da'wa and Usul - ud - Din at Umm Al Qura University Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies MA degree in Islamic Studies through distance learning A history of Islamic culture Islamic Civilization Institute of Ismaili Studies Muslim Philosophy Portal for Islamic studies according to Quran and Sunnah per Ahl as Sunnah wal Jamah - Salaf as Salih Islamology site for Islamic References Online Islamic Studies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clinton Bennett : The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies , 2013 , p. 2 Jump up ^ See Robert Irwin , ' For Lust of Knowing : the Orientalists and their Enemies ' . Jump up ^ http://www.hefce.ac.uk/media/hefce/content/pubs/indirreports/2008/re0708/rd07_08.doc Jump up ^ Quran 42 : 13 Jump up ^ Quran 4 : 163 Jump up ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World : Islamic Studies - History of the field , Methodology Jump up ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World : Islamic Studies - History of the field , Methodology Jump up ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World : Islamic Studies - History of the field , Methodology Jump up ^ Alexander Stille : Scholars Are Quietly Offering New Theories of the Koran , New York Times 02 March 2002 Jump up ^ Toby Lester : What Is the Koran ? in : The Atlantic issue January 1999 Jump up ^ https://www.academia.edu/11796624/Knowledge_of_Shariah_and_Knowledge_to_Manage_Self_and_System_Integration_of_Islamic_Epistemology_with_the_Knowledge_and_Education Jump up ^ http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/english/units.php?cat=859 Jump up ^ http://www.ssus.ac.in Bibliography ( edit ) Azim Nanji , ed. ( 1997 ) . Mapping Islamic Studies : Genealogy , Continuity and Change . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 081168 - 1 . External links ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy The garden Geometric pattern Literature Music Poetry Pottery Influences on Western art Economics History Agency Banking Capitalism Poverty Socialism Trust Usury Welfare History Timeline Historiography Early social change Conquests Golden Age Contributions to Medieval Europe Reception in Early Modern Europe Law Politics Anarchism Democracy consensus consultation Feminism Jurisprudence use of analogy decision - making schools Peace Quietism Secularism Early social change State Philosophy Early Contemporary Theology dialectic Ethics Logic Metaphysics Astrology Early sociology solidarity Medieval science Timeline Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy cosmology Geography and cartography Inventions Mathematics Medicine ophthalmology Physics Psychology Other fields Arab Agricultural Revolution Education teaching permission elementary school Sufi studies mysticism cosmology philosophy Islam topics Outline of Islam Beliefs God in Islam Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj History Leaders Timeline of Muslim history Conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al - Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Sunnah Hadith Tafsir Seerah Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Quranism Non-denominational Life Culture Animals Art Calendar Children Clothing Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Philosophy Political aspects Qurbani Science medieval Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country Law Jurisprudence Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Marriage Sex Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Masturbation Nikah Nikah Mut'ah Zina Other aspects Cleanliness Criminal Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological baligh kalam ( hide ) Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism ( evolution ) Feminism Inventions Liberalism and progressivism Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion to mosques Other religions Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Sikhism Related topics Apostasy Criticism of Islam Cultural Muslim Islamism Criticism Post-Islamism Islamophobia Incidents Islamic terrorism Islamic view of miracles Domestic violence Nursing Persecution of Muslims Quran and miracles Qutbism Symbolism Islam portal GND : 4162468 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_studies&oldid=802458350 '' Categories : Islamic studies Medieval studies by field Asian studies Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from July 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2009 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from March 2017 Articles with empty sections from March 2017 All articles with empty sections Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands پښتو Polski Română Русский සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog ไทย اردو Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 07 : 47 . 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8491355306750212268	List of Governors of Gombe State	List of governors of Gombe State - wikipedia List of governors of Gombe State Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of administrators and Governors of Gombe State , Nigeria . Gombe State was formed on 1 October 1996 from part of the old Bauchi State by the Sani Abacha military government . Name Title Took Office Left Office Party Notes Group Captain Joseph Orji Administrator 7 Oct 1996 Aug 1998 ( Military ) Mohammed Bawa Administrator Aug 1998 May 1999 ( Military ) Abubakar Habu Hashidu Governor 29 May 1999 29 May 2003 APP Mohammed Danjuma Goje Governor 29 May 2003 May 2011 PDP Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo Governor May 2011 - PDP See also ( edit ) States of Nigeria List of state governors of Nigeria References ( edit ) `` Nigerian Federal States '' . WorldStatesmen . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Gombe_State&oldid=694751451 '' Categories : Lists of state governors of Nigeria Gombe State Talk About Wikipedia Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2015 , at 08 : 51 . About Wikipedia	who is the deputy governor of gombe state	[]	[]
3806852250922316300	Cardinal direction	Cardinal direction - Wikipedia Cardinal direction Jump to : navigation , search `` Cardinal point '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cardinal point ( disambiguation ) . A compass rose showing the four cardinal directions , the four intercardinal directions , and eight more divisions . The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are the directions north , east , south , and west , commonly denoted by their initials , N , E , S , W. East and west are at right angles to north and south , with east being in the clockwise direction of rotation from north and west being directly opposite east . Points between the cardinal directions form the points of the compass . The intermediate ( intercardinal or ordinal ) directions are northeast ( NE ) , southeast ( SE ) , southwest ( SW ) , and northwest ( NW ) . The intermediate direction of every set of intercardinal and cardinal direction is called a secondary - intercardinal direction , the eight shortest points in the compass rose that is shown to the right -- i.e. , NNE , ENE , ESE , etc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Locating the directions 1.1 Direction versus bearing 1.2 Magnetic compass 1.3 The Sun 1.4 Watch face 1.5 Sundial 1.6 Astronomy 1.7 Gyrocompass 1.8 Satellite navigation 2 Additional points 3 Usefulness of cardinal points 4 Beyond geography 5 Germanic origin of names 6 Cultural variations 6.1 Northern Eurasia 6.2 Arabic world 6.3 Native Americans 6.4 Indigenous Australia 7 Unique ( non-compound ) names of intercardinal directions 8 Non-compass directional systems 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References Locating the directions ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Direction versus bearing ( edit ) Latitude circles near the North Pole are shown in red . For A and B to face each other , A has to look East but B not to the West . If B were to look West , she would see a bear eyeing her as his next meal . For A and C to face each other , both would have to face North . To keep to a bearing is not , in general , the same as going in a straight direction along a great circle . Conversely , one can keep to a great circle and the bearing may change . Thus the bearing of a straight path crossing the North Pole changes abruptly at the Pole from North to South . When traveling East or West , it is only on the Equator that one can keep East or West and be going straight ( without need to steer ) . Anywhere else , maintaining latitude requires a change in direction , requires steering . However , this change in direction becomes increasingly negligible as one moves to lower latitudes . Magnetic compass ( edit ) Main article : Compass The Earth has a magnetic field which is approximately aligned with its axis of rotation . A magnetic compass is a device that uses this field to determine the cardinal directions . Magnetic compasses are widely used , but only moderately accurate. The north pole of the magnetic needle points towards the geographic north pole of the earth and vice versa. This is because the geographic north pole of the earth lies very close to the magnetic south pole of the earth. This south magnetic pole of the earth located at an angle of 17 degrees to the geographic north pole attracts the north pole of the magnetic needle and vice versa . The sun ( edit ) The position of the Sun in the sky can be used for orientation if the general time of day is known . In the morning the Sun rises roughly in the east ( due east only on the equinoxes ) and tracks upwards . In the evening it sets in the west , again roughly and only due west exactly on the equinoxes . In the middle of the day it is to the south for viewers in the Northern Hemisphere , who live north of the Tropic of Cancer , and the north for those in the Southern Hemisphere , who live south of the Tropic of Capricorn . This method does not work very well when closer to the equator ( i.e. between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn ) since , in the northern hemisphere , the sun may be directly overhead or even to the north in summer . Conversely , at low latitudes in the southern hemisphere the sun may be to the south of the observer in summer . In these locations , one needs first to determine whether the sun is moving from east to west through north or south by watching its movements -- left to right means it is going through south while right to left means it is going through north ; or one can watch the sun 's shadows . If they move clockwise , the sun will be in the south at midday , and if they move anticlockwise , then the sun will be in the north at midday . Because of the Earth 's axial tilt , no matter what the location of the viewer , there are only two days each year when the sun rises precisely due east . These days are the equinoxes . On all other days , depending on the time of year , the sun rises either north or south of true east ( and sets north or south of true west ) . For all locations the sun is seen to rise north of east ( and set north of west ) from the Northward equinox to the Southward equinox , and rise south of east ( and set south of west ) from the Southward equinox to the Northward equinox . Watch face ( edit ) There is a traditional method by which an analog watch can be used to locate north and south . The Sun appears to move in the sky over a 24 - hour period while the hour hand of a 12 - hour clock face takes twelve hours to complete one rotation . In the northern hemisphere , if the watch is rotated so that the hour hand points toward the Sun , the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate south . For this method to work in the southern hemisphere , the 12 is pointed toward the Sun and the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate north . During daylight saving time , the same method can be employed using 1 o'clock instead of 12 . The difference between local time and zone time , the equation of time , and ( near the tropics ) the non-uniform change of the Sun 's azimuth at different times of day limit the accuracy of this method . Sundial ( edit ) A portable sundial can be used as a more accurate instrument than a watch for determining the cardinal directions . Since the design of a sundial takes account of the latitude of the observer , it can be used at any latitude . See : Sundial # Using a sundial as a compass . Astronomy ( edit ) Astronomy provides a method for finding direction at night . All the stars appear to lie on the imaginary Celestial sphere . Because of the rotation of the Earth , the Celestial Sphere appears to rotate around an axis passing through the North and South poles of the Earth . This axis intersects the Celestial Sphere at the North and South Celestial poles , which appear to the observer to lie directly above due North and South respectively on the horizon . In either hemisphere , observations of the night sky show that the visible stars appear to be moving in circular paths , caused by the rotation of the Earth . This is best seen in a long exposure photograph , which is obtained by locking the shutter open for most of the intensely dark part of a moonless night . The resulting photograph reveals a multitude of concentric arcs ( portions of perfect circles ) from which the exact center can be readily derived , and which corresponds to the Celestial pole , which lies directly above the position of the true pole ( North or South ) on the horizon . A published photograph exposed for nearly 8 hours demonstrates this effect . The Northern Celestial pole is currently ( but not permanently ) within a fraction of 1 degree of the bright star Polaris . The exact position of the pole changes over thousands of years because of the precession of the equinoxes . Polaris is also known as the North Star , and is generically called a pole star or lodestar . Polaris is only visible during fair weather at night to inhabitants of the Northern Hemisphere . The asterism `` Big Dipper '' may be used to find Polaris . The 2 corner stars of the `` pan '' ( those opposite from the handle ) point above the top of the `` pan '' to Polaris . While observers in the Northern hemisphere can use the star Polaris to determine the Northern celestial pole , the Octans constellation 's South Star is hardly visible enough to use for navigation . For this reason , the preferred alternative is to use the constellation Crux ( The Southern Cross ) . The southern celestial pole lies at the intersection of ( a ) the line along the long axis of crux ( i.e. through Alpha Crucis and Gamma Crucis ) and ( b ) a line perpendicularly bisecting the line joining the `` Pointers '' ( Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri ) . Gyrocompass ( edit ) At the very end of the 19th century , in response to the development of battleships with large traversable guns that affected magnetic compasses , and possibly to avoid the need to wait for fair weather at night to precisely verify one 's alignment with true north , the gyrocompass was developed for shipboard use . Since it finds true , rather than magnetic , north , it is immune to interference by local or shipboard magnetic fields . Its major disadvantage is that it depends on technology that many individuals might find too expensive to justify outside the context of a large commercial or military operation . It also requires a continuous power supply for its motors , and that it be allowed to sit in one location for a period of time while it properly aligns itself . Satellite navigation ( edit ) Near the end of the 20th century , the advent of satellite - based Global Positioning Systems ( GPS ) provided yet another means for any individual to determine true north accurately . While GPS Receivers ( GPSRs ) function best with a clear view of the entire sky , they function day or night , and in all but the most severe weather . The government agencies responsible for the satellites continuously monitor and adjust them to maintain their accurate alignment with the Earth . There are consumer versions of the receivers that are attractively priced . Since there are no periodic access fees , or other licensing charges , they have become widely used . GPSR functionality is becoming more commonly added to other consumer devices such as mobile phones . Handheld GPSRs have modest power requirements , can be shut down as needed , and re calibrate within a couple of minutes of being restarted . In contrast with the gyrocompass which is most accurate when stationary , the GPS receiver , if it has only one antenna , must be moving , typically at more than 0.1 mph ( 0.2 km / h ) , to correctly display compass directions . On ships and aircraft , GPS receivers are often equipped with two or more antennas , separately attached to the vehicle . The exact latitudes and longitudes of the antennas are determined , which allows the cardinal directions to be calculated relative to the structure of the vehicle . Within these limitations GPSRs are considered both accurate and reliable . The GPSR has thus become the fastest and most convenient way to obtain a verifiable alignment with the cardinal directions . Additional points ( edit ) See also : Points of the compass § Compass point names The directional names are also routinely and very conveniently associated with the degrees of rotation in the unit circle , a necessary step for navigational calculations ( derived from trigonometry ) and / or for use with Global Positioning Satellite ( GPS ) receivers . The four cardinal directions correspond to the following degrees of a compass : North ( N ) : 0 ° = 360 ° East ( E ) : 90 ° South ( S ) : 180 ° West ( W ) : 270 ° An intercardinal , or ordinal , or intermediate , direction is one of the four intermediate compass directions located halfway between the cardinal directions . Northeast ( NE ) , 45 ° , halfway between north and east , is the opposite of southwest . Southeast ( SE ) , 135 ° , halfway between south and east , is the opposite of northwest . Southwest ( SW ) , 225 ° , halfway between south and west , is the opposite of northeast . Northwest ( NW ) , 315 ° , halfway between north and west , is the opposite of southeast . These 8 words have been further compounded , resulting in a total of 32 named points evenly spaced around the compass : north ( N ) , north by east ( NbE ) , north - northeast ( NNE ) , northeast by north ( NEbN ) , northeast ( NE ) , northeast by east ( NEbE ) , east - northeast ( ENE ) , east by north ( EbN ) , east ( E ) , etc . Usefulness of cardinal points ( edit ) With the cardinal points thus accurately defined , by convention cartographers draw standard maps with north ( N ) at the top , and east ( E ) at the right . In turn , maps provide a systematic means to record where places are , and cardinal directions are the foundation of a structure for telling someone how to find those places . North does not have to be at the top . Most maps in medieval Europe , for example , placed east ( E ) at the top . A few cartographers prefer south - up maps . Many portable GPS - based navigation computers today can be set to display maps either conventionally ( N always up , E always right ) or with the current instantaneous direction of travel , called the heading , always up ( and whatever direction is + 90 ° from that to the right ) . Beyond geography ( edit ) In mathematics , cardinal directions or cardinal points are the six principal directions or points along the x - , y - and z - axis of three - dimensional space . In the real world there are six cardinal directions not involved with geography which are north , south , east , west , up and down . In this context , up and down relate to elevation , altitude , or possibly depth ( if water is involved ) . The topographic map is a special case of cartography in which the elevation is indicated on the map , typically via contour lines . In astronomy , cardinal points of the disk of an astronomical body may be four points defined by the direction in which the celestial poles are located , as seen from the center of the disk . A line ( here it is a great circle on the celestial sphere ) drawn from the center of the disk to the North celestial pole will intersect the body 's limb at the North point . Similarly , a line from the center to the South celestial pole will define the South point by its intersection with the limb . The points at right angles to the North and South points are the East and West points . The North point will then be the point on the limb that is closest to the North celestial pole . Germanic origin of names ( edit ) During the Migration Period , the Germanic languages ' names for the cardinal directions entered the Romance languages , where they replaced the Latin names borealis ( or septentrionalis ) with north , australis ( or meridionalis ) with south , occidentalis with west and orientalis with east . It is possible that some northern people used the Germanic names for the intermediate directions . Medieval Scandinavian orientation would thus have involved a 45 degree rotation of cardinal directions . north ( Proto - Germanic * norþ - ) from the proto - Indo - European * nórto - s ' submerged ' from the root * ner - ' left , below , to the left of the rising sun ' whence comes the Ancient Greek name Nereus . east ( * aus - t - ) from the word for dawn . The proto - Indo - European form is * austo - s from the root is * aues - ' shine ( red ) ' . See Ēostre . south ( * sunþ - ) , derived from proto - Indo - European * sú - n - to - s from the root * seu - ' seethe , boil ' . Cognate with this root is the word Sun , thus `` the region of the Sun . '' west ( * wes - t - ) from a word for `` evening . '' The proto - Indo - European form is * uestos from the root * ues - ' shine ( red ) ' , itself a form of * aues - . Cognate with the root are the Latin words vesper and vesta and the Ancient Greek Hestia , Hesperus and Hesperides . Cultural variations ( edit ) In many regions of the world , prevalent winds change direction seasonally , and consequently many cultures associate specific named winds with cardinal and intercardinal directions . For example , classical Greek culture characterized these winds as Anemoi . In pre-modern Europe more generally , between eight and 32 points of the compass -- cardinal and intercardinal subdirections -- were given names . These often corresponded to the directional winds of the Mediterranean Sea ( for example , south - east was linked to the Sirocco , a wind from the Sahara ) . Particular colors are associated in some traditions with the cardinal points . These are typically `` natural colors '' of human perception rather than optical primary colors . Many cultures , especially in Asia , include the center as a fifth cardinal point . Northern eurasia ( edit ) Northern Eurasia Source Slavic -- China Ainu Turkic Kalmyks -- Tibet Central Asian , Eastern European and North East Asian cultures frequently have traditions associating colors with four or five cardinal points . Systems with five cardinal points include those from pre-modern China , as well as traditional Turkic , Tibetan and Ainu cultures . In Chinese tradition , a five cardinal point system is a foundation for I Ching , the Wu Xing and the five naked - eye planets . In traditional Chinese astrology , the zodiacal belt is divided into the four constellation groups corresponding to the four cardinal directions . Each direction is often identified with a color , and ( at least in China ) with a mythological creature of that color . Geographical or ethnic terms may contain the name of the color instead of the name of the corresponding direction . Examples East : Green ( 青 `` qīng '' corresponds to both green and blue ) ; Spring ; Wood Qingdao ( Tsingtao ) `` Green Island '' : a city on the east coast of China Green Ukraine South : Red ; Summer ; Fire Red River ( Asia ) : south of China Red Croatia Red Ruthenia Red Jews : a semi-mythological group of Jews West : White ; Autumn ; Metal White Sheep Turkmen Akdeniz , meaning White Sea : Mediterranean Sea in Turkish Belarus , meaning White Rus ' or White Ruthenia White Serbia White Croatia North : Black ; Winter ; Water Heilongjiang `` Black Dragon River '' province in Northeast China , also the Amur River Kara - Khitan Khanate `` Black Khitans '' who originated in Northern China Black Ruthenia Black Hungarians Black Sea , from Turkish ; located north of Turkey Center : Yellow ; Earth Huangshan : `` Yellow Mountain '' in central China Huang He : `` Yellow River '' in central China Golden Horde : `` Central Army '' of the Mongols Arabic world ( edit ) Countries where Arabic is used refer to the cardinal directions as Ash Shamaliyah ( N ) , Al Gharbiyah ( W ) , Ash Sharqiyah ( E ) and Al Janobiyah ( S ) . Additionally , Al Wusta is used for the center . All five are used for geographic subdivision names ( wilayahs , states , regions , governorates , provinces , districts or even towns ) , and some are the origin of some Southern Iberian place names ( such as Algarve , Portugal and Axarquía , Spain ) . Native americans ( edit ) In Mesoamerica and North America , a number of traditional indigenous cosmologies include four cardinal directions and a center . Some may also include `` above '' and `` below '' as directions , and therefore focus on a cosmology of seven directions . Each direction may be associated with a color , which can vary widely between nations , but which is usually one of the basic colors found in nature and natural pigments , such as black , red , white , and yellow , with occasional appearances of blue , green , or other hues . In some cases , e.g. , many of the Puebloan peoples of the Southwestern United States , the four named directions are not North , South , East and West but are the four intermediate directions associated with the places of sunrise and sunset at the winter and summer solstices . There can be great variety in color symbolism , even among cultures that are close neighbors geographically . Indigenous australia ( edit ) Some indigenous Australians have cardinal directions deeply embedded in their culture . For example , the Warlpiri people have a cultural philosophy deeply connected to the four cardinal directions and the Guugu Yimithirr people use cardinal directions rather than relative direction even when indicating the position of an object close to their body . ( For more information , see : Cultural use of cardinal rather than relative direction . ) The precise direction of the cardinal points appears to be important in Aboriginal stone arrangements . Many aboriginal languages contain words for the usual four cardinal directions , but some contain words for 5 or even 6 cardinal directions . Unique ( non-compound ) names of intercardinal directions ( edit ) In some languages , such as Estonian , Finnish and Breton , the intercardinal directions have names that are not compounds of the names of the cardinal directions ( as , for instance , northeast is compounded from north and east ) . In Estonian , those are kirre ( northeast ) , kagu ( southeast ) , edel ( southwest ) , and loe ( northwest ) , in Finnish koillinen ( northeast ) , kaakko ( southeast ) , lounas ( southwest ) , and luode ( northwest ) . In Japanese , there is the interesting situation that native Japanese words ( yamato kotoba , kun readings of kanji ) are used for the cardinal directions ( such as minami for 南 , south ) , but borrowed Chinese words ( on readings of kanji ) are used for intercardinal directions ( such as tō - nan for 東南 , southeast , lit . `` east - south '' ) . In the Malay language , adding laut ( sea ) to either east ( timur ) or west ( barat ) results in northeast or northwest , respectively , whereas adding daya to west ( giving barat daya ) results in southwest . However , southeast has a special word : tenggara . Sanskrit and other Indian languages that borrow from it use the names of the gods associated with each direction : east ( Indra ) , southeast ( Agni ) , south ( Yama / Dharma ) , southwest ( Nirrti ) , west ( Varuna ) , northwest ( Vayu ) , north ( Kubera / Heaven ) and northeast ( Ishana / Shiva ) . North is associated with the Himalayas and heaven while the south is associated with the underworld or land of the fathers ( Pitr loka ) . The directions are named by adding `` disha '' to the names of each god or entity : e.g. Indradisha ( direction of Indra ) or Pitrdisha ( direction of the forefathers i.e. south ) . The Hopi language and the Tewa dialect spoken by the Arizona Tewa have proper names for the solstitial directions , which are approximately intercardinal , rather than for the cardinal directions . Non-compass directional Systems ( edit ) Use of the compass directions is common and deeply embedded in European culture , and also in Chinese culture ( see south - pointing chariot ) . Some other cultures make greater use of other referents , such as towards the sea or towards the mountains ( Hawaii , Bali ) , or upstream and downstream ( most notably in ancient Egypt , also in the Yurok and Karuk languages ) . Lengo ( Guadalcanal , Solomon Islands ) has four non-compass directions : landward , seaward , upcoast , and downcoast . See also ( edit ) Azimuth Boxing the compass for all thirty - two English - named internationally used principal points of the compass . Classical compass winds - an early source of cardinal directions Elevation -- the mapping information ignored by the cardinal point system Geocaching -- an international hobby Geographic Information System ( GIS ) Latitude and Longitude List of cartographers -- about famous cartographers through history List of international common standards Magnetic deviation -- to understand why a compass does not align perfectly with the Earth 's north and south poles . Orienteering -- to learn about an internationally popular hobby and sport that depends on the above knowledge for success . Relative direction Uses of trigonometry Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Snyder 's Medieval Art , 2nd ed. ( ed . Luttikhuizen and Verkerk ; Prentice Hall , 2006 ) , pp. 226 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rigge , W.F. `` Partial eclipse of the moon , 1918 , June 24 '' . Popular Astronomy . 26 : 373 . Bibcode : 1918PA ... 26 ... 373R . rigge1918 Jump up ^ Meadows , Peter ; meadows . `` Solar Observing : Parallactic Angle '' . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Weibull , Lauritz . De gamle nordbornas väderstrecksbegrepp . Scandia 1 / 1928 ; Ekblom , R. Alfred the Great as Geographer . Studia Neophilologica 14 / 1941 - 2 ; Ekblom , R. Den forntida nordiska orientering och Wulfstans resa till Truso . Förnvännen. 33 / 1938 ; Sköld , Tryggve . Isländska väderstreck . Scripta Islandica . Isländska sällskapets årsbok 16 / 1965 . Jump up ^ entries 765 - 66 of the Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Jump up ^ entries 86 - 7 of the Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Jump up ^ entries 914 - 15 of the Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Jump up ^ entries 1173 of the Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Jump up ^ entries 86 - 7 of the Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Jump up ^ Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedic dictionary , Kiev , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinal colors in Chinese tradition '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chinese Cosmogony '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colors of the Four Directions '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Two Studies of Color '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 14 . In Ainu ... siwnin means both ' yellow ' and ' blue ' and hu means ' green ' and ' red ' Jump up ^ Krupp , E.C. : `` Beyond the Blue Horizon : Myths and Legends of the Sun , Moon , Stars , and Planets '' , page 371 . Oxford University Press , 1992 Jump up ^ Anderson , Kasper Wrem ; Helmke , Christophe ( 2013 ) , `` The Personifications of Celestial Water : The Many Guises of the Storm God in the Pantheon and Cosmology of Teotihuacan '' , Contributions in New World Archaeology , 5 : 165 -- 196 , at pp. 177 - 179 . Jump up ^ McCluskey , Stephen C. ( 2014 ) , `` Hopi and Puebloan Ethnoastronomy and Ethnoscience '' , in Ruggles , Clive L.N. , Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy , New York : Springer Science + Business Media , pp. 649 -- 658 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 6140 - 1 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4614 - 6141 - 8_48 Jump up ^ Curtis , Edward S. ( 1922 ) , Hodge , Frederick Webb , ed. , The Hopi , The North American Indian , 12 , Norwood , Mass. : The Plimpton Press , p. 246 , retrieved 23 Aug 2014 , Hopi orientation corresponds only approximately with ours , their cardinal points being marked by the solstitial rising and setting points of the sun ... Their cardinal points therefore are not mutually equidistant on the horizon and agree roughly with our semi-cardinal points . Jump up ^ Ngurra - kurlu : A way of working with Warlpiri people Pawu - Kurlpurlurnu WJ , Holmes M and Box L. 2008 , Desert Knowledge CRC Report 41 , Alice Springs Jump up ^ Orientations of linear stone arrangements in New South Wales Hamacher et al. , 2013 , Australian Archaeology , 75 , 46 - 54 Jump up ^ Stephen , Alexander MacGregor ( 1936 ) , Parsons , Elsie Clews , ed. , Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen , Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology , 23 , New York : Columbia University Press , pp. 1190 -- 1191 , OCLC 716671864 Jump up ^ Malotki , Ekkehart ( 1979 ) , Hopi - Raum : Eine sprachwissenschaftliche Analyse der Raumvorstellungen in der Hopi - Sprache , Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik ( in German ) , 81 , Tübingen : Gunter Narr Verlag , p. 165 , ISBN 3 - 87808 - 081 - 6 Compass direction Cardinal and ordinal directions North Northeast East Southeast South Southwest West Northwest The eight principal winds Tramontane Gregale Levant Sirocco Ostro Libeccio Ponente Mistral Orienteering History ( hide ) Concepts Sport disciplines IOF - governed Foot - O Mountain bike O Ski - O Trail - O IARU - governed Amateur radio direction finding Fox Oring ROCA Other sports Canoe - O Car - O Mountain marathon Mounted O Rogaining Related Adventure racing Alleycat races Fell running Relay race Transmitter hunting Equipment Event Control point Course Map Personal Compass hand protractor thumb Eye protectors Gaiters Headlamp Exceptions Backpacking GPS Whistle Fundamentals Map orienteering map Navigation resection route choice wayfinding waypoint Racing hiking running walking Organization International Nations Clubs Orienteers by country innovators Events Non-sport related Adventure travel Bicycle touring Hiking Hunting Location - based game geocaching poker run Mountaineering Scoutcraft orienteering Backpacking wilderness Competitive events Foot - O Top - ranked only World Championships Junior World Cup World Games European Championships World University Championships Open World Masters Orienteering Championships O - Ringen Jukola Tiomila Kainuu Orienteering Week Jan Kjellström International Festival ( JK ) Ski - O Top - ranked only World Championships Junior World Cup MTB - O Top - ranked only World Championships Trail - O Top - ranked only World Championships List of orienteering events WikiProject GND : 4159895 - 7 NDL : 00563344 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_direction&oldid=800683403 '' Categories : Orientation ( geometry ) Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2009 All articles needing style editing All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 贛語 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Tok Pisin Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Sámegiella Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon 文言粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 01 : 35 . 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-8761147021159370781	History of the automobile	History of the automobile - wikipedia History of the automobile Jump to : navigation , search The design of the Cugnot Steam Trolley ( Jonathan Holguinisburg ) ( 1769 ) The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras , based on the prevalent means of propulsion . Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling , size , and utility preferences . In 1808 François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen . In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine , which he placed on a pushcart , building four progressively sophisticated combustion - engine cars over a 10 - to - 15 - year span that influenced later cars . Marcus created the two - cycle combustion engine . The car 's second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four - cycle , gasoline - powered engine , an ingenious carburetor design and magneto ignition . He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering , a clutch and brakes . The four - stroke petrol ( gasoline ) internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto . The similar four - stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel . The hydrogen fuel cell , one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars , was discovered in principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838 . The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Ányos Jedlik , one of the inventors of the electric motor , and Gaston Planté , who invented the lead - acid battery in 1859 . In 1885 , Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile . This is also considered to be the first `` production '' vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies . The automobile was powered by a single cylinder two stroke engine . After producing and selling the Model A in 1903 , Ford Motor Company 's Model T became the first mass - produced automobile in 1908 , focusing on affordability for the average consumer . By 1927 Ford produced over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles and only then developed the Model A . At the turn of the 20th century electrically powered automobiles were a popular method of automobile propulsion , but their common use did not last long , and they diminished to a niche market until the turn of the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Power sources 1.1 Steam - powered wheeled vehicles 1.1. 1 17th and 18th centuries 1.1. 2 19th century 1.1. 3 20th century 1.2 Electric automobiles 1.3 Internal combustion engines 2 Eras of invention 2.1 Veteran era 2.1. 1 Brass or Edwardian era 2.2 Vintage era 2.3 Pre-war era 2.4 Post-war era 2.5 Modern era 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Power sources ( edit ) The early history of the automobile was concentrated on the search for a reliable portable power unit to propel the vehicle . Steam - powered wheeled vehicles ( edit ) Main article : History of steam road vehicles 17th and 18th centuries ( edit ) Ferdinand Verbiest , a member of a Jesuit mission in China , built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor . It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was , quite possibly , the first working steam - powered vehicle ( ' auto - mobile ' ) . Cugnot 's steam wagon , the second ( 1771 ) version A replica of Richard Trevithick 's 1801 road locomotive ' Puffing Devil ' Steam - powered self - propelled vehicles large enough to transport people and cargo were first devised in the late 18th century . Nicolas - Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier à vapeur ( `` steam dray '' ) , an experimental steam - driven artillery tractor , in 1770 and 1771 . As Cugnot 's design proved to be impractical , his invention was not developed in his native France . The center of innovation shifted to Great Britain . By 1784 , William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full - sized vehicle on the roads in Camborne . The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789 . 19th century ( edit ) During the 19th century attempts were made to introduce practical steam powered vehicles . Innovations such as hand brakes , multi-speed transmissions and better steering developed . Some commercially successful vehicles provided mass transit until a backlash against these large vehicles resulted in the passage of legislation such as the United Kingdom Locomotive Act ( 1865 ) , which required many self - propelled vehicles on public roads to be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn . This effectively halted road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century ; inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway locomotives . The law was not repealed until 1896 , although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878 . In 1816 , a professor at Prague Polytechnic , Josef Bozek , built an oil - fired steam car . Walter Hancock , builder and operator of London steam buses , in 1838 built a four - seat steam phaeton . In 1867 , Canadian jeweller Henry Seth Taylor demonstrated his 4 - wheeled `` steam buggy '' at the Stanstead Fair in Stanstead , Quebec and again the following year . The basis of the buggy , which he began building in 1865 , was a high - wheeled carriage with bracing to support a two - cylinder steam engine mounted on the floor . One of the first `` real '' automobiles was produced by Frenchman Amédée Bollée in 1873 , who built a self - propelled steam road vehicles to transport groups of passengers . The first carriage - sized automobile suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the United States was a steam - powered vehicle invented in 1871 by Dr. J.W. Carhart , a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church , in Racine , Wisconsin . It induced the State of Wisconsin in 1875 to offer a $10,000 award to the first to produce a practical substitute for the use of horses and other animals . They stipulated that the vehicle would have to maintain an average speed of more than 5 miles per hour ( 8.0 km / h ) over a 200 - mile ( 320 km ) course . The offer led to the first city to city automobile race in the United States , starting on 16 July 1878 in Green Bay , Wisconsin , and ending in Madison , via Appleton , Oshkosh , Waupun , Watertown , Fort Atkinson , and Janesville . While seven vehicles were registered , only two started to compete : the entries from Green Bay and Oshkosh . The vehicle from Green Bay was faster , but broke down before completing the race . The Oshkosh finished the 201 - mile ( 323 km ) course in 33 hours and 27 minutes , and posted an average speed of six miles per hour . In 1879 , the legislature awarded half the prize . 20th century ( edit ) Pre WWII 1924 Doble Model E Steam - powered road vehicles , both cars and wagons , reached the peak of their development in the early 1930s with fast - steaming lightweight boilers and efficient engine designs . Internal combustion engines also developed greatly during WWI , becoming simpler to operate and more reliable . The development of the high - speed diesel engine from 1930 began to replace them for wagons , accelerated in the UK by tax changes making steam wagons uneconomic overnight . Although a few designers continued to advocate steam power , no significant developments in production steam cars took place after Doble in 1931 . Post-WWII Whether steam cars will ever be reborn in later technological eras remains to be seen . Magazines such as Light Steam Power continued to describe them into the 1980s . The 1950s saw interest in steam - turbine cars powered by small nuclear reactors ( this was also true of aircraft ) , but the dangers inherent in nuclear fission technology soon killed these ideas . Electric automobiles ( edit ) German Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888 , regarded as the first electric car of the world See also : History of the electric vehicle In 1828 , Ányos Jedlik , a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor , created a tiny model car powered by his new motor . In 1834 , Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport , the inventor of the first American DC electrical motor , installed his motor in a small model car , which he operated on a short circular electrified track . In 1835 , Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen , the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small - scale electrical car , powered by non-rechargeable primary cells . In 1838 , Scotsman Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of 4 miles per hour ( 6 km / h ) . In England , a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rail tracks as conductors of electric current , and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847 . Between 1832 and 1839 ( the exact year is uncertain ) Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage , powered by non-rechargeable primary cells . The Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888 by German inventor Andreas Flocken is regarded as the first real electric car of the world . Electric cars enjoyed popularity between the late 19th century and early 20th century , when electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion , providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time . Advances in internal combustion technology , especially the electric starter , soon rendered this advantage moot ; the greater range of gasoline cars , quicker refueling times , and growing petroleum infrastructure , along with the mass production of gasoline vehicles by companies such as the Ford Motor Company , which reduced prices of gasoline cars to less than half that of equivalent electric cars , led to a decline in the use of electric propulsion , effectively removing it from important markets such as the United States by the 1930s . However , in recent years , increased concerns over the environmental impact of gasoline cars , higher gasoline prices , improvements in battery technology , and the prospect of peak oil , have brought about renewed interest in electric cars , which are perceived to be more environmentally friendly and cheaper to maintain and run , despite high initial costs , after a failed reappearance in the late - 1990s . Internal combustion engines ( edit ) 1885 - built Benz Patent - Motorwagen , the first car to go into production with an internal combustion engine The second Marcus car of 1888 at the Technical Museum in Vienna Early attempts at making and using internal combustion engines were hampered by the lack of suitable fuels , particularly liquids , therefore the earliest engines used gas mixtures . Early experimenters used gases . In 1806 , Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an engine powered by internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture . In 1826 , Englishman Samuel Brown tested his hydrogen - fuelled internal combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle up Shooter 's Hill in south - east London . Belgian - born Etienne Lenoir 's Hippomobile with a hydrogen - gas - fuelled one - cylinder internal combustion engine made a test drive from Paris to Joinville - le - Pont in 1860 , covering some nine kilometres in about three hours . A later version was propelled by coal gas . A Delamare - Deboutteville vehicle was patented and trialled in 1884 . About 1870 , in Vienna , Austria ( then the Austro - Hungarian Empire ) , inventor Siegfried Marcus put a liquid - fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline . Today , this car is known as `` the first Marcus car '' . In 1883 , Marcus secured a German patent for a low - voltage ignition system of the magneto type ; this was his only automotive patent . This design was used for all further engines , and the four - seat `` second Marcus car '' of 1888 / 89 . This ignition , in conjunction with the `` rotating - brush carburetor '' , made the second car 's design very innovative . His second car is on display at the Technical Museum in Vienna . During his lifetime he was honored as the originator of the motorcar but his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II . Because Marcus was of Jewish descent , the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed , his name expunged from future textbooks , and his public memorials removed , giving credit instead to Karl Benz . It is generally acknowledged that the first really practical automobiles with petrol / gasoline - powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently : Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim . Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886 , and began the first production of automobiles in 1888 , after Bertha Benz , his wife , had proved -- with the first long - distance trip in August 1888 , from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back -- that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use . Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event . Soon after , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile , rather than a horse - drawn carriage fitted with an engine . They also are usually credited with invention of the first motorcycle in 1886 , but Italy 's Enrico Bernardi of the University of Padua , in 1882 , patented a 0.024 horsepower ( 17.9 W ) 122 cc ( 7.4 cu in ) one - cylinder petrol motor , fitting it into his son 's tricycle , making it at least a candidate for the first automobile and first motorcycle ; . Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults . One of the first four - wheeled petrol - driven automobiles in Britain was built in Birmingham in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester , who also patented the disc brake and the first electric starter was installed on an Arnold , an adaptation of the Benz Velo , built in Kent between 1895 and 1898 . George F. Foss of Sherbrooke , Quebec built a single - cylinder gasoline car in 1896 which he drove for 4 years , ignoring city officials ' warnings of arrest for his `` mad antics . '' In all the turmoil , many early pioneers are nearly forgotten . In 1891 , John William Lambert built a three - wheeler in Ohio City , Ohio , which was destroyed in a fire the same year , while Henry Nadig constructed a four - wheeler in Allentown , Pennsylvania . It is likely they were not the only ones . Eras of invention ( edit ) Veteran era ( edit ) Main article : Antique car The Selden Road - Engine The Präsident automobile The first production of automobiles was by Karl Benz in 1888 in Germany and , under license from Benz , in France by Emile Roger . There were numerous others , including tricycle builders Rudolf Egg , Edward Butler , and Léon Bollée . Bollée , using a 650 cc ( 40 cu in ) engine of his own design , enabled his driver , Jamin , to average 45 kilometres per hour ( 28.0 mph ) in the 1897 Paris - Tourville rally . By 1900 , mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States . The first motor car in Central Europe was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau ( later renamed to Tatra ) in 1897 , the Präsident automobil . The first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was Panhard et Levassor in France , which also introduced the first four - cylinder engine . Formed in 1889 , Panhard was quickly followed by Peugeot two years later . By the start of the 20th century , the automobile industry was beginning to take off in Western Europe , especially in France , where 30,204 were produced in 1903 , representing 48.8 % of world automobile production that year . The first automobile in Japan , a French Panhard - Levassor , in 1898 1903 World 's Work Article The American George B. Selden filed for a patent on 8 May 1879 . His application included not only the engine but its use in a 4 - wheeled car . Selden filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process , resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent was granted on 5 November 1895 . This patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the United States . Selden licensed his patent to most major American automakers , collecting a fee on every car they produced . In the United States , brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1893 , becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company . The Autocar Company , founded in 1897 , established a number of innovations still in use and remains the oldest operating motor vehicle manufacturer in the United States However , it was Ransom E. Olds and his Olds Motor Vehicle Company ( later known as Oldsmobile ) who would dominate this era of automobile production . Its production line was running in 1901 . The Thomas B. Jeffery Company developed the world 's second mass - produced automobile , and 1,500 Ramblers were built and sold in its first year , representing one - sixth of all existing motorcars in the United States at the time . Within a year , Cadillac ( formed from the Henry Ford Company ) , Winton , and Ford were also producing cars in the thousands . Within a few years , a dizzying assortment of technologies were being used by hundreds of producers all over the western world . Steam , electricity , and petrol / gasoline - powered automobiles competed for decades , with petrol / gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s . Dual - and even quad - engine cars were designed , and engine displacement ranged to more than a dozen litres . Many modern advances , including gas / electric hybrids , multi-valve engines , overhead camshafts , and four - wheel drive , were attempted , and discarded at this time . In 1898 , Louis Renault had a De Dion - Bouton modified , with fixed drive shaft and differential , making `` perhaps the first hot rod in history '' and bringing Renault and his brothers into the car industry . Innovation was rapid and rampant , with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures , body styles , construction materials , or controls , for example many veteran cars use a tiller , rather than a wheel for steering . During 1903 , Rambler standardized on the steering wheel and moved the driver 's position to the left - hand side of the vehicle . Chain drive was dominant over the drive shaft , and closed bodies were extremely rare . Drum brakes were introduced by Renault in 1902 . The next year , Dutch designer Jacobus Spijker built the first four - wheel drive racing car ; it never competed and it would be 1965 and the Jensen FF before four - wheel drive was used on a production car . Innovation was not limited to the vehicles themselves , either . Increasing numbers of cars propelled the growth of the petroleum industry , as well as the development of technology to produce gasoline ( replacing kerosene and coal oil ) and of improvements in heat - tolerant mineral oil lubricants ( replacing vegetable and animal oils ) . There were social effects , also . Music would be made about cars , such as `` In My Merry Oldsmobile '' ( a tradition that continues ) while , in 1896 , William Jennings Bryan would be the first presidential candidate to campaign in a car ( a donated Mueller ) , in Decatur , Illinois . Three years later , Jacob German would start a tradition for New York City cabdrivers when he sped down Lexington Avenue , at the `` reckless '' speed of 12 mph ( 19 km / h ) . Also in 1899 , Akron , Ohio , adopted the first self - propelled paddy wagon . In My Merry Oldsmobile songbook featuring an Oldsmobile Curved Dash automobile ( produced 1901 -- 1907 ) and period driving clothing By 1900 , the early centers of national automotive industry developed in many countries , including Belgium ( home to Vincke , which copied Benz ; Germain , a pseudo-Panhard ; and Linon and Nagant , both based on the Gobron - Brillié ) , Switzerland ( led by Fritz Henriod , Rudolf Egg , Saurer , Johann Weber , and Lorenz Popp ) , Vagnfabrik AB in Sweden , Hammel ( by A.F. Hammel and H.U. Johansen at Copenhagen , in Denmark , which only built one car , ca . 1886 ) , Irgens ( starting in Bergen , Norway , in 1883 , but without success ) , Italy ( where FIAT started in 1899 ) , and as far afield as Australia ( where Pioneer set up shop in 1898 , with an already archaic paraffin - fuelled centre - pivot - steered wagon ) . Meanwhile , the export trade had begun , with Koch exporting cars and trucks from Paris to Tunisia , Egypt , Iran , and the Dutch East Indies . The Studebaker brothers , having become the world 's leading manufacturers of horse - drawn vehicles , made a transition to electric automobiles in 1902 , and gasoline engines in 1904 , but also continued to build horse - drawn vehicles until 1919 . In 1908 , the first South American automobile was built in Peru , the Grieve . Motor cars were also exported very early to British colonies and the first motor car was exported to India in 1897 . Throughout the veteran car era , however , the automobile was seen more as a novelty than as a genuinely useful device . Breakdowns were frequent , fuel was difficult to obtain , roads suitable for traveling were scarce , and rapid innovation meant that a year - old car was nearly worthless . Major breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long - distance drive of Bertha Benz in 1888 , when she traveled more than 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) from Mannheim to Pforzheim , to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband , Karl Benz , manufactured , and after Horatio Nelson Jackson 's successful transcontinental drive across the United States in 1903 . The 1908 New York to Paris Race was the first circumnavigation of the world by automobile . German , French , Italian and American teams began in New York City 12 February 1908 with three of the competitors ultimately reaching Paris . The US built Thomas Flyer with George Schuster ( driver ) won the race covering 22,000 miles in 169 days . While other automakers provided motorists with tire repair kits , Rambler was first in 1909 to equip its cars with a spare tire that was mounted on a fifth wheel . Brass or Edwardian era ( edit ) Model - T Ford car parked near the Geelong Art Gallery at its launch in Australia in 1915 Main article : Brass Era car See also : Antique car This period lasted from roughly 1905 through to 1914 and the beginning of World War I. It is generally referred to as the Edwardian era , but in the United States is often known as the Brass era from the widespread use of brass in vehicles during this time . Within the 15 years that make up this era , the various experimental designs and alternate power systems would be marginalised . Although the modern touring car had been invented earlier , it was not until Panhard et Levassor 's Système Panhard was widely licensed and adopted that recognisable and standardised automobiles were created . This system specified front - engined , rear - wheel drive internal combustion engined cars with a sliding gear transmission . Traditional coach - style vehicles were rapidly abandoned , and buckboard runabouts lost favour with the introduction of tonneaus and other less - expensive touring bodies . A Stanley Steamer racecar in 1903 . In 1906 , a similar Stanley Rocket set the world land speed record at 205.5 km / h at Daytona Beach Road Course . By 1906 , steam car development had advanced , and they were among the fastest road vehicles in that period . Throughout this era , development of automotive technology was rapid , due in part to hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world 's attention . Key developments included the electric ignition system ( by dynamotor on the Arnold in 1898 , though Robert Bosch , 1903 , tends to get the credit ) , independent suspension ( actually conceived by Bollée in 1873 ) , and four - wheel brakes ( by the Arrol - Johnston Company of Scotland in 1909 ) . Leaf springs were widely used for suspension , though many other systems were still in use , with angle steel taking over from armored wood as the frame material of choice . Transmissions and throttle controls were widely adopted , allowing a variety of cruising speeds , though vehicles generally still had discrete speed settings , rather than the infinitely variable system familiar in cars of later eras . Safety glass also made its debut , patented by John Wood in England in 1905 . ( It would not become standard equipment until 1926 , on a Rickenbacker . ) 1912 All - steel components of the BSA 13.9 body , upholstery above Between 1907 and 1912 in the United States , the high - wheel motor buggy ( resembling the horse buggy of before 1900 ) was in its heyday , with over seventy - five makers including Holsman ( Chicago ) , IHC ( Chicago ) , and Sears ( which sold via catalog ) ; the high - wheeler would be killed by the Model T. In 1912 , Hupp ( in the United States , supplied by Hale & Irwin ) and BSA ( in the UK ) pioneered the use of all - steel bodies , joined in 1914 by Dodge ( who produced Model T bodies ) . While it would be another two decades before all - steel bodies would be standard , the change would mean improved supplies of superior - quality wood for furniture makers . Some examples of cars of the period included : 1907 In Japan , the Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd. is formed , which was later renamed in 1951 as Daihatsu Kōgyō Kabushiki - gaisha . 1908 -- 1927 Ford Model T -- the most widely produced and available 4 - seater car of the era . It used a planetary transmission , and had a pedal - based control system . Ford T was proclaimed as the most influential car of the 20th century in the international Car of the Century awards . 1909 Morgan Runabout -- a very popular cyclecar , cyclecars were sold in far greater quantities than 4 - seater cars in this period 1910 Mercer Raceabout -- regarded as one of the first sports cars , the Raceabout expressed the exuberance of the driving public , as did the similarly conceived American Underslung and Hispano - Suiza Alphonso . 1910 -- 1920 Bugatti Type 13 -- a notable racing and touring model with advanced engineering and design . Similar models were the Types 15 , 17 , 22 , and 23 . 1917 Japanese company Mitsubishi builds the Mitsubishi Model A , all hand built in limited numbers for Japanese executives . Vintage era ( edit ) 1919 Ford Model T Coupe 1926 Bugatti Type 35 1929 Austin Seven Main article : Vintage car See also : Antique car and Role of automobiles in the 1920s The vintage era lasted from the end of World War I ( 1918 ) , through to the Wall Street Crash at the end of 1929 . During this period the front - engined car came to dominate with closed bodies and standardised controls becoming the norm . In 1919 , 90 % of cars sold were open ; by 1929 , 90 % were closed . Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace , with multi-valve and overhead camshaft engines produced at the high end , and V8 , V12 , and even V16 engines conceived for the ultra-rich . Also in 1919 , hydraulic brakes were invented by Malcolm Loughead ( co-founder of Lockheed ) ; they were adopted by Duesenberg for their 1921 Model A. Three years later , Hermann Rieseler of Vulcan Motor invented the first automatic transmission , which had two - speed planetary gearbox , torque converter , and lockup clutch ; it never entered production . ( Its like would only become an available option in 1940 . ) Just at the end of the vintage era , tempered glass ( now standard equipment in side windows ) was invented in France . In this era the revolutionary ponton design of cars without fully articulated fenders , running boards and other non-compact ledge elements was introduced in small series but mass production of such cars was started much later ( after WWII ) . American auto companies in the 1920s expected they would soon sell six million cars a year , but did not do so until 1955 . Numerous companies disappeared . Between 1922 and 1925 , the number of U.S. passenger car builders decreased from 175 to 70 . H.A. Tarantous , managing editor of MoToR Member Society of Automotive Engineers , in a New York Times article from 1925 , suggested many were unable to raise production and cope with falling prices ( due to assembly line production ) , especially for low - priced cars . The new pyroxylin - based paints , eight cylinder engine , four wheel brakes , and balloon tires as the biggest trends for 1925 . Examples of period vehicles : 1922 -- 1939 Austin 7 -- one of the most widely copied vehicles ever , serving as a template for cars around the world , from BMW to Nissan . 1922 -- 1931 Lancia Lambda -- very advanced car for the time , first car to feature a load - bearing monocoque and independent front suspension . 1924 -- 1929 Bugatti Type 35 -- one of the most successful racing cars of all time , with over 1,000 victories in five years . 1925 -- 1928 Hanomag 2 / 10 PS -- early example of ponton styling . 1927 -- 1931 Ford Model A ( 1927 - 1931 ) -- after keeping the brass era Model T in production for too long , Ford broke from the past by restarting its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced , making it the best - selling model of the era . The Ford Model A was a prototype for the beginning of Soviet mass car production ( GAZ A ) . 1930 Cadillac V - 16 -- developed at the height of the vintage era , the V16 - powered Cadillac would join Bugatti 's Royale as the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era . Pre-war era ( edit ) Ford V - 8 ( Model B) Rolls - Royce Phantom III Citroën Traction Avant Volkswagen Beetle Main article : Classic car The pre-war part of the classic era began with the Great Depression in 1930 , and ended with the recovery after World War II , commonly placed at 1946 . It was in this period that integrated fenders and fully closed bodies began to dominate sales , with the new saloon / sedan body style even incorporating a trunk or boot at the rear for storage . The old open - top runabouts , phaetons , and touring cars were largely phased out by the end of the classic era as wings , running boards , and headlights were gradually integrated with the body of the car . By the 1930s , most of the mechanical technology used in today 's automobiles had been invented , although some things were later `` re-invented '' , and credited to someone else . For example , front - wheel drive was re-introduced by André Citroën with the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934 , though it had appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord , and in racing cars by Miller ( and may have appeared as early as 1897 ) . In the same vein , independent suspension was originally conceived by Amédée Bollée in 1873 , but not put in production until appearing on the low - volume Mercedes - Benz 380 in 1933 , which prodded American makers to use it more widely . In 1930 , the number of auto manufacturers declined sharply as the industry consolidated and matured , thanks in part to the effects of the Great Depression . Exemplary pre-war automobiles : 1932 -- 1939 Alvis Speed 20 -- the first with all - synchromesh gearbox 1932 -- 1948 Ford V - 8 ( Model B) -- introduction of the flathead V8 in mainstream vehicles 1934 -- 1938 Tatra 77 -- first serial - produced car with aerodynamical design 1934 -- 1940 Bugatti Type 57 -- a singular refined automobile for the wealthy 1934 -- 1956 Citroën Traction Avant -- the first mass - produced front - wheel drive car , built with monocoque chassis 1936 -- 1955 MG T series -- sports cars 1938 -- 2003 Volkswagen Beetle -- a design that was produced for over 60 years with over 20 million units assembled in several counties 1936 -- 1939 Rolls - Royce Phantom III -- V12 engine Post-war era ( edit ) 1946 GAZ - M20 Pobeda one of the first mass - produced cars with ponton design 1953 Morris Minor Series II 1947 Standard Vanguard ponton styled car in 1954 version as station wagon ( break ) 1954 Plymouth Savoy Station Wagon , one of the first U.S. all - metal station wagons 1974 Citroën DS Volkswagen Brasília Gurgel Supermini Main article : Classic car A major change in automobile design since World War II was the popularity of ponton style , in which running boards were eliminated and fenders were incorporated into the body . Among the first representatives of the style were the Soviet GAZ - M20 Pobeda ( 1946 ) , British Standard Vanguard ( 1947 ) , United States Studebaker Champion and Kaiser ( 1946 ) , as well as the low - production Czech luxury Tatra T600 Tatraplan ( 1946 ) and the Italian Cisitalia 220 sports car ( 1947 ) . Automobile design and production finally emerged from the military orientation and other shadow of war in 1949 , the year that in the United States saw the introduction of high - compression V8 engines and modern bodies from General Motors ' Oldsmobile and Cadillac brands . Hudson introduced the `` step - down '' design with the 1948 Commodore , which placed the passenger compartment down inside the perimeter of the frame , that was one of the first new - design postwar cars made and featured trend - setting slab - side styling . The unibody / strut - suspended 1951 Ford Consul joined the 1948 Morris Minor and 1949 Rover P4 in the automobile market in the United Kingdom . In Italy , Enzo Ferrari was beginning his 250 series , just as Lancia introduced the revolutionary V6 - powered Aurelia . Throughout the 1950s , engine power and vehicle speeds rose , designs became more integrated and artful , and automobiles were marketed internationally . Alec Issigonis ' Mini and Fiat 's 500 diminutive cars were introduced in Europe , while the similar kei car class became popular in Japan . The Volkswagen Beetle continued production after Hitler and began exports to other nations , including the United States . At the same time , Nash introduced the Nash Rambler , the first successful modern compact car made in the United States , while the standard models produced by the `` Big Three '' domestic automakers grew ever larger in size , featuring increasing amounts of chrome trim , and luxury was exemplified by the Cadillac Eldorado Brougham . The markets in Europe expanded with new small - sized automobiles , as well as expensive grand tourers ( GT ) , like the Ferrari America . The market changed in the 1960s , as the United States `` Big Three '' automakers began facing competition from imported cars , the European makers adopted advanced technologies and Japan emerged as a car - producing nation . Japanese companies began to export some of their more popular selling cars in Japan internationally , such as the Toyota Corolla , Toyota Corona , Nissan Sunny , and Nissan Bluebird in the mid-1960s . The success of American Motors ' compact - sized Rambler models spurred GM and Ford to introduce their own downsized cars in 1960 . Performance engines became a focus of marketing by United States automakers , exemplified by the era 's muscle cars . In 1964 , the Ford Mustang developed a new market segment , the pony car . New models to compete with the Mustang included the Chevrolet Camaro , AMC Javelin , and Plymouth Barracuda . Captive imports and badge engineering increased in the United States and the UK as amalgamated groups such as the British Motor Corporation consolidated the market . BMC 's space - saving Mini , which first appeared in 1959 , was marketed under the Austin and Morris names , until Mini became a marque in its own right in 1969 . Competition increased , with Studebaker , a pioneering automaker , shutting down , and the trend for consolidation reached Italy where niche makers like Maserati , Ferrari , and Lancia were acquired by larger companies . By the end of the decade , the number of automobile marques had been greatly reduced . Technology developments included the widespread use of independent suspensions , wider application of fuel injection , and an increasing focus on safety in automotive design . Innovations during the 1960s included NSU 's Wankel engine , the gas turbine , and the turbocharger . Of these , only the last endured , pioneered by General Motors , and adopted by BMW and Saab , later seeing mass - market use during the 1980s by Chrysler . Mazda continued developing its Wankel engine , in spite of problems in longevity , emissions , and fuel economy . Other Wankel licensees , including Mercedes - Benz and GM , never put their designs into production because of engineering and manufacturing problems , as well as the lessons from the 1973 oil crisis . The 1970s were turbulent years for automakers and buyers with major events reshaping the industry such as the 1973 oil crisis , stricter automobile emissions control and safety requirements , increasing exports by the Japanese and European automakers , as well as growth in inflation and the stagnant economic conditions in many nations . Smaller - sized grew in popularity . The United States saw the establishment of the subcompact segment with the introduction of the AMC Gremlin , followed by the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto . The station wagons ( estate , break , kombi , universal ) body design was popular , as well as increasing sales of non-commercial all - wheel drive off - road vehicles . To the end of the 20th century , the United States Big Three ( GM , Ford , and Chrysler ) partially lost their leading position , Japan became for a while the world 's leader of car production and cars began to be mass manufactured in new Asian , East European , and other countries . Notable exemplary post-war cars : 1946 -- 1958 GAZ - M20 Pobeda -- Soviet car with full ponton design 1947 -- 1958 Standard Vanguard -- British mass - market car with full ponton design 1948 -- 1971 Morris Minor -- an early post-war car exported around the world 1953 -- 1971 Chevrolet Bel Air and 1953 -- 2002 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham -- first generations were representative of tailfin design 1955 -- 1976 Citroën DS -- aerodynamic design and innovative technology , awarded third place as Car of the 20th Century 1959 -- 2000 Mini -- a radical and innovative small car that was manufactured for four decades ; awarded second place as Car of the 20th Century 1960 - 1990 Volkswagen Brasília 1961 -- 1975 Jaguar E-type -- a classic sports car design 1963 -- 1989 Porsche 911 -- a sports car was awarded fifth place as Car of the 20th Century 1964 -- present Ford Mustang -- the pony car that became one of the best - selling cars of the era 1966 -- end of the 20th century Fiat 124 -- an Italian car that was produced under license in many other counties including the Soviet Union 1966 -- 1971 Subaru 1000 -- one of the first Japanese built sedans using a boxer engine , front wheel drive and introducing the `` double offset joint '' drive shaft to the front wheels 1967 NSU Ro 80 -- the basic wedge profile of this design was emulated in subsequent decades , unlike its Wankel engine late 1960s - early 1980s Gurgel BR - 800 late 1960s - early 1980s Gurgel Supermini 1969 Datsun 240Z -- Japanese sports car 1980 -- 1988 AMC Eagle -- the first mass - produced full - time all - wheel drive car Modern era ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Toyota Corolla is the world 's best - selling nameplate . The modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the current year . The modern era has been one of increasing standardisation , platform sharing , computer - aided design , to reduce costs and development time and increasing use of electronic for both engine management and entertainment systems . Some particular contemporary developments are the proliferation of front - and all - wheel drive , the adoption of the diesel engine , and the ubiquity of fuel injection . Most modern passenger cars are front - wheel - drive monocoque / unibody designs , with transversely mounted engines . Body styles have changed as well in the modern era . Three types , the hatchback , sedan , and sport utility vehicle , dominate today 's market . All originally emphasised practicality , but have mutated into today 's high - powered luxury crossover SUV , sports wagon and two - volume Large MPV . The rise of pickup trucks in the United States and SUVs worldwide has changed the face of motoring with these `` trucks '' coming to command more than half of the world automobile market . There was also the introduction of the MPV class ( smaller non-commercial passenger minivans ) , among the first of which were the French Renault Espace and the Chrysler minivan versions in the United States The modern era has also seen rapidly improving fuel efficiency and engine output . The automobile emissions concerns have been eased with computerised engine management systems . The economic crisis of 2008 cut almost a third of light vehicle sales from Chrysler , Toyota , Ford , and Nissan . It also subtracted about a fourth of Honda 's sales and about a seventh of sales from General Motors . Since 2009 , China has become the world 's largest car manufacturer with production greater than Japan , the United States , and all of Europe . Besides large growth of car production in Asian and other countries , there has been growth in transnational corporate groups , with the production of transnational automobiles sharing the same platforms as well as badge engineering or re-badging to suit different markets and consumer segments . Since the end of the 20th century , several award competitions for cars and trucks have become widely known , such as European Car of the Year , Car of the Year Japan , North American Car of the Year , World Car of the Year , Truck of the Year , and International Car of the Year . Also , a Car of the Century award was held in which in the US the Ford Model T was named as most influential car of the 20th century . Exemplary modern cars : 1966 -- present Toyota Corolla -- a Japanese saloon / sedan that has become the best - selling nameplate of all time , with over 40 million sold across 11 generations through July 2013 . 1966 -- 1992 Oldsmobile Toronado -- Introduced electronic anti-lock braking system , and airbag First modern - era American car with front wheel drive . 1973 -- present Mercedes - Benz S - Class -- Seat belt pretensioner , and electronic traction control system 1975 -- present BMW 3 Series -- the 3 Series has been on Car and Driver magazine 's annual Ten Best list 17 times 1977 -- present Honda Accord saloon / sedan -- a Japanese sedan that became popular in the United States 1983 -- present Chrysler minivans -- the two - box minivan design nearly pushed the station wagon out of the market 1984 -- present Renault Espace -- first mass one - volume car of non-commercial MPV class 1986 -- present Ford Taurus -- this mid-sized front - wheel drive sedan dominated the United States market in the late - 1980s 1997 -- present Toyota Prius , launched in the Japanese market and became the best known hybrid electric vehicle and also the world 's top selling hybrid . 1998 -- present Ford Focus -- one of the most popular hatchbacks and Ford 's best selling world car 2008 -- present Tata Nano -- an inexpensive ( ₹ 100,000 , ≈ $2200 ) , rear - engined , four - passenger city car aimed primarily at the Indian domestic market 2008 -- 2012 Tesla Roadster -- first highway - capable all - electric vehicle in serial production for sale in the United States in the modern era . Sold about 2,500 units worldwide . 2008 -- 2013 BYD F3DM -- first highway - capable series production plug - in hybrid , launched in China in December 2008 , sold over 2,300 units . 2009 -- present , Mitsubishi i - MiEV -- first highway - capable series production all - electric car , launched in Japan in July 2009 for fleet customers , and in April 2010 for retail customers . Rebadged versions of the i MiEV are sold in Europe by PSA Peugeot Citroën ( PSA ) as the Peugeot iOn and Citroën C - Zero . 2010 -- present , Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt -- all - electric car and plug - in hybrid correspondingly , launched in December 2010 , are the world 's top selling mass production vehicles of their kind . As of early December 2015 , global Leaf sales totaled 200,000 units and Volt sales over 100,000 . 2012 -- present , Tesla Model S -- Introduced in 2012 , the Model S quickly climbed up sales . It was ranked as the world 's best selling plug - in electric vehicle in 2015 . 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Ross ( 7 September 2013 ) . `` Toyota says you might have the 40 - millionth Corolla ever built '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Oldsmobile / 1971_Oldsmobile / album '' . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Oldsmobile / 1974_Oldsmobile / album '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Is Global Hybrid Leader With Sales Of 7 Million '' ( Press release ) . Torrance , California : PR Newswire. 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Sales of the Prius family ( all figures in thousands ) as of September 2014 consist of : 3,360.4 Prius liftbacks , 853.8 Prius c / Aqua , 498.0 Prius v / α / + and 65.3 Prius PHVs . Jump up ^ Frederik Balfour ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` China 's First Plug - In Hybrid Car Rolls Out '' . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` 2016 BYD Tang : Plug - In Hybrid SUV Is First Of Four To Come '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . BYD was the first company in the world to launch a production plug - in hybrid ; its F3DM in 2008 was two years ahead of the 2011 Chevrolet Volt . Jump up ^ Nikki Gordon - Bloomfield ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` Mitsubishi Recalls 2009 -- 2014 i - Miev Electric Cars for Faulty Brake Vacuum Pump '' . Transport Evolved . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` Mitsubishi Motors unveils cheaper i - MiEV electric car '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` One Million Global Plug - In Sales Milestone Reached '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Plug - in Pioneers : Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt Turn Five Years Old '' . HybriCars.com . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . See table with ranking : `` World 's Top Best Selling Plug - in Electric cars . '' Accounting for global cumulative sales by early December 2015 , plug - in electric car sales are led by the Nissan Leaf ( 200,000 ) , followed by Volt / Ampera family ( 104,000 ) , and the Tesla Model S ( 100,000 ) . As of November 2015 , ranking next are the Mitsubishi Outlander P - HEV ( 85,000 ) and the Prius Plug - in Hybrid ( 75,000 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-americas-best-selling-plug-in-car-this-year/ Jump up ^ http://www.caranddriver.com/tesla/model-s Further reading ( edit ) Berger , Michael L. ( 2001 ) . The automobile in American history and culture : a reference guide . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 24558 - 9 . Halberstam , David ( 1986 ) . The Reckoning . Morrow . ISBN 0 - 688 - 04838 - 2 . Kay , Jane Holtz ( 1997 ) . Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America , and how we can take it back . Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 517 - 58702 - 5 . Krarup , M.C. ( November 1906 ) . `` Automobiles for Every Use '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . Vol . XIII . pp. 8163 -- 8178 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . Includes photos of many c. 1906 special purpose automobiles . Norman , Henry ( April 1902 ) . `` The Coming of the Automobile '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . Vol . V. pp. 3304 -- 3308 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of automobiles . Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz , Ladenburg / Germany Bertha Benz Memorial Route University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Transportation photographs Digital collection depicting various modes of transportation ( including automobiles ) in the Pacific Northwest region and western United States during the first half of the 20th century . History of the automobile on About.com : Inventors site History of Automobile Air Conditioning on NYC.net Automotive History -- An ongoing photographic history of the automobile . Taking the Wheel , Manufacturers ' catalogs from the first decade of American automobiles History and directory of electric cars from 1834 to 1987 U.S. Classification of Automobile history eras 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s -- Veteran Brass or Edwardian Vintage Pre-War War era Post-War Classic Modern Antique Pre-war classic War Post-war classic Classic Modern Automotive industry Car Motor vehicle By country Africa Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Ivory Coast Libya Kenya Morocco Namibia Nigeria South Africa Sudan Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Burma Cambodia China manufacturers Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan manufacturers Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Philippines South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Uzbekistan Europe Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic automobiles Denmark Finland France manufacturers Germany manufacturers Greece Hungary Italy manufacturers Ireland Latvia Lichtenstein Lithuania Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia manufacturers Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Spain Sweden manufacturers Switzerland Ukraine Yugoslavia United Kingdom manufacturers North America Canada Mexico United States manufacturers South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Venezuela Oceania Australia New Zealand Data Automobile sales by model Best - selling automobiles Countries by motor vehicle production Countries by car exports Countries by vehicles per capita Top manufacturers History Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 10 History of the automobile History of the internal combustion engine History of the motorcycle Timeline of motor vehicle brands Manufacturers Automobile manufacturers marques Motorcycle manufacturers Truck manufacturers Minor automotive manufacturing groups Organisations Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems European Automobile Manufacturers Association Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles Related topics Auto and motor shows Automotive design Automotive engineering Automotive standards People Commons List Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&oldid=800341393 '' Categories : History of the automobile History of industries Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego हिन्दी Italiano Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 23 : 10 . 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-1716307043823327977	Those Were the Days (song)	Those Were the Days ( song ) - wikipedia Those Were the Days ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other songs , see Those Were the Days ( disambiguation ) . `` Those Were the Days '' Single by Mary Hopkin B - side `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' Released 26 August 1968 ( US ) 30 August 1968 ( UK ) Format 7 '' single Recorded mid-July 1968 Genre Folk Length 5 : 05 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Boris Fomin Gene Raskin Producer ( s ) Paul McCartney Mary Hopkin singles chronology `` Those Were the Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Goodbye '' ( 1969 ) `` Those Were the Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Goodbye '' ( 1969 ) `` Those Were The Days '' Single by Sandie Shaw B - side `` Make It Go '' Released 1968 Label Pye Songwriter ( s ) Boris Fomin Gene Raskin Sandie Shaw singles chronology `` Together '' ( 1968 ) `` Those Were The Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Monsieur Dupont '' ( 1969 ) `` Together '' ( 1968 ) `` Those Were the Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Monsieur Dupont '' ( 1969 ) `` Those Were the Days '' is a song credited to Gene Raskin , who put a new English lyric to the Russian romance song `` Dorogoi dlinnoyu '' ( `` Дорогой длинною '' , literally `` By the long road '' ) , composed by Boris Fomin ( 1900 -- 1948 ) with words by the poet Konstantin Podrevsky . It deals with reminiscence upon youth and romantic idealism . Mary Hopkin 's 1968 version of the song , produced by Paul McCartney , became a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart . The song also reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , behind McCartney 's own band The Beatles ' hit `` Hey Jude '' . In France the song was at no . 1 in the very first edition of the singles sales chart launched by the Centre d'Information et de Documentation du Disque in October 1968 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 Later history 3 Recordings 4 Chart performance ( Mary Hopkin version ) 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early History ( edit ) Georgian singer Tamara Tsereteli ( 1900 -- 1968 ) and Russian singer Alexander Vertinsky made what were probably the earliest recordings of the song , in 1925 and in 1926 respectively . The song appears in the 1953 British / French movie Innocents in Paris , in which it was sung with its original Russian lyrics by the Russian Tzigane chanteuse Ludmila Lopato . Mary Hopkin 's 1968 recording of it with Gene Raskin 's lyric was a chart - topping hit in much of the Northern Hemisphere . On most recordings of the song , Raskin is credited as the sole writer , even though he wrote only the later English lyrics ( which are not an English translation of the Russian lyrics ) and not the music . Later History ( edit ) In the early 1960s Raskin , with his wife Francesca , played folk music around Greenwich Village in New York , including White Horse Tavern . Raskin , who had grown up hearing the song , wrote with his wife new English lyrics to the old Russian music and then copyrighted both music and lyrics in his own name . The Limeliters subsequently released a recording of the song on their 1962 LP Folk Matinee . The Raskins were international performers and had played London 's `` Blue Angel '' every year , always closing their show with the song . Paul McCartney frequented the club and being quite taken with the song he attempted to get several singers or groups ( including the early Moody Blues ) to record it . Failing at that , after the formation of the Beatles ' own Apple Records label , McCartney immediately recorded Mary Hopkin performing the song . The song was eventually recorded in over twenty languages and by many different artists , including Gene and Francesca , and Raskin was able to live very well on the royalties , buying a home in Pollensa , Mallorca , a Porsche Spyder and a sail boat . Hopkin 's recording was produced by Paul McCartney with an arrangement by Richard Hewson ( per the label of the record ) and became a number - one hit on the UK Singles Chart . In the United States , Hopkin 's recording reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 ( held out of the top spot for three weeks by `` Hey Jude '' by the Beatles ) and topped the Billboard Easy Listening charts for six weeks . In the Netherlands , it topped the charts for two consecutive weeks . The Russian origin of the melody was accentuated by an instrumentation that was unusual for a top - ten pop record , including balalaika , clarinet , hammered dulcimer , tenor banjo and children 's chorus , giving a klezmer feel to the song . Mary Hopkin played acoustic guitar on the recording , and Paul McCartney also played acoustic guitar and possibly percussion . The hammered dulcimer , or cimbalom , was played by Gilbert Webster . It is unknown who played the banjo though McCartney is known to be a banjoist . McCartney also recorded Hopkin singing `` Those Were The Days '' in five other languages for release in their respective countries : In Spain , Qué tiempo tan feliz , by Rosa Morena ( instead of Aquellos Fueron Los Días or En Aquellos Días ) In West Germany , An jenem Tag In Italy , Quelli erano giorni In France , Le temps des fleurs In Afghanistan Farsi , `` Deegar Ashkam Mariz '' by legendary singer Ahmad Zahir ( 1972 ) . All five non-English sets of lyrics were also recorded by Dalida and Sandie Shaw , with Shaw recording the English lyrics as well . The UK and United States recording 's B - side was Pete Seeger 's `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' , which had been a United States number - one hit for The Byrds in 1965 . `` Those Were the Days '' was catalogue number APPLE 2 ( the APPLE 1 number had been given to an unreleased version of `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' by Frank Sinatra , recorded specially in 1968 , for Maureen Starkey 's 22nd birthday , as a gift from Ringo Starr , under the name of `` The Lady is a Champ '' ) . It was the second single to be released on the Apple label , the first -- `` Hey Jude '' by the Beatles -- had retained the sequential catalogue numbers used by Parlophone ( in the UK ) and Capitol ( in the US ) . Hopkin 's version was released on the back of her success on the television talent show Opportunity Knocks , and around the time of its release popular singer Sandie Shaw was also asked to record the song by her management , feeling that it should be done by a `` real '' singer . Shaw 's version was released as a single , but did not match the success of Hopkin 's version . At the peak of the song 's success , a New York company used the melody in a commercial for Rokeach gefilte fish , arguing that the tune was an old Russian folk - tune and thus in the public domain . ( The commercial included the line `` The perfect dish , Rokeach Gefilte Fish '' where the English - language song would go `` Those were the days , oh yes , those were the days . '' ) Raskin successfully sued and won a settlement , since he had slightly altered the tune to fit his lyrics and had taken out the valid new copyright . In the mid-1970s , after Hopkin 's contract with Apple ended , `` Those Were the Days '' and `` Goodbye '' were re-recorded with producer Tony Visconti , whom she had married in 1971 . These re-recorded versions can be found on music compilations . On 25 October 2010 , Apple Records released Come and Get It : The Best of Apple Records , which included the original recordings of `` Those Were the Days '' and `` Goodbye '' . The greatest hits compilation album contained songs by artists signed to the Beatles ' Apple record label between 1968 and 1973 , the first such multi-artist Apple compilation . On Christmas 1975 , the President of Equatorial Guinea , Francisco Macías Nguema , had 150 alleged coup plotters executed in the national stadium while a band played `` Those Were the Days '' . Recordings ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1959 ( 1959 ) : Theodore Bikel recorded this song , in the original Russian language . 1962 ( 1962 ) : American folk group The Limeliters released the song on a 1962 LP called Folk Matinee . This recording was later reissued on a 1968 album . 1968 ( 1968 ) : The French version of the song , `` Le temps des fleurs '' , was popularized by the international recording star Dalida . She also recorded the song in Italian and German . 1968 ( 1968 ) : The Hungarian recording star Teri Harangozó recorded the Hungarian version `` Azok a szép napok '' and had a huge hit in Hungary , and Hungarian minorities in the neighbourhood countries of Hungary with this song . 1968 ( 1968 ) : The international recording star Vicky Leandros recorded the French version `` Le temps des fleurs '' and had a huge hit in Japan , Canada , and Greece with this song . Mary Hopkin 's version was released as `` Kanashiki Tenshi '' ( 悲しき天使 , literally `` Sad Angel '' ) in Japan . 1969 ( 1969 ) : Gene & Francesca recorded the song on their album Hello Love on Tetragrammaton . 1969 ( 1969 ) : Chris Connor recorded the song for her album Softly and Swingin ' which was released only in Japan . The track was left off the final album release . Connor 's estate preserved an original master tape of this album on cassette which includes this track and the track `` Did n't We ? '' 1969 ( 1969 ) : Bing Crosby recorded the song for his album Hey Jude / Hey Bing ! 1969 ( 1969 ) : Roger Whittaker recorded the song for his album This Is Roger Whittaker In the 1960s : Mary Hopkin and Sandie Shaw also sang the song in French , as well as in Italian , Spanish and German . Both Shaw 's and Hopkin 's versions were released roughly around the same time , as a sort of competition between the two , to see whose single would fare better with the public . When Hopkin 's album , Postcard , was re-released on CD , the Spanish and Italian versions of the songs appeared as bonus tracks . Sandie Shaw has had all of her versions re-released on separate CDs , split up by language . 1974 ( 1974 ) : Gigliola Cinquetti in spain : `` Aquellos fueron los dias '' from the record `` Los mas grandes exitos de Gigliola Cinquetti , Vol. 2 1992 : Finnish rock band Leningrad Cowboys included the song on their album We Cum from Brooklyn and also released it as a single . 1995 ( 1995 ) : Cynthia Lennon 2005 ( 2005 ) : Il Folklorista recorded `` Those Were the Days '' ; Il Folklorista is a project by Gigi D'Agostino and Luca Noise . The remix was included in the compilation albums Disco Tanz and 2006s Some Experiments . 2005 ( 2005 ) : American country singer - songwriter Dolly Parton recorded an album including folk and pop songs from the 1960s and 1970s . This was the opening song and title track to her album Those Were The Days . Mary Hopkin provided backing vocals to this recording . 2007 ( 2007 ) : Jamaican dancehall artist Shaggy put the refrain of `` Those Were the Days '' in his album Intoxication . 2007 ( 2007 ) : Latvian instrumental cello rock trio Melo - M included a version in their 2007 album Singalongs . 2007 ( 2007 ) : Japanese vocalist Noriko Mitose included a version on her 2007 album Cotton , entitled `` Hana no Kisetsu '' ( 花の季節 , literally `` Flower Season '' , itself a translation of `` Les temps des fleurs '' ) . The arrangement is provided by guitarist Tomohiko Kira . 2008 ( 2008 ) : Bad Boys Blue covered the song on their album Heart & Soul . 2010 ( 2010 ) : Wilfredo , the comic alter ego of the British comedian Matt Roper , performed the song at the Salento Festival , Italy . 2011 ( 2011 ) : The Iranian rock band Kiosk recorded this song on their 2011 album Outcome of Negotiations . 2013 ( 2013 ) : Australian country artist Nia Robertson recorded the song on her album The Woman I Am . Chart performance ( Mary Hopkin version ) ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Denmark Finland France ( CIDD ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 15 Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( AFE ) Sweden Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Canada ( RPM 100 Top Singles ) 16 Italy ( FIMI ) 73 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Cash Box 22 See also ( edit ) Apple Records discography List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1968 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1968 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Canada ) List of number - one hits of 1968 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles from 1968 -- 79 ( Switzerland ) List of Oricon number - one singles of 1969 List of UK charts and number - one singles ( 1952 -- 1969 ) VG - lista 1964 to 1994 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kay , Hilary ( 1992 ) . Rock & Roll Memorabilia : A History of Rock Mementos With over 600 Illustrations . Prentice Hall . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0671 - 77931 - 3 . The Hopkin single , a McCartney - produced traditional Russian folk song , knocked Apple 1 ( `` Hey Jude '' ) off the U.K. top slot . Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce . `` An Apple a Day : Mary Hopkin -- Post Card '' . Beatlesnews.com . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Mary Hopkin 's debut single paired `` Those Were The Days , '' a Lithuanian folk song adapted by American Gene Raskin ^ Jump up to : `` An Industry Report on France '' . Billboard. 14 July 1973 . p. 42 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Topic : Дорогой длинною '' . SecondHandSongs . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Recording : Дорогой длинною - Alexander Vertinsky '' . SecondHandSongs . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul McCartney - Many Years From Now , p. 455 Jump up ^ Perrone , Pierre ( 18 June 2004 ) . `` Gene Raskin -- Singer , songwriter and architectural scholar '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 ... The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Those Were The Days ( original ) -- The Limeliters 1962. wmv '' . YouTube . 23 April 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt , Kristofer ( 2010 ) . Beatles Deeper Undercover . Collector 's Guide Publishing , Incorporated . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926 - 59209 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt , Kristofer ( 2010 ) . Beatles Deeper Undercover . Collector 's Guide Publishing , Incorporated . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926 - 59209 - 1 . Jump up ^ Farah , Douglas ( 13 May 2001 ) . `` Oil Gives African Nation a Chance for Change '' . The Washington Post . Hartford Web Publishing . Retrieved 9 January 2011 ... a far cry from the days of Macias , who on Christmas 1975 executed 150 alleged coup plotters in the national stadium while a band played `` Those Were the Days . '' Jump up ^ Edwards , David ; Eyries , Patrice ; Callahan , Mike ( 27 December 2005 ) . `` Elektra Album Discography , Part 2 -- EKL - 100 / EKS - 7100 Series ( 1956 - 1967 ) '' . Elektra . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Limeliters '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 ... Akh.se . ^ Jump up to : `` Vicky Leandros - Le temps des fleurs '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gene And Francesca -- Hello Love '' . Discogs . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Dave . `` Bing Crosby -- Hey Jude / Hey Bing ! '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Is ... by Roger Whittaker '' . Rate Your Music . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gigi D'Agostino -- Some Experiments ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Melo - M -- Singalongs '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Noriko Mitose - Cotton `` '' . SnowBlanc . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` wilfredo in italy -- salento festival '' . YouTube . 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Click on the album covers to order the CD / MP3 Download on iTunes '' . Kiosktheband.com . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NiaRobertsonMusic.com '' . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS Pre 1989 Part 4 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5815 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 49 ) : 68 . 7 December 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 47 ) : 78 . 23 November 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Those Were the Days '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1968 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan # 1 DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . 18.ocn.ne.jp . Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Mary Hopkin - Those Were The Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 50 ) : 68 . 14 December 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 60 ( 48 ) : 88 . 30 November 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 46 ) : 71 . 30 November 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post Card -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending NOVEMBER 9 , 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Pops '' ( PDF ) . Record World . 2 November 1981 . p. 25 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 21 / 11 / 2009 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 10 , No. 19 , January 06 1969 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1968 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Several Russian songs , including Дорогой длинною Those were the days on song facts Discography of `` Дорогой длинною '' song on Russian-Records.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Those_Were_the_Days_(song)&oldid=842193951 '' Categories : 1968 singles Mary Hopkin songs The 5th Dimension songs Dolly Parton songs Sandie Shaw songs Song recordings produced by Paul McCartney Apple Records singles Debut singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Switzerland Oricon Weekly number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Folk songs Russian songs Songs about old age Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages with timeline metadata Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Hrvatski עברית Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the song those were the days my friend	[ "\"Those Were the Days\" is a song credited to Gene Raskin, who put a new English lyric to the Russian romance song \"Dorogoi dlinnoyu\" (\"Дорогой длинною\", literally \"By the long road\"), composed by Boris Fomin (1900–1948) with words by the poet Konstantin Podrevsky. It deals with reminiscence upon youth and romantic idealism." ]	[ "Gene Raskin" ]
-608728091773731132	Space Needle	Space Needle - wikipedia Space Needle This article is about the tower in Seattle . For other uses , see Space Needle ( disambiguation ) . Space Needle The Space Needle flying the flag of the United States on Independence Day ( July 4 , 2011 ) . Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Record height Tallest in Seattle and Washington state from 1962 to 1969 Preceded by Smith Tower Surpassed by Safeco Plaza General information Status Complete Type Observation tower Location 400 Broad Street Seattle , Washington 98109 Coordinates 47 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 122 ° 20 ′ 57 '' W / 47.6204 ° N 122.3491 ° W / 47.6204 ; - 122.3491 ( Space Needle ) Coordinates : 47 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 122 ° 20 ′ 57 '' W / 47.6204 ° N 122.3491 ° W / 47.6204 ; - 122.3491 ( Space Needle ) Construction started April 17 , 1961 Completed December 8 , 1961 Opening April 21 , 1962 Owner Space Needle Corporation Height Antenna spire 184 m ( 604 ft ) Top floor 158 m ( 518 ft ) Technical details Floor count 6 Lifts / elevators Design and construction Architect John Graham & Company Structural engineer John K. Minasian Victor Steinbrueck Main contractor Howard S. Wright Construction Co Designations Seattle Landmark Designated April 19 , 1999 References The Space Needle is an observation tower in Seattle , Washington , a landmark of the Pacific Northwest and an icon of Seattle . It was built in the Seattle Center for the 1962 World 's Fair , which drew over 2.3 million visitors . Nearly 20,000 people a day used its elevators . Once the tallest structure west of the Mississippi River , it is 605 ft ( 184 m ) high , 138 ft ( 42 m ) wide , and weighs 9,550 short tons ( 8,660 tonnes ) . It is built to withstand winds of up to 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) and earthquakes of up to 9.0 magnitude , as strong as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake . It also has 25 lightning rods . The Space Needle has an observation deck at 520 ft ( 160 m ) and the rotating SkyCity restaurant at 500 ft ( 150 m ) . The downtown Seattle skyline , as well as the Olympic and Cascade Mountains , Mount Rainier , Mount Baker , Elliott Bay and surrounding islands can be viewed from the top of the Needle . Photographs of the Seattle skyline often show the Space Needle prominently , above skyscrapers and Mount Rainier . Visitors can reach the top of the Space Needle by elevators that travel at 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) . The trip takes 41 seconds . On windy days , the elevators slow to 5 mph ( 8.0 km / h ) . On April 19 , 1999 , the city 's Landmarks Preservation Board designated it a historic landmark . In September 2017 , the restaurant was temporarily closed as part of a US $100 million renovation . The renovation included the installation of a new rotation motor and see - through glass floors in the restaurant , as well as the replacement of the observation deck 's wire enclosure with glass panels . In August 2018 , it unveiled its latest addition : the world 's first and only revolving glass floor , known as `` The Loupe . '' Standing 500 feet -- or 50 stories -- above street level , the observation deck 's new see - through floor offers 360 - degree views of the large city . The floor is powered by 12 motors and is constructed of 10 layers of tightly bonded glass to ensure safety . Contents 1 Architecture 2 History 2.1 Construction 2.2 Carillon 2.3 After the Fair 3 Jumping incidents 4 In culture 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Architecture ( edit ) CN Tower , Toronto Willis Tower ( Sears Tower ) , Chicago Stratosphere , Las Vegas Space Needle , Seattle The top of the Space Needle ( 2007 ) . The architecture of the Space Needle is the result of a compromise between the designs of two men , Edward E. Carlson and John Graham , Jr . The two leading ideas for the World Fair involved businessman Edward E. Carlson 's sketch of a giant balloon tethered to the ground ( see the gently sloping base ) and architect John Graham 's concept of a flying saucer ( see the halo that houses the restaurant and observation deck ) . Victor Steinbrueck introduced the hourglass profile of the tower . The Space Needle was built to withstand wind speeds of 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) , double the requirements in the building code of 1962 . The 6.8 M Nisqually earthquake jolted the Needle enough in 2001 for water to slosh out of the toilets in the restrooms . The Space Needle will not sustain serious structural damage during earthquakes of magnitudes below 9.1 . Also made to withstand Category 5 hurricane - force winds , the Space Needle sways only 1 in ( 25 mm ) per 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) of wind speed . For decades , the hovering disk of the Space Needle was home to 2 restaurants 500 ft ( 150 m ) above the ground : the Space Needle Restaurant , which was originally named Eye of the Needle , and Emerald Suite . These were closed in 2000 to make way for SkyCity , a larger restaurant that features Pacific Northwest cuisine . It rotates 360 degrees in exactly forty - seven minutes . In 1993 , the elevators were replaced with new computerized versions . The new elevators descend at a rate of 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) . On December 31 , 1999 , a powerful beam of light was unveiled for the first time . Called the Legacy Light or Skybeam , it is powered by lamps that total 85 million candela shining skyward from the top of the Space Needle to honor national holidays and special occasions in Seattle . The concept of this beam was derived from the official 1962 World 's Fair poster , which depicted such a light source although none was incorporated into the original design . It is somewhat controversial because of the light pollution it creates . Originally planned to be turned on 75 nights per year , it has generally been used fewer than a dozen times per year . It did remain lit for eleven days in a row from September 11 , 2001 , to September 22 , 2001 , in response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks . A 1962 Seattle World 's Fair poster showed a grand spiral entryway leading to the elevator that was ultimately omitted from final building plans . The stairway was eventually added as part of the Pavilion and Spacebase remodel in June 2000 . The main stairwell has 848 steps from the basement to the top of the observation deck . At approximately 605 ft ( 184 m ) , the Space Needle was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River at the time it was built by Howard S. Wright Construction Co. , but is now dwarfed by other structures along the Seattle skyline , among them the Columbia Center , at 967 ft ( 295 m ) . Unlike many other similar structures , such as the CN Tower in Toronto , the Space Needle is not used for broadcasting purposes . History ( edit ) Construction ( edit ) Edward F. Carlson , chairman of the 1962 World 's Fair in Seattle , had an idea for erecting a tower with a restaurant at the World 's Fair . Carlson was president of a hotel company and was not recognized in art or design , but he was inspired by a recent visit to the Stuttgart Tower of Germany . Local architect John Graham soon became involved as a result of his success in designing Northgate Mall . Graham 's first move was to alter the restaurant 's original design to a revolving restaurant , similar to his previous design of the La Ronde tower restaurant at the Ala Moana Shopping Center in Hawaii . Aerial photo of the Space Needle under construction - November 1961 Space Needle and various buildings for the Seattle World 's Fair under construction - 1961 . The proposed Space Needle had no pre-selected site . Since it was not financed by the city , land had to be purchased within the fairgrounds . The investors had been unable to find suitable land and the search for a site was nearly dead when , in 1961 , they discovered a plot , 120 by 120 ft ( 37 by 37 m ) , containing switching equipment for the fire and police alarm systems . The land sold for $75,000 . At this point , only one year remained before the World 's Fair would begin . The Needle was privately financed and built by the Pentagram Corporation , consisting of Bagley Wright , contractor Howard S. Wright , architect John Graham , Ned Skinner , and Norton Clapp . In 1977 Bagley , Skinner and Clapp sold their interest to Howard Wright who now controls it under the name of Space Needle Corporation . The earthquake stability of the Space Needle was ensured when a hole was dug 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) deep and 120 ft ( 37 m ) across , and 467 concrete trucks took one full day to fill it . The foundation weighs 5850 tons ( including 250 tons of reinforcing steel ) , the same as the above - ground structure . The structure is bolted to the foundation with 72 bolts , each one 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) long . Space Needle and Alweg Monorail built for the Century 21 Exposition both under construction in December 1961 With time an issue , the construction team worked around the clock . The domed top , housing the top five levels ( including the restaurants and observation deck ) , was perfectly balanced so that the restaurant could rotate with the help of one tiny electric motor , originally 0.8 kilowatts ( 1.1 hp ) , later replaced with a 1.1 kilowatts ( 1.5 hp ) motor . With paint colors named Orbital Olive for the body , Astronaut White for the legs , Re-entry Red for the saucer , and Galaxy Gold for the roof , the Space Needle was finished in less than one year . It was completed in April 1962 at a cost of $4.5 million . The last elevator car was installed the day before the Fair opened on April 21 . During the course of the Fair nearly 20,000 people a day rode the elevators to the Observation Deck . The 20,000 mark was never reached , missed by fewer than 50 people one day . Upon completion , the Space Needle was the tallest building in the western United States , replacing the Smith Tower in downtown Seattle as the tallest building west of the Mississippi since 1914 . Completed Space Needle after the opening of the World 's Fair - April 1962 The revolving restaurant was operated by Western International Hotels , of which Carlson was President , under a 20 - year contract from April 1 , 1962 to April 1 , 1982 . Carillon ( edit ) An imitation carillon was installed in the Space Needle , and played several times a day during the World 's Fair . The instrument , built by the Schulmerich Bells Company of Hatfield , Pennsylvania under the name `` Carillon Americana , '' recreated the sounds of 538 bells and was the largest in the world , until eclipsed by a 732 bell instrument at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . The operator 's console was located in the base of the Space Needle , completely enclosed in glass to allow observation of the musician playing the instrument . It was also capable of being played from a roll , just as a player piano would be . The forty - four stentors ( speakers ) of the carillon were located underneath the Needle 's disc at the 200 foot level , and were audible over the entire fairgrounds and up to ten miles away . The carillon was disassembled after the fair 's close . The carillon bells were featured on an LP record called `` Bells On Hi - Fi '' ( catalog number AR - 8 , produced by Americana Records , of Sellersville , Pennsylvania ) . There are 12 pieces recorded on the `` Carillon Americana '' before it was installed in the Space Needle , performed by noted carilloneur John Klein ( 1915 - 1981 ) . After the Fair ( edit ) The Needle 's observation level roof painted for the 50th anniversary in the original 1962 Galaxy Gold In 1974 , author Stephen Cosgrove 's children 's book Wheedle on the Needle imagined a furry creature called a Wheedle who lived on top of the Space Needle and caused its light to flash . Its closing quatrain is : There 's a Wheedle on the Needle / I know just what you 're thinking / But if you look up late at night / You 'll see his red nose blinking . The Wheedle has since become a fixture of Seattle . It even became the mascot of the Seattle SuperSonics National Basketball Association ( NBA ) franchise , who played in nearby KeyArena ( originally known as the Seattle Center Coliseum ) . The SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City on July 3 , 2008 . In 1982 , the SkyLine level was added at the height of 100 ft ( 30 m ) . While this level had been part of the original plans for the Space Needle , it was not built until this time . Today , the SkyLine Banquet Facility can accommodate groups of 20 -- 360 people . Renovations were completed in 2000 at a cost ( $21 million ) approximately the same in inflated dollars as the original construction price . Renovations between 1999 and 2000 included the SkyCity restaurant , SpaceBase retail store , Skybeam installation , Observation Deck overhaul , lighting additions and repainting . Every year on New Year 's Eve , the Space Needle celebrates with a fireworks show at midnight that is synchronized to music . The fireworks artist Alberto Navarro from Bellevue , designed the show for 20 years , since its inception in 1994 . In 2000 , public celebrations were canceled because of perceived terror threats against the structure after investigations into the foiled millennium bombing plots , but the fireworks show was still performed . On May 19 , 2007 , the Space Needle welcomed its 45 millionth visitor , Greg Novoa of San Francisco . He received a free trip for two to Paris , which included a VIP dinner at the Eiffel Tower . In May 2008 , the Space Needle received its first professional cleaning since the opening of the 1962 World 's Fair . The monument was pressure washed by Kärcher with water at a pressure of 2,900 psi ( 20,000 kPa ) and a temperature of 194 ° F ( 90 ° C ) . No detergents were used in consideration of the Seattle Center and the EMP building . As part of the celebration of its 50th anniversary , the Needle was painted `` Galaxy Gold '' in April 2012 , the same color used when the needle was originally constructed for the 1962 World 's Fair . This temporary makeover , intended to last through the summer , is not the Needle 's first : it had the University of Washington ( UW ) Huskies football team logo painted after the team won the 1992 Rose Bowl , appeared as a giant `` Wheel of Fortune '' in 1995 , was painted crimson after Washington State won the Apple Cup , and has been seen in Seattle SuperSonics colors . Scaffold surrounding top section during 2017 - 2018 renovation A worker standing near the scaffold 's crane A renovation of the top of the Space Needle began in the summer of 2017 , to add an all - glass floor to the restaurant , and replace the observation platform windows with unbroken floor - to - ceiling glass panels unobstructed by mullions to more closely match the 1962 original concept sketches , as well as upgrades and updates to the internal systems . Called the Century Project , the work is scheduled to finish by June 2018 , at a cost of $100 million in private funds . The designer is Olson Kundig Architects and the general contractor is Hoffman Construction Company . The rotating restaurant 's motor will be replaced , the elevator capacity will be increased by adding elevators , or double - stacking them , and the energy efficiency of the building will be improved with the aim of achieving LEED Silver Certification . The temporary scaffold 's 28,000 - pound ( 13,000 kg ) , 44,650 - square - foot ( 4,148 m ) platform under the top structure was assembled on the ground , and then lifted by cables 500 ft ( 150 m ) from the ground to the underside of the structure , controlled by 12 operators standing on the platform as it was raised . The platform is the largest in circumference ever made by Safway Services , a company specializing in unique construction scaffolding . Jumping incidents ( edit ) Six parachutists have leaped from the tower since its opening , in a sport known as BASE jumping . This activity is only legal with prior consent . Four of them were part of an authorized promotion in 1996 , and the other two were arrested . Paul D. Baker was the first person to jump from the Space Needle in a successful suicide attempt on March 4 , 1974 . Mary Lucille Wolf purchased a ticket for the elevator to the observation deck on May 25 , 1974 where she proceeded to scale the glass fence surrounding the deck onto the edge and jumped off in what the Seattle Police Department called `` an obvious suicide '' . Police found a correspondence in Wolf 's purse that was from a friend extending their condolences regarding the recent death of Wolf 's husband . Following the two 1974 suicides , netting under and additional fencing around the observation deck were installed . In spite of the barrier additions , however , another successful suicide occurred on July 5 , 1978 . In this instance , an unidentified `` young woman '' climbed over the netting and leaped to her death from the northeast side of the structure . In culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As a symbol of the Pacific Northwest , the Space Needle has made numerous appearances in films , TV shows and other works of fiction . Examples of films include It Happened at the World 's Fair ( 1962 ) , where it was used as a filming location , and Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) . In the 1974 film The Parallax View , the inside and outside platforms of the observation deck are the setting for a political assassination and a brief chase takes place on the roof above it . In the 1999 film Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me , it served as a base of operations for the villain Doctor Evil with the word Starbucks written across its saucer after his henchman Number 2 shifted the organization 's resources toward the coffee company . It is also featured prominently in Chronicle ( 2012 ) , and is a key element in the film 's climax . On April 1 , 2015 , public radio station KPLU 88.5 FM reported in the news story `` Proposed Development To ' Assimilate ' Seattle 's Landmark Space Needle ? '' that a permit application ( Notice of Proposed Land Use Action ) had been submitted `` to construct a 666 unit cube to assimilate '' the landmark . The story is an April Fools ' Day practical joke . In the TV series Frasier an outline of it appears in the opening credits and the base is visible from the high - rise condo , although that view is an artificial composite image , as there are no high rise condos in the area depicted , of that height . Other TV appearances include The History Channel 's Life After People , in which it collapses after 200 years because of corrosion . It was also destroyed in the TV miniseries 10.5 when a 7.9 earthquake hits Seattle . The movie mistakenly portrays the Needle as crumbling concrete , though the structure is actually made of iron and designed to withstand up to a 9.0 earthquake . The needle is also featured in some episodes of Bill Nye the Science Guy , such as the episode `` Storms '' where Bill Nye uses the lightning rod on top of it as an example of conducting lightning strikes . Max Guevara , the main character from the series Dark Angel which is set in a post-apocalyptic Seattle , is often seen on the roof of the derelict Space Needle . The Space Needle has been used for some other purposes as well , including a 57 piece Lego construction set of it that has been released as part of Lego Architecture 's structures . Gallery ( edit ) The top of the Space Needle decorated for Memorial Day Night view The Space Needle in the 1960s A 1962 commemorative postage stamp of the Space Needle View of the Space Needle from base View from the base of the Needle The Space Needle , framed on a foggy night by the ferris wheel The gift shop in the Space Needle The Space Needle at night as seen from Kerry Park Supporting nut and bolt at base of the Space Needle The Space Needle seen at sunset The Space Needle in the foreground of an aerial photo of Seattle ; the Museum of Pop Culture adjacent to the Space Needle , on the left The Seattle Center International Fountain with the Space Needle in the background Downtown Seattle seen from atop the Space Needle See also ( edit ) Seattle portal Fernsehturm Berlin Googie architecture Henninger Turm New York State Pavilion Oriental Pearl Tower Reunion Tower Skylon Tower Stratosphere Las Vegas Sydney Tower Tokyo Skytree Tower of the Americas Most SNP References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Landmarks and Designation '' . City of Seattle . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Space Needle '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ Space Needle at Emporis Jump up ^ Space Needle at Glass Steel and Stone Jump up ^ `` Space Needle '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ Space Needle at Structurae ^ Jump up to : `` Space Needle Fun Facts '' . Space Needle Official Site . August 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Space Needle '' . Jump up ^ http://komonews.com/weather/scotts-weather-blog/lightning-doesnt-strike-the-same-place-twice-the-space-needle-begs-to-differ Jump up ^ `` Seattle holds groundbreaking ceremony for the Space Needle on April 17 , 1961 '' . HistoryLink.org . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Revamping Space Needle is like ' building a ship inside a glass bottle ' '' . The Seattle Times . 2017 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Treviño , Julissa ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Seattle 's Iconic Space Needle Unveils New Look After $100 Million Renovation '' . smithsonianmag.com . Jump up ^ O'Hare , Maureen ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Seattle 's Space Needle gets see - through floor '' . CNN.com . Jump up ^ Speidel , Bill . Through the Eye of the Needle . Seattle : Nettle Creek . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 0914890042 . The final design ... was either John Graham 's ... or Victor Steinbrueck 's , who took the trouble of calling me from his deathbed to make sure I did n't credit Graham . Jump up ^ `` Needle in the sky '' . Via Magazine . January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Big beam for Space Needle is protested '' . Seattle Times . 30 November 1999 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Jeff ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Seattle Space Needle '' . Emerald City Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` '' Seattle World 's Fair '' poster `` . Jump up ^ Northwest , Durango ( 16 July 2010 ) . `` Durango Washington : Seattle Space Needle '' . Jump up ^ Emporis GmbH . `` Columbia Center '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 06 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` About the Needle - Space Needle '' . Jump up ^ http://www.wsulibs.wsu.edu%2Fmasc%2Fwestin%2FCombinedmodDate.xls Jump up ^ http://schulmerichbells.com/g5-carillon/ Jump up ^ `` Schulmerich Bells '' . Jump up ^ `` Space Needle History : Sounds of the Needle '' . Jump up ^ `` Century 21 Exposition ( 1962 ) : Theme Songs and Souvenir Records - HistoryLink.org '' . Jump up ^ rixarcade ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` The Space Needle Carillon - Malaguena '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ P-I Staff and News Services ( May 19 , 2007 ) . `` Californian is Needle 's 45 millionth visitor '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cleaning Equipment from Karcher '' . Jump up ^ `` Spit and polish for a Seattle icon '' . KOMO News . May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trujillo , Joshua ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Space Needle returns to its original color '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Space Needle painted crimson and gray '' . Washington State University . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenstone , Scott ( June 12 , 2017 ) , `` Space Needle to get its biggest renovation ever : glass floor , opened views , more elevators '' , The Seattle Times Jump up ^ Young , Bob ( September 16 , 2017 ) , `` Circular scaffolding goes up on Space Needle in preparation for makeover '' , The Seattle Times Jump up ^ Mandapat , Dave ( September 19 , 2017 ) , Space Needle To Launch Historic Renovation Project ( press release ) , Space Needle , LLC Jump up ^ Schlosser , Kurt ( September 19 , 2017 ) , `` Drone video shows 28,000 - pound scaffold being lifted 400 feet for Space Needle renovation '' , Geekwire Jump up ^ `` CNN - Parachutist 's jump from Space Needle goes awry - Nov. 21 , 1996 '' . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts - Space Needle '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Woman falls to death from Space Needle '' . The Sunday Oregonian . Portland , Oregon . Associated Press . May 26 , 1974 . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Space Needle was site of premature birth '' . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon . Associated Press . June 12 , 1974 . p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` Young Woman Third to Leap From Needle '' . Nashua Telegraph . Nashua , New Hampshire . United Press International . July 6 , 1978 . p. 2 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Packer ( 2009 ) . Secret Agents : Popular Icons Beyond James Bond . Peter Lang . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 8669 - 7 . Jump up ^ Steve Zimmerman ( 21 November 2012 ) . Food in the Movies , 2d ed . McFarland . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5569 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kim Fellner ( 19 June 2008 ) . Wrestling with Starbucks : Conscience , Capital , Cappuccino . Rutgers University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4506 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` KPLU.org '' . Jump up ^ McFadden , Kay ( 2004 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Condo by condo , Seattle has become a lot like ' Frasier ' '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Cynthia . `` Dark Angel '' . PopMatters . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Architecture : Seattle Space Needle '' . Lego Architecture . Jump up ^ Hohenadel , Kristin ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` A New Eiffel Tower Building Set for Paris - Loving Lego Fanatics '' . Slate . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Lost and Found Films : Building the Space Needle , 1961 Knute Berger ( 2012 ) . Space Needle : The Spirit of Seattle . Documentary Media . ISBN 978 - 1933245263 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Space Needle . Official website Century 21 Exposition design plans for the 1962 Seattle World 's Fair -- Architecture of the Pacific Northwest Database from the University of Washington Entry at site of Howard S. Wright Construction Co . Video of scaffold platform lifted 500 feet at night : Space Needle Construction Kicks - off with Hoist of 28,000 Pound Scaffold Platform ( press release ) , Space Needle Corporation , September 19 , 2017 Seattle skyscrapers and towers Current Columbia Center 1201 Third Avenue Two Union Square Seattle Municipal Tower Safeco Plaza Space Needle Russell Investments Center U.S. Bank Centre Wells Fargo Center 800 Fifth Avenue 901 Fifth Avenue Madison Centre Doppler Day 1 Rainier Tower Fourth and Madison Building 1918 Eighth Avenue 1600 Seventh Avenue 1000 Second Avenue Henry M. Jackson Federal Building Smith Tower One Union Square Olive 8 1111 Third Avenue Westin Seattle North Tower Fifteen Twenty - One Second Avenue Premiere on Pine Cirrus Insignia Towers Kinects Helios AMLI Arc Stratus West Edge Tower Westin Building Aspira United States Courthouse Seattle Tower UW Tower Exchange Building Under construction Rainier Square Tower F5 Tower Amazon Tower III 2 + U Hyatt Regency Seattle McKenzie Apartments Arrivé Nexus Kiara The Emerald Spire 1120 Denny Way Proposed 4 / C 3rd & Cherry AVA Never built 888 Tower Seventh at Westlake Tower 1015 Second Avenue Demolished McGuire Apartments See also : Tallest buildings in Seattle Timeline of the tallest buildings in Seattle and Washington Pioneer Building ( 28 m ) ( 1892 ) Alaska Building ( 51 m ) ( 1904 ) Hoge Building ( 60 m ) ( 1911 ) Key Bank Center * ( 71 m ) ( 1911 ) Smith Tower ( 141 m ) ( 1914 ) Space Needle ( 184 m ) ( 1962 ) Safeco Plaza ( 192 m ) ( 1969 ) Columbia Center ( 285 m ) ( 1985 ) Key Bank Center is located in Tacoma and was only the tallest in Washington when completed . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Needle&oldid=866427451 '' Categories : Towers completed in 1961 Googie architecture Buildings and structures in Seattle Towers with revolving restaurants Landmarks in Seattle Seattle Center Observation towers in the United States Towers in Washington ( state ) Tourist attractions in Seattle World 's fair architecture in Seattle Century 21 Exposition 1961 establishments in Washington ( state ) Hidden categories : Skyscraper Center ID same as Wikidata Structurae ID different from Wikidata CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use mdy dates from August 2018 Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 M w Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 07 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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6350918319544853334	Big Iron	Big Iron - wikipedia Big Iron Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Big Iron ( disambiguation ) . `` Big Iron '' `` Big Iron '' and `` Saddle Tramp '' by Marty Robbins Single by Marty Robbins from the album Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs B - side `` Saddle Tramp '' Released February 22 , 1960 Format 7 '' Recorded April 1959 ( 1959 - 04 ) Genre Country Tex - Mex Length 3 : 56 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Marty Robbins Producer ( s ) Don Law Marty Robbins singles chronology `` El Paso '' ( 1959 ) `` Big Iron '' ( 1960 ) `` Is There Any Chance '' ( 1960 ) `` El Paso '' ( 1959 ) `` Big Iron '' ( 1960 ) `` Is There Any Chance '' ( 1960 ) `` Big Iron '' is a country ballad written and performed by Marty Robbins , originally released as an album track on Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs in September 1959 , then as a single in February 1960 with the song `` Saddle Tramp '' as the B - side single . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . It tells the story of an Arizona Ranger 's duel with an outlaw named Texas Red in the `` town of Agua Fria '' . The townspeople predict the death of the Ranger , Texas Red having already killed `` one and nineteen men '' , but the Ranger kills Texas Red with the swiftness of the `` big iron on his hip . '' This term refers to the gun the Ranger carries . Texas Red had n't even `` cleared leather '' - the Ranger 's draw was that swift . Robbins 's version of the song reached # 5 on the Billboard Country chart and # 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in April 1960 . The song is also featured in the video game Fallout : New Vegas on the in - game radio , Radio New Vegas . The Ranger 's `` Big Iron '' actually existed . It was a one - off custom handgun chambered in . 45 Colt and featured a Great Western copy of the Colt Single Action Army frame , Colt 1860 Army backstrap , grip frame and grips and a cut down 9 1 / 2 '' Marlin rifle barrel . Marty Robbins saw it in Andy Anderson 's famed North Hollywood gun shop in the late 1950s and wrote the song around it . Its current whereabouts are unknown . Contents ( hide ) 1 In albums 2 Cover versions 3 Charts 4 References In albums ( edit ) Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs ( September 1959 ) , a compilation , CL 1349 - mono , CS 8158 - stereo , PC 8158 More Greatest Hits ( April 1961 ) , CL 1635 - mono , CS 8435 - stereo , PC 8435 Bend in the River ( 1968 ) , D 445 - mono ( Columbia Musical Treasuries ) , DS 445 - stereo The Heart of Marty Robbins ( 1969 ) , STS 2016 ( Columbia Star Series ) All Time Greatest Hits ( August 1972 ) , CG 31361 , KG 31361 , C 31361 Marty ! ( 1972 - 5 record set ) , P5S 5812 ( Columbia Musical Treasury ) Streets of Laredo , KH 32286 ( Harmony , August 1973 ) , LE 10576 ( Columbia , December 1973 ) Marty Robbins ' Own Favorites ( 1974 ) , P 12416 ( Columbia Special Products ) Marty Robbins Gold ( 1975 ) , NU 9060 ( K - Tel ) All Around Cowboy ( 1980 ) P 15594 No. 1 Cowboy ( 1980 ) , P 15594 ( re-release of `` All Around Cowboy '' ) Marty Robbins ( 1981 ) , GS 4003 ( History of Country Music , Sunrise Media ) A Lifetime of Song 1951 - 1982 ( August 1983 ) , C2 38870 Memories in Song ( 1983 - 2 record set ) , P2 19162 ( Columbia Special Product ) The Best Of Marty Robbins ( 1984 ) , RB4 - 214 - 1 The Essential MARTY ROBBINS : 1951 - 1982 ( 1991 ) , Sony Music Entertainment Inc C2T 48537 CT48538 CT 48539 MARTY ROBBINS Lost and found ( 1994 ) , Sony Music Entertainment Inc CT 57695 MARTY ROBBINS Memories in Song ( 1994 ) , Sony Music Special Products Compact Disc A 19163 MARTY ROBBINS LIVE Concert Versions Of His Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) , Pickwick Group Ltd London England 300382 Under Western Skies ( Oct 1995 ) , Bear Family Records , West Germany 4 - CD Box Set BCD 15646 MARTY ROBBINS Legendary Country Singers ( 1995 ) , Sony Music Special Products R989 - 06 PT - 25142 Story of My Life : Best of MARTY ROBBINS ( Mar 1996 ) , Sony Music Entertainment Inc Sony CK 64763 Cover versions ( edit ) Michael Martin Murphey covered the song on his 1993 album Cowboy Songs III . With the Robbins family 's blessing , the song was recorded as a duet with Robbins . It was released as a single and peaked at # 62 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Other covers of the song include : Kingfish ( 1976 ) by Kingfish Under the Influences ( 1999 ) by Mike Ness Big Iron ( 2001 ) by Carol Noonan Unearthed ( 2003 ) by Johnny Cash Songs From The Mojave Wasteland ( 2010 ) soundtrack from Fallout : New Vegas Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1960 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 67 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Marty Robbins -- Big Iron '' . www.discogs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Note : It is suggested that the `` town of Agua Fria '' is Agua Fria , New Mexico , because it is the only `` Agua Fria '' ever been a town , see `` Research - Big Iron The Book '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 533 . Jump up ^ Bob Arganbright . `` ANDY ANDERSON , `` The Gunfighter '' `` . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks '' . RPM . December 25 , 1993 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Marty Robbins -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Robbins Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Robbins Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Marty Robbins Albums Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs Today The Performer Notable singles `` I 'll Go On Alone '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` That 's All Right '' `` Maybellene '' `` Singing the Blues '' `` Knee Deep in the Blues '' `` A White Sport Coat '' `` The Story of My Life '' `` Just Married '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` El Paso '' `` Big Iron '' `` Do n't Worry '' `` Devil Woman '' `` Ruby Ann '' `` Begging to You '' `` Ribbon of Darkness '' `` Tonight Carmen '' `` I Walk Alone '' `` It 's a Sin '' `` My Woman , My Woman , My Wife '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` El Paso City '' `` Among My Souvenirs '' `` I Do n't Know Why ( I Just Do ) '' `` Return to Me '' `` Some Memories Just Wo n't Die '' `` Tie Your Dream to Mine '' Related articles Discography Jeanne Pruett Book : Marty Robbins Michael Martin Murphey 1970s albums Geronimo 's Cadillac ( 1972 ) Cosmic Cowboy Souvenir ( 1973 ) Michael Murphey ( 1973 ) Blue Sky -- Night Thunder ( 1975 ) Swans Against the Sun ( 1976 ) Flowing Free Forever ( 1976 ) Lone Wolf ( 1978 ) Peaks , Valleys , Honky Tonks & Alleys ( 1979 ) 1980s albums Hard Country ( 1981 ) Michael Martin Murphey ( 1982 ) The Heart Never Lies ( 1983 ) Tonight We Ride ( 1986 ) Americana ( 1987 ) River of Time ( 1988 ) Land of Enchantment ( 1989 ) 1990s albums Cowboy Songs ( 1990 ) Cowboy Christmas : Cowboy Songs II ( 1991 ) Cowboy Songs III ( 1993 ) Sagebrush Symphony ( 1995 ) The Horse Legends ( 1997 ) Cowboy Songs Four ( 1998 ) Acoustic Christmas Carols ( 1999 ) 2000s albums Playing Favorites ( 2001 ) Cowboy Classics : Playing Favorites II ( 2002 ) Cowboy Christmas III ( 2002 ) Live at Billy Bob 's Texas ( 2004 ) Heartland Cowboy : Cowboy Songs , Vol. 5 ( 2006 ) Buckaroo Blue Grass ( 2009 ) 2010s albums Lone Cowboy ( 2010 ) Buckaroo Blue Grass II ( 2010 ) Tall Grass & Cool Water ( 2011 ) Campfire on the Road ( 2012 ) Red River Drifter ( 2013 ) High Stakes ( 2016 ) Notable singles `` Geronimo 's Cadillac '' `` Wildfire '' `` Cherokee Fiddle '' `` What 's Forever For '' `` Still Taking Chances '' `` Love Affairs '' `` Do n't Count the Rainy Days '' `` Will It Be Love by Morning '' `` Disenchanted '' `` Radio Land '' `` What She Wants '' `` Carolina in the Pines '' `` Rollin ' Nowhere '' `` Fiddlin ' Man '' `` A Face in the Crowd '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` A Long Line of Love '' `` I 'm Gonna Miss You , Girl '' `` Talkin ' to the Wrong Man '' `` Pilgrims on the Way ( Matthew 's Song ) '' `` From the Word Go '' `` Never Givin ' Up on Love '' `` Route 66 '' `` Big Iron '' Related articles Discography Ryan Murphey Rio Grande Band Pat Flynn Book : Michael Martin Murphey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Iron&oldid=823095384 '' Categories : Western music ( North America ) 1959 songs Country ballads Marty Robbins songs Johnny Cash songs Songs written by Marty Robbins Michael Martin Murphey songs Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 06 : 00 . About Wikipedia	who sings the song big iron on his hip	[ "\"Big Iron\" is a country ballad written and performed by Marty Robbins, originally released as an album track on Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs in September 1959, then as a single in February 1960 with the song \"Saddle Tramp\" as the B-side single. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[2]" ]	[ "Marty Robbins" ]
4721810159416875607	Mania (Fall Out Boy album)	Mania ( Fall Out Boy album ) - wikipedia Mania ( Fall Out Boy album ) Jump to : navigation , search Mania Studio album by Fall Out Boy Released January 19 , 2018 Recorded 2016 -- 2017 Genre Pop pop rock rock electropop Length 35 : 46 Label Island DCD2 Producer Jonny Coffer Fall Out Boy Illangelo Dave Sardy Jesse Shatkin Butch Walker Fall Out Boy chronology Make America Psycho Again ( 2015 ) Make America Psycho Again 2015 Mania ( 2018 ) Llamania ( 2018 ) Llamania 2018 Singles from Mania `` Young and Menace '' Released : April 27 , 2017 `` Champion '' Released : June 22 , 2017 `` The Last of the Real Ones '' Released : September 14 , 2017 `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Released : November 15 , 2017 `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' Released : January 11 , 2018 Mania ( stylized as MA N I A and formally titled Mania : A Fall Out Boy LP ) is the seventh studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy , released on January 19 , 2018 , by Island Records and DCD2 as the follow - up to their 2015 album , American Beauty / American Psycho . The release of the album was preceded by five singles : `` Young and Menace '' , `` Champion '' , `` The Last of the Real Ones '' , `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' , and `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' The album received largely mixed reviews from music critics upon release but fared well commercially , debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Album delay 2 Promotion 3 Llamania 4 Singles 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 References Background ( edit ) Fall Out Boy enjoyed commercial success and worldwide acclaim after releasing their sixth studio album , American Beauty / American Psycho ( 2015 ) . During the extensive touring in support of the album , the group began writing and recording material for a seventh album . The beginning of the production process for Mania began after the band 's frontman Patrick Stump introduced the song `` Young and Menace '' to bass guitarist Pete Wentz at Reading and Leeds Festival in 2016 , which inspired the musicians to record a full - length . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Wentz described the vision behind Mania . `` It feels like every once in awhile , you 've got ta do a hard restart that clears the cache and erases the hard drive . I think that 's what ( Mania ) was -- a big palette cleanse , '' said Wentz . After the release of the album 's first two singles , `` Young and Menace '' and `` Champion '' , Patrick Stump issued a statement on Twitter confirming that the band was postponing the release date for Mania until January 19 , 2018 due to the album `` feeling rushed . '' Album delay ( edit ) Mania was originally scheduled for a release on September 15 , 2017 , worldwide . However , on August 3 , 2017 , Patrick Stump announced that the record would be pushed back until January 19 , 2018 . `` The album just really is n't ready , and it felt very rushed , '' Stump said on Twitter . `` I 'm never going to put a record out I genuinely do n't believe is at least as strong or valid as the one that came before it and in order to do that we need a little bit more time to properly and carefully record solid performances . '' On November 6 , 2017 , the band announced on social media that the album had been completed and revealed the tracklist . In the lead up to the album 's release , it became evident that several streaming platforms had published the tracks of the album out of order . The physical copies retain the order originally released by the band . Promotion ( edit ) In support of the album , the band has performed the singles on television and has embarked on the Mania Tour in October 2017 . The tour , which takes place in both North America , Australia and New Zealand features support from blackbear , Jaden Smith , and WAAX . The song `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' , was debuted live on October 20 , 2017 , as part of the Mania Tour 's setlist . Llamania ( edit ) Main article : Llamania During recording sessions for Mania , the band scrapped three unfinished tracks ; `` Past Life '' , `` Wrong Side of Paradise '' , and `` Footprints in the Snow '' . The tracks were released by Fall Out Boy , under the alias Frosty & The Nightmare Making Machines , in the form of an extended play ( EP ) , entitled Llamania , on February 23 , 2018 , through physical CD and vinyl . Singles ( edit ) The lead single , `` Young and Menace '' , was released on April 27 , 2017 alongside its music video . The song has a notable influence from the EDM genre , hinting at another progression of the band 's sound with the album . The second single , `` Champion '' , was released on June 22 in the U.S. and on June 23 worldwide with the `` visualizer '' music video . On July 27 , the official music video was released for the song . The third single , `` The Last of the Real Ones '' , was released on September 14 , 2017 . The fourth single , `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' , was released on November 15 with its music video , which takes a notable influence from the Mexican holiday Day Of The Dead . `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' was released as the fifth single , accompanied with its music video premiere on January 11 , 2018. . A music video for `` Church '' was released along with the album on January 19 , 2018 . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 58 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club The Guardian The New Zealand Herald NME The Philadelphia Inquirer Rock Sound 8 / 10 Rolling Stone Mania received a largely mixed reaction from music critics , while some remained positive about the band 's ambition and evolution . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album has an average score of 58 based on 11 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) Mania debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 on February 3 , 2018 with 130,000 album - equivalent units , of which 117,000 were pure album sales . It is Fall Out Boy 's fourth US number - one album . Track listing ( edit ) Upon its initial upload to several digital music retailers , the order of the track listing was incorrect . The band later confirmed that the track listing on the physical releases was correct across all versions of the release and that these would soon be corrected . Digital / Physical edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea '' Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andrew Hurley Jesse Shatkin D. Sardy 2 : 50 2 . `` The Last of the Real Ones '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Carlo Montagnese Butch Walker Illangelo 3 : 50 3 . `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Jonny Coffer Coffer Walker 3 : 30 4 . `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley D. Sardy 3 : 36 5 . `` Church '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Audra Mae Kate York Andrew Wells Walker Wells 3 : 31 6 . `` Heaven 's Gate '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley D. Sardy 3 : 45 7 . `` Champion '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Sia Furler Shatkin Fall Out Boy Shatkin 3 : 13 8 . `` Sunshine Riptide '' ( featuring Burna Boy ) Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Walker 3 : 24 9 . `` Young and Menace '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Fall Out Boy Shatkin 3 : 44 10 . `` Bishops Knife Trick '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Walker 4 : 23 Total length : 35 : 46 ( show ) Japanese bonus track No . Title Length 11 . `` Champion '' ( remix ) ( featuring RM of BTS ) 3 : 35 Total length : 39 : 21 ( show ) Japanese bonus DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` Young and Menace '' ( music video ) 3 : 59 2 . `` Young and Menace '' ( making of video ) 1 : 58 3 . `` Champion '' ( music video ) 3 : 41 4 . `` Champion '' ( making of video ) 2 : 00 5 . `` The Last of the Real Ones '' ( music video ) 3 : 50 6 . `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' ( music video ) 3 : 37 7 . `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' ( making of video ) 2 : 08 Total length : 19 : 53 Notes -- additional production Additional production and engineering on all songs by Fall Out Boy Personnel ( edit ) Personnel adapted from Tidal . Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , keyboards , programming Pete Wentz -- bass guitar , backing vocals Joe Trohman -- lead guitar , backing vocals , keyboards , programming Andy Hurley -- drums , percussion Additional personnel Jesse Shatkin -- production , mixing Butch Walker -- production Andrew Wells -- production Fall Out Boy -- primary production Suzy Shinn -- engineering Rouble Kapoor -- assistant engineering Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 6 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 11 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 36 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 24 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 15 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 French Albums ( SNEP ) 50 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 12 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 37 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 15 Japanese International Albums ( Oricon ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 6 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 20 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 15 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 30 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Rock & Metal Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy make a mess '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mania ' review : Fall Out Boy balances rock and pop with ease '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Fall Out Boy 's ' Mania ' is an unholy mess '' . Usa Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy mania album review newsday '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Artist of the week : Fall Out Boy '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Settles Into An Electronic Pop Mania '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.rocksound.tv/features/read/fall-out-boys-pete-wentz-on-new-music-mania-and-making-an-unlistenable-song Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/pete-wentz-on-new-fall-out-boy-lp-mania-fall-tour-w494845 Jump up ^ http://www.nme.com/news/music/fall-boy-delay-release-new-album-m-n-four-months-2121141 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/PatrickStump/status/893184837854654464 Jump up ^ Boy , Fall Out ( 10 : 37 AM - 6 Nov 2017 ) . `` check again http://ismaniadoneyet.com checking things off that to do list '' . @ falloutboy . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/petewentz/status/952336080451203072 Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy announce ' Mania Tour ' opener and other news you might have missed today '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jaden Smith is Going On Tour With Fall Out Boy '' . Spin. 2017 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` FALL OUT BOY / / Announce ' Mania ' Tour 2018 '' . Hysteria Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Post-Dispatch , Daniel Durchholz Special to the . `` Despite glitches , Fall Out Boy 's ' Mania ' show is a satisfying spectacle at Scottrade '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dickman , Maggie ( February 23 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy share previously unheard ' MANI A ' demos in the coolest way '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Have Surprise - Released A New Three - Track Demo EP '' . Kerrang . February 23 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew . `` Fall Out Boy unveil new song and video '' . NME . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Looks like Fall Out Boy 's new song , ' Champion , ' will be released next week -- News -- Alternative Press '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elvis Duran Show ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy On New Single ' Young And Menace ' + Upcoming Album ' Mania ' - Elvis Duran Show '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Fall Out Boy 's Outlaw Thriller ' The Last of the Real Ones ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Get Kidnapped by Killer Llamas in Weird ' The Last of the Real Ones ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boy , Fall Out ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` We see a new song in your short future . The Last of the Real Ones coming soonpic.twitter.com/NwOCDseByt '' . @ falloutboy . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stubblebine , Allison ( November 1 - by1ydBTM&feature = push - u-sub&attr_tag = 8cxr3sBgJus5V4N3 - 6 < 5 , 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Dance For Day of the Dead in Colorful ' Hold Me Tight or Do n't ' Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wH-by1ydBTM&feature=push-u-sub&attr_tag=8cxr3sBgJus5V4N3-6 ^ Jump up to : `` Mania by Fall Out Boy '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( none ) . `` MANIA - Fall Out Boy '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ryan , Kyle ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy resets , sort of , on the delayed Mania '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Mania review -- songs to appal and appease the hardcore '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yates , Siena ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Album review : Fall Out Boy , Mania '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hemmings , Hannah Mylrea ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy -- ' Mania ' review '' . NME . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amorosi , A.D. ; DeLuca , Dan ; Klinge , Steve ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Album reviews : Fall Out Boy , Jeff Rosenstock , and Calexico '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jack . `` Fall Out Boy - ' MANIA ' '' . Rock Sound . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jon ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Fall Out Boy Turn Meltdowns Into Jock Jams on ' Mania ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Earns Fourth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Mania ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/petewentz/status/955352711234404352 Jump up ^ `` MANIA by Fall Out Boy on Apple Music '' . Jump up ^ https://www.target.com/p/fall-out-boy-m-a-n-i-a/-/A-52786148 ^ Jump up to : `` マニア ( デラックス・エディション ) ( DVD 付初回生産限定盤 ) / フォール・アウト・ボーイ '' . CD Japan . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MANIA / Fall Out Boy '' . Tidal . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201805 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy : MANI A '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 26 January 2018 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 4 ( dal 2018 - 01 - 19 al 2018 - 01 - 25 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Top 50 Albums : 2018 - 01 - 03 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Top 50 International Albums : 2018 - 01 - 03 '' ( in Oricon ) . Oricon . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 40 Album uke 4 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Álbumes -- Semana 4 : del 19.1. 2018 al 25.1. 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Click on `` Veckans albumlista '' . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andy Hurley Ben Rose Mike Pareskuwicz T.J. Kunasch Brandon Hamm Studio albums Take This to Your Grave From Under the Cork Tree Infinity on High Folie à Deux Save Rock and Roll American Beauty / American Psycho Mania Extended plays Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue Leaked in London America 's Suitehearts : Remixed , Retouched , Rehabbed and Retoxed PAX AM Days Llamania Live albums Live in Phoenix Compilation albums Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits Remix albums Make America Psycho Again Demo albums Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend Singles `` Dead on Arrival '' `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Saturday '' `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' `` Dance , Dance '' `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' `` '' The Take Over , the Breaks Over `` '' `` I 'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I 'm Always Trying to Get You Off ( Me & You ) '' `` Beat It '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` America 's Suitehearts '' `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' `` What a Catch , Donnie '' `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` The Phoenix '' `` Alone Together '' `` Young Volcanoes '' `` Centuries '' `` Immortals '' `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` Irresistible '' `` Ghostbusters ( I 'm Not Afraid ) '' `` Young and Menace '' `` Champion '' `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Concert tours Honda Civic Tour 2007 Young Wild Things Tour Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux Monumentour American Beauty / American Psycho Tour Wintour is Coming The Mania Tour Related articles Discography List of songs Arma Angelus Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares Racetraitor The Damned Things Black Cards Welcome to the New Administration Fall Out Toy Works The Young Blood Chronicles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mania_(Fall_Out_Boy_album)&oldid=828832900 '' Categories : 2018 albums Fall Out Boy albums Island Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 errors : external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Português Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 01 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote heaven's gate fall out boy	[ "\n\nDigital/Physical edition[38][39]\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea\"\n\n\n\nPatrick Stump\nPete Wentz\nJoe Trohman\nAndrew Hurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJesse Shatkin\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n2:50\n\n\n2.\n\"The Last of the Real Ones\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nCarlo Montagnese\n\n\n\n\n\n\nButch Walker\nIllangelo[a]\n\n\n\n3:50\n\n\n3.\n\"Hold Me Tight or Don't\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nJonny Coffer\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoffer\nWalker\n\n\n\n3:30\n\n\n4.\n\"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:36\n\n\n5.\n\"Church\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nAudra Mae\nKate York\nAndrew Wells\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\nWells[a]\n\n\n\n3:31\n\n\n6.\n\"Heaven's Gate\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:45\n\n\n7.\n\"Champion\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nSia Furler\nShatkin\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin[a]\n\n\n\n3:13\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunshine Riptide\" (featuring Burna Boy)\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\nWalker\n3:24\n\n\n9.\n\"Young and Menace\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin\n\n\n\n3:44\n\n\n10.\n\"Bishops Knife Trick\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\n\n\n\n4:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n35:46\n\n", "\n\nDigital/Physical edition[38][39]\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea\"\n\n\n\nPatrick Stump\nPete Wentz\nJoe Trohman\nAndrew Hurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJesse Shatkin\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n2:50\n\n\n2.\n\"The Last of the Real Ones\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nCarlo Montagnese\n\n\n\n\n\n\nButch Walker\nIllangelo[a]\n\n\n\n3:50\n\n\n3.\n\"Hold Me Tight or Don't\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nJonny Coffer\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoffer\nWalker\n\n\n\n3:30\n\n\n4.\n\"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:36\n\n\n5.\n\"Church\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nAudra Mae\nKate York\nAndrew Wells\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\nWells[a]\n\n\n\n3:31\n\n\n6.\n\"Heaven's Gate\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:45\n\n\n7.\n\"Champion\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nSia Furler\nShatkin\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin[a]\n\n\n\n3:13\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunshine Riptide\" (featuring Burna Boy)\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\nWalker\n3:24\n\n\n9.\n\"Young and Menace\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin\n\n\n\n3:44\n\n\n10.\n\"Bishops Knife Trick\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\n\n\n\n4:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n35:46\n\n", "\n\nDigital/Physical edition[38][39]\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea\"\n\n\n\nPatrick Stump\nPete Wentz\nJoe Trohman\nAndrew Hurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJesse Shatkin\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n2:50\n\n\n2.\n\"The Last of the Real Ones\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nCarlo Montagnese\n\n\n\n\n\n\nButch Walker\nIllangelo[a]\n\n\n\n3:50\n\n\n3.\n\"Hold Me Tight or Don't\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nJonny Coffer\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoffer\nWalker\n\n\n\n3:30\n\n\n4.\n\"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:36\n\n\n5.\n\"Church\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nAudra Mae\nKate York\nAndrew Wells\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\nWells[a]\n\n\n\n3:31\n\n\n6.\n\"Heaven's Gate\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:45\n\n\n7.\n\"Champion\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nSia Furler\nShatkin\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin[a]\n\n\n\n3:13\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunshine Riptide\" (featuring Burna Boy)\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\nWalker\n3:24\n\n\n9.\n\"Young and Menace\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin\n\n\n\n3:44\n\n\n10.\n\"Bishops Knife Trick\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\n\n\n\n4:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n35:46\n\n", "\n\nDigital/Physical edition[38][39]\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea\"\n\n\n\nPatrick Stump\nPete Wentz\nJoe Trohman\nAndrew Hurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJesse Shatkin\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n2:50\n\n\n2.\n\"The Last of the Real Ones\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nCarlo Montagnese\n\n\n\n\n\n\nButch Walker\nIllangelo[a]\n\n\n\n3:50\n\n\n3.\n\"Hold Me Tight or Don't\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nJonny Coffer\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoffer\nWalker\n\n\n\n3:30\n\n\n4.\n\"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:36\n\n\n5.\n\"Church\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nAudra Mae\nKate York\nAndrew Wells\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\nWells[a]\n\n\n\n3:31\n\n\n6.\n\"Heaven's Gate\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:45\n\n\n7.\n\"Champion\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nSia Furler\nShatkin\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin[a]\n\n\n\n3:13\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunshine Riptide\" (featuring Burna Boy)\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\nWalker\n3:24\n\n\n9.\n\"Young and Menace\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin\n\n\n\n3:44\n\n\n10.\n\"Bishops Knife Trick\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\n\n\n\n4:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n35:46\n\n" ]	[ "Stump", "Wentz", "Trohman", "Hurley" ]
4306609340234695366	Print screen	Print screen - wikipedia Print screen Not to be confused with screen printing . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 104 - key PC US English keyboard layout with Prt Sc circled Print screen ( often abbreviated Print Scrn , Prnt Scrn , Prt Scrn , Prt Scn , Prt Scr , Prt Sc or Pr Sc ) is a key present on most PC keyboards . It is typically situated in the same section as the break key and scroll lock key . The print screen may share the same key as system request . Contents 1 Original use 2 Modern use 3 Notable keyboards 4 References Original use ( edit ) Under command - line based operating systems such as MS - DOS , this key causes the contents of the current text mode screen memory buffer to be copied to the standard printer port , usually LPT1 . In essence , whatever was currently on the screen when the key was pressed will be printed . Pressing the Ctrl key in combination with Prt Sc turns on and off the `` printer echo '' feature . When echo is in effect , any conventional text output to the screen will be copied ( `` echoed '' ) to the printer . There is also a Unicode character for print screen , U + 2399 ⎙ PRINT SCREEN SYMBOL . Modern use ( edit ) Newer - generation operating systems using a graphical interface tend to save a bitmap image of the current screen , or screenshot , to their clipboard or comparable storage area . Some shells allow modification of the exact behavior using modifier keys such as the control key . In Microsoft Windows , pressing Prt Sc will capture the entire screen , while pressing the Alt key in combination with Prt Sc will capture the currently selected window . The captured image can then be pasted into an editing program such as a graphics program or even a word processor . Pressing Prt Sc with both the left Alt key and left ⇧ Shift pressed turns on a high contrast mode ( this keyboard shortcut can be turned off by the user ) . Since Windows 8 , pressing the ⊞ Win key in combination with Prt Sc ( and optionally in addition to the Alt key ) will save the captured image to disk ( the default pictures location ) . This behavior is therefore backward compatible with users who learned Print Screen actions under operating systems such as MS - DOS . In KDE and GNOME , very similar shortcuts are available , which open a screenshot tool ( KSnapshot or GNOME Screenshot respectively ) , giving options to save the screenshot , plus more options like manually picking a specific window , screen area , using a timeout , etc . Sending the image to many services ( KDE ) , or even screen recording ( GNOME ) , is built - in too . Macintosh does not use a print screen key ; instead , key combinations are used that start with ⌘ Cmd + ⇧ Shift . These key combinations are used to provide more functionality including the ability to select screen objects . ⌘ Cmd + ⇧ Shift + 3 captures the whole screen , while ⌘ Cmd + ⇧ Shift + 4 allows for part of the screen to be selected . The standard print screen functions described above save the image to the desktop . However , using any of the key sequences described above , but additionally pressing the Ctrl will modify the behavior to copy the image to the system clipboard instead . Notable keyboards ( edit ) On the IBM Model F keyboard , the key is labeled PrtSc and is located under the Enter key . On the IBM Model M , it is located next to the F12 key and is labeled Print Screen . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Take a screen capture ( print your screen ) - Windows Help '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turn on high contrast mode '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Take a screen capture ( print your screen ) - Windows Help '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ KSnapshot -- KDE 's screenshot tool . Jump up ^ Screenshots and Screencasts -- GNOME Help . IBM PC keyboard ( Windows , US layout ) Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 PrtScn / SysRq Scroll Lock Pause / Break Insert Home PgUp Num Lock ∕ ∗ − Delete End PgDn 7 8 9 + 6 ↑ Enter ← ↓ → 0 Ins . Del hide Keyboard keys Dead keys Compose Modifier keys Control Shift Alt / Option ( Apple ) AltGr Meta Command ( Apple ) / Windows ( Microsoft ) Super Hyper Fn Lock keys Scroll lock Num lock Caps lock F - Lock Navigation keys Arrow keys Page Up / Page Down Home End Esc Menu Editing Enter / Return Carriage return Backspace Insert Delete Tab Space bar Numeric keypad Language input Contextual Function keys Print screen System request Break / Pause Misc . Power management keys ( Power , Sleep , Wake ) Any key Macro key Concepts Keyboard layout Keyboard shortcut Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Print_screen&oldid=858572020 '' Categories : Computer keys Computing terminology Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Татарча / tatarça Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2018 , at 04 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the use of print screen key in keyboard	[]	[]
-1485966428809905711	Christopher Pike (Star Trek)	Christopher Pike ( Star Trek ) - wikipedia Christopher Pike ( Star Trek ) Christopher Pike Star Trek character Captain Pike , as played by Jeffrey Hunter in the original pilot `` The Cage '' . Portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter ( 1965 ) Sean Kenney ( 1966 ) Bruce Greenwood ( 2009 & 2013 ) Anson Mount ( 2019 - present ) Information Species Human Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Posting USS Enterprise commanding officer Rank Captain Fleet Captain Admiral Christopher Pike is a character in the Star Trek science fiction franchise . He was portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter in the original Star Trek pilot episode , `` The Cage '' , as captain of the USS Enterprise . The pilot was rejected , and the character was dropped during development of the second pilot when Hunter decided that he did not want to continue with the series . Sean Kenney portrayed the physically disabled Christopher Pike in new footage filmed for a subsequent Star Trek episode , `` The Menagerie '' , which also re-uses original footage featuring Hunter from `` The Cage '' . Bruce Greenwood portrays Pike in the 2009 film Star Trek and its 2013 sequel , Star Trek Into Darkness . Captain Pike and the Enterprise appear in the second season of Star Trek : Discovery ; the trailer for the season shows Pike ( Anson Mount ) taking temporary command of the USS Discovery in a crisis situation . Contents 1 Depiction 1.1 `` The Cage '' 1.2 `` The Menagerie '' 1.3 Later references 1.4 Reboot 1.5 Star Trek : Discovery 2 Appearances in licensed spin - off media 2.1 Novels and short stories 2.2 Comics 2.2. 1 Star Trek : Early Voyages 2.2. 2 Star Trek Annual # 2 -- `` The Final Voyage '' ( DC comics , 1986 ) 2.2. 3 Starfleet Academy comic series 2.2. 4 Star Trek Captain 's Log : Pike ( IDW Publishing , 2010 ) 2.3 Star Trek : The New Voyages 3 References 4 External links Depiction ( edit ) According to dialogue in `` The Cage '' , he is from the city of Mojave on Earth and once owned a horse named Tango . Pike is the second captain of the USS Enterprise NCC - 1701 and the first to be shown in Star Trek canon . The animated Star Trek series reveals that Captain Robert April predated Pike , and printed Star Trek fiction and reference books also identify April as Pike 's predecessor . Pike took command of the USS Enterprise in the year 2252 , at the age of 38 , taking over command from Robert April , who commanded the Enterprise for nine years . `` The Cage '' ( edit ) At the beginning of `` The Cage '' , set in the year 2254 , Pike and his crew are recuperating from a mission to Rigel VII during which several members of the landing party were killed by the inhabitants . The incident filled Pike with so much guilt that he is considering resigning his commission . Meanwhile , the Enterprise is en route to Vega Colony to drop off wounded crew members when it receives a distress call from the survey vessel SS Columbia , lost eighteen years previously . Pike orders the ship diverted to Talos IV to rescue survivors . Pike soon learns that all but one of the survivors are illusions created by the Talosians in order to lure the Enterprise crew to Talos IV . The Talosians make every effort to provide sexual fantasies that they hope will appeal to Pike , using Vina , the only real Columbia survivor , as the object of desire . After Pike escapes from his prison cell with the aid of his first officer , Number One , and Yeoman J.M. Colt , the Talosians reveal , to Pike , Vina 's real appearance as a disfigured older woman . The Talosians saved her life after the Columbia crashed , but they had no guide on how to repair a human body . Pike requests that the Talosians restore her illusion of beauty and the Enterprise leaves Talos IV . `` The Menagerie '' ( edit ) At some point prior to `` The Menagerie '' , Pike is promoted to fleet captain . He is severely injured while rescuing several cadets from a baffle plate rupture on board a J - class training vessel , the delta ray radiation leaving him paralyzed , unable to speak , badly scarred , and using a brainwave - operated wheelchair for mobility . His only means of communicating is through a light on the chair : one flash meaning `` yes '' and two flashes indicating `` no '' . In `` The Menagerie '' , the Enterprise , now under the command of Captain James T. Kirk , travels to Starbase 11 . Spock , who had served with Pike for `` eleven years , four months , and five days '' , makes clandestine arrangements to take Pike back to Talos IV , despite travel to Talos IV being the only criminal offense still punishable by death in Starfleet . Spock undergoes court - martial , with his evidence presented during the trial being footage from `` The Cage '' . At the two - part episode 's conclusion , it is revealed that the entire procedure was a Talosian - generated illusion to ensure that the Enterprise reached Talos . The Talosians invite Captain Pike to spend the remainder of his life among them , `` unfettered by his natural body '' , which was the entire purpose of Spock 's actions . Pike accepts the offer and Spock , now cleared of all charges , sees him off . The Talosians then show Captain Kirk an image of Pike in perfect health and reunited with Vina ( another scene from `` The Cage '' ) . Later references ( edit ) Pike is referenced in the episode `` Mirror , Mirror '' . An alternate - universe version of Captain Kirk reportedly assassinated Pike to become captain of the ISS Enterprise ( the Mirror Universe version of the USS Enterprise ) . In the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode `` The Most Toys '' , the name Pike can be seen briefly on the side of the shuttlecraft Lt. Commander Data was going to pilot at the beginning of the episode . A citation named for Pike is revealed in the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Tears of the Prophets '' ; Captain Benjamin Sisko receives the `` Christopher Pike Medal of Valor '' for his actions during the Dominion War . Reboot ( edit ) Bruce Greenwood as Pike in the 2009 film Captain Pike appears in the 2009 reboot Star Trek , this time portrayed by Bruce Greenwood . In the film , Pike encourages a young , directionless James T. Kirk ( Chris Pine ) to follow in the footsteps of his hero father and enlist in Starfleet . Pike is the first Captain of the USS Enterprise , with Kirk on board as a stowaway . During the Battle of Vulcan , Pike is taken prisoner by Nero ( Eric Bana ) and tortured for information about Earth 's defenses . He is later rescued by Kirk , whom Pike also manages to save from an attack despite his wounds . At the end of the film , Pike is promoted to the rank of admiral and uses a wheelchair . Unlike his counterpart in `` The Menagerie '' , however , Pike still retains the ability to speak and to use his upper body . He proudly yields command of the Enterprise to Kirk while he recovers from his injuries , stating that Kirk 's father would be proud of his actions . Greenwood reprised his role as Pike in the next film , Star Trek Into Darkness . In the film , Pike has partially recovered from the trauma Nero inflicted , and uses a cane rather than a wheelchair . After Kirk violates the Prime Directive to rescue Spock ( Zachary Quinto ) , Pike briefly retakes command of the Enterprise and warns Kirk that the Admiralty is threatening to put him back into the Academy . Pike confronts Kirk about his reckless behavior and how his own actions can get those nearest to him killed . Despite his anger at Kirk , however , Pike retains him as his First Officer , sparing him from having to return to the Academy . He later explains to Kirk that he still believes in him and that he also sees a `` greatness '' behind his recklessness . During a meeting with the Starfleet commanders , including veteran Admiral Marcus and Captain Kirk , Pike is killed in a terrorist attack on Starfleet by John Harrison . Pike 's death incites a desire for revenge in Kirk , who seeks to hunt Harrison down , which nearly brings the Federation into a full - scale war with the Klingons . It is revealed that `` John Harrison '' is an alias , and Harrison 's true identity is Khan Noonien Singh . Khan reveals a secret agenda of Admiral Marcus to militarize Starfleet via war with the Klingons and the use of the huge Dreadnought class starship , USS Vengeance , which was designed by Khan . At the end of the film , a memorial service is held for Pike and all of the other people who died as a result of Admiral Marcus ' and Khan 's actions . Pike 's death also deeply affects Kirk and Spock , Kirk because of their close relationship and Spock because he 'd been mind - melding with Pike as he died and felt his death . Star Trek : Discovery ( edit ) Pike is mentioned twice in the first season of the prequel series Star Trek : Discovery . In the episode `` Choose Your Pain '' , Pike is shown listed on the Starfleet Database as one of Starfleet 's most decorated Captains as of 2256 . ( Also included in the list are Jonathan Archer , Matthew Decker , Philippa Georgiou , and Robert April . ) The Enterprise is seen in the final scene of the first - season finale , `` Will You Take My Hand ? '' , with Pike sending a distress call to the Discovery . On April 9 , 2018 , Anson Mount was cast as Pike in the second season of the series , which was described as a `` key role '' for the season . Appearances in licensed spin - off media ( edit ) Novels and short stories ( edit ) Pike has significant roles in the Pocket Books novels Enterprise : The First Adventure ( Vonda N. McIntyre , 1986 ) , Final Frontier ( Diane Carey , 1988 ) , Vulcan 's Glory ( D.C. Fontana , 1989 ) , The Rift ( Peter David , 1991 ) , Burning Dreams ( Margaret Wander Bonanno , 2006 ) , and Child of Two Worlds ( Greg Cox , 2015 ) . A mirror - universe version of Pike ( established in `` Mirror , Mirror '' , as having been assassinated by the mirror James T. Kirk . ) He also appears in the novel Dark Victory ( William Shatner , 1999 ) , and the short story `` The Greater Good '' ( Margaret Wander Bonanno ) in the anthology Star Trek : Mirror Universe : Shards and Shadows ( 2009 ) . Dave Stern 's 2010 original series novel The Children of Kings was set aboard Pike 's Enterprise . Captain Pike has his own novel in `` Captain 's Table '' series , Where Sea Meets Sky , written by Jerry Oltion and published in October 1998 . Comics ( edit ) Star Trek : Early Voyages ( edit ) In the Paramount - licensed Star Trek comic book series published by Marvel Comics , Star Trek : Early Voyages chronicled the adventures of the Enterprise under the command of Pike . The earliest issues lead up to the events seen in `` The Cage '' , which was retold from Yeoman Colt 's point of view . Although extremely popular , the comic series ended on a cliffhanger when Marvel lost the Star Trek license rights . Star Trek annual # 2 -- `` the final voyage '' ( D.C. Comics , 1986 ) ( edit ) In this issue , the Enterprise tries to return home to Earth only to find itself around Talos IV . They discover that the Klingons have gone to the planet reasoning anything that scared the Federation enough to maintain the death penalty could be used as a weapon . While on the surface they also discover two Klingons torturing Pike , who is back in his chair due to the Klingons having partially mastered the Talosian 's mind powers . One of the Klingons then tortures the crew of the Enterprise by making them live their worst fears . Kirk , forced to relive the death of Edith Keeler , goes berserk with rage and breaks the illusion . Kirk then beats the Klingon tormenting them to death with his bare hands . The crew quickly free the Talosians , who mentally imprison the Klingons in illusions of peaceful , tranquil settings as they purge their memories of Talos IV . The crew returns home with Pike remaining on Talos IV to continue his illusionary life . Starfleet Academy comic series ( edit ) In the Paramount - licensed Star Trek comic book series published by Marvel Comics , Starfleet Academy , Nog and some fellow cadets encounter a solid image of Pike on Talos IV . Star Trek Captain 's Log : Pike ( IDW publishing , 2010 ) ( edit ) Captain 's Log : Pike published by IDW details the events leading up to and including Pike becoming disabled from the baffle plate rupture aboard the USS Exeter ( NCC - 1788 ) under the watch of Captain Colt , Pike 's former yeoman on the Enterprise . The story also reveals Colt 's unrequited love for her former Captain . Star Trek : the new Voyages ( edit ) In an episode of the non-canon fan film series Star Trek : New Voyages , a time - traveling Kirk and Spock attempt to warn Pike not to attempt to rescue the trapped cadets . Pike attempts it , in spite of what future - Kirk and future - Spock say , causing him to be injured by the delta rays and subsequently transition to a life in the wheelchair and its light communication device . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Alexander , Star Trek Creator : The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry , p. 244 . Letter from Gene Roddenberry to Jeffrey Hunter , April 5 , 1965 : I am told you have decided not to go ahead with `` Star Trek '' . This has to be your own decision , of course , and I must respect it . You may be certain I hold no grudge or ill feelings and expect to continue to reflect publicly and privately the high regard I learned for you during the production of our pilot . Jump up ^ Herbert F. Solow and Robert H. Justman , Inside Star Trek , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness Jump up ^ Carey , Diane ( 1995 ) . Best Destiny . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 13905 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Okuda , Mike ; Denise , Okuda ; Mirek , Debbie ( 1999 ) . The Star Trek Encyclopedia . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53609 - 5 . Jump up ^ RadioFree.com : Star Trek film clip Jump up ^ http://www.trektoday.com/content/2009/11/room-for-greenwood-in-star-trek-xii/ Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) . `` We Ask the Star Trek : Discovery EPs What the Finale 's Throwback Ending Means for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Adds Anson Mount In Key Role For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Star Trek portal Christopher Pike at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Christopher Pike Medal of Valor at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Christopher Pike ( mirror ) at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Christopher Pike ( alternate reality ) at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Christopher Pike at Memory Beta , for the character in Star Trek novels and comics . Star Trek recurring characters Multiple series Reginald Barclay Boothby Chekote Zefram Cochrane Arne Darvin Evek Amanda Grayson Gowron Kang Harry Mudd Alynna Nechayev Khan Noonien Singh Koloth Kor Kurn Morn Keiko O'Brien Molly O'Brien Christopher Pike Q Janice Rand Alexander Rozhenko Sarek T'Pau Lwaxana Troi Vash Lewis Zimmerman Number One The Original Series and The Animated Series Christine Chapel Cyrano Jones Kyle Leslie The Next Generation Jack Crusher Guinan Mr. Homn Lore Lursa and B'Etor Miles O'Brien Nurse Ogawa Ro Laren Sela Noonien Soong Spot Tomalak The Traveler Deep Space Nine Kimara Cretak Joran Dax Michael Eddington Vic Fontaine Martok M'Pella Kirayoshi O'Brien William Ross Joseph Sisko Luther Sloan Kasidy Yates Bajorans : Vedek Bareil Leeta Kai Opaka Shakaar Edon Winn Adami Tora Ziyal Cardassians : Damar Dukat Elim Garak Mila Enabran Tain Ferengi : Brunt Ishka Nog Rom Zek The Dominion : Female Changeling Weyoun Voyager Borg Queen Chaotica Jal Culluh Owen Paris Satan 's robot Seska Deanna Troi Naomi Wildman Borg children : Azan Icheb Mezoti Rebi Voyager crew : Ayala Michael Jonas Lon Suder Vorik Samantha Wildman Enterprise Daniels Maxwell Forrest Major Hayes Erika Hernandez Koss Michael Rostov Porthos Thy'lek Shran Silik Soval Sphere Builders Thalen Commander Williams Xindi council : Amman'sor Degra Dolim Jannar Feature films Fleet Admiral Cartwright David Marcus Saavik Category : Star Trek Star Trek reboot ( Kelvin Timeline ) series Primary characters Pavel Chekov James T. Kirk Leonard McCoy Christopher Pike Montgomery Scott Khan Noonien Singh Spock Hikaru Sulu Nyota Uhura Media Films Star Trek ( awards ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( awards ) Star Trek Beyond Comic books Star Trek : Countdown Star Trek : Nero Star Trek : Khan Video games Star Trek DAC Star Trek Star Trek : Bridge Crew Other topics USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) Category : Star Trek Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Pike_(Star_Trek)&oldid=852162146 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1966 Star Trek : The Original Series characters Star Trek ( film franchise ) characters Starfleet captains Starfleet admirals Star Trek : Discovery characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 02 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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-8000046396966052752	Dark fibre	Dark fibre - wikipedia Dark fibre Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stealth Fiber Crew installing a 432 - count dark fibre cable underneath the streets of Midtown Manhattan , New York City A dark fibre or unlit fibre is an unused optical fibre , available for use in fibre - optic communication . The term dark fibre was originally used when referring to the potential network capacity of telecommunication infrastructure , but now also refers to the increasingly common practice of leasing fibre optic cables from a network service provider , or , generally , to the fibre installations not owned or controlled by traditional carriers . In common vernacular , dark fibre may sometimes still be called `` dark '' if it has been lit by a fibre lessee and not the cable 's owner . A dark fibre network or simply dark network is a privately operated optical fiber network that is run directly by its operator over dark fibre leased or purchased from another supplier . This is in contrast to purchasing bandwidth or leased line capacity on an existing network . Dark fibre networks may be used for private networking , or as Internet access or infrastructure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motivations 2 Market 3 Networks 4 Variations 5 See also 6 References Motivations ( edit ) Much of the cost of installing cables is in the civil engineering work required . This includes planning and routing , obtaining permissions , creating ducts and channels for the cables , and finally installation and connection . This work usually accounts for more than 60 % of the cost of developing fibre networks . For example , in Amsterdam 's citywide installation of a fibre network , roughly 80 % of the costs involved were labour , with only 10 % being fibre . It therefore makes sense to plan for , and install , significantly more fibre than is needed for current demand , to provide for future expansion and provide for network redundancy in case any of the cables fail . Many fibre optic cable owners such as railroads or power utilities have always added additional fibres for lease to other carriers . During the dot - com bubble , a large number of telephone companies built optical fibre networks , each with the business plan of cornering the market in telecommunications by providing a network with sufficient capacity to take all existing and forecast traffic for the entire region served . This was based on the assumption that telecoms traffic , particularly data traffic , would continue to grow exponentially for the foreseeable future . The availability of wavelength - division multiplexing further reduced the demand for fibre by increasing the capacity that could be placed on a single fibre by a factor of as much as 100 . As a result , the wholesale price of data traffic collapsed . A number of these companies filed for bankruptcy protection as a result . Global Crossing and Worldcom are two high - profile examples in the US . According to Gerry Butters , the former head of Lucent 's Optical Networking Group at Bell Labs , the amount of data that could be carried by an optical fibre was doubling every nine months at the time . This progress in the ability to carry data over fiber reduced the need for more fibres . Just as with the Railway Mania , the misfortune of one market sector became the good fortune of another , and this overcapacity created a new telecommunications market sector . Market ( edit ) For many years incumbent local exchange carriers would not sell dark fibre to end users , because they believed selling access to this core asset would cannibalise their other , more lucrative services . Incumbent carriers in the US were required to sell dark fibre to competitive local exchange carriers as Unbundled Network Elements ( UNE ) , but they have successfully lobbied to reduce these provisions for existing fibre , and eliminated it completely for new fibre placed for fibre to the premises ( FTTP ) deployments . Competitive local carriers were not required to sell dark fibre , and many do not , although fibre swaps between competitive carriers are quite common . This increases the reach of their networks in places where their competitor has a presence , in exchange for provision of fibre capacity on places where that competitor has no presence . This is a practice known in the industry as `` coopetition '' . Meanwhile , other companies arose specialising as dark fibre providers . Dark fibre became more available when there was enormous overcapacity after the boom years of the late 1990s through 2001 . The market for dark fibre tightened up with the return of capital investment to light up existing fibre , and with mergers and acquisitions resulting in consolidation of dark fibre providers . In the last decade , many higher education institutions have bought up large quantities of existing fibre optics sitting dormant . Starting in 1999 , Larry Smarr , a technology director from the University of Illinois , connected the Urbana - Champaign campus to major academic , research , and telecommunications facilities in the Chicago area . At the same time , other schools began creating large urban networks to directly connect their school campuses with hospitals and large telecommunications companies in metropolitan areas . Since then , U.S. research and education institutions have been aggressively pursuing a revolutionary new means for delivering advanced networking capabilities . With the plummeting prices of fibre due to the over abundance , the option to own fibre networks has stomped out the competitive leasing of commercial circuits elsewhere . Experts say that a mile of dark fibre that in the past would have sold for $1,200 , has sold for as low $200 or less . The downturn in telecommunications has offered significant savings to schools , since intercity networks may include several hundred to several thousand miles of fibre optic cable . Networks ( edit ) Dark fibre can be used to create a privately operated optical fiber network that is run directly by its operator over dark fibre leased or purchased from another supplier , rather than by purchasing bandwidth or leased line capacity . Dark fibre networks may be used for private networking , or as Internet access or Internet infrastructure networking . Dark fibre capacity is typically used by network operators to build SONET and dense wavelength division multiplexing ( DWDM ) networks , usually involving meshes of self - healing rings . Now , it is also used by end - user enterprises to expand Ethernet local area networks , especially since the adoption of IEEE standards for gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet over single - mode fibre . Running Ethernet networks between geographically separated buildings is a practice known as `` WAN elimination . '' Dark fibre networks may be point - to - point , point - to - multipoint , or use self - healing ring or mesh topologies . Because there is no intermediate resale of capacity , dark fibre networks can operate using the latest optical protocols using wavelength division multiplexing to add capacity where needed , and to provide an upgrade path between technologies without removing the network from service . For example , many dark fibre metropolitan area networks use cheap Gigabit Ethernet equipment over CWDM , rather than expensive SONET ring systems . They offer very high price - performance for network users who require high performance , such as Google , which has dark network capacities for video and search data , or wish to operate their own network for security or other commercial reasons . However , dark fibre networks are generally only available in high - population - density areas where fibre has already been laid , as the civil engineering costs of installing fibre to new locations is often prohibitive . For these reasons , dark fibre networks are typically run between data centers and other places with existing fibre infrastructure . Variations ( edit ) Managed dark fibre is a form of wavelength - division multiplexed access to otherwise dark fibre where a simple `` pilot '' signal is beamed into the fibre by the fibre provider for management purposes using a transponder tuned to the assigned wavelength . DWDM systems generally require central management because their closely spaced wavelengths are subject to disruption by signals on adjacent wavelengths that are not within tightly controlled parameters , especially if amplification is required for signal transmission over 100 km . Virtual dark fibre using wavelength multiplexing allows a service provider to offer individual wavelengths ( `` lambdas '' ( λ ) or `` colors '' ) , where access to a dark narrowband wavelength - division multiplexing ( WDM ) optical channel is provided over a wavelength division multiplexed fibre network that is managed at the physical level , but unlit by the network provider . This is typically done using coarse wavelength division multiplexing CWDM because the wider 20 nm spacing of the wave bands makes these systems much less susceptible to interference . See also ( edit ) Indefeasible rights of use References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Markoff , John ( 1 March 2010 ) . `` Scientists Strive to Map the Shape - Shifting Net '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Wagter , Herman ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` How Amsterdam was wired for open access fibre '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Odlyzko , Andrew ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Bubbles , gullibility , and other challenges for economics , psychology , sociology , and information sciences '' . First Monday . 15 ( 9 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Form 8 - K : Global Crossing Ltd . '' . Securities and Exchange Commission . 2002 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` In re : WorldCom , Inc. , et al. - WorldCom Chapter 11 bankruptcy , Case No. 02 - 15533 ( AJG ) '' ( PDF ) . 2002 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Butters Profile '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry Butters '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors - Gerald Butters '' . LAMBDA Optical Systems . 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Gail ( 2000 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Speeding net traffic with tiny mirrors '' . EE Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Corbató , Steve ; Cotter , Steve ( May -- June 2005 ) . `` Dark Fibre : Shining a New Light '' . EDUCAUSE Review . 40 ( 3 ) : 68 -- 69 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Robert W. Van Houten Library . ( registration required ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_fibre&oldid=808383666 '' Categories : Fiber - optic communications Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 15 : 11 . 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-1043375524582636300	Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom	Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - wikipedia Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 2018 American science fiction adventure film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Rafe Spall Toby Jones Ted Levine BD Wong Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures The Kennedy / Marshall Company Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) ( WiZink Center ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 -- 187 million Box office $1.305 billion Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and the original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg as executive producers . Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs before a volcanic eruption destroys it . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series , with Rafe Spall , Justice Smith , Daniella Pineda , James Cromwell , Toby Jones , Ted Levine , Isabella Sermon , and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the billion dollar mark . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 12th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , the visuals , Michael Giacchino 's score and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , while others suggested the series had run its course , criticizing the screenplay and lack of innovation . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Creatures on screen 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon . After successfully collecting a bone fragment , the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex . A U.S. Senate hearing in Washington , D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them . Meanwhile , Jurassic World 's former operations manager , Claire Dearing , has established the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals . After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs , Hammond 's former partner , Benjamin Lockwood , summons Claire to his Northern California estate . Lockwood and his aide , Eli Mills , reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary . Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals , particularly Blue , the last surviving Velociraptor . Although they are estranged , Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha , Owen Grady , to help capture her . On Isla Nublar , Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb reactivate the online tracking system . Owen , paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez , and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for and find Blue . The encounter escalates , resulting in a mercenary soldier shooting Blue , and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen . The mercenaries take Zia with them to treat Blue 's injury . The mercenary ship , loaded with the captured dinosaurs , departs for the U.S. mainland as the dinosaurs left behind die in the eruption . Claire , Franklin , and Owen sneak aboard in time and assist Zia in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood . The group now realize that the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose . At the estate , Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market . They will also unveil the Indoraptor , a new genetically - modified dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA . Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor , unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated . After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction , he confronts Mills , who smothers him with a pillow . Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond , who opposed human cloning , ended their association . The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged . Zia and Franklin narrowly evade capture , but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined . Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell . They find Maisie , who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype . Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room . In the ensuing chaos , Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy , but it feigns sedation and kills Wheatley , Eversol , and others as it escapes . The Indoraptor hunts Owen , Claire , and Maisie throughout the mansion . Zia releases Blue , who attacks the Indoraptor , causing it to fall through a glass roof to be impaled by agujaceratops skull killing it . When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged dinosaurs , Maisie frees them , despite Owen 's objections . Mills attempts to flee with the Indominus rex bone but is devoured by a Carnotaurus and the Tyrannosaurus , which tramples the bone . Owen , Claire , Maisie , Zia , and Franklin safely escape , while Blue and the other released dinosaurs flee the estate grounds . In a new U.S. Senate hearing , Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age , where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist . The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and ethologist , and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group to save Isla Nublar 's surviving dinosaurs . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum spoke of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) During early conversations about the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and that he would direct the film if asked . Trevorrow later told Spielberg he would only focus on directing one film in the series , and announced in May 2015 that he would be involved in the sequel `` in some way , but not as director . '' He felt different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt had been signed for future films in the series , as was Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow said that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel . Later that month , he did not deny the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' . He felt future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing . Trevorrow also hinted the next film might not involve the Jurassic World theme park , and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several unnamed Spanish horror film directors . Pre-production ( edit ) On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they had for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' . He confirmed the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating , `` That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard said the script was being written , and Universal Studios announced that the film would be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . Later that year , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By October 2015 , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film . He chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project for which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments . In March 2016 , London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film ; it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by his 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World . He declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . Before he was hired , Bayona had met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half , which would play out like a haunted house film . After Bayona was hired , Trevorrow said of the film , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production . In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' The film , under the working title of Ancient Futures , was in full pre-production as of July 2016 , with storyboards being designed . Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer . He spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona , discussing reference pictures and background details , as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion . Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . Trevorrow said that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow also said the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . For the film 's second half where dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland , Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings . Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal , but these locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story . Although the film was shot partly in England , Spielberg felt the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting for the second half . He and the producers did not want the film to spend too much time on a boat . Crowley stated , `` Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat , which is not very exciting , you needed to get to the place . '' In September 2016 , Bayona confirmed the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Later that year , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back '' . Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return as composer for the fifth film . Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year . Writing ( edit ) Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel . He retained final approval on the project . In June 2015 , about two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow so they could discuss a basic set of ideas Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , they began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow said that the story was heavily influenced by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) and its sequel The Lost World ( 1995 ) , and includes dialogue from the first novel . Isla Nublar 's volcano was in the first novel , and the writers chose to incorporate it into the film 's plot . Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to `` the burning down of a church or a temple , '' saying , `` I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way , and if you 're going to do that , as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is , then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it . '' The idea to include a `` silent partner '' for John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel . Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel , the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs . This made Trevorrow realize there would have been many people involved in such a project , convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people . In his initial film treatment , Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film . The producers felt it was important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World . Although the original ending was the same as the final film , Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world . He chose to remove them to keep the story focused . The script 's structure , Trevorrow said , was inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies , in which two seemingly unrelated stories `` collide in the middle , and move on together . '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor , saying , `` It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is , and then everything changes , and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust . '' Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow was familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes for the sequel that would allow for their use . For example , animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . Regarding the idea of human cloning , Trevorrow said that `` we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs . It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do . ( ... ) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on , I think is something we all feel . So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea . '' Trevorrow also said he was interested in `` the larger impact '' of genetic power , including its emotional impact and its potential human impact . He added , `` we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science . We want to tell a story about where we are now , which is that we have messed with science , we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences . '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect , an idea supported by Spielberg , who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel . Because of criticism of the death of Zara in the previous film , Trevorrow said for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , `` We made sure that every death was earned . Everybody deserves their death in this movie , a lesson learned . In 2018 everyone earns it . Horrible people . '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow said the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Bayona said that with the first half of the film set on an island , `` you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie , '' while the second half `` moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful , darker , claustrophobic , and even has this kind of gothic element , which I love . '' The `` gothic element '' of suspense was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films . He compared it to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film . Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in their script . Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . One of Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow said he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall said that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character '' . Trevorrow said of Malcolm , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world . Casting ( edit ) In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the part , which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon , marking her film debut . By November 2016 , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed a role in the film with Bayona , but did not believe he would be available because of scheduling conflicts . Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year . Daniella Pineda , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017 , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . To maintain secrecy , the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase . During auditions , references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears . To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia , Bayona had her demonstrate she could perform comedy and drama scenes , as well as improvise . Pineda auditioned seven times before being given the role . She auditioned for Bayona , Atienza , and Crowley but did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had appeared in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . The next month , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role from the first two films as Dr. Ian Malcolm . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming ( edit ) Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office , Owen training his baby raptors , and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex . Most of the filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios . Because of its large sound stages , it was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes . After filming concluded in England , production moved to Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film was shot in CinemaScope , and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series presented in a 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio . The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 exclusively . Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) and Dracula ( 1979 ) , as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and offered Bayona his opinions . During filming , and in between takes , Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors , as he had done with his previous films . He also played sound effects from other films in the series , including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors . In particular , Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes , as his character is portrayed as easily frightened . Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving Owen 's character before it was shot . Many of Pratt 's ideas were used in the film . Discussing Levine 's character , Bayona said , `` He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man . He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible . ( ... ) And he was so creative on set , trying to give ideas , bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable . '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. President Donald Trump , including an idea from Trevorrow where a news ticker says the `` U.S. president '' has questioned the `` existence of dinosaurs in the first place . '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance , which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle . An unscripted moment left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a `` nasty woman '' , a comment that was previously made famous by Trump . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England , and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Also that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England , where the film 's opening sequence was shot . It was filmed through the night and involved helicopters , rain machines , and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm . Bayona described the opening scene as a `` massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films . Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire , where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built , as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought . The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , which worked on the previous films . The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios , and after filming , it was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate . The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland , England , along with its coniferous surroundings , was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior . The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate . No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot . Nicholson previsualized each of the sets he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes . He noted , `` Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long , but until you see it in the space , you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it . '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios . The estate set included Eli Mills ' office , Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory , an underground dinosaur containment facility , separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood , and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts . When filming was completed in the Lockwood library , the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage , where the dinosaur auction takes place . Pratt said the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor . An improvised fist fight scene , between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction , was added late in filming . It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series , and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track . On May 10 , 2017 , Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk , confirmed that filming was taking place on the base . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios , during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios . Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13 , 2017 , and lasted more than 25 days , with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor , which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock . More than half the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot there until the end of the month . Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes where Owen searches for and locates Blue . As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film , the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer , previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle . Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World , before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker . In Hawaii , scenes where characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm , a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane , which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors . This specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck being driven over rough terrain . The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar where Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs . It was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England . Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges . In Hawaii , the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement . In England , an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere , which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene where the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar . Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen , Bayona wanted the actors to express genuine fear for the scene . The last part of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios , where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin . This portion of the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single continuous shot . Pratt was aided by a diving instructor while he shot the scene , which also involved Howard and Smith being underwater . Filming in the tank lasted five days , and required a crew of 85 . It was shot primarily by a second unit crew , as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages . David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team asked `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' The lava was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set . The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene where Owen and Claire return to the island . The set had been built previously in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World , but was dismantled after filming concluded . For the sequel , Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built , although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size . Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions . Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii , and required more than three months to complete . Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set , which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole , where Pratt , Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 , after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes , which the filmmakers considered too long . It was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut . One scene removed from the film for runtime reasons revealed the character of Zia to be a lesbian , an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow . Creatures on screen ( edit ) See also : List of cloned animals in the Jurassic Park series The film 's dinosaurs were created using a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects supervisor , while Vickery and Alex Wuttke were visual effects supervisors . Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs , while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI . ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes , while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes . Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film . Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures . Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs , which included consulting with paleontologists . The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave . Dinosaur expert John Hankla , of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , served as an advisor on the film . After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children , Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were often brought up and said , `` I thought that was the area where I could play with . They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie . '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series . Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not seen in earlier films , including Allosaurus , Baryonyx , Carnotaurus , Sinoceratops , Stygimoloch , and the fictional Indoraptor . Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI . Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut , but was removed . The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel , and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the earlier films . Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film , whereas the previous film featured only one . More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor , including a scene where Howard rides atop the sedated T. rex . Bayona said that animatronics `` are very helpful on set , especially for the actors so they have something to perform against . There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real . '' Scanlan felt animatronics were not best for every scene : `` In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule ; you have to take time to film with an animatronic . In the balance , we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way , or as a post-production effect . Once we have looked at each particular case , with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically . '' Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios working on the creatures before and during filming , with a crew of approximately 35 people . Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex , the Indoraptor and Blue , while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures . The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming , in the form of a full - scale head and shoulders . ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World . Scanlan used it to create a full - scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders . The life - sized T. rex animatronic , which had the ability to breathe and move its head , was controlled with joysticks . It was used for a scene where the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it . The beginning shots of the scene were created using only the animatronic , while the ending shots solely used CGI . The middle portion of the scene used a combination of the two methods . Within the film 's story , the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films . Trevorrow said , `` We 've been following this same character since the beginning ; she 's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World . She is iconic -- not just because she 's a T. rex , but because she 's this T. rex . '' The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table , depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature . Up to 12 puppeteers , hidden under the operating table , were needed to control the animatronic during filming . The scene was shot twice , with and without the Blue animatronic , and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect . In creating Blue through CGI , the animators referred to the animal 's appearance in the previous film . According to Vickery , Blue 's movements were designed to resemble a dog : `` You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you . It 's exactly like a dog . You 're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human . '' The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI , while a practical head , neck , shoulders , foot and arm were created for close - up shots . For some scenes , an inflatable Indoraptor stand - in was operated by two puppeteers on set , to be later replaced by a CGI version of the creature . The Indoraptor was designed to have long human - like arms . The creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped , with a height of approximately 10 ft ( 3.0 m ) tall while standing on two legs . Bayona chose black for the Indoraptor 's color because he wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow , saying `` it 's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth . '' Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created by coordinating with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors used for a scene with Pratt . The scene 's final , wider shots used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump . The feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . They chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes . The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor , set in Maisie 's bedroom , was designed in London and key framed by ILM . Jance Rubinchik , animation supervisor for ILM , said the fight was the `` trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization . According to Bayona , a Brachiosaurus shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park . The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film . The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished ; Bayona and the post-production team worked through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition , shortly before the film 's release . For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements , the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife . Jonathan Cranston , a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon , was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa . He advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs . Cranston also worked closely with Pratt , Howard , Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures . He also advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements and worked with Bayona on two scenes . Cranston was on set for 12 days , primarily at Pinewood Studios . Marketing ( edit ) A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 . This was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , before the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . That month , Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group . It included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs , as well as a video featuring Howard , Pineda and Smith as their characters . The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins , who created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13 , 2018 , announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18 . Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world . This frustrated Trevorrow , who preferred not to show such scenes before the film 's release . Universal had the benefit of a global marketing campaign by its partners valued at $185 million , more than double the value of the previous film 's partner program . The campaign included nine partners -- Dairy Queen , Doritos , Dr Pepper , Ferrero SpA , Jeep , Juicy Fruit , Kellogg 's , M&M 's , and Skittles -- who aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film . The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion promotional items including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero . Dairy Queen , a returning partner from the previous film , sold `` Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups , while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs . For Super Bowl LII , Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum featuring a T. rex . Within 24 hours of its release , the commercial received 39.7 million online views , more than any film trailer watched online following its Super Bowl television debut . Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt where a dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film . Licensing partners Mattel , Lego , and Funko created toys based on the film . Mattel produced a variety of toys , including dinosaurs and action figures , as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . Mattel released a mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts as a tie - in to its dinosaur toys , which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature . Lego released a number of Lego sets and characters based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , was released simultaneously with the film . A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World : Blue , created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic , was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in , featuring Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption . Trevorrow , Glover and Ewins created a website and campaign for `` Extinction Now ! '' ( the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group ) , which was launched shortly before the film 's release . The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego , a reference to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Release ( edit ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid , Spain , on May 21 , 2018 . The film 's international theatrical release began in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7 , the United Kingdom , India , Italy , South Korea and Angola on June 8 , and Pakistan on June 16 , 2018 . The film was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Home Media ( edit ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom was released digitally on September 4 , 2018 , and on Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D and 4K Blu - ray on September 18 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 4 , 2018 , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom has grossed $416.8 million in the United States and Canada plus $888.1 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.305 billion . The production budget was in the range of $170 -- 187 million . The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5 , 2018 , becoming the 35th film of all - time to reach this milestone , and the seventh film for Universal . It also made Universal the second studio ( after Disney ) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide , alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me . United States and Canada ( edit ) In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018 . Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross . By the week of its release , the low - end projections had reached $135 million . It was released on June 22 , 2018 , in 4,475 theaters ( the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3 ) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day , the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record . The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters , down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World . It ended up debuting at $148 million , the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal . It also marked the second time two films opened to over $100 million on back - to - back weekends , following Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before , since May 2007 when Shrek the Third and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End opened to $121.6 million and $114.7 million , respectively . In its second weekend the film made $60 million , a drop of 59 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend . In its third weekend made $28.3 million . Outside north america ( edit ) Overseas , the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8 , 2018 , including France , Germany , South Korea , the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , and Spain . It was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million on its opening weekend . It made $20.2 million on its first day , including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia . In South Korea , it grossed $9.7 million ( ₩ 10.3 billion ) and sold over 1 million tickets , setting opening day records for both ( beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers : Infinity War 's 980,000 ) . It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million , including $8 million from IMAX screenings . Its largest opening markets were South Korea ( $27.2 million ) , the UK ( $19.9 million ) , France ( $10 million ) , Spain ( $9.5 million ) and Germany ( $9.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million ( ¥ 220 million ) on its opening day , nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ( $17.5 million ) . The film went on to open to $111.9 million ( ¥ 715 million ) , the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release ( behind The Fate of the Furious , Avengers : Infinity War and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and bringing its two week international total to $372.1 million , more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ( $368 million ) . In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million , bringing its total to $561.5 million . China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million ( a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country ) , while it was also released in Mexico ( $12.3 million ) , Brazil ( $9.2 million ) and Australia $7.9 million ) . As of July 5 , 2018 , the film has grossed $245.5 million in China , making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country . Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews by most critics . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 48 % based on 348 reviews , and an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise , although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 59 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote `` ... ( Fallen Kingdom ) ends up being just a so - so ride . I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original , it 's actually a great one . The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny , and yet , it 's kind of an enjoyable , preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list . '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a `` Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting , `` It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else : character , mystery , wonder , danger . The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high . '' In a more critical assessment , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said `` ... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related , no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot . '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating , `` The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives . '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical , writing , `` Like its predecessor , Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums , and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of `` a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder , cartoonish villains , and plot holes '' , while Travis M. Andrews of The Washington Post said the film had `` achieved the impossible : it makes dinosaurs boring . '' In a positive review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous , mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX . That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one . '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , John DeFore also praised the film saying , `` Finally making good on its name , J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good , not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films . '' In a review for Empire , Ben Travis lauded the film giving it four out of five stars saying , `` despite some familiar echoes of The Lost World , Fallen Kingdom also takes big , ballsy , irreversible strides , deriving tantalising logical conclusions from Michael Crichton 's original premise and setting up a brave new World for this trilogy 's final chapter . Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus , stranded on Isla Nublar , succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship , as `` poignant '' or `` haunting '' , especially given the species ' role in the first movie . Sequel ( edit ) Further information : Jurassic Park § Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael . It is based on a story by Trevorrow and Connolly . 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Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Returns For ' Jurassic World 2 ' ! Life Has Found A Way ! '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 has begun filming -- first pictures of staging area ! '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crick , Andy ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Jurassic Park blockbuster relocated away from Hollywood ... to a business estate in Slough '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( December 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Shoots This February in London , New Details Emerge '' . MovieWeb.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bayona , JA ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` UK wrap for Jurassic ! ! So grateful to the fantastic UK crew . Next stop Hawaii ! # JW2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Photo Returns to Isla Nublar , Big News Coming Soon '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 to film in the Brecon Beacons , director reveals '' . Media Wales . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has a Handful of E.T. Easter Eggs You May Have Missed '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` How J.A. Bayona Used Music During Filming of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Chris Pratt on Acting With Animatronic Dinos and Movie Legends ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Planning the Ending for ' Jurassic World 3 ' '' . Collider. 2 : 47 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Will ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how those Donald Trump jokes wound up in ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Mad hair . Russian owners . Is Jurassic World 2 's meanest dinosaur really Donald Trump ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` How A Nasty Woman Line Ended Up In Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` BD Wong Looks Sharp On The Set Of Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Aftab ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom partly filmed in location near Glasgow '' . Evening Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Footage emerges of Jurassic World 2 filming in England '' . Jurassic Outpost. April 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Stephen ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : See first shots of the woodland set for huge blockbuster being filmed on Hawley Common '' . Get Surrey . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( December 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Sounds Amazing '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cragside stars in new Jurassic World movie '' . Northumberland Gazette . June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cragside has starring role in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Andrew ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Are Jeff Goldblum , Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard in Suffolk ? Jurassic World 2 rumoured to be filming at Rock Barracks '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 weekly buzz : New set photos , plot spoilers excite fans '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Involved Colin Trevorrow Was With Making Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow on ' The Book of Henry ' and What He Learned Directing ' Jurassic World ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum , Back in ' Jurassic World ' and Making a Small Role Big '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Laxamana , Chris ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ `` Real roar : Production put $31 M into Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel starts filming at Oahu harbor '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecqque , Jeff ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` See exclusive concept art for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 6 , 8 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Exclusive Behind - the - Scenes Images '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evangelista , Chris ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Sequel Bits : ' Hobbs and Shaw ' , ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' , ' Doom ' , ' Rabid ' , ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Bukott birodalom - A pörgőgömb '' . Universal International Pictures . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Unexpected Techniques ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Used to Create Super-Realistic FX '' . Thrillist . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Josh ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Chris Pratt Take the Plunge with Diving Pro for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Underwater Stunt '' . SyFy Wire . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Talks About Creating That `` One Shot '' Sequence and More `` . / Film . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard reveal filthy details from ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' sets '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Burned Cat Litter To Mimic Lava On Set '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' sequel to close Halona Blowhole for filming '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halona Blowhole to close for ' Jurassic World ' filming '' . KHON - TV . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Barry ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's trailer reveals film was shot in Hawaii '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Why He Thanked Guillermo del Toro in the Credits '' . Collider. 2 : 26 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' star Daniella Pineda 's lesbian reveal was cut from film '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zemler , Emily ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' premiere : Chris Pratt and cast speak fondly about Blue '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Indoraptor , the scaly , terrifying new villain of Jurassic World '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Behind - the - Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : King , Darryn ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Jurassic World , ' Old - School Effects Make a Comeback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Original Jurassic Park T - Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2 '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Louisa ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Gloucestershire vet who had a major role in the upcoming Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom film '' . Gloucestershire Live . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' First Footage Shows Chris Pratt Petting Baby Raptor '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Clip : Six Seconds Of Chris Pratt & Dino Baby '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Trailer Not Arriving This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser Confirms Trailer Arrives Thursday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Runs With the Dinos in Explosive New Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser '' . SyFy . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teaser Awakens the T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Jeff Goldblum 's joyous Jurassic return in Fallen Kingdom featurette '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' viral marketing begins with new website '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Video : Meet The Dinosaur Protection Group '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Klayton Fioriti ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) , The Dinosaur Protection Group Interview - Jurassic Park Canon - Meet The Creators ! , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Trailers : Netflix 's ' Cloverfield ' Sequel To Run Spot ? ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' & More To Air '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Super Bowl trailer puts dinosaurs in all the wrong places '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Teaser Unleashes New Footage ; New Trailer Next Week '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` The final trailer for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom shows that people never learn from their mistakes '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow is ' frustrated ' by Fallen Kingdom being spoiled by the trailers - When will marketing learn ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars $185 M Promo Campaign , More Than Double 2015 Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Dr. Pepper Join Forces for Collectible Cans Promotion '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon Is Driving Around a Jurassic - Sized Box , and You Can Ask Alexa What 's Inside '' . Adweek . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stark , George ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon impresses fans with prime marketing stunt for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Syfy . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Funko Shows Off Full Line of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' POP ! Vinyl Toys '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 1 : Humans '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 2 : Dinos ! '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World Facts '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO ® Jurassic World TM - Products and Sets '' . lego.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Ryan ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution is exactly the park sim you want it to be '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottgers , Janko ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Teams up With Felix & Paul Studios for Jurassic World VR Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Blue ' tells a dinosaur 's story on Oculus VR headsets '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Felix & Paul Launch ' Jurassic World : Blue ' VR Experience '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Felix & Paul Studios Releases ' Jurassic World : Blue ' Episode 2 on Oculus Headsets '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extinction Now ! on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere : Here is What People Are Saying '' . / Film . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World : El Reino Caido ' Madrid Premiere '' . Getty Images . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemax - É um espectáculo - Mundo Jurássico : Reino Caído '' . Cinemax . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Blu - ray Release Date & Features Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Thrashes Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Eyes $130 M - $150 M Stateside Start In Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' & ' Deadpool 2 ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Delivers $150 M Debut ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Reaches $350 M Domestic '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Jurassic World ' debuts with $148 M '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' To Rise With $140 M+ Overseas Opening -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $39 M Overseas ; Heading Past $140 M Open '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars To $151 M Offshore Bow ; ' Infinity War ' A Stone 's Throw From $2 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Crushes $34.4 M In China Friday Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Slurps $711 M+ WW ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Has Record Pixar China Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World 2 ' leans on nostalgia , contrivances '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The new ' Jurassic World ' is kind of a Tyrannosaurus wreck '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Review : Welcome to Steaming Dino - Poop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Spoiler Review : Stupidity Finds a Way '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brian . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a stunning disappointment '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom review : This nonsense has gone full Sharknado '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Jurassic World ' sequel achieves the impossible : It makes dinosaurs boring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Finally Escapes The Island '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Review '' . Empire . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soans , Neil ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Movie Review '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Grace ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Fallen Kingdom SPOILER Review '' . Beyond the Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Official website Official Dinosaur Protection Group website Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom on IMDb Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Jurassic World Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape Films directed by J.A. 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-3051008541900528300	Cadence (music)	Cadence ( Music ) - wikipedia Cadence ( Music ) Jump to : navigation , search Perfect authentic cadence ( V -- I with roots in the bass parts and tonic in the highest voice of the final chord ) : ii -- V -- I progression in C major , four - part harmony ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 90 . ) . Play ( help info ) In Western musical theory , a cadence ( Latin cadentia , `` a falling '' ) is `` a melodic or harmonic configuration that creates a sense of resolution ( finality or pause ) '' . A harmonic cadence is a progression of ( at least ) two chords that concludes a phrase , section , or piece of music . A rhythmic cadence is a characteristic rhythmic pattern that indicates the end of a phrase . A cadence is labelled more or less `` weak '' or `` strong '' depending on its sense of finality . While cadences are usually classified by specific chord or melodic progressions , the use of such progressions does not necessarily constitute a cadence -- there must be a sense of closure , as at the end of a phrase . Harmonic rhythm plays an important part in determining where a cadence occurs . Cadences are strong indicators of the tonic and cadences are very important . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification of cadences in common practice tonality with examples 1.1 Authentic cadence 1.2 Half cadence 1.3 Plagal cadence 1.4 Interrupted ( deceptive ) cadence 1.5 Inverted cadence 1.6 Upper leading - tone cadence 1.7 Rhythmic classifications 1.8 Picardy cadence 2 In medieval and Renaissance polyphony 3 Classical cadential trill 4 Jazz 5 Popular music 6 Rhythmic cadence 7 See also 8 References Classification of cadences in common Practice tonality with examples ( edit ) PAC ( V -- I progression in C Play ( help info ) ) IAC ( V -- I progression in C Play ( help info ) ) Evaded cadence ( V -- V -- I progression in C Play ( help info ) ) In music of the common practice period , cadences are divided into four types , according to their harmonic progression : authentic , plagal , half , and deceptive . Typically , phrases end on authentic or half cadences , and the terms plagal and deceptive refer to motion that avoids or follows a phrase - ending cadence . Each cadence can be described using the Roman numeral system of naming chords : Authentic cadence ( edit ) Authentic ( also closed , standard or perfect ) cadence : V to I ( or V -- I ) . A seventh above the root is often added to create V . The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians says , `` This cadence is a microcosm of the tonal system , and is the most direct means of establishing a pitch as tonic . It is virtually obligatory as the final structural cadence of a tonal work '' . The phrase perfect cadence is sometimes used as a synonym for authentic cadence , but can also have a more precise meaning depending on the chord voicing : Beethoven -- Piano Sonata , Op. 13 perfect authentic cadence . Play ( help info ) Perfect authentic cadence ( PAC ) : The chords are in root position ; that is , the roots of both chords are in the bass , and the tonic ( the same pitch as root of the final chord ) is in the soprano of the final chord . A perfect cadence is a progression from V to I in major keys , and V to i in minor keys . This is generally the strongest type of cadence and often found at structurally defining moments . `` This strong cadence achieves complete harmonic and melodic closure '' . It has to be noted that Beethoven in particular gets so much mileage out of this cadence as for it to become one of his most characteristic and recognisable musical thumbprints . The Diabelli Variations and the C major climax of the slow movement of the Opus 132 String Quartet - even though it is described as being in Lydian mode on F - are two powerful examples . Imperfect authentic cadence ( IAC ) , best divided into three separate categories : 1 . Root position IAC : similar to a PAC , but the highest voice is not the tonic ( `` do '' or the root of the tonic chord ) . 2 . Inverted IAC : similar to a PAC , but one or both chords is inverted . 3 . Leading tone IAC : the V chord is replaced with the vii / subV chord ( but the cadence still ends on I ) . Evaded cadence : V to I . Because the seventh must fall step wise , it forces the cadence to resolve to the less stable first inversion chord . Usually to achieve this a root position V changes to a V right before resolution , thereby `` evading '' the cadence . Half cadence ( edit ) Half cadence ( I -- V progression in C major Play ( help info ) ) Phrygian half cadence ( i -- v -- iv -- V progression in C minor Play ( help info ) ) Phrygian cadence ( voice - leading ) on E Play ( help info ) Lydian cadence ( voice - leading ) on E Play ( help info ) ) Burgundian cadence on G Play ( help info ) ) Phrygian cadence in Bach 's Schau Lieber Gott Chorale . Play ( help info ) Half cadence ( imperfect cadence or semicadence ) : any cadence ending on V , whether preceded by II ( V of V ) , ii , vi , IV , or I -- or any other chord . Because it sounds incomplete or suspended , the half cadence is considered a weak cadence that calls for continuation . Phrygian half - cadence : a half cadence iv -- V in minor , so named because the semitonal motion in the bass ( sixth degree to fifth degree ) resembles the semitone heard in the ii -- I of the 15th - century cadence in the Phrygian mode . Due to its being a survival from modal Renaissance harmony this cadence gives an archaic sound , especially when preceded by v ( v -- iv -- V ) . A characteristic gesture in Baroque music , the Phrygian cadence often concluded a slow movement immediately followed by a faster one . With the addition of motion in the upper part to the sixth degree , it becomes the Landini cadence . Lydian cadence : The Lydian half - cadence is similar to the Phrygian - half , involving iv - V in the minor , the difference is that in the Lydian - half , the whole iv is raised by a semitone . In other words , the Phrygian - half begins with the first chord built on scale degree P4 and the Lydian - half is built on the scale degree A4 ( augmented 4th ) . The Phrygian cadence ends with the movement from iv → V of bass ( 3rd of the chord / scale degree m6 ) down by semi-tone → bass ( the root of the chord / scale degree P5 ) , fifth ( scale - degree P1 ) up by whole - tone → fifth ( scale - degree M2 ) , and the root ( scale degree P4 ) up by tone → octave ( scale - degree P5 ) ; the Lydian half - cadence ends with the movement from a iv ( raised by a semitone ) → V of bass ( 3rd of the chord / scale - degree 6M ) down by whole - tone → bass ( the root of the chord / scale degree P5 ) , fifth ( scale degree A1 ) up by a semitone → fifth ( scale degree M2 ) , and the root ( scale degree A4 ) up by a semitone → octave ( scale degree P5 ) . Burgundian cadences : Became popular in Burgundian music . Note the parallel fourths between the upper voices . Plagal half - cadence : The rare plagal half - cadence involves a I -- IV progression . Like an authentic cadence ( V -- I ) , the plagal half - cadence involves a descending fifth ( or , by inversion , an ascending fourth ) . The plagal half - cadence is a weak cadence , ordinarily at the ending of an antecedent phrase , after which a consequent phrase commences . One example of this use is in Auld Lang Syne . But in one very unusual occurrence -- the end of the exposition of the first movement of Brahms ' Clarinet Trio , Op. 114 -- it is used to complete not just a musical phrase but an entire section of a movement . Plagal cadence ( edit ) Plagal cadence ( IV -- I progression in C Play ( help info ) ) Plagal cadence : IV to I , also known as the `` Amen Cadence '' because of its frequent setting to the text `` Amen '' in hymns . William Caplin disputes the existence of plagal cadences in music of the classical era : `` An examination of the classical repertory reveals that such a cadence rarely exists ... Inasmuch as the progression IV -- I can not confirm a tonality ( it lacks any leading - tone resolution ) , it can not articulate formal closure ... Rather , this progression is normally part of a tonic prolongation serving a variety of formal functions -- not , however a cadential one . Most examples of plagal cadences given in textbooks actually represent a postcadential codetta function : that is , the IV -- I progression follows an authentic cadence but does not itself create genuine cadential closure '' . It may be noticed that the plagal cadence , `` leaves open the possibility of interpretation as V -- I -- V '' rather than I -- IV -- I . The term `` minor plagal cadence '' is used to refer to the iv -- I progression . Sometimes a combination of major and minor plagal cadence is used ( IV -- iv -- I ) . Interrupted ( deceptive ) cadence ( edit ) Deceptive cadence ( V -- vi progression in C Play ( help info ) ) . Deceptive cadence in Mozart 's Sonata in C Major , K. 330 , second movement . Play ( help info ) Interrupted cadence : V to vi . The most important irregular resolution , most commonly V -- vi ( or V -- ♭ VI ) in major or V -- VI in minor . This is considered a weak cadence because of the `` hanging '' ( suspended ) feel it invokes . At the beginning of the final movement of Gustav Mahler 's 9th Symphony , the listener hears a string of many deceptive cadences progressing from V to IV . One of the most striking uses of this cadence is in the A minor section at the end of the exposition in the First Movement of Brahms ' Third Symphony . The music progresses to an implied E minor dominant ( B ) with a rapid chromatic scale upwards , but suddenly sidesteps to C major . The same device is used again in the recapitulation ; this time the sidestep is -- as one would expect -- to F major , the tonic key of the whole Symphony . The interrupted cadence is also frequently used in popular music . For example , the Pink Floyd song `` Bring the Boys Back Home '' ends with such a cadence ( at approximately 0 : 45 - 50 ) . Inverted cadence ( edit ) An inverted cadence ( also called a medial cadence ) inverts the last chord . It may be restricted only to the perfect and imperfect cadence , or only to the perfect cadence , or it may apply to cadences of all types . To distinguish them from this form , the other , more common forms of cadences listed above are known as `` radical cadences '' . Upper leading - tone cadence ( edit ) Cadence featuring an upper leading tone from a well known 16th - century lamentation , the debate over which was documented in Rome c. 1540 . Play upper - leading tone trill ( help info ) Play diatonic trill ( help info ) For example , in the image ( right ) , the final three written notes in the upper voice are B -- C -- D , in which case a trill on C produces D. However , convention implied a C ♯ , and a cadential trill of a whole tone on the second to last note produces D ♯ / E ♭ , the upper leading - tone of D ♮ . Presumably the debate was over whether to use C ♯ -- D ♯ or C ♯ -- D for the trill . Rhythmic classifications ( edit ) Cadences can also be classified by their rhythmic position . A `` metrically accented cadence '' occurs on a strong position , typically the downbeat of a measure . A `` metrically unaccented cadence '' occurs in a metrically weak position , for instance , after a long appoggiatura . Metrically accented cadences are considered stronger and are generally of greater structural significance . In the past the terms `` masculine '' and `` feminine '' were sometimes used to describe rhythmically `` strong '' or `` weak '' cadences , but this terminology is no longer acceptable to some . Susan McClary has written extensively on the gendered terminology of music and music theory in her book Feminine Endings . Metrically unaccented cadence ( IV6 / 4 -- V7 -- I progression in C Play ( help info ) ) . Final chord postponed to fall on a weak beat . Bar - line shift 's effect on metric accent : first two lines vs. second two lines Play ( help info ) . Likewise , cadences can be classified as either transient ( a pause , like a comma in a linguistic sentence , that implies the piece will continue after a brief lift in the voice ) or terminal ( more conclusive , like a period , that indicates the sentence is done ) . Most transient cadences are half cadences ( which stop momentarily on a dominant chord ) , though IAC or deceptive cadences are also usually transient , as well as Phrygian cadences . Terminal cadences are normally perfect , and rarely plagal . Picardy cadence ( edit ) Main article : Picardy third A Picardy cadence is a harmonic device that originated in Western music in the Renaissance era . It refers to the use of a major chord of the tonic at the end of a musical section that is either modal or in a minor key . In medieval and Renaissance Polyphony ( edit ) Clausula vera cadence from Lassus 's Beatus homo , mm . 34 -- 35 Play ( help info ) ) . The semitone in one voice and the tone in the other . Three voice clausula vera from Palestrina 's Magnificat Secundi Toni : Deposuit potentes , mm . 27 -- 28 Play ( help info ) . Medieval and Renaissance cadences are based upon dyads rather than chords . The first theoretical mention of cadences comes from Guido of Arezzo 's description of the occursus in his Micrologus , where he uses the term to mean where the two lines of a two - part polyphonic phrase end in a unison . A clausula or clausula vera ( `` true close '' ) is a dyadic or intervallic , rather than chordal or harmonic , cadence . In a clausula vera two voices approach an octave or unison through stepwise motion . This is also in contrary motion . In three voices the third voice often adds a falling fifth creating a cadence similar to the authentic cadence in tonal music . According to Carl Dahlhaus , `` as late as the 13th century the semitone was experienced as a problematic interval not easily understood , as the remainder between the perfect fourth and the ditone : 4 3 ( 9 8 ) 2 = 256 243 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( 9 ) ( 8 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 256 ) ( 243 ) ) ) In a melodic semitone , listeners of the time perceived no tendency of the lower tone toward the upper , or the upper toward the lower . The second tone was not the ' goal ' of the first . Instead , musicians avoided the semitone in clausulas because , to their ears , it lacked clarity as an interval . Beginning in the 13th century cadences begin to require motion in one voice by semitone and the other a tone in contrary motion . In the 14th century , an ornamentation of this , with an escape tone , became known as the Landini cadence , after the composer , who used them prodigiously . Renaissance plagal cadence Play ( help info ) ) . Clausula vera for comparison Play ( help info ) ) . A plagal cadence was found occasionally as an interior cadence , with the lower voice in two - part writing moving up a perfect fifth or down a perfect fourth . A pause in one voice may also be used as a weak interior cadence . Pause as weak interior cadence from Lassus 's Qui vult venire post me , mm . 3 -- 5 Play ( help info ) . In counterpoint an evaded cadence is one where one of the voices in a suspension does not resolve as expected , and the voices together resolved to a consonance other than an octave or unison ( a perfect fifth , a sixth , or a third ) . Classical cadential trill ( edit ) In the Classical period , composers often drew out the authentic cadences at the ends of sections ; the cadence 's dominant chord might take up a measure or two , especially if it contained the resolution of a suspension remaining from the chord preceding the dominant . During these two measures , the solo instrument ( in a concerto ) often played a trill on the supertonic ( the fifth of the dominant chord ) ; although supertonic and subtonic trills had been common in the Baroque era , they usually lasted only a half measure ( e.g. , the supertonic trill in the final cadence from Bach 's Wachet auf , ruft uns die Stimme , BWV 140 ) . Play ( help info ) Extended cadential trills were by far most frequent in Mozart 's music , and although they were also found in early Romantic music , their use was restricted chiefly to piano concerti ( and to a lesser extent , violin concerti ) because they were most easily played and most effective on the piano and violin ; the cadential trill and resolution would be generally followed by an orchestral coda . Beethoven was a good example of this , limiting it almost entirely to his concerti , and most other Romantic composers including Chopin and Schumann followed suit ; Schubert , who never wrote concerti , hardly used it at all ( the Adagio and Rondo Concertante D. 487 , a chamber work , being one prominent exception ) . At the other end of the spectrum , even Mozart rarely used the trill in symphonies . Because the music generally became louder and more dramatic leading up to it , a cadence was used for climactic effect , and was often embellished by Romantic composers . Later on in the Romantic era , however , other dramatic virtuosic movements were often used to close sections instead . Jazz ( edit ) Ascending diminished seventh chord half - step cadence on C. Play ( help info ) Descending diminished seventh chord half - step cadence on C. Play ( help info ) In jazz a cadence is often referred to as a turnaround , chord progressions that lead back and resolve to the tonic ( for example , the ii - V-I turnaround ) . Turnarounds may be used at any point and not solely before the tonic . Semitone cadences are common in jazz if not cliché . For example , the ascending diminished seventh chord semitone cadence , which -- using a secondary diminished seventh chord -- creates momentum between two chords a major second apart ( with the diminished seventh in between ) . The descending diminished seventh chord semi-tone cadence is assisted by two common tones ( Db Fb Abb Cbb = C# EGA # ) . Popular Music ( edit ) Popular music uses the cadences of the common practice period and jazz , with the same or different voice leading . Rhythmic cadence ( edit ) Rhythmic cadence at the end of the first phrase from Bach 's Brandenburg Concerto no . 3 in G Major , BMV 1048 , I , m . 1 -- 2 . Play ( help info ) with pitches or Play ( help info ) with unpitched percussion . Rhythmic cadences often feature a final note longer than the prevailing note values and this often follows a characteristic rhythmic pattern repeated at the end of the phrase , both demonstrated in the Bach example pictured . See also ( edit ) Andalusian cadence Approach chord Coda Cadenza Corelli cadence Drum cadence English cadence Kadans Lament bass List of Caribbean music genres : cadence - lypso and cadence rampa Picardy third V -- IV -- I turnaround ♭ VII -- V cadence References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Don Michael Randel ( 1999 ) . The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians , p. 105 - 106 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00084 - 6 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) . Music : In Theory and Practice , Vol . I , p. 359 . 7th ed . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) . p. 91 . Jump up ^ White , John D. ( 1976 ) . The Analysis of Music , p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 033233 - X . Jump up ^ Thomas Benjamin , Johann Sebastian Bach ( 2003 ) . The Craft of Tonal Counterpoint , p. 284 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94391 - 4 . Jump up ^ Caplin , William E. ( 2000 ) . Classical Form : A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn , Mozart , and Beethoven , p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514399 - X . Jump up ^ Darcy and Hepokoski ( 2006 ) . Elements of Sonata Theory : Norms , Types , and Deformations in the Late - Eighteenth - Century Sonata , p ... ISBN 0 - 19 - 514640 - 9 . `` the unexpected motion of a cadential dominant chord to a I ( instead of the normatively cadential I ) '' ^ Jump up to : White ( 1976 ) , p. 129 - 130 . Jump up ^ White ( 1976 ) , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Jonas , Oswald ( 1982 ) . Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker ( 1934 : Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks : Eine Einführung in Die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers ) , p. 24 . Trans . John Rothgeb . ISBN 0 - 582 - 28227 - 6 . Jump up ^ Finn Egeland Hansen ( 2006 ) . Layers of musical meaning , p. 208 . ISBN 87 - 635 - 0424 - 3 . Jump up ^ Randel , Don Michael ( 2003 ) . The Harvard Dictionary of Music , p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01163 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Daniel ( 1994 ) . Harmonic Function in Chromatic Music : A Renewed Dualist Theory and an Account of Its Precedents . University of Chicago Press . p. 29 . ISBN 0226318087 . Jump up ^ Notley , Margaret ( 2005 ) . `` Plagal Harmony as Other : Asymmetrical Dualism and Instrumental Music by Brahms '' . The Journal of Musicology. 22 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Caplin , William E. ( 1998 ) . Classical Form : A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn , Mozart and Beethoven . Oxford University Press . pp. 43 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510480 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Foote , Arthur ( 2007 ) . Modern Harmony in its Theory and Practice , p. 93 . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 3814 - X . Jump up ^ Owen , Harold ( 2000 ) . Music Theory Resource Book , p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511539 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music , p. 116 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860884 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Medial cadence '' . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . Web . 23 Jul. 2013 . Jump up ^ Berger , Karol ( 1987 ) . Musica Ficta : Theories of Accidental Inflections in Vocal Polyphony from Marchetto da Padova to Gioseffo Zarlino , p. 148 . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54338 - X . Jump up ^ Society for Music Theory ( 1996 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Guidelines for Nonsexist Language '' . Western Michigan University . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McClary , Susan ( 2002 ) . Feminism and Music . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 4189 - 7 . Jump up ^ Apel , Willi ( 1970 ) . Harvard Dictionary of Music . cited in McClary , Susan ( 2002 ) . Feminine Endings : Music , Gender , and Sexuality , p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 4189 - 7 . Jump up ^ Newman , William S. ( 1995 ) . Beethoven on Beethoven : Playing His Piano Music His Way , p. 170 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30719 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Benward & Saker ( 2009 ) . Music in Theory and Practice : Volume II , p. 13 . Eighth Edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 310188 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dahlhaus , Carl ( 1990 ) . Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality . trans . Robert O. Gjerdingen . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09135 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Benward & Saker ( 2009 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Schubert , Peter ( 1999 ) . Modal Counterpoint , Renaissance Style , p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510912 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Lawn , Jeffrey L. Hellmer ( 1996 ) . Jazz : Theory and Practice , p. 97 - 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88284 - 722 - 1 . Jump up ^ Norman Carey ( Spring , 2002 ) . Untitled review : Harmonic Experience by W.A. Mathieu , p. 125 . Music Theory Spectrum , Vol. 24 , No. 1 , pp. 121 -- 34 . Cadences Andalusian Backdoor progression Cadenza Corelli English Landini Lydian Picardy third Turnaround ii -- V -- I turnaround V -- IV -- I turnaround ♭ VII -- V cadence Chord progressions Terminology Bridge Cadence Changes Constant structure Double tonic Notation ( Roman - numeral ) Rewrite rules Turnaround By number of chords Three I -- IV -- V -- I ii -- V -- I turnaround V -- IV -- I turnaround ♭ VII -- V7 cadence Backdoor progression Eight - bar blues Twelve - bar blues ( `` Bird '' changes ) Sixteen - bar blues Passamezzo moderno Four 50s progression Andalusian cadence Folía vi -- ii -- V -- I Montgomery - Ward bridge Passamezzo antico I -- V -- vi -- IV Romanesca Tadd Dameron turnaround By name 50s Andalusian cadence Backdoor `` Bird '' changes Borrowed ( contrafact ) Circle Coltrane changes Omnibus Passamezzo antico Passamezzo moderno Ragtime `` Rhythm '' changes Stomp Tadd - Dameron Montgomery - Ward bridge Related Aeolian harmony Chaconne Ground bass ( Pachelbel 's Canon ) Irregular resolution List of chord progressions Consonance and dissonance Argument Avoid note Beating Cadence Chord Interval Nonchord tone Cambiata Changing tones Pedal point Preparation Resolution Musical note Spectra Consonances Unison Minor third Major third Perfect fourth Perfect fifth Minor sixth Major sixth Octave Dissonances Minor second Major second Tritone Minor seventh Major seventh List of musical intervals Harmony Accompaniment Alberti bass Banjo roll Cadence Chord Chord progression Four - part Harmonic rhythm Harmonization List of chords List of chord progressions Note Pitch Sequence Simultaneity Voice leading Melody Balungan Cadence Interval Melodic motion Motif Ornament Pattern Phrasing Pitch Rhythm Sequence Steps and skips Timbre Type ( figure ) Voice Voice leading Tonality Cadence Circle of fifths Consonance and dissonance Diatonic scale Diatonic function Secondary function Figured bass Just intonation Key Major and minor Modulation Neotonality Ostinato Parallel key Polytonality Progressive tonality Schenkerian analysis Sonata form Tonicization Voice leading Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadence_(music)&oldid=834466250 '' Categories : Cadences Jazz terminology Musical terminology Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Pages linking to missing files Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what purpose does a complete cadence serve in music	[]	[]
-3066293107542532932	Sam Worthington	Sam Worthington - wikipedia Sam Worthington Jump to : navigation , search Sam Worthington Worthington at the Drift Movie Media Event at Event Cinemas , Bondi Junction 2013 . Samuel Henry John Worthington ( 1976 - 08 - 02 ) 2 August 1976 ( age 41 ) Godalming , Surrey , England , UK Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Nationality Australian Alma mater National Institute of Dramatic Art Occupation Actor , writer Years active 2000 -- present Home town Rockingham , Western Australia Spouse ( s ) Lara Bingle ( m . 2014 ) Children Samuel Henry John Worthington ( born 2 August 1976 ) is an Australian actor . He portrayed Jake Sully in the 2009 film Avatar , Marcus Wright in Terminator Salvation , and Perseus in Clash of the Titans as well as its sequel Wrath of the Titans before transitioning to more dramatic roles in Everest ( 2015 ) , Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) , The Shack , and Manhunt : Unabomber ( both in 2017 ) . He also played the main character role of Captain Alex Mason in the Call of Duty : Black Ops video game series . In 2004 , Worthington received Australia 's highest film award for his lead role in Somersault . He performed predominantly in leading roles in a variety of low - budget films before moving to major studio films , ranging from romantic drama and comedy - drama to science fiction and action . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2004 -- 08 2.2 2009 -- present 3 Personal life 3.1 Arrest 4 Filmography 4.1 Films 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Writer 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Worthington was born to English parents in Godalming , Surrey , in South East England , and moved to Perth , Western Australia when he was two months old . He grew up in Warnbro , a suburb of Rockingham . His mother , Jeanne J. ( née Martyn ) , a housewife , raised him and his sister , Lucinda . His father , Ronald W. Worthington , was a power plant employee . He attended John Curtin College of the Arts , a school specialising in the dramatic arts , located in Fremantle , Western Australia , where he studied drama but did not graduate . When he left the college , his father gave him $400 and sent him on a one - way trip to Cairns , Queensland , telling him to `` work his way home '' . He began working on construction and odd jobs , eventually settling in Sydney . At age 19 , while working as a bricklayer , he auditioned for the National Institute of Dramatic Art ( NIDA ) and was accepted with a scholarship . Career ( edit ) 2004 -- 08 ( edit ) Worthington had a major role in Somersault ( 2004 ) and played the lead in a modern Australian retelling of Macbeth ( 2006 ) . He won the AFI Award for Best Lead Actor for his role in Somersault . He was well known in Australia for his role as Howard in the acclaimed Australian TV series Love My Way , in which he played the main love interest of the female lead . Worthington 's international film career began with a series of small roles in Hollywood production The Great Raid ( 2005 ) , which was filmed in Australia . He auditioned for the role of James Bond in Casino Royale but lost the role to Daniel Craig . He starred in the Australian creature - feature film Rogue ( 2007 ) , as a man named Neil , which gained a 100 percent fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes . 2009 -- present ( edit ) In Terminator Salvation , Worthington plays cyborg Marcus Wright who assists the humans despite their suspicions of him . Shot prior to the release of Terminator Salvation , the James Cameron - directed science - fiction film Avatar was Worthington 's next project . In the film , he played Jake Sully , a paraplegic US Marine who , assigned to control an alien body called an avatar through a neural link , finds himself at the centre of a war between his own species and the indigenous Na'vi people of the moon Pandora . The film went on to become the highest - grossing film of all time , grossing more than $2.73 billion ( $3.1 billion adjusted for inflation ) in box - office receipts worldwide . In November 2010 , Worthington told GQ Australia that he went to audition , but was n't told what it was for and got annoyed . So he did his part , left , forgot about it -- and was called back . `` I was a bit pissed off , and I think that came across , '' he says . `` I think Jim saw a spark and liked it because that 's Sully 's character -- a guy who does n't like to be bullied and a guy who just wants to set things right . '' He provided voice work for Captain Alex Mason , the protagonist character in the video game Call of Duty : Black Ops . Some gamers criticised Worthington 's inability to mask his Australian accent , as in Avatar . In November 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter named Worthington as one of the young male actors who are `` pushing -- or being pushed '' into taking over Hollywood as the new `` A-List '' . He was selected as one of the entrants to the Who 's Who in Australia 2011 edition . In 2012 , Worthington starred in the sequel to Clash of the Titans , called Wrath of the Titans , alongside Liam Neeson . As in the first film , Worthington played the demigod and son of Zeus , Perseus . He also reprised his role as Alex Mason in Call of Duty : Black Ops II . Worthington also portrays Jim Fitzgerald in the Discovery Channel television series , Manhunt : Unabomber . Personal life ( edit ) Lara Bingle and Worthington on the 2014 AACTA Awards red carpet Worthington has said that when he was about 30 , he sold most of his possessions and ended up with around $2,000 to his name . He says he bought a car with the proceeds and was living in it before he successfully auditioned for his role in the film Avatar . He then found a place to live . On 18 October 2013 , Worthington had confirmed rumours of a relationship with fellow Australian , model Lara Bingle . They married on 28 December 2014 and had a son , Rocket Zot , in 2015 . In October 2016 , Bingle and Worthington had their second child , another son , Racer . Worthington is a Christian . Arrest ( edit ) On 23 February 2014 , Worthington was arrested in New York City for assault , after punching a paparazzo , Sheng Li , who allegedly kicked Bingle in the shin . Video footage of the incident depicts Worthington referring to Bingle as his `` wife '' , furthering speculation about the pair 's marital status . Worthington was initially released on a desk appearance ticket , while Li was arrested on charges of reckless endangerment , assault and harassment . On 26 February 2014 , Worthington appeared in Manhattan Criminal Court , where he was ordered to stay away from Sheng Li for six months . The case was adjourned until 8 May 2014 , with the actor to face charges of assault in the third degree , attempted assault , and harassment . On 1 April 2014 , Li blamed Bingle for starting the fight and called for her to be arrested . Later that month , Worthington secured a conditional discharge deal on a misdemeanour assault charge , therefore avoiding any jail time , while the charges against Li were dismissed `` in the interest of justice '' . Li then filed a $3.7 million civil lawsuit against Worthington , which was settled out of court before going to trial in September 2015 . Filmography ( edit ) Worthington at the Tropfest 2013 in Sydney , 17 February 2013 Films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Bootmen Mitchell Okden A Matter of Life Our Hero Short film 2002 Hart 's War Cpl . B.J. `` Depot '' Guidry Dirty Deeds Darcy Ryan 2003 Gettin ' Square Barry `` Wattsy '' Wirth Somersault Joe Thunderstruck Ronnie 2005 The Great Raid Pfc . Lucas Fink ! Able 2006 Macbeth Lord Macbeth 2007 Rogue Neil Kelly Limited release 2009 Terminator Salvation Marcus Wright Avatar Jake Sully Clash of the Titans Perseus Last Night Michael Reed Love & Distrust Miles Segment : `` Blue Poles '' 2011 The Debt Young David Peretz Texas Killing Fields Detective Mike Souder 2012 Man on a Ledge Nick Cassidy Wrath of the Titans Perseus 2013 Drift JB Limited release 2014 Sabotage James `` Monster '' Murray Cake Roy Collins The Keeping Room Moses Limited release 2015 Paper Planes Jack Webber Limited release Kidnapping Freddy Heineken Willem Holleeder Limited release Everest Guy Cotter 2016 Hacksaw Ridge Captain Glover 2017 The Shack Mack Philips The Hunter 's Prayer Stephen Lucas Direct - to - VOD 2018 The Titan Rick Janssen TV movie 2020 Avatar 2 Jake Sully Filming 2021 Avatar 3 Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 JAG Dunsmore Episode : `` Boomerang : Part 1 '' 2000 Water Rats Phillip Champion Episode : `` Able to Leap Tall Buildings '' 2000 Blue Heelers Shane Donovan Episode : `` Bloodlines '' Love My Way Howard Light 10 episodes 2005 Surgeon , The The Surgeon Dr. Sam Dash 8 episodes 2006 Two Twisted Gus Rogers Episode : `` Delivery Man '' 2015 Deadline Gallipoli Phillip Schuler 4 episodes ; miniseries Executive Producer 2017 Manhunt : Unabomber Jim Fitzgerald Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Call of Duty : Black Ops Alex Mason 2012 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Alex Mason Writer ( edit ) Year Title Notes Enzo Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Title Result 2000 AFI Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Bootmen Nominated 2002 FCCA Award Best Supporting Actor -- Male Dirty Deeds Won AFI Award Best Actor in a Leading Role Somersault Won FCCA Award Best Actor -- Male Somersault Won IF Award Best Actor Somersault Won 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Fresh Face Male Terminator Salvation Nominated Australians in Film Breakthrough Award Australians in Film Avatar Saturn Award Best Actor Avatar Won Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actor Best Actor Avatar Won Empire Award Best Actor Avatar Won Giffoni Award Won Kid 's Choice Awards Cutest Couple ( shared with Zoe Saldana ) Avatar Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Fight ( shared with Stephen Lang ) Avatar Nominated Best Kiss ( shared with Zoe Saldana ) Avatar Nominated ShoWest Award Male Star of the Year Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Fight ( shared with Stephen Lang ) Avatar Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi Avatar Won Choice Movie Actor : Fantasy Clash of the Titans Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Incident 123082579 '' ( PDF ) . Atlanta , Georgia , Police Department via E ! Online . 3 November 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Lipworth , Elaine ( 4 February 2012 ) . `` Sam Worthington on ' Man on a Ledge ' '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeanne J. Worthington '' . MyHeritage . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar first reviews , Sam Worthington next Hollywood star in the making '' . The Daily Telegraph . 11 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Worthington Interview for Terminator '' . Screencrave.com. 21 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bard arse '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Worthington '' . GQ . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . , GQ Australia November 2010 , Sam Worthington Jump up ^ `` How an Australian Man Nearly Ruined Black Ops for Me '' . Jump up ^ Blank , Emily ; Schutte , Lauren . `` Hollywood 's A-List Redefined '' . ( slide 9 of 10 in slideshow ) The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who pack now boasts Siddle , Hamish and Andy and the Masterchef judges '' . heraldsun.com.au. 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ John Gaudiosi ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` ' Call of Duty : Black Ops II ' : Treyarch 's Dave Anthony on Directing Sam Worthington , Michael Keaton ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Manhunt : Unabomber : Scripted Discovery Series Debuts in August '' . TV Series Finale . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Jay Leno Show Online at Hulu '' . Hulu . Jump up ^ `` I was living in my car before ' Avatar ' : Sam Worthington '' . Jump up ^ `` Aussie actor ' smitten ' with Bingle '' . Jump up ^ `` Sam Worthington says he is smitten with new squeeze Lara Bingle '' . Jump up ^ Anya Leon ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Sam Worthington and Lara Bingle Welcome Son Rocket Zot '' . People . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellie McDonald ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` CONFIRMED ! Lara and Sam Worthington have welcomed their second son '' . Woman 's Day . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Sam Worthington Says ' The Shack ' Helped Him Understand Relationship With God ( Interview ) '' . www.christianpost.com . Jump up ^ `` So are Sam Worthington and Lara Bingle really married ? '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar ' actor Sam Worthington arrested in NYC '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Worthington ordered to stay away from photographer '' . Sydney Morning Herlad . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Photographer blames ' Avatar ' star 's girlfriend for starting fight '' . Reuters. 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Mitchell ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Paparazzo walks free as Sam Worthington assault case dropped '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebony Bowden ( 4 September 2015 ) . `` Sam Worthington settles $5 million lawsuit with photographer over scuffle '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Cinefile FCCA AWARDS 2004 WINNERS '' . www.urbancinefile.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Australians in Film Breakthrough Awards '' . Australians in Film . Archived from the original on 3 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sam Worthington . Sam Worthington on IMDb ArtistDirect.com Video Interview -- Clash Of the Titans Awards for Sam Worthington AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Bruce Spence ( 1972 ) Robert McDarra ( 1973 ) Jack Thompson ( 1974 ) Martin Vaughan ( 1975 ) Simon Burke and Nick Tate ( 1976 ) John Meillon ( 1977 ) Bill Hunter ( 1978 ) Mel Gibson ( 1979 ) Jack Thompson ( 1980 ) Mel Gibson ( 1981 ) Ray Barrett ( 1982 ) Norman Kaye ( 1983 ) John Hargreaves ( 1984 ) Chris Haywood ( 1985 ) Colin Friels ( 1986 ) Leo McKern ( 1987 ) John Waters ( 1988 ) Sam Neill ( 1989 ) Max von Sydow ( 1990 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1991 ) Russell Crowe ( 1992 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1993 ) Nicholas Hope ( 1994 ) John Lynch ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 1997 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1998 ) Russell Dykstra ( 1999 ) Eric Bana ( 2000 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2001 ) David Gulpilil ( 2002 ) David Wenham ( 2003 ) Sam Worthington ( 2004 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2005 ) Shane Jacobson ( 2006 ) Eric Bana ( 2007 ) William McInnes ( 2008 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2009 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 2010 ) Daniel Henshall ( 2011 ) Chris O'Dowd ( 2012 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2013 ) David Gulpilil ( 2014 ) Michael Caton ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) Sunny Pawar ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Actor James Caan / Don Johnson ( 1974 / 75 ) David Bowie / Gregory Peck ( 1976 ) George Burns ( 1977 ) Warren Beatty ( 1978 ) George Hamilton ( 1979 ) Mark Hamill ( 1980 ) Harrison Ford ( 1981 ) William Shatner ( 1982 ) Mark Hamill ( 1983 ) Jeff Bridges ( 1984 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1985 ) Jeff Goldblum ( 1986 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Jeff Daniels ( 1989 / 90 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Gary Oldman ( 1992 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) George Clooney ( 1995 ) Eddie Murphy ( 1996 ) Pierce Brosnan ( 1997 ) James Woods ( 1998 ) Tim Allen ( 1999 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2000 ) Tom Cruise ( 2001 ) Robin Williams ( 2002 ) Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Tobey Maguire ( 2004 ) Christian Bale ( 2005 ) Brandon Routh ( 2006 ) Will Smith ( 2007 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2008 ) Sam Worthington ( 2009 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2010 ) Michael Shannon ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2013 ) Chris Pratt ( 2014 ) Harrison Ford ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2016 ) BIBSYS : 9077627 BNE : XX1602142 BNF : cb142401303 ( data ) GND : 141389141 ISNI : 0000 0001 2134 3801 LCCN : no2007132642 SUDOC : 142490415 VIAF : 56822363 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Worthington&oldid=842015092 '' Categories : 1976 births Australian Christians Australian male film actors Australian male television actors English Christians English emigrants to Australia English male film actors English male television actors National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni Living people Naturalised citizens of Australia People educated at John Curtin College of the Arts 20th - century Australian male actors 21st - century Australian male actors 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Male actors from Surrey People from Godalming Male actors from Perth , Western Australia Best Actor AACTA Award winners Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 17 : 00 . 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2360255775064306152	Fifty Shades of Grey	Fifty Shades of Grey - wikipedia Fifty Shades of Grey This article is about the novel . For its film adaptation , see Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) . For the novel series , see Fifty Shades trilogy . Fifty Shades of grey 2012 paperback cover Author E.L. James Country United Kingdom Language English Series Fifty Shades trilogy Genre Erotic romance Published 20 June 2011 ( Vintage Books ) Media type Print ( Hardcover , paperback ) Pages 514 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61213 - 028 - 6 OCLC 780307033 Followed by Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E.L. James It is the first instalment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate , Anastasia Steele , and a young business magnate , Christian Grey . It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage / discipline , dominance / submission , and sadism / masochism ( BDSM ) . Originally self - published as an ebook and a print - on - demand , publishing rights were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012 . Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best - seller lists around the world , selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 . It has been translated into 52 languages , and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest - selling paperback of all time . Critical reception of the book , however , has tended towards the negative , with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor . Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced a film adaptation , which was released on 13 February 2015 and also received generally unfavourable reviews . The second and third volumes of the trilogy , Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed , were published in 2012 . Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian , a version of Fifty Shades of Grey being told from Christian 's point of view , was published in June 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background and publication 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Controversy 3.3 Censorship 4 Media 4.1 Film adaptation 4.2 Film soundtrack 4.3 Classical album 4.4 Parodies 4.4. 1 In print 4.4. 2 In film 4.4. 3 Online 4.4. 4 On stage 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele is a 21 - year - old college senior attending Washington State University in Vancouver , Washington . Her best friend is Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh , who writes for the college newspaper . Due to an illness , Kate is unable to interview 27 - year - old Christian Grey , a successful and wealthy Seattle entrepreneur , and asks Ana to take her place . Ana finds Christian attractive as well as intimidating . As a result , she stumbles through the interview and leaves Christian 's office believing it went poorly . Ana does not expect to meet Christian again , but he appears at the hardware store where she works . While he purchases various items including cable ties , masking tape , and rope , Ana informs Christian that Kate would like some photographs to illustrate her article about him . Christian gives Ana his phone number . Later , Kate urges Ana to call Christian and arrange a photo shoot with their photographer friend , José Rodriguez . The next day José , Kate , and Ana arrive for the photo shoot at the Heathman Hotel , where Christian is staying . Christian asks Ana out for coffee and asks if she is dating anyone , specifically José . Ana replies that she is not dating anyone . During the conversation , Ana learns that Christian is also single , but he says he is not romantic . Ana is intrigued but believes she is not attractive enough for Christian . Later , Ana receives a package from Christian containing first edition copies of Tess of the d'Urbervilles , which stuns her . Later that night , Ana goes out drinking with her friends and ends up drunk dialling Christian , who informs her that he will be coming to pick her up because of her inebriated state . Ana goes outside to get some fresh air , and José attempts to kiss her , but he is stopped by Christian 's arrival . Ana leaves with Christian , but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christian 's brother , Elliot . Later , Ana wakes to find herself in Christian 's hotel room , where he scolds her for not taking proper care of herself . Christian then reveals that he would like to have sex with her . He initially says that Ana will first have to fill in paperwork , but later goes back on this statement after making out with her in the elevator . Ana goes on a date with Christian , on which he takes her in his helicopter , Charlie Tango , to his apartment . Once there , Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement forbidding her from discussing anything they do together , which Ana agrees to sign . He also mentions other paperwork , but first takes her to his playroom full of BDSM toys and gear . There , Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission , and there will be no romantic relationship , only a sexual one . The contract even forbids Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him . At this point , Christian realises that Ana is a virgin and takes her virginity without making her sign the contract . The following morning , Ana and Christian again have sex . His mother arrives moments after their sexual encounter and is surprised by the meeting , having previously thought Christian was homosexual , because he was never seen with a woman . Christian later takes Ana out to eat , and he reveals that he lost his virginity at age 15 to one of his mother 's friends , Elena Lincoln , and that his previous dominant / submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility . Christian also reveals that in his first dominant / submissive relationship he was the submissive . Christian and Ana plan to meet again , and he takes Ana home , where she discovers several job offers and admits to Kate that she and Christian had sex . Over the next few days , Ana receives several packages from Christian . These include a laptop to enable her to research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract ; to communicate with him , since she has never previously owned a computer ; and to receive a more detailed version of the dominant / submissive contract . She and Christian email each other , with Ana teasing him and refusing to honour parts of the contract , such as only eating foods from a specific list . Ana later meets with Christian to discuss the contract and becomes overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and the potential of having a sexual relationship with Christian that is not romantic in nature . Because of these feelings , Ana runs away from Christian and does not see him again until her college graduation , where he is a guest speaker . During this time , Ana agrees to sign the dominant / submissive contract . Ana and Christian once again meet to further discuss the contract , and they go over Ana 's hard and soft limits . Christian spanks Ana for the first time , and the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused . This confusion is exacerbated by Christian 's lavish gifts and the fact that he brings her to meet his family . The two continue with the arrangement without Ana 's having yet signed the contract . After successfully landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing ( SIP ) , Ana further bristles under the restrictions of the non-disclosure agreement and her complex relationship with Christian . The tension between Ana and Christian eventually comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be . Christian fulfils Ana 's request , beating her with a belt , and Ana realises they are incompatible . Devastated , she breaks up with Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate . Background and publication ( edit ) E.L. James in 2012 The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published episodically on fan - fiction websites under the pen name `` Snowqueen 's Icedragon '' . The piece featured characters named after Stephenie Meyer 's characters in Twilight , Edward Cullen and Bella Swan . After comments concerning the sexual nature of the material , James removed the story from the fan - fiction websites and published it on her own website , FiftyShades.com . Later she rewrote Master of the Universe as an original piece , with the principal characters renamed Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele and removed it from her website before publication . Meyer commented on the series , saying `` that 's really not my genre , not my thing ... Good on her -- she 's doing well . That 's great ! '' This reworked and extended version of Master of the Universe was split into three parts . The first , titled Fifty Shades of Grey , was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers ' Coffee Shop , a virtual publisher based in Australia . The second volume , Fifty Shades Darker , was released in September 2011 ; and the third , Fifty Shades Freed , followed in January 2012 . The Writers ' Coffee Shop had a restricted marketing budget and relied largely on book blogs for early publicity , but sales of the novel were boosted by word - of - mouth recommendation . The book 's erotic nature and perceived demographic of its fan base as being composed largely of married women over thirty led to the book being dubbed `` Mommy Porn '' by some news agencies . The book has also reportedly been popular among teenage girls and college women . By the release of the final volume in January 2012 , news networks in the United States had begun to report on the Fifty Shades trilogy as an example of viral marketing and of the rise in popularity of female erotica , attributing its success to the discreet nature of e-reading devices . Due to the heightened interest in the series , the license to the Fifty Shades trilogy was picked up by Vintage Books for re-release in a new and revised edition in April 2012 . The attention that the series has garnered has also helped to spark a renewed interest in erotic literature . Many other erotic works quickly became best - sellers following Fifty Shade 's success , while other popular works , such as Anne Rice 's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy , have been reissued ( this time without pseudonyms ) to meet the higher demand . On 1 August 2012 , Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had the entire Harry Potter series combined , making E.L. James its best - selling author , replacing J.K. Rowling , though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey 's sales of 60 million copies . Reception ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best - seller lists around the world , including those of the United Kingdom and the United States . The series had sold over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 and has been translated into 52 languages , and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest - selling paperback of all time . Critical response ( edit ) It has received mixed to negative reviews , with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work . Salman Rushdie said about the book : `` I 've never read anything so badly written that got published . It made Twilight look like War and Peace . '' Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written `` like a Bronte devoid of talent , '' and said it was `` dull and poorly written . '' Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said : `` As a reading experience , Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke , puny of plot '' . Princeton professor April Alliston wrote , `` Though no literary masterpiece , Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series . '' Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a `` B + '' rating and praised it for being `` in a class by itself . '' British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote `` It is jolly , eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM ( bondage , discipline , sadism and masochism ) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act '' and also praised the book for being `` more enjoyable '' than other `` literary erotic books '' . The Daily Telegraph noted that the book was `` the definition of a page - turner '' , noting that the book was both `` troubling and intriguing '' . A reviewer for the Ledger - Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism , and that it `` also touches on one aspect of female existence ( female submission ) . And acknowledging that fact -- maybe even appreciating it -- should n't be a cause for guilt . '' The New Zealand Herald stated that the book `` will win no prizes for its prose '' and that `` there are some exceedingly awful descriptions , '' although it was also an easy read ; `` ( If you only ) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to -- if you 'll pardon the expression -- slap the heroine for having so little self respect , you might enjoy it . '' The Columbus Dispatch stated that , `` Despite the clunky prose , James does cause one to turn the page . '' Metro News Canada wrote that `` suffering through 500 pages of this heroine 's inner dialogue was torturous , and not in the intended , sexy kind of way '' . Jessica Reaves , of the Chicago Tribune , wrote that the `` book 's source material is n't great literature '' , noting that the novel is `` sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases '' , and described it as `` depressing '' . The book garnered some accolades . In December 2012 , it won both `` Popular Fiction '' and `` Book of the Year '' categories in the UK National Book Awards . In that same month , Publishers Weekly named E.L. James the ' Publishing Person of the Year ' , a decision whose criticism in the LA Times and the New York Daily News was referred to by and summarised in The Christian Science Monitor . Earlier , in April 2012 , when E.L. James was listed as one of Time magazine 's `` 100 Most Influential People in the World '' , Richard Lawson of The Atlantic Wire criticised her inclusion due to the trilogy 's fan fiction beginnings . Controversy ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM , with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses BDSM with abuse and presents it as a pathology to be overcome , as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques . Coinciding with the release of the book and its surprising popularity , injuries related to BDSM and sex toy use spiked dramatically . In 2012 , the year after the book was published , injuries requiring Emergency Room visits increased by over 50 % from 2010 ( the year before the book was published ) . This is speculated to be due to people unfamiliar with both the proper use of these toys and the safe practice of bondage and other `` kinky '' sexual fetishes attempting what they had read in the book . There has also been criticism against the fact that BDSM is part of the book . Archbishop Dennis Schnurr of Cincinnati said in an early February 2015 letter , `` The story line is presented as a romance ; however , the underlying theme is that bondage , dominance , and sadomasochism are normal and pleasurable . '' The feminist anti-pornography organisation Stop Porn Culture called for a boycott of the movie based on the book because of its sex scenes involving bondage and violence . By contrast , Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that `` film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like ' consent ' into a living , breathing , and at times , uncomfortable interpersonal experience , '' and `` dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one 's limits and having them respected . '' Several critics and scientists have expressed concern that the nature of the main couple 's relationship is not BDSM at all , but rather is characteristic of an abusive relationship . In 2013 , social scientist Professor Amy E. Bonomi published a study wherein the books were read by multiple professionals and assessed for characteristics of intimate partner violence , or IPV , using the CDC 's standards for emotional abuse and sexual violence . The study found that nearly every interaction between Ana and Christian was emotionally abusive in nature , including stalking , intimidation , and isolation . The study group also observed pervasive sexual violence within the CDC 's definition , including Christian 's use of alcohol to circumvent Ana 's ability to consent , and that Ana exhibits classic signs of an abused woman , including constant perceived threat , stressful managing , and altered identity . A second study in 2014 was conducted to examine the health of women who had read the series , compared with a control group that had never read any part of the novels . The results showed a correlation between having read at least the first book and exhibiting signs of an eating disorder , having romantic partners that were emotionally abusive and / or engaged in stalking behaviour , engaging in binge drinking in the last month , and having 5 or more sexual partners before age 24 . The authors could not conclude whether women already experiencing these `` problems '' were drawn to the series , or if the series influenced these behaviours to occur after reading by creating underlying context . The study 's lead researcher contends that the books romanticise dangerous behaviour and `` perpetuate dangerous abuse standards . '' The study was limited in that only women up to age 24 were studied , and no distinction was made among the reader sample between women who enjoyed the series and those that had a strong negative opinion of it , having only read it out of curiosity due to the media hype or other obligation . At the beginning of the media hype , Dr. Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed on The Today Show whether the book perpetuated violence against women ; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject , this trilogy had nothing to do with it -- this was a book about a consensual relationship . Dr. Drew commented that the book was `` horribly written '' in addition to being `` disturbing '' but stated that `` if the book enhances women 's real - life sex lives and intimacy , so be it . '' Censorship ( edit ) In March 2012 , branches of the public library in Brevard County , Florida , removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves , with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor . A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book 's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches . Deborah Caldwell - Stone of the American Library Association commented that `` If the only reason you do n't select a book is that you disapprove of its content , but there is demand for it , there 's a question of whether you 're being fair . In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information . '' Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand . In Macaé , Brazil , Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors . The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them , basing his decision on a law stating that `` magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content '' . In February 2015 , the Malaysian Home Ministry banned the Fifty Shades of Grey books shortly after banning its film adaption after permitting them for three years in local bookstores , citing morality - related reasons . Media ( edit ) Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson were cast in the roles of Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele , respectively . A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features , Michael De Luca Productions , and Trigger Street Productions , with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012 . Universal is also the film 's distributor . Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele , but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013 , with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October . The film was released on 13 February 2015 , and although popular at the box office , critical reactions were mixed to negative . Film Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack E.L. James announced the film 's soundtrack would be released on 10 February 2015 . Prior to the soundtrack 's release , the first single , `` Earned It '' , by The Weeknd , was released on 24 December 2014 . On 7 January 2015 , the second single , `` Love Me like You Do '' by Ellie Goulding was released . Australian singer Sia released the soundtrack 's third single , `` Salted Wound '' , on 27 January 2015 . Classical album ( edit ) An album of songs selected by E.L. James was released on 11 September 2012 by EMI Classics under the title Fifty Shades of Grey : The Classical Album , and reached number four on the US Billboard classical music albums chart in October 2012 . A Seattle P-I reviewer favourably wrote that the album would appeal both to fans of the series and to `` those who have no intention of reading any of the Grey Shades '' . Parodies ( edit ) The Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy has inspired many parodies in print , in film , online , and on stage . In November 2012 , Universal Studios attempted to prevent the release of Fifty Shades of Grey : A XXX Adaptation , a pornographic film based on the novel , citing copyright and trademark infringement . Smash Pictures , the porn producer , later responded to the lawsuit with a counterclaim that `` much or all '' of the Fifty Shades material was placed in the public domain in its original Twilight - based form , but later capitulated and stopped production of their film . In print ( edit ) Amazon.com lists over 50 book parodies , e.g. : Fifty Shades of Oy Vey ( 2013 ) by E.L. Jamesbergstein Fifty Shames of Earl Grey ( 2012 ) by Fanny Merkin ( a.k.a. Andrew Shaffer ) In film ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Black ( 2016 ) Online ( edit ) Parodying the fan fiction origins of Fifty Shades of Grey , Ivy league MBA students have created Erotic FinFiction , a blog containing steamy entries written in business jargon . On stage ( edit ) Stage productions include : 50 Shades ! The Musical Parody Cuff Me : The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal 2010s portal Novels portal Pornography portal Maestra , a 2016 novel frequently compared to Fifty Shades of Grey BDSM in culture and media Sadism and masochism in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah . `` Holy crow ! Fifty Shades Of Grey is crazy similar to its Twilight origin story '' . News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal Shifts ' 50 Shades ' Release Date to February 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Boog , Jason ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Media bistro . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey : Stephenie Meyer Speaks Out '' . MTV . 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ ' 50 Shades of Grey , ' a Self - Published E-Book , Is the Future of Publishing . Lizzie Shurnick . The Daily Beast. 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bestseller Success Stories that Started Out as Self - Published Books . Ronald H. Balsom. 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` Discreetly Digital , Erotic Novel Sets American Women Abuzz '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Goudreau , Jenna ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` Will Fifty Shades of Grey Make ' Mommy Porn ' The Next Big Thing ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James reveals real - life secrets to her readers '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewak , Doree ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` The hot sex text '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Erotic novel 50 Shades of Grey unites gals , unnerves some guys '' . Fox News . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennett - Smith , Meredith ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` 50 Shades of Grey : What is the appeal ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Julie Bosman . Fifty Shades of Gray Hits a Sales Milestone . The New York Times . 27 February 2014 . page C3 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' Sales Hit 100 Million . Andy Lewis . The Hollywood Reporter. 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Publishing world is turned on by ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . USA Today . 29 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Meredith , Charlotte ( 1 August 2012 ) , `` Fifty Shades of Grey becomes the bestselling book of all time '' , Daily Express , UK Jump up ^ `` EL James ' Fifty Shades of Grey tops New York Times list '' . UK : BBC . 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Erotic book Fifty Shades of Grey becomes UK bestseller '' . UK : BBC . 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Alex Stedman . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Spinoff ' Grey ' Stolen From Publisher ( Report ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Release Date Pushed Back to February 13 , 2015 -- Just in Time for Valentine 's Day ! '' . E ! Online . 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey outstrips Harry Potter to become fastest selling paperback of all time '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Chris ( 9 October 2012 ) . `` Sir Salman Rushdie : ' Fifty Shades of Grey makes Twilight look like War and Peace ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( 31 March 2012 ) . `` She 's Fit to Be Tied '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kornbluth , Jesse ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Is The Hottest - Selling Book In America Really Just ' S&M For Dummies ? ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mommy porn ' novel has retro message '' . CNN . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Colgan , Jenny ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Laura ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Mommy porn ? : Fifty Shades of Grey by EL James : review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Sorich , Sonya ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The undressed review '' . Ledger - Enquirer . Jump up ^ Sheehy , Christine ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The ' mommy porn ' seducing women '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ Osterheldt , Jenee ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Book Review -- Fifty Shades of Grey : Sultry subject spells success '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ Napier , Jessica ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey as dull as a razor blade commercial '' . Metro News Canada . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Reaves , Jessica ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty shades of retrograde '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` EL James comes out on top at National Book awards '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey voted the most popular book of 2012 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` EL James as ' Publishing Person of the Year ' draws outcry from literary world '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Influential People in the World : 2012 '' . Time . Archived from the original on 25 August 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` Five Things Wrong with This Year 's ' Time 100 ' '' . The Atlantic Wire . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Velvet , Lady . ( 14 February 2015 ) ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : A Dominatrix 's View ( Guest Column ) . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Is n't A Movie About BDSM , And That 's A Problem . Huffingtonpost.com ( 16 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Christopher . `` Sex Toy Injuries Surged after ' Fifty Shades of Grey 's was Published '' . The Washington Post . 10 February Jump up ^ Fifty Shades of Grey is an ' assault on marriage ' , say bishops . CatholicHerald.co.uk ( 12 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop : Seeing ' 50 Shades of Grey ' is a sin . Azcentral.com ( 13 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ; Kean , Jessica ( 2015 ) . `` Why consenting adults should see 50 Shades of Grey - and take their teens '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 19 February Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ; Altenburger , Lauren E. ; Walton , Nicole L. ( September 2013 ) . `` '' Double crap ! '' Abuse and harmed identity in Fifty Shades of Grey `` . Journal of Women 's Health . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. 22 ( 9 ) : 733 -- 744 . doi : 10.1089 / jwh. 2013.4344 . PMID 23931257 . Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` Is Fifty Shades triumphant for women ? Or further entrapping them ? '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ; Nemeth , Julianna M. ; Altenburger , Lauren E. ; Anderson , Melissa L. ; Snyder , Anastasia ; Dotto , Irma ( August 2014 ) . `` Fiction or not ? Fifty Shades is associated with health risks in adolescent and young adult females '' . Journal of Women 's Health . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. 23 ( 9 ) : 720 -- 728 . doi : 10.1089 / jwh. 2014.4782 . PMID 25144515 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades : Exploring the Sexual Revolution '' . Newsweek Special Issue / Topix Media Lab Special # 13 . New York , NY : Topix Media Lab : Page 13 . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reading ' Fifty Shades ' linked to unhealthy behaviors '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan Levkoff on The Today Show -- Fifty Shades of Grey on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Dr. Drew : 50 Shades of Grey pathological , poorly written '' . WTOP - FM . 22 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Meredith ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Pulls Fifty Shades of Grey From Shelves '' . Library Journal . Jump up ^ Clarke , Suzan ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Library Lifts Ban on 50 Shades of Grey '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` BRAZIL JUDGE ORDERS ' 50 SHADES OF GREY ' SEALED '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil judge orders ' 50 Shades of Grey ' removed '' . USA Today . 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian bondage browsers tied down by court order '' . Global Legal Post . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` After movie , Malaysia also bans ' Fifty Shades ' books '' . Malay Mail . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair ( online ) . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie Casts Dakota Johnson In a Lead Role '' . EntertainmentWise ( Yahoo ! UK ) . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' casts Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Quitting Fifty Shades of Grey Was `` Heartbreaking '' - Us Weekly `` . usmagazine.com. 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ James , EL ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Movie Tie - in Edition Now Available & Soundtrack Coming Soon ! '' . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Oktay Ege ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Soundtrack Features Beyoncé , The Rolling Stones , Frank Sinatra , Sia , And More '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Hear The Weeknd 's ' Earned It ' from ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Listen To Ellie Goulding 's Sexy New Song From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Artists , Various ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple . Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Classical Album Coming in August '' , Billboard.com , 7 August 2012 Jump up ^ `` Billboard Charts Top 5 Classical Music Albums '' . Classicalite . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodstein , Jack ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` Music Review : Fifty Shades of Grey : The Classical Album '' . Seattle PI . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 18 things you do n't know about Fifty Shades of Grey : The Parody Books Keep Coming '' . CBS News . 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rachel Kramer Bussel ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` In the wake of 50 Shades of Grey , what 's even better than sex ? Ridiculous sex '' . Salon.com . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Porn Parody Countersuit Claims Books Are In Public Domain ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` '' Fifty Shades '' porn parody lost its lawsuit , but everyone wins `` . Daily Dot . Jump up ^ Jamesbergstein , E.L. ( 2013 ) . Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody . Jump up ^ Merkin , Fanny ; Shaffer , Andrew ( 2012 ) . Fifty Shames of Earl Grey : A Parody . ISBN 0 - 306 - 82199 - 0 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Peter ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Business students steam up spreadsheets with ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' treatment '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ Webster , Andy ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` If a Book Annoys You , Ridicule It in Song : ' 50 Shades ! The Musical ' Parodies That Erotic Best Seller '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cuff Me : The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Official author page hide Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_of_Grey&oldid=850278291 '' Categories : 2011 British novels BDSM literature British erotic novels British novels adapted into films British romance novels Fan fiction works Novels set in Seattle Women 's erotica and pornography Works based on Twilight series Self - published books Fifty Shades Obscenity controversies in literature Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 EngvarB from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 21 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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6057605933829250162	List of Orange Is the New Black episodes	List of Orange Is the New Black episodes - wikipedia List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Jump to : navigation , search Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy - drama series created by Jenji Kohan , which premiered on July 11 , 2013 , on Netflix . The series , based on Piper Kerman 's memoir Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , follows Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a happily engaged New Yorker who is sent to a women 's federal prison for transporting a suitcase full of drug money across international borders , 10 years prior , for her girlfriend at the time , Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) . As of June 9 , 2017 , 65 episodes of Orange Is the New Black have been released , concluding the fifth season . Ten of the thirteen episodes of the fifth season were leaked online by hackers prior to its scheduled premiere date . The series has been renewed for its sixth and seventh seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date `` I Was n't Ready '' Michael Trim Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Tit Punch '' Uta Briesewitz Marco Ramirez Red & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Jodie Foster Sian Heder Sophia & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Imaginary Enemies '' Michael Trim Gary Lennon Miss Claudette July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 5 5 `` The Chickening '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Aleida & Daya July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 6 6 `` WAC Pack '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Nicky & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 7 7 `` Blood Donut '' Matthew Penn Sara Hess Watson July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 8 8 `` Moscow Mule '' Phil Abraham Marco Ramirez Red July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 9 9 `` Fucksgiving '' Michael Trim Sian Heder Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 10 10 `` Bora Bora Bora '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Piper & Tricia July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 11 11 `` Tall Men with Feelings '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Piper & Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 12 12 `` Fool Me Once '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Pennsatucky July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 13 `` Ca n't Fix Crazy '' Michael Trim Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan none July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 14 `` Thirsty Bird '' Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 15 `` Looks Blue , Tastes Red '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 16 `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 17 `` A Whole Other Hole '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Morello June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 18 5 `` Low Self Esteem City '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 19 6 `` You Also Have a Pizza '' Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 20 7 `` Comic Sans '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Black Cindy June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 21 8 `` Appropriately Sized Pots '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 22 9 `` 40 Oz. of Furlough '' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 23 10 `` Little Mustachioed Shit '' Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 24 11 `` Take a Break from Your Values '' Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 25 12 `` It Was the Change '' Phil Abraham Sara Hess Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 26 13 `` We Have Manners . We 're Polite . '' Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 27 `` Mother 's Day '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 28 `` Bed Bugs and Beyond '' Constantine Makris Jim Danger Gray Bennett June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 29 `` Empathy Is a Boner Killer '' Michael Trim Nick Jones Nicky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 30 `` Finger in the Dyke '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Big Boo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 31 5 `` Fake It Till You Fake It Some More '' Nicole Holofcener Tara Herrmann Flaca June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 32 6 `` Ching Chong Chang '' Anthony Hemingway Sara Hess Chang June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 33 7 `` Tongue - Tied '' Julie Anne Robinson Sian Heder Norma June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 34 8 `` Fear , and Other Smells '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Alex June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 35 9 `` Where My Dreidel At '' Andrew McCarthy Jordan Harrison Leanne June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 36 10 `` A Tittin ' and a Hairin ' '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli Pennsatucky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 37 11 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Caputo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 38 12 `` Do n't Make Me Come Back There '' Uta Briesewitz Sara Hess Aleida & Daya June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 39 13 `` Trust No Bitch '' Phil Abraham Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 40 `` Work That Body for Me '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 41 `` Power Suit '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Maria June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 42 `` ( Do n't ) Say Anything '' Andrew McCarthy Jim Danger Gray Soso June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 43 `` Doctor Psycho '' Erin Feeley Carly Mensch Healy June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 44 5 `` We 'll Always Have Baltimore '' Tricia Brock Jordan Harrison Maritza June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 45 6 `` Piece of Shit '' Uta Briesewitz Lauren Morelli none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 46 7 `` It Sounded Nicer in My Head '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Lolly June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 47 8 `` Friends in Low Places '' Phil Abraham Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 48 9 `` Turn Table Turn '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Blanca June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 49 10 `` Bunny , Skull , Bunny , Skull '' Phil Abraham Carly Mensch none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 50 11 `` People Persons '' Lev L. Spiro Nick Jones Suzanne June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 51 12 `` The Animals '' Matthew Weiner Lauren Morelli Bayley June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 52 13 `` Toast Ca n't Never Be Bread Again '' Adam Bernstein Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Poussey June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 53 `` Riot FOMO '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 54 `` Fuck , Marry , Frieda '' Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 55 `` Pissters ! '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 56 `` Litchfield 's Got Talent '' Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg , Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 57 5 `` Sing It , White Effie '' Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 58 6 `` Flaming Hot Cheetos , Literally '' Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 59 7 `` Full Bush , Half Snickers '' Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 60 8 `` Tied to the Tracks '' Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 61 9 `` The Tightening '' Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 62 10 `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 63 11 `` Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling '' Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 64 12 `` Tattoo You '' Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 65 13 `` Storm - y Weather '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) See also ( edit ) List of Orange Is the New Black characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Stolen ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season 5 Episodes to Piracy Network '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Leaked After Netflix Refuses Ransom Demand '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Orange Is the New Black episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Seasons `` Lesbian Request Denied '' 5 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Orange_Is_the_New_Black_episodes&oldid=804864799 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 16 : 14 . 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-1681274657757654381	2017 World Series	2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was played between October 24 and November 1 . The series was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , and the first team from Texas to do so . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Dodgers ' 2017 World Series representative Chase Utley in 2009 when he played for the Philadelphia Phillies . This was the first World Series in which home - field advantage was decided by the regular season record of pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home - field advantage alternated between the AL and NL , and from 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All - Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . With 104 regular season wins , the Dodgers earned home - field advantage over the Astros , who had 101 regular season wins . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , with the Dodgers hosting Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ; and the Astros hosting Games 3 , 4 , and 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 6 Sponsorship 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup , and second postseason meeting overall , between the Astros and Dodgers . Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year . The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie - breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall , in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season . With the Astros and Dodgers having waited a combined 84 years for a championship ( the Dodgers last won the World Series in 1988 , and the Astros had never won since their 1962 formation ) , this was the third straight year in which the World Series teams had waited a combined 50 years or more to win a World Series , following 2015 at 59 years and 2016 at 176 years . Both teams had not lost at home this postseason leading to the World Series . The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91 -- 36 record through August 25 . However , a late season slump , in which the team lost 20 of 25 games ( highlighted by 11 straight losses ) , led to questions about whether the Dodgers would succeed in the postseason . Despite the slump , the team recovered to win eight of its final ten regular season games , securing their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In the postseason , the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year 's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games . This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988 , the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958 , and the 19th overall . Entering the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings , a postseason record for a bullpen . Additionally , by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48 -- 19 margin , the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third - best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995 . All - Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury , was included on the Dodgers ' World Series roster . Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series , as well as the fourth African - American manager . Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title since moving from the National League Central starting in its 2013 season , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League . The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong '' on the bottom of the patch , as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team was n't just playing for a title , but to help boost moral support for the city . On August 31 , just seconds before the midnight deadline , the Astros traded for Justin Verlander . Following the trade , including the regular season and postseason to this point , Verlander had posted a 9 -- 0 win - loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2 : 28 54,253 000000002018 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 ( 11 ) Dodger Stadium 4 : 19 54,293 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 , Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3 : 46 43,282 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 06 43,322 5 000000002018 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12 , Houston Astros -- 13 ( 10 ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 17 43,300 6 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3 : 22 54,128 7 000000002018 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3 : 37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F - 16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2 . Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family , including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson 's death , and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr. , a gospel singer , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem . Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims , threw out the first pitch . The ball was given to him by Astros ' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris . Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven - year - old girl from Nevada , threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand . The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet . Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . His father , former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball . Justin Verlander caught the pitch . Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem . Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers ' 1988 World Series title , each threw out the ceremonial first pitch . Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem . Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem . The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well . Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1 . October 24 , 2017 , 5 : 11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Alex Bregman ( 1 ) LAD : Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a tying solo home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a go - ahead two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in ( RBIs ) in Dodgers postseason history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two - hour , 28 - minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game - winning run in Game 2 . October 25 , 2017 , 5 : 17 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brandon McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Marwin González ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 1 ) , Carlos Correa ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a solo home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros ' second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game , with the latter being the Dodgers ' first run that was not driven in by a home run . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game . This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth , tenth and eleventh inning . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history , regular season or postseason , that five home runs were hit in extra innings . The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3 . October 27 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Peacock ( 1 ) Home runs : LAD : None HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after 1 ⁄ innings , which was the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . Brad Peacock replaced McCullers , completing the final 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save . It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save , first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run . He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy '' ; Darvish is from Japan . Gurriel apologized , and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba , although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there . As a result , Gurriel was suspended for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay , but allowed to continue playing in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three - run home run in Game 4 . October 28 , 2017 , 7 : 20 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Joc Pederson ( 2 ) HOU : George Springer ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame . It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman homered off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth but the Dodgers managed to even up the series . The Astros had two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . After Game 4 , both teams ' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros , commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season . Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game - winning run in Game 5 . October 29 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Kenley Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , George Springer ( 3 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched only 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . This was his shortest home start of the season . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw pitched 4 ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Down to their last strike , Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single . In the tenth inning , Jansen hit McCann with a pitch to put him on base with two outs . Subsequently , Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base . McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch , Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run . Bregman became the third youngest player to have a walk - off hit in the World Series ever . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game , the other were the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history by time , trailing only the 14 inning contest between the Astros and the Chicago White Sox in Game 3 of the 2005 World Series in the same ballpark , as well as the third World Series game ever to go beyond five hours of game time . This game is considered one of the greatest World Series games of all time . Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two - inning save in Game 6 . October 31 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Justin Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 4 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) Attendance : 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a solo home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit and Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . Game 7 ( edit ) November 1 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) LAD : None Attendance : 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium ( and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS ) . It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season . This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back - to - back Fall Classics had a Game 7 . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers . Springer hit a two - run home run , his fifth of the series , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series . As in Game 3 , Darvish lasted only 1 ⁄ innings ( tying the shortest outing of his career ) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ⁄ innings himself ; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win , as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game , series , baseball season , with the Astros winning their first championship in franchise history , and ending their 56 - year drought . The Astros became the third consecutive road team to win a World Series Game 7 as well as the fourth consecutive team to end a World Series on the road ( after the 2014 Giants , 2015 Royals and 2016 Cubs ) . They also became just the second team to win a seven game League Championship Series and a seven game World Series in the same year , following the 1985 Kansas City Royals . Springer won the World Series MVP Award . Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , Marwin González ( 1 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) , Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Total attendance : 346,702 Average attendance : 49,529 Winning player 's share : $438,901.57 . Losing player 's share : $259,722.14 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play - by - play announcer , along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows , joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States , MLB International televised the series , with Matt Vasgersian on play - by - play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary . After Game 7 , Correa proposed to his girlfriend , 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal . She accepted . Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information : World Series television ratings This series turned out to be the 3rd highest rated since 2005 , trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year , Game 5 beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series nationally in English , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network , while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada , as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app . Spanish - language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández announcing . Locally , both teams ' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . Sportstalk 790 aired the English - language broadcast for the Houston area , with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games . In Los Angeles , AM 570 LA Sports aired the English - language broadcast , with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing . In Spanish , Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast , with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call . In Korean , Radio Korea 1540 aired the series , with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth . Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first - ever presenting sponsor of the World Series . The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in - stadium and on official digital properties , as well as commercial inventory during Fox 's telecasts of the games . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994 , when the World Series was not held References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overview of World Series home - field advantage '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers complete record - setting World Series '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer wins World Series MVP , ties record with five homers '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Whicker : Dodgers , Houston Astros try to rekindle their 80s rivalry '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers , Astros renew rivalry in World Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ; Randhawa , Manny ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers joins 100 - win Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros vs. Dodgers is the first World Series between 100 - win teams in 47 years '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros 2017 World Series snapshot '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Best team ever ? ' Dodgers make Sports Illustrated cover '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Real or not ? Best Dodgers team ever , Yankees in trouble '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood & Vines : LA wins NLCS at Wrigley ! '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoornstra , J.P. ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers in the World Series : a brief history '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer , Bill ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers ' World Series roster '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` A look back : Astros 2005 World Series run '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : Four facts that make the Astros - Dodgers clash historic '' . USA Today . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane - ravaged Houston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last - minute deadline stunner '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 : A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr . Sings National Anthem at Game 1 '' . Billboard . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( @ brianmctaggart ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` On Friday , Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - year - old with 3 - D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch '' . CBS News . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand '' . ESPN . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` World Series : George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Mark . `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers '' . AXS . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sandy Koufax , Don Newcombe , Rick Monday , and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7 's ceremonial first pitch '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` 103 - degree heat shatters World Series record '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela , Ashley ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw aces Astros , rewrites October reputation in Dodgers ' Game 1 win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Astros , Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 -- 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3 : Los Angeles Dodgers 3 -- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 -- 2 punch to take 2 -- 1 WS lead '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peacock 's relief performance a Series classic : Astros righty delivers 3 2 / 3 hitless , scoreless innings for first career save '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Dylan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel 's dugout squint '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott . `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel 's insensitive gesture '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Yuli Gurriel wo n't be suspended for any World Series games , MLB rules '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Greg ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4 : Los Angeles Dodgers 6 -- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5 : Los Angeles Dodgers 12 -- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers - Astros Game 5 : What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . ESPN . Associates Press . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever . But it was an instant classic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats ( @ HighHeatStats ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series : Hank Bauer 1958 , won series Barry Bonds 2002 , lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017 , ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers , Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7 '' . Fox Sports . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 7 : Houston Astros 5 - 1 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` World Series schedule 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Channel is the World Series ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lucia , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Your 2017 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Carlos Correa caps World Series with live , post-game proposal to girlfriend '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series draws third - highest viewership since 2005 '' . Awful Announcing . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game 5 of the World Series Beats Sunday Night Football in TV Ratings '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 Second-Most Watched Since 2010 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 2 Third-Most Watched in a Decade '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Posts Second - Best Game 3 Audience Since 2005 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Scores Second - Best Saturday Audience Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Third - Best in Decade Entering Game 6 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros : Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule '' . LATF . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry . `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ; Ourand , John . `` YouTube TV Digital Pay Service Signs On To Be First World Series Presenting Sponsor '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . 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5056191611171048941	Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)	Thank You ( Falettinme be Mice Elf Agin ) - wikipedia Thank You ( Falettinme be Mice Elf Agin ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) '' Single by Sly and the Family Stone from the album Greatest Hits A-side `` Everybody Is a Star '' Released December 1969 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1969 Genre Funk Length 4 : 48 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Sly Stone Producer ( s ) Sly Stone Sly and the Family Stone singles chronology `` Hot Fun in the Summertime '' ( 1969 ) `` Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) '' / `` Everybody Is a Star '' ( 1969 ) `` Family Affair '' ( 1971 ) `` Hot Fun in the Summertime '' ( 1969 ) `` Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) '' / `` Everybody Is a Star '' ( 1969 ) `` Family Affair '' ( 1971 ) Audio sample `` Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) '' '' file help `` Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) '' is a 1969 song recorded by Sly and the Family Stone . The song , released as a double A-side single with `` Everybody Is a Star '' , reached number one on the soul single charts for five weeks , and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1970 . Billboard ranked the record as the No. 19 song of 1970 . `` Thank You '' was intended to be included on an in - progress album with `` Star '' and `` Hot Fun in the Summertime '' ; the LP was never completed , and the three tracks were instead included on the band 's 1970 Greatest Hits LP . `` Thank You '' and `` Star '' , the final Family Stone recordings issued in the 1960s , marked the beginning of a 20 - month gap of releases from the band , which would finally end with the release of `` Family Affair '' in 1971 . The song 's length on the original hit single and the Greatest Hits LP is 4 : 48 and was re-channeled to simulate stereo on the popular Greatest Hits LP . The previously unreleased full - length version ( 6 : 18 ) was mixed by Bob Irwin in true stereo and its only issue was on a 1990 Columbia promotional CD Legacy : Music for the Next Generation . On the subsequent ( and currently available as of 2015 ) The Essential Sly & The Family Stone 2 - CD set , the track is in stereo but is the standard 4 : 48 length hit version . The song was ranked number 402 on Rolling Stone magazine 's `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 1.1 Overview 1.2 Cover versions 1.3 In other media 2 Personnel 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Song information ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The title is an intentional mondegreen or sensational spelling for `` thank you for letting me be myself again . '' The third verse contains specific references to the group 's previous successful songs , `` Dance to the Music '' , `` Everyday People '' , `` Sing a Simple Song '' , and `` You Can Make It If You Try '' . The song features co-lead vocals from Sly Stone , Rose Stone , Freddie Stone , and Larry Graham . Cover versions ( edit ) A slower arrangement of the song ( retitled `` Thank You for Talkin ' to Me Africa '' ) is the closing track of the band 's next album , There 's a Riot Goin ' On ( 1971 ) . In 1970 , pianist Junior Mance included an instrumental cover of the song on his album , With a Lotta Help from My Friends . Maceo & All the King 's Men covered the song on their 1970 album Doing Their Own Thing . Gladys Knight and the Pips did a cover version of the song in 1971 . Magazine covered the song in 1980 on the album The Correct Use of Soap . The same recording was issued as the A-side of a single , and a live version was included on the 1981 album Play . Soundgarden performed it on their 1989 tour and during their John Peel session that year . Dave Matthews Band has performed this song for many years , typically in the second set Antonio Banderas and Eddie Murphy covered the song for the credits of the 2007 animated film Shrek the Third , and its soundtrack . Widespread Panic includes portions of this song during live performances as John Bell `` raps '' , most commonly during `` Barstools and Dreamers '' and `` Red Hot Mama Girl '' . Lonnie Smith performed the song on May 21 , 1970 at Club Mozambique in Detroit . A recording of this concert was released in 1995 . In other media ( edit ) Janet Jackson 's 1989 song `` Rhythm Nation '' samples the groove from the song in between verses . Personnel ( edit ) Sly Stone -- co-lead vocals , guitar , writer , producer Rose Stone -- co-lead vocals Jerry Martini -- tenor saxophone Cynthia Robinson -- trumpet Freddie Stone -- guitar , co-lead vocals Larry Graham -- bass , co-lead vocals Greg Errico -- drums See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1970 List of number - one R&B singles of 1970 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 534 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1970 Jump up ^ Atlantic Records Catalog : 1500 Series accessed April 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Maceo Parker / Maceo & All the King 's Men Doin ' Their Own Thing '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundgarden Live Guide '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` DMBAlmanac.com '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs '' . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Venus '' by Shocking Blue Billboard Hot 100 number - one single February 14 , 1970 ( for 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon and Garfunkel Preceded by `` I Want You Back '' by The Jackson 5 Billboard Best Selling Soul number - one single February 7 , 1970 ( for 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Rainy Night in Georgia '' by Brook Benton ( hide ) Sly and the Family Stone Sly Stone Freddie Stone Rose Stone Cynthia Robinson Greg Errico Jerry Martini Larry Graham Studio albums A Whole New Thing ( 1967 ) Dance to the Music ( 1968 ) Life ( 1968 ) Stand ! ( 1969 ) There 's a Riot Goin ' On ( 1971 ) Fresh ( 1973 ) Small Talk ( 1974 ) High on You ( Sly Stone , 1975 ) Heard Ya Missed Me , Well I 'm Back ( 1976 ) Back on the Right Track ( 1979 ) Ai n't But the One Way ( 1982 ) I 'm Back ! Family & Friends ( Sly Stone , 2011 ) Live albums The Woodstock Experience ( 2009 ) Compilations Greatest Hits Ten Years Too Soon Sly & the Family Stone Anthology Who in the Funk Do You Think You Are : The Warner Bros. Recordings Rock and Roll The Essential Sly & the Family Stone Different Strokes by Different Folks Higher ! The Collection Singles `` Underdog '' `` Dance to the Music '' `` Dance à la Musique '' `` Life '' `` Everyday People '' `` Stand ! '' `` Hot Fun in the Summertime '' `` Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) '' `` I Want to Take You Higher '' `` Family Affair '' `` Runnin ' Away '' `` ( You Caught Me ) Smilin ' '' `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' `` If You Want Me to Stay '' `` Frisky '' `` Time for Livin ' '' `` Loose Booty '' `` I Get High on You '' `` Le Lo Li '' `` Crossword Puzzle '' `` Blessing in Disguise '' `` Family Again '' Additional personnel Vet Stone Mary McCreary Elva Mouton Gerry Gibson Rustee Allen Pat Rizzo Andy Newmark Bill Lordan Vicki Blackwell Jim Strassburg Related articles Awards Discography Sly Stone solo discography Members Little Sister Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thank_You_(Falettinme_Be_Mice_Elf_Agin)&oldid=827766456 '' Categories : Sly and the Family Stone songs 1969 singles 1970 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Sly Stone Songs written by Sly Stone 1969 songs Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 16 : 33 . 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3161526151426421797	Wallis Currie-Wood	Wallis Currie - Wood - wikipedia Wallis Currie - Wood Jump to : navigation , search Wallis Currie - Wood ( 1991 - 12 - 12 ) December 12 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Austin , Texas , United States Occupation Actress Years active 2014 -- present Known for Madam Secretary , The Intern Wallis Currie - Wood ( born December 12 , 1991 ) is an American actress . She plays Stephanie `` Stevie '' McCord in the CBS drama Madam Secretary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early years ( edit ) Wallis Currie - Wood was born December 12 , 1991 in Austin , Texas . Career ( edit ) Before attending Juilliard School , Currie - Wood had experience acting in Austin , Texas where she also studied violin at University of Texas String project , and Austin Chamber Music Academy . While at Juilliard , she was a stage performer in productions such as Twelfth Night , The Cherry Orchard , and Buried Child . Following Juilliard , Currie - Wood had a role in the Anne Hathaway -- Robert De Niro comedy The Intern , and plays Stephanie `` Stevie '' McCord on Madam Secretary . Personal life ( edit ) Since 2014 , Currie - Wood has been in a relationship with Juilliard classmate actor Alex Sharp . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wallis Currie - Wood '' . CBS . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Dan ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Review : Shrewd Summer Nights presents Low Hanging Stars at the Eponymous Garden ( Theater ) '' . Austinist . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bio Page - ( Wallis ) Currie - Wood '' . Starlight Symphony Orchestra . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Juilliard Drama to Feature GREAT GOD PAN , BURIED CHILD & More in 2013 - 2014 Season '' . BroadwayWorld.com . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` Madam Secretary Adds ' Rebellious ' Eldest Daughter to Season 1 Mix '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Broadway Barks : Brit Import ' Curious Incident ' Opens to Raves with 25 Year First Timer in Lead '' . Showbiz411 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wallis Currie - Wood on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Currie-Wood&oldid=827700267 '' Categories : 1991 births 21st - century American actresses American film actresses American television actresses Juilliard School alumni Living people Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 05 : 51 . About Wikipedia	who plays the oldest daughter on madam secretary	[]	[]
4645474073746413253	Zecharia Sitchin	Zecharia Sitchin - wikipedia Zecharia Sitchin Jump to : navigation , search `` Twelfth planet '' redirects here . For other uses , see Twelfth planet ( disambiguation ) . `` Nibiru ( hypothetical planet ) '' redirects here . For the doomsday theory , see Nibiru cataclysm . Zecharia Sitchin Заха́рия Си́тчин ( in Russian ) ( 1920 - 07 - 11 ) July 11 , 1920 Baku , Azerbaijan SSR October 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 09 ) ( aged 90 ) New York City , U.S. Citizenship United States Education London School of Economics , University of London Occupation Author Known for Ancient astronauts Website www.sitchin.com Zecharia Sitchin ( Azerbaijani : Zaxariya Sitçin ; Russian : Заха́рия Си́тчин ; July 11 , 1920 -- October 9 , 2010 ) was an Azerbaijani - born American author of books proposing an explanation for human origins involving ancient astronauts . Sitchin attributed the creation of the ancient Sumerian culture to the Anunnaki , which he stated was a race of extraterrestrials from a planet beyond Neptune called Nibiru . He asserted that Sumerian mythology suggests that this hypothetical planet of Nibiru is in an elongated , 3,600 - year - long elliptical orbit around the sun . Sitchin 's books have sold millions of copies worldwide and have been translated into more than 25 languages . Sitchin 's ideas have been rejected by scientists and academics , who dismiss his work as pseudoscience and pseudohistory . His work has been criticized for flawed methodology and mistranslations of ancient texts as well as for incorrect astronomical and scientific claims . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Ideas and works 3 Influence 4 Criticisms 4.1 Translations and interpretations 4.2 Astronomical and scientific observations 4.3 Literalism of myth 5 Bibliography 5.1 Earth Chronicles volumes 5.2 Companion volumes 5.3 Earth Chronicles expeditions 5.4 Novels 5.5 Associated 5.6 DVDs 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Criticisms Early life ( edit ) Sitchin was born in the Azerbaijan SSR , but was raised in Mandatory Palestine . He received a degree in economics from the University of London , and was an editor and journalist in Mandatory Palestine , before moving to New York in 1952 . While working as an executive for a shipping company , he taught himself Sumerian cuneiform and visited several archaeological sites . Ideas and works ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sitchin posing with an enlarged , purported 6000 - year - old cylinder seal impression Similar to earlier authors such as Immanuel Velikovsky and Erich von Däniken , Sitchin advocated hypotheses in which extraterrestrial events supposedly played a significant role in ancient human history . According to Sitchin 's interpretation of Mesopotamian iconography and symbolism , outlined in his 1976 book The 12th Planet and its sequels , there is an undiscovered planet beyond Neptune that follows a long , elliptical orbit , reaching the inner solar system roughly every 3,600 years . This planet is called Nibiru ( although Jupiter was the planet associated with the god Marduk in Babylonian cosmology ) . According to Sitchin , Nibiru ( whose name was replaced with MARDUK in original legends by the Babylonian ruler of the same name in an attempt to co-opt the creation for himself , leading to some confusion among readers ) collided catastrophically with Tiamat ( a goddess in the Babylonian creation myth the Enûma Eliš ) , which he considers to be another planet once located between Mars and Jupiter . This collision supposedly formed the planet Earth , the asteroid belt , and the comets . Sitchin states that when struck by one of planet Nibiru 's moons , Tiamat split in two , and then on a second pass Nibiru itself struck the broken fragments and one half of Tiamat became the asteroid belt . The second half , struck again by one of Nibiru 's moons , was pushed into a new orbit and became today 's planet Earth . According to Sitchin , Nibiru ( called `` the twelfth planet '' because , Sitchin claimed , the Sumerians ' gods - given conception of the Solar System counted all eight planets , plus Pluto , the Sun and the Moon ) was the home of a technologically advanced human - like extraterrestrial race called the Anunnaki in Sumerian myth , who Sitchin states are called the Nephilim in Genesis . He wrote that they evolved after Nibiru entered the solar system , and they first arrived on Earth probably 450,000 years ago , looking for minerals , especially gold , which they found and mined in Africa . Sitchin states that these `` gods '' were the rank - and - file workers of the colonial expedition to Earth from planet Nibiru . According to Sitchin , Enki ( the Sumerian god of water and human culture ) suggested that to relieve the Anunnaki , who had mutinied over their dissatisfaction with their working conditions , that primitive workers ( Homo sapiens ) be created by genetic engineering as slaves to replace them in the gold mines by crossing extraterrestrial genes with those of Homo erectus . According to Sitchin , ancient inscriptions report that the human civilization in Sumer , Mesopotamia , was set up under the guidance of these `` gods '' , and human kingship was inaugurated to provide intermediaries between mankind and the Anunnaki ( creating the `` divine right of kings '' doctrine ) . Sitchin believes that fallout from nuclear weapons , used during a war between factions of the extraterrestrials , is the `` evil wind '' described in the Lament for Ur that destroyed Ur around 2000 BC . Sitchin states the exact year is 2024 BC . Sitchin says that his research coincides with many biblical texts , and that biblical texts come originally from Sumerian writings . Influence ( edit ) Theatrical performance of ENKI based on the writings of Zecharia Sitchin . Since the release of his first book The 12th Planet in 1976 , now in its 45th printing , Sitchin has written seven other books as part of his Earth Chronicles series , as well as six other companion books , all of which are still in print as of 2012 . Sitchin 's books have sold millions of copies worldwide and have been published in more than 25 languages . New York Times reporter Corey Kilgannon has noted that despite academic dismissal of his work , Sitchin has `` a devoted following of readers '' . Critic Michael S. Heiser has called Sitchin `` arguably the most important proponent of the ancient astronaut hypothesis over the last several decades '' . According to critic and author Jason Colavito , `` Zecharia Sitchin is one of the most famous proponents of the ancient astronaut theory today , second only to the father of the theory , Erich von Däniken , in importance to true believers '' . Sitchin was a frequent guest on the Coast to Coast AM radio show , which in 2010 presented Sitchin with a lifetime achievement award . Gods of the New Millennium author Alan F. Alford admits he initially became `` infatuated '' with Sitchin 's hypotheses but later became a critic of Sitchin 's interpretations of myth . According to some writers , Sitchin 's ideas , along with those of Erich von Däniken may have influenced the beliefs of the religious sect of Raëlism , and writer Mark Pilkington sees the mythology of Japan 's Pana Wave religious group as rooted in Sitchin 's The 12th Planet and its sequels . The 1994 movie Stargate , directed by Roland Emmerich , and the 2009 video game The Conduit drew some conceptual inspiration from Sitchin 's ideas , while screenwriter Roberto Orci says the villains of the film Cowboys & Aliens were inspired by Sitchin 's conceptualization of the Anunnaki as gold - mining aliens . In 2000 , Lorin Morgan - Richards ' theatrical performance of ENKI , based on the writings of Zecharia Sitchin , premiered in Cleveland , Ohio under the choreography of Michael Medcalf . In 2016 , Kazem Finjan , the Iraqi Minister of Transport , claimed at a press conference that Sumerians had built and used an airport in the Dhi Qar Governorate to launch spaceships from 5000 years ago . He cited the work of Sitchin and others to support his assertion . Criticisms ( edit ) Criticism of Sitchin 's work falls primarily into three categories : translations and interpretations of ancient texts , astronomical and scientific observations , and literalism of myth . Translations and interpretations ( edit ) When Sitchin wrote his books , only specialists could read the Sumerian language . However , sources such as the 2006 book Sumerian Lexicon have made the language more accessible to non-experts . American biblical scholar Michael S. Heiser states he has found many inaccuracies in Sitchin 's translations and challenges interested parties to use this book to check their validity . Prof. Ronald H. Fritze , author of the book Invented Knowledge : False History , Fake Science and Pseudo-religions , mentions the example of Sitchin 's claim that the Sumerian sign DIĜIR means `` pure ones of the blazing rockets '' , adding that `` Sitchin 's assignment of meanings to ancient words is tendentious and frequently strained . '' Fritze also commented on Sitchin 's methodology , writing that `` When critics have checked Sitchin 's references , they have found that he frequently quotes out of context or truncates his quotes in a way that distorts evidence in order to prove his contentions . Evidence is presented selectively and contradictory evidence is ignored . '' Sitchin bases his arguments on his personal interpretations of pre-Nubian and Sumerian texts , and the seal VA 243 . Sitchin wrote that these ancient civilizations knew of a twelfth planet , when in fact they only knew five . Hundreds of Sumerian astronomical seals and calendars have been decoded and recorded , and the total count of planets on each seal has been five . Seal VA 243 has 12 dots that Sitchin identifies as planets . When translated , seal VA 243 reads `` You 're his Servant '' which is now thought to be a message from a nobleman to a servant . According to Heiser , the so - called sun on Seal VA 243 is not the Sumerian symbol for the sun but is a star , and the dots are also stars . The symbol on seal VA 243 has no resemblance to the hundreds of documented Sumerian sun symbols . In a 1979 review of The Twelfth Planet , Roger W. Wescott , Professor of Anthropology and Linguistics at Drew University , Madison , New Jersey , noted Sitchin 's amateurishness with respect to the primacy of the Sumerian language : Sitchin 's linguistics seems at least as amateurish as his anthropology , biology , and astronomy . On p. 370 , for example , he maintains that `` all the ancient languages ... including early Chinese ... stemmed from one primeval source -- Sumerian '' . Sumerian , of course , is the virtual archetype of what linguistic taxonomists call a language - isolate , meaning a language that does not fall into any of the well - known language - families or exhibit clear cognation with any known language . Even if Sitchin is referring to written rather than to spoken language , it is unlikely that his contention can be persuasively defended , since Sumerian ideograms were preceded by the Azilian and Tartarian signaries of Europe as well as by a variety of script - like notational systems between the Nile and Indus rivers . -- Astronomical and scientific observations ( edit ) Sitchin 's `` planetary collision '' hypothesis does superficially resemble one suggested by modern astronomers -- the giant impact hypothesis of the Moon 's formation about 4.5 billion years ago by a body impacting with the newly formed Earth . However , Sitchin 's proposed series of rogue planetary collisions differ in both details and timing . As with Immanuel Velikovsky 's earlier Worlds in Collision thesis , Sitchin states that he has found evidence of ancient human knowledge of rogue celestial motions in a variety of mythological accounts . In Velikovsky 's case , these interplanetary collisions were supposed to have taken place within the span of human existence , whereas for Sitchin these occurred during the early stages of planetary formation , but entered the mythological account passed down via the alien race which purportedly evolved on Nibiru after these encounters . According to former Immanuel Velikovsky assistant turned prolific critic , C. Leroy Ellenberger , `` ( Sitchin states that ) from an equal start , the Nephilim evolved on Nibiru 45 million years ahead of comparable development on Earth with its decidedly more favorable environment . Such an outcome is unlikely , to say the least , since Nibiru would spend over 99 % of its time beyond Pluto . Sitchin 's explanation that heat from radioactive decay and a thick atmosphere keep Nibiru warm is absurd and does not address the problem of darkness in deep space . Also unexplained is how the Nephilim , who evolved long after Nibiru arrived , knew what happened when Nibiru first entered the solar system . '' The scenario outlined by Sitchin , with Nibiru returning to the inner solar system regularly every 3,600 years , ... implies an orbit with a semi-major axis of 235 astronomical units , extending from the asteroid belt to twelve times farther beyond the sun than Pluto . Elementary perturbation theory indicates that , under the most favorable circumstances of avoiding close encounters with other planets , no body with such an eccentric orbit would keep the same period for two consecutive passages . Within twelve orbits the object would be either ejected or converted to a short period object . Thus , the failed search for a trans - Plutonian planet by T.C. Van Flandern , of the U.S. Naval Observatory , which Sitchin uses to bolster his thesis , is no support at all . Sitchin in `` the case of Adam 's alien genes '' states that 223 genes found by the Human Genome Sequencing Consortium are without the required predecessors on the genomic evolutionary tree . Later researchers have argued that the conclusion from the Human Genome Sequencing Consortium can not be drawn due to a lack of a comprehensive gene database for comparison . An analysis by Salzberg identified 40 potential genes laterally transferred into the genome from prokaryotic organisms . Salzberg also argues that gene loss combined with sample size effects and evolutionary rate variation provide an alternative , more biologically plausible explanation . Literalism of myth ( edit ) Peter James , co-author of the controversial book Centuries of Darkness , has criticized Sitchin both for ignoring the world outside Mesopotamia and more specifically for misunderstanding Babylonian literature : He uses the Epic of Creation Enuma Elish as the foundation for his cosmogony , identifying the young god Marduk , who overthrows the older regime of gods and creates the Earth , as the unknown `` Twelfth Planet '' . In order to do this he interprets the Babylonian theogony as a factual account of the birth of the other `` eleven '' planets . The Babylonian names for the planets are established beyond a shadow of a doubt -- Ishtar was the deity of Venus , Nergal of Mars , and Marduk of Jupiter -- and confirmed by hundreds of astronomical / astrological tables and treatises on clay tablets and papyri from the Hellenistic period . Sitchin merrily ignores all this and assigns unwarranted planetary identities to the gods mentioned in the theogony . For example , Apsu , attested as god of the primeval waters , becomes , of all things , the Sun ! Ea , as it suits Sitchin , is sometimes planet Neptune and sometimes a spaceman . And the identity of Ishtar as the planet Venus , a central feature of Mesopotamian religion , is nowhere mentioned in the book -- instead Sitchin arbitrarily assigns to Venus another deity from Enuma Elish , and reserves Ishtar for a role as a female astronaut . William Irwin Thompson comments on what he calls Sitchin 's ' literalism ' : What Sitchin sees is what he needs for his hypothesis . So figure 15 on page 40 is radiation therapy , and figure 71 on page 136 is a god inside a rocket - shaped chamber . If these are gods , why are they stuck with our cheap B movie technology of rockets , microphones , space - suits , and radiation therapy ? If they are gods , then why ca n't they have some really divine technology such as intradimensional worm - hole travel , antigravity , starlight propulsion , or black hole bounce rematerializations ? Sitchin has constructed what appears to be a convincing argument , but when he gets close to single images on ancient tablets , he falls back into the literalism of `` Here is an image of the gods in rockets . '' Suddenly , ancient Sumer is made to look like the movie set for Destination Moon . Erich Von Däniken 's potboiler Chariots of the Gods ? has the same problem . Nazca plains in Peru is turned into a World War II landing strip . The gods can cross galactic distances , but by the time they get to Peru , their spaceships are imagined as World War II prop jobs that need an enormous landing strip . This literalization of the imagination does n't make any sense , but every time it does n't , you hear Sitchin say `` There can be no doubt , but ... '' Bibliography ( edit ) Earth Chronicles volumes ( edit ) The 12th Planet , 1976 , Stein and Day , ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1939 - X The Stairway to Heaven , 1980 , St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 0 - 312 - 75505 - 8 The Wars of Gods and Men , 1985 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 89585 - 4 The Lost Realms , 1990 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 75890 - 3 When Time Began , 1993 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 77071 - 7 The Cosmic Code , 1998 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 80157 - 4 The End of Days : Armageddon and Prophecies of the Return , 2007 , William Morrow , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 123823 - 9 Companion volumes ( edit ) Genesis Revisited : Is Modern Science Catching Up With Ancient Knowledge ? , 1990 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 76159 - 9 Divine Encounters : A Guide to Visions , Angels and Other Emissaries , 1995 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 78076 - 3 The Earth Chronicles Handbook , 2009 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 101 - 5 There Were Giants Upon the Earth : Gods , Demigods , and Human Ancestry : The Evidence of Alien DNA , 2010 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 121 - 3 Earth Chronicles expeditions ( edit ) The Earth Chronicles Expeditions , 2004 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 076 - 6 Journeys to the Mythical Past , 2007 , Bear and Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 080 - 3 Novels ( edit ) The Lost Book of Enki : Memoirs and Prophecies of an Extraterrestrial god , 2001 , Bear & Company , ISBN 1 - 879181 - 83 - 5 The King Who Refused to Die : The Anunnaki and The Search for Immortality , 2013 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 177 - 0 Associated ( edit ) The Complete Earth Chronicles , 2014 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1591432012 ( Box set of first seven books ) The Anunnaki Chronicles : A Zecharia Sitchin Reader , 2015 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 229 - 6 ( edited , Janet Sitchin ) DVDs ( edit ) Are We Alone in the Universe ? ( based on Genesis Revisited ) , documentary , 1978 ( 2003 DVD release ) An Evening with Zecharia Sitchin , lecture and slide presentation , 1997 A Talk From The Heart ! lecture and slide presentation , 2006 Signs of the Return , lecture and slide presentation , 2009 2012 -- the End of Days ? lecture and slide presentation , 2010 Zecharia at 90 -- Farewell Address , lecture , 2010 See also ( edit ) Ancient Near East portal Erich von Däniken Extraterrestrial hypothesis Giorgio A. Tsoukalos Mesopotamian mythology Murry Hope Robert K.G. Temple Sumerian literature References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Official Web Site of Zecharia Sitchin '' . Sitchin.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Robert T ( 1994 -- 2009 ) . `` Zecharia Sitchin and The Earth Chronicles '' . The Skeptic 's Dictionary . John Wiley & Sons . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kilgannon , Corey ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Origin of the Species , From an Alien View '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Mr. Sitchin was called silly before -- by scientists , historians and archaeologists who dismiss his hypotheses as pseudoscience and fault their underpinnings : his translations of ancient texts and his understanding of physics . Jump up ^ Phil Plait ( Nov 5 , 2002 ) . `` X DOESN 'T MARK THE SPOT IS THERE A PLANET X THAT WILL CAUSE GLOBAL CATASTROPHE NEXT MAY ? '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jastrow , Jr. , Morris ( 1911 ) . Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria , G.P. Putnam 's Sons : New York and London . pp. 217 - 219 . Jump up ^ Sitchin , Zecharia ( 2007 ) . The Wars of Gods and Men : Book III of the Earth Chronicles . Harper . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 137927 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sitchin , Zecharia ( 1990 ) . Genesis Revisited . Avon . pp. 157 -- 182 , chapter `` The Adam : A Slave Made to Order . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 76159 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Evil Wind web page '' . Sitchin.com. 2001 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Zecharia Sitchin Biography '' . Parkstpress.com. 2008 - 11 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Dirk Vander Ploeg . `` Zecharia Sitchin : Why You Can Safely Ignore Him '' . Ufodigest.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Who Built the Great Pyramid ? '' . tripod.com . Jump up ^ Coast to Coast AM - George Noory Presents Zecharia Sitchin with Award Archived 2010 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 15 April 2010 Jump up ^ `` Alan Alford website '' . Eridu.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Genta , Giancarlo ( 2007 ) . Lonely Minds in the Universe : The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence . Springer . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 33925 - 2 . Jump up ^ Colavito , Jason ( 2005 ) . The cult of alien gods : H.P. Lovecraft and extraterrestrial pop culture . Prometheus . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59102 - 352 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Zechariah Sitchin Archived 2007 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , Mark Pilkington , Fortean Times , August 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The Conduit 's Storyline '' . IGN. 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Roland Emmerich and Dean Devlin , 2003 , Stargate , Ultimate Edition , MGM DVD Jump up ^ Chitwood , Scott ( 2010 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Cowboys & Aliens Set Visit '' . Superhero Hype ! . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Music Conference '' . clevescene.com . Jump up ^ Lee Speigel ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` ETs Built Earth 's First Airport , Iraqi Transport Minister Says '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Halloran , John A. ( 2006 ) . Sumerian Lexicon : A Dictionary Guide to the Ancient Sumerian Language . The David Brown Book Company . ISBN 0 - 9786429 - 0 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Anunnaki '' . sitchiniswrong.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Fritze 's Bio '' . corndancer.com . ^ Jump up to : Fritze , Ronald H ,. ( 2009 ) . Invented knowledge : false history , fake science and pseudo-religions . Reaktion Books . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 430 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` The Myth of a 12th Planet in Sumero - Mesopotamian Astronomy : A Study of Cylinder Seal VA 243 by Dr. Michael S. Heiser '' . Michaelsheiser.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Myth of a 12th Planet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Roger W. Wescott - The Velikovsky Encyclopedia '' . Velikovsky.info . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wescott , Roger W. 1979 . Kronos Vol. IV , No. 4 , pp. 90 - 92 . ^ Jump up to : `` C. Leroy Ellenberger - The Velikovsky Encyclopedia '' . velikovsky.info . ^ Jump up to : Ellenberger , C. Leroy 1981 . Marduk Unmasked . Frontiers of Science , May -- June , pp. 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` the case of Adam 's alien genes '' . Sitchin.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Salzberg , Steven L. , Owen White , et al. `` Microbial Genes in the Human Genome : Lateral Transfer or Gene Loss ? '' . Science 292.5523 ( 2001 ) : 1903 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Centuries of Darkness by Peter James , I.J. Thorpe , Nikos Kokkinos , Robert Morkot & John Frankish '' . centuries.co.uk . Jump up ^ James , Peter SIS Workshop no . 7 , vol. 2 , no . 2 ( Nov. 1979 ) , reprinted from Fortean Times no . 27 ( Nov. 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Thompson , William Irwin Coming into being : artifacts and texts in the evolution of consciousness pp. 75 - 76 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Are We Alone in the Universe ? on IMDb External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zecharia Sitchin . Wikiversity has learning resources about Zecharia Sitchin Official Website Kilgannon , Corey . `` Origin of Species , From an Alien View '' , The New York Times , January 10 , 2010 . p . MB4 . Criticisms ( edit ) Ian Lawton 's Mesopotamia Papers An Astronomer 's View of the Akkadian Seal by Tom van Flandern SitchinIsWrong , Michael S. Heiser 's web site devoted to debunking Sitchin 's claims VIAF : 5720310 LCCN : n80109516 ISNI : 0000 0001 2118 9971 GND : 118139894 SUDOC : 029511607 BNF : cb121123829 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90674887 NDL : 00456735 NKC : xx0000131 BNE : XX1123427 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zecharia_Sitchin&oldid=828950464 '' Categories : 1920 births 2010 deaths People from Baku Soviet emigrants to Mandatory Palestine Writers from New York City Ancient astronaut speculation Esoteric anthropogenesis Pseudoarchaeology Pseudohistorians 20th - century American writers 21st - century American writers American people of Azerbaijani descent Alumni of the London School of Economics Burials at New Montefiore Cemetery Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Russian - language external links Articles with hCards Articles containing Azerbaijani - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the lost book of enki written	[ "The Lost Book of Enki: Memoirs and Prophecies of an Extraterrestrial god, 2001, Bear & Company, ISBN 1-879181-83-5" ]	[ "2001" ]
-7330249242590220982	SAR 21	SAR 21 - wikipedia SAR 21 Jump to : navigation , search SAR 21 The SAR 21 with the attached Round Corner Firing ( RCF ) module Type Bullpup assault rifle Place of origin Singapore Service history In service 1999 -- present Used by See Users Production history Designer Tuck Wah Chee and Felix Tsai of Chartered Industries of Singapore ( CIS , now ST Kinetics ) Designed Manufacturer CIS : 1999 -- 2000 ST Kinetics : 2000 -- present Produced 1999 -- present Variants See variants Specifications Weight SAR 21 : 4 kg ( 8.82 lb ) SAR 21 GL / M203 : 5.3 kg ( 12 lb ) SAR 21 P - Rail : 3.6 kg ( 7.9 lb ) SAR 21 MMS : 3.5 kg ( 7.7 lb ) SAR 21 Light Weight Carbine 3 kg ( 6.6 lb ) Length 805 mm ( 31.7 in ) ( SAR 21 , SAR 21 40 GL / M203 , SAR 21 P - Rail ) 680 mm ( 26.8 in ) ( SAR 21 MMS ) 640 mm ( 25.2 in ) ( SAR 21 Light Weight Carbine ) Barrel length 508 mm ( 20.0 in ) Cartridge 5.56 × 45mm NATO Caliber 5.56 mm ( 0.22 in ) Barrels Single barrel 1 : 12 '' and 1 : 7 '' twist options Action Gas - operated , rotating bolt Rate of fire 450 -- 650 rounds / min Muzzle velocity 970 m / s ( 3,182 ft / s ) ( M193 ) 945 m / s ( 3,100.4 ft / s ) ( SS109 ) Effective firing range 460 m ( M193 ) 800 m ( SS109 ) Feed system 30 - round detachable box magazine ; proprietary or STANAG magazines Sights 1.5 x or 3x optical sight ; back - up iron sights The SAR 21 ( `` Singapore Assault Rifle - 21st Century '' ) is a bullpup assault rifle designed and manufactured in Singapore . First revealed and subsequently adopted by the Singapore Armed Forces ( SAF ) in 1999 , it was designed and developed over a four - year period and was intended to replace the locally license - built M16S1 by the Singaporean Ministry of Defence ( MINDEF ) , Singapore Army and the Chartered Industries of Singapore ( CIS , now ST Kinetics ) . Many of its design features are directly intended to counter the weaknesses of the M16S1 as encountered operationally by some infantrymen . The rifle is being sold for export use aside from domestic use . In the United States , it is being marketed by ST Kinetics via its American subsidiary , VT Systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and development 2 Design 3 Design issues 4 Operation 5 Variants 6 Users 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and development ( edit ) Since the mid-80s , the SAF had an outstanding requirement to come up with a replacement for their M16S1 as most of these had been in use since 1973 . In 1994 , a proposal by SAF was submitted to the MINDEF for options to either procure newer weapons ( thought was given to purchase the M16A2 ) or to develop its own indigenous rifle . On 19 November 2002 , a patent was filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office by Tuck Wah Chee and Felix Tsai with the patent number 6,481,144 B1 . MINDEF officials , after consultations with the SAF , decided against buying weapons off the shelf as it would require soldiers to adjust to the new weapon , choosing instead to develop a weapon , designed and made specifically for ease of use by the conscript soldiers of the SAF , who are mostly of slighter physiques . Coupled with the rising costs of maintaining the M16S1s in SAF 's armory , this made it even more justifiable to develop a low - maintenance weapon . Design ( edit ) A Singaporean soldier gives an overview of the SAR - 21 rifle to a group of US Army soldiers at Multinational Base Tarin Kowt . The SAR 21 is made of a rugged , high impact polymer , most of the manufacturing is done utilising CNC machines , with ultrasonic welding for the steel - reinforced receiver halves and the gun barrel being cold hammer forged . It uses a modified Stoner operating system , boasting higher reliability and lower recoil . The translucent magazine allows precise assessment of current ammo load . The SAR 21 is also the first production assault rifle of its class to incorporate a built - in Laser Aiming Device ( LAD ) ( powered by a single `` AA - size '' battery ) as standard . It has a 5 position switch which can emit a visible beam at high or low power . It can also be set to `` steady on '' or `` momentary on '' which is triggered with the use of a pressure switch activated with the user 's left thumb . The rifle incorporates various patented safety features , such as a Kevlar cheek plate and overpressure vent that protects the shooter in the event of a chamber explosion or catastrophic failure . It also has an integral 1.5 x optical scope that is built into its carrying handle ( A 3.0 x version is also available ) . The scope aids in target acquisition , particularly under low light conditions . The scope is factory - zeroed , and requires minimal further zeroing to suit different users . This minimizes non-training range time . Design issues ( edit ) Early users of the weapon in the Singapore Armed Forces experienced many problems due to their unfamiliarity with the bullpup design . Their criticisms ( usually in comparison with the M16S1 rifles they were already trained with ) include : the awkward position of the magazine well , and the difficulty in changing magazines , requiring multiple hand changes due to its bullpup shape the awkward position of the fire selector ( located at the butt , with the action ) , as opposed to the thumb selector on the M16S1 the sluggish trigger pull compared with the crisp trigger of the M16S1 the weight of the weapon the increased muzzle blast , due to the muzzle being nearer to the user 's ears being told by instructors that it is a `` right - handed only '' weapon and left - handed soldiers having to ( and are still being taught to ) fire with their right hand iron sights that chip off easily when weapon is dropped Lack of internal illumination of the scope ( the crosshairs in the scope are virtually invisible in the dark ) Some of these criticisms were addressed with design modifications to the later production models . New weapon handling procedures were also introduced . The magazine changing issue was solved with training soldiers to always hold the pistol grip with their master hand . The charging of the weapon and reloading of magazines are to be done by the non-master hand . The sluggish trigger pull was improved by using a stiff sliding plate in place of the flexible rod . The Steyr AUG styled iron sights were replaced with stockier , hardier ones . The Kevlar plating on the left side of the weapon butt ( where a right - handed user 's face would typically be ) is effective in protecting the user from any internal chamber explosion by directing the resulting force to the right . However , that resultant force would also seriously injure anyone unfortunate enough to be on the right side of the weapon . In the case of a user firing from his left shoulder , this could cause severe injury to his face . As a result , all left - handed SAF soldiers are taught to fire from their right shoulder as a safety measure . The SAR 21 was designed with a small in - built brass deflector to eject spent bullet casings forward , thus reducing the chances of the spent casings hitting a left - handed user 's face . This means the rifle is not completely ambidextrous but may , in a pinch , be fired from the left shoulder . However , ST Kinetics has taken these criticisms into consideration and had improved the SAR - 21 design with the upcoming SAR 21A . The prototype was unveiled at the Singapore Airshow 2010 and production began in 2012 . Operation ( edit ) This section is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this section from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Singaporean soldier takes aim with the SAR - 21 . Note the emitted red laser beam . Like the M16 rifle , the bolt locks open on an empty magazine . When the magazine is exhausted , it is removed by depressing the AK - style lever . Clearing the weapon is accomplished by removing the magazine , pulling the charging handle to the rear , and observing the chamber . After loading a magazine into the housing , the weapon is made `` ready '' by cocking the weapon , and engaging the FN MAG - type safety button forward of the trigger guard . The position of the fire selector button ( SEMI or AUTO ) on the stock may also be adjusted . The on / off switch for the LAD is located on the left handguard ; when holding the weapon at ready , the left thumb rests naturally on it . With sluggish operation due to fouling , the gas regulator setting may be increased by turning it with a coin , screwdriver , or any other thin flat object . Alternatively , the gas regulator can be unlatched and turned by hand with aid of the knurled surface . Variants ( edit ) SAR 21 Light Machine Gun ( LMG ) Fitted with an open bolt , it has a heavy 513 mm ( 20.2 in ) barrel with an integral folding bipod and a foregrip . SAR 21 Sharpshooter Same as the basic SAR 21 , but has 3.0 x optical sight instead of standard 1.5 x sight . The sight picture is composed of luminous black paint , allowing easier target engagement at night without use of the LAD . SAR 21 Grenade Launcher ( GL ) Attached with a CIS 40 GL or M203 grenade launcher . Several sub-variants / prototypes incorporate different targeting modules ( or mounted on p - rails ) for grenade target acquisition . Known sights to have been used include aiming quadrants , various optical sights and laser fire control systems . SAR 21 P - rail Has a Picatinny rail in place of its integral optical sight . Charging handle is moved to the left hand side of the weapon ( Interchangeable with right side ) . SAR 21 Modular Mounting System ( MMS ) Has integral optical sight and LAD removed to allow a wide variety of add - on tactical accessories , such as vertical assault grips , tactical lights and reflex sights . Charging handle is moved to the left hand side of the weapon . Similar to P - rail model with exception of shorter barrel . Variants consist of a standard and carbine - based barrels . SAR 21 Lightweight Carbine A lightweight SAR 21 variant was revealed during the Asian Defence Exhibition held in conjunction with 2006 Asian Aerospace . The variant boasts an ultra-short barrel and shorter handguards . A Picatinny rail is used as well . RCF module The Round Corner Firing ( RCF ) module , similar in concept to the Israeli CornerShot , can be attached to any of the above SAR 21 variants for conducting operations in an urban environment . SAR 21A The prototype was unveiled at the Singapore Air show 2010 , this updated variant boasts sturdier thumb selector for ambidextrous control , an unloaded weight of 3.2 kg ( 7 lb 0.9 oz ) , a full built - in Picatinny rail along its length and a higher rate of firing at 900 RPM . In production as of 2012 . Users ( edit ) Brunei - Royal Brunei Armed Forces . Indonesia - Indonesian Air Force , Used by Korps Pasukan Khas special forces unit . Morocco Peru - Special forces Singapore - Singapore Armed Forces Thailand - Special forces Sri Lanka - Used by Sri Lanka Air Force Regiment See also ( edit ) IMI Tavor TAR - 21 Vektor CR - 21 Conventional Multirole Combat Rifle Bullpup Multirole Combat Rifle List of bullpup firearms List of assault rifles References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Richard J , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Patent Chee et a '' . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAR 21 Product Brochure '' ( PDF ) . ST Engineering . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet - Singapore Assault Rifle 21 '' . Singaporean Ministry of Defence ( MINDEF ) . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Infantry Article Index '' . 19 November 1999 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call to arms in Singapore yields explosive results '' . Fairfax Digital . 3 August 2003 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Q Cutshaw ( 31 May 2000 ) . `` Singapore is rearing SAR 21 bullpup rifle for home and export requirement '' . Jane 's International Defence Review : Land Forces News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singapore Technologies Kinetics SAR - 21 assault rifle ( Singapore ) '' . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SAR 21 '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ David Crane ( 16 March 2004 ) . `` SAR - 21 Bullpup Assault Rifle : World 's Best Combat Bullpup ? '' . Defense Review . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Urban Operations '' . MINDEF. 25 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Assault Rifle from ST Kinetics - The Firearm Blog '' . The Firearm Blog . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Mahmud , Hadi DP ( 20 February 2008 ) . `` RBTS and STK ink MoU deal for vehicle upkeep '' . The Brunei Times . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Watters . `` The 5.56 X 45mm : 2007 '' . GunZone.Com . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weapon '' . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet - Singapore Assault Rifle 21 '' . MINDEF. 19 May 2005 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` straitstimes.com New Sri Lanka president Maithripala Sirisena renews troop deployment orders '' . Bibliography Richard Jones ; Andrew White ( 2008 ) . Jane 's Guns Recognition Guide . HarperCollins . p. 316 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 726645 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to SAR - 21 . Official SAR 21 page at ST Kinetics SAR 21 Factsheet on Singapore Defence Ministry website ST Engineering Ltd Divisions VT Systems Subsidiaries ST Kinetics ST Aerospace ST Marine ST Electronics Products Small arms SAR - 80 SR - 88 Ultimax 100 CIS 40 AGL CIS 40 GL CIS 50MG SAR - 21 ST Kinetics CPW ST Kinetics SSW Anti-tank weapons MATADOR Artillery FH - 88 FH - 2000 SLWH Pegasus SSPH Primus Armoured vehicles Bionix Bronco Terrex Naval vessels Endurance class landing platform dock ship Fearless class patrol vessel Independence - class littoral mission vessel Bullpup firearms Rifles A-91 Advanced Individual Combat Weapon Armtech C30R ASh - 12.7 BMCR Bushmaster M17S EM - 2 EM - 4 EMERK FAMAS FB MSBS FN F2000 Heckler & Koch G11 HS Produkt VHS Tavor TAR - 21 Tavor X95 Interdynamics MKR K - 3 KAL1 GPIR Kel - Tec RDB Kel - Tec RFB KH - 2002 L64 / 65 L85 L98 LA - 1 LA - 4 LAPA FA - 03 Magpul PDR MAS - 54B Model 45A NIVA XM1970 Norinco Type 86S OTs - 14 Groza PAPOP QBZ - 95 S&T Daewoo XK8 SA80 SAR 21 Sieg SLEM - 1 Steyr ACR Steyr AUG TKB - 011 TKB - 0146 TKB - 022PM TKB - 059 TKB - 408 Type 11 Valmet M82 VB Berapi LP06 Vektor CR - 21 Vepr W + F C42 ( Stgw 90 `` kurz Version C 2 '' ) Walther G22 Carbines AGM - 1 L22 Thorneycroft Machine guns L86 LSW Pecheneg Bullpup QBB - 95 SAR 21 LMG Steyr AUG HBAR Steyr AUG LMG Steyr AUG LMG - T Submachine guns FN P90 Tavor X95 SMG JS 9 mm QCW - 05 Steyr AUG Para Steyr AUG A3 Para XS Handguns Bushmaster Arm Pistol Remington XP - 100 Sniper rifles Bor Desert Tactical Arms Stealth Recon Scout SVU DSR - Precision GmbH DSR - 1 M89SR OTs - 48K QBU - 88 VSSK Vykhlop Walther WA 2000 Anti-materiel rifles Barrett M90 Barrett M95 Barrett XM500 DSR - Precision GmbH DSR - 50 Falcon Gepárd KSVK Mambi MICOR Leader 50 RT - 20 Steyr IWS 2000 WKW Wilk Shotguns ENARM Pentagun Franchi mod . 410 Heckler & Koch HK CAWS High Standard Model 10 Kel - Tec KSG Kushnapup KS - 23K Mossberg 500 / 590 Bullpup NeoStead 2000 Pancor Jackhammer Standard Manufacturing DP - 12 UTAS UTS - 15 Other ADS amphibious rifle Remington XP - 100 S&T Daewoo K11 Special Purpose Individual Weapon XM25 CDTE XM29 OICW Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAR_21&oldid=811351018 '' Categories : 5.56 mm firearms Assault rifles Weapons of Singapore Bullpup rifles Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2014 All articles needing style editing Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Қазақша Magyar 日本語 Polski Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 02 : 17 . About Wikipedia	what is the back up sight used in sar 21 in the event of optical scope failure	[ "\n\nSAR 21\n\n\n\nThe SAR 21 with the attached Round Corner Firing (RCF) module\n\n\n\nType\nBullpup assault rifle\n\n\nPlace of origin\nSingapore\n\n\nService history\n\n\nIn service\n1999–present[1]\n\n\nUsed by\nSee Users\n\n\nProduction history\n\n\nDesigner\nTuck Wah Chee and Felix Tsai of Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS, now ST Kinetics)[2]\n\n\nDesigned\n1996[1]\n\n\nManufacturer\n• CIS: 1999–2000[1]\n• ST Kinetics: 2000–present[1]\n\n\nProduced\n1999–present[1]\n\n\nVariants\nSee variants\n\n\nSpecifications\n\n\nWeight\n• SAR 21: 4 kg (8.82 lb)[1]\n• SAR 21 GL/M203: 5.3 kg (12 lb)\n• SAR 21 P-Rail: 3.6 kg (7.9 lb)\n• SAR 21 MMS: 3.5 kg (7.7 lb)\n• SAR 21 Light Weight Carbine 3 kg (6.6 lb)\n\n\nLength\n805 mm (31.7 in) (SAR 21, SAR 21 40 GL/M203, SAR 21 P-Rail)\n680 mm (26.8 in) (SAR 21 MMS)\n640 mm (25.2 in) (SAR 21 Light Weight Carbine)\n\n\nBarrel length\n508 mm (20.0 in)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCartridge\n5.56×45mm NATO[1]\n\n\nCaliber\n5.56 mm (0.22 in)[1]\n\n\nBarrels\nSingle barrel 1:12\" and 1:7\" twist options [3]\n\n\nAction\nGas-operated, rotating bolt\n\n\nRate of fire\n450–650 rounds/min[1]\n\n\nMuzzle velocity\n970 m/s (3,182 ft/s) (M193)\n945 m/s (3,100.4 ft/s) (SS109)\n\n\nEffective firing range\n460 m (M193)\n800 m (SS109)\n\n\nFeed system\n30-round detachable box magazine; proprietary or STANAG magazines[3]\n\n\nSights\n1.5x or 3x optical sight; back-up iron sights\n\n" ]	[ "iron sights" ]
5449768771083088630	Wannabe	Wannabe - wikipedia Wannabe Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Wanna Be . `` Wannabe '' Single by Spice Girls from the album Spice B - side `` Bumper to Bumper '' Released 8 July 1996 ( 1996 - 07 - 08 ) ( UK ) , January 7 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 07 ) ( US ) Format 12 '' cassette CD Recorded 1995 -- 96 Genre Dance - pop Length 2 : 52 Label Virgin EMI Songwriter ( s ) Spice Girls Matt Rowe Richard Stannard Producer ( s ) Matt Rowe Richard Stannard Spice Girls singles chronology `` Wannabe '' ( 1996 ) `` Say You 'll Be There '' ( 1996 ) `` Wannabe '' ( 1996 ) `` Say You 'll Be There '' ( 1996 ) Music video `` Wannabe '' on YouTube `` Wannabe '' is the debut single by English girl group Spice Girls . Written and composed by the group members in collaboration with Matt Rowe and Richard `` Biffco '' Stannard during the group 's first professional songwriting session , it was produced by Rowe and Stannard for the group 's debut album , Spice , released in November 1996 . The song was written , composed , and recorded very quickly ; but the result was considered lacklustre by their label , and was sent to be mixed by Dave Way . The group was not pleased with the result , and the recording was mixed again , this time by Mark `` Spike '' Stent . `` Wannabe '' is an uptempo dance - pop song which features Mel B and Geri Halliwell rapping . The lyrics , which address the value of female friendship over the heterosexual bond , became an iconic symbol of female empowerment and the most emblematic song of the group 's Girl Power philosophy . Despite receiving mixed reviews from music critics , the song won for Best British - Written Single at the 1997 Ivor Novello Awards and for Best Single at the 1997 BRIT Awards . `` Wannabe '' was heavily promoted by the group . Its music video , directed by Johan Camitz , became a big success on the British cable network The Box , which sparked press interest in the group . Subsequently , the song had intensive radio airplay across the United Kingdom , while the group performed it on television programmes and started doing interviews and photo shoots for teen magazines . Responding to the wave of public interest in the group , Virgin released the song as the group 's debut single in July 1996 , well ahead of the planned release date of the Spice album . `` Wannabe '' topped the UK Singles Chart for seven weeks and has received a double Platinum certification by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . In January 1997 it was released in the United States , topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks . It was the group 's only number - one single in that country . By the end of 1996 , `` Wannabe '' had topped the charts in 22 nations , and by March 1997 this number had climbed to 37 . `` Wannabe '' became the best - selling single by a girl group in the world , with 1,385,211 and 2,910,000 copies sold in United Kingdom ( by 2015 ) and United States ( by 2014 ) , respectively , and over 7 million copies worldwide by the end of 1997 . In 2014 , it was rated as the most easily recognisable pop song of the last 60 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Writing and inspiration 3 Recording and production 4 Composition 5 Release and promotion 6 Critical reception 7 Chart performance 8 Music video 9 Live performances 10 Legacy 11 Cover versions 12 Formats and track listings 13 Credits and personnel 14 Charts 14.1 Weekly charts 14.2 Year - end charts 14.3 Decade - end charts 14.4 All - time charts 15 Certifications 16 Release history 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Background ( edit ) In March 1994 , father - and - son team Bob and Chris Herbert , together with financer Chic Murphy , working under the business name of Heart Management , placed an advertisement in The Stage , which asked the question : `` Are you street smart , extrovert , ambitious , and able to sing and dance ? '' After receiving hundreds of replies , the management had narrowed their search to a group of five girls : Victoria Adams , Melanie Brown , Melanie Chisholm , Geri Halliwell , and Michelle Stephenson . The group moved to a house in Maidenhead and received the name `` Touch '' . Stephenson was eventually fired because she lacked the drive of the other group members . She was replaced by Emma Bunton . In November , the group -- now named `` Spice '' -- persuaded their managers to set up a showcase in front of industry writers , producers , and A&R men at the Nomis Studios in Shepherd 's Bush , London . Producer Richard Stannard , at the studio for a meeting with pop star Jason Donovan , attended in the showcase after hearing Brown , as she went charging across the corridor . Stannard recalls : More than anything , they just made me laugh . I could n't believe I 'd walked into this situation . You did n't care if they were in time with the dance steps or whether one was overweight or one was n't as good as the others . It was something more . It just made you feel happy . Like great pop records . Stannard stayed behind after the showcase to talk to the group . He then reported to his songwriter partner , Matt Rowe , that he had found `` the pop group of their dreams '' . Chris Herbert booked the group 's first professional songwriting session with the producers at the Strongroom in Curtain Road , East London , in January 1995 . Rowe recalls feelings similar to Stannard 's : `` I love them . Immediately . ( ... ) They were like no one I 'd met before , really . '' The session was productive ; Stannard and Rowe discussed the songwriting process with the group and talked about what the group wanted to do on the record . In her autobiography , Brown recalls that the duo instinctively understood their point of view and knew how to incorporate `` the spirit of five loud girls into great pop music '' . Writing and inspiration ( edit ) The first song the Spice Girls wrote with Stannard and Rowe was called `` Feed Your Love '' , a slow and soulful song that was recorded and mastered for the group 's debut album ; the song was not used because it was considered too rude for the target audience . The group next proposed to write a track with an uptempo rhythm . Rowe set up a drum loop on his MPC3000 drum machine . Its fast rhythm made Stannard remember the scene where John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John perform `` You 're the One That I Want '' in Grease . Stannard commented that the only pre-planned concept for the song was that it should represent the essence of what they were . The group then added their own contributions to the song , Rowe recalls : They made all these different bits up , not thinking in terms of verse , chorus , bridge or what was going to go where , just coming up with all these sections of chanting , rapping and singing , which we recorded all higgledy - piggledy . And then we just sewed it together . It was rather like the way we 'd been working on the dance remixes we 'd been doing before . Kind of a cut - and - paste method . `` Wannabe '' was completed in thirty minutes -- mainly because the group had written and composed parts of the song beforehand -- in what Brown describes as a `` sudden creative frenzy '' . During the session , Brown and Bunton came up with the idea of including a rap near the end of the song . At this point the group got very motivated , and incorporated the word `` zigazig - ha '' into the lyrics . Chisholm told Billboard magazine : `` You know when you 're in a gang and you 're having a laugh and you make up silly words ? Well we were having a giggle and we made up this silly word , zigazig - ha . We were in the studio and it all came together in this song . '' Recording and production ( edit ) While most of the other songs on the Spice album required two or three days of studio time , `` Wannabe '' was recorded in less than an hour . The solo parts were divided between Brown , Bunton , Chisholm , and Halliwell . Victoria Adams missed most of the writing session and communicated with the rest of the group on a mobile phone . In her autobiography , she wrote : `` I just could n't bear not being there . Because whatever they said about how it did n't matter , it did matter . Saying ' Yes , I like that ' or ' Not sure about that ' down the phone is not the same . '' She contributed backing vocals and sings during the chorus . Rowe stayed up all night working on the song , and it was finished by morning , the only later addition was the sound of Brown 's footsteps as she ran to the microphone . The group parted with Heart Management in March 1995 because of their frustration with the management company 's unwillingness to listen to their visions and ideas . The girls met with artist manager Simon Fuller , who signed them with 19 Entertainment . The group considered a variety of record labels , and signed a deal with Virgin Records in July . The original mix of `` Wannabe '' was considered lacklustre by the label 's executives . Ashley Newton , who was in charge of A&R , sent the song to American producer Dave Way for remixing ; the result was not what the group had hoped to achieve . As Halliwell later described it , `` the result was bloody awful '' . She elaborated in her second autobiography , Just for the Record : `` Right at the beginning of the Spice Girls , ( ... ) Ashley Newton had tried to turn us into an R&B group . He sent `` Wannabe '' over to America to be remixed by some hot R&B producers . He brought us jungle versions and hip - hop mixes and I hated them all . Although Mel B ( rown ) was a big fan of R&B , she agreed with me that these versions just did n't work so we exercised our Spice veto ! '' Fuller gave the song to audio engineer Mark `` Spike '' Stent , who thought that it was a `` weird pop record '' . Stent remixed it in six hours , in what he described as `` tightening it up '' and `` getting the vocals sounding really good . '' Composition ( edit ) `` Wannabe '' A 26 - second sample from `` Wannabe '' , featuring Brown and Halliwell singing the refrain in a call and response interaction , the use of the word `` zigazig - ha '' , and the group singing the song 's first chorus . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Wannabe '' is a dance - pop song with influences of hip hop and rap . Written in the key of B major , it is set in the time signature of common time and moves at a moderate tempo of 110 beats per minute . It uses the sequence B -- D -- E -- A -- A ♯ as a bass line during the refrain , the chorus , and the bridge , and uses a chord progression of F ♯ -- G ♯ m -- E -- B for the verses . The song is constructed in a verse - pre-chorus - chorus form , with a rapped bridge before the third and final chorus . Musically , it is `` energised '' by a highly syncopated synthesised riff , and by the way the repetitive lyrics and rhythm are highlighted during the bridge . `` Wannabe '' presents a different version of the traditional pop love song performed by females ; its energetic , self - assertive style expresses a confident independence that is not reliant on the male figure for its continuance . The song opens with Brown 's laugh , followed by `` undislodgeable ( sic ) piano notes '' . Over these notes , the first lines of the refrain are rapped in a call and response interaction between Brown and Halliwell . The words `` tell '' , `` really '' and `` I wan na '' are repeated , so that the vocal tone and lyrics build up an image of female self - assertion . The refrain ends with the word `` zigazig - ha '' , a euphemism for female desire , which is ambiguously sexualised or broadly economic . The first verse follows ; Brown , Halliwell , Chisholm , Bunton sing one line individually , in that order . In this part , the lyrics have a pragmatic sense of control of the situation ; they begin , `` If you want my future , forget my past . '' This , according to musicologist Sheila Whiteley , taps directly into the emotions of the young teenage audience . During the chorus , the lyrics -- `` If you wan na be my lover / You got ta get with my friends '' -- address the value of female friendship over the heterosexual bond , while the ascending group of chords and the number of voices creates a sense of power that adds to the song 's level of excitement . The same pattern occurs , leading to the second chorus . Towards the end , Brown and Halliwell rap the bridge , which serves as a presentation to each of the girls ' personalities . The group repeats the chorus for the last time , ending the song with energetic refrains -- `` Slam your body down and wind it all around '' -- and the word `` zigazig - ha '' . Release and promotion ( edit ) `` Wannabe '' was either a hit or a miss , love or hate . It would either do everything or nothing . We felt , well , if nobody likes it then we have got other songs up our sleeves , but that was the one we wanted to release . -- Geri Halliwell on the song 's release . After signing the group , Virgin Records launched a major campaign for their debut song to promote them as the new high - profile act . There was a period of indecision about what song would be released as the first single ; the label wanted to get everything right for the campaign , because the all - girl group format was untested . The group , led by Brown and Halliwell , was adamant that the debut song should be `` Wannabe '' , they felt it served as an introduction to their personalities and the Girl Power statement . Virgin 's executives believed that the first single should either be `` Say You 'll Be There '' , which they considered a much `` cooler '' track , or `` Love Thing '' . At the beginning of 1996 the impasse between the group and their record label about the release of the single was temporarily solved . In March , Fuller announced that he agreed with Virgin in that `` Wannabe '' should not be the first single . The label wanted a song that appealed to the mainstream market , and nothing considered too radical . Halliwell was shocked and furious ; she told Fuller , `` It 's not negotiable as far as we 're concerned . ' Wannabe ' is our first single . '' Fuller and the executives at Virgin relented , and the song was chosen as their first single . The trigger for the Spice Girls ' launch was the release of the `` Wannabe '' music video in May 1996 . Its quick success on the British cable network The Box sparked press interest , despite initial resistance to the all - girl group idea . The same month , their first music press interviews appeared in Music Week , Top of the Pops , and Smash Hits , and their first live TV slot was broadcast on LWT 's Surprise Surprise . A month after the video 's release , the song was receiving intensive airplay on the main radio stations across the UK , while the group started to appear on television -- mainly on kid 's programmes such as Live & Kicking -- and doing interviews and photo shoots for teen magazines . A full - page advertisement appeared in the July issue of Smash Hits , saying : `` Wanted : Anyone with a sense of fun , freedom and adventure . Hold tight , get ready ! Girl Power is comin ' at you '' . The group appeared on the television programme This Morning with Richard and Judy , and performed at their first Radio One road show in Birmingham . `` Wannabe '' was released in the United Kingdom on 8 July 1996 in two single versions . The first one , released in two formats -- a standard CD single and a cassette single -- included the radio edit of the track , the Motiv 8 vocal slam remix , and the B - side , `` Bumper to Bumper '' . The group wrote `` Bumper to Bumper '' with Paul Wilson and Andy Watkins -- the songwriter - production duo known as Absolute -- and British singer - songwriter Cathy Dennis . The second version , released on maxi single format , featured the radio edit , an instrumental version , the Motiv 8 dub slam remix , and the Dave Way alternative mix . This version came with a fold - out postcard inlay and a stickered case . During the weeks following the UK release , the group began promotional visits abroad . They did three trips to Japan and brief visits to Germany and the Netherlands . On a trip to the Far East , they visited Hong Kong , Thailand , and South Korea . In January 1997 they travelled to North America to do a promotional campaign that Phil Quartararo , president of Virgin Records America , described as `` absolutely massive '' . During their visit to the US , the group met with influential radio programmers , TV networks , and magazines . In addition , Virgin persuaded fifty radio stations to playlist the song before it was released , while the music video was placed into heavy rotation by MTV . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Wannabe '' received mixed reviews from UK music critics . Paul Gorman of Music Week called the group `` smart , witty , abrasive and downright fun '' . He described the song as a `` R&B - lite debut single '' , and noted influences from Neneh Cherry in it . In a review conducted by the British pop band Deuce for Smash Hits magazine , the group described `` Wannabe '' as `` limp '' , `` awful '' , and `` not strong enough for a debut single . '' Kate Thornton , editor of Top of the Pops magazine , commented that the all - girl group idea was `` not going to happen ; '' she considered it too threatening . In her review for The Guardian , Caroline Sullivan called it a combination of `` cute hip pop and a vaguely feminist lyric '' , she was also surprised that `` considering the slightness of ' Wannabe , ' '' the group had an overwhelming amount of offers from record companies . The magazine NME characterised the song as `` a combined force of Bananarama , Betty Boo and Shampoo rolled into one . '' Dele Fadele of the same magazine called the rap during the song 's bridge `` annoying '' , and added , writing of the group 's music : `` It 's not good . It 's not clever . But it 's fun . '' The magazine named `` Wannabe '' the worst single of the year at the 1997 NME Awards . Conversely , it won for Best Single at the 1997 BRIT Awards , and for International Hit of the Year and Best British - Written Single at the 1997 Ivor Novello Awards presented by the British Academy of Composers and Songwriters . The song was ranked at number 33 in VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s '' , and at number 111 on NME 's 2011 list of `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . In the United States , reaction to the song was also mixed . In a review of the group 's debut album , Edna Gundersen of USA Today said that `` Wannabe '' is `` a melodious but disposable tune that typifies this debut 's tart bubblegum and packaged sexiness . '' Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune called it `` insidiously snappy , ( ... ) ( that ) is shaping up as this year 's ' Macarena . ' '' Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union - Tribune said that `` ' Wannabe ' has UGH written all over it , '' adding that it was `` relentlessly catchy and horrifyingly hummable '' . The Buffalo News 's Anthony Violanti called it `` irresistible '' . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe described it as a `` maniacally zippy single '' , and Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com referred to it as an `` unapologetically sassy dance hit '' . Melissa Ruggieri of the Richmond Times - Dispatch commented that `` based on their efficacious American debut single , ( ... ) the Spice Girls might be expected to deliver more of that zingy pop on their debut album , '' but she felt that `` aside from ' Wannabe , ' the album 's dance tracks are color - by - numbers bland . '' Larry Flick of Billboard magazine said that `` fans of the more edgy girl - group ( ... ) may find this single too fluffy , '' but added that `` everyone else with a love of tasty pop hooks , lyrical positivity , and jaunty rhythms is going to be humming this single for months to come . '' Some reviewers noticed the combination of musical genres . Christina Kelly from Rolling Stone magazine criticised the group 's image , and added that their songs , including `` Wannabe '' , were `` a watered - down mix of hip - hop and cheesy pop balladry , brought together by a manager with a marketing concept . '' Matt Diehl of Entertainment Weekly said that it was `` more a compendium of music styles ( from ABBA - style choruses to unconvincing hip hop ) than an actual song , '' and Sara Scribner of the Los Angeles Times described it as `` a bubblegum hip - hop confection of rapping lifted off Neneh Cherry and Monie Love albums . '' Charles Aaron of Spin magazine called it `` a quickie , mid - ' 80s teen paperback come to life ( ... ) so gooey it melts in your hands , not in your mouth . '' The song ranked at fifteenth on Village Voice 's 1997 `` Pazz & Jop '' critics ' poll , conducted by music journalist Robert Christgau . Present - day reviews from critics , however , are mostly positive . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that `` none of the girls have great voices , but they do exude personality and charisma , which is what drives bouncy dance - pop like ' Wannabe , ' with its ridiculous ' zig - a-zig - ahhh ' hook , into pure pop guilty pleasure . '' Dan Cairns of The Sunday Times said that the song `` leaves a bad taste in the mouth : ( because ) the true legacy of Girl Power is , arguably , a preteen clothing industry selling crop tops and other minimal garments to young girls , '' but added that it `` remains the same two minutes and 53 seconds of pop perfection that it ever was . '' In a review of their Greatest Hits album , IGN said that after ten years it `` still sound reasonably fresh '' , while Digital Spy 's Nick Levine said that `` Wannabe '' still remained an `` exuberant calling card '' . Billboard named the song # 5 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time . Chart performance ( edit ) The Spice Girls performing `` Wannabe '' at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto , Canada , during the Return of the Spice Girls tour As part of Virgin 's strategy to make the group an international act , `` Wannabe '' was released in Japan and Southeast Asia two weeks before its British release . After the song was placed into heavy rotation on FM stations in Japan , the Spice Girls made promotional tours in May , July , and September 1996 . The group received major press and TV exposure , appearing in programmes such as Space Shower . The single was released by Toshiba EMI on 26 June 1996 , and sold 100,000 copies by October 1996 . `` Wannabe '' debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number three , six days after its physical release , and climbed to number one the next week . It spent seven weeks at the top , the second - longest stay by an all - female group , only behind Shakespears Sister 's `` Stay '' . With eighteen weeks in the top forty and twenty - six weeks in the top seventy - five , it became the second - biggest selling single of the year , and as of November 2012 has sold over 1.38 million copies , the biggest - selling single by a female group in the UK . `` Wannabe '' was commercially successful in the rest of Europe . On 4 September 1996 the song reached the top of Eurochart Hot 100 , where it stayed for nine consecutive weeks , when it was replaced by the group 's second single , `` Say You 'll Be There '' . `` Wannabe '' topped the singles charts in Belgium ( both the Flemish and French charts ) , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands , Norway , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland , and peaked inside the top five in Austria and Italy . The song was a success in Oceania . In Australia , it debuted at number sixty - four , reached the top of the ARIA Charts for eleven weeks , and ended at number five on the 1996 year - end chart . In New Zealand , it debuted on 1 September 1996 at number thirty - eight , reaching the top position ten weeks later . It spent one week at the top and seventeen consecutive weeks inside the top ten . `` Wannabe '' also topped the singles charts in Hong Kong and Israel . In Canada , it debuted at the eighty - ninth position of the RPM singles chart on the week beginning December 16 , 1996 , a full month before it hit the US charts . It peaked at nine in its eighth week , and ended at number sixty - eight on the year - end chart . The song performed better on the dance chart , where it reached the top for three weeks , and ended at the top of the year - end chart . In the US , the song debuted on 25 January 1997 at number eleven . At the time , this was the highest - ever debut by a British act , beating the record previously held by the Beatles for `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' at number twelve . It reached the top of the chart in its fifth week , and stayed there for four consecutive weeks simultaneously with the group 's fourth single ( `` Mama '' / `` Who Do You Think You Are '' ) being at number one in the UK . `` Wannabe '' reached the sixth position of the Hot 100 Airplay chart , and topped the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for four consecutive weeks , selling over 1.8 million copies as of January 1998 . It peaked at four on the Mainstream Top 40 , and was a crossover success , topping the Rhythmic Top 40 , peaking at twenty on the Hot Dance Club Play and at nine on the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart . New remixes of the song were produced in 2007 in conjunction with the release of their Greatest Hits CD and these rose to number 15 on the Billboard Dance Charts . `` Wannabe '' also remains the best selling song by a female group in the United States with 2,910,000 physical singles and downloads combined , according to Nielsen SoundScan in 2014 . Music video ( edit ) The Spice Girls create mischief at an eccentric bohemian party at the Midland Grand Hotel in St Pancras The music video for `` Wannabe '' was the first for director Johan Camitz . Camitz was hired on Fuller 's recommendation because of his commercials for Volkswagen , Diesel , and Nike . His original concept for the video was a one - take shoot of the group arriving at an exotic building in Barcelona , taking over the place , and running a riot -- the same way they did when they were looking for a manager and a record company . A few days before the shoot on 19 April 1996 , Camitz was unable to get permission to use the building , and the shoot was relocated to the Midland Grand Hotel in St Pancras , London . The video features the group running , singing , dancing , and creating mischief at an eccentric bohemian party . Among their antics is Chisholm 's back handspring on one of the tables . Because the video needed to be taken in one shot , the group rehearsed the routine several times through the night , while a steadycam operator followed them . About the experience , Halliwell wrote : `` The video I remember as being very chaotic and cold . It was n't very controlled -- we did n't want it to be . We wanted the camera to capture the madness of the Spice Girls '' . Virgin 's executives were horrified with the final result : `` the girls were freezing cold , which showed itself in various different ways '' , Ashley Newton recalled . The video was later banned in some parts of Asia because of Brown 's erect nipples . Additionally , the lighting was considered too dark and gloomy ; the best takes showed the girls bumping with the furniture and looking behind them . Virgin was concerned that old people appeared on the video , the part when they jump up on the table , and Halliwell 's showgirl outfit would be considered too threatening by music channels . Virgin immediately opened discussions about a re-shoot of the video or creating an alternate one for the US , but the group refused . The video was sent for trial airing in its original form . When the music video first appeared on the British cable network The Box , it was selected so frequently that it reached the top of the viewers ' chart within two hours of going on air , and stayed at number one for thirteen weeks until it was replaced by the group 's next music video for `` Say You 'll Be There '' . At its peak , up to fifteen percent of the 250,000 weekly telephone requests to the Box were for `` Wannabe '' , and it was aired up to seventy times a week , becoming the most requested track in the channel 's history . The video premiered in the US on January 25 , 1997 and was an instant success , winning Best Dance Video at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards , and Best Video at the 1997 Comet Media Awards . It was also nominated for Best British Video at the 1997 BRIT Awards and was ranked at number forty - one in The 100 Greatest Pop Videos of all time by Channel 4 . In 2015 , Billboard included the video for `` Wannabe '' in their list of the Top Ten Most Iconic Girl Group Music Videos of All Time , noting : `` They were basically unknown to U.S. audiences when the video for debut single ' Wannabe ' -- a riotous , one - shot stroll through the Girls gleefully messing up some posh U.K. soiree -- premiered , but by the end of the four - minute clip , we knew absolutely everything we needed to know about the Spice Girls . You get the individual personalities of all five members , the infectious togetherness of the group at large , and most importantly , the sense that they were coming to absolutely blast through American pop music and mess up everything we previously thought we knew . '' Live performances ( edit ) The group performing `` Wannabe '' at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto , during the Return of the Spice Girls tour The Spice Girls were in Japan when `` Wannabe '' went to number one in the UK . The group made their first appearance on Top of the Pops by satellite link from Tokyo , where they used a local temple as a backdrop for their mimed performance . They have performed the song several more times on the show , including the programme 's 1996 Christmas special . It was performed many times on television , in both Europe and the US , including An Audience with ... , the Bravo Supershow , Sorpresa ¡ Sorpresa ! , Fully Booked , Live with Regis and Kathie Lee , The Oprah Winfrey Show , and Saturday Night Live . The performance at Saturday Night Live on 12 April 1997 was featured in the 5 - part TV musical special `` SNL : 25 Years of Music '' , and was the first time the group ever performed `` Wannabe '' with a live band -- their previous performances had all been either lip - synched or sung to a recorded backing track . The group performed it at awards ceremonies such as the 1996 Smash Hits ! Awards , the 1996 Irish Music Awards , the 1997 BRIT Awards , and the 1997 Channel V Music Awards held in New Delhi , where they wore Indian costumes and entered the stage in auto rickshaws . In October 1997 the group performed `` Wannabe '' as the last song of their first live concert at the Abdi İpekçi Arena in Istanbul , Turkey . The performance was broadcast on Showtime in a pay - per - view event titled Spice Girls in Concert Wild ! , and was later included in the VHS and DVD release Girl Power ! Live in Istanbul . The Spice Girls have performed the song on their three tours , the Spiceworld Tour , the Christmas in Spiceworld Tour , and the Return of the Spice Girls . After a breast - cancer scare led Geri Halliwell to leave the team at the end of the European leg of the Spiceworld Tour , her parts were replaced by Melanie Chisholm ( refrain ) , Victoria Adams ( verses ) , and Bunton ( bridge ) . The performance at the tour 's final concert can be found on the video Spice Girls Live at Wembley Stadium , filmed in London , on 20 September 1998 . The group performed the song on 12 August 2012 at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London as part of a medley with the song `` Spice Up Your Life '' . Legacy ( edit ) As the Spice Girls ' debut single , `` Wannabe '' has been credited for catapulting the band to global stardom and ushering in `` Spicemania '' in the late 1990s . Commentators have noted that the song and its accompanying video , both now considered modern pop classics , served as a wonderful introduction to the band . The Metro 's Jon O'Brien concluded that : `` From its lyrical themes of female solidarity to its insanely catchy pop hooks and mischief - making promo , the worldwide chart - topper encapsulated everything that made the group so spellbinding in the space of just two minutes and 52 seconds . '' Digital Spy 's Lewis Corner agreed , adding : `` It 's hard to imagine any other pop act managing to make this much of an impact so quickly and effortlessly ever again . '' `` Wannabe '' has also been credited with changing the mid-1990s pop music landscape , pioneering the teen pop boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s . Robert Copsey , editor at the UK 's Official Charts Company explained : `` There was nothing else quite like Wannabe on the radio back in summer 1996 . Rock and dance music had been dominating the airwaves and charts for quite some time by that point . The Spice Girls struck at just the right moment with Wannabe ; a gutsy , enthusiastic and unashamed pop song we 'd all been craving without even realising it . '' `` Wannabe '' has been hailed as an `` iconic girl power anthem '' . In 2016 , the United Nations ' Global Goals `` # WhatIReallyReallyWant '' campaign filmed a global remake of the original music video to highlight gender inequality issues faced by women across the world . The video , which was launched on YouTube and ran in movie theatres internationally , featured British girl group M.O , Canadian `` viral sensation '' Taylor Hatala , Nigerian - British singer Seyi Shay and Bollywood actress Jacqueline Fernandez lip - syncing to the song in various locations around the world , including a set of stairs reminiscent of the Midland Grand Hotel steps from the original music video . The campaign also encouraged people from all over the world to use the hashtag `` # WhatIReallyReallyWant '' , taken from the song 's lyrics , to share what they wanted for girls and women by 2030 . In response to the campaign , Beckham said , `` How fabulous is it that after 20 years the legacy of the Spice Girls ' girl power is being used to encourage and empower a whole new generation ? '' In 2014 , a study at the University of Amsterdam with the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester , found that `` Wannabe '' is the most recognisable and catchiest pop song of the last 60 years . The study found that `` Wannabe '' 's simple and relentless melody was the key to its success , with lead musicologist Dr John Ashley Burgoyne concluding , `` I would describe the song as truly relentlessly catchy . It 's not that it has this one hook per se . It 's quite ingeniously composed . '' Cover versions ( edit ) Cover versions of `` Wannabe '' have been included in the albums of various musical artists . In 1998 American retro - satirist duo the Lounge - O - Leers did a kitschy , lounge - inspired rendition of `` Wannabe '' for their debut album , Experiment in Terror . British intelligent dance music producer μ - Ziq recorded a cover for his fourth album , Lunatic Harness . The London Double Bass Sound recorded an instrumental version in 1999 , a dance remix was recorded by Jan Stevens , Denise Nejame , and Sybersound for the 1997 album Sybersound Dance Mixes , Vol. 2 , while an electronic version was recorded by the Street Girls for the 2005 album The World of Hits of the 80 's . In 1999 the song was used in `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's polka medley , `` Polka Power ! '' , for his tenth album , Running with Scissors . Covers of the song in a punk style include a thrash parody version by British punk rock band Snuff for their 1998 EP , Schminkie Minkie Pinkie , a punk rock version by Dutch band Heideroosjes for their 1999 album , Schizo , and a pop punk cover by Zebrahead for their 2004 EP , Waste of MFZB . In 2013 , Brazilian funk carioca singers MC Mayara , MC Mercenária , MC Baby Liss and DZ MC released a version of the song , called `` Mereço Muito Mais '' ( en : `` I Deserve More '' ) , and a music video inspired by the original . `` Wannabe '' has also been covered in live concert sets by numerous musical artists , including Australian duo the Veronicas , American rock band the Foo Fighters , Filipina superstar Regine Velasquez and American pop rock band DNCE . K - pop girl group Girls ' Generation covered the song on the popular South Korean radio program Super Junior Kiss the Radio in 2009 and did a live performance of the song on the South Korean television music program Kim Jung - eun 's Chocolate in 2010 . In 2013 , American girl group Fifth Harmony dressed up as the Spice Girls for Halloween and performed `` Wannabe '' at their New York show . The performance was also uploaded on their official YouTube channel . In April 2017 , indie punk band the Tuts recorded and filmed a music video for their cover of `` Wannabe '' . `` Wannabe '' has also been performed by the characters of various films . The cover versions of the song were included in the official soundtracks of Disney 's 2005 animated film Chicken Little , DreamWorks Animation 's 2012 animated film Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted and the 2004 American teen film Sleepover . `` Wannabe '' has also been covered in numerous TV shows . The characters Brittany ( Heather Morris ) , Tina ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) , Marley ( Melissa Benoist ) , Kitty ( Becca Tobin ) and Unique ( Alex Newell ) dressed up as the Spice Girls and performed the song on the 17th episode of the fourth season of Glee . In 2015 , the song was sung by Ed Helms and the Muppets in the fourth episode of the first season of The Muppets TV series . The song was also performed by Peter Griffin in the Family Guy episode `` The New Adventures of Old Tom '' , and used in the ITV2 TV adverts for the programme 's 14th season . The cast of Netflix 's Fuller House also performed the song in the season one finale `` Love Is in the Air '' . `` Wannabe '' was performed , along with another Spice Girls song , `` Say You 'll Be There '' , with revised lyrics , in the second episode of the 41st season of Saturday Night Live by host Amy Schumer and cast members Cecily Strong and Taran Killam . `` Wannabe '' has also been used in three episodes of Fox animated series The Simpsons ; the song was sung by Homer Simpson in the episodes `` Maximum Homerdrive '' and `` Fraudcast News '' , and sung by Ralph Wiggum in the episode `` How the Test Was Won '' . The 2007 season four finale of One Tree Hill featured the female characters dancing as a group to the song . It was also used in the trailer for the film Excess Baggage ( 1997 ) . On 3 October 2012 , Geri Halliwell performed the song as a solo during a breast - cancer care show . ( She had resigned from Spice Girls as a result of a breast - cancer scare , as noted above . ) Her solo version was an acoustic ballad with several lyrics changed , such as `` you 've got ta get with my friends '' being changed to `` you 've got ta be my best friend '' . In 2016 , American actress Eva Longoria performed a comedic dramatic reading of `` Wannabe '' in honour of the 20th anniversary of the album Spice . For the 21st anniversary of the song on July 2017 , W magazine had various celebrities perform `` Wannabe '' , including Nicole Kidman , James Franco , Riz Ahmed , Milo Ventimiglia , Millie Bobby Brown and Keri Russell . Formats and track listings ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` Wannabe '' : UK CD1 / Australian CD / Brazilian CD / European CD / Japanese CD `` Wannabe '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 2 : 52 `` Bumper to Bumper '' -- 3 : 43 `` Wannabe '' ( Vocal Slam ) -- 6 : 20 UK CD2 `` Wannabe '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 2 : 52 `` Wannabe '' ( Dave Way Alternative Mix ) -- 3 : 27 `` Wannabe '' ( Dub Slam ) -- 6 : 25 `` Wannabe '' ( Instrumental ) -- 2 : 52 European 2 - track CD / US CD `` Wannabe '' ( Single Edit ) -- 2 : 52 `` Bumper to Bumper '' -- 3 : 43 UK Cassette / Australian Cassette `` Wannabe '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 2 : 52 `` Bumper to Bumper '' -- 3 : 43 `` Wannabe '' ( Vocal Slam ) -- 6 : 20 European 12 '' Vinyl Single A1 `` Wannabe '' ( Vocal Slam ) -- 6 : 20 B1 `` Wannabe '' ( Dub Slam ) -- 6 : 25 B2 `` Wannabe '' ( Instrumental Slam ) -- 6 : 20 US 12 '' Vinyl Single A1 : `` Wannabe '' ( Junior Vasquez 12 '' Club Mix ) -- 9 : 20 A2 : `` Wannabe '' ( Vocal Slam ) -- 6 : 20 B1 : `` Wannabe '' ( Junior Vasquez Club Dub ) -- 9 : 20 B2 : `` Wannabe '' ( Dub Slam ) -- 6 : 25 B3 : `` Wannabe '' ( Single Edit ) -- 2 : 52 Digital EP `` Wannabe '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 2 : 54 `` Bumper to Bumper '' -- 3 : 42 `` Wannabe '' ( Motiv 8 Dubslam Mix ) -- 6 : 25 `` Wannabe '' ( Motiv 8 Vocal Slam Mix ) -- 6 : 21 `` Wannabe '' ( Dave Way Alternative Mix ) -- 3 : 25 `` Wannabe '' ( Instrumental ) -- 2 : 52 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Spice Girls -- lyrics , vocals Matt Rowe -- lyrics , producer , keyboards and programming Richard Stannard -- lyrics , producer , keyboards and programming Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- audio mixing Adrian Bushby -- recording engineer Patrick McGovern -- assistant Published by Windswept Pacific Music Ltd / PolyGram Music Publishing Ltd . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 9 Canada Dance / Urban ( RPM ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hong Kong ( IFPI Hong Kong Group ) Ireland ( IFPI Ireland ) Israel ( IFPI ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon ) 50 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 73 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 10 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 61 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 68 Canada Dance / Urban ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 10 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 35 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position UK Singles ( OCC ) 40 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 742,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 300,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) full - length Chaku - Uta Gold 100,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 15,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,385,211 United States ( RIAA ) 3x Platinum 2,910,000 Digital Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Japan 26 June 1996 12 '' cassette CD Virgin Toshiba EMI Europe 8 July 1996 Virgin EMI Oceania United States 7 January 1997 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spice Girls -- Wannabe ( US CD ) -- Amazon.com Music '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : De Ribera Berenguer , 1997 . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Biography : Spice Girls '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Simon Fuller : Guiding pop culture BBC . Retrieved 18 September 2011 Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Don ( 8 February 1997 ) ( 1997 - 02 - 08 ) . Girl Power ! Spice Girls . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ UK & World Record Holders ( Main source : The Guiness ( sic ) World Record Book ) . Phil Brodie Band . 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Spice Girls ' Top 8 Biggest Billboard Hits '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 3 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Spice Girls ' ' Wannabe ' is 18 years old today '' . Click Music . 8 July 2014 . 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Hello ! . 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Weldon , Sarah ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Nicole Kidman leads pack of stars performing Spice Girls classic ' Wannabe ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Moniuszko , Sara M ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Nicole Kidman , James Franco and more dramatically read the Spice Girls ' ' Wannabe ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Wannabe ( UK CD1 Single liner ) . Spice Girls . Virgin Records . 1996 . VSCDT 1588 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Spice Girls -- Wannabe '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Spice Girls -- Wannabe '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Spice Girls -- Wannabe '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spice Girls : Wannabe '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Spice Girls -- Wannabe '' ( in French ) . 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Jump up ^ `` January 2011 Report '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Goud / Platina -- The Spice Girls -- Wannabe '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI. 1996 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles Chart , 4 May 1997 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Spice Girls ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Spice Girls '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Enter Spice Girls in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Spice Girls '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` The Spice Girls ' ' Wannabe ' is 18 years old today '' . Click Music . 8 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ レコード協会調べ 2 月度有料音楽配信認定 < 略称 : 2 月度認定 > ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . References ( edit ) Beckham , Victoria ( 2001 ) . Learning to Fly . Penguin Books Ltd . ISBN 0 - 14 - 100394 - 4 . Blake , Andrew ( 1999 ) . Living Through Pop . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 16199 - 1 . Bloustien , Gerry ( 1999 ) . Musical Visions . Wakefield Press . ISBN 1 - 86254 - 500 - 6 . Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits ( 5th ed . ) . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Brown , Melanie ( 2002 ) . Catch a Fire : The Autobiography . Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7553 - 1063 - 2 . Cripps , Rebecca ; Peachey , Mal ; Spice Girls ( 1997 ) . Real Life : Real Spice The Official Story . Zone / Chameleon Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99299 - 5 . De Ribera Berenguer , Juan ( 1997 ) . Colección : Ídolos del Pop - Spice Girls ( in Spanish ) . Editorial La Máscara . ISBN 84 - 7974 - 236 - 4 . Halliwell , Geraldine ( 1999 ) . If Only . Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 33475 - 3 . Halliwell , Geraldine ( 2003 ) . Just for the Record . Ebury Publishing . ISBN 0 - 09 - 188804 - 2 . McGibbon , Rob ( 1997 ) . Spice Power : The Inside Story . Macmillan Publishers Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 1142 - 0 . Shuker , Roy ( 2001 ) . Understanding Popular Music . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23509 - X . Sinclair , David ( 2004 ) . Wannabe : How the Spice Girls Reinvented Pop Fame . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8643 - 6 . Spice Girls ( 1997 ) . Girl Power ! . Zone / Chameleon Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99165 - 4 . Spice Girls ( 2008 ) . Spice Girls Greatest Hits ( Piano / Vocal / Guitar ) Artist Songbook . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 1 - 4234 - 3688 - 1 . Whiteley , Sheila ( 2000 ) . Women and Popular Music : Sexuality , Identity , and Subjectivity . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21189 - 1 . External links ( edit ) `` Wannabe '' audio Preceded by `` Forever Love '' by Gary Barlow UK Singles Chart number - one single 21 July 1996 -- 7 September 1996 Succeeded by `` Flava '' by Peter Andre Preceded by `` Lemon Tree '' by Fool 's Garden Irish Singles Chart number - one single 3 August 1996 -- 23 August 1996 Succeeded by `` The Hurling Songs '' by The Wild Swans Preceded by `` Killing Me Softly '' by Fugees Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single 14 September 1996 -- 9 November 1996 Succeeded by `` Say You 'll Be There '' by Spice Girls Preceded by `` Macarena '' by Los Del Rio Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single 28 October 1996 -- 12 January 1997 Succeeded by `` To the Moon and Back '' by Savage Garden Preceded by `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Warren G New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart number - one single 8 November 1996 Succeeded by `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Warren G Preceded by `` Un-Break My Heart '' by Toni Braxton Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 16 February 1997 -- 15 March 1997 Succeeded by `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' by Puff Daddy featuring Mase ( hide ) Spice Girls Mel B Emma Bunton Geri Halliwell Victoria Beckham Melanie C Studio albums Spice Spiceworld Forever Compilation album Greatest Hits Video albums One Hour of Girl Power Girl Power ! Live in Istanbul Live at Wembley Stadium Singles `` Wannabe '' `` Say You 'll Be There '' `` 2 Become 1 '' `` Mama '' `` Who Do You Think You Are '' `` Spice Up Your Life '' `` Too Much '' `` Stop '' `` Viva Forever '' `` Goodbye '' `` Holler '' `` Let Love Lead the Way '' `` Headlines ( Friendship Never Ends ) '' Featured singles `` ( How Does It Feel to Be ) On Top of the World '' `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' Promotional singles `` Step to Me '' `` Move Over '' Concerts and tours Girl Power ! Live in Istanbul Spiceworld Tour Christmas in Spiceworld The Return of the Spice Girls Filmography Spice World Giving You Everything Related Discography Songs recorded Awards and nominations Filmography Merchandise and sponsorship deals Spice World ( video game ) Girl power Dolls Michelle Stephenson Viva Forever ! musical Wannabe : How The Spice Girls Reinvented Pop Fame 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wannabe&oldid=827950857 '' Categories : 1996 singles 1997 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Brit Award for British Single Dance - pop songs Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Debut singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Song recordings produced by Richard Stannard ( songwriter ) Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Emma Bunton Songs written by Geri Halliwell Songs written by Matt Rowe ( songwriter ) Songs written by Mel B Songs written by Melanie C Songs written by Richard Stannard ( songwriter ) Songs written by Victoria Beckham Spice Girls songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles 1996 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from January 2013 Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadadance Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی Français Italiano Kiswahili Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 18 : 22 . 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-6378779958147680780	Gun laws in Texas	Gun laws in Texas - wikipedia Gun laws in Texas Location of Texas in the United States Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas . Contents 1 Summary table 2 Firearms possession 3 Firearms carry 3.1 License to Carry 3.2 College Carry Laws 3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry 3.3. 1 30.06 signage 3.4 Open Carry 3.4. 1 30.07 signage 4 Castle Doctrine 4.1 Stand Your Ground 4.2 Civil Immunity 5 Motorists Protection Act 6 National Firearms Act 7 State preemption of local laws 8 See also 9 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit required to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin , Texas prohibits concealed handguns . This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required , and is no longer enforceable under current law . Firearms possession ( edit ) Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age , without felony convictions ; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law . A person of any age , except certain Felons , can possess a firearm such as at a firing range . Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older , and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers . However , a private citizen may sell , gift , lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon or is a Felon that is 5 years removed from Felony infraction of probation or parole end date and is now a law abiding citizen . NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions ; no State regulations exist . Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden ( preempted ) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution , which gives the Texas Legislature ( and it alone ) the power to `` regulate the wearing of arms , with a view to prevent crime '' . Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute . Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof , but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force . In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole , whichever is later . A convicted Felon once 5 years removed from release from prison or probation may also private purchase a firearm . Under Texas Penal Code § § 12.33 , 46.04 , the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,000 . Firearms carry ( edit ) There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public . License to carry ( edit ) The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a `` Concealed Handgun License '' or CHL . This has changed on Jan 1 . 2016 to LTC `` License To Carry '' and at the same time the laws changed to include `` Open Carry '' . Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ( `` shall - issue '' ) basis to all eligible , qualified applicants . Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states , not including Vermont ( which is an `` unrestricted '' state and neither issues nor requires permits ) , most of these having some residency restrictions ( the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state ) . Texas recognizes an additional 11 states ' concealed - carry permits unilaterally ; those states do not recognize Texas ' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction , usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own . The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including : felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ; pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ; chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ; certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ; protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) . This last category , though having little to do with a person 's ability to own a firearm , is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing ; those who are delinquent or in default on State - regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State - issued license ( including driver licenses ) , as an incentive to settle those debts . `` Information regarding any psychiatric , drug , alcohol , or criminal history '' is required only from new users . Renewals are required every five years , but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information . An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC ( formerly CHL ) must take a State - set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours , covering topics such as applicable laws , conflict resolution , criminal / civil liability , and handgun safety , and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun . The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1 , 2017 . Such courses vary in cost , but are typically around $100 -- $125 for new applicants ( usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies ; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition ) . They may then apply , providing a picture , fingerprints , other documentation , and a $40 application fee ( as of September 1 , 2017 ; previously $140 and $70 for renewals ) , -- active and discharged military are eligible for discounts -- to the DPS , which processes the application , runs a federal background check , and if all is well , issues the permit . Permits are valid for five years , and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states ( nonresidents may carry in all but four of those ) , due to reciprocity agreements . Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military ( through one year after discharge ) , to $25 for military veterans . College carry laws ( edit ) Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . Restrictions on licensed carry ( edit ) While a permitted resident of Texas ( or a nonresident holding a recognized permit ) is generally authorized to carry in most public places , there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations . These include : Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits . Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 . Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) . Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders . Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' . Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited . Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials . Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote . Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) . While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . ) 30.06 signage ( edit ) TPC section 30.06 covers `` Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun '' . It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed . It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage . As of January 1 , 2016 , the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor , unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor . This is a significant difference , in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years , this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor . Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called `` 30.06 signs '' or `` 30.06 signage '' . The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun '' In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' . Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder . Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property . Open carry ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2016 , holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions . Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster . Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license . New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns . Exceptions to Open Carry Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform 30.07 signage ( edit ) This law took effect January 1 , 2016 , and covers the new Open Carry law . Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry . TPC section 30.07 covers `` Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun '' This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun . An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor , unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor . The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property . ( In both cases the sign must be `` clearly visible to the public '' . ) The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property , or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner , or by written communication . Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below , or a sign posted on the property . Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following ( 30.07 notice ) : `` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly '' Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property '' Castle Doctrine ( edit ) On March 27 , 2007 , Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law , making Texas a `` Castle Doctrine '' state which came into effect September 1 , 2007 . Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who `` unlawfully , and with force , enters or attempts to enter the dwelling '' , or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling , or who commits or attempts to commit a `` qualifying '' felony such as `` aggravated kidnapping , murder , sexual assault , aggravated sexual assault , robbery , or aggravated robbery '' ( TPC 9.32 ( b ) ) . Stand your Ground ( edit ) Senate Bill 378 also contains a `` Stand Your Ground '' clause ; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he / she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no `` duty to retreat '' before being justified in shooting . The `` trier of fact '' ( the jury in a jury trial , otherwise the judge ) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting ( TPC 9.32 ( c , d ) ) . Civil immunity ( edit ) In addition , two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force . Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person , including the firing of a weapon . Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used . This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified , such as a bystander hit by an errant shot . This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force . The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code . Motorists protection act ( edit ) Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature , a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident 's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit . The bill revised Chapter 46 , Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not `` Unlawful Carry of a Weapon '' , as defined by the statute , for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control , or to carry while heading directly from the person 's home to that car . However , lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers : ( 1 ) the weapon must not be in plain sight ( in Texas law , `` plain sight '' and `` concealed '' are mutually exclusive opposing terms ) ; ( 2 ) the carrier can not be involved in criminal activities , other than Class C traffic misdemeanors ; ( 3 ) the carrier can not be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm ; and ( 4 ) the carrier can not be a member of a criminal gang . Previous legislation ( H.B. 823 ) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ( `` Non-Applicability '' ) to include the `` traveller assumption '' ; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was `` travelling '' under a pre-existing provision of 46.15 , and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply , absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity , a member of a gang , or prohibited from possessing a firearm . However , attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption , leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815 . National firearms act ( edit ) Possession of destructive devices , automatic firearms ( machine guns ) , short - barrel shotguns ( SBS ) , short - barrel rifles ( SBR ) , suppressors , smoothbore pistols and other such NFA - restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item ( s ) into the NFA registry . This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms , processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE . State preemption of local laws ( edit ) Certain local preemptions exist within the state of Texas which prohibit city or county governments from passing ordinances further restricting the lawful carrying of handguns in certain instances beyond that of state law . In 2015 , the legislature passed penal code 411.209 which prohibited an agency or political subdivision from excluding from government property any concealed handgun license holder from carrying a gun unless firearms are prohibited on the premises by state law . Furthermore , Texas penal code 235.023 states the commissioners court of a county ( i.e. county legislative body ) is not authorized to regulate the transfer , ownership , possession , or transportation of firearms or require the registration of firearms More general prohibitions on restrictions on the sale , transfer , ownership , possession , etc. of firearms and knives under local law are listed under Local Government Code Title 7 , Subtitle A , Chapter 229 , Subchapter A Further Attorney General decisions also exist . For example , in August 1995 under DM - 0364 , Attorney General Dan Morales passed an opinion that municipalities are prohibited from regulating the carrying of concealed handguns in city parks by persons licensed to carry a handgun : `` ... we believe that a municipality does not have the power to prohibit licensees from carrying handguns in city parks but that a county does have such power over county parks '' Dan Morales also held that municipal housing authorities are subject to the preemption statute and this precludes authorities from adopting a regulation to evict a tenant for the otherwise legal possession of a firearm . See also ( edit ) Gun violence and gun control in Texas Law of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NRA / ILA Firearms Laws for Texas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws '' ( PDF ) . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome License To Carry A Handgun Texas.gov '' . Txapps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Texas : Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16 , Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas CCW information '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS -- Agreements with other states '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` TEX PE . CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06 : TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing '' . www.dps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30 . BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Legislature Online -- History of Senate Bill 378 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86 . LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83 . USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Texas H.B. 1815 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DA warns handgun law wo n't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2005 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas '' . Texasgunlaws.org. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.411.htm Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.235.htm Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.229.htm Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1995/pdf/dm0364.pdf Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1991/pdf/dm0071.pdf Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Texas&oldid=853812724 '' Categories : Texas law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 03 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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-751554382073473332	Journey to the Center of the Earth	Journey to the Center of the Earth - wikipedia Journey to the Center of the Earth Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Journey to the Centre of the Earth ( disambiguation ) . Journey to the Center of the Earth Book cover made in 1874 Author Jules Verne Original title Voyage au centre de la Terre Illustrator Édouard Riou Cover artist Édouard Riou Country France Language French Series The Extraordinary Voyages # 3 Genre Science fiction , adventure novel Publisher Pierre - Jules Hetzel Publication date 1864 Published in English 1871 Media type Print ( Hardback ) Pages 183 ISBN 0486440885 Preceded by The Adventures of Captain Hatteras Followed by From the Earth to the Moon Journey to the Center of the Earth ( French : Voyage au centre de la Terre , also translated under the titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth ) is an 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne . The story involves German professor Otto Lidenbrock who believes there are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth . He , his nephew Axel , and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull , encountering many adventures , including prehistoric animals and natural hazards , before eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy , at the Stromboli volcano . The genre of subterranean fiction already existed long before Verne . However , the present book considerably added to its popularity and influenced later such writings . For example , Edgar Rice Burroughs explicitly acknowledged Verne 's influence on his own Pellucidar series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Inspiration 3 Main characters 4 Prehistoric animals featured 5 Publication notes 6 Adaptations 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Radio 6.4 Theatre 6.5 Theme park ( themed areas ) and rides 6.6 Other 7 See also 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) The story begins in May 1863 , in the Lidenbrock house in Hamburg , Germany , with Professor Lidenbrock rushing home to peruse his latest purchase , an original runic manuscript of an Icelandic saga written by Snorri Sturluson ( Snorre Tarleson in some versions of the story ) , `` Heimskringla '' ; the chronicle of the Norwegian kings who ruled over Iceland . While looking through the book , Lidenbrock and his nephew Axel find a coded note written in runic script along with the name of a 16th - century Icelandic alchemist , Arne Saknussemm . ( This was a first indication of Verne 's love for cryptography . Coded , cryptic , or incomplete messages as a plot device would continue to appear in many of his works and in each case Verne would go a long way to explain not only the code used but also the mechanisms used to retrieve the original text . ) Lidenbrock and Axel transliterate the runic characters into Latin letters , revealing a message written in a seemingly bizarre code . Lidenbrock attempts a decipherment , deducing the message to be a kind of transposition cipher ; but his results are as meaningless as the original . Professor Lidenbrock decides to lock everyone in the house and force himself and the others ( Axel , and the maid , Martha ) to go without food until he cracks the code . Axel discovers the answer when fanning himself with the deciphered text : Lidenbrock 's decipherment was correct , and only needs to be read backwards to reveal sentences written in rough Latin . Axel decides to keep the secret hidden from Professor Lidenbrock , afraid of what the Professor might do with the knowledge , but after two days without food he can not stand the hunger and reveals the secret to his uncle . Lidenbrock translates the note , which is revealed to be a medieval note written by the ( fictional ) Icelandic alchemist Arne Saknussemm , who claims to have discovered a passage to the centre of the Earth via Snæfell in Iceland . In what Axel calls bad Latin , the deciphered message reads : The Runic cryptogram In Snefflls ( sic ) Iokulis kraterem kem delibat umbra Skartaris Iulii intra kalendas deskende , audas uiator , te ( sic ) terrestre kentrum attinges . Kod feki . Arne Saknussemm . In slightly better Latin , with errors amended : In Sneffels Jokulis craterem , quem delibat umbra Scartaris , Julii intra kalendas descende , audax viator , et terrestre centrum attinges ; quod feci . Arne Saknussemm which , when translated into English , reads : Descend , bold traveller , into the crater of the jökull of Snæfell , which the shadow of Scartaris touches ( lit : tastes ) before the Kalends of July , and you will attain the centre of the earth . I did it . Arne Saknussemm Snæfellsjökull . Professor Lidenbrock is a man of astonishing impatience , and departs for Iceland immediately , taking his reluctant nephew with him . Axel , who , in comparison , is anti-adventurous , repeatedly tries to reason with him , explaining his fears of descending into a volcano and putting forward various scientific theories as to why the journey is impossible , but Professor Lidenbrock repeatedly keeps himself blinded against Axel 's point of view . After a rapid journey via Kiel and Copenhagen , they arrive in Reykjavík , where the two procure the services of Hans Bjelke ( a Danish - speaking Icelander eiderdown hunter ) as their guide , and travel overland to the base of the volcano . In late June , they reach the volcano , which has three craters . According to Saknussemm 's message , the passage to the center of the Earth is through the one crater that is touched by the shadow of a nearby mountain peak at noon . However , the text also states that this is only true during the last days of June . During the next few days , with July rapidly approaching , the weather is too cloudy for any shadows . Axel silently rejoices , hoping this will force his uncle -- who has repeatedly tried to impart courage to him only to succeed in making him even more cowardly still -- to give up the project and return home . Alas for Axel , however , on the second to last day , the sun comes out and the mountain peak shows the correct crater to take . After descending into the crater , the three travellers set off into the bowels of the Earth , encountering many strange phenomena and great dangers , including a chamber filled with firedamp , and steep - sided wells around the `` path '' . After taking a wrong turn , they run out of water and Axel almost dies , but Hans taps into a neighbouring subterranean river . Lidenbrock and Axel name the resulting stream the `` Hansbach '' in his honour and the three are saved . At another point , Axel becomes separated from the others and is lost several miles from them . Luckily , a strange acoustic phenomenon allows him to communicate with them from some miles away , and they are soon reunited . After descending many miles , following the course of the Hansbach , they reach an unimaginably vast cavern . This underground world is lit by electrically charged gas at the ceiling , and is filled with a very deep subterranean ocean , surrounded by a rocky coastline covered in petrified trees and giant mushrooms . The travelers build a raft out of trees and set sail . The Professor names this sea the `` Lidenbrock Sea '' and the port as `` Port Gräuben '' , after the name of his goddaughter . While on the water , they see several prehistoric creatures such as a giant Ichthyosaurus , which fights with a Plesiosaurus and wins . After the battle between the monsters , the party comes across an island with a huge geyser , which Lidenbrock names `` Axel Island '' . A lightning storm again threatens to destroy the raft and its passengers , but instead throws them onto the coastline . This part of the coast , Axel discovers , is alive with prehistoric plant and animal life forms , including giant insects and a herd of mastodons . On a beach covered with bones , Axel discovers an oversized human skull . Axel and Lidenbrock venture some way into the prehistoric forest , where Professor Lidenbrock points out , in a shaky voice , a prehistoric human , more than twelve feet in height , leaning against a tree and watching a herd of mastodons . Axel can not be sure if he has really seen the man or not , and he and Professor Lidenbrock debate whether or not a proto - human civilization actually exists so far underground . The three wonder if the creature is a man - like ape , or an ape - like man . The sighting of the creature is considered the most alarming part of the story , and the explorers decide that it is better not to alert it to their presence as they fear it may be hostile . The travellers continue to explore the coastline , and find a passageway marked by Saknussemm as the way ahead . However , it is blocked by what appears to be a recent cave - in and two of the three , Hans and the Professor , despair at being unable to hack their way through the granite wall . The adventurers plan to blast the rock with gun cotton and paddle out to sea to escape the blast . Upon executing the plan , however , they discover that behind the rockfall was a seemingly bottomless pit , not a passage to the center of the Earth . The travellers are swept away as the sea rushes into the large open gap in the ground . After spending hours being swept along at lightning speeds by the water , the raft ends up inside a large volcanic chimney filling with water and magma . Terrified , the three are rushed upwards , through stifling heat , and are ejected onto the surface from a side - vent of a stratovolcano . When they regain consciousness , they discover that they have been ejected from Stromboli , a volcanic island located in southern Italy . They return to Hamburg to great acclaim -- Professor Lidenbrock is hailed as one of the great scientists of history , Axel marries his sweetheart Gräuben , and Hans eventually returns to his peaceful life in Iceland . The Professor has some regret that their journey was cut short . At the very end of the book , Axel and Lidenbrock realize why their compass was behaving strangely after their journey on the raft . They realize that the needle was pointing the wrong way after being struck by an electric fireball which nearly destroyed the wooden raft . Inspiration ( edit ) The book was inspired by Charles Lyell 's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man of 1863 ( and probably also influenced by Lyell 's earlier ground - breaking work Principles of Geology , published 1830 -- 33 ) . By that time geologists had abandoned a literal biblical account of Earth 's development and it was generally thought that the end of the last glacial period marked the first appearance of humanity , but Lyell drew on new findings to put the origin of human beings much further back in the deep geological past . Lyell 's book also influenced Louis Figuier 's 1867 second edition of La Terre avant le déluge ( `` The Earth before the flood '' ) which included dramatic illustrations of savage men and women wearing animal skins and wielding stone axes , in place of the Garden of Eden shown in the 1863 edition . It is noteworthy that at the time of writing Verne had no hesitation with having sympathetic German protagonists with whom the reader could identify . Verne 's attitude to Germans would drastically change in the aftermath of the 1871 Franco - Prussian War . After 1871 , the sympathetic if eccentric Professor Otto Lidenbrock would be replaced in Verne 's fiction by the utterly evil and demonic Professor Schultze of The Begum 's Fortune . Main characters ( edit ) Professor Otto Lidenbrock : a professor of geology . Axel : the nephew of Professor Lidenbrock , overcautious and unadventurous student . Hans Bjelke : a Danish - speaking Icelandic eiderduck hunter who becomes their guide ; dependable , resourceful and imperturbable . Gräuben : the goddaughter of Professor Lidenbrock with whom Axel is in love , from the Vierlande area of Hamburg . Martha : the maid at the house of Professor Lidenbrock . Prehistoric animals featured ( edit ) Deinotherium ( teeth only ) Pterichthys Dipterides -- A two - finned fish Leptotherium -- A gazelle - like creature Merycotherium -- A cattle - like creature Lophiodon Anoplotherium Mastodon Megatherium Unidentified pterosaur , probably Pterodactylus Unknown species of giant bird , probably a teratorn Ichthyosaurus Plesiosaurus Glyptodon ( shell only ) Publication notes ( edit ) The first English edition was published in its entirety by Henry Vickers in 12 installments of a Boys magazine entitled `` The Boys Journal '' . The plates are more numerous than the book form which was published with an 1872 title page . If it was released in 1871 as a single volume it was late in the year . This `` True '' first edition also found in an octavo normal book size ( not Annual size ) , has been overlooked by bibliographers . It has a place of pre-eminence up to about a 3rd of the way through the 12 monthly issues and then slides down into the main body of the journal . The Magazine does not seem to have survived in its loose format of 12 individual parts . The 1871 English language edition published by Griffith and Farran ( named Journey to the Centre of the Earth at Project Gutenberg ) is an abridged and altered translation . It changes the Professor 's name to Hardwigg , Axel 's name to Harry ( or Henry ) Lawson , and Grauben 's name to Gretchen . It omits some chapters , while rewriting or adding portions to others . The redactor 's note by Norm Wolcott , at Project Gutenberg , claims that this translation is the most popularly reprinted one , despite the flaws . The 1877 translation by Ward , Lock , & Co. , Ltd. , translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson , is more faithful , though it too has some slight rewrites ( according to the redactor at its Project Gutenberg page , where its title is translated as Journey to the Interior of the Earth ) . The 1877 translation by Ward Lock & Co Ltd. , translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson was adapted by AD Classic Books ' 2008 edition of Journey to the Center of the Earth . In this edit by A.R. Roumanis , antiquated writing and out of date sayings were replaced which makes this the most modernized version available . The novel frequently uses the device of the Professor explaining or arguing scientific matters with Axel , in order to communicate scientific facts on which the world - view is based . In the midst of their descent , this role reverses at one point , as Axel points out strata to the Professor as another example of the same story - telling method . Many things postulated in the novel are now known to be incorrect , including the temperature of space being minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit , and volcanoes erupting due to a reaction between water and chemicals in the Earth 's crust . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 1959 : Journey to the Center of the Earth , USA , directed by Henry Levin , starring James Mason and Pat Boone . In the film , the character of Axel becomes Alec and is more adventurous than cowardly as he is in the novel . The film introduces two new main characters : a female explorer and a main antagonist . 1978 : Viaje al centro de la Tierra , Spain , directed by Juan Piquer Simón , starring Kenneth More and Pep Munné . It was distributed in the UK and the US as Where Time Began . 1989 : Journey to the Center of the Earth took only the title and a general idea from the Verne novel , and had a unique plot aimed at a teen audience . It was written by Debra Ricci , Regina Davis , Kitty Chalmers , and Rusty Lemorande , and was directed by Lemorande and Albert Pyun . It stars Emo Philips , Paul Carafotes , Jaclyn Bernstein , Kathy Ireland , Janet Du Plessis , Nicola Cowper , Lochner De Kock , and Ilan Mitchell - Smith . It was based on an uncompleted version , more faithful to Verne 's text , written and directed by Lemorande , that had been left unfinished because of Cannon Films ' premature closure . 2008 : Journey to the Center of the Earth is a 3 - D film by Eric Brevig . Cast members include Brendan Fraser , Anita Briem and Josh Hutcherson . The film follows as a sequel to the original book . 2008 : Journey to the Center of the Earth -- A direct - to - DVD release by The Asylum , which is a loose adaptation of the original book . It was released as Journey to Middle Earth in the United Kingdom . Walt Disney Pictures began work on a `` Journey '' in the late 1990s , but was not happy with the appearance of the subterranean caverns , so the project was scrapped and the cavern scenes were altered and used in the production of their 2001 film Atlantis : The Lost Empire . Television ( edit ) An animated television series , Journey to the Center of the Earth , first broadcast in 1967 on ABC , starring the voices of Ted Knight , Pat Harrington , Jr. , and Jane Webb , only loosely based on Verne 's novel . The first part of the second season of Around the World with Willy Fog by Spanish studio BRB Internacional was `` Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' . A limited animation television special in the Famous Classic Tales series was aired by CBS in 1977 . In 1993 , NBC aired a made - for - TV film version with a cast including John Neville , F. Murray Abraham and Kim Miyori . The film used the title and general premise of Verne 's novel , but had its heroes carry out the journey in an earth - penetrating machine . A television series was supposed to follow , but was never produced . The Wishbone 1996 episode `` Hot Diggety Dawg '' was based on the novel , featuring several major scenes starring the title character as Professor Lidenbrock . The 1999 Hallmark Entertainment miniseries starred Treat Williams , Jeremy London , Bryan Brown , Tushka Bergen , and Hugh Keays - Byrne ( this version deviates considerably from Verne 's original ) . A TV film version by RHI Entertainment starring Rick Schroder , Peter Fonda , Victoria Pratt , Steven Grayhm and Mike Dopud was shot on location in and around Vancouver on high definition video during the summer of 2007 . The show aired on February 4 , 2008 and been released on DVD . Victoria Pratt and Peter Fonda 's characters were added to the original story . Radio ( edit ) A 7 - part radio serial was broadcast on the BBC Home Service in 1962 . It was produced by Claire Chovil , and starred Trevor Martin and Nigel Anthony . An 8 - part radio serial was produced for BBC Radio 4 by Howard Jones in 1963 . It starred Bernard Horsfall and Jeffrey Banks . A radio drama adaptation was broadcast by National Public Radio in 2000 for its series `` Radio Tales '' . A 90 - minute radio adaptation by Stephen Walker directed by Owen O'Callan was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra on 20 November 2011 and re-broadcast on 11 and 12 November 2012 . Nicholas Le Prevost starred as Professor Otto Lidenbrock , Nathaniel Parker as Axel and Oliver Senton as Hans . Rosemary McNab , an original female character who funds and accompanies the expedition ( and has affairs with both Hans and Otto along the way ) , was played by Kristen Millwood . A two - part BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Journey to the Centre of the Earth was broadcast on 19 and 26 March 2017 , with Stephen Critchlow as Professor Lidenbrock , Joel MacCormack as Axel and Gudmundur Ingi Thorvaldsson as Hans . It was directed and produced by Tracey Neale and adapted by Moya O'Shea . Theatre ( edit ) A stage version of Journey to the Center of the Earth , written by Gerald Fitzgerald and directed by Steven - Shayle Rhodes , was produced at Pegasus Theatre in Dallas , Texas in 2000 , with substantial changes made to the characters and the plot . In 2014 , Fitzgerald 's 2 - act script was adapted into a 3 - act melodrama format and presented at the Pocket Sandwich Theatre in Dallas , directed by Joey Dietz . Theme park ( themed areas ) and rides ( edit ) A thrill ride based on the book , Journey to the Center of the Earth , is open at The Mysterious Island section of Tokyo DisneySea 's theme park . Its also includes a dark ride based on Twenty thousand leagues under the Sea . Le Visionarium ( Timekeeper ) - featuring Jules Verne in a circle vision ride ( 1992 - 2005 ) and Space Mountain , de la Terre à la Lune , in its original version ( 1995 - 2005 ) , based directly on From the earth to the Moon in Discoveryland ( the hub facing part of the Land features Steampunk related theming ) at Euro Disneyland ( now Disneyland Paris ) between 1992 and 2005 . A water ride at Water World in Federal Heights , Colorado called ' Voyage to the Center of the Earth ' is loosely based on the book . A mill chute ride , called ' Journey to the Center of the Earth ' and loosely based on the book , existed at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom from 1960 to 1992 . Other ( edit ) Video games called Journey to the Center of the Earth : in 1984 by Ozisoft for the Commodore 64 ; in 1989 by Topo Soft for the ZX Spectrum and in 2003 by Frogwares . A board game adaptation of the book designed by Rüdiger Dorn was released by Kosmos in 2008 . A concept album called Journey to the Centre of the Earth by Rick Wakeman , was released in 1974 . It combines song , narration and instrumental pieces to retell the story Rick Wakeman released a second concept album called Return to the Centre of the Earth in 1999 , it tells the story of a later set of travelers attempting to repeat the original journey . Alien Voices , an audio theater group led by Leonard Nimoy and John de Lancie , released a dramatized version of Journey to the Center of the Earth through Simon and Schuster Audio in 1997 . Christopher Lloyd 's character of Doctor Emmett Brown , one of the two main fictional characters of the Back To The Future film series , attributed the origins of his lifelong devotion to science to having read as a child the works of Jules Verne in general , and Journey to the Center of the Earth in particular . ( This is evident when he reveals that he tried to dig to the Center of the Earth at the age of twelve . ) Back to the Future Part III , especially , pays homage to Journey of the Center of the Earth where Dr. Brown carves his initials in a mineshaft after storing the time machine , just like Arne Saknussemm did to help guide future explorers . At the end of the film , it is also revealed that Dr. Brown 's two sons are named Jules and Verne . Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote the Pellucidar series using the Journey to the Center of the Earth concept . The surname of Kathy Ireland 's character in Alien From L.A. ( 1988 ) , a film about a girl who falls through the earth and discovers a repressive subterranean society , is Saknussemm . The 1992 adventure / role - playing game Quest for Glory III by Sierra Entertainment used Arne Saknoosen the Aardvark as a bit character for exploration information , alluding to the explorer Arne Saknussemm . The DC Comics comic book series Warlord took place in Skartaris , a land supposed to exist within a Hollow Earth . Its creator , Mike Grell , has confirmed that `` the name comes from the mountain peak Scartaris that points the way to the passage to the earth 's core in Journey to the Center of the Earth . '' Louis MacNeice 's final play Persons from Porlock contains a reference to Journey to the Center of the Earth at the beginning . Because his mother used to read it aloud to him , Hank became ' completely fascinated ' with ' caves and pot - holes and things ' ( p 111 ) . At the end of the play ' Herr Professor Lidebrock ' is one of the characters Hank meets down the pot hole . Hank says to him , ' Oh , my dear Professor , I 've always wanted to meet you , since my mother used to read me your adventures . How you went down the volcano and ran into all those mastodons . But , of course , in your case you got out again . ' The Professor replies , ' That was because I am a character in fiction . ' He continues , ' Jules Verne invented me ' ( p 141 ) . Halldór Laxness , the only Icelandic author to be awarded the Nobel Prize , situated his novel Under the Glacier in the area of Snæfellsjökull . The glacier has a mystic quality in the story and there are several references to A Journey to the Center of the Earth in connection with it . In the Exile computer game series and its remake , the Avernum series , the player 's party is exiled to a vast underground cavern similar to the one described in A Journey to the Center of the Earth . It also contains a subterranean ocean and networks of tunnels , but it is lit by bioluminescent mushrooms rather than an electric phenomenon . One of the goals of several of the games is to escape from the cavern . See also ( edit ) Subterranean fiction Pellucidar Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea See also ( edit ) Subterranean fiction Pellucidar Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ To produce the cipher , the text is written backwards , and then each letter and punctuation mark is placed in a separate cell of a 7x3 matrix , going row by row . When each cell is filled with the first 21 letters , the 22nd letter is placed in the first cell , and so again through the matrix repeatedly until the message is complete . To decipher , one copies out the first letter of each cell , then the second , and so forth , and finally the resulting message is read backwards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Criticism : Browne , E. Janet ( 2002 ) , Charles Darwin : vol. 2 The Power of Place , London : Jonathan Cape , pp. 130 , 218 , 515 , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6837 - 3 Jump up ^ The Boys Journal . Published By Henry Vickers , London . 1870 Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' . BBC Genome . BBC . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jules Verne - Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' , BBC Radio 4 , 20 Nov 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Radio 4 relevant page '' Jump up ^ `` Viaje al Centro de la Tierra - World of Spectrum '' . www.worldofspectrum.org . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth for Windows ( 2003 ) - MobyGames '' . MobyGames . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . BoardGameGeek . Jump up ^ Brian Cronin , 2006 , `` Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed # 54 ! '' ( archive ) Jump up ^ Louis MacNeice , Persons from Porlock , London : BBC , 1969 . Further reading ( edit ) Debus , Allen ( July 2007 ) . `` Re-Framing the Science in Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . Science Fiction Studies . 33 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 20 . JSTOR 4241461 ... External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Journey into the Interior of the Earth French Wikisource has original text related to this article : Voyage au centre de la Terre Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journey to the Center of the Earth . A Journey to the Centre of the Earth ( Griffith and Farran , 1871 ) entire early English translation . Journey to the Centre of the Earth and PDF Full text of the Oxford University Press translation , with introduction , notes and appendices . Most modern translation available online . Journey into the Interior of the Earth ( Malleson , trans. ; Ward , Lock & Co. , 1877 ) from JV.Gilead.org.il A Journey to the Interior of the Earth ( Malleson , trans. ; Ward , Lock & Co. , 1877 ) -- in easy to read HTML format . A Journey to the Interior of the Earth at Project Gutenberg ( English ) Journey to the Interior of the Earth public domain audiobook at LibriVox Free Audio Book of `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' from The Drama Pod Journey to the Center of the Earth -- Classics Illustrated comic book Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth Films 1959 film 1978 film 1989 film 2008 TV film 2008 Asylum film 2008 theatrical film Other 1967 series 1999 miniseries 1974 album 2008 video game Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island Journey Through the Impossible Works by Jules Verne Voyages extraordinaires Five Weeks in a Balloon ( 1863 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1864 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1865 ) The Adventures of Captain Hatteras ( 1866 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1867 -- 68 ) Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea ( 1869 -- 70 ) Around the Moon ( 1870 ) A Floating City ( 1871 ) The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa ( 1872 ) The Fur Country ( 1873 ) Around the World in Eighty Days ( 1873 ) The Mysterious Island ( 1874 -- 75 ) The Survivors of the Chancellor ( 1875 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1876 ) Off on a Comet ( 1877 ) The Child of the Cavern ( 1877 ) Dick Sand , A Captain at Fifteen ( 1878 ) The Begum 's Fortune ( 1879 ) Tribulations of a Chinaman in China ( 1879 ) The Steam House ( 1880 ) Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon ( 1881 ) Godfrey Morgan ( 1882 ) The Green Ray ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Inflexible ( 1883 ) The Vanished Diamond ( 1884 ) The Archipelago on Fire ( 1884 ) Mathias Sandorf ( 1885 ) The Lottery Ticket ( 1886 ) Robur the Conqueror ( 1886 ) North Against South ( 1887 ) The Flight to France ( 1887 ) Two Years ' Vacation ( 1888 ) Family Without a Name ( 1889 ) The Purchase of the North Pole ( 1889 ) César Cascabel ( 1890 ) Mistress Branican ( 1891 ) The Carpathian Castle ( 1892 ) Claudius Bombarnac ( 1892 ) Foundling Mick ( 1893 ) Captain Antifer ( 1894 ) Propeller Island ( 1895 ) Facing the Flag ( 1896 ) Clovis Dardentor ( 1896 ) An Antarctic Mystery ( 1897 ) The Mighty Orinoco ( 1898 ) The Will of an Eccentric ( 1899 ) The Castaways of the Flag ( 1900 ) The Village in the Treetops ( 1901 ) The Sea Serpent ( 1901 ) The Kip Brothers ( 1902 ) Travel Scholarships ( 1903 ) A Drama in Livonia ( 1904 ) Master of the World ( 1904 ) Invasion of the Sea ( 1905 ) Other works Novels The Waif of the Cynthia ( 1885 ) The Lighthouse at the End of the World ( 1905 ) The Golden Volcano ( 1906 ) The Chase of the Golden Meteor ( 1908 ) The Danube Pilot ( 1908 ) The Survivors of the `` Jonathan '' ( 1909 ) The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz ( 1910 ) The Barsac Mission ( 1919 ) Backwards to Britain ( 1989 , written 1859 ) Paris in the Twentieth Century ( 1994 , written 1863 ) Collections Doctor Ox ( 1874 ) Yesterday and Tomorrow ( 1910 ) Short stories `` A Drama in Mexico '' ( 1851 ) `` A Drama in the Air '' ( 1851 ) `` Martin Paz '' ( 1852 ) `` Master Zacharius '' ( 1854 ) `` A Winter amid the Ice '' ( 1855 ) `` The Count of Chanteleine '' ( 1864 ) `` The Blockade Runners '' ( 1865 ) `` Dr. Ox 's Experiment '' ( 1872 ) `` An Ideal City '' ( 1875 ) `` The Mutineers of the Bounty '' ( 1879 ) `` Ten Hours Hunting '' ( 1881 ) `` Frritt - Flacc '' ( 1884 ) `` Gil Braltar '' ( 1887 ) `` In the Year 2889 '' ( 1889 ) `` Adventures of the Rat Family '' ( 1891 ) `` Mr. Ray Sharp and Miss Me Flat '' ( 1893 ) `` The Eternal Adam '' ( 1910 ) Plays The Broken Straws ( 1850 ) Mona Lisa ( 1852 ) Blind Man 's Buff ( 1853 ) The Adoptive Son ( 1853 Knights of the Daffodil ( 1855 ) Mr. Chimpanzee ( 1858 ) The Inn in the Ardennes ( 1860 ) Eleven Days ' Siege ( 1861 ) A Nephew from America ( 1873 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1874 ) The Children of Captain Grant ( 1878 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1880 ) Journey Through the Impossible ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Pigheaded ( 1883 ) Related The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne ( 1907 ) Universe Characters Aouda Tom Ayrton David Farragut Phileas Fogg Lord Glenarvan Captain Nemo Jacques Paganel Jean Passepartout Cyrus Smith Universe Leyden ball Nautilus HMS Sword Book BNF : cb12342582t ( data ) GND : 4835489 - 2 SUDOC : 089079728 VIAF : 181861005 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth&oldid=843278061 '' Categories : Journey to the Center of the Earth 1864 French novels Novels by Jules Verne 1864 science fiction novels French science fiction novels Lost world novels Novels about dinosaurs Novels set in Iceland Hollow Earth in fiction Fictional subterranea French novels adapted into films Novels set in Hamburg Novels set in Sicily French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games 1863 in fiction Cryptography in fiction Travel to the Earth 's center Hidden categories : Articles containing French - 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8679234345689046995	The Trials of Apollo	The Trials of Apollo - wikipedia The Trials of Apollo The Trials of Apollo Logo of the series The Hidden Oracle ( 2016 ) The Dark Prophecy ( 2017 ) The Burning Maze ( 2018 ) The Tyrant 's Tomb ( 2019 ) Author Rick Riordan Cover artist John Rocco Country United States Language English Genre Greek mythological fiction , fantasy , adventure and children 's fiction Publisher Hyperion Books Published May 3 , 2016 -- Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book No. of books 3 ( as of 2018 ) Preceded by The Heroes of Olympus The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the Heroes of Olympus series . It is set in the same world as other Riordan tales , and references characters and happenings from earlier series . A supplementary book has also been released in addition to the main series . The first book in the series , The Hidden Oracle , was released on May 3 , 2016 . The second book in the series , The Dark Prophecy , was released on May 2 , 2017 . The third book in the series , The Burning Maze , was released on May 1 , 2018 . The fourth book in the series , The Tyrant 's Tomb , will be released in Fall 2019 . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Books 2.1 The Hidden Oracle 2.2 The Dark Prophecy 2.3 The Burning Maze 2.4 The Tyrant 's Tomb 3 Supplementary works 3.1 Camp Half - Blood Confidential 4 Main characters 5 References Synopsis ( edit ) The series follows the trials of the god Apollo , who has been turned into a human as punishment from his father and king of the gods Zeus . Zeus is angry with Apollo for a variety of reasons , most notably for the younger god 's allowing his Roman descendant Octavian to rise to power during The Heroes of Olympus series by giving him his blessing . The final book of The Heroes of Olympus , The Blood of Olympus , takes place about six months before the beginning of The Trials of Apollo . Books ( edit ) The Hidden Oracle ( edit ) Main article : The Hidden Oracle The Hidden Oracle is the first book of the series . It is told in first - person by the main character Apollo , and uses haiku for chapter titles . The book was released on May 3 , 2016 . The book opens with Apollo landing in an alley in New York City -- in the form of a mortal teenager named Lester Papadopoulos because he had been one of the people who had encouraged the war between the Greeks and the Romans . He meets Meg McCaffrey , a homeless daughter of Demeter . Believing that he must only undertake some simple quest to regain his immortality , Apollo / Lester and Meg travel to Camp Half - Blood , where they learn most of the world 's Oracles have stopped working . The two undertake a quest to locate and protect the one remaining oracle , hoping also to learn how to help the other oracles and to regain Apollo 's immortality . Apollo ( Lester ) also finds out that the first oracle he has to save is heavily guarded by the mysterious ' beast ' . Will Apollo ( Lester ) be able to accomplish this task ? As Apollo falls from Mount Olympus into a dumpster , he is attacked by two muggers - sent by the first emperor - and is rescued by Meg , a daughter of Demeter . She claims his service and the two set off to Percy Jackson 's house . The trio drives to Camp Half - Blood , but also face deadly monsters during their journey . Once they arrive , they learn of the ' talking trees ' and demigod disappearances . Apollo and Meg meet the campers , along with Nico di Angelo ( Son of Hades ) and Will Solace ( son of Apollo ) . The two are openly dating and help Meg and Apollo when fighting the first emperor . After getting lost in the labyrinth through a camp sanctioned activity , Meg and Apollo leave to find the Grove of Dodonna , a grove of trees that tell prophecies . This oracle does not belong to Apollo , so the emperors can not control it . After fighting giant ants that kidnap Meg , Apollo confronts geyser spirits and finally finds Meg and the Grove . At the grove , they find the missing demigods in a trap and the Beast himself , emperor Nero , Meg 's stepfather . Meg switches loyalties , yet the two succeed in opening the Grove of Dodona and calming the enraged oracles . Meg takes off , and Apollo saves the missing demigods . As Apollo reaches Camp Half - Blood , he sees that Nero sent a colossal statue of himself to destroy the camp . After regaining a few of his former powers , Apollo destroys the statue and promises to find Meg again . Just as the fight ends , Leo and Calypso ( aboard Festus ) arrive at the camp . The three realize that they must travel to free the next oracle . The Dark Prophecy ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Prophecy The Dark Prophecy is the second book in the series . It was released on May 2 , 2017 . The book continues the story of Apollo as the mortal Lester , as he leaves the safety of Camp Half - Blood and journeys across North America to restore the remaining four Oracles and defeat the triumvirate of Roman emperors - turned - Gods , while also being helped by Leo Valdez , the now - mortal Calypso and Festus the bronze dragon . The Burning Maze ( edit ) Main article : The Burning Maze The Burning Maze is the third book in the series . It released on May 1 , 2018 . The book follows Lester Papadopoulos / Apollo , Meg McCaffrey and Grover Underwood while they try to rescue Herophile , an Oracle that speaks only in puzzles , from the Roman emperor Caligula and his talking horse , Incitatus . In the process , they meet some strixes that fed only on blood . They are repelled using strawberries . While sleeping , Apollo dreams about Herophile telling him that he must save her even though it 's a trap . When he wakes up , he finds himself in Grover 's base . When Meg wakes up , they find the line from the prophecy , ' Demeter 's daughter finds her ancient roots ' to occur . Apollo and Grover go out to try to find Gleeson Hedge in an army store called Macro 's Military Madness . They then find out that Macro , the store owner is actually Naevius Sutorius Macro , working for Caligula . He attacks them with an army of automatons . By activating ' command sequence : Daedalus twenty three ' , they defeat Macro with his own robots . They then navigate the maze with the help of Piper McLean and Jason Grace and find defeat Medea , the sorceress who was working with the emperor . The next day , Grover , Meg and Apollo using Caligula 's shoes walk the Labyrinth. they free Herophile and discover a new prophecy : `` Apollo faces death in tarquin 's tomb unless the doorway to the soundless god is opened by ... '' . They also discover that they need help from ' bellona 's daughter ' , Reyna , the praetor of camp Jupiter . The Tyrant 's Tomb ( edit ) The Tyrant 's Tomb is the fourth book in the series . It will be released in Fall 2019 . Supplementary works ( edit ) Camp Half - Blood Confidential ( edit ) A companion book titled Percy Jackson : Camp Half - Blood Confidential was released on May 2 , 2017 . Main characters ( edit ) Main article : List of characters in mythology novels by Rick Riordan § Camp Half - Blood chronicles Lester Papadopoulos ( Apollo ) : Lester Papadopoulos is the mortal teenage incarnation of the god Apollo and is the main character of the Trials of Apollo series . He has to deal with such ordinary human problems as zits , flabby muscles , and feeling pain once he becomes mortal . He is looking for Oracles to restore in an attempt to earn his way back to Mount Olympus . Meg McCaffrey : Meg McCaffrey is a twelve - year - old demigod who looks like a colorfully dressed street urchin . She is fierce , bossy , and tight - lipped about her past . She has a fearsome protector named Peaches . Peaches : Peaches is a Karpos that comes to Meg McCaffrey when she is in need . Leo Valdez : Leo Valdez is the son of God Hephaestus . He has returned after being revived from the Physician 's Cure after he was killed in The Blood of Olympus . Calypso : Calypso is the daughter of the Titan Atlas . After being imprisoned on the island of Ogygia for centuries , Leo Valdez rescued her and brought her to the Waystation to live temporarily . She assists Lester throughout The Dark Prophecy . Grover Underwood : Grover Underwood is a Satyr and the best friend of Percy Jackson . He is summoned by Meg to guide them through the Labyrinth . Piper McLean : Piper McLean is the daughter of the Goddess Aphrodite . She and her father have become bankrupt due to the Triumvirate Holdings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rick Riordan announces ' Trials of Apollo ' series set in Percy Jackson 's world '' . Hypable . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Riordan , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Hidden Oracle ! '' . RickRiordan.com . Rick Riordan . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Trials of Apollo ' book 2 info revealed on heels of ' Hidden Oracle ' release '' . Hypable . May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( 2016 ) . The Hidden Oracle . Los Angeles : Disney - Hyperion . ISBN 9781484732748 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Prophecy -- Rick Riordan '' . rickriordan.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://rickriordan.com/series/the-trials-of-apollo/ The Rick Riordan official Website Jump up ^ `` From Percy Jackson : Camp Half - Blood Confidential ( An Official Rick Riordan Companion Book ) : Your Real Guide to the Demigod Training Camp ( Trials of Apollo ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles by Rick Riordan Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members Stage The Lightning Thief ( musical ) The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Trials_of_Apollo&oldid=854155711 '' Categories : The Trials of Apollo Young adult novel series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 09 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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895209831565178440	New York Islanders	New York Islanders - Wikipedia New York Islanders Jump to : navigation , search New York Islanders 2017 -- 18 New York Islanders season Conference Eastern Division Metropolitan Founded 1972 History New York Islanders 1972 -- present Home arena Barclays Center City New York City , New York Colors Royal Blue , Orange , White Media MSG Plus MSG WLNY 10 / 55 WFAN ( 101.9 FM ) WRHU ( 88.7 FM ) Univision Deportes ( 1280 AM ) Owner ( s ) Jon Ledecky , Scott D. Malkin ( primary ) Charles Wang ( minority ) General manager Garth Snow Head coach Doug Weight Captain John Tavares Minor league affiliates Bridgeport Sound Tigers ( AHL ) Worcester Railers ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 4 ( 1979 -- 80 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 ) Conference championships 6 ( 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 6 ( 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1983 -- 84 , 1987 -- 88 ) Official website nhl.com/islanders The New York Islanders are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team plays its home games at Barclays Center in the borough of Brooklyn . The Islanders are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Rangers , and their fan base resides primarily on Long Island . The team was founded in 1972 as part of the NHL 's maneuvers to keep a team from rival league World Hockey Association ( WHA ) out of the newly built Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in suburban Uniondale , New York . After two years of building up the team 's roster , they found almost instant success by securing fourteen straight playoff berths starting with their third season . The Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup championships between 1980 and 1983 , the seventh of eight dynasties recognized by the NHL in its history . Their 19 consecutive playoff series wins between 1980 and 1984 is a feat that remains unparalleled in the history of professional sports . Following the team 's dynasty era , the franchise ran into problems with money , ownership and management , an aging arena , and low attendance . Their woes were reflected on the ice , as the team has not won a division title since 1987 -- 88 , and went 22 seasons without winning a playoff series prior to the 2016 playoffs . After years of failed attempts to rebuild or replace Nassau Coliseum in suburban Long Island , the Islanders relocated to the Barclays Center following the 2014 -- 15 season . Eight former members of the Islanders have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , seven of whom -- Al Arbour , Mike Bossy , Clark Gillies , Denis Potvin , Billy Smith , Bill Torrey , and Bryan Trottier -- were members of all four Cup - winning teams . Pat LaFontaine is the most recent inductee , having been honored in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The NHL heads to Long Island ( 1972 -- 1974 ) 1.2 Ascendancy and playoff inability ( 1974 -- 1979 ) 1.3 The Dynasty ( 1980 -- 1983 ) 1.4 Post-dynasty and the Easter Epic ( 1984 -- 1991 ) 1.5 New faces and the miracle of 1993 ( 1991 -- 1995 ) 1.6 Management issues ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1.7 New ownership and a return to the playoffs ( 2000 -- 2006 ) 1.8 Management shake - ups and the Rick DiPietro contract ( 2006 -- 2009 ) 1.9 The John Tavares era begins ( 2009 -- 2014 ) 1.10 Move to Barclays Center and playoff series win ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Team identity 2.1 Logo 2.2 Jerseys 2.3 Mascot and Ice Girls 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players and personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Honored members 4.3 Franchise records and scoring leaders 4.4 Team captains 4.5 General managers 4.6 Head coaches 5 Television and radio 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 8 External links History ( edit ) The NHL heads to Long Island ( 1972 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) William Shea played a major role in bringing a hockey team to Long Island . With the impending start of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) in the fall of 1972 , the upstart league planned to place its New York team , the Raiders , in Nassau County 's brand - new Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum . County officials did not consider the WHA a major league and wanted to keep the Raiders out . William Shea , who had helped bring Major League Baseball 's New York Mets to the area a decade earlier , was enlisted to bring an NHL team to Long Island . Shea found a receptive ear in NHL president Clarence Campbell but faced opposition from the New York Rangers , who did n't want additional competition in the New York area . Eventually , Campbell and Shea persuaded the Rangers ' owners , Madison Square Garden , to reconsider . Rangers ' president Bill Jennings realized that he had two choices . If he allowed another New York - based NHL team , he would at least be able to extract compensation from it for sharing the Rangers ' NHL territory . In contrast , a WHA rival would not be obligated to pay the Rangers anything . Perhaps remembering the crucial role the New York Jets had played in ensuring the success of the American Football League just a few years earlier , Jennings ended up helping to bring a new NHL team into town . Despite expanding to 14 teams just two years prior , the NHL hastily awarded a Long Island - based franchise to clothing manufacturer Roy Boe , owner of the American Basketball Association 's New York Nets , on November 8 , 1971 . The terms included $6 million ( $35.10 million in 2017 dollars ) franchise fee plus a $5 million ( $29.25 million in 2017 dollars ) territorial fee to the Rangers . An expansion franchise was also given to Atlanta ( the Flames ) to keep the schedule balanced . The franchise chose New York Islanders as its name , although many expected it to choose the `` Long Island Ducks '' , the name used by a team that played in the Eastern Hockey League from 1959 -- 73 . The team was soon nicknamed the `` Isles '' by the local newspapers . The Islanders ' arrival effectively doomed the Raiders , who played in Madison Square Garden under difficult lease terms and were forced to move to Cherry Hill , New Jersey in the middle of their second season . On February 14 , 1972 , Bill Torrey , executive vice president of the NHL 's California Golden Seals , was named as the team 's general manager . The Islanders secured veteran forward Ed Westfall , defenseman Gerry Hart , and goaltender Billy Smith in the 1972 Expansion Draft , along with junior league stars Billy Harris , Lorne Henning , and Bobby Nystrom in the 1972 Amateur Draft . Soon after the draft , Phil Goyette was named as the team 's first head coach , however he was fired halfway through the season and replaced with Earl Ingarfield and assistant coach Aut Erickson . Unlike most other expansion teams ' general managers , Torrey made few trades for veteran players in the early years , as he was committed to building the team through the draft ; he stated , `` I told the owners that we 're not going to beat this team next door by taking the castoffs from others teams . We 'd have to develop our own stars . '' Before the season began , Westfall was named the team 's first captain . Their first win came on October 12 , 1972 in a 3 - 2 game against the Los Angeles Kings . In the team 's first season , young players such as Smith , Nystrom , and Henning ( all of whom would be part of the Islanders dynasty that would win four straight Stanley Cups in the 1980s ) were given chances to prove themselves in the NHL . However , the young and inexperienced expansion team posted a record of 12 -- 60 -- 6 , setting an NHL record for amount of losses and worst overall record in a season . A rare highlight occurred on January 18 when they defeated the defending Stanley Cup Champion Boston Bruins 9 - 7 . Finishing last in the standings that season , they received the right to select first in the 1973 draft . Off the ice , the Islanders struggled financially , a situation that was exacerbated by the then unprecedented 11 million dollars in franchise and territorial fees . Montreal Canadiens ' general manager Sam Pollock was keen to acquire the Islanders ' pick so he could bring French Canadian junior star defenseman Denis Potvin , who had been touted as `` the next Bobby Orr '' when he was 14 years old , to Montreal . Pollock made several lucrative trade offers including cash to the Islanders , but Torrey turned the Canadiens down and selected Potvin with the first overall pick . During the off - season , Torrey convinced former St. Louis Blues coach Al Arbour to come coach the Islanders . Even with Arbour as the team 's head coach and Potvin , who won the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year , the team again finished last in the East Division that season , but allowed 100 fewer goals than the previous season . The season included their first win against the Rangers , on October 27 , 1973 , which also happened to be the game where Potvin scored his first NHL goal . Although they failed to make the playoffs , their 56 points represented a 26 - point improvement from the previous season . Ascendancy and playoff inability ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Denis Potvin led the Islanders to playoff success in the 1970s and 1980s . With the fourth and twenty - second picks in the 1974 draft , the Islanders added young forwards Clark Gillies and Bryan Trottier to continue Torrey 's building plan . In 1975 , the Islanders made one of the biggest turnarounds in NHL history . Led by Potvin , forwards Westfall , Harris , Nystrom , Gillies , and goaltenders Smith and Glenn `` Chico '' Resch , the team earned 88 points , 32 more than the previous season and two more than their first two seasons combined , earning their first playoff berth . They defeated the rival New York Rangers in a best - of - 3 first - round series as J.P. Parise scored just 11 seconds into overtime of the third game . In the next round , down three games to none in a best - of - seven series against the Pittsburgh Penguins , the Islanders rallied to win the next four and take the series winning Game 7 on a late third period goal by Westfall . Only four other major North American professional sports teams have accomplished this feat ( the 1941 -- 42 Toronto Maple Leafs , Major League Baseball 's 2004 Boston Red Sox , the 2009 -- 10 Philadelphia Flyers , and the 2013 -- 14 Los Angeles Kings ) . They were close but not as lucky in the following round , rallying from another 3 -- 0 deficit to force a seventh game against the defending Stanley Cup champion Philadelphia Flyers before the Flyers took the decisive seventh game at home and went on to win the Cup again . Despite a disappointing playoff finish , Arbour remained complimentary of the team 's attitude and maturity , saying `` If I called a practice next week , every one of them would show up . '' The Islanders continued their climb up the standings in 1975 -- 76 , earning 101 points and the fifth - best record in the league . It was the first 100 - point season in Islanders history , in only their fourth year of existence . Rookie center Trottier finished the season scoring 95 points and winning the Calder Memorial Trophy ; his points and assists ( 63 ) totals set a new league record for most in each category by a rookie . It would be the first of four consecutive 100 - point seasons , including the first two division titles in franchise history . Despite the emergence of young star players and regular season success between 1976 and 1979 the Islanders suffered a series of playoff disappointments . In 1976 and 1977 , the Islanders were knocked out in the semi-finals by eventual Stanley Cup champions , the Montreal Canadiens . The Canadiens posted a 24 -- 3 record in the playoffs during those two years with all three losses coming from the Islanders . Mike Bossy was selected with the 15th overall pick in 1977 and became the third Islander to win the Calder Memorial Trophy in his first season . In the 1977 draft , Torrey had the 15th overall pick and was deciding between forwards Mike Bossy and Dwight Foster . Bossy was known as an emerging scorer who lacked physicality . Foster was known as a solid checker with marginal offensive ability ( despite having led the Ontario Hockey League in scoring ) . Arbour persuaded Torrey to pick Bossy , arguing it was easier to teach a scorer how to check . In the upcoming 1977 -- 78 season , Bossy became the third Islander to win the Calder Trophy , having scored 53 goals that season , the most scored by a rookie at the time . The team earned their first Patrick Division and Campbell Conference championships . Six players finished the season with 30 goals scored or more , with five of them being players drafted by the Islanders , showing the success of the draft building process . The season ended with a familiar result as the team lost in the overtime during playoffs Game 7 of the quarterfinals against the Toronto Maple Leafs ; Billy Harris failed on a breakaway which was followed by Lanny McDonald scoring to complete an upset . In 1978 -- 79 , the team finished with the best record in the NHL , clinching it with three goals in the third period of the seasons final game against the Rangers . Trottier was voted the league MVP and captured the scoring title , while sophomore Bossy scored 69 goals , which also led the league . Despite their regular season dominance , the Islanders exited the playoffs with another upset playoff loss , this time to the Rangers in the semi-finals . As the team was leaving Madison Square Garden following their Game 6 elimination , Rangers fans rocked and threw objects at the team 's bus . Hockey professionals and journalists generally questioned whether the Islanders were capable of winning the important games needed to win a Stanley Cup . Islander players would cite fear of repeating the pain of this loss as spurring their later success . After surrendering the captaincy to Gillies the season before , Westfall retired and shortly thereafter became a color commentator on the team 's telecasts . Off the ice , the Islanders were on shaky ground . Boe was losing money on both the Islanders and the Nets even as the Islanders quickly surged to NHL prominence and the Nets became an American Basketball Association power . The Islanders were still far behind on the $10 million they had paid in startup costs , and the expenses associated with moving the Nets to the National Basketball Association threw Boe 's finances into a tailspin . Eventually , Boe was forced to sell both his teams . He readily found a buyer for the Nets , but had less luck finding one for the Islanders . Torrey orchestrated a sale to one of the team 's limited partners , John Pickett . In return , Pickett promoted Torrey to team president , though Torrey had already been operating head of the franchise before then . Soon after purchasing the team , Pickett signed a very lucrative cable contract with the fledgling SportsChannel network as their owner , Charles Dolan , thought the up - and - coming Islanders would be a perfect centerpiece for his new network . Dolan gave Pickett a long - term guaranteed contract intended to not only keep the team on Long Island , but give area governments an incentive to renew his cable contracts . The Islanders have remained on the network , now known as MSG Plus , for over a quarter - century . The Dynasty ( 1980 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) After the Islanders ' regular season dominance and playoff disappointment in 1979 , Arbour decided that he would no longer concern himself too greatly with his team 's finish in the regular season . Instead , he focused his team 's energy on how they would perform in the playoffs . In 1980 , the Islanders dropped below the 100 - point mark for the first time in five years , earning only 91 points . However , they finally broke through and won the Stanley Cup . Before the 1980 playoffs , the Islanders acquired Butch Goring from the Los Angeles Kings . Goring 's arrival was often called the `` final piece of the puzzle . '' Before the playoffs , Torrey made the difficult decision to trade longtime and popular veterans Billy Harris and defenseman Dave Lewis to the Los Angeles Kings for second line center Butch Goring . Goring 's arrival is often called the `` final piece of the puzzle '' : a strong two - way player , his presence on the second line ensured that opponents would no longer be able to focus their defensive efforts on the Islanders ' first line of Bossy , Trottier and Clark Gillies . Contributions from new teammates , such as wingers Duane Sutter and Anders Kallur and stay - at - home defensemen Dave Langevin , Gord Lane , and Ken Morrow ( the latter fresh off a gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics ) , also figured prominently in the Islanders ' playoff success . In the semi-finals , the Islanders faced the Buffalo Sabres , who had finished second overall in the NHL standings . The Islanders won the first two games in Buffalo , including a 2 - 1 victory in game two on Bob Nystrom 's goal in double overtime . They went on to win the series in six games and reach the finals for the first time in franchise history , where they would face the NHL 's regular season champions , the Philadelphia Flyers , who had gone undefeated for 35 straight games ( 25 -- 0 -- 10 ) during the regular season . In game one in Philadelphia , the Islanders won 4 -- 3 on Denis Potvin 's power - play goal in overtime . Leading the series 3 -- 2 , they went home to Long Island for game six . In that game the Islanders blew a 4 - 2 lead in the third period but Bob Nystrom continued his overtime heroics , scoring at 7 : 11 of the extra frame , on assists by John Tonelli and Lorne Henning , to bring Long Island its first Stanley Cup . This was the most recent Stanley Cup clinching game won in overtime by the home team until the Los Angeles Kings pulled it off in 2014 . It was also the Islanders ' sixth overtime victory of the playoffs . Bryan Trottier won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the playoffs . Torrey 's strategy of building through the draft turned out very well ; nearly all of the major contributors on the 1980 champions were home - grown Islanders or had spent most of their NHL careers in the Islanders organization . The Islanders were the first NHL team to win a Stanley Cup ( in 1980 ) with Europeans ( Stefan Persson , Anders Kallur ) on its roster . The Islanders dominated the next two seasons . Bossy scored 50 goals in 50 games in 1981 and the Islanders lost only three playoff games en route to defeating the Minnesota North Stars in five games to win the Stanley Cup . Butch Goring won the Conn Smythe Trophy . During their semi-final sweep of the Rangers , Islander fans began taunting the Rangers with a chant of `` 1940 ! '' -- referring to the Rangers ' last Stanley Cup win in 1940 ( the Rangers would not win the cup again until 1994 ) . Fans in other NHL cities soon picked up the chant . These four banners hang in Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum and represent the four Stanley Cup championships the Islanders won from 1980 through 1983 . In 1981 -- 82 the Islanders won a then - record 15 straight games en route to a franchise - record 118 points , while Mike Bossy set a scoring record for right wingers with 147 points in an 80 - game schedule . The Islanders won the Presidents ' Trophy , yet once in the playoffs against the Pittsburgh Penguins they found themselves down late in the third period of deciding game 5 before John Tonelli scored both the tying goal and the overtime winner . After defeating the Rangers in six games they swept both the upstart Quebec Nordiques and the Cinderella story Vancouver Canucks in the first ever coast - to - coast Stanley Cup Final for their third straight championship . During that series Bossy , upended by a check from Tiger Williams and falling parallel to the ice , managed to hook the puck with his stick and score . Bossy netted the Stanley Cup - winning goal and was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The next year , although the Islanders had won three straight Stanley Cups , more attention was being paid to the upstart Edmonton Oilers , whose young superstar Wayne Gretzky had just shattered existing scoring records . The 1982 -- 83 season was thus a battle to decide which was the best team in the NHL . The Oilers had a better regular season , but the Islanders swept them in the Stanley Cup finals to win their fourth straight championship . Billy Smith was named the Most Valuable Player of the Playoffs after shutting down the Oilers ' vaunted scoring machine . Gretzky failed to score a goal during the series . The Sutter brothers , Duane and Brent , scored 7 and 5 points respectively in the first 3 games , while Bossy again scored the Stanley Cup - winning goal in game four . After that game , the Oilers players walked past the Islanders ' dressing room and were surprised to see the champions exhausted . Oilers players such as Gretzky and Mark Messier said that they realized at that moment how much it would actually take to win the Stanley Cup . Post-dynasty and the Easter Epic ( 1984 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) The Islanders finished the 1983 -- 84 regular season tied atop the Prince of Wales Conference while successfully defending their Patrick Division title . The `` Drive for Five '' got off to a tense start . With 39 seconds remaining of the deciding game of the opening round against the Rangers they gave up the tying goal to Don Maloney that the Islanders felt was illegal because Maloney 's stick was too high . They ultimately eliminated the Rangers for the fourth consecutive year . The team then defeated the Washington Capitals in five games and the Montreal Canadiens in six to set up a finals rematch with the Oilers . The series featured rookie Pat LaFontaine scoring two third period goals in 38 seconds . This time , the Oilers dethroned the Islanders to win the first of what would be five Stanley Cups in seven years . For the 1984 playoffs , the NHL changed the home and away schedule for the finals , which provided the Islanders home ice advantage in the series based on winning a regular season game against the Oilers , despite finishing lower than them in the overall standings . The new format had them play three straight games in Edmonton , where the Oilers managed to lock up the series . Bossy cited the team 's hard time winning an away game as their downfall in the series . The Oilers also ended the Islanders ' 19 series playoff winning streak . It remains the longest streak in the history of professional sports ( one more than the 1959 -- 67 streak by the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association ) . Unlike the 1976 -- 79 Montreal Canadiens , who needed to win three series in the 1976 and 1977 playoffs under the playoff format in place at that time , the Islanders had to win four series in each of their Stanley Cup seasons . The Islanders remained competitive for the rest of the decade , even as some of the stars from the Cup teams departed . As the decade wore on , Pickett began to keep the money from the team 's cable deal rather than reinvest it in the team as he had done in years past . Although it did not become clear immediately , the lack of funds limited Torrey 's ability to replace all of the departing talent . In the 1984 -- 85 NHL season , the Islanders slipped to third in their division , followed by similar results in the 1985 -- 86 and 1986 -- 87 seasons . They began facing stiff competition from division rivals , the Philadelphia Flyers , who eliminated the Islanders in the Patrick Division Finals in 1985 and 1987 , and the Washington Capitals , who swept the Islanders ' 1986 first round series , the team 's first exit without winning a playoff round since 1978 . Kelly Hrudey ( pictured in 2006 ) saved 73 of 75 shots in the `` Easter Epic '' for the Islanders , who came out victorious after four periods of overtime play . In 1986 , Nystrom retired due to a serious injury and Clark Gillies was picked up on waivers by the Buffalo Sabres . Arbour retired as coach following the 1985 -- 86 season and was replaced by longtime junior hockey coach Terry Simpson . During the first round of the 1987 playoffs against the Capitals , the Islanders had fallen behind in the series three games to one but were not eliminated due to a playoff format change from a best - of - 5 series to a best - of - 7 . The Islanders evened the series , which set the stage for one of the most famous games in NHL history : the `` Easter Epic '' . Kelly Hrudey stopped 73 shots on goal while Pat LaFontaine scored at 8 : 47 of the fourth overtime -- and at 1 : 56 a.m. on Easter Sunday morning . The win came even though the Islanders had been outshot 75 -- 52 . They were eliminated in the Patrick Division finals in seven games by the Flyers . Chronic back pain forced Mike Bossy to retire after the season . The following season , the Islanders captured another division title , but were defeated in the first round of the playoffs by the upstart New Jersey Devils . Potvin retired after the playoffs , holding records for most career goals ( 310 ) , assists ( 742 ) and points ( 1052 ) by a defenseman , though he has since been passed in these categories by Ray Bourque and Paul Coffey . Around this time , the team 's run of good luck in the draft began to run out . Of their four top draft picks from 1987 to 1990 , they lost one to a freak knee injury and two others never panned out . The 1988 -- 89 season saw the Islanders win only seven of their first 27 games . Torrey fired Simpson and brought Arbour back . Arbour was unable to turn things around , and the team finished with 61 points , tied with the Quebec Nordiques for the worst record in the league . It was their first losing season and the first time missing the playoffs since their second season . Smith , the last remaining original Islanders player , retired after the season to become the team 's goaltending coach . Not long after the end of the season , Pickett moved to Florida and turned over day - to - day operations over to a committee of four Long Island entrepreneurs : Ralph Palleschi , Bob Rosenthal , Stephen Walsh , and Paul Greenwood . In return , they each bought a 2.5 interest in the team . In the next season , the Islanders rebounded to get back in the playoffs , but fell to the Rangers in five games of the opening round . The team bought out the remaining years of Bryan Trottier 's contract , sending him off with a team record of games played . The 1990 -- 91 season had the team finish well out of the playoffs after winning only 25 games . New faces and the Miracle of 1993 ( 1991 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) LaFontaine , the Islanders ' remaining superstar , was frustrated with the team 's lack of success and the progress of his contract negotiations , and held out rather than report to camp before 1991 -- 92 . In response to the holdout , Torrey engineered a rebuilding project with two blockbuster trades on October 25 , 1991 . He dealt LaFontaine , Randy Wood and Randy Hillier ( along with future considerations ) to the Buffalo Sabres in return for Pierre Turgeon , Benoit Hogue , Uwe Krupp and Dave McLlwain . He also sent longtime captain Brent Sutter and Brad Lauer to the Chicago Blackhawks for Steve Thomas and Adam Creighton . With these additions and a talented core of players such as Derek King , Ray Ferraro , and Patrick Flatley , along with incoming Soviet players Vladimir Malakhov and Darius Kasparaitis , the Islanders had a new foundation in the early 1990s . However , the management committee was not nearly as patient as Boe and Pickett had been , and forced Torrey to resign after the Islanders missed the playoffs again that season . Assistant general manager Don Maloney was hired in Torrey 's place , while Torrey quickly resurfaced with the expansion Florida Panthers . In Maloney 's first year , 1992 -- 93 , the Islanders rebounded to make the playoffs , in the process surpassing the 80 - point mark for the first time in six years . The LaFontaine - Turgeon trade proved successful for both the Islanders and Sabres , as both players hit career highs in points and Turgeon won the Lady Byng Trophy . Ray Ferraro emerged as a playoff hero , scoring a pair of overtime winners in the first round series against the Capitals . Instead of celebrating after winning Game 6 at Nassau Coliseum , however , the Islanders were both irate and despondent . Turgeon , the team 's star center and leading scorer , suffered a shoulder separation when Dale Hunter checked him from behind as he celebrated a series - clinching goal . Turgeon was believed to be out for the entire second round , if not longer . He returned only for spot power play duty in the last game of the second round . Hunter received a then - record 21 - game suspension . The Islanders ' next opponent , the Pittsburgh Penguins , were twice - defending Stanley Cup champions and full of stars such as Mario Lemieux , Jaromir Jagr , and Ron Francis . The Penguins had roared through the regular season with 119 points , as well as recording a record 17 consecutive wins towards the end of the season , and were overwhelmingly favored to win a third straight championship . Jim Smith of Newsday , Long Island 's hometown newspaper , predicted that with Turgeon on the sidelines , the Penguins would sweep the Islanders out of the playoffs . However , on the strength of outstanding goaltending from Glenn Healy and contributions from all four lines , the Islanders achieved a huge upset when David Volek scored at 5 : 16 of overtime of the deciding seventh game . Newsday 's front page the day following the win was a picture of Healy with a headline reading , `` It 's a Miracle ! '' This was the last playoff series won by the Islanders for 23 years , until the 2015 -- 16 season . Turgeon returned to the Islanders ' top line for the Wales Conference Finals against the Montreal Canadiens , though he was not in peak form as he had not fully recovered . The Islanders bowed out of the playoffs after a hard - fought five games , two of which went to overtime . After beating the Islanders , the Canadiens went on to win the Cup . Maloney had avoided making many personnel changes his first year , but on the eve of the 1993 Expansion Draft he traded backup goaltender Mark Fitzpatrick to the Quebec Nordiques for Ron Hextall . The clubs also exchanged first - round picks in the deal . Able to protect only one netminder in the Expansion Draft , the Islanders left Healy exposed . He was claimed by the Anaheim Mighty Ducks , then was claimed by the Tampa Bay Lightning in Phase II of the draft the next day , and finally had his rights traded to the Rangers , where he was the backup . The Islanders barely squeezed past the Panthers to make the 1994 playoffs before being swept in a lopsided opening series by the first - place Rangers , who went on to win the Cup . Arbour retired for good as coach and was succeeded by longtime assistant Lorne Henning . Hextall , who allowed 16 goals in three games , drew most of the criticism for the failed playoff campaign and was shipped to Philadelphia for Tommy Soderstrom in September . In the lockout - shortened 1994 -- 95 season , the Islanders not only failed to qualify for the playoffs , they finished ahead of only the third - year Ottawa Senators . Management issues ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) By the end of the 1994 -- 95 season , Maloney was under considerable heat from the press and fan base for his handling of the team . Since taking over in 1992 , the only noticeable attempt he made to upgrade the roster was the acquisition of Hextall . Near the end of the failed 1995 campaign , Maloney decided that the core of players he had left alone for three seasons needed to be revamped , leading to a rebuilding project . He traded Turgeon and Malakhov to the Montreal Canadiens for Kirk Muller and Mathieu Schneider , while Hogue was sent to Toronto for young goaltender Eric Fichaud . Additionally , Maloney allowed the team 's leading scorer , Ferraro , to depart as an unrestricted free agent at the conclusion of the season . Fans ' displeasure at Maloney for trading the popular Turgeon was magnified when Muller balked at joining a rebuilding team . He played 45 games for the Islanders before being sent to Toronto as well . Before the 1995 -- 96 season , Maloney fired Henning and named Mike Milbury head coach . The same year , the Islanders ' attempt at updating their look resulted in the unveiling of a new team logo of a slicker - clad fisherman holding a hockey stick . Islanders fans disliked it , and rival Rangers ' fans mockingly called the Islanders `` fishsticks '' -- mocking how the logo resembled the Gorton 's Fisherman . The team reverted to a modified version of the old logo as soon as the league allowed them to do so . The year was a disappointment on the ice as well , as the Islanders finished in last place with a record of 22 -- 50 -- 10 . During the season , team management fired Maloney , whom fans blamed for the team 's downfall , and gave Milbury full control of hockey operations as both a coach and general manager . Milbury went on to resign as head coach during the following season and elevated assistant Rick Bowness to the position . After another unsuccessful season with little improvement , Milbury took over as coach again during the 1997 -- 98 season . The team improved to fourth place in their division but again failed to make the playoffs . Milbury followed by once again stepping down as coach during the following season while retaining his job as general manager . During the continued playoff drought , instability in the front office mirrored the Islanders ' substandard performance on the ice . Pickett sold the team to Dallas businessman John Spano in 1996 . However , three months after the 1997 closing , Spano had only paid Pickett a fraction of the first installment on the cable rights deal . Several Islanders executives tipped off Newsday that something was amiss about their new boss . In July , Newsday exposed Spano as a fraud who did not have the assets required to complete the deal . The investigation showed that Spano had deliberately misled the NHL and the Islanders about his net worth , and also had two lawsuits pending against him . Within days of the report , Spano was forced to relinquish the team to Pickett . Federal prosecutors turned up evidence that Spano had forged many of the documents used to vouch for his wealth and to promise payment to Pickett , and even appeared to have sent many of the documents from his own office in Dallas . He was sentenced to 71 months in prison for bank and wire fraud . The NHL took additional heat when reports surfaced that the league spent well under $1,000 ( depending on the source , the league spent either $525 or $750 ) to check Spano 's background . It subsequently stiffened the process for vetting future owners . The incident and its aftermath were covered in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary , Big Shot . Pickett finally found a buyer , a group led by Howard Milstein and Phoenix Coyotes co-owner Steven Gluckstern , a deal which almost fell through when Spectacor Management Group , which managed the Coliseum for Nassau County , tried to force Pickett to certify that the Coliseum was safe . Pickett refused , since the Coliseum had fallen into disrepair in recent seasons . SMG backed down under pressure from the Islanders , the NHL , and Nassau County officials . Initially , the team made numerous trades and increased their payroll in an effort to assemble a better team . In one transaction , young players Todd Bertuzzi and Bryan McCabe were traded for veteran Trevor Linden . After the Islanders finished 12 points short of the playoffs in the 1997 -- 98 season , however , Milstein and Gluckstern decided to run the team on an austere budget in an attempt to make a profit . They also complained about the condition of the Nassau Coliseum and made noises about moving the team elsewhere . They began trading or releasing many popular players to avoid paying their salaries , including star scorer Zigmund Palffy , team captain Linden , former rookie of the year Bryan Berard , and rugged defenseman Rich Pilon . Losing the highly regarded players , the team finished with similar results the next two seasons . Attendance , which had been in a steady decline over the past few years , decreased even further to under 12,000 per game . Around that time , Milstein bid hundreds of millions of dollars in unsuccessful attempts to purchase the National Football League 's Washington Redskins and Cleveland Browns . New ownership and a return to the playoffs ( 2000 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Let 's face it , the Coliseum is a dump , and the team , well , they 're losers . It 's a real shame . We want to see it change because this is our home . We all deserve better . -- Charles Wang In 2000 , Milstein and Gluckstern sold the team to Computer Associates executives Charles Wang and Sanjay Kumar . The sale cost $187.5 million ( $266.45 million in 2017 dollars ) and gave fans hope for the team to turn its lack of success around . The new owners allowed Milbury to spend money and invest in free agents . His first attempt proved unpopular with fans , as he traded away future star players Roberto Luongo and Olli Jokinen to the Florida Panthers for Oleg Kvasha and Mark Parrish . Milbury then further surprised the hockey world when he took Rick DiPietro with the first selection in the 2000 draft , ahead of consensus picks Dany Heatley and Marian Gaborik . Reporters and fans were alternately confused and enraged by the moves , which Milbury acknowledged , saying , `` As dangerous as this may be , we think Mad Mike maybe has something going for him . '' Establishing a record of controversial decisions , Milbury held onto the `` Mad Mike '' nickname for years to follow . He remained adamant that his moves were to immediately improve the team , whose poor winning percentage that year was only ahead of only that of the franchise 's first season . The team 's uninspired play led Milbury to fire head coach and past player Butch Goring . Fans vocalized their dislike of Goring taking the fall rather than Milbury , which was further worsened when Milbury passed on hiring Ted Nolan as Goring 's successor ; Instead , Boston Bruins assistant coach Peter Laviolette was hired . The Islanders acquired Alexei Yashin ( left ) prior to the 2001 -- 02 season . Yashin would go on to become the team 's captain in later years . Three key personnel acquisitions were made prior to the 2001 -- 02 season , Laviolette 's first . Alexei Yashin was acquired from the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forward Bill Muckalt , defenseman Zdeno Chara and the Islanders ' second overall pick in the 2001 draft . Next , Islanders prospects Tim Connolly and Taylor Pyatt were traded to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Michael Peca , who became the team 's captain . By virtue of finishing with the worst record in the previous season , Detroit Red Wings goaltender Chris Osgood was the next addition , taken as the first pick in the September 2001 waiver draft , adding a former Stanley Cup championship goaltender without giving up any players in exchange . The additions proved to be a great help , as the team opened the season with a 9 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 record , the best in franchise history . They finished the season with new broken records ; their 96 points marked the fourth biggest one - year turn - around in the league 's history ( 44 points higher than the previous season ) , while Osgood 's 66 starts surpassed Billy Smith 's previous record of 65 . During the 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs , they were seeded fifth and faced the fourth - seeded Toronto Maple Leafs . The Islanders lost in a very physical first round series in seven games ; the home team won every game of the series . Notably , Game 5 featured Gary Roberts charging Islander defenseman Kenny Jonsson , and Darcy Tucker submarining Peca with a questionable check that tore the Islander captain 's anterior cruciate ligament , sidelining both players for the series ' final game . The situation between Tucker and Peca caused a bit of outrage , with speculation that Tucker had intended to injury Peca before the game has even began , which Tucker denied . Despite the promise shown in the Toronto playoff series , the Islanders had a slow start to the 2002 -- 03 season . They rebounded to make the playoffs , but lost a five - game series in the first round to the top - seeded Ottawa Senators . Milbury continued his controversial move - making by firing Laviolette after the season , citing post-eason interviews with the players in which they expressed a lack of confidence in the coach . He was replaced with Steve Stirling , who had previously been coaching the team 's top minor league affiliate , the Bridgeport Sound Tigers . In the following season , the Islanders again lost in the first round of the playoffs , this time to the eventual champion Tampa Bay Lightning . Following the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout , which eliminated that season of play , the Islanders made several player moves to increase offense for following season . Peca was traded to the Edmonton Oilers for center Mike York , freeing up room under the NHL 's new salary cap . The same day , the team signed winger Miroslav Satan to play alongside Yashin . Milbury also worked on remaking the team 's defense , adding Alexei Zhitnik , Brad Lukowich and Brent Sopel to replace the departed Adrian Aucoin and Roman Hamrlik , who left as free agents , and Jonsson , who left the NHL to play in the HockeyAllsvenskan in Sweden . In the aftermath , Yashin was named as the team 's new captain . The team 's inconsistent play led to Stirling 's dismissal midway through the season . Management shake - ups and the Rick DiPietro contract ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) On the day of Stirling 's firing , January 11 , 2006 , Milbury also announced that he would step down as general manager once a successor was found . He served as vice president of Wang 's sports properties for one year before resigning in May 2007 . Wang proceeded by hiring Neil Smith as general manager and Ted Nolan as head coach , following a brief stint by Brad Shaw as the team 's interim head coach . Smith , however , was fired after approximately one month and quickly replaced by the team 's backup goaltender Garth Snow , who retired from his playing career to accept the position . Before his dismissal , Smith made several free agent acquisitions , including defensemen Brendan Witt and Tom Poti , and forwards Mike Sillinger and Chris Simon . On September 12 , 2006 , the Islanders signed DiPietro to a 15 - year , $67.5 million ( $81.94 million in 2017 dollars ) contract , which was believed to be the longest contract to date in the NHL and the second - longest in North American sports , behind a 25 - year contract for National Basketball Association player Magic Johnson . DiPietro , Wang and Snow all spoke confidently and felt it was the best move for both sides , despite the mixed reactions it received from the rest of the hockey world . Specifically , Wang stated , `` This is not a big deal . You have to have a commitment to who you 're working with . '' As speculation began as to whether other teams would follow suit and give lengthy contracts to star players , Atlanta Thrashers ' general manager Don Waddell felt that , `` It 's highly unlikely that you will see teams go beyond that . This is a once - in - a-lifetime contract . Ownership must feel very strongly that he 's their guy for the next 15 years . '' The new - look Islanders were picked by most analysts to languish towards the bottom of the standings . Eyeing a playoff spot , Snow traded for forward Ryan Smyth from the Edmonton Oilers at the trade deadline on February 27 , 2007 . Injuries to DiPietro and a distracting stick swinging incident that resulted in Simon 's suspension for the rest of the season provided extra setbacks , but not enough to drop the team from playoff contention . They qualified for the playoffs , assisted by a late - season winning steak and a 3 -- 2 shootout victory against the New Jersey Devils in their final regular season game . Despite DiPietro 's return to the team in time for the playoffs , the team lost their first round matchup in five games to the Presidents ' Trophy - winning Buffalo Sabres . Bill Guerin was the team captain in 2007 to 2009 . Management announced in June 2007 that they would buy out captain Alexei Yashin 's contract , which had four seasons remaining on it . Free agents Smyth , Poti , Viktor Kozlov , Jason Blake , and Richard Zednik also left in July 2007 . During that month , the Islanders signed Bill Guerin to a two - year contract as he immediately assumed team captaincy . Also in the off - season , free agents Mike Comrie , Andy Sutton and Jon Sim joined the team . That summer , it was announced that Nolan extended an invitation to Al Arbour to return as a coach for one game in order to bring his total number of games coached to 1,500 . Arbour signed a one - day contract , the shortest in league history , on November 3 , 2007 ; it put him behind the bench the following day as the Islanders defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 2 , raising his career coaching win total to 740 . The team remained in the playoff hunt through the trade deadline as they resigned Comrie to a one - year contract and traded away Simon and Marc - Andre Bergeron . A rash of injuries saw them plummet to the fifth - worst record in the league by the end of the season . At the 2008 NHL Entry Draft , the Islanders made two trades to move down from the fifth to the ninth overall pick , with which they selected center Josh Bailey . They also added free agents Mark Streit and Doug Weight . The team dismissed head coach Ted Nolan over alleged philosophy differences , and later that summer replaced him with Scott Gordon . Near the trade deadline , Snow traded Comrie and Chris Campoli to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forward Dean McAmmond and the San Jose Sharks ' first - round draft pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft and sent captain Bill Guerin to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for a conditional draft pick . In the 2008 -- 09 season , the Islanders finished in last place in the league with a record of 26 -- 47 -- 9 , which was the team 's worst record since the 2000 -- 01 season . After the conclusion of regular season , they won the draft lottery to retain the first overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft . The John Tavares era begins ( 2009 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Beginning an effort to rebuild the team with new and young talent , the Islanders selected John Tavares with the first - overall pick of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft . Tavares went into the draft as the top prospect in the majority of scouting reports , and it was widely expected that the Islanders would select him after they secured the first overall pick by winning the draft lottery , although there was plenty of competition between Tavares , Victor Hedman , and Matt Duchene . NHL Central Scouting Bureau 's Chris Edwards spoke highly of him , stating , `` ( Tavares ) is phenomenal at getting the puck through traffic to his linemates , getting to opening . The way he reads the play and can get to where he figures the rebounds will be and bangs in the rebound . He 's a real smart player . '' They traded up twice in the first round to also select defenseman Calvin de Haan with the 12th overall pick , as well as Casey Cizikas and Anders Lee in later rounds , all of whom would go on to play consistently on the main roster by the 2014 -- 15 season . The 2009 -- 10 season started out slow , with the team winless its first six games . The team continued to play inconsistently due to injuries as many wrote them off as potential playoff contenders . The team hit a mid-season hot streak , however nine losses in 11 games before the Olympic break set them right back . They ultimately ended up at bottom of the standings again , finishing the season 26th in the league . The placement led to a fifth overall pick in 2010 . Continuing with their rebuilding process , they used the first round to draft young forwards Nino Niederreiter and Brock Nelson with picks five and 30 , respectively . As the 2010 -- 11 season got underway , the team quickly fell into a ten - game losing streak , leading to the firing of head coach Scott Gordon . He was replaced on an interim basis by Jack Capuano , who had been coaching the Bridgeport Sound Tigers . Early in the season , they also acquired Michael Grabner from waivers , who went on to score 34 goals and was selected as a finalist for the Calder Memorial Trophy ; he would go on to sign a five - year contract with the team at the end of the season . This year also featured the infamous Penguins -- Islanders brawl , which resulted in a combined 346 penalty minutes and a $100,000 fine to the Islanders for `` failure to control their players '' . John Tavares , was named an alternate captain for the 2011 -- 12 season . He was later named the team captain in 2013 . The following season was a breakout year for Tavares . The newly named assistant captain gained 31 goals and 50 assists , in addition to being selected to play in the 59th NHL All - Star Game at the age of 21 ; his 81 points were seventh - best in the league . Tavares ' left - winger Matt Moulson also had a strong season , finishing with career highs of 36 goals , 33 assists and 69 points . Despite strong seasons from their top players , the team finished 27th in the league with a record of 34 - 37 - 11 , continuing their pattern of racking up top prospects with early picks at the drafts . They used the first round of the 2012 draft to select defenseman Griffin Reinhart with the fourth overall pick . On August 1 , 2011 , voters in Nassau County rejected a proposal for a new arena to replace Nassau Coliseum . This followed the failed decade - long attempt by owner Charles Wang to build a mixed - use development called The Lighthouse Project , which would renovate the arena . In the wake of the vote , speculation began that the team would eventually move to Barclays Center in Brooklyn , new arenas in Queens or Suffolk County , the Sprint Center in Kansas City , or the Videotron Centre in Quebec City , the last of which was coincidentally set to open at the same time as the expiration of the Islanders ' lease on the Nassau Coliseum in 2015 . On October 24 , 2012 , the Islanders made the announcement that the franchise would indeed be moving to the Barclays Center in Brooklyn for the 2015 -- 16 NHL season , after signing a lease that would keep the team in the arena until 2040 . The team retained its name , logo and colors as part of the move . As part of the deal , the management of the Barclays Center took over the team 's business operations once the Islanders moved to the Barclays Center . The decision to move to Brooklyn did n't require the Rangers ' approval . Under a longstanding provision of the agreement that allowed the Islanders to share the New York area with the Rangers , the Islanders are allowed to play their games anywhere on Long Island , including the two city boroughs on the island , Brooklyn and Queens . Beginning on April 1 , 2013 , of the 2012 -- 13 season , the team went on a near month - long unbeaten streak in regulation time , posting a 12 - game streak of earning points until falling to the Philadelphia Flyers later that month . During that streak , on April 23 , 2013 , they clinched their first playoff berth since 2007 with a 4 -- 3 shootout loss to the Carolina Hurricanes , ending a six - year playoff drought . Behind goaltender Evgeni Nabakov , the team was ultimately eliminated in six games by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round of the playoffs , continuing their winless streak in playoff series . On September 10 , 2013 , Tavares was introduced as the 14th captain in New York Islanders history , replacing former Islander Mark Streit of the Philadelphia Flyers , who served as team captain since 2011 . After posting a 4 -- 4 -- 3 record in their first 11 games , the Islanders made a trade , sending fan favorite and three - time 30 - goal scorer Matt Moulson , their 2014 first - round draft pick and their 2015 second - round draft pick to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Thomas Vanek , a highly regarded and dynamic goal scorer . Despite chemistry with linemates Tavares and Kyle Okposo , however , the overall lack of on - ice success and his desire to test free agency led to Vanek being dealt to the Montreal Canadiens at the trade deadline for Sebastian Collberg and a second - round pick in 2014 . After a season of player swapping and goaltending issues , they failed to qualify for the playoffs , finishing with a record of 34 -- 37 -- 11 . The Islanders acquired Nick Leddy through a trade with the Chicago Blackhawks during the 2014 off - season . In the 2014 off - season , the Islanders made several moves to improve the team before their final season at Nassau Coliseum . In May , the Islanders acquired the rights to Jaroslav Halak from the Washington Capitals in exchange for a fourth - round pick in 2014 . Halak was then signed to a four - year contract . The Islanders also signed Mikhail Grabovski , Nikolai Kulemin and goaltender Chad Johnson as free agents . Additionally , on October 4 , the Islanders acquired Johnny Boychuk from the Boston Bruins for two - second round picks in 2014 and 2015 and a conditional third round pick in 2015 , as well as Nick Leddy from the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for prospect Ville Pokka , T.J. Brennan and the rights to Anders Nilsson . The NHL Board of Governors approved the Islanders ' sale to businessmen Jon Ledecky and Scott D. Malkin in October 2014 . Ledecky and Malkin served as minority partners during a two - year transition period . At the end of the 2015 -- 16 season , they formally took majority control from Wang , who will retain a share of the franchise . The Islanders finished the 2014 -- 15 regular season with a record of 47 -- 28 -- 7 for 101 points , and met the Washington Capitals in the first round of the 2015 playoffs . The Capitals held home ice advantage in the series after the Islanders lost their final regular season game to the Columbus Blue Jackets , 5 -- 4 , in a shootout , as the Islanders lost the season series to the Capitals after posting a 2 -- 1 -- 1 record in the season series . On April 19 , 2015 , in the third game of their first round series against Washington , John Tavares scored 15 seconds into overtime to win the game for the Islanders , 2 -- 1 . It was the second - shortest overtime playoff game in Islanders history , and was the first overtime , game - winning goal for the Islanders in the playoffs since 1993 . The Islanders lost the fourth and fifth games of their series before rebounding in the sixth game to force a seventh game in the series . However , they were denied entry into the second round by a single goal and would ultimately fall to the Capitals in seven games . As a result , Game 6 was the Islanders ' last game at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum ; the Isles ' Cal Clutterbuck scored the final NHL goal in the building . Move to Barclays Center and playoff series win ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) In June 2015 , the Islanders selected forward Andong Song in the 6th round of the 2015 NHL Entry Draft , making him the first Chinese player to be drafted by an NHL team . Barclays Center in Brooklyn . The Islanders have played their home games there since October 2015 . The Islanders played their first regular season game at Barclays Center on October 9 , 2015 , losing 3 -- 2 in overtime to the Chicago Blackhawks . Artem Anisimov scored the first regular season goal , while Tavares scored the first regular season Islanders goal . The Islanders posted the fourth - best penalty kill rate and allowed the fewest power play goals during the season . However , in the last quarter of the regular season , some players , including Halak and defenseman Travis Hamonic , suffered key injuries . The team finished the regular season fourth in the Metropolitan Division with 100 points , enough to clinch the first wild card spot in the Eastern Conference . In the first round of the playoffs , they faced off against the Florida Panthers ; goaltender Thomas Greiss only played in 40 minutes of playoff hockey with the San Jose Sharks prior to this series . Both teams split the first four games of the series . The fifth game of the series proved to be a major turning point , as late season call - up Alan Quine scored the game - winning goal on the power play with four minutes left in double overtime to end the second - longest game in franchise history ; that goal gave them a 3 -- 2 series lead and a chance to clinch the series on home ice . In the sixth game , the Islanders trailed 1 -- 0 for much of the game , but Tavares tied it late in the third period . Tavares would score again with the series - clinching goal in double overtime to give the Islanders their first playoff series win since 1993 . In the second round of the playoffs , they faced the Tampa Bay Lightning for the first time since 2004 . Despite winning the first game of the series , the Islanders lost their series to the Lightning in five games . Andrew Ladd prior to a game during the 2016 -- 17 season . Ladd signed with the Islanders as a free agent during the 2016 off - season . Summer of 2016 saw free agents and longtime Islanders Kyle Okposo , Frans Nielsen , and Matt Martin all depart the team , joining the Buffalo Sabres , Detroit Red Wings , and Toronto Maple Leafs , respectively . Snow signed free agents Andrew Ladd from the Winnipeg Jets and Jason Chimera from the Washington Capitals to help fill the gaps left behind . After an underwhelming first half of the 2016 -- 17 season , posting a 17 -- 17 -- 8 record through 42 games , head coach Jack Capuano was relieved of duties , with assistant general manager Doug Weight being named interim head coach . Having coached the team since 2010 , Capuano was the second winningest coach in the team 's history with 227 wins , also leading the team to their first playoff series win since 1993 . Prior to Capuano 's release , goaltender Jaroslav Halak was placed on waivers , and eventually sent down to the Bridgeport Sound Tigers . Having carried three goaltenders for the second consecutive season , the decision was made to stick with the tandem of Greiss and back - up Jean - Francois Berube after Halak posted a 6 -- 8 -- 5 record with a . 904 save percentage through the beginning of the 2016 -- 17 season . In late January 2017 , following a report by Bloomberg News which speculated that Barclays Center was considering removing the Islanders due to poor attendance and effects on the venue 's profit margins ( reception to Barclays Center as a hockey venue has been mixed , and the Islanders have had the third - worst average attendance in the entire league ) , Newsday reported that Nassau County executive Edward Mangano had met with one of the team 's co-owners , and told the paper that it was possible that the Islanders could return to the renovated Nassau Coliseum . However , commissioner Gary Bettman considered the concept to be `` unviable '' ( the renovation reduced the capacity of the arena to just under 14,000 , which is smaller than any NHL arena ) , and noted that Ledecky and Malkin were pursuing a possible arena project at Belmont Park . Despite winning their last six games of the 2016 -- 17 season , the Islanders finished in ninth place in the Eastern Conference ; they missed the playoffs by only one point when the Toronto Maple Leafs clinched the final playoff spot on the penultimate day of the season . On December 20 , 2017 , it was announced that the Islanders won a bid to build a new 18,000 seat arena at Belmont Park in Elmont , New York . On January 29 , 2018 , it was announced that the Islanders would split their home games between the Barclays Center and their former home , the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum over the course of the next three seasons , beginning with 12 home games being played at the Coliseum in the 2018 -- 19 season . Team identity ( edit ) Logo ( edit ) The Islanders ' first logo , used from 1972 -- 73 to 1994 -- 95 . The same logo , albeit with navy blue , a lighter shade of orange and a navy blue outline , was used from 1997 to 2010 . An advertising executive , John Alogna , created the original version of the Islanders logo with the NY over a silhouette of part of Long Island : Nassau and Suffolk counties . Part of the Y is made to resemble a hockey stick , with three orange stripes near the bottom of the shaft and a puck to the right of the stick blade . At the bottom of the logo , the name of the team is written so that the tip of the `` I '' ends in a point aimed at Uniondale , Nassau County , the location of the Nassau Coliseum . The Islanders later updated the stripes , adding a fourth to represent the four Stanley Cups won by the franchise . Aside from the 1995 rebrand attempt , this logo has remained largely intact throughout the team 's history . The short - lived `` Fisherman '' logo , used 1995 -- 1997 . Before the 1995 -- 96 season , the Islanders attempted to update their look . The result was the unveiling of a logo depicting a fisherman holding a hockey stick . The logo was a marketing disaster ; the reaction among the fan base was so negative that management announced it would revert to the original logo as soon as league rules allowed them to do so . Many fans found that the logo bore a strong resemblance to the Gorton 's fisherman ; indeed , New York Rangers fans taunted the Islanders with chants of `` we want fishsticks '' long after the logo was discarded . The traditional logo was phased back in over the next two seasons , starting as an alternate jersey logo in 1996 -- 97 before fully replacing the fisherman in 1997 -- 98 . The only change to the classic logo at this time was its colors ; as the team had replaced its original royal blue with navy , the logo was recolored to match . Beginning in 2008 , the Islanders introduced another modification to their original logo for their new third jersey . The `` new '' logo , once again in royal blue , now features four orange stripes on the hockey stick instead of three , representing the four consecutive Stanley Cup titles in the 1980s . This became the team 's full - time logo in 2010 when the team retired their inaugural Reebok Edge uniforms . In the 2011 -- 12 season , the Islanders added a third jersey . This one was primarily black with the word `` Islanders '' written in orange on the front and numbers centered under . This also marked the second time the Islanders introduced the color gray into their uniforms , the first time since the `` fisherman era . '' For the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Islanders used a new logo with the `` NY '' with the hockey stick found on the team 's main jersey in chrome . From the 2014 -- 15 season until the 2016 -- 17 season , the NY logo was used on the team 's alternate jerseys . Jerseys ( edit ) The Islanders debuted in 1972 with traditional - style jerseys : one was white with orange and royal blue stripes near the waistline and on the sleeves , the other was royal blue with white and orange stripes . The design remained largely the same , despite minor tweaks , through the 1994 -- 95 season . Prior to the 1995 -- 96 season , team executives decided to change the jersey . The fisherman logo replaced the `` NY '' circular design , incorporating navy blue and a brighter orange , and introducing teal and gray shades . The team was seeking increased merchandise revenues , with the outward justification of connecting the team more overtly to Long Island . The jersey included a lighthouse shoulder patch , a reference to the Montauk Lighthouse , and featured uneven stripes resembling an ocean wave near the waistline , on the sleeves , and across the shoulders . All of the numbering and lettering on the jerseys also followed the wave pattern . Late in the season , the team eliminated the fisherman logo , but league rules forbade them from switching jersey designs for the 1996 -- 97 season on only a few months ' notice . Instead , they debuted their first third ( and fourth ) jerseys , which were identical to the home and road jerseys worn by the team , besides the circular `` NY '' crest that was used in place of the fisherman . The team wore these jerseys in approximately fifteen games during that season and adopted them permanently for in the 1997 -- 98 season . The shoulder logo used on Islanders jerseys from 1998 through 2010 Prior to the 1998 -- 99 season , the team 's new ownership reverted to the traditional design but kept the navy blue and bright orange from the `` wave '' era jersey . They added a shoulder patch of four bars , alternating in color , to represent the Islanders ' four straight Stanley Cup championships . The new design also changed the borders around the numbers and `` C '' and `` A '' letters , featuring a raised outline instead of leaving no space between the orange border and the white or blue numbers . A third jersey was introduced in 2002 with orange and had navy blue stripes , outlined in white , going vertically on the sleeves and then cutting horizontally on the bottom of the sleeve . The navy blue stripes came out of the sleeve diagonally and jabbed out to a point into the bottom of the jersey . The team wore these jerseys through the 2006 -- 07 season . For the 2007 -- 08 season , the Islanders redesigned their uniforms as all NHL teams changed over to the Reebok Edge system . This new jersey resembled the prior design but included uniform numbers on the right chest above the logo . The name plates were also in two colored format : white on orange on the navy blue home jersey and navy blue on orange on the white road jersey . The sleeves on both jerseys were orange , with a wide navy stripe above a thin white stripe at the elbow . The jerseys had a thin stripe tracing around the shoulders , and featured `` retro '' laces at the neck . Their third jersey was a royal blue throwback design resembling the jersey worn from 1972 to 1977 , with white letters and numerals ( as worn from 1973 on ; the team wore orange numerals on the blue jerseys in their inaugural season ) . The logo on the jersey features four stripes on the hockey stick instead of the original three , another nod to the championship teams of 1980 -- 83 . Before the 2010 -- 11 season , the Islanders retired their inaugural navy blue Edge uniforms , replacing them with the throwback design as their new home jersey . A corresponding new white road jersey was unveiled during the Islanders ' draft party at Nassau Coliseum . For the following season , they unveiled an alternate jersey in black with grey on the shoulder yoke . The front of the jersey bore the team name above the player 's number in orange with blue and white trim . The Islanders crest was placed on the shoulder yoke . Diagonal side panels , blue trimmed in orange and gray , combined with similar panels on the black pants to form a diamond shape on the sides of each player . During the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Islanders wore a special edition jersey . The front side featured the `` NY '' from the primary logo in a special chrome treatment , while the back side featured a white nameplate with blue letters for player names , and bigger numbers in white trimmed in orange for visibility purposes . The sleeve numbers were also angled diagonally . The primary Islanders logo would be placed on the left shoulder within the white yoke . This jersey was promoted to an alternate third jersey in the 2014 -- 15 season , replacing the black third jersey . During that season , on February 3 , 2015 , the team wore an updated version of the fisherman jersey for warmups before their game against the Florida Panthers . The Islanders retired the Stadium Series third jersey after only one season , replacing it with a new black alternate that was unveiled to coincide with the team 's move to Brooklyn . Unlike the previous black alternate , this version featured little blue and orange at all ( these colors appear only on the rear collar ) , while the `` NY '' insignia that was carried over from the Stadium Series thirds was stripped of its chrome accents . The four stripes on the sleeves symbolize the franchise 's four Stanley Cup wins . When the NHL switched to Adidas as its uniform provider in 2017 , the Islanders kept their primary uniforms mostly intact save for the restoration of the blue trim in the primary logo on the road uniforms . As with all NHL teams , the Islanders will only wear two uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season , thus retiring the all - black third jerseys . Mascot and ice Girls ( edit ) The Islanders ' team mascot is named `` Sparky the Dragon '' , who served at one point as cross-promotion with the Arena Football League 's New York Dragons team , who also played their home games at Nassau Coliseum . In the mid-1990s , the Islanders had a mascot named `` Nyisles '' whose body style went from round to human - shaped , and facial features vaguely resembled the logo fisherman , excluding its red hair and beard . Nyisles was discontinued toward the end of the 1997 -- 98 season when the team distributed `` Who kidnapped Nyisles ? '' flyers implying the reason for his disappearance was because of another NHL mascot , ultimately revealed to be Toronto Maple Leafs mascot Carlton the Bear . From the 2001 -- 02 season to the 2014 -- 15 season , the Islanders also had an ice crew named the `` Ice Girls '' , made up of only women who skated onto the ice during television breaks to clean up the snow that piled up during the game . The Ice Girls were also used for promotional purposes during games and at community events . Starting in the 2015 -- 16 season , a co-ed ice crew would replace the Ice Girls . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is only a partial list of the last five seasons . For the full season - by - season history , see List of New York Islanders seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 34 37 11 79 225 267 8th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 47 28 7 101 252 230 3rd , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Capitals ) 2015 -- 16 82 45 27 10 100 232 216 4th , Metropolitan Lost in Second Round , 1 -- 4 ( Lightning ) 2016 -- 17 82 41 29 12 94 241 242 5th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 82 35 37 10 80 264 296 7th , Metropolitan Did not qualify Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated April 10 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Canada ! Bailey , Josh Josh Bailey 7.0 ! RW 28 2008 Bowmanville , Ontario 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Canada ! Barzal , Mathew Mathew Barzal 4.0 ! C 21 2015 Coquitlam , British Columbia 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Canada ! Beauvillier , Anthony Anthony Beauvillier 6.0 ! LW 20 2015 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Canada ! Boychuk , Johnny Johnny Boychuk 2.0 ! D 34 2014 Edmonton , Alberta 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Canada ! Cizikas , Casey Casey Cizikas 4.0 ! C 27 2009 Toronto , Ontario 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Canada ! Clutterbuck , Cal Cal Clutterbuck ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 30 2013 Welland , Ontario 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Canada ! Davidson , Brandon Brandon Davidson 2.0 ! D 26 2018 Lethbridge , Alberta 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Canada ! de Haan , Calvin Calvin de Haan 2.0 ! D 27 2009 Carp , Ontario 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Canada ! Eberle , Jordan Jordan Eberle 7.0 ! RW 28 2017 Regina , Saskatchewan 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Germany ! Greiss , Thomas Thomas Greiss 1.0 ! G 32 2015 Füssen , West Germany 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Slovakia ! Halak , Jaroslav Jaroslav Halak 1.0 ! G 33 2014 Bratislava , Czechoslovakia 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Canada ! Hickey , Thomas Thomas Hickey 2.0 ! D 29 2013 Calgary , Alberta 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Canada ! Johnston , Ross Ross Johnston 6.0 ! LW 24 2015 Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 Russia ! Kulemin , Nikolay Nikolay Kulemin 6.0 ! LW 31 2014 Magnitogorsk , Soviet Union 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Canada ! Ladd , Andrew Andrew Ladd ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 32 2016 Maple Ridge , British Columbia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 United States ! Leddy , Nick Nick Leddy 2.0 ! D 27 2014 Eden Prairie , Minnesota 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 United States ! Lee , Anders Anders Lee 6.0 ! LW 27 2009 Edina , Minnesota 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 United States ! Mayfield , Scott Scott Mayfield 2.0 ! D 25 2011 St. Louis , Missouri 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 United States ! Nelson , Brock Brock Nelson 6.0 ! LW 26 Warroad , Minnesota 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Canada ! Pelech , Adam Adam Pelech 2.0 ! D 23 2015 Toronto , Ontario 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 United States ! Prince , Shane Shane Prince 4.0 ! C 25 2016 Rochester , New York 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Canada ! Pulock , Ryan Ryan Pulock 2.0 ! D 23 2013 Grandview , Manitoba 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Canada ! Quine , Alan Alan Quine 4.0 ! C 25 2013 Belleville , Ontario 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Germany ! Seidenberg , Dennis Dennis Seidenberg 2.0 ! D 36 2016 Villingen - Schwenningen , West Germany 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Canada ! Tavares , John John Tavares ( C ) 4.0 ! C 27 2009 Mississauga , Ontario 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 United States ! Wagner , Chris Chris Wagner 7.0 ! RW 27 2018 Walpole , Massachusetts Honored members ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders award winners The Islanders have retired six players ' numbers , signified by these banners formerly hanging in Nassau Coliseum , which have since been transferred to Barclays Center . New York Islanders retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date of retirement 5 Denis Potvin 1973 -- 1988 February 1 , 1992 9 Clark Gillies LW 1974 -- 1986 December 7 , 1996 19 Bryan Trottier 1975 -- 1990 October 20 , 2001 22 Mike Bossy RW 1977 -- 1987 March 3 , 1992 23 Bob Nystrom RW 1972 -- 1986 April 1 , 1995 31 Billy Smith 1972 -- 1989 February 20 , 1993 Six past Islanders have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , the most recent being Pat LaFontaine in 2003 . Denis Potvin and Mike Bossy were the first Islanders to be inducted , in 1991 . Besides the six players , two team builders have been inducted ; Bill Torrey and Al Arbour were inducted in 1995 and 1996 , respectively . All six players , in addition to Bob Bourne , have since been inducted into the Islanders ' Hall of Fame , established in 2007 . In February 2008 , the team unveiled the Hall of Fame plaques for each player , which are displayed on the walls outside of the team 's locker room at Nassau Coliseum . In November 2011 , first Islanders captain Ed Westfall was added to their Hall of Fame , followed by the addition of defenseman Ken Morrow in December 2011 , and right - winger Patrick Flatley ( `` Chairman of the Boards '' ) in January 2012 . Kenny Jonsson was most recently added in February 2012 . There are two other banners hanging with the retired numbers : one honors Al Arbour in recognition of his 1,500 games coached for the Islanders , and the other honors Bill Torrey , who held the titles of general manager , vice president , president , and chairman of the board for the Islanders organization from 1972 until 1993 . In place of a number , Torrey 's banner features the words `` The Architect '' and his trademark bowtie . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Franchise records and scoring leaders ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders records Bryan Trottier holds the franchise record for most points with the team ( 1,353 ) , as well as most games played ( 1,123 ) . Only Trottier and two others , Mike Bossy and Denis Potvin have scored over 1,000 points with the team , while six others have gained more than 500 , with Derek King only one point shy . Potvin is the only other player besides Trottier to play in over 1,000 games with the team , playing in 1,060 ; he is also the only defenseman in the top ten of the franchise scoring leaders , ranking third overall . * -- current Islanders player New York Islanders franchise top ten scoring leaders by points Player Seasons Pos GP Pts + / − PIM Bryan Trottier 1975 -- 1990 1123 500 853 1353 470 798 Mike Bossy 1977 -- 1987 752 573 553 1126 381 210 Denis Potvin 1973 -- 1988 1060 310 742 1052 460 1356 Clark Gillies 1974 -- 1986 872 304 359 663 240 891 John Tavares * 2009 -- present 669 272 349 621 -- 42 307 Brent Sutter 1980 -- 1992 694 287 323 610 121 761 Pat LaFontaine 1983 -- 1991 530 287 279 566 9 309 John Tonelli 1978 -- 1986 594 206 338 544 216 473 Bob Bourne 1974 -- 1986 814 238 304 542 160 542 Bob Nystrom 1972 -- 1986 900 235 278 513 113 1248 New York Islanders franchise individual season records Record name Record Player Season Most goals in a season 69 Mike Bossy 1978 -- 79 Most assists in a season 87 Bryan Trottier 1978 -- 79 Most points in a season 147 Mike Bossy 1981 -- 82 Most penalty minutes in a season 356 Brian Curran 1986 -- 87 Most points in a season ( defenseman ) 101 Denis Potvin 1978 -- 79 Most points in a season ( rookie ) 95 Bryan Trottier 1975 -- 76 Most wins in a season 34 Jaroslav Halak 2014 -- 15 Team captains ( edit ) Captain Term Ed Westfall 1972 -- 1977 Clark Gillies 1977 -- 1979 Denis Potvin 1979 -- 1987 Brent Sutter 1987 -- 1991 Patrick Flatley 1991 -- 1996 Bryan McCabe 1997 -- 1998 Trevor Linden 1998 -- 1999 Kenny Jonsson 1999 -- 2000 Michael Peca 2001 -- 2004 Alexei Yashin 2005 -- 2007 Bill Guerin 2007 -- 2009 Doug Weight 2009 -- 2011 Mark Streit 2011 -- 2013 John Tavares 2013 -- present The Islanders have had fourteen team captains . The team 's first , Ed Westfall , won the Bill Masterton Trophy during his captaincy ; Michael Peca , who won the Frank J. Selke Trophy after the 2001 -- 02 season , is the only other captain to have won an award during his term . The longest captaincy reign was Denis Potvin 's from 1979 through 1987 , during which he played 521 regular season games . Bryan McCabe served for the shortest length of time , a mere 56 regular season games before being traded to the Vancouver Canucks . Also traded mid-season was Bill Guerin , who went to the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 2008 -- 09 season . The team 's fourteenth and current captain , John Tavares , was named to the position on September 9 , 2013 . Two seasons have been played without a captain . Nobody was assigned to the position for the 1996 -- 97 season after previous captain Patrick Flatley was released from his contract . The 2000 -- 01 season also went by without a captain after Kenny Jonsson stepped down from the position on November 18 , 2000 . General managers ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders general managers The general manager is Garth Snow , who took the role on July 18 , 2006 . Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders head coaches On January 17 , 2017 , assistant general manager Doug Weight was named interim head coach of the Islanders after Jack Capuano , who had been head coach since November 2010 , was relieved of duty . Weight played for the team from 2008 through 2011 and served as team captain from 2009 through 2011 . On April 12 , 2017 , Weight was officially named head coach . Television and radio ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders broadcasters Most Islanders games are shown locally on sports channels MSG Plus and MSG Plus 2 . Brendan Burke and Jiggs McDonald alternate as the team 's play - by - play announcers , while former Islanders player Butch Goring is their color analyst . Shannon Hogan joined the broadcast team for the 2014 -- 15 season as their studio host . Islanders ' radio broadcasts originate on flagship station WRHU ( 88.7 FM ) in Hempstead . In New York City itself , games are split between WCBS , WFAN - AM -- FM and WNYM , while some games air on WRCN - FM in Riverhead . WRHU is licensed to Hempstead - based Hofstra University and WRCN to Riverhead , New York . WRHU is the student radio station of Hofstra University ; its signal covers the western section of Long Island and Nassau County . WRCN serves the middle section and Suffolk County . The play - by - play is done by longtime Islanders broadcaster Chris King . Hofstra students provide color commentary and reporting for all home games and several away games , and are also involved in engineering the broadcasts from on - and - off site . The Islanders are unusual among professional sports teams in their use of a noncommercial radio station as its primary outlet . However , the team does not maintain a traditional radio network due to the other New York / New Jersey area teams filling the available tri-state radio stations covering sports . This causes complications with advertising and commercial breaks that do not make a traditional radio network feasible . WCBS began airing Islanders games starting with the 2016 playoffs , returning the team to a major market New York signal . Previously , public radio station WNYE - FM had been the main Islanders outlet for New York City and its inner suburbs . See also ( edit ) List of Stanley Cup champions References ( edit ) Botte , Peter & Hahn , Alan ( 2003 ) . Fish Sticks : The Fall and Rise of the New York Islanders . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 099 - 1 . Fischler , Stan & Botta , Chris ( 1996 ) . Pride and Passion : 25 Years of the New York Islanders . Walsworth Publishing . ISBN 1 - 882608 - 13 - 5 . Hahn , Alan ( 2004 ) . Birth of a Dynasty : The 1980 New York Islanders . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 333 - 8 . Prato , Greg ( 2012 ) . Dynasty : The Oral History of the New York Islanders , 1972 - 1984 . Createspace . ISBN 0 - 6158670 - 6 - 5 . Wilner , Barry ( 1984 ) . The New York Islanders : Countdown to a Dynasty . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 8801121 - 1 - 5 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Orange & Blue + You '' . NHL.com/Islanders . NHL Enterprises , LP . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders Brand Assets '' ( PDF ) . NHL.com/Islanders . NHL Enterprises , LP . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Dan ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Islanders officially headed to Brooklyn in 2015 '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Rob ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Rangers vs. Islanders : The Rivalry '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Raiders '' . World Hockey Associations . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hirshon , Nicholas ( 2010 ) . Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 7357 - 1 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hahn , Alan ; Nystrom , Bob ( 2004 ) . Birth of a Dynasty : The 1980 New York Islanders . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1582613338 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise fees reduced '' . Associated Press . March 2 , 1977 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL team nicknames explained '' . NHL.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Islanders Dates '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Frisch , Aaron ( 2004 ) . The History of the New York Islanders . Creative Education Foundation . ISBN 1 - 58341 - 276 - X . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ultimate New York Islanders timeline '' . Newsday . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 . Ed Westfall -- Greatest New York Islanders '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Herrmann , Mark ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders legend Denis Potvin impressed with GM Garth Snow 's moves '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finn , David ( November 20 , 1985 ) . `` Hot Soul on Ice Defenseman Potvin Settles Down And Finds No Man Is The Islanders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Draft Picks '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` 3 - 0 Hole Rangers Inhabit ? Only 5 of 320 Teams Have Overcome It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 - 1976 League Standings '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Islanders Franchise Index '' . Hockey Reference . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frostino , Nino ( 2004 ) . Right on the Numbers . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 3305 - 5 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders Awards and Honors '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders playoff history '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Canadiens playoff history '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Devellano , Jim ; Lajoie , Roger ( March 12 , 2010 ) . The Road to Hockeytown : Jimmy Devellano 's Forty Years in the NHL . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15552 - 3 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Douglas ( 1997 ) . Champions : The Illustrated History of Hockey 's Greatest Dynasties . Chicago : Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 213 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders 1976 - 77 roster and scoring statistics '' . Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szemberg , Szymon ; Podnieks , Andrew ( 2008 ) . IIHF Top 100 Hockey Stories of All Time . Bolton , Ontario , Canada : Fenn Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55168 - 358 - 4 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Austin ( 1994 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Closing In '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Farber , Michael . `` Mike Bossy '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Pelletier , Joe ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) . `` 1983 : Islanders and Oilers Collide '' . Greatest Hockey Legends.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Messier relates to Penguins in their Cup rematch '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Fischler , Stan ; Chris Botta . Pride and Passion : 25 Years of the New York Islanders . p. 158 . Jump up ^ `` Nystrom in Line for Post '' . The New York Times . August 8 , 1986 . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Craig ( October 7 , 1986 ) . `` Islanders Lose Gillies , Bourne '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( June 19 , 1986 ) . `` Simpson is Named Coach of Islanders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( April 13 , 1987 ) . `` Rangers Win , 6 - 3 ; Series Tied ; Islanders Fall to Capitals by 4 - 1 and Face Elimination '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( June 6 , 2000 ) . `` After Four Overtimes , Caps Are Left Wanting '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( April 19 , 1987 ) . `` NHL Playoffs ; Islanders , Capitals in Third Overtime '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( April 20 , 1987 ) . `` The Seventh , the Eighth , and the Deciding Game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( May 3 , 1987 ) . `` NHL Playoff ; Islanders Are Leveled By Flyers , 5 - 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( October 7 , 1987 ) . `` Bossy to Miss Entire Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( April 3 , 1988 ) . `` Pro Hockey ; Devils Closing In ; Islanders Win Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( April 15 , 1988 ) . `` Meadowlands Magic : Devils Eliminate Islanders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fischler , Stan ( 1999 ) . Cracked Ice : An Insider 's Look at the NHL . Masters Press . Lincolnwood , Illinois . ISBN 1 - 57028 - 219 - 6 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( December 3 , 1995 ) . `` HOCKEY ; Islanders Heard the Chanting , Now Don Maloney Is Gone '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Mullen , Holly ( July 31 , 1997 ) . `` Meltdown man '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Shot -- ESPN Films : 30 for 30 '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Toy , Vivian S. ( May 7 , 2000 ) . `` The Islanders ' Unlikely Saviors ; Wang and Kumar , Computer Executives , Say a Love for Long Island Has Made Them Sports Owners '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isles shake up draft '' . SLAM Sports . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2003 . Retrieved September 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders season by season stats '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Price - Brown , Laura ( June 20 , 2001 ) . `` Laviolette vows to put charge into Islanders '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sabres grant Peca 's wish , trade center to Islanders '' . Chicago Tribune . June 25 , 2001 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Peca retires after 13 NHL seasons '' . National Hockey League . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isles take Osgood in waiver draft '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . September 29 , 2001 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Injury Puts Peca Out of Playoffs '' . Los Angeles Times . April 8 , 2002 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sens win fourth straight to move past Isles '' . ESPN . April 17 , 2003 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders , sore losers , fire Laviolette He 's the seventh coach sent packing in 7 1 / 2 years . He got N.Y. to the playoffs , but twice they washed out . '' Philadelphia Inquirer . June 4 , 2003 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis ' fourth playoff goal eliminates Islanders '' . ESPN . April 16 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Peca Career Transactions '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Satan Player Biography '' . Legends of Hockey . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( August 2 , 2005 ) . `` Few Signings on First Day of Free Agency '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alexei Yashin Named Captain '' . National Hockey League . September 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Skidding Islanders fire Stirling '' . Chicago Tribune . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milbury resigns as Islanders senior VP '' . United Press International . May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goalie Snow to replace Smith as Islanders ' GM '' . ESPN . July 19 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Picker , David ( June 9 , 2006 ) . `` Nolan and Smith Are on Board and Aim to Turn Islanders Around '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Burnside , Scott ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` DiPietro 's record 15 - year deal will pay him $67.5 M '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Kevin ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` Islanders sign DiPietro to record 15 - year deal '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( October 3 , 2006 ) . `` NHL preview : 10 questions '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unable to reach new deal , Oilers trade Smyth to Isles '' . ESPN . February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minus DiPietro , Dunham expected in goal vs. Panthers '' . ESPN . March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Simon suspended minimum of 25 games '' . ESPN . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders grab playoff spot with shootout win '' . CBC Sports . April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo holds off Islanders ' rally for series - clinching win '' . ESPN . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders to Buyout ( sic ) Alexei Yashin '' . National Hockey League . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islanders Name Captain ; It 's a Surprise '' . The New York Times . July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Smyth leaves Islanders for Avalanche '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Islanders Sign Bill Guerin , Mike Comrie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders sign ex-Thrashers defenseman Sutton '' . ESPN . August 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Arbour to Coach His 1,500 th Game for the Isles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Al Arbour Returns to Coach 1,500 th Game '' . National Hockey League . July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joshua ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Arbour Makes His Comeback , and Islanders Make It Count '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders sign Mike Comrie , trade Chris Simon and Marc - Andre Bergeron '' . National Hockey League . February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dubielewicz makes 48 saves , Isles spoil Rangers ' home finale with SO win '' . ESPN . April 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` N.Y. Islanders fire coach '' . United Press International . July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Isles , coach Nolan part ways after two years ; differences with GM cited '' . ESPN . July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders hire AHL coach of year Gordon to succeed Nolan '' . USA Today . August 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poulin , Fred ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Senators Surprisingly Trade for Islanders ' Mike Comrie '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Greg ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Islanders trade Guerin to Pittsburgh '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` Islanders win 2009 Scotiabank / NHL Draft Lottery '' . NHL . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kimberley , Todd ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Tavares pumped , relieved after first NHL action '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hockey News ' 2009 Draft Prospect Rankings '' . The Hockey News . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z. ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Islanders Have Their Pick of Blue Chippers in Draft '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kimelman , Adam ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Tavares still No. 1 in Central Scouting 's rankings '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Eddie ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` A Look at the Islanders Draft Choices for 2009 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 -- 15 New York Islanders Roster and Statistics '' . Hockey Reference . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( October 17 , 2009 ) . `` Sharks keep Islanders winless with 4 - 1 victory '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burnside , Scott ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Playoff Push : Who 's in , who 's o '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DiPietro saves Islanders with first shutout in almost two years '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sens splurge for three in 3rd to upend Isles with stunning rally '' . ESPN . February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 League Standings '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Draft Choices '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wyshynski , Greg ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Islanders coach Scott Gordon fired for losing with terrible team '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brehm , Mike ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Islanders fire Scott Gordon as coach in midst of 10 - game skid '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Botte , Peter . `` Islanders coach Scott Gordon fired after 10 - game losing streak ; Jack Capuano named as interim '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tabone , John ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Isles Claim Winger Michael Grabner Off Waivers ; Hope to Get Some Extra Scoring '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islanders Agree To Terms With Michael Grabner '' . National Hockey League . May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Tavares statistics '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crygalis , Brett ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` John Tavares getting comfortable in All - Star spotlight '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 Regular Season Statistics '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Moulson statistics '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 League Standings '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crygalis , Brett ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders face a real pickle with Griffin Reinhart '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Nassau Voters Reject Proposal to Fix Coliseum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calder , Rich ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Brooklyn Has A Shot at Grabbing Islanders '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yerdon , Joe ( March 25 , 2012 ) . `` Quebec City 's new arena begins construction in September '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirshon , Nicholas ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Brooklyn - Queens battle for the Islanders team brewing '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mazzeo , Mike ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` New York Islanders following Nets to Brooklyn '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kosman , Josh . `` Islanders may change look with move to Brooklyn '' . New York Post . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheets , Connor Adams ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` New York Islanders Ponder Move to Willets Point '' . Astoria Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers double up Islanders in home finale '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders lose to Hurricanes but clinch playoff berth '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crygalis , Brett ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Islanders are out of playoffs after loss to Penguins '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strang , Katie ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Isles gain respect with playoff performance '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Compton , Brian ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Islanders name Tavares 14th team captain '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Islanders react to Moulson - for - Vanek trade '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Sabres trade Thomas Vanek to Islanders '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staple , Arthur ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Isles ' Thomas Vanek traded to Canadiens '' . Newsday . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vanek traded to Canadiens by Islanders '' . National Hockey League . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders stock up for last season at Nassau Coliseum '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders ' sale from Charles Wang to Jonathan Ledecky , Scott Malkin finalized '' . Newsday . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kimelman , Adam ( June 27 , 2015 ) . `` First Chinese player to be drafted chosen by Islanders '' . NHL.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staple , Arthur ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Andrew Ladd , Jason Chimera sign with Islanders , who lose Kyle Okposo , Frans Nielsen , Matt Martin '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islanders fire Jack Capuano ; Doug Weight named interim coach '' . ABC News . January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Pete ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Islanders fire coach Jack Capuano after disastrous first half '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders waive goalie Jaroslav Halak '' . ESPN . January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn 's Barclays Center Is Dumping the Islanders '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Islanders discussed a return to Nassau Coliseum '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NHL on Islanders ' Nassau Coliseum hopes : Keep dreaming '' . New York Post . 2017 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : New York Islanders heading back to Nassau County '' . ABC7 New York . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Park Redevelopment - Conditional Designation of New YorkArena Partners ( '' NYAP `` ) as Developer '' ( PDF ) . esd.ny.gov . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Islanders to play 12 games at Nassau Coliseum in 2018 - 19 '' . NHL.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Botta , Chris ( October 19 , 2008 ) . `` The Tale of the Fisherman Jersey Or , Shame and Mutiny on the Bounty '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strang , Katie ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` New road jerseys , Islanders Masterton nominee and Calvin de Haan update '' . Newsday . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Embrace The Horror : Islanders To Bust Out Fisherman Jerseys On Tuesday Night '' . CBS . February 3 , 2015 . 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-1597350665537888529	Philippines v. China	Philippines v China - wikipedia Philippines v China Jump to : navigation , search This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Republic of the Philippines v . The People 's Republic of China Court An arbitral tribunal constituted under Annex VII to the 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea Full case name An Arbitration before an arbitral tribunal constituted under Annex VII to the 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea between the Republic of the Philippines and the People 's Republic of China Decided 12 July 2016 Transcript ( s ) https://pcacases.com/web/view/7 Ruling The tribunal ruled that China has `` no historical rights '' based on the `` nine - dash line '' map Court membership Judges sitting Presiding Arbitrator : Thomas A. Mensah Members : Jean - Pierre Cot Rüdiger Wolfrum Alfred H. Soons Stanislaw Pawlak China 's nine - dotted line claim over the South China Sea , 1947 Philippines v. China ( PCA case number 2013 -- 19 ) , also known as the South China Sea Arbitration , was an arbitration case brought by the Republic of the Philippines against the People 's Republic of China under Annex VII to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) concerning certain issues in the South China Sea including the legality of China 's `` nine - dotted line '' claim . On 19 February 2013 , China declared that it would not participate in the arbitration . On 7 December 2014 , a white paper was published by China to elaborate its position . On 29 October 2015 , the arbitral tribunal ruled that it has jurisdiction over the case , taking up seven of the 15 submissions made by the Philippines . On 12 July 2016 , the tribunal ruled in favor of the Philippines . It clarified that it would not `` ... rule on any question of sovereignty over land territory and would not delimit any maritime boundary between the Parties '' . The tribunal also ruled that China has `` no historical rights '' based on the `` nine - dash line '' map . China has rejected the ruling , as has Taiwan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Optional exceptions to applicability of compulsory procedure 2 Participants 2.1 Philippine stance 2.2 Chinese stance 3 Claimants of the South China Sea 3.1 Taiwanese stance 3.2 Vietnamese stance 3.3 Other stances 4 Arbitration 4.1 Hearings 4.2 Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility 4.3 Award 5 Timeline 6 International reactions 6.1 Before the ruling 6.1. 1 National governments 6.1. 2 ASEAN 6.1. 3 European Union 6.1. 4 Group of Seven 6.1. 5 North Atlantic Treaty Organization 6.1. 6 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 6.2 After the ruling 6.2. 1 National governments 6.2. 2 United Nations 6.2. 3 ASEAN 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Territorial disputes in the South China Sea See also : Nine - dash line Territorial claims in the South China Sea The dispute has been affected by the fact that , after Japan renounced all claims to the Spratly Islands and other conquered islands and territories in the Treaty of San Francisco and Treaty of Peace with the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) signed on 8 September 1951 , it did not indicate successor states since China was not invited to the treaty talks held in San Francisco . In reaction to that , on 15 August , the Chinese government issued the Declaration on the Draft Peace Treaty with Japan by the US and the UK and on the San Francisco Conference by the then Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai , reitirating China 's sovereignty over the archipelagos in the South China Sea , including the Spratly Islands , and protesting about the absence of any provisions in the draft on who shall take over the South China Sea islands following Japan 's renouncement of all rights , title and claim to them . It reiterated that `` the Chinese government of the day had taken over those islands '' and that the PRC 's rightful sovereignty `` shall remain intact '' . On 28 April 1952 , the United States presided over the signing of the Treaty of Peace between Japan and the Republic of China . Article 2 of the document provided that `` It is recognized that under Article 2 of the Treaty of Peace which Japan signed at the city of San Francisco on 8 September 1951 ( hereinafter referred to as the San Francisco Treaty ) , Japan has renounced all right , title , and claim to Taiwan ( Formosa ) and Penghu ( the Pescadores ) as well as the Spratly Islands and the Paracel Islands . '' The Philippines bases its claim on its geographical proximity to the Spratly Islands . In May 1956 , the dispute escalated after Filipino national Tomas Cloma and his followers settled on the islands and declared the territory as `` Freedomland '' , now known as Kalayaan for himself and later requested to make the territory a protectorate of the Philippines . Tomas Cloma even stole China ( ROC ) 's national flag from the Taiping Island . In July 1956 , he apologized officially for his act and he surrendered the flag he stole to China 's embassy in Manila . On 2 October 1956 , he wrote a letter and ensured he would not make further training voyages or landings in the territorial waters of China ( ROC ) . Philippine troops were sent to three of the islands in 1968 , when the Philippines were under President Ferdinand Marcos . In the 1970s , some countries began to invade and occupy islands and reefs in the Spratlys . The Spratlys were placed under the jurisdiction of the province of Palawan in 1978 . The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) claims it is entitled to the Paracel and Spratly Islands because they were seen as integral parts of the Ming dynasty . China and Taiwan have these same territorial claims . The Republic of China ( Taiwan ) took control of the largest island - Taiping Island - in the group since 1946 . Vietnam states that the islands have belonged to it since the 17th century , using historical documents of ownership as evidence . Hanoi began to occupy the westernmost islands during this period . In the early 1970s , Malaysia joined the dispute by claiming the islands nearest to it . Brunei also extended its exclusive economic zone , claiming Louisa Reef . Optional exceptions to applicability of compulsory Procedure ( edit ) Article 298 of Section 3 of Part XV of the Convention provides optional exceptions to applicability of compulsory procedures provided in Section 2 . China made declaration in accordance with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in 2006 not to accept any of the procedures provided for in section 2 of Part XV of the Convention . Many countries including the United Kingdom , Australia , Italy , France , Canada , and Spain made similar declarations to reject any of the procedures provided for in sections 2 of Part XV of the Convention with respect to the different categories of disputes . Participants ( edit ) The arbitration involved the Philippines and China . Philippine stance ( edit ) The Philippines contended that the `` nine - dotted line '' claim by China is invalid because it violates the UNCLOS agreements about exclusive economic zones and territorial seas . It says that because most of the features in the South China Sea , such as most of the Spratly Islands , can not sustain life , they can not be given their own continental shelf as defined in the convention . Chinese stance ( edit ) China refused to participate in the arbitration , stating that several treaties with the Philippines stipulate that bilateral negotiations be used to resolve border disputes . It also accuses the Philippines of violating the voluntary Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea , made in 2002 between ASEAN and China , which also stipulated bilateral negotiations as the means of resolving border and other disputes . China issued a position paper in December 2014 arguing the dispute was not subject to arbitration because it was ultimately a matter of sovereignty , not exploitation rights . Its refusal will not prevent the PCA tribunal from proceeding with the case . After the award ruling , the PRC issued a statement rejecting it as ' null ' and having decided not to abide by the arbitral tribunal 's decision , said it will `` ignore the ruling '' . Claimants of the South China Sea ( edit ) Taiwanese stance ( edit ) The arbitral tribunal has not invited Taiwan to join the arbitration , and no opinion of Taiwan has been sought . The Philippines claimed that Taiping Island is a rock . In response , President Ma Ying - jeou of the Republic of China on Taiwan rejected the Philippines ' claim as `` patently false '' . Taiwan invited the Philippines and five arbitrators to visit Taiping Island ; the Philippines rejected the invitation , and there was no response from the PCA tribunal . Vietnamese stance ( edit ) On 11 December 2014 , Vietnam filed a statement to the tribunal which put forward three points : 1 ) Vietnam supports the filing of this case by the Philippines , 2 ) it rejects China 's `` nine - dashed line '' , and 3 ) it asks the PCA tribunal to take note of Vietnam 's claims on certain islands such as the Paracels . Other stances ( edit ) Brunei sent its own UNCLOS claim through a preliminary submission prior to the arbitration . In May 2009 , Malaysia and Vietnam , as well as Vietnam alone , filed claims to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea with regard to the islands . This was in relation to extending their claimed continental shelves and Exclusive Economic Zones . The People 's Republic of China rejected the claims since those violate the `` nine - dotted line '' . The Philippines challenged the Malaysian claim stating that the claims overlap with the North Borneo dispute . Indonesia made a comment on China 's claim by saying that the features are rocks and can not sustain life , effectively calling the Chinese claim invalid . The Philippines echoed Indonesia 's claims , further stating that the islands belong to them through geographic proximity . Arbitration ( edit ) Hearings ( edit ) On 7 July 2015 , case hearings began with the Philippines asking the tribunal to invalidate China 's claims . The hearings were also attended by observers from Indonesia , Japan , Malaysia , Thailand and Vietnam . The case has been compared to Nicaragua v. United States due to similarities of the parties involved such as that a developing country is challenging a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in an arbitral tribunal . On 29 October 2015 , the PCA tribunal ruled that it had the power to hear the case . It agreed to take up seven of the 15 submissions made by Manila , in particular whether Scarborough Shoal and low - tide areas like Mischief Reef can be considered islands . It set aside seven more pointed claims mainly accusing Beijing of acting unlawfully to be considered at the next hearing on the case 's merits . It also told Manila to narrow down the scope of its final request that the judges order that `` China shall desist from further unlawful claims and activities . '' The arbitral tribunal scheduled the hearing on merits of the case from 24 to 30 November 2015 . Award on jurisdiction and Admissibility ( edit ) On 29 October 2015 , the PCA published the award by the tribunal on Jurisdiction and Admissibility for the case . The tribunal found that it has jurisdiction to consider the following seven Philippines ' Submissions . ( Each number is the Philippines ' Submissions number . ) The tribunal reserved consideration of its jurisdiction to rule on Nos. 1 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 12 , and 14 . No. 3 Philippines ' position that Scarborough Shoal is a rock under Article 121 ( 3 ) . No. 4 Philippines ' position that Mischief Reef , Second Thomas Shoal , and Subi Reef are low tide elevations that do not generate entitlement to maritime zones . No. 6 Whether Gaven Reef and McKennan Reef ( including Hughes Reef ) are low - tide elevations `` that do not generate any maritime entitlements of their own '' . No. 7 Whether Johnson Reef , Cuarteron Reef , and Fiery Cross Reef do or do not generate an entitlement to an exclusive economic zone or continental shelf . No. 10 `` premised on ( the ) fact that China has unlawfully prevented Philippine fishermen from carrying out traditional fishing activities within the territorial sea of Scarborough Shoal . '' No. 11 `` China 's failure to protect and preserve the marine environment at these two shoals ( Scarborough Shoal and Second Thomas Shoal ) . '' No. 13 Philippines ' protest against China 's `` purported law enforcement activities as violating the Convention on the International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea and also violating UNCLOS '' . The tribunal stated in the award that there are continuing disputes in all of the 15 submissions from the Philippines , but for submissions such as No. 3 , No. 4 , No. 6 and No. 7 , no known claims from the Philippines prior to the initiation of this arbitration exist , and that China was not aware of ( nor had previously opposed ) such claims prior to the initiation of arbitration . The Chinese Society of International Law ( CSIL ) has stated that the tribunal was trying to hide its incapability to prove that maritime entitlements of the nine features constitute the essence of the disputes . For Submissions No. 8 to No. 14 , the tribunal held the view that the lawfulness of China 's maritime activities in the South China Sea is not related to sovereignty . CSIL has asserted that the disagreements do concern territorial sovereignty , and constitute no dispute with respect to the claims advanced by the Philippines . Award ( edit ) On 12 July 2016 , the Permanent Court of Arbitration published an arbitration award by the tribunal which it states is final and binding as set out in the Convention . Conclusions expressed in the award included the following : Regarding the `` Nine - Dash Line '' and China 's claim in the maritime areas of the South China Sea The ( UNCLOS ) Convention defines the scope of maritime entitlements in the South China Sea , which may not extend beyond the limits imposed therein . China 's claims to historic rights , or other sovereign rights or jurisdiction , with respect to the maritime areas of the South China Sea encompassed by the relevant part of the ' nine - dash line ' are contrary to the Convention and without lawful effect to the extent that they exceed the geographic and substantive limits of China 's maritime entitlements under the Convention . The Convention superseded any historic rights or other sovereign rights or jurisdiction in excess of the limits imposed therein . Regarding the status of features as above / below water at high tide ( Submissions no . 4 and 6 ) High - tide features : ( a ) Scarborough Shoal , ( b ) Cuarteron Reef , ( c ) Fiery Cross Reef , ( d ) Johnson Reef , ( e ) McKennan Reef , and ( f ) Gaven Reef ( North ) . Low - tide elevations : ( a ) Hughes Reef , ( b ) Gaven Reef ( South ) , ( c ) Subi Reef , ( d ) Mischief Reef , ( e ) Second Thomas Shoal . Hughes Reef lies within 12 nautical miles of the high - tide features on McKennan Reef and Sin Cowe Island , Gaven Reef ( South ) lies within 12 nautical miles of the high - tide features at Gaven Reef ( North ) and Namyit Island , and that Subi Reef lies within 12 nautical miles of the high - tide feature of Sandy Cay on the reefs to the west of Thitu . Regarding the status of features as rocks / islands ( Submissions no . 3 , 5 , and 7 ) Scarborough Shoal contains , within the meaning of Article 121 ( 1 ) of the Convention , naturally formed areas of land , surrounded by water , which are above water at high tide . However , under Article 121 ( 3 ) of the Convention , the high - tide features at Scarborough Shoal are rocks that can not sustain human habitation or economic life of their own and accordingly shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf . Johnson Reef , Cuarteron Reef , and Fiery Cross Reef contain , within the meaning of Article 121 ( 1 ) of the Convention , naturally formed areas of land , surrounded by water , which are above water at high tide . However , for purposes of Article 121 ( 3 ) of the Convention , the high - tide features at Johnson Reef , Cuarteron Reef , and Fiery Cross Reef are rocks that can not sustain human habitation or economic life of their own and accordingly shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf . The high - tide features at Gaven Reef ( North ) and McKennan Reef are rocks that can not sustain human habitation or economic life of their own and accordingly shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf . Mischief Reef and Second Thomas Shoal are both low - tide elevations that generate no maritime zones of their own ( and ) that none of the high - tide features in the Spratly Islands are capable of sustaining human habitation or an economic life of their own within the meaning of those terms in Article 121 ( 3 ) of the Convention . All of the high - tide features in the Spratly Islands are therefore legally rocks for purposes of Article 121 ( 3 ) and do not generate entitlements to an exclusive economic zone or continental shelf . There is , accordingly , no possible entitlement by China to any maritime zone in the area of either Mischief Reef or Second Thomas Shoal and no jurisdictional obstacle to the tribunal 's consideration of the Philippines ' Submission No. 5 . Both Mischief Reef and Second Thomas Shoal are located within 200 nautical miles of the Philippines ' coast on the island of Palawan and are located in an area that is not overlapped by the entitlements generated by any maritime feature claimed by China . It follows , therefore , that , as between the Philippines and China , Mischief Reef and Second Thomas Shoal form part of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Philippines . Regarding alleged interference with the Philippines ' sovereign rights in its EEZ and continental shelf ( Submission no . 8 ) China has , through the operation of its marine surveillance vessels with respect to M / V Veritas Voyager on 1 to 2 March 2011 breached Article 77 of the Convention with respect to the Philippines ' sovereign rights over the non-living resources of its continental shelf in the area of Reed Bank ( and ) that China has , by promulgating its 2012 moratorium on fishing in the South China Sea , without exception for areas of the South China Sea falling within the exclusive economic zone of the Philippines and without limiting the moratorium to Chinese flagged vessels , breached Article 56 of the Convention with respect to the Philippines ' sovereign rights over the living resources of its exclusive economic zone . Regarding alleged failure to prevent Chinese nationals from exploiting the Philippines ' living resources ( Submission no . 9 ) China has , through the operation of its marine surveillance vessels in tolerating and failing to exercise due diligence to prevent fishing by Chinese flagged vessels at Mischief Reef and Second Thomas Shoal in May 2013 , failed to exhibit due regard for the Philippines ' sovereign rights with respect to fisheries in its exclusive economic zone . Accordingly , China has breached its obligations under Article 58 ( 3 ) of the Convention . Regarding China 's actions in respect of traditional fishing at Scarborough Shoal ( Submission no . 10 ) China has , through the operation of its official vessels at Scarborough Shoal from May 2012 onwards , unlawfully prevented Filipino fishermen from engaging in traditional fishing at Scarborough Shoal . Regarding alleged failure to protect and preserve ) the marine environment ( Submissions no . 11 and 12 ( B ) ) China has , through its toleration and protection of , and failure to prevent Chinese fishing vessels engaging in harmful harvesting activities of endangered species at Scarborough Shoal , Second Thomas Shoal and other features in the Spratly Islands , breached Articles 192 and 194 ( 5 ) of the Convention . China has , through its island - building activities at Cuarteron Reef , Fiery Cross Reef , Gaven Reef ( North ) , Johnson Reef , Hughes Reef , Subi Reef and Mischief Reef , breached Articles 192 , 194 ( 1 ) , 194 ( 5 ) , 197 , 123 , and 206 of the Convention . Regarding occupation and construction activities on Mischief Reef ( Submission no . 12 ) China has , through its construction of installations and artificial islands at Mischief Reef without the authorisation of the Philippines , breached Articles 60 and 80 of the Convention with respect to the Philippines ' sovereign rights in its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf ( and ) , as a low - tide elevation , Mischief Reef is not capable of appropriation . Regarding operation of law enforcement vessels in a dangerous manner ( Submission no . 13 ) China has , by virtue of the conduct of Chinese law enforcement vessels in the vicinity of Scarborough Shoal , created serious risk of collision and danger to Philippine vessels and personnel . The Tribunal finds China to have violated Rules 2 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 15 , and 16 of the COLREGS and , as a consequence , to be in breach of Article 94 of the Convention . Regarding aggravation or extension of the dispute between the parties ( Submission No. 14 ) China has in the course of these proceedings aggravated and extended the disputes between the Parties through its dredging , artificial island - building , and construction activities ( in several particulars itemized in the award ) . Regarding the future conduct of the parties ( Submission no . 15 ) Both Parties are obliged to comply with the Convention , including its provisions regarding the resolution of disputes , and to respect the rights and freedoms of other States under the Convention . Neither Party contests this . Timeline ( edit ) 22 January 2013 -- Philippines served China with notification and Statement of Claim 19 February 2013 -- China rejected the Philippines ' Notification 11 July 2013 -- First meeting of the arbitral tribunal at The Hague 31 July 2013 -- Philippines commented on draft Rules of Procedure for the Tribunal 1 August 2013 -- China indicated that `` it does not accept the arbitration initiated by the Philippines '' 27 August 2013 -- Procedural Order No 1 issued via PCA Press Release on behalf of the arbitral tribunal 30 March 2014 -- Submission of the Philippines Memorial 14 -- 15 May 2014 -- Second meeting of the arbitral tribunal at The Hague 21 May 2014 -- China comments on draft Procedural Order No 2 and observes that `` it does not accept the arbitration initiated by the Philippines '' . 29 May 2014 -- Philippines comments on draft Procedural Order No 2 3 June 2014 -- Procedural Order No 2 issued via PCA Press Release on behalf of the arbitral tribunal 15 December 2014 -- China had not filed a Counter-Memorial 17 December 2014 -- Procedural Order No 3 issued via PCA Press Release on behalf of the arbitral tribunal 16 March 2015 -- The Philippines made a Supplemental Written Submission to the Arbitral Tribunal 20 -- 21 April 2015 -- Third meeting of the arbitral tribunal at The Hague 22 April 2015 -- Procedural Order No 4 issued via PCA Press Release on behalf of the arbitral tribunal 7 -- 13 July 2015 -- Hearing of the arbitral tribunal at The Hague 29 October 2015 -- PCA issued the Award on jurisdiction and admissibility 12 July 2016 - The tribunal of PCA gave a verdict claiming that China has no legal basis or historic claim on the Nine - dash line . China rejected the ruling . International reactions ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled International reactions to Philippines v. China . ( Discuss ) ( May 2016 ) Before the ruling ( edit ) There are countries and multinational bodies that have expressed support or opposition to the Philippines ' move to take the South China Sea dispute to the Permanent Court of Arbitration . These entities however may not necessarily support either sides when it comes to the ownership of the disputed area affected by the case . National governments ( edit ) Support for the arbitration and support for Philippines ' stance Albania Australia Austria Belgium Botswana Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Indonesia Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Malaysia Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Poland Portugal Romania Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Thailand United Kingdom United States Vietnam Opposition to the arbitration / Support for bilateral talks between the disputants / Support for China 's stance Afghanistan Algeria Bahrain Belarus Brunei Cambodia Comoros Djibouti Egypt Gambia Iraq Jordan Kenya Kuwait Laos Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Mauritania Morocco Myanmar Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia South Africa Somalia Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Taiwan Togo Tunisia Vanuatu United Arab Emirates Yemen In May 2016 , Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said that there were more than 40 countries that had expressed their support for China 's position . In June 2016 , it was reported that nearly 60 countries supported China 's position . In July 2016 , it was reported that more than 70 countries expressed their support for China 's position . China stressed that 7 or 8 countries can not represent international society . One 13 April 2016 , a joint press release by Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Fijian Minister for Foreign Affairs Inoke Kubuabola was published . The press release says Fiji supported China 's proposition , both countries agree that for sovereignty and maritime rights , parties should be committed to peaceful settlement and optional exceptions of the Convention should be respected . On the next day , Fijian government issued a statement saying the joint press release incorrectly depicted Fijian policy and the Fijian government does not support China 's proposition . In August 2015 , a junior Minister of State of India , VK Singh , told that territorial disputes should be resolved through peaceful means as was done by India and Bangladesh using the mechanisms provided by the UNCLOS , and parties should abide by the Declaration of the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea . In October 2015 , the Foreign Minister of India Sushma Swaraj stated in a joint statement that India supports a peaceful settlement of the dispute . Peaceful means should be used according to the principles of international law , including the UNCLOS . In April 2016 , Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj stated in a communique that Russia , India and China agreed to maintain legal order of seas based on international law , including the UNCLOS , and all related disputes should be addressed through negotiations and agreements between the parties concerned . During the 2015 East Asia Summit , President Park Geun - hye stated that concerned parties should observe the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and that disputes should be resolved according to international law . `` Korea has consistently stressed that the dispute must be peacefully resolved according to international agreements and code of conduct '' and `` China must guarantee the right of free navigation and flight . The Asahi Shimbun reports that the United States has made an unofficial request to South Korea to express its position on the arbitration case before the ruling but South Korea reportedly turned down the request saying its difficult make a position prior to the ruling . Malaysia and Vietnam , who has territorial claims in the South China Sea , as well as Australia , Indonesia , Japan , Singapore and Thailand sent observers to the proceedings . Australia has not sought to take a public position on the matter other than to state that the ruling of the tribunal should be respected . However Australia has recognized the right of the Philippines to seek arbitration . The foreign secretary of New Zealand stated in a speech that New Zealand supports the right to seek arbitration on South China Sea disputes . ASEAN ( edit ) In June 2016 , before the tribunal issued its ruling , Malaysia 's foreign ministry released what it said was a joint statement of ASEAN expressing `` serious concern '' over land reclamation activities in the South China Sea . Within hours of issuing the statement , Malaysia announced that ASEAN wanted the statement retracted for `` urgent amendments '' . Malaysian Foreign Ministry 's Secretary General Othman Hashim later claimed that ASEAN 's foreign ministers had `` unanimously agreed '' to the statement at a meeting , and that `` Subsequent developments pertaining to the media statement took place after the departure of the ASEAN foreign ministers '' . Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen later gave a speech condemning reports that Cambodia had had the statement retracted in order to please China , saying , `` Cambodia will not be a puppet of anyone on the South China Sea issue . '' Hun Sen suggested the case was a `` political conspiracy '' and that the ruling `` will not be fair '' , but also said that `` Cambodia will just choose to stay neutral on this issue . '' A few days after Hun Sen 's speech , the Cambodian People 's Party , which Hun Sen heads , issued a statement backing him . According to the statement , `` The CPP would like to reject unjust allegations that Cambodia has destroyed the issuing of a joint statement from Asean on the issue of the South China Sea both in Kunming recently and in 2012 . '' On 9 July , shortly before the tribunal issued its verdict , Cambodia 's foreign ministry issued a statement reiterating that Cambodia would not join any ASEAN statement on the verdict . European Union ( edit ) European Union encourages all parties to seek peaceful solutions , through dialogue and cooperation , in accordance with international law -- in particular with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea . A foreign affairs of the EU issued a statement saying `` Whilst not taking a position on claims , the EU is committed to a maritime order based upon the principles of international law , in particular as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) , '' . The EU later stressed that China should respect the ruling from the Hague . Group of seven ( edit ) The Group of 7 ( Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States as well as a representation from the European Union ) made a statement that the bloc should issue a `` clear signal '' to China 's overlapping claims . European Council President Donald Tusk said on the sidelines of a summit in Ise - Shima that the bloc should take a `` clear and tough stance '' on China 's contested maritime claims . North atlantic Treaty organization ( edit ) NATO General Petr Pavel said NATO has `` no legal platform '' to intervene militarily in the South China Sea territorial disputes , and NATO will not interfere in other region 's issues . NATO supports any regional solutions based on political and diplomatic negotiations , `` rules - based international system '' and peaceful means for resolving discord . Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( edit ) In a statement of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Secretary - General Rashid Olimov on South China Sea issue , all SCO countries agreed and supported China 's efforts made to safeguard peace and stability in the South China Sea . Directly concerned states should resolve disputes through negotiation and consultation in accordance with all bilateral treaties and the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea ( DOC ) , the statement said . It urged to respect the right of every sovereign state to decide by itself the dispute resolution methods , and strongly opposed outsiders ' intervention into the South China Sea issue , as well as the attempt to internationalize the dispute . After the ruling ( edit ) National governments ( edit ) Australia : On 15 July 2016 , Australian Minister for Defence , Marise Payne , and Minister for Foreign Affairs , Julie Bishop , stated that they regard the ruling `` as final , and as binding '' , and urged all parties involved in the dispute to `` abide by the ruling . '' The ministers also further described the court 's ruling as `` consistent '' with the Australia 's position on the matter . Canada : On 21 July 2016 , Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs , Stéphane Dion stated `` Whether one agrees or not with the ruling , Canada believes that parties should comply with it . All parties should seize this opportunity as a stepping stone to renewed efforts to peacefully manage and resolve their disputes , in accordance with international law . Dion reiterated Canada 's commitment to `` the maintenance of international law and to an international rules - based order for the oceans and seas '' to resolve the dispute . As well he added `` We are deeply concerned about regional tensions that have been escalating for a number of years and have the potential to undermine peace and stability . It is essential that all states in the region exercise restraint and avoid coercion and actions that will escalate tension . '' China : On 12 July 2016 , China stated that it will not accept the ruling . According to the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs , it states `` With regard to the award rendered on 12 July 2016 by the Arbitral Tribunal in the South China Sea arbitration established at the unilateral request of the Republic of the Philippines ( hereinafter referred to as the `` Arbitral Tribunal '' ) , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China solemnly declares that the award is null and void and has no binding force . China neither accepts nor recognizes it . '' Xi Jinping , president of China stated that China 's `` territorial sovereignty and marine rights '' in the seas would not be affected by the ruling . As well , he stated that China was still committed to resolving the dispute with its neighbours . India : On 12 July 2016 , Indian ministry of external affairs stated that the country supports freedom of navigation , and urged all parties to demonstrate an utmost respect for the UNCLOS . Indonesia : On 13 July 2016 , Indonesia called on all parties involved in the territorial dispute to exercise self - restraint and to respect applicable international laws . Japan : On 16 July 2016 , Japan stated that the arbitration court 's ruling `` is legally binding and must be respected by all parties , '' thus urged Beijing to respect and comply the ruling . Malaysia : On 13 July 2016 , Malaysia called for parties involved to exercise self - restraint to avoid escalating tension . The country Foreign Ministry said in a statement that `` It is important to maintain peace , security and stability through the exercise of self - restraint in the conduct of activities that may further complicate disputes or escalate tension and avoid the threat or use of force in the South China Sea '' . Singapore : On 12 July 2016 , Singapore urged that all parties involved in the South China Sea dispute to respect the legal and diplomatic processes . South Korea : On 13 July 2016 , South Korea stated that the country supports freedom of navigation and overflight in South China Sea , and support the peaceful means in resolving dispute according to international law . Vietnam : On 12 July 2016 , Vietnam immediately welcomed the arbitration tribunal ruling , thus announced that the country supports peace and order , also freedom of navigation and overflight in the region . United Nations ( edit ) The United Nations says it has no position regarding either legal merits or procedural merits of the case . The UN 's International Court of Justice says it has no involvement in the case either . ASEAN ( edit ) On 25 July 2016 , in Vientiane , Laos , ASEAN issued the joint statement regarding the South China Sea disputeː ensure and promote the peace , stability , and security in the region . See also ( edit ) International relations portal Law portal Nautical portal Asia portal Philippines portal China portal Taiwan portal Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea Baselines of the Philippines Territorial disputes in the South China Sea Scarborough Shoal standoff Great wall of sand Island Chain Strategy First island chain East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration Nicaragua v. United States Mauritius v. United Kingdom List of irredentist claims or disputes Further reading ( edit ) Harriet Moynihan ( 2017 ) China 's Evolving Approach to International Dispute Settlement , Chatham House References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Republic of the Philippines v . The People 's Republic of China '' . Permanent Court of Arbitration . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arbitration between the Republic of the Philippines and the People 's Republic of China '' . Permanent Court of Arbitration. 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PHL PRC China Note Verbale '' . ^ Jump up to : Chinese Society of International Law . The Tribunal 's Award in the `` South China Sea Arbitration '' Initiated by the Philippines Is Null and Void ( Report ) . Jump up ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China . Position Paper of the Government of the People 's Republic of China on the Matter of Jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of the Philippines ( Report ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippines asks tribunal to invalidate China 's sea claims '' . The Philippine Star . Associated Press . 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` World tribunal to hear South China Sea case '' . Bangkok Post . 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` PCA Press Release : The South China Sea Arbitration ( The Republic of the Philippines v . The People 's Republic of China ) PCA - CPA '' . pca-cpa.org . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perlez , Jane ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Tribunal Rejects Beijing 's Claims in South China Sea '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Tom ; Holmes , Oliver ; Bowcott , Owen . `` Beijing rejects tribunal 's ruling in South China Sea case '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Zannia , Neyla . `` Taiwan rejects ruling on South China Sea with Taiping Island defined as ' rocks ' '' . The Online Citizen . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace with Japan '' . Taiwan Documents Project . 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . See also : United Nations Treaty Series 1952 ( reg . no . 1832 ) , vol. 136 , pp. 45 -- 164 . ^ Jump up to : Ying , Fu ; Wu , Shicun ( 2016 ) . `` South China Sea : How We Got to This Stage '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : South China Sea dispute '' . BBC News . 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spratly Islands Conflicting Claims '' . Global Security . 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fu , Kuen - Chen . South China Sea : Conflict Or Cooperation ? . Jump up ^ `` China Voice : South China Sea arbitration lacks legal basis '' . Xinhua . 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She ( German Chancellor , Angela Merkel ) called the disputes `` a serious conflict '' and gently offered her support for a legal solution : `` I am always a bit surprised why in this case multinational courts should not be an option for a solution . '' Merkel also emphasized Germany 's `` wish that the sea trade routes stay free and safe , because they are important for all . '' ^ Jump up to : `` 7 countries send observers to monitor PH case vs China '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 26 November 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Romero , Alexis ( 4 December 2016 ) . `` Italy backs Philippines on UN arbitration over sea dispute '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` G7 Ise - Shima Leaders ' Declaration : G7 Ise - Shima Summit , 26 - 27 May 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Minister of Foreign Affairs Japan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` South Korea and the South China Sea : A Domestic and International Balancing Act '' . Jump up ^ `` Where does South Korea Stand on the South China Sea Dispute ? '' . 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Asahi : US Asked Seoul to Express Support for Ruling on Beijing - Manila Sea Dispute Jump up ^ Mina Pollmann ; The Diplomat . `` Amid South China Sea Tensions , Japan Strengthens Ties With Philippines , Vietnam '' . The Diplomat . Jump up ^ Calleja , Niña P. `` 7 countries send observers to monitor PH case vs China '' . Jump up ^ `` Australia and the South China Sea arbitration case - The Strategist '' . 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australia : Nations will respect tribunal on S China Sea '' . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Hun Sen denies Cambodia caved in to Chinese pressure on Asean statement '' . Jump up ^ `` CPP Backs PM on South China Sea '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation on Cambodia 's Position over South China Sea '' . Jump up ^ `` Philippines , EU show common stance on China '' . Jump up ^ `` European Union sides with United States on South China Sea incident '' . 31 October 2015 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` South China Sea : Britain says court of arbitration ruling must be binding '' . Jump up ^ `` G7 sees need to send strong message on South , East China Sea disputes '' . 26 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese state media warns G7 against South China Sea ' meddling ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Nato has ' no legal platforms ' to intervene militarily in South China Sea '' . Jump up ^ 李珅 . `` SCO supports peace and stability in South China Sea '' . Jump up ^ Gareth Hutchens ( 15 July 2016 ) . `` South China Sea : Marise Payne says Julie Bishop right to warn Beijing '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Canadian statement on South China Sea Arbitration '' . Minister of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blanchfield , Mike ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Canada calls on ' parties ' in South China Sea dispute to comply with ruling '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China on the Award of 12 July 2016 of the Arbitral Tribunal in the South China Sea Arbitration Established at the Request of the Republic of the Philippines '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Indrani Bagchi ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` South China Sea ruling a shot in the arm for India , a damning indictment of Beijing , say experts '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Liza Yosephine ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Indonesia 's statement on South China Sea dissatisfying : China 's experts '' . The Jakarta Post . Jakarta . Jump up ^ Koya Jibiki ( 16 July 2016 ) . `` Abe calls on Li to abide by South China Sea ruling '' . Nikkei , Asian Review . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia react to S. China Sea ruling '' . Kyodo News . ABS - CBN News . 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore urges respect for court ruling on South China Sea '' . Today online . 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( Analysis ) Response on South China Sea ruling shows S. Korea 's fragile position '' . The Hankyoreh. 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam welcomes Hague ruling on East Vietnam Sea disputes : foreign ministry '' . Tuoi Tre News . 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arbitral court not a UN agency '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . The United Nations said on Wednesday it has nothing to do with the Permanent Court of Arbitration ( PCA ) , which set up a tribunal that handled the South China Sea arbitration case the Philippines filed unilaterally in 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary - General '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . the UN does n't have a position on the legal and procedural merits of the case or on the disputed claims . Jump up ^ `` International Court of Justice '' . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . The International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) wishes to draw the attention of the media and the public to the fact that the Award in the South China Sea Arbitration ( The Republic of the Philippines v . The People 's Republic of China ) was issued by an Arbitral Tribunal acting with the secretarial assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration ( PCA ) . The relevant information can be found on the PCA 's website ( www.pca-cpa.org ) . The ICJ , which is a totally distinct institution , has had no involvement in the above mentioned case Jump up ^ `` Joint Statement of the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN Member States on the Maintenance of Peace , Security , and Stability in the Region '' . 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` The Republic of the Philippines v . The People 's Republic of China '' ( PDF ) . Permanent Court of Arbitration . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . ( hide ) Territories claimed by the Philippines Current Sabah / North Borneo dispute South China Sea Philippines v. China Scarborough Shoal Spratly Islands dispute Philippine activities Former Miangas / Island of Palmas case Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines_v._China&oldid=835933881 '' Categories : 2013 in law 2013 in China 2013 in the Philippines South China Sea Law of the sea China -- Philippines relations Permanent Court of Arbitration cases Energy law History of the Philippines ( 1986 -- present ) 2016 in law 2016 in the Philippines 2016 in China History of China Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Wikipedia articles needing time reference citations from July 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Pages with broken reference names CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia references cleanup from July 2016 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from January 2017 NPOV disputes from September 2016 All NPOV disputes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Articles to be split from May 2016 All articles to be split Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Tagalog Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 17 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	south china sea dispute between china and philippines	[]	[]

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