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-6739529878720530863	South African republic referendum, 1960	South African republic referendum , 1960 - Wikipedia South African republic referendum , 1960 Jump to : navigation , search South African republic referendum 5 October 1960 Are you in favour of a Republic for the Union ? Afrikaans : Is u ten gunste van ' n Republiek vir die Unie ? Results Votes % Yes 850,458 7001522900000000000 ♠ 52.29 % No 775,878 7001477100000000000 ♠ 47.71 % Valid votes 1,626,336 7001995200000000000 ♠ 99.52 % Invalid or blank votes 7,904 6999480000000000000 ♠ 0.48 % Total votes 1,634,240 100.00 % Registered voters / turnout 1,800,426 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % Results by province Yes No Front page of Die Transvaler , 7 October 1960 , announcing republican victory by 70 000 votes A referendum on becoming a republic was held in South Africa on 5 October 1960 . The Afrikaner - dominated right - wing National Party , which had come to power in 1948 , was avowedly republican , and regarded the position of Queen Elizabeth II as head of state as a relic of British imperialism . The National Party government subsequently organised the referendum on whether the then Union of South Africa should become a republic . The vote , which was restricted to whites , was narrowly approved by 52.29 % of the voters . The Republic of South Africa was constituted on 31 May 1961 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Afrikaner republicanism 1.2 National Party in government 1.3 Wind of Change speech 1.4 Opposition to republic in Natal 1.5 Black South African opinion 2 Campaign 2.1 `` Yes '' campaign 2.2 `` No '' campaign 3 Results 3.1 By province 4 Aftermath 4.1 White reaction 4.2 Black reaction 4.3 Commonwealth reaction 5 Establishment of Republic 5.1 Inauguration of State President 5.2 Legal and heraldic changes 5.3 Constitutional changes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Afrikaner republicanism ( edit ) Despite the defeat of the two Boer Republics , the South African Republic ( also known as the Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State , republican sentiment remained strong in the Union of South Africa among Afrikaners . DF Malan broke with the National Party of Prime Minister J.B.M. Hertzog when it merged with the South African Party of Jan Smuts to form a Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party ( or `` Purified National Party '' ) which advocated a South African republic under Afrikaner control . This had the support of the secretive Afrikaner Broederbond organisation , whose chairman , LJ du Plessis declared : National culture and national welfare can not unfold fully if the people of South Africa do not also constitutionally sever all foreign ties . After the cultural and economic needs , the Afrikaner will have to devote his attention to the constitutional needs of our people . Added to that objective must be an entirely independent genuine , Afrikaans form of government for South Africa ... a form of government which through its embodiment in our own personal head of state , bone of our bone , flesh of our flesh , will inspire us to irresistible unity and strength . In 1940 , Malan , along with Hertzog , founded the Herenigde Nasionale Party ( or `` Reunited National Party '' ) which pledged to fight for `` a free independent republic , separated from the British Crown and Empire '' , and `` to remove , step by step , all anomalies which hamper the fullest expression of our national freedom '' . Hendrik Verwoerd , editor of Die Transvaler and later Prime Minister of South Africa 1958 - 1966 That year , a Commission appointed by the Broederbond , met to draft a constitution for a republic ; this included future National Party ministers , such as Hendrik Verwoerd , Albert Hertzog and Eben Dönges . In 1942 , details of a draft republican constitution were published in Afrikaans - language newspapers Die Burger and Die Transvaler , which provided for a State President , elected by white citizens known as Burgers only , who would be `` only responsible to God ... for his deeds in the fulfilment of his duties '' , aided by a Community Council with exclusively advisory powers , while Afrikaans would be the first official language , with English as a supplemental language . On the matter of continued Commonwealth membership , the Broederbond 's view was that `` departure from the Commonwealth as soon as possible remains a cardinal aspect of our republican aim '' . During the visit to South Africa by King George VI and his family in 1947 , the Afrikaans - language newspaper Die Transvaler , of which Verwoerd was editor , ignored the royal tour , making reference only to `` busy streets '' in Johannesburg . By contrast , the newspaper of the far - right Ossewa Brandwag openly denounced the tour , proclaiming that `` in the name of this monarchy , 27 000 Boer women and children were murdered for the sake of gold and their fatherland '' . National Party in government ( edit ) In 1948 , the National Party , now led by D.F. Malan , came to power , although it did not campaign for a republic during the election , instead favouring remaining in the Commonwealth , thereby appealing to Afrikaners who otherwise might have voted for the United Party of Jan Smuts . This decision to downplay the republic question and focus on race issues was influenced by NC Havenga , the leader of the Afrikaner Party , which was in alliance with the National Party in the election . Malan 's successor as Prime Minister , JG Strijdom , also downplayed the republic issue , stating that no steps would be taken towards that end before 1958 . However , he later reaffirmed his party 's commitment to a republic , as well as a single national flag . Strijdom stated that the matter of whether South Africa would be a republic inside or outside the Commonwealth would be decided `` with a view to circumstances then prevailing '' . Like his precessor , Strijdom declared the party 's belief that a republic could only be proclaimed on the basis `` of the broad will of the people '' . On becoming Prime Minister in 1958 , Verwoerd gave a speech to Parliament in which he declared that : This has indeed been the basis of our struggle all these years : nationalism against imperialism . This has been the struggle since 1910 : a republic as opposed to the monarchical connection ... We stand unequivocally and clearly for the establishment of the republic in the correct manner and at the appropriate time . In 1960 , Verwoerd announced plans to hold a whites - only referendum on the establishment of a republic , with a bill to that effect being introduced in Parliament on 23 April of that year . The Referendum Act received assent on 3 June 1960 . He stated that a simple majority in favour of the change would be decisive , although minimal changes would be made to the existing constitutional structures . Before he was succeeded by Verwoerd as Prime Minister in 1958 , Strijdom had lowered the voting age for whites from 21 to 18 . Afrikaners , who were more likely to favour the National Party than English - speaking whites , were also on average younger than them , with a higher birth rate . Also included on the electoral roll were white voters in South West Africa , now Namibia . As in South Africa , the Afrikaners and ethnic Germans in the territory outnumbered English - speaking whites , and were strong supporters of the National Party . In addition , Coloureds were no longer enfranchised as voters and were not eligible to vote in the referendum . In hopes of winning the support of English - speaking whites who opposed a republic , Verwoerd proposed a parliamentary republic . The head of state would be a State President with mostly ceremonial powers . Real power would remain with the prime minister . Wind of change speech ( edit ) Earlier , in February of that year , British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan had given a speech to the Parliament in Cape Town , in which he spoke of the inevitability of decolonisation in Africa , and appeared critical of South Africa 's apartheid policies . This prompted Verwoerd to declare in the House of Assembly : It was not the Republic of South Africa that was told , ' We are not going to support you in this respect . ' Those words were addressed to the monarchy of South Africa , and yet we have the same monarch as this person from Britain who addressed these words to us . It was a warning given to all of us , English - speaking and Afrikaans - speaking , republican and anti-republican . It was clear to all of us that as far as these matters are concerned , we shall have to stand on our own feet . Many English - speaking whites , who had regarded Britain as their spiritual home , felt disillusionment and a sense of loss , including Douglas Mitchell , the United Party 's leader in Natal . Despite his opposition to Verwoerd 's plans for a republic , Mitchell spoke in vehement opposition to many points of Macmillan 's speech . Opposition to republic in Natal ( edit ) Durban City Hall , where the Natal Covenant was launched in 1955 In Natal , the only province with an English - speaking majority of whites , there was strong anti-republican sentiment ; in 1955 , the small Federal Party issued a pamphlet The Case Against the Republic , while the Anti-Republican League organised public demonstrations . The League , founded by Arthur Selby , the Federal Party 's chairman , launched the Natal Covenant in opposition to the plans for a republic , signed by 33 000 Natalians . Drawing cheering crowds of 2000 people in Durban and 1500 in Pietermaritzburg , the League became the largest political organisation in Natal , with 28 branches across the province , with Selby calling for 80 000 signatories to the Covenant . Inspired by the Ulster Covenant of 1912 , the Natal Covenant read : Being convinced in our consciences that a republic would be disastrous to the material well - being of Natal as well as of the whole of South Africa , subversive of our freedom and destructive of our citizenship , we , whose names are underwritten , men and women of Natal , loyal subjects of Her Gracious Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second , do hereby pledge ourselves in solemn covenant , throughout this our time of threatened calamity , to stand by one another in defending the Crown , and in using all means which may be found possible and necessary to defeat the present intention to set up a republic in South Africa . And in the event of a republic being forced upon us , we further solemnly and mutually pledge ourselves to refuse to recognise its authority . In sure confidence that God will defend the right , we hereto subscribe our names . GOD SAVE THE QUEEN . On the day of the referendum , the Natal Witness , the province 's daily English - language newspaper warned its readers that : Not to vote against the Republic is to help those who would cut us loose from our moorings , and set us adrift in a treacherous and uncharted sea , at the very time that the winds of change are blowing up to hurricane force . Between May 1956 and June 1958 , the anti-republican Freedom Radio , set up by John Lang , broadcast from the Natal Midlands , later resuming broadcasts shortly before the referendum in October 1960 until the proclamation of the republic in May 1961 . Black South African opinion ( edit ) Black South Africans , who were denied a vote in the referendum , were not against the establishment of a republic per se , but saw the new constitution as a direct rejection of the principle of one person , one vote , as expressed in the Freedom Charter , drafted by the African National Congress and its allies in the Congress Alliance . Despite its opposition to the monarchy and the Commonwealth , the ANC sought to mobilise white and black opposition to the republic , seeing it as an attempt by Verwoerd to consolidate the white grip on power . Campaign ( edit ) `` Yes '' campaign ( edit ) Ballot paper used in the referendum . Ballot reads on the upper row : IS U TEN GUNSTE VAN ' N REPUBLIEK VIR DIE UNIE ? in Afrikaans and on the bottom row : ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OF A REPUBLIC FOR THE UNION ? in English . The pro-republic campaign focused on the need for white unity in the face of British decolonisation in Africa , and the eruption of the former Belgian Congo into bloody civil war following independence , which Verwoerd warned might give rise to similar chaos in South Africa . It also argued that South Africa 's links with the British monarchy led to confusion about the country 's status , with one advertisement proclaiming : `` Let us become a real republic now rather than remain betwixt and between '' . One campaign poster used the slogan `` To re-unite and keep South Africa white , a republic now '' on posters in English , while in Afrikaans , the slogan was Ons republiek nou , om Suid - Afrika blank te hou ( `` Our republic now , to keep South Africa white '' ) . Another poster featured two clasped hands , with the slogan `` Your people , my people , our republic '' , which would sometimes be vandalised by painting one of the hands black , producing the emblem of the non-racial Liberal Party . `` No '' campaign ( edit ) Sir De Villiers Graaff , leader of the United Party , 1960 The opposition United Party actively campaigned for a ' No ' vote , arguing that South Africa 's membership of the Commonwealth , with which it had privileged trade links , would be threatened and lead to greater isolation . One advertisement pointed out that access to Commonwealth markets was worth £ 200 000 000 a year . Another proclaimed `` You need friends . Do n't let Verwoerd lose them all '' . Sir De Villiers Graaff , the party 's leader , called on voters to reject a republic `` so we can remain in the British ( sic ) Commonwealth and have its protection against Communism and hot - eyed African nationalism '' . The smaller Progressive Party appealed to supporters of the proposed change to ' reject this republic ' , arguing that such a weighted electorate could not provide a valid test of opinion . An advertisement appealing to voters who might support a republic declared : `` The issue is not monarchy or republic but democracy or dictatorship '' . Results ( edit ) Choice Votes % For 850,458 52.29 Against 775,878 47.71 Invalid / blank votes 7,904 -- Total 1,634,240 100 Registered voters / turnout 1,800,426 90.77 Source : The Statesman 's Year - Book 1975 - 76 , J. Paxton , 1976 , Macmillan , page 1289 By province ( edit ) Province For Against Invalid / blank Total Registered voters Turnout Votes % Votes % Cape of Good Hope 271,418 50.15 269,784 49.85 2,881 544,083 591,298 92.02 Natal 42,299 23.78 135,598 76.22 688 178,585 193,103 92.48 Orange Free State 110,171 76.72 33,438 23.28 798 144,407 160,843 89.78 South - West Africa 19,938 62.39 12,017 37.61 280 32,235 37,135 86.80 Transvaal 406,632 55.58 325,041 44.42 3,257 734,930 818,047 89.84 Source : The Statesman 's Year - Book 1975 - 76 , J. Paxton , 1976 , Macmillan , page 1289 Aftermath ( edit ) White reaction ( edit ) Whites in the former Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State voted decisively in favour , as did those in South West Africa . On the eve of the establishment of the republic , Die Transvaler proclaimed : Our republic is the inevitable fulfilment of God 's plan for our people ... a plan formed in 1652 when Jan van Riebeeck arrived at the Cape ... for which the defeat of our republics in 1902 was a necessary step . In the Cape Province there was a smaller majority , despite the removal of the Cape Coloured franchise , while Natal voted overwhelmingly against ; in the constituencies of Durban North , Pinetown and Durban Musgrave , the vote against a republic was 89.7 , 83.7 and 92.7 per cent respectively . Following the referendum result , Douglas Mitchell , the leader of the United Party in Natal , declared : We in Natal will have no part or parcel of this Republic . We must resist , resist , and resist it - and the Nationalist Government . I have contracted Natal out of a republic on the strongest possible moral grounds that I can enunciate . Mitchell led a delegation from Natal seeking greater autonomy for the province , but without success . Other whites in Natal went as far as to call for secession from the Union , along with some parts of the eastern Cape Province . However , Mitchell rejected the idea of independence as `` suicide '' , although he did not rule out asking for it in the future . In a conciliatory gesture to English - speaking whites , and a recognition that some had supported him in the referendum , Verwoerd appointed two English - speaking members to his cabinet . Black reaction ( edit ) On 25 March 1961 , in response to the referendum , the ANC held an All - In African Congress in Pietermaritzburg attended by 1398 delegates from all over the country . It passed a resolution declaring that `` no Constitution or form of Government decided without the participation of the African people who form an absolute majority of the population can enjoy moral validity or merit support either within South Africa or beyond its borders '' . It called for a National Convention , and the organising of mass demonstrations on the eve of what Nelson Mandela described as `` the unwanted republic '' , if the government failed to call one . He wrote : The adoption of this part of the resolution did not mean that conference preferred a monarchy to a republican form of government . Such considerations were unimportant and irrelevant . The point at issue , and which was emphasised over and over again by delegates , was that a minority Government had decided to proclaim a White Republic under which the living conditions of the African people would continue to deteriorate . A three - day general strike was called in protest at the declaration of a republic , but Verwoerd responded by cancelling all police leaves , calling up 5,000 armed reservists of the Citizen Force , and ordering the arrest of thousands in black townships , although Mandela , by now head of the underground movement , managed to escape arrest . Commonwealth reaction ( edit ) Originally every independent country in the Commonwealth was a Dominion with the British monarch as head of state . The 1949 London Declaration prior to India becoming a republic allowed countries with a different head of state to join or remain in the Commonwealth , but only by unanimous consent of the other members . The governments of Pakistan ( in 1956 ) and , later , Ghana ( in 1960 ) availed themselves of this principle , and the National Party had not specifically ruled out South Africa 's continued Commonwealth membership if a pro-republic vote succeeded . Yet , the Commonwealth by 1960 included new Asian and African members , whose rulers saw the apartheid state 's membership as an affront to the organisation 's new democratic principles . Julius Nyerere , then Chief Minister of Tanganyika , indicated that his country , which was due to gain independence in 1961 , would not join the Commonwealth were apartheid South Africa to remain a member . A Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference was convened in March 1961 , a year ahead of schedule , to address the issue . However , Verwoerd stirred up a confrontation , causing many members to threaten to withdraw if South Africa 's renewal of membership application was accepted . As a result , South Africa 's membership application was withdrawn , meaning that upon its becoming a republic , the country 's Commonwealth membership simply lapsed . Many Afrikaners welcomed this as a clean break with the colonial past . De Villiers Graaff remarked `` how utterly alone and isolated our country has become '' , and called for another referendum on the republic issue , arguing that the end to Commonwealth membership had dramatically changed the situation . Commenting on the enthusiastic welcome Verwoerd received from his supporters on his return , Douglas Mitchell remarked `` They are cheering because we have withdrawn from the world . Will they cheer when the world withdraws from us ? '' In a speech made following the announcement , Verwoerd said : I appeal to the English - speaking people of South Africa not to allow themselves to be hurt , though I can feel their sadness . A framework has fallen away , but what is of greater importance is friendship and getting together as one nation -- as white people who have to defend their future together . Now there is a chance of standing together -- one free country standing together on a basis which is the desire of friendship with Great Britain . Following the end of apartheid , South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth , thirty - three years to the day that the republic was established . Establishment of republic ( edit ) Inauguration of State President ( edit ) Charles R Swart , last Governor General and first State President The Republic of South Africa was declared on 31 May 1961 , Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be head of state , and the last Governor General of the Union , Charles R. Swart , took office as the first State President . Swart had been elected as State President by Parliament by 139 votes to 71 , defeating HA Fagan , the former Chief Justice , favoured by the Opposition . Legal and heraldic changes ( edit ) Other symbolic changes also occurred : Legal references to `` the Crown '' were replaced by those to `` the State '' . Oaths of allegiance were no longer to the Queen , but to the Republic of South Africa . Queen 's Counsels became known as Senior Counsels . The `` Royal '' title was dropped from the names of some South African Army regiments , such as the Natal Carbineers . However , some institutions retained the `` Royal '' title , such as the Royal Natal National Park and the Royal Society of South Africa The mace in the House of Assembly , featuring the Crown at its head , was replaced by a new mace with the coats of arms of the four provinces , as well as sailing ships and ox wagons . Despite the change to republican status , the coat of arms of Natal continued to display a crown , which had only been added to the arms in 1954 , although this was neither the St Edward 's Crown , with which the Queen had been crowned , nor the Tudor Crown , used by previous British monarchs , but a distinctive design . Other references to the monarchy had been removed before the establishment of a republic : In 1952 , the title of South African Navy vessels HMSAS ( His Majesty 's South African Ship ) had been changed to SAS ( South African Ship ) In 1957 , the Crown had been removed from the badges of the defence force and police , or replaced with the Union Lion from the crest of the country 's coat of arms In 1958 , the inscription ' `` O.H.M.S. '' ( On Her Majesty 's Service ) , used on official mail , was replaced with `` On Government Service '' . The new decimalised currency , the Rand , which did not feature the Queen 's portrait on either notes or coinage , had been introduced on 14 February 1961 , three months before the establishment of the Republic . Prior to its introduction , the government considered removing the Queen 's head from the coinage of the South African pound . Constitutional changes ( edit ) The most notable difference between the Constitution of the Republic and that of the Union was that the State President was the ceremonial head of state , in place of the Queen and Governor - General . The title of `` State President '' ( Staatspresident in Afrikaans ) was previously used for the heads of state of both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State . The National Party decided against having an executive presidency , instead adopting a minimalist approach , as a conciliatory gesture to whites who were opposed to a republic ; the office did not become an executive post until 1984 . Similarly , the Union Jack remained a feature of the country 's flag until 1994 , despite its unpopularity among many Afrikaners , and a proposal to adopt a new design on the tenth anniversary of the republic in 1971 . Under the new Constitution , Afrikaans and English remained official languages , but the status of Afrikaans in relation to Dutch was altered ; whereas the South Africa Act had made Dutch an official language alongside English , with Dutch defined to include Afrikaans under the Official Languages of the Union Act in 1925 , the 1961 Constitution reversed this by making Afrikaans an official language alongside English , defining Afrikaans to include Dutch . 1960s portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : South Africa : A War Won , TIME , June 9 , 1961 Jump up ^ South Africa , 5 October 1960 : Proclamation of the Republic Direct Democracy ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd '' . South African History Online . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . On 5 October 1960 a referendum was held in which White voters were asked `` Do you support a republic for the Union ? '' -- 52 percent voted ' Yes ' . 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Heard , Oxford University Press , 1974 , ages 102 - 115 Jump up ^ The White Tribe of Africa , David Harrison , University of California Press , 1983 , pp. 160 - 161 Jump up ^ Winds of Change secrets revealed , Independent Online , 5 October 2012 Jump up ^ The White Tribe of Africa , David Harrison , University of California Press , 1983 , page 163 Jump up ^ Power , Pride & Prejudice : The Years of Afrikaner Nationalist Rule in South Africa , Henry Kenney J. Ball Publishers , 1991 Jump up ^ The Bell Tolls In Africa , The Tablet , 5th March 1960 ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Keith ( 1996 ) . An Irish Empire ? : Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire . Manchester University Press . pp. 199 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Natalians First : Separatism in South Africa , 1909 - 1961 , Paul Singer Thompson , Southern Book Publishers , 1990 , pages 154 - 156 Jump up ^ South African Historical Journal , Issues 14 - 18 , South African Historical Society , 1982 , page 90 Jump up ^ Whirlwind , Hurricane , Howling Tempest : The Wind of Change and the British World , Stuart Ward , in The Wind of Change : Harold Macmillan and British Decolonization , L. Butler , S. Stockwell , Springer , 2013 , page 55 Jump up ^ The Road to Democracy in South Africa : 1960 - 1970 , South African Democracy Education Trust , Zebra , 2004 , page 216 Jump up ^ A Life for Freedom : The Mission to End Racial Injustice in South Africa , Denis Goldberg , University Press of Kentucky , 2015 , page 50 Jump up ^ The Lion and the Springbok : Britain and South Africa Since the Boer War , Ronald Hyam , Peter Henshaw , Cambridge University Press , 2003 , page 301 Jump up ^ Statutes of the Union of South Africa , Government Print and Stationery Office , 1960 , page 666 Jump up ^ Guelke , Adrian ( 2005 ) . Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 101 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The History of South Africa , Roger B. 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Verwoerd , an Appraisal , Henry Kenney , J. Ball , 1980 , page 202 Jump up ^ Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans , Saskatoon Star - Phoenix , 11 October 1960 Jump up ^ Natal Told Not to Be Hasty , The Age , 11 October 1960 Jump up ^ All - In African Congress African National Congress Jump up ^ Nelson Mandela : The Struggle Is My Life , Popular Prakashan , 1990 , page 97 Jump up ^ Nelson Mandela : A Life in Photographs , David Elliot Cohen , John D. Battersby , Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. , 2009 , page 61 Jump up ^ No Easy Walk to Freedom , Nelson Mandela , Heinemann , 1973 , page 91 Jump up ^ Murphy , Philip ( December 2013 ) . Monarchy and the End of Empire : The House of Windsor , the British Government , and the Postwar Commonwealth . Oxford : OUP . p. 74 . ISBN 9780199214235 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . 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Vincent , 1988 , page 38 Jump up ^ home page of Royal Society of South Africa web site Jump up ^ The Mace of Parliament , InSession , Parliament of the Republic of South Africa , January -- February 2013 Jump up ^ Heraldry In Natal , The Natal Society 's Annual Lecture delivered by the State Herald , Frederick Gordon Brownell , on Friday 27 March 1987 , Natalia , page 18 Jump up ^ Scientiae Militaria , Volume 27 , Faculty of Military Science ( Military Academy ) , University of Stellenbosch , 1997 , page 71 ^ Jump up to : South African Republicanism , Reuters , Toledo Blade , January 30 , 1958 Jump up ^ The South African flag book : the history of South African flags from Dias to Mandela , A.P. Burgers , Protea Book House , 2008 , page 166 Jump up ^ From Van Riebeeck to Madiba , The Witness , 12 September 2012 Jump up ^ South African Treaties , Conventions , Agreements and State Papers , Subsisting on the 1st Day of September , 1898 : Compiled by Order of the Right Honourable Sir J. Gordon Sprigg , Prime Minister , W.A. Richards & Sons , 1898 , page 48 Jump up ^ Sketch of the Orange Free State of South Africa , Orange Free State . Commission at the International Exhibition , Philadelphia , 1876 , pages 10 - 12 Jump up ^ The White Tribe of Africa , David Harrison , University of California Press , 1983 , page 161 Jump up ^ New flag Glasgow Herald , 12 September 1968 Jump up ^ Mixed Jurisdictions Worldwide : The Third Legal Family , Vernon V. 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4820385430050008245	Al-Aqsa Mosque	Al - Aqsa mosque - wikipedia Al - Aqsa mosque This is an old revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 22 : 59 , 23 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 22 : 59 , 23 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search `` al - Aqsa '' redirects here . For other uses , see al - Aqsa ( disambiguation ) . `` The template Infobox religious building is being considered for merging . '' Al - Aqsa Mosque المسجد الاقصى ‎ Masjid al - ' Aqṣā Location within the Old City of Jerusalem Basic information Location Old City of Jerusalem Geographic coordinates 31 ° 46 ′ 34 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 09 '' E / 31.77617 ° N 35.23583 ° E / 31.77617 ; 35.23583 Coordinates : 31 ° 46 ′ 34 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 09 '' E / 31.77617 ° N 35.23583 ° E / 31.77617 ; 35.23583 Affiliation Islam Country Israel , Palestinian National Authority Administration Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Leadership Imam ( s ) : Muhammad Ahmad Hussein Architectural description Architectural type Mosque Architectural style Early Islamic , Mamluk Date established 705 CE Specifications Direction of façade north - northwest Capacity 5,000 + Dome ( s ) 2 large + tens of smaller ones Minaret ( s ) 4 Minaret height 37 meters ( 121 ft ) ( tallest ) Materials Limestone ( external walls , minaret , facade ) stalactite ( minaret ) , Gold , lead and stone ( domes ) , white marble ( interior columns ) and mosaic Al - Aqsa Mosque ( Arabic : المسجد الاقصى ‎ ‎ Al - Masjid al - ' Aqṣā , IPA : ( ʔælˈmæsdʒɪd ælˈʔɑqsʕɑ ) ( listen ) , `` the Farthest Mosque '' ) , also known as Al - Aqsa and Bayt al - Maqdis , is the third holiest site in Islam and is located in the Old City of Jerusalem . Whilst the entire site on which the silver - domed mosque sits , along with the Dome of the Rock , seventeen gates , and four minarets , was itself historically known as the Al - Aqsa Mosque , today a narrower definition prevails , and the wider compound is usually referred to as al - Haram ash - Sharif ( `` the Noble Sanctuary '' ) , or the Temple Mount , the holiest site in Judaism . Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al - Aqsa during the Night Journey . Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration , when God directed him to turn towards the Kaaba . The mosque was originally a small prayer house built by Umar the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate , but was rebuilt and expanded by the Umayyad caliph Abd al - Malik and finished by his son al - Walid in 705 CE . The mosque was completely destroyed by an earthquake in 746 and rebuilt by the Abbasid caliph al - Mansur in 754 . His successor al - Mahdi rebuilt it again in 780 . Another earthquake destroyed most of al - Aqsa in 1033 , but two years later the Fatimid caliph Ali az - Zahir built another mosque which has stood to the present day . During the periodic renovations undertaken , the various ruling dynasties of the Islamic Caliphate constructed additions to the mosque and its precincts , such as its dome , facade , its minbar , minarets and the interior structure . When the Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 , they used the mosque as a palace and the Dome of the Rock as a church , but its function as a mosque was restored after its recapture by Saladin in 1187 . More renovations , repairs and additions were undertaken in the later centuries by the Ayyubids , Mamluks , Ottomans , the Supreme Muslim Council , and Jordan . Today , the Old City is under Israeli control , but the mosque remains under the administration of the Jordanian / Palestinian - led Islamic Waqf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-construction 2.2 Construction by the Umayyads 2.3 Earthquakes and reconstructions 2.4 Modern era 3 Architecture 3.1 Dome 3.2 Facade and porch 3.3 Interior 3.4 Ablution fountain 4 Religious significance in Islam 4.1 Isra and Mi'raj 4.2 First qibla 4.3 Religious status 5 Current situations 5.1 Administration 5.2 Access 5.3 Excavations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Etymology Al - Masjid al - Aqsa translates from Arabic into English as `` the farthest mosque '' . The name refers to a chapter of the Quran called `` The Night Journey '' in which it is said that Muhammad traveled from Mecca to `` the farthest mosque '' , and then up to Heaven on a heavenly creature called al - Buraq al - Sharif . Al - Aqsa Mosque as a whole is confused with a particular building within it , also known as al - Jami ' al - Aqsa or al - Qibli or Masjid al - Jumah or al - Mughata ; these names refer to the southern building with the silver lead dome . For centuries , al - Masjid al - Aqsa referred not only to the mosque , but to the entire sacred sanctuary , while al - Jami ' al - Aqsa referred to the specific site of the mosque . This changed during the period of Ottoman rule ( c. early 16th century to 1917 ) when the sanctuary complex came to be known as al - Haram al - Sharif . History Pre-construction The al - Aqsa Mosque is located on the Temple Mount , referred to by Muslims today as the `` Haram al - Sharif '' ( `` The Noble Sanctuary '' ) , an enclosure expanded by King Herod the Great beginning in 20 BCE . The mosque resides on an artificial platform that is supported by arches constructed by Herod 's engineers to overcome the difficult topographic conditions resulting from the southward expansion of the enclosure into the Tyropoeon and Kidron valleys . At the time of the Second Temple , the present site of the mosque was occupied by the Royal Stoa , a basilica running the southern wall of the enclosure . The Royal Stoa was destroyed along with the Temple during the sacking of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE . It was once thought that Emperor Justinian 's `` Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos '' , or the New Church of the God - Bearer , dedicated to the God - bearing Virgin Mary , consecrated in 543 and commonly known as the Nea Church , was situated where al - Aqsa Mosque was later constructed . However , remains identified as those of the Nea Church were uncovered in the south part of the Jewish Quarter in 1973 . Analysis of the wooden beams and panels removed from the mosque during renovations in the 1930s shows they are made from Cedar of Lebanon and cypress . Radiocarbon dating indicates a large range of ages , some as old as 9th - century BCE , showing that some of the wood had previously been used in older buildings . In 2012 , it was reported that Robert Hamilton , an archaeologist who worked on the Temple Mount after the 1927 Jericho earthquake , had discovered remains under al - Aqsa mosque that he did not publish in his book on the excavations . These included a mosaic like those used in Byzantine churches , and a Jewish mikveh from the Second Temple period . Construction by the Umayyads The mosque along the southern wall of Haram al - Sharif The current construction of the al - Aqsa Mosque is dated to the early Umayyad period of rule in Palestine . Architectural historian K.A.C. Creswell , referring to a testimony by Arculf , a Gallic monk , during his pilgrimage to Palestine in 679 -- 82 , notes the possibility that the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate , Umar ibn al - Khattab , erected a primitive quadrangular building for a capacity of 3,000 worshipers somewhere on the Haram ash - Sharif . However , Arculf visited Palestine during the reign of Mu'awiyah I , and it is possible that Mu'awiyah ordered the construction , not Umar . This latter claim is explicitly supported by the early Muslim scholar al - Muthahhar bin Tahir . According to several Muslim scholars , including Mujir ad - Din , al - Suyuti , and al - Muqaddasi , the mosque was reconstructed and expanded by the caliph Abd al - Malik in 690 along with the Dome of the Rock . Guy le Strange claims that Abd al - Malik used materials from the destroyed Church of Our Lady to build the mosque and points to possible evidence that substructures on the southeast corners of the mosque are remains of the church . In planning his magnificent project on the Temple Mount , which in effect would turn the entire complex into the Haram al - Sharif ( `` the Noble Sanctuary '' ) , Abd al - Malik wanted to replace the slipshod structure described by Arculf with a more sheltered structure enclosing the qibla ( `` direction '' ) , a necessary element in his grand scheme . However , the entire Haram al - Sharif was meant to represent a mosque . How much he modified the aspect of the earlier building is unknown , but the length of the new building is indicated by the existence of traces of a bridge leading from the Umayyad palace just south of the western part of the complex . The bridge would have spanned the street running just outside the southern wall of the Haram al - Sharif to give direct access to the mosque . Direct access from palace to mosque was a well - known feature in the Umayyad period , as evidenced at various early sites . Abd al - Malik shifted the central axis of the mosque some 40 meters ( 130 ft ) westward , in accord with his overall plan for the Haram al - Sharif . The earlier axis is represented in the structure by the niche still known as the `` mihrab of ' Umar . '' In placing emphasis on the Dome of the Rock , Abd al - Malik had his architects align his new al - Aqsa Mosque according to the position of the Rock , thus shifting the main north -- south axis of the Noble Sanctuary , a line running through the Dome of the Chain and the Mihrab of Umar . In contrast , Creswell , while referring to the Aphrodito Papyri , claims that Abd al - Malik 's son , al - Walid I , reconstructed the Aqsa Mosque over a period of six months to a year , using workers from Damascus . Most scholars agree that the mosque 's reconstruction was started by Abd al - Malik , but that al - Walid oversaw its completion . In 713 -- 14 , a series of earthquakes ravaged Jerusalem , destroying the eastern section of the mosque , which was subsequently rebuilt during al - Walid 's rule . In order to finance its reconstruction , al - Walid had gold from the dome of the Rock minted to use as money to purchase the material . The Umayyad - built al - Aqsa Mosque most likely measured 112 x 39 meters . Earthquakes and reconstructions In 746 , the al - Aqsa Mosque was damaged in an earthquake , four years before as - Saffah overthrew the Umayyads and established the Abbasid Caliphate . The second Abbasid caliph Abu Ja'far al - Mansur declared his intent to repair the mosque in 753 , and he had the gold and silver plaques that covered the gates of the mosque removed and turned into dinars and dirhams to finance the reconstruction which ended in 771 . A second earthquake damaged most of al - Mansur 's repairs , excluding those made in the southern portion in 774 . In 780 , the successor caliph Muhammad al - Mahdi had it rebuilt , but curtailed its length and increased its breadth . Al - Mahdi 's renovation is the first known to have written records describing it . In 985 , Jerusalem - born Arab geographer al - Muqaddasi recorded that the renovated mosque had `` fifteen naves and fifteen gates '' . The doors of the Saladin Minbar , early 1900s . The minbar was built on Nur al - Din 's orders , but installed by Saladin In 1033 , there was another earthquake , severely damaging the mosque . The Fatimid caliph Ali az - Zahir rebuilt and completely renovated the mosque between 1034 and 1036 . The number of naves was drastically reduced from fifteen to seven . Az - Zahir built the four arcades of the central hall and aisle , which presently serve as the foundation of the mosque . The central aisle was double the width of the other aisles and had a large gable roof upon which the dome -- made of wood -- was constructed . Persian geographer , Nasir Khusraw describes the Aqsa Mosque during a visit in 1047 : The Haram Area ( Noble Sanctuary ) lies in the eastern part of the city ; and through the bazaar of this ( quarter ) you enter the Area by a great and beautiful gateway ( Dargah ) ... After passing this gateway , you have on the right two great colonnades ( Riwaq ) , each of which has nine - and - twenty marble pillars , whose capitals and bases are of colored marbles , and the joints are set in lead . Above the pillars rise arches , that are constructed , of masonry , without mortar or cement , and each arch is constructed of no more than five or six blocks of stone . These colonnades lead down to near the Maqsurah ( enclosure ) . Jerusalem was captured by the Crusaders in 1099 , during the First Crusade . They named the mosque `` Solomon 's Temple '' , distinguishing it from the Dome of the Rock , which they named Templum Domini ( Temple of God ) . While the Dome of the Rock was turned into a Christian church under the care of the Augustinians , the al - Aqsa Mosque was used as a royal palace and also as a stable for horses . In 1119 , it was transformed into the headquarters of the Templar Knights . During this period , the mosque underwent some structural changes , including the expansion of its northern porch , and the addition of an apse and a dividing wall . A new cloister and church were also built at the site , along with various other structures . The Templars constructed vaulted western and eastern annexes to the building ; the western currently serves as the women 's mosque and the eastern as the Islamic Museum . After the Ayyubids under the leadership of Saladin reconquered Jerusalem following the siege of 1187 , several repairs and renovations were undertaken at al - Aqsa Mosque . In order to prepare the mosque for Friday prayers , within a week of his capture of Jerusalem Saladin had the toilets and grain stores installed by the Crusaders at al - Aqsa removed , the floors covered with precious carpets , and its interior scented with rosewater and incense . Saladin 's predecessor -- the Zengid sultan Nur al - Din -- had commissioned the construction of a new minbar or `` pulpit '' made of ivory and wood in 1168 -- 69 , but it was completed after his death ; Nur ad - Din 's minbar was added to the mosque in November 1187 by Saladin . The Ayyubid sultan of Damascus , al - Mu'azzam , built the northern porch of the mosque with three gates in 1218 . In 1345 , the Mamluks under al - Kamil Shaban added two naves and two gates to the mosque 's eastern side . After the Ottomans assumed power in 1517 , they did not undertake any major renovations or repairs to the mosque itself , but they did to the Noble Sanctuary as a whole . This included the building of the Fountain of Qasim Pasha ( 1527 ) , the restoration of the Pool of Raranj , and the building of three free - standing domes -- the most notable being the Dome of the Prophet built in 1538 . All construction was ordered by the Ottoman governors of Jerusalem and not the sultans themselves . The sultans did make additions to existing minarets , however . In 1816 , the mosque was restored by Governor Sulayman Pasha al - Adil after having been in a dilapidated state . Modern era See also : Al - Aqsa Intifada The dome of the mosque in 1982 . It was made of aluminum ( and looked like silver ) , but replaced with its original lead plating in 1983 . The first renovation in the 20th century occurred in 1922 , when the Supreme Muslim Council under Amin al - Husayni ( the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem ) commissioned Turkish architect Ahmet Kemalettin Bey to restore al - Aqsa Mosque and the monuments in its precincts . The council also commissioned British architects , Egyptian engineering experts and local officials to contribute to and oversee the repairs and additions which were carried out in 1924 -- 25 by Kemalettin . The renovations included reinforcing the mosque 's ancient Umayyad foundations , rectifying the interior columns , replacing the beams , erecting a scaffolding , conserving the arches and drum of the main dome 's interior , rebuilding the southern wall , and replacing timber in the central nave with a slab of concrete . The renovations also revealed Fatimid - era mosaics and inscriptions on the interior arches that had been covered with plasterwork . The arches were decorated with gold and green - tinted gypsum and their timber tie beams were replaced with brass . A quarter of the stained glass windows also were carefully renewed so as to preserve their original Abbasid and Fatimid designs . Severe damage was caused by the 1837 and 1927 earthquakes , but the mosque was repaired in 1938 and 1942 . On July 20 , 1951 , King Abdullah I was shot three times by a Palestinian gunman as he entered the mosque , killing him . His grandson Prince Hussein , was at his side and was also hit , though a medal he was wearing on his chest deflected the bullet . The mosque seen from the Western Wall plaza , 2005 On 21 August 1969 , a fire was started by a visitor from Australia named Denis Michael Rohan . Rohan was a member of an evangelical Christian sect known as the Worldwide Church of God . He hoped that by burning down al - Aqsa Mosque he would hasten the Second Coming of Jesus , making way for the rebuilding of the Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount . Rohan was subsequently hospitalized in a mental institution . In response to the incident , a summit of Islamic countries was held in Rabat that same year , hosted by Faisal of Saudi Arabia , the late king of Saudi Arabia . The al - Aqsa fire is regarded as one of the catalysts for the formation of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( OIC , now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ) in 1972 . In the 1980s , Ben Shoshan and Yehuda Etzion , both members of the Gush Emunim Underground , plotted to blow up the al - Aqsa mosque and the Dome of the Rock . Etzion believed that blowing up the two mosques would cause a spiritual awakening in Israel , and would solve all the problems of the Jewish people . They also hoped the Third Temple of Jerusalem would be built on the location of the mosque . On 15 January 1988 , during the First Intifada , Israeli troops fired rubber bullets and tear gas at protesters outside the mosque , wounding 40 worshipers . On 8 October 1990 , 22 Palestinians were killed and over 100 others injured by Israeli Border Police during protests that were triggered by the announcement of the Temple Mount Faithful , a group of religious Jews , that they were going to lay the cornerstone of the Third Temple . On 28 September 2000 , then - opposition leader of Israel Ariel Sharon and members of the Likud Party , along with 1,000 armed guards , visited the al - Aqsa compound ; a large group of Palestinians went to protest the visit . After Sharon and the Likud Party members left , a demonstration erupted and Palestinians on the grounds of the Haram al - Sharif began throwing stones and other projectiles at Israeli riot police . Police fired tear gas and rubber bullets at the crowd , injuring 24 people . The visit sparked a five - year uprising by the Palestinians , commonly referred to as the al - Aqsa Intifada , though some commentators , citing subsequent speeches by PA officials , particularly Imad Falouji and Arafat himself , claim that the Intifada had been planned months in advance , as early as July upon Yasser Arafat 's return from Camp David talks . On 29 September , the Israeli government deployed 2,000 riot police to the mosque . When a group of Palestinians left the mosque after Friday prayers ( Jumu'ah , ) they hurled stones at the police . The police then stormed the mosque compound , firing both live ammunition and rubber bullets at the group of Palestinians , killing four and wounding about 200 . On 5 November 2014 , Israeli police entered Al - Aqsa for the first time since capturing Jerusalem in 1967 , said Sheikh Azzam Al - Khatib , director of the Islamic Waqf . Previous media reports of ' storming Al - Aqsa ' referred to the Haram al - Sharif compound rather than the Al - Aqsa mosque itself . Architecture The mosque is situated at the Southern end of the Haram ash - Sharif The rectangular al - Aqsa Mosque and its precincts are 144,000 square meters ( 1,550,000 sq ft ) , although the mosque itself is about 35,000 square meters ( 380,000 sq ft ) and could hold up to 5,000 worshipers . It is 83 m ( 272 ft ) long , 56 m ( 184 ft ) wide . Unlike the Dome of the Rock , which reflects classical Byzantine architecture , the Al - Aqsa Mosque is characteristic of early Islamic architecture . Dome The silver - colored dome consists of lead sheeting Nothing remains of the original dome built by Abd al - Malik . The present - day dome was built by az - Zahir and consists of wood plated with lead enamelwork . In 1969 , the dome was reconstructed in concrete and covered with anodized aluminum , instead of the original ribbed lead enamel work sheeting . In 1983 , the aluminum outer covering was replaced with lead to match the original design by az - Zahir . Al - Aqsa 's dome is one of the few domes to be built in front of the mihrab during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods , the others being the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus ( 715 ) and the Great Mosque of Sousse ( 850 ) . The interior of the dome is painted with 14th - century - era decorations . During the 1969 burning , the paintings were assumed to be irreparably lost , but were completely reconstructed using the trateggio technique , a method that uses fine vertical lines to distinguish reconstructed areas from original ones . Facade and porch The facade of the mosque . It was constructed by the Fatimids , then expanded by the Crusaders , the Ayyubids and the Mamluks The facade of the mosque was built in 1065 CE on the instructions of the Fatimid caliph al - Mustansir Billah . It was crowned with a balustrade consisting of arcades and small columns . The Crusaders damaged the facade , but it was restored and renovated by the Ayyubids . One addition was the covering of the facade with tiles . The second - hand material of the facade 's arches includes sculpted , ornamental material taken from Crusader structures in Jerusalem . The facade consists of fourteen stone arches , most of which are of a Romanesque style . The outer arches added by the Mamluks follow the same general design . The entrance to the mosque is through the facade 's central arch . The porch is located at the top of the facade . The central bays of the porch were built by the Knights Templar during the First Crusade , but Saladin 's nephew al - Mu'azzam Isa ordered the construction of the porch itself in 1217 . Interior The al - Aqsa Mosque has seven aisles of hypostyle naves with several additional small halls to the west and east of the southern section of the building . There are 121 stained glass windows in the mosque from the Abbasid and Fatimid eras . About a fourth of them were restored in 1924 . Interior view of the mosque showing the central naves and columns The mosque 's interior is supported by 45 columns , 33 of which are white marble and 12 of stone . The column rows of the central aisles are heavy and stunted . The remaining four rows are better proportioned . The capitals of the columns are of four different kinds : those in the central aisle are heavy and primitively designed , while those under the dome are of the Corinthian order , and made from Italian white marble . The capitals in the eastern aisle are of a heavy basket - shaped design and those east and west of the dome are also basket - shaped , but smaller and better proportioned . The columns and piers are connected by an architectural rave , which consists of beams of roughly squared timber enclosed in a wooden casing . A great portion of the mosque is covered with whitewash , but the drum of the dome and the walls immediately beneath it are decorated with mosaics and marble . Some paintings by an Italian artist were introduced when repairs were undertaken at the mosque after an earthquake ravaged the mosque in 1927 . The ceiling of the mosque was painted with funding by King Farouk of Egypt . The minbar ( `` pulpit '' ) of the mosque was built by a craftsman named Akhtarini from Aleppo on the orders of the Zengid sultan Nur ad - Din . It was intended to be a gift for the mosque when Nur ad - Din would capture Jerusalem from the Crusaders and took six years to build ( 1168 -- 74 ) . Nur ad - Din died and the Crusaders still controlled Jerusalem , but in 1187 , Saladin captured the city and the minbar was installed . The structure was made of ivory and carefully crafted wood . Arabic calligraphy , geometrical and floral designs were inscribed in the woodwork . After its destruction by Rohan in 1969 , it was replaced by a much simpler minbar . In January 2007 , Adnan al - Husayni -- head of the Islamic waqf in charge of al - Aqsa -- stated that a new minbar would be installed ; it was installed in February 2007 . The design of the new minbar was drawn by Jamil Badran based on an exact replica of the Saladin Minbar and was finished by Badran within a period of five years . The minbar itself was built in Jordan over a period of four years and the craftsmen used `` ancient woodworking methods , joining the pieces with pegs instead of nails , but employed computer images to design the pulpit ( minbar ) . '' Ablution Fountain The mosque 's `` al - Kas '' ablution fountain The mosque 's main ablution fountain , known as al - Kas ( `` the Cup '' ) , is located north of the mosque between it and the Dome of the Rock . It is used by worshipers to perform wudu , a ritual washing of the hands , arms , legs , feet , and face before entry into the mosque . It was first built in 709 by the Umayyads , but in 1327 -- 28 Governor Tankiz enlarged it to accommodate more worshipers . Although originally supplied with water from Solomon 's Pools near Bethlehem , it currently receives water from pipes connected to Jerusalem 's water supply . In the 20th - century , al - Kas was provided taps and stone seating . The Fountain of Qasim Pasha , built by the Ottomans in 1526 and located north of the mosque on the platform of the Dome of the Rock , was used by worshipers for ablution and for drinking until the 1940s . Today , it stands as a monumental structure . Religious significance in Islam In Islam , the term `` al - Aqsa Mosque '' refers to the entire Noble Sanctuary . The mosque is believed to be the second house of prayer constructed after the Masjid al - Haram in Mecca . Post-Rashidun - era Islamic scholars traditionally identified the mosque as the site referred to in the sura ( Quranic chapter ) al - Isra ( `` the Night Journey '' ) . This specific verse in the Quran cemented the significant religious importance of al - Aqsa in Islam . The specific passage reads `` Praise be to Him who made His servant journey in the night from the sacred sanctuary to the remotest sanctuary . '' Muslims traditionally identify the `` sacred sanctuary '' as the Masjid al - Haram and the `` remotest sanctuary '' as the al - Aqsa Mosque , even though initially , Rashidun and Umayyad - era scholars were in disagreement about the location of the `` remotest sanctuary '' with some arguing it was actually located near Mecca . Eventually scholarly consensus determined that its location was indeed in Jerusalem . Abu Dhar narrated : I said , `` O Allah 's Apostle ! Which mosque was first built on the surface of the earth ? '' He said , `` Al - Masjid - ul - Haram ( in Mecca ) . '' I said , `` Which was built next ? '' He replied `` The mosque of Al - Aqsa ( in Jerusalem ) . '' I said , `` What was the period of construction between the two ? '' He said , `` Forty years . '' He added , `` Wherever ( you may be , and ) the prayer time becomes due , perform the prayer there , for the best thing is to do so ( i.e. to offer the prayers in time ) . '' `` '' Sahih al - Bukhari : Volume 4 , Book 55 , Hadith Number 585 Isra and Mi'raj According to the Quran and Islamic traditions , al - Aqsa Mosque is the place from which Muhammad went on a night journey ( al - isra ) during which he rode on Buraq , who took him from Mecca to al - Aqsa . Muhammad tethered Buraq to the Western Wall and prayed at al - Aqsa Mosque and after he finished his prayers , the angel Jibril ( Gabriel ) traveled with him to heaven , where he met several other prophets and led them in prayer . First qibla Interior view of the mosque showing the mihrab , indicating the qibla The historical significance of the al - Aqsa Mosque in Islam is further emphasized by the fact that Muslims turned towards al - Aqsa when they prayed for a period of sixteen or seventeen months after migration to Medina in 624 ; it thus became the qibla ( `` direction '' ) that Muslims faced for prayer . Muhammad later prayed towards the Kaaba in Mecca after receiving a revelation during a prayer session in the Masjid al - Qiblatayn . The qibla was relocated to the Kaaba where Muslims have been directed to pray ever since . The altering of the qibla was precisely the reason the Rashidun caliph Umar , despite identifying the mosque which Muhammad used to ascend to Heaven upon his arrival at the Noble Sanctuary in 638 , neither prayed facing it nor built any structure upon it . This was because the significance of that particular spot on the Noble Sanctuary was superseded in Islamic jurisprudence by the Kaaba in Mecca after the change of the qibla towards that site . According to early Quranic interpreters and what is generally accepted as Islamic tradition , in 638 CE Umar , upon entering a conquered Jerusalem , consulted with Ka'ab al - Ahbar -- a Jewish convert to Islam who came with him from Medina -- as to where the best spot would be to build a mosque . Al - Ahbar suggested to him that it should be behind the Rock `` ... so that all of Jerusalem would be before you . '' Umar replied , `` You correspond to Judaism ! '' Immediately after this conversation , Umar began to clean up the site -- which was filled with trash and debris -- with his cloak , and other Muslim followers imitated him until the site was clean . Umar then prayed at the spot where it was believed that Muhammad had prayed before his night journey , reciting the Quranic sura Sad . Thus , according to this tradition , Umar thereby reconsecrated the site as a mosque . Because of the holiness of Noble Sanctuary itself -- being a place where David and Solomon had prayed -- Umar constructed a small prayer house in the southern corner of its platform , taking care to avoid allowing the Rock to come between the mosque and the direction of Kaaba so that Muslims would face only Mecca when they prayed . Religious status Main articles : Holiest sites in Sunni Islam and Holiest sites in Shia Islam Jerusalem is recognized as a sacred site in Islam . Though the Quran does not mention Jerusalem by name , it has been understood by Islamic scholars since the earliest times that many passages in the Quran refer to Jerusalem . Jerusalem is also mentioned many times in the hadith . Some academics attribute the holiness of Jerusalem to the rise and expansion of a certain type of literary genre , known as al - Fadhail or history of cities . The Fadhail of Jerusalem inspired Muslims , especially during the Umayyad period , to embellish the sanctity of the city beyond its status in the holy texts . Others point to the political motives of the Umayyad dynasty which led to the sanctification of Jerusalem in Islam . Later medieval scripts , as well as modern - day political tracts , tend to classify al - Aqsa Mosque as the third holiest site in Islam . For example , Sahih al - Bukhari quotes Abu Darda as saying : `` the Prophet of God Muhammad said a prayer in the Sacred Mosque ( in Mecca ) is worth 100,000 prayers ; a prayer in my mosque ( in Medina ) is worth 1,000 prayers ; and a prayer in al - Aqsa Mosque is worth 500 prayers more than in any other mosque '' . In addition , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation refers to the al - Aqsa Mosque as the third holiest site in Islam ( and calls for Arab sovereignty over it ) . Current situations Administration The Waqf Ministry of Jordan held control of the al - Aqsa Mosque until the 1967 Six - Day War . After Israel 's victory in that war , Israel transferred the control of the mosque and the northern Noble Sanctuary to the Islamic waqf trust , who are independent of the Israeli government . However , Israeli Security Forces are permitted to patrol and conduct searches within the perimeter of the mosque . After the 1969 arson attack , the waqf employed architects , technicians and craftsmen in a committee that carry out regular maintenance operations . The Islamic Movement in Israel and the waqf have attempted to increase Muslim control of the Temple Mount as a way of countering Israeli policies and the escalating presence of Israeli security forces around the site since the Second Intifada . Some activities included refurbishing abandoned structures and renovating . Muhammad Ahmad Hussein is the head imam and manager of the al - Aqsa Mosque and was assigned the role of Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in 2006 by Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas . Ownership of the al - Aqsa Mosque is a contentious issue in the Israel - Palestinian conflict . Israel claims sovereignty over the mosque along with all of the Temple Mount ( Noble Sanctuary ) , but Palestinians hold the custodianship of the site through the Islamic waqf . During the negotiations at the 2000 Camp David Summit , Palestinians demanded complete ownership of the mosque and other Islamic holy sites in East Jerusalem . Current Imams : Sheikh Abu Yusuf Sneia , Sheikh Ali Al Abbasi , Sheikh Sa'eed Qalqeeli , Sheikh Walid Access Palestinian Muslim reading the Quran inside al - Aqsa Mosque Muslim residents of Israel and Palestinians living in East Jerusalem are normally allowed to enter the Temple Mount and pray at the al - Aqsa Mosque without restrictions . Due to security measures , the Israeli government occasionally prevents certain groups of Muslims from reaching al - Aqsa by blocking the entrances to the complex ; the restrictions vary from time to time . At times restrictions have prevented all men under 50 and women under 45 from entering , but married men over 45 are allowed . Sometimes the restrictions are enforced on the occasion of Friday prayers , other times they are over an extended period of time . Restrictions are most severe for Gazans , followed by restrictions on those from West Bank . The Israeli government states that the restrictions are in place for security reasons . Until 2000 , non-Muslim visitors could enter the Al - Aqsa Mosque by getting a ticket from the Waqf . That procedure ended when the Second Intifada began . Fifteen years later , negotiation between Israel and Jordan might result in allowing visitors to enter once again . Excavations Main article : Excavations at the Temple Mount Several excavations outside the Temple Mount took place following the 1967 War . In 1970 , Israeli authorities commenced intensive excavations outside the walls next to the mosque on the southern and western sides . Palestinians believed that tunnels were being dug under the Al - Aqsa Mosque in order to undermine its foundations , which was denied by Israelis , who claimed that the closest excavation to the mosque was some 70 meters ( 230 ft ) to its south . The Archaeological Department of the Israeli Ministry of Religious Affairs dug a tunnel near the western portion of the mosque in 1984 . According to UNESCO 's special envoy to Jerusalem Oleg Grabar , buildings and structures on the Temple Mount are deteriorating due mostly to disputes between the Israeli , Palestinian and Jordanian governments over who is actually responsible for the site . In February 2007 , the Department started to excavate a site for archaeological remains in a location where the government wanted to rebuild a collapsed pedestrian bridge leading to the Mughrabi Gate , the only entrance for non-Muslims into the Temple Mount complex . This site was 60 meters ( 200 ft ) away from the mosque . The excavations provoked anger throughout the Islamic world , and Israel was accused of trying to destroy the foundation of the mosque . Ismail Haniya -- then Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority and Hamas leader -- called on Palestinians to unite to protest the excavations , while Fatah said they would end their ceasefire with Israel . Israel denied all charges against them , calling them `` ludicrous '' . See also Islam portal Jerusalem portal Islamic architecture Islam in Israel Islam in the Palestinian territories List of the oldest mosques in the world Masjid an - Nabawi Mosque of Omar Palestinian nationalism Notes Jump up ^ According to historian Oleg Grabar , `` It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al - haram al - sharif ( literally , the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure , often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram ) . While the exact early history of this term is unclear , we know that it only became common in Ottoman times , when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places , for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility . Before the Ottomans , the space was usually called al - masjid al - aqsa ( the Farthest Mosque ) , a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram , or masjid bayt al - maqdis ( Mosque of the Holy City ) or , even , like Mecca 's sanctuary , al - masjid al - haram . '' References Jump up ^ Al - Ratrout , H.A. , The Architectural Development of Al - Aqsa Mosque in the Early Islamic Period , ALMI Press , London , 2004 . Jump up ^ Grabar 2000 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Schieck , Robert ( 2008 ) in Geographical Dimension of Islamic Jerusalem , Cambridge Scholars Publishing ; see also Omar , Abdallah ( 2009 ) al - Madkhal li - dirasat al - Masjid al - Aqsa al - Mubarak , Beirut : Dar al - Kotob al - Ilmiyaah ; also by the same author the Atlas of Al - Aqsa Mosque ( 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Al - Aqsa Mosque , Jerusalem '' . Atlas Travel and Tourist Agency . Archived from the original on 26 July 2008 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lailat al Miraj '' . BBC News . BBC MMVIII . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Jarrar 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Netzer , 2008 , pp. 161 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Nahman Avigad ( 1977 ) . `` A Building Inscription of the Emperor Justinian and the Nea in Jerusalem '' . Israel Exploration Journal . 27 ( 2 / 3 ) : 145 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Robert Schick ( 2007 ) . `` Byzantine Jerusalem '' . In Zeidan Kafafi ; Robert Schick . Jerusalem before Islam . Archaeopress . p. 175 . Jump up ^ N. Liphschitz , G. Biger , G. Bonani and W. Wolfli , Comparative Dating Methods : Botanical Identification and C Dating of Carved Panels and Beams from the Al - Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem , Journal of Archaeological Science , ( 1997 ) 24 , 1045 -- 1050 . Jump up ^ `` Second Temple - era mikveh discovered under Al - Aqsa mosque '' . Israel Hayom . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In honor of Jerusalem Day , MKs get to dig into past '' . Jerusalem Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elad , Amikam. ( 1995 ) . Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship Holy Places , Ceremonies , Pilgrimage BRILL , pp. 29 -- 43 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10010 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : le Strange , Guy . ( 1890 ) . Palestine under the Moslems , pp. 80 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : Grafman and Ayalon , 1998 , pp. 1 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ma'oz , Moshe and Nusseibeh , Sari. ( 2000 ) . Jerusalem : Points of Friction , and Beyond BRILL . pp. 136 -- 138 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 8843 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Aqsa Mosque Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Archnet Digital Library . Jump up ^ Jeffers , 2004 , pp. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ `` The travels of Nasir - i - Khusrau to Jerusalem , 1047 C.E '' . Homepages.luc.edu . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Pringle , 1993 , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Boas , 2001 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Lee . Saladin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem : the Muslims recapture the Holy Land in AD 1187 . 2004 : The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 4217 - 1 Jump up ^ Madden , 2002 , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Aqsa Guide Archived 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Friends of Al - Aqsa 2007 . Jump up ^ Pappe , Ilan ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 2 : In the Shadow of Acre and Cairo : The Third Generation '' . The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty : The Huyaynis 1700 -- 1948 . Saqi Books . ISBN 9780863568015 . ^ Jump up to : Yuvaz , 1996 , pp. 149 -- 153 . Jump up ^ `` The Burning of Al - Aqsa '' . Time Magazine . 29 August 1969 . p. 1 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madman at the Mosque '' . Time Magazine . 12 January 1970 . Retrieved 3 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Esposito , 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Dumper , 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Sprinzak 2001 , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ OpenDocument Letter Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Dated 18 January 1988 from the Permanent Observer for the Palestine Liberation Organization to the United Nations Office at Geneva Addressed to the Under - Secretary - General for Human Rights Ramlawi , Nabil . Permanent Observer of the Palestine Liberation Organization to the United Nations Office at Geneva . Jump up ^ Palestine Facts Timeline , 1963 -- 1988 Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs . Jump up ^ Dan Izenberg , Jerusalem Post , 19 July 1991 ^ Jump up to : Amayreh , Khaled . Catalogue of provocations : Israel 's encroachments upon the Al - Aqsa Mosque have not been sporadic , but , rather , a systematic endeavor Archived 15 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Al - Ahram Weekly . February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Provocative ' mosque visit sparks riots '' . BBC News . BBC MMVIII. 28 September 2000 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Khaled Abu Toameh . `` How the war began '' . Archived from the original on 28 March 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` In a Ruined Country '' . The Atlantic Monthly Online . September 2005 . Jump up ^ Dean , 2003 , p. 560 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli occupation forces breach Al - Aqsa Mosque for the first time since 1967 '' . Middle East Monitor . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Aqsa Mosque Life in the Holy Land . Jump up ^ Gonen , 2003 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Aqsa Mosque Restoration Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Archnet Digital Library . Jump up ^ Necipogulu , 1998 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hillenbrand , Carolle. ( 2000 ) . The Crusades : The Islamic Perspective Routeledge , p. 382 ISBN 0 - 415 - 92914 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Aqsa Mosque , Jerusalem Sacred Destinations . ^ Jump up to : Oweis , Fayeq S. ( 2002 ) The Elements of Unity in Islamic Art as Examined Through the Work of Jamal Badran Universal - Publishers , pp. 115 -- 117 . ISBN 1 - 58112 - 162 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Ashleigh . Lost skills revived to replicate a medieval minbar . The Australian . 2008 - 11 - 11 . Access date : 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Mikdadi , Salwa D. Badrans : A Century of Tradition and Innovation , Palestinian Art Court Riweq Bienalle in Palestine . Jump up ^ Dolphin , Lambert . The Temple Esplanade . Jump up ^ Gonen , 2003 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Qasim Pasha Sabil Archived 25 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Archnet Digital Library . Jump up ^ `` Meraj Article '' . duas.org . Jump up ^ Meri and Bacharach , 2006 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 5 : 58 : 226 Jump up ^ `` A history of the Al Asqa Mosque '' . Arab World Books . Jump up ^ Richard C. Martin ; Said Amir Arjom ; Marcia Hermansen ; Abdulkader Tayob ; Rochelle Davis ; John Obert Voll , eds. ( 2 December 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World . Macmillan Reference USA . p. 482 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865603 - 8 . 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Jump up ^ Social Structure and Geography Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs . Jump up ^ Yaniv Berman , `` Top Palestinian Muslim Cleric Okays Suicide Bombings '' , Media Line , 23 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Camp David Projections Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs . July 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Mohammed Mar'i ( 14 August 2010 ) . `` Thousands barred from praying in Al - Aqsa '' . Arab News . ^ Jump up to : `` Fresh clashes mar al - Aqsa prayers '' . BBC News . 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Israel police , fearing unrest , limit al - Aqsa worship '' . i24news. 14 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Israel boosts security in east Jerusalem '' . Jump up ^ Ramadan prayers at al - Aqsa mosque BBC News . 5 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Israel , Jordan in Talks to Readmit non-Muslim Visitors to Temple Mount Sites '' . Haaretz . June 30 , 2015 . 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Shah , Niaz A. ( 2008 ) . Self - defense in Islamic and international law . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 60618 - 0 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al - Aqsa Mosque . 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( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Beniamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Other people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Āzar ( uncle of Ibrahim ) Fir'aun / Pharaoh Haman Jalut / Goliath Qarun / Korah Sāmiri Implicitly mentioned Abraha Bal'am / Balaam Barṣīṣā Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleika ( wife of al - Aziz ) Mentioned people ( after inception of Islam ) Abū Lahab Zayd ibn Harithah Relatives of prophets Specified good relatives Daughters of Lut / Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Elizabeth or ' Ishā ' ( wife of Zakariya ) Habil / Abel ( son of Adam ) Hawwa ' / Eve ( wife of Adam ) Kulthum / Miriam ( sister of Musa ) Saffurah / Zipporah ( wife of Musa ) and Layya ( Saffura 's sister ) Sarah ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isḥaq ) Yukabed / Jochebed ( mother of Musa ) Non-specified good relatives Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud ) Muhammad 's wives Daughters of Muhammad Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Other relatives Brothers of Yūsuf Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ? Tārah / Terah ( father of Ibrahim ) Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ? ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) ( show ) Groups and tribes Tribes and ethnicities Mentioned ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Arabs and Ajam Children of Israel / Israelites Companions of the Rass People of Saba ' / Sheba People of Shu'aib ( people of Madyan and people of Aykah / Wood ) People of Tubba ' Quraysh Romans Thamud ( people of Saleh , companions of Hijr ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Bayt Amalek Banu Hashim Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Groups Mentioned Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Companions of Sabbath ( Aşḥāb al - Sabt ) Companions of the Cave / Seven Sleepers and Companions of al - Raqaim Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of the Burned Garden ( Aşḥāb al - Jannah ) Ulu'l azm prophets Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Aus and Khazraj Copts Hezbollah Muhajirun ( The emigrants ) and Ansar ( The helpers ) Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Christians ( People of Injil ) Jews Kafir ( Infidels ) Majus Zoroastrians Munafiq Hypocrites Mushrik Polytheists Muslims People of the Book ( ‎ ′ Ahl al - Kitāb ) Sabians Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Rabbani / Rabbi Ruhban ( Christian monks ) ( show ) Locations , entities and events Locations Mentioned Ahqāf Al - Aqsa Mosque Arafat and Mash'ar al - Harām Bābil / Babylon Badr Door of Hittah Hijr / Hegra Holy Land ( Palestine and Levant ) Hunayn Iram Ka'bah / Kaaba ( Bayt al - Harām / Sacred House , Bayt al - ' Atīq / Ancient House ) Madyan / Midian Madinah / Medina ( formerly Yathrib ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Makkah / Mecca ( Umm al - Qura , Balad al - Amin , Bakkah ) Maqām Ibrahim Masjid al - Dirar Masjid al - Haram Mount Judi Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Rass Saba ' / Sheba Al - Safa and Al - Marwah Tur Sinā ' / Mount Sinai and Jabal al - Tur Egypt Valley of Tuwa Implicitly mentioned Antioch Antakya Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas and ' Ariha Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) and Al - Hijr of Isma'il Canaan Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Ma'rib Dam Masjid al - Nabawi ( Prophet 's Mosque ) Mesopotamia Nile River Nineveh Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Quba Mosque Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert Ta'if Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Injil / Gospel Quran Suhuf - i Ibrahim ( Scrolls of Abraham ) Tawrat / Torah , Suhuf - i - Musa ( Scrolls of Moses ) and Tablets of Stone Zabur Related animals Cow of Israelites and Golden calf Dog of Seven Sleepers Fish of Yunis Hoopoe of Sulayman She - Camel of Saleh Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) Baal Lāt , ' Uzza and Manāt Wadd , Suwa ' , Yaghuth , Ya'uq and Nasr ( Jibt and Taghut Ansāb ) Events Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of the Trench ( Battle of the Confederates ) Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Hadith of the pond of Khumm Incident of Ifk Layla al - Mabit Mubahala The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Bibilical name ( title or relationship ) ( show ) Mosques in Israel Israel Al - Bahr Mosque Hassan Bek Mosque Jezzar Pasha Mosque Mahmood Mosque Mahmoudiya Mosque Makam al - Nabi Sain Mosque Nebi Akasha Mosque Al - Muallaq Mosque Sidna Ali Mosque White Mosque ( Nazareth ) White Mosque ( Ramla ) East Jerusalem Abdeen Mosque Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Yaqoubi Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Marwani Mosque Mosque of Omar Note : East Jerusalem is officially jurisdicted by Israel , but is not recognized as such by the international community Category : Mosques in Israel Islam in Israel Mosques by country ( show ) Mosques in Palestine West Bank Bilal ibn Rabah Mosque Fatima Khatun Mosque Great Mosque of Nablus Al - Hamadiyya Mosque Hanbali Mosque Jamal Abdel Nasser Mosque Al - Khadra Mosque Ibrahimi Mosque Al - Jawali Mosque Nabi Yahya Mosque an - Nasr Mosque Al - Nurayn Mosque Mosque of Omar Sheikh Ali al - Bakka Mosque Sultan Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque Gaza Strip Aybaki Mosque Great Mosque of Gaza Ibn Marwan Mosque Ibn Uthman Mosque Katib al - Wilaya Mosque Mahkamah Mosque Sayed al - Hashim Mosque Al - Shamah Mosque Umm al - Nasr Mosque East Jerusalem Abdeen Mosque Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Marwani Mosque Mosque of Omar Note : East Jerusalem is under de facto Israeli control , though claimed by Palestinians Category : Mosques in Palestine Islam in Palestine Mosques by country ( show ) Islamic structures on the Temple Mount Under the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf and the Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Mosque al - Aqsa Mosque Marwani Mosque Domes Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountains Fountain of Qasim Pasha Fountain of Qayt Bay Pool of Raranj Other structures Islamic Museum Al - Mawazin Minarets Minaret of Israel Bab al - Silsila Minaret Ghawanima Minaret al - Fakhariyya Minaret See also Islamization of the Temple Mount Jerusalem Islamic Waqf ( show ) Old City of Jerusalem and its walls World Heritage Site by UNESCO Judaism ( Sephardic / Ashkenazi Chief Rabbis ) General Southern Wall Western Wall Western Wall Tunnel Little Western Wall Orthodox Hurva Synagogue Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue Ramban Synagogue Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue Other Ari Synagogue Four Sephardic Synagogues Ohr ha - Chaim Synagogue Tzuf Dvash Synagogue Areas Christian Quarter Muristan Muslim Quarter Armenian Quarter Jewish Quarter Temple Mount Gates 1 . Jaffa 2 . Zion 3 . Dung 4 . Golden 5 . Lions 6 . Herod 7 . Damascus 8 . New ( Double , Single , Tanners ' ) Al - Mawazin Surrounding roads : Hativat Yerushalayim HaTsanhanim Jaffa Road Jericho Ma'ale HaShalom Ofel Sultan Suleiman Christianity `` Status quo '' Church of the Holy Sepulchre ( Deir Es - Sultan ) Via Dolorosa See also : New Church of the Theotokos Catholic ( Custody of the Holy Land ) Latin ( Patriarch ) Chapel of Simon of Cyrene Church of the Condemnation Church of the Flagellation Church of the Holy Family Church of Saint James Intercisus Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus Church of Saint Mary of the Germans Church of Saint Mary of the Latins Convent of the Sisters of Zion : Church of Ecce Homo Monastery of Saint Saviour Church of Saint Anne Templum Domini Melkite Catholic ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of the Annunciation Armenian Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Spasm Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Church of Saint John the Baptist Oriental Orthodox Armenian Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of Saint James Church of the Holy Archangels Church of Saint Toros Syriac Orthodox Monastery of Saint Mark Protestant Anglican Christ Church Lutheran Church of the Redeemer Islam ( Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti ) Noble Sanctuary ( Waqf ) Al - Aqsa Mosque Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Marwani Mosque Other Abdeen Mosque Al - Buraq mosque Al - Yaqoubi Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Mosque of Omar Remnants or rebuilt buildings in italic ( governing authority in small ) Jerusalem portal Israel portal Palestine portal Judaism portal Christianity portal Islam portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Aqsa_Mosque&oldid=796932635 '' Categories : 8th - century mosques Arabic architecture Islamic holy places Umayyad architecture Palestinian nationalism Ziyarat Al - Aqsa Mosque Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from October 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Good articles Talk Article Talk View source More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kurdî Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray Zazaki 中文 Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia	the great mosque constructed in jerusalem at the site of the old temple is the	[ "Al-Aqsa Mosque (Arabic: المسجد الاقصى‎‎ Al-Masjid al-‘Aqṣā, IPA: [ʔælˈmæsdʒɪd ælˈʔɑqsˤɑ] ( listen), \"the Farthest Mosque\"), also known as Al-Aqsa and Bayt al-Maqdis, is the third holiest site in Islam and is located in the Old City of Jerusalem. Whilst the entire site on which the silver-domed mosque sits, along with the Dome of the Rock, seventeen gates, and four minarets, was itself historically known as the Al-Aqsa Mosque, today a narrower definition prevails,[note 1] and the wider compound is usually referred to as al-Haram ash-Sharif (\"the Noble Sanctuary\"),[3] or the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al-Aqsa during the Night Journey. Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration, when God directed him to turn towards the Kaaba." ]	[ "Al-Aqsa Mosque" ]
5182842102494676186	List of biblical names starting with A	List of biblical names starting with A - wikipedia List of biblical names starting with A Jump to : navigation , search Main article : List of biblical names A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- Y -- Z Aaron , a teacher or lofty , bright , shining ( etymology doubtful ) Abba , father Abaddon , see Apollyon a destroyer , Abagtha , God - given `` etymology doubtful '' Abana , perennial , stony Abarim , regions beyond Abda , a servant Abdeel , servant of God Abdi , my servant Abdiel , servant of God Abdon , servile Abednego , servant of Nego , perhaps the same as Nebo Abel , breath , vapor , transitoriness ; breath , or vanity Abel - beth - maachah , meadow of the house of Maachah , `` also called ABEL - MAIM '' Abel - cheramim Abel - maim Abel - meholah , meadow of dancing , or the dancing - meadow Abel - mizraim , the meadow of the Egyptians Abel - shittim , meadow of the acacias Abez , lofty Abi Abiah Abi - albon , father of strength , i.e. `` valiant '' ; `` also called ABIEL '' Abiasaph , father of gathering , i.e. gathered father of gathering ; the gatherer Abiathar , father of abundance , i.e. liberal , father of abundance , or my father excels Abib , an ear of corn , green fruits Abida ( or Abidah ) Abidan , father of the judge Abiel , father ( i.e. , `` possessor '' ) of God = `` pious '' Abiezer ( or Abieezer ) , father of help , helpful Abigail , father , i.e. source , of joy Abihail , father of , i.e. possessing , strength Abihu , he ( God ) is my father , father of Him ; i.e. , `` worshipper of God '' Abihud , father of renown , famous , father ( i.e. , `` possessor '' ) of renown Abijah , father ( i.e. , `` possessor or worshipper '' ) of Jehovah Abijam , father of the sea ; i.e. , `` seaman '' , Abijah or Abijam : my father is Jehovah Abilene , land of meadows Abimael , father of Mael , God is a father Abimelech , father of the king ; `` my father a king , or , father of a king '' Abinadab , father of nobleness ; i.e. , `` noble '' Abinoam Abiram , father of height ; i.e. , `` proud '' Abishag Abishai , father of ( i.e. , `` desirous of '' ) a gift Abishalom Abishua , father of welfare ; i.e. , `` fortunate '' Abishur , father of the wall father of the wall , i.e. `` mason '' Abital , father of the dew father of the dew , i.e. `` fresh '' Abitub , father of goodness , Abiud , father of praise Abner , father of light Abram , a high father Abraham , father of a multitude Absalom , father of peace Abubus Accad Accho Aceldama , field of blood Achab Achaia , trouble Achaicus , belonging to Achaia Achan , or Achar , troubler Achaz Achbor , mouse Achim Achish Achmetha Achor Achsah Achshaph Achzib , lying , false Adadah , festival or boundary , possible miswritten form of Aroer Adah , ornament , ornament , beauty Adaiah Adalia Adam , red earth Adamah , red earth Adami , my man ; earth Adar , high Adbeel Addi , ornament Addin Addon , lord Adiel Adin , Adina , dainty , delicate Adithaim , double ornament Adlai Admah Admatha Admin Adna Adnah Adoni - bezek ( or Adonibezek ) Adonijah , my lord is Jehovah Adonikam Adoniram Adoni - zedek Adoraim Adoram Adrammelech , splendor of the king Adramyttium Adria Adriel , God is helper Aduel Adullam Adummim Aedias Aeneas ( or Æneas ) Aenon ( or Ænon ) Aesora Agabus Agag Agagite Agar Agee Aggaba ( variant of Hagabah ) Agia ( Greek variant of Hebrew Hattil ) Agrippa Agur Ahab , uncle Aharah Aharhel Ahasbai Ahasuerus Ahava Ahaz , one that takes or possesses Ahaziah Ahi , my brother ; my brethren Ahiah Ahiam Ahian Ahiezer Ahihud Ahijah , brother of the Lord Ahikam , a brother who raises up Ahilud Ahimaaz Ahiman , brother of the right hand Ahimelech , brother of the king Ahimoth , brother of death Ahinadab Ahinoam Ahio Ahira , brother of evil , i.e. unlucky Ahiram Ahisamach Ahishahar , `` the ( divine ) brother is dawning light '' Ahishar Ahithophel , brother of foolishness Ahitub , brother of goodness Ahlab Ahlai , beseeching ; sorrowing ; expecting Ahoah Aholah Aholiab Aholibah Aholibamah , my tabernacle is exalted Ahumai , brother of water , i.e. cowardly Ahuzam Ahuzzath Ai , or Hai , heap of ruins Aiah Aiath Aijeleth - Shahar Ain , spring , well Ajalon Akeldama Akkad Akkub Akrabbim Alammelech Alemeth Alian Alleluia , praise ye Jehovah Allon , an oak Allon - bachuth Almodad , measure Almon , concealed Almon - diblathaim Alpheus Alush Alvah Amad Amal , labor Amalek Aman Amana Amariah , the Lord says , i.e. promises Amasa Amasai Amashai Ami Amaziah , the strength of the Lord Aminadab Amittai Ammah Ammi , my people Ammiel Ammihud , people of praise Amminadab Ammishaddai Ammizabad Ammon Amnon , faithful Amok Amon Amorite Amos , burden Amoz , strong ; robust Amplias , large Amram , an exalted people Amraphel Amzi , strong Anab , grape - town Anah , one who answers Anaharath Anaiah , whom Jehovah answers Anak Anamim Anammelech Anani Ananias Anathema Anathoth Andrew , manly Andronicus Anem Aner Aniam Anim Anna , grace Annas , humble Antichrist Antioch Antipas Antipatris , for his father Antothijah , answers of Jehovah Anub Apelles Apharsathchites , etymology uncertain Aphek , strength Aphekah Aphik Aphiah Apocalypse , revelation Apocrypha , concealed , hidden Apollonia Apollonius Apollos Apollyon , a destroyer , angel of the bottomless pit Appaim , nostrils Apphia Aquila , an eagle Ar Ara Arab Arabia , barren , desert Arad , a wild ass Arah , wayfaring Aram , high Aran , wild goat Ararat Araunah , ark Arba , city of the four Archelaus , the prince of the people Archippus , master of the horse Arcturus Ard , one that descending , descent Ardon Areli Areopagus Aretas Argob Ariel , lion of God Arimathea Arioch Aristarchus , the best ruler Aristobulus , the best counsellor Armageddon , the hill or city of Megiddo Arnon Aroer Arpad Arphaxad Artaxerxes , the great warrior Artemas Arumah , height Asa , physician ; cure Asahel , made by God Asaiah , the Lord has made Asaph , collector of the people Asareel Asenath , worshipper of Neith Ashan , smoke Ashbel Ashdod Asher Asherah Ashima Ashkenaz , spreading fire Ashnah Ashriel Ashtaroth Ashur , black Asia Asiel , created by God Askelon Asnapper Asriel , Assir , captive Asshurim , possibly peasants Assos , approaching Assur , same as Ashur Assyria Asuppim , house of gatherings Asyncritus , incomparable Atad , a thorn Atarah , a crown Ataroth , crowns Ataroth - addar Ater , shut up Athach Athaiah , `` meaning obscure '' Athaliah Athlai Attai Attalia , from Attalus Augustus , venerable Ava Aven Avim Avith Azaliah , `` Yahweh has reserved '' Azaniah , Yahweh listened Azariah Azaz , strong Azazel Azaziah Azekah Azgad , `` Gad is strong '' Azmaveth Azmon Aznoth - tabor , ears of Tabor Azor Azotus Azrael Azriel , help of God Azrikam Azubah , forsaken Azur Azzan Azzur , one who helps References ( edit ) Comay , Joan , Who 's Who in the Old Testament , Oxford University Press , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 521029 - 8 Lockyer , Herbert , All the men of the Bible , Zondervan Publishing House ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) , 1958 Lockyer , Herbert , All the women of the Bible , Zondervan Publishing 1988 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28151 - 2 Lockyer , Herbert , All the Divine Names and Titles in the Bible , Zondervan Publishing 1988 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28041 - 9 Tischler , Nancy M. , All things in the Bible : an encyclopedia of the biblical world , Greenwood Publishing , Westport , Conn. : 2006 ISBN 0 - 313 - 33082 - 4 Inline references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ John D. Davis ( 1917 ) . A Dictionary of the Bible . Westminster Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Evangelical Dictionary of Theology Jump up ^ Nave 's Topical Bible Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Thomas Kelly Cheyne ; John Sutherland Black ( 1899 ) . Encyclopædia Biblica : A Critical Dictionary of the Literary , Political and Religious History , the Archeology , Geography , and Natural History of the Bible . A. and C. Black . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ M.G. Easton M.A. , D.D. , Illustrated Bible Dictionary , Third Edition , published by Thomas Nelson , 1897 Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Nave 's Topical Bible Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Abel - mizraim , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Abez , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Nave 's Topical Bible Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Cheyne and Black ( 1899 ) , Encyclopaedia Biblica , entry for `` Abimael . '' Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Abiud , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Abner , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Abram , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Abraham , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Absalom , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Aceldama , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Achaia , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Achaicus , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Achbor , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Achzib , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ , Adadah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ T.K. Cheyne ; J. Sutherland Black , eds. ( 1901 ) ( 1899 ) . `` Adadah '' . Encyclopaedia Biblica : A Critical Dictionary of the Literary , Political , and Religious History , the Archaeology , Geography , and Natural History of the Bible . 1 , A-D . New York : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Adam , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Adamah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Adami , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Adar , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Addi , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Addon , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Adin , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Adithaim , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Adonijah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Adrammelech , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Cheyne and Black ( 1899 ) , Encyclopaedia Biblica , entry for `` Adriel . '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ahab , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahaz , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahi , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahijah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahikam , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahiman , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahimelech , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahimoth , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahira , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ T.K. Cheyne ; J. Sutherland Black , eds. ( 1901 ) ( 1899 ) . `` Ahishahar '' . Encyclopaedia Biblica : A Critical Dictionary of the Literary , Political , and Religious History , the Archaeology , Geography , and Natural History of the Bible . 1 , A-D . New York : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ Ahithophel , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahitub , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahlai , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Aholibamah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ahumai , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ai , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ain , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Alleluia , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Allon , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Almodad , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Almon , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Amal , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Amariah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Amaziah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ammi , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ammihud , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Amnon , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Amos , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Amoz , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Amplias , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Amram , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Amzi , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Anab , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Anah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Anaiah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Anna , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Annas , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Antipatris , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Antothijah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ T.K. Cheyne ; J. Sutherland Black , eds. ( 1901 ) ( 1899 ) . `` Apharsachites '' . Encyclopaedia Biblica : A Critical Dictionary of the Literary , Political , and Religious History , the Archaeology , Geography , and Natural History of the Bible . 1 , A-D . New York : The Macmillan Company . 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Waltke ( 22 November 2016 ) . Genesis : A Commentary . Zondervan . pp. 325 -- 326 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 53102 - 9 . Jump up ^ Assos , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Assur , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Asuppim , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Asyncritus , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Atad , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Atarah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ataroth , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Ater , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ T.K. Cheyne ; J. Sutherland Black , eds. ( 1901 ) ( 1899 ) . `` Athaiah '' . Encyclopaedia Biblica : A Critical Dictionary of the Literary , Political , and Religious History , the Archaeology , Geography , and Natural History of the Bible . 1 , A-D . New York : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Holman Bible Dictionary ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Holman Bible Dictionary ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Azaz , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Holman Bible Dictionary ( 1991 ) , `` Azgad '' Jump up ^ Holman Bible Dictionary ( 1991 ) , `` Aznoth - Tabor '' . Jump up ^ Azriel , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Azubah , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Jump up ^ Azzur , Smith 's Bible Dictionary ; Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_A&oldid=803919782 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible people Biblical people Hebrew - language names Jewish given names Lists of biblical names Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 14 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-5330141787223692568	U-boat	U-boat - wikipedia U-boat Jump to : navigation , search This article is about German submarines . For the bootloader , see Das U-Boot . For other uses , see U-boat ( disambiguation ) . U-995 , a typical U-boat U-boat is the anglicised version of the German word U-Boot ( ˈuːboːt ) ( listen ) , a shortening of Unterseeboot , literally `` undersea boat '' . While the German term refers to any submarine , the English one ( in common with several other languages ) refers specifically to military submarines operated by Germany , particularly in the First and Second World Wars . Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships , they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ( commerce raiding ) and enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping . The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from Canada and other parts of the British Empire , and the United States to the United Kingdom and ( during the Second World War ) to the Soviet Union and the Allied territories in the Mediterranean . Austro - Hungarian navy submarines were also known as U-boats . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early U-boats ( 1850 - 1914 ) 2 World War I ( 1914 - 1918 ) 2.1 Classes 2.2 Surrender of the fleet 3 Interwar years ( 1919 - 1939 ) 4 World War II ( 1939 - 1945 ) 4.1 Torpedoes 4.2 U-boat developments 4.3 Classes 4.4 Countermeasures 4.5 Enigma machine 4.6 Battle of Bell Island 4.7 Operation Deadlight 5 Memorial 6 Post -- World War II and Cold War ( after 1945 ) 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early U-boats ( 1850 - 1914 ) ( edit ) The first submarine built in Germany , the three - man Brandtaucher , sank to the bottom of Kiel harbor on 1 February 1851 during a test dive . The inventor and engineer Wilhelm Bauer had designed this vessel in 1850 , and Schweffel & Howaldt constructed it in Kiel . Dredging operations in 1887 rediscovered Brandtaucher ; it was later raised and put on historical display in Germany . There followed in 1890 the boats WW1 and WW2 , built to a Nordenfelt design . In 1903 the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel completed the first fully functional German - built submarine , Forelle , which Krupp sold to Russia during the Russo - Japanese War in April 1904 . The SM U-1 was a completely redesigned Karp - class submarine and only one was built . The Imperial German Navy commissioned it on 14 December 1906 . It had a double hull , a Körting kerosene engine , and a single torpedo tube . The 50 % - larger SM U-2 ( commissioned in 1908 ) had two torpedo tubes . The U-19 class of 1912 -- 13 saw the first diesel engine installed in a German navy boat . At the start of World War I in 1914 , Germany had 48 submarines of 13 classes in service or under construction . During that war the Imperial German Navy used SM U-1 for training . Retired in 1919 , it remains on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich . World war I ( 1914 - 1918 ) ( edit ) Main article : U-boat Campaign ( World War I ) On 5 September 1914 , HMS Pathfinder was sunk by SM U-21 , the first ship to have been sunk by a submarine using a self - propelled torpedo . On 22 September , U-9 sank the obsolete British warships HMS Aboukir , HMS Cressy and HMS Hogue ( the `` Live Bait Squadron '' ) in a single hour . In the Gallipoli Campaign in early 1915 in the eastern Mediterranean , German U-boats , notably the U-21 , prevented close support of allied troops by 18 pre-Dreadnought battleships by sinking two of them . For the first few months of the war , U-boat anticommerce actions observed the `` prize rules '' of the time , which governed the treatment of enemy civilian ships and their occupants . On 20 October 1914 , SM U-17 sank the first merchant ship , the SS Glitra , off Norway . Surface commerce raiders were proving to be ineffective , and on 4 February 1915 , the Kaiser assented to the declaration of a war zone in the waters around the British Isles . This was cited as a retaliation for British minefields and shipping blockades . Under the instructions given to U-boat captains , they could sink merchant ships , even potentially neutral ones , without warning . In February 1915 , a submarine U-6 ( Lepsius ) was rammed and both periscopes were destroyed off Beachy Head by the collier SS Thordis commanded by Captain John Bell RNR after firing a torpedo . On 7 May 1915 , SM U-20 sank the liner RMS Lusitania . The sinking claimed 1,198 lives , 128 of them American civilians , and the attack of this unarmed civilian ship deeply shocked the Allies . According to the ship 's manifest , Lusitania was carrying military cargo , though none of this information was relayed to the citizens of Britain and the United States who thought that the ship contained no ammunition or military weaponry whatsoever and it was an act of brutal murder . Munitions that it carried were thousands of crates full of ammunition for rifles , 3 - inch artillery shells , and also various other standard ammunition used by infantry . The sinking of the Lusitania was widely used as propaganda against the German Empire and caused greater support for the war effort . A widespread reaction in the U.S was not seen until the sinking of the ferry SS Sussex . The sinking occurred in 1915 and the United States entered the war in 1917 . The initial U.S. response was to threaten to sever diplomatic ties , which persuaded the Germans to issue the Sussex pledge that reimposed restrictions on U-boat activity . The U.S. reiterated its objections to German submarine warfare whenever U.S. civilians died as a result of German attacks , which prompted the Germans to fully reapply prize rules . This , however , removed the effectiveness of the U-boat fleet , and the Germans consequently sought a decisive surface action , a strategy that culminated in the Battle of Jutland . Although the Germans claimed victory at Jutland , the British Grand Fleet remained in control at sea . It was necessary to return to effective anticommerce warfare by U-boats . Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer , Commander in Chief of the High Seas Fleet , pressed for all - out U-boat war , convinced that a high rate of shipping losses would force Britain to seek an early peace before the United States could react effectively . Sinking of the Linda Blanche out of Liverpool by Willy Stöwer The renewed German campaign was effective , sinking 1.4 million tons of shipping between October 1916 and January 1917 . Despite this , the political situation demanded even greater pressure , and on 31 January 1917 , Germany announced that its U-boats would engage in unrestricted submarine warfare beginning 1 February . On 17 March , German submarines sank three American merchant vessels , and the U.S. declared war on Germany in April 1917 . Unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917 was initially very successful , sinking a major part of Britain - bound shipping . Nevertheless , with the introduction of escorted convoys , shipping losses declined and in the end the German strategy failed to destroy sufficient Allied shipping . An armistice became effective on 11 November 1918 and all surviving German submarines were surrendered . Of the 360 submarines that had been built , 178 were lost , but more than 11 million tons of shipping had been destroyed . Of the 178 submarines destroyed , SM U-103 was sunk when the troopship RMS Olympic rammed it as it attempted to crash - dive , killing all on board . Classes ( edit ) Körting kerosene - powered boats Type U 1 , Type U 2 , Type U 3 , Type U 5 , Type U 9 , Type U 13 , Type U 16 , Type U 17 Mittel - U MAN diesel boats Type U 19 , Type U 23 , Type U 27 , Type U 31 , Type U 43 , Type U 51 , Type U 57 , Type U 63 , Type U 66 , Type Mittel U U-Cruisers and Merchant U-boats Type U 139 , Type U 142 , Type U 151 , Type UD 1 UB coastal torpedo attack boats Type UB I , Type UB II , Type UB III , Type UF , Type UG UC coastal minelayers Type UC I , Type UC II , Type UC III UE ocean minelayers Type UE I , Type UE II Surrender of the fleet ( edit ) Under the terms of armistice , all U-boats were to immediately surrender . Those in home waters sailed to the British submarine base at Harwich . The entire process was done quickly and in the main without difficulty , after which the vessels were studied , then scrapped or given to Allied navies . Stephen King - Hall wrote a detailed eyewitness account of the surrender . Interwar years ( 1919 - 1939 ) ( edit ) At the end of World War I , as part of the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 , the Treaty of Versailles restricted the total tonnage of the German surface fleet . The treaty also restricted the independent tonnage of ships and forbade the construction of submarines . However , a submarine design office was set up in the Netherlands and a torpedo research program was started in Sweden . Before the start of World War II , Germany started building U-boats and training crews , labeling these activities as `` research '' or concealing them using other covers . When this became known , the Anglo - German Naval Agreement limited Germany to parity with Britain in submarines . When World War II started , Germany already had 65 U-boats , with 21 of those at sea , ready for war . World war II ( 1939 - 1945 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Atlantic During World War II , U-boat warfare was the major component of the Battle of the Atlantic , which lasted the duration of the war . Germany had the largest submarine fleet of the revived German War Navy ( Kriegsmarine ) since 1935 into World War II ( 1939 - 1945 ) , since the Armistice of November 11th , 1918 , scuttled most of the old Imperial German Navy from the First World War and the following Treaty of Versailles of 1919 , had limited the surface navy of Germany 's new Weimar Republic to only six battleships ( of less than 10,000 tons each ) , six cruisers , and 12 destroyers . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later wrote `` The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril . '' U-boat pens in Saint - Nazaire , France In the early stages of the war the U-boats were extremely effective in destroying Allied shipping due to the large gap in mid-Atlantic air cover . Cross-Atlantic trade in war supplies and food was extensive and critical for Britain 's survival . The continuous action surrounding British shipping became known as the Battle of the Atlantic , as the British developed technical defences such as ASDIC and radar , and the German U-boats responded by hunting in what were called `` wolfpacks '' where multiple submarines would stay close together , making it easier for them to sink a specific target . Britain 's vulnerable shipping situation existed until 1942 , when the tides changed as the U.S. merchant marine and Navy entered the war , drastically increasing the amount of tonnage of supplies sent across the Atlantic . The combination of increased tonnage and increased naval protection of shipping convoys made it much more difficult for U-boats to make a significant dent in British shipping . Once the United States entered the war , U-boats ranged from the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada to the Gulf of Mexico , and from the Arctic to the west and southern African coasts and even as far east as Penang . The U.S. military engaged in various tactics against German incursions in the Americas ; these included military surveillance of foreign nations in Latin America , particularly in the Caribbean , to deter any local governments from supplying German U-boats . Because speed and range were severely limited underwater while running on battery power , U-boats were required to spend most of their time surfaced running on diesel engines , diving only when attacked or for rare daytime torpedo strikes . The more ship - like hull design reflects the fact that these were primarily surface vessels that could submerge when necessary . This contrasts with the cylindrical profile of modern nuclear submarines , which are more hydrodynamic underwater ( where they spend the majority of their time ) , but less stable on the surface . While U-boats were faster on the surface than submerged , the opposite is generally true of modern submarines . The most common U-boat attack during the early years of the war was conducted on the surface and at night . This period , before the Allied forces developed truly effective antisubmarine warfare tactics , which included convoys , was referred to by German submariners as `` die glückliche Zeit '' or The First Happy Time U-534 , Birkenhead Docks , Merseyside , England Torpedoes ( edit ) The U-boats ' main weapon was the torpedo , though mines and deck guns ( while surfaced ) were also used . By the end of the war , almost 3,000 Allied ships ( 175 warships ; 2,825 merchant ships ) were sunk by U-boat torpedoes . Early German World War II torpedoes were straight runners , as opposed to the homing and pattern - running torpedoes that were fielded later in the war . They were fitted with one of two types of pistol triggers : impact , which detonated the warhead upon contact with a solid object , and magnetic , which detonated upon sensing a change in the magnetic field within a few meters . One of the most effective uses of magnetic pistols would be to set the torpedo 's depth to just beneath the keel of the target . The explosion under the target 's keel would create a detonation shock wave , which could cause a ship 's hull to rupture under the concussive water pressure . In this way , even large or heavily armored ships could be sunk or disabled with a single , well - placed hit . In practice , however , the depth - keeping equipment and magnetic and contact exploders were notoriously unreliable in the first eight months of the war . Torpedoes often ran at an improper depth , detonated prematurely , or failed to explode altogether -- sometimes bouncing harmlessly off the hull of the target ship . This was most evident in Operation Weserübung , the invasion of Norway , where various skilled U-boat commanders failed to inflict damage on British transports and warships because of faulty torpedoes . The faults were largely due to a lack of testing . The magnetic detonator was sensitive to mechanical oscillations during the torpedo run , and to fluctuations in the Earth 's magnetic field at high latitudes . These were eventually phased out , and the depth - keeping problem was solved by early 1942 . Later in the war , Germany developed an acoustic homing torpedo , the G7 / T5 . It was primarily designed to combat convoy escorts . The acoustic torpedo was designed to run straight to an arming distance of 400 m and then turn toward the loudest noise detected . This sometimes ended up being the U-boat itself ; at least two submarines may have been sunk by their own homing torpedoes . Additionally , these torpedoes were found to be only effective against ships moving at greater than 15 knots ( 28 km / h ) . The Allies countered acoustic torpedoes with noisemaker decoys such as Foxer , FXR , CAT and Fanfare . The Germans , in turn , countered this by introducing newer and upgraded versions of the acoustic torpedoes , like the late - war G7es , and the T11 torpedo . However , the T11 torpedoes did not see active service . U-boats also adopted several types of `` pattern - running '' torpedoes that ran straight out to a preset distance , then traveled in either a circular or ladder - like pattern . When fired at a convoy , this increased the probability of a hit if the weapon missed its primary target . U-boat developments ( edit ) During World War II , the Kriegsmarine produced many different types of U-boats as technology evolved . Most notable is the Type VII , known as the `` workhorse '' of the fleet , which was by far the most - produced type , and the Type IX boats , which were larger versions of the VII designed for long - range patrols , some traveling as far as Japan and the east coast of the United States . With the increasing sophistication of Allied detection and subsequent losses , German designers began to fully realise the potential for a truly submerged boat . The Type XXI `` Elektroboot '' was designed to favor submerged performance , both for combat effectiveness and survival . It was the first true submersible . The Type XXI featured an evolutionary design that combined several different strands of the U-Boat development program , most notably from the Walter U-boats , the Type XVII , which featured an unsuccessful yet revolutionary hydrogen peroxide air - independent propellant system . These boats featured a streamlined hull design , which formed the basis of the later USS Nautilus nuclear submarine , and was adapted for use with more conventional propulsion systems . The larger hull design allowed for a greatly increased battery capacity , which enabled the XXI to cruise submerged for longer periods and reach unprecedented submerged speeds for the time . Throughout the war , an arms race evolved between the Allies and the Kriegsmarine , especially in detection and counterdetection . Sonar ( ASDIC in Britain ) allowed Allied warships to detect submerged U-boats ( and vice versa ) beyond visual range , but was not effective against a surfaced vessel ; thus , early in the war , a U-boat at night or in bad weather was actually safer on the surface . Advancements in radar became particularly deadly for the U-boat crews , especially once aircraft - mounted units were developed . As a countermeasure , U-boats were fitted with radar warning receivers , to give them ample time to dive before the enemy closed in , as well as more anti aircraft guns . However , by early to mid-1943 , the Allies switched to centimetric radar ( unknown to Germany ) , which rendered the radar detectors ineffective . U-boat radar systems were also developed , but many captains chose not to use them for fear of broadcasting their position to enemy patrols and lack of sufficient electronic countermeasures . Early on , the Germans experimented with the idea of the Schnorchel ( snorkel ) from captured Dutch submarines , but saw no need for them until rather late in the war . The Schnorchel was a retractable pipe that supplied air to the diesel engines while submerged at periscope depth , allowing the boats to cruise and recharge their batteries while maintaining a degree of stealth . It was far from a perfect solution , however . Problems occurred with the device 's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather ; since the system used the entire pressure hull as a buffer , the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat 's compartments , and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries . Waste disposal was a problem when the U-boats spent extended periods without surfacing , as it is today . Speed was limited to 8 knots ( 15 km / h ) , lest the device snap from stress . The Schnorchel also had the effect of making the boat essentially noisy and deaf in sonar terms . Finally , Allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced that the Schnorchel mast could be detected beyond visual range . Several other pioneering innovations included acoustic - and electro - absorbent coatings to make them less of an ASDIC or RADAR target . The Germans also developed active countermeasures such as facilities to release artificial chemical bubble - making decoys , known as Bold , after the mythical kobold . Classes ( edit ) Type I : first prototypes Type II : small submarines used for training purposes Type V : uncompleted experimental midget submarines Type VII : the `` workhorse '' of the U-boats , with 700 active in World War II Type IX : these long - range U-boats operated as far as the Indian Ocean with the Japanese ( Monsun Gruppe ) , and the South Atlantic Type X : long - range minelayers and cargo transports Type XI : uncompleted experimental artillery boats Type XIV : used to resupply other U-boats ; nicknamed the Milchkuh ( `` Milk Cow '' ) Type XVII : small coastal submarines powered by high - test peroxide propulsion systems Type XXI : known as the Elektroboot ; first subs to operate primarily submerged Type XXIII : smaller version of the XXI used for coastal operations Midget submarines , including Biber , Hai , Molch , and Seehund Uncompleted U-boat projects Countermeasures ( edit ) Main article : Anti-submarine warfare Advances in convoy tactics , high - frequency direction finding ( referred to as `` Huff - Duff '' ) , radar , active sonar ( called ASDIC in Britain ) , depth charges , ASW spigot mortars ( also known as `` hedgehog '' ) , the intermittent cracking of the German Naval Enigma code , the introduction of the Leigh light , the range of escort aircraft ( especially with the use of escort carriers ) , the use of mystery ships , and the full entry of the U.S. into the war with its enormous shipbuilding capacity , all turned the tide against the U-boats . In the end , the U-boat fleet suffered extremely heavy casualties , losing 793 U-boats and about 28,000 submariners ( a 75 % casualty rate , the highest of all German forces during the war ) . Survivors from German submarine U-175 after being sunk by USCGC Spencer , 17 April 1943 At the same time , the Allies targeted the U-boat shipyards and their bases with strategic bombing . Enigma machine ( edit ) Main article : Enigma machine The British had a major advantage in their ability to read some German naval Enigma codes . An understanding of the German coding methods had been brought to Britain via France from Polish code - breakers . Thereafter , code books and equipment were captured by raids on German weather ships and from captured U-boats . A team including Alan Turing used special purpose `` Bombes '' and early computers to break new German codes as they were introduced . The speedy decoding of messages was vital in directing convoys away from wolf packs and allowing interception and destruction of U-boats . This was demonstrated when the Naval Enigma machines were altered in February 1942 and wolf - pack effectiveness greatly increased until the new code was broken . The German submarine U-110 , a Type IXB , was captured in 1941 by the Royal Navy , and its Enigma machine and documents were removed . U-559 was also captured by the British in October 1942 ; three sailors boarded her as she was sinking , and desperately threw all the code books out of the submarine so as to salvage them . Two of them , Able Seaman Colin Grazier and Lieutenant Francis Anthony Blair Fasson , continued to throw code books out of the ship as it went under water , and went down with it . Further code books were captured by raids on weather ships . U-744 was boarded by crew from the Canadian ship HMCS Chilliwack on 6 March 1944 , and codes were taken from her , but by this time in the war , most of the information was known . The U-505 , a Type IXC , was captured by the United States Navy in June 1944 . It is now a museum ship in Chicago at the Museum of Science and Industry . Battle of Bell Island ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the St. Lawrence Two events in the battle took place in 1942 when German U-boats attacked four allied ore carriers at Bell Island , Newfoundland . The carriers SS Saganaga and SS Lord Strathcona were sunk by U-513 on 5 September 1942 , while the SS Rosecastle and PLM 27 were sunk by U-518 on 2 November with the loss of 69 lives . When the submarine launched a torpedo at the loading pier , Bell Island became the only location in North America to be subject to direct attack by German forces in World War II . Operation Deadlight ( edit ) Main article : Operation Deadlight `` Operation Deadlight '' was the code name for the scuttling of U-boats surrendered to the Allies after the defeat of Germany near the end of the war . Of the 154 U-boats surrendered , 121 were scuttled in deep water off Lisahally , Northern Ireland , or Loch Ryan , Scotland , in late 1945 and early 1946 . Memorial ( edit ) Möltenort U-Boat Memorial Post -- World war II and cold war ( after 1945 ) ( edit ) U-15 , a Type 206 submarine , of the German Navy at the Kiel Week 2007 Type 212 submarine with air - independent propulsion of the German Navy in dock at HDW / Kiel From 1955 , the West German Bundesmarine was allowed to have a small navy . Initially two sunken Type XXIIIs and a Type XXI were raised and repaired . In the 1960s , the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) re-entered the submarine business . Because West Germany was initially restricted to a 450 tonne displacement limit , the Bundesmarine focused on small coastal submarines to protect against the Soviet Union ( Russian ) threat in the Baltic Sea . The Germans sought to use advanced technologies to offset the small displacement , such as amagnetic steel to protect against naval mines and magnetic anomaly detectors . The initial Type 201 was a failure because of hull cracking ; the subsequent Type 205 , first commissioned in 1967 , was a success , and 12 were built for the German navy . To continue the U-boat tradition , the new boats received the classic U designation starting with the U-1 . With the Danish government 's purchase of two Type 205 boats , the West German government realized the potential for the submarine as an export . Three of the improved Type 206 boats were later sold to the Israeli Navy , becoming the Gal - class . The German Type 209 diesel - electric submarine was the most popular export - sales submarine in the world from the late 1960s into the first years of the 21st century . With a larger 1,000 -- 1,500 tonne displacement , the class was very customizable and has seen service with 14 navies with 51 examples being built as of 2006 . Germany has brought the U-boat name into the 21st century with the new Type 212 . The 212 features an air - independent propulsion system using hydrogen fuel cells . This system is safer than previous closed - cycle diesel engines and steam turbines , cheaper than a nuclear reactor and quieter than either . While the Type 212 is also being purchased by Italy , the Type 214 has been designed as the follow - on export model and has been sold to Greece , South Korea and Turkey . In July 2006 , Germany commissioned its newest U-boat , the U-34 , a Type 212 . See also ( edit ) Military of Germany portal Submarine portal Submarine warfare List of U-boats of Germany List of U-boats never deployed List of successful U-boats List of successful U-boat commanders Das Boot , 1981 German U-boat film Aces of the Deep , 1994 U-boat simulator video game Silent Hunter III , 2005 U-boat simulator video game , third of a series Karl Dönitz Orkney Wireless Museum contains an example of a U-boat radio List of Knight 's Cross recipients of the U-boat service Sieglinde ( decoy ) Bold ( decoy ) U-boat Campaign ( World War I ) I - boat , Japanese equivalent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U-boat '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Showell , p. 23 Jump up ^ Compare : Chaffin , Tom ( 2010 ) . The H.L. Hunley : The Secret Hope of the Confederacy . Macmillan . p. 53 . ISBN 9781429990356 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 14 . Bauer 's boat made a promising start , diving in tests in the Baltic Sea 's Bay of Kiel to depths of more than fifty feet . In 1851 , however , during one of those tests , the boat malfunctioned . The Brandtaucher plunged fifty - four vertical feet and refused to ascend from the seafloor . Bauer and his crew -- leaving their craft on the bottom -- barely escaped with their lives . Jump up ^ Showell , p. 201 Jump up ^ Showell , pp. 22 , 23 , 25 , 29 Jump up ^ Showell , p. 30 Jump up ^ Showell , pp. 36 & 37 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WWI U-Boats U-17 '' . Uboat.net . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Haley Dixon ( 21 June 2013 ) . `` Story of Captain 's courage resurfaces after 98 years '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` A North Sea diary , 1914 -- 1918 / Commander Stephen King - Hall '' `` . Jump up ^ Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . A History of Us : War , Peace and all that Jazz . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 100 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Jump up ^ Military History Online Jump up ^ Crocker III , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Jump up ^ Karl Dönitz . Memoirs : Ten Years and Twenty Days . Naval Institute Press . p. 482 . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 780 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Torpedoes '' . Jump up ^ Helgason , Gudmundur `` Captured U Boats '' UBoat.Net http://uboat.net/fates/captured.htm Further reading ( edit ) John Abbatiello . Anti-Submarine Warfare in World War I : British Naval Aviation and the Defeat of the U-Boats ( 2005 ) Buchheim , Lothar - Günther , Das Boot ( original German edition 1973 , eventually translated into English and many other Western languages ) . Movie adaptation in 1981 , directed by Wolfgang Petersen Gannon , Michael ( 1998 ) Black May . Dell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 440 - 23564 - 2 Gannon , Michael ( 1990 ) Operation Drumbeat . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 302 - 4 Gray , Edwyn A . The U-Boat War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1994 ) Hans Joachim Koerver . German Submarine Warfare 1914 -- 1918 in the Eyes of British Intelligence , LIS Reinisch 2010 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 902433 - 79 - 4 Kurson , Robert ( 2004 ) . Shadow Divers : The True Adventure of Two Americans Who Risked Everything to Solve One of the Last Mysteries of World War II . Random House Publishing . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50858 - 9 Möller , Eberhard and Werner Brack . The Encyclopedia of U-Boats : From 1904 to the Present ( 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 85367 - 623 - 3 O'Connor , Jerome M. `` Inside the Grey Wolves ' Den . '' Naval History , June 2000 . The US Naval Institute Author of the Year feature describes the building and operation of the German U-boat bases in France . Preston , Anthony ( 2005 ) . The World 's Greatest Submarines . Stern , Robert C. ( 1999 ) . Battle Beneath the Waves : U-boats at war . Arms and Armor / Sterling Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 200 - 6 . Showell , Jak Mallmann . The U-boat Century : German Submarine Warfare , 1906 -- 2006 ( 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 59114 - 892 - 8 van der Vat , Dan . The Atlantic Campaign. Harper & Row , 1988 . Connects submarine and antisubmarine operations between World War I and World War II , and suggests a continuous war . Von Scheck , Karl . U122 : The Diary of a U-boat Commander . Diggory Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 049 - 3 Georg von Trapp and Elizabeth M. Campbell . To the Last Salute : Memories of an Austrian U-Boat Commander ( 2007 ) Westwood , David . U-Boat War : Doenitz and the evolution of the German Submarine Service 1935 -- 1945 ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 932033 - 43 - 2 Werner , Herbert . Iron Coffins : A Personal Account of the German U-Boat Battles of World War II ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35330 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U-boat . TheSubPen The Sub `` Pen , '' your home for submarine and U-boat history . uboat.net Comprehensive reference source for WW I and WW II U-boat information . uboat-bases.com The German U-boat bases of the WW - II in France : Brest , Lorient , St - Nazaire , La Rochelle , Bordeaux . ubootwaffe.net Comprehensive reference source for WW II U-boat information . WWII German UBoats German sub sank near U.S. , The Augusta Chronicle U Boat Sanctuary -- Inside The Indestructible U Boat Bases In Brittany History Articles U-boats Battle of the Atlantic ( World War I ) Battle of the Atlantic ( World War II ) Mediterranean ( World War I ) Mediterranean ( World War II ) Operation Regenbogen Operation Deadlight U-boat lists Types Regions German Successful Never deployed Austro - Hungarian Foreign captured Uncompleted projects Commanders Successful Knight 's Cross recipients Erich Raeder Karl Dönitz Wolfpacks List of wolfpacks of World War II Blücher Borkum Dränger Eisbär Eisteufel Endrass Hai Hartmann Hecht Kiebitz Kreuzotter Leuthen Lohs Pfadfinder Pfeil Prien Raubgraf Rösing Rossbach Schill Schlieffen Seewolf Steinbrinck Siegfried Streitaxt Tümmler Vorwärts Weddigen West Wolf Major engagements Convoy SC 7 Convoy PQ 17 Battle of the St. Lawrence Convoy ONS 5 Black May Bismarck chase U-boat flotillas World War I II III IV Flanders Kurland Pola Constantinople World War II 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 . 29 . 30 . 31 . 32 . 33 . Capital ships sunk World War I HMS Britannia HMS Cornwallis French battleship Danton HMS Formidable Gaulois Russian battleship Peresvet HMS Majestic Italian battleship Regina Margherita HMS Russell French battleship Suffren HMS Triumph World War II HMS Ark Royal HMS Barham HMS Courageous HMS Eagle HMS Royal Oak Technology Sonar Depth charge Hedgehog Leigh light Q - ship Snorkel Elektroboot Concepts Submarine warfare Intensified submarine warfare Unrestricted submarine warfare Naval ships and warships in the Late Modern period Naval ship classes in service submarine auxiliary Operational zones Blue - water navy Brown - water navy Green - water navy Gun placement Broadside Central battery / casemate Turretes Aircraft carriers Aircraft cruiser Amphibious assault ship Anti-submarine warfare carrier Balloon carrier CAM ship Escort carrier Fighter catapult ship Fleet carrier Helicopter carrier Light aircraft carrier Merchant aircraft carrier Seaplane tender Submarine aircraft carrier Supercarrier Battleships Coastal defence ship Dreadnought Fast battleship Pre-dreadnought battleship Super-dreadnought ( Standard - type battleship ) Treaty battleship Cruisers Armored cruiser Battlecruiser Flight deck cruiser Heavy cruiser Pocket battleship Light cruiser Merchant raider Protected cruiser Strike cruiser Torpedo cruiser Unprotected cruiser Escort Aviso Convoy rescue ship Destroyer Destroyer escort Destroyer leader Escort destroyer Frigate Guided missile destroyer Kaibōkan Sloop Transport Amphibious transport dock Amphibious warfare ship Attack transport Dock landing ship Landing craft Landing craft carrier Landing Craft Support Landing Ship Heavy Landing ship , infantry Landing Ship Medium Landing Ship , Tank Landing Ship Vehicle Troopship Patrol craft Armed boarding steamer Armed yacht Coastal Motor Boat Corvette Gunboat Harbour Defence Motor Launch Motor Launch Naval drifter Naval trawler Ocean boarding vessel Patrol boat Q - ship Steam Gun Boat Submarine chaser Torpedo boat Fast attack craft E-boat MAS MGB Missile boat MTB MTM MTSM PT boat Shin'yō Mine warfare Danlayer Destroyer minesweeper Mine countermeasures vessel Mine planter Minehunter Minelayer Minesweeper Command and support Amenities ship Ammunition ship Auxiliary repair dock Auxiliary ship Collier Combat stores ship Command ship Crane vessel Depot ship Destroyer tender Dispatch boat Fast combat support ship General stores issue ship Hospital ship Naval tugboat Net laying ship Repair ship Replenishment oiler Submarine tender Submarines Attack submarine Ballistic missile submarine Coastal submarine Cruise missile submarine Cruiser submarine Deep - submergence vehicle DSRV Fleet submarine Midget submarine U-boat Miscellaneous Arsenal ship Barracks ship Breastwork monitor Capital ship Flagship Guard ship Littoral combat ship Monitor River monitor Training ship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U-boat&oldid=804859317 '' Categories : U-boats Submarines of Germany Submarines of the Imperial German Navy Submarines of the Kriegsmarine German Empire in World War I Germany in World War II Submarines World War I submarines World War II submarines Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 15 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were u boats first used in ww1	[ "On 5 September 1914, HMS Pathfinder was sunk by SM U-21, the first ship to have been sunk by a submarine using a self-propelled torpedo. On 22 September, U-9 sank the obsolete British warships HMS Aboukir, HMS Cressy and HMS Hogue (the \"Live Bait Squadron\") in a single hour." ]	[ "5 September 1914" ]
-5143846785419507640	Portuguese in South America	Portuguese in South America - wikipedia Portuguese in South America Jump to : navigation , search Portuguese is the largest language of South America . It is the sole official language of Brazil and is a co-official language of several regional organizations , notably Mercosul , UNASUL , ACTO , CELAC , the Rio Group , and ALADI . The main varieties of Portuguese spoken in South America are Brazilian Portuguese ( spoken by the vast majority ) , Uruguayan Portuguese and a mixed variety known as Portunhol . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic distribution 2 The importance of Brazilian Portuguese 3 Media and popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Geographic distribution ( edit ) Portuguese control in South America in 1754 . ( Green ) Brazil is the largest country in which Portuguese is spoken in all of the Americas , with a population of approximately 200 million people , almost all of whom are native speakers of Portuguese . The size of this population renders Portuguese a relevant regional and world language . Research in regional and social variation in the Brazilian dialects of Portuguese , known together as Brazilian Portuguese , reveals the diversity of this language . The country also received settlers from Portugal and white settlers from former Portuguese African colonies , Eurasian settlers from Macau and East Timor . Argentina was the first Spanish - speaking member state of Mercosur to participate in the Frontier schools project . It involves the exchange of language teachers with Brazil . Secondary schools are now required to offer Portuguese as a foreign language . The same goes for primary schools in provinces bordering Brazil . Uruguay , born out of conflict first between the Spanish and Portuguese empires and then Brazil and Argentina , has Portuguese speakers in northern region . The acronym DPU ( Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay ) is used to describe the varieties of Portuguese spoken in this region . DPU is not standardized and so Brazilian Portuguese serves as the primary model for Uruguayan speakers of Portuguese , native and non-native speakers alike . Instruction in Portuguese has now been increased in the Uruguayan education system . In the northern departments bordering Brazil , education has become bilingual combining Spanish and Portuguese as languages of instruction . Paraguay has been receiving waves of Brazilian immigrants for decades , known as Brasiguaios . Unlike in Uruguay , the Brasigaios are a result of more recent immigration and , as such , are more markedly Brazilian in speech and cultural identity . These immigrants tend to settle in the eastern regions of the country and most originate from the Brazilian state of Paraná . Estimates of the size of this community range from 200,000 to 500,000 . Venezuela has a large and prominent Portuguese immigrant community , one of the largest in Hispanoamerica . Its membership in MERCOSUR is pending and , towards that end , the Venezuelan government has begun to encourage the teaching of Portuguese as a second language . Portuguese is to be made available in the public school system . The importance of Brazilian Portuguese ( edit ) In South America , Brazilian Portuguese is the standard form of Portuguese for learners and non-native speakers . P.l.e. ( Português como língua estrangeira ) is the acronym used to describe the learning and instruction of Portuguese as a second or foreign language ; a term comparable to ESL . Brazil 's growing international profile and the adoption of Portuguese as an official language of Mercosur have created a demand for non-native fluency in Portuguese in the Hispanic member states . This has accompanied a growth in the private language instruction in Portuguese in said countries . The Museum of the Portuguese language ( the second language museum in the world ) is located in São Paulo , Brazil . The Brazilian Ministry of education has developed a proficiency test in Portuguese specifically for Brazil and based on the Brazilian norm : CELPE - Bras The latest orthgraphic agreement was ratified first by Brazil and while it requires adjustments in spelling , hyphenation and accentuation from all CPLP member states , the agreement favours the Brazilian norm . Media and popular culture ( edit ) Portuguese - speaking communities in South America outside of Brazil form the primary audience for Brazilian and Portuguese satellite television in their respective countries . Such programming be it football matches , telenovelas or variety shows allow lusophones outside of Brazil to access media and cultural content in Portuguese and stay informed and connected to events in Brazil . Rede Globo and RTPi are available throughout all of the Americas . See also ( edit ) Brazilian Portuguese Papiamento CELPE - Bras Portugués , Puerto Rico MERCOSUL Treaty of El Pardo Portuguesa State Portuguese Americans Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay Lusophone Portuguese colonization of the Americas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/26/arts/television/26rebel.html?ex=1340510400 Jump up ^ http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004674.html Jump up ^ http://portal.educ.ar/noticias/educacion-y-sociedad/el-portugues-sera-materia-obli.php Jump up ^ http://www.misionesonline.net/paginas/detalle2.php?db=noticias2007&id=128150 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Governo uruguaio torna obrigatório ensino do português Brasil estenderá a Paraguai e Uruguai projeto Escolas Bilíngües de Fronteira Regional Blocs as a Barrier against English Hegemony ? The Language Policy of Mercosur in South America ( hide ) Portuguese dialects Africa ( Portuguese in Africa ) Angolan Cape Verdean Guinean Mozambican São Tomean Brazil / South America ( Portuguese in South America ) Brazilian Caipira Cafundó Central Northeastern Florianopolitan North Coast Uruguayan Asia ( Portuguese in Asia ) Damanese East Timorese Goan Macau Portugal / Europe ( European Portuguese ) Açoriano Alentejano Barranquenho Algarvio Alto - Alentejano Alto - Minhoto Baixo - Beirão Beirão Estremenho Nortenho Transmontano Galego Eonavian Fala Judaeo - Portuguese Portuguese Caló Minderico See also Geographic distribution of Portuguese Brazilian diaspora Portuguese diaspora Portuguese phonology Portuguese vocabulary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_in_South_America&oldid=833032912 '' Categories : Portuguese dialects Portuguese diaspora in South America Portuguese in the Americas Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 09 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	portuguese is the dominant language in which south american country	[]	[]
1821438037034120012	List of countries by population (United Nations)	List of countries by Population ( United Nations ) - wikipedia List of countries by Population ( United Nations ) Jump to : navigation , search Statistical regions as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division . Antarctica is omitted . This is a list of independent countries and inhabited dependent territories by total population , based on estimates and projections published by the United Nations in the 2017 revision of World Population Prospects . Figures refer to the de facto population in a country or area projected according to the `` medium fertility '' scenario . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links List ( edit ) Countries and areas ranked by population in 2017 Rank Country or area UN continental region UN statistical region Population ( 1 July 2016 ) Population ( 1 July 2017 ) Change -- World -- -- 7,466,964,280 7,550,262,101 7000111555135228260 ♠ + 1.1 % China Asia Eastern Asia 1,403,500,365 1,409,517,397 6999428716097982630 ♠ + 0.4 % India Asia Southern Asia 1,324,171,354 1,339,180,127 7000113344643460699 ♠ + 1.1 % United States Americas Northern America 322,179,605 324,459,463 6999707635730076710 ♠ + 0.7 % Indonesia Asia South - Eastern Asia 261,115,456 263,991,379 7000110139899186970 ♠ + 1.1 % 5 Brazil Americas South America 207,652,865 209,288,278 6999787570641031120 ♠ + 0.8 % 6 Pakistan Asia Southern Asia 193,203,476 197,015,955 7000197329731272540 ♠ + 2.0 % 7 Nigeria Africa Western Africa 185,989,640 190,886,311 7000263276545940949 ♠ + 2.6 % 8 Bangladesh Asia Southern Asia 162,951,560 164,669,751 7000105441825779390 ♠ + 1.1 % 9 Russia Europe Eastern Europe 143,964,513 143,989,754 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 10 Mexico Americas Central America 127,540,423 129,163,276 7000127242246954130 ♠ + 1.3 % 11 Japan Asia Eastern Asia 127,748,513 127,484,450 3000793294658545260 ♠ − 0.2 % 12 Ethiopia Africa Eastern Africa 102,403,196 104,957,438 7000249429910371160 ♠ + 2.5 % 13 Philippines Asia South - Eastern Asia 103,320,222 104,918,090 7000154652009942450 ♠ + 1.5 % 14 Egypt Africa Northern Africa 95,688,681 97,553,151 7000194847497166360 ♠ + 1.9 % 15 Vietnam Asia South - Eastern Asia 94,569,072 95,540,800 7000102753255313749 ♠ + 1.0 % 16 Germany Europe Western Europe 81,914,672 82,114,224 6999243609594139630 ♠ + 0.2 % 17 Democratic Republic of the Congo Africa Middle Africa 78,736,153 81,339,988 7000330703863573320 ♠ + 3.3 % 18 Iran Asia Southern Asia 80,277,428 81,162,788 7000110287539356640 ♠ + 1.1 % 19 Turkey Asia Western Asia 79,512,426 80,745,020 7000155019040671710 ♠ + 1.6 % 20 Thailand Asia South - Eastern Asia 68,863,514 69,037,513 6999252672264154290 ♠ + 0.3 % 21 United Kingdom Europe Northern Europe 65,788,574 66,181,585 6999597384889357830 ♠ + 0.6 % 22 France Europe Western Europe 64,720,690 64,979,548 6999399961743300330 ♠ + 0.4 % 23 Italy Europe Southern Europe 59,429,938 59,359,900 3000882150306130220 ♠ − 0.1 % 24 Tanzania Africa Eastern Africa 55,572,201 57,310,019 7000312713545392960 ♠ + 3.1 % 25 South Africa Africa Southern Africa 56,015,473 56,717,156 7000125265924292030 ♠ + 1.3 % 26 Myanmar Asia South - Eastern Asia 52,885,223 53,370,609 6999917810254860800 ♠ + 0.9 % 27 South Korea Asia Eastern Asia 50,791,919 50,982,212 6999374652117396870 ♠ + 0.4 % 28 Kenya Africa Eastern Africa 48,461,567 49,699,862 7000255521040002689 ♠ + 2.6 % 29 Colombia Americas South America 48,653,419 49,065,615 6999847208702845740 ♠ + 0.8 % 30 Spain Europe Southern Europe 46,347,576 46,354,321 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 31 Argentina Americas South America 43,847,430 44,271,041 6999966102232217490 ♠ + 1.0 % 32 Ukraine Europe Eastern Europe 44,438,625 44,222,947 3000514660950918270 ♠ − 0.5 % 33 Uganda Africa Eastern Africa 41,487,965 42,862,958 7000331419726178420 ♠ + 3.3 % 34 Algeria Africa Northern Africa 40,606,052 41,318,142 7000175365484928210 ♠ + 1.8 % 35 Sudan Africa Northern Africa 39,578,828 40,533,330 7000241164796491700 ♠ + 2.4 % 36 Iraq Asia Western Asia 37,202,572 38,274,618 7000288164484971630 ♠ + 2.9 % 37 Poland Europe Eastern Europe 38,224,410 38,170,712 3000859519087410380 ♠ − 0.1 % 38 Canada Americas Northern America 36,289,822 36,624,199 6999921407109684910 ♠ + 0.9 % 39 Morocco Africa Northern Africa 35,276,786 35,739,580 7000131189388965310 ♠ + 1.3 % 40 Afghanistan Asia Southern Asia 34,656,032 35,530,081 7000252206888543959 ♠ + 2.5 % 41 Saudi Arabia Asia Western Asia 32,275,687 32,938,213 7000205270921111609 ♠ + 2.1 % 42 Peru Americas South America 31,773,839 32,165,485 7000123260522595330 ♠ + 1.2 % 43 Venezuela Americas South America 31,568,179 31,977,065 7000129524734385220 ♠ + 1.3 % 44 Uzbekistan Asia Central Asia 31,446,795 31,910,641 7000147501836037660 ♠ + 1.5 % 45 Malaysia Asia South - Eastern Asia 31,187,265 31,624,264 7000140120975661060 ♠ + 1.4 % 46 Angola Africa Middle Africa 28,813,463 29,784,193 7000336901538006730 ♠ + 3.4 % 47 Mozambique Africa Eastern Africa 28,829,476 29,668,834 7000291145770391390 ♠ + 2.9 % 48 Nepal Asia Southern Asia 28,982,771 29,304,998 7000111178810335280 ♠ + 1.1 % 49 Ghana Africa Western Africa 28,206,728 28,833,629 7000222252293849890 ♠ + 2.2 % 50 Yemen Asia Western Asia 27,584,213 28,250,420 7000241517494082570 ♠ + 2.4 % 51 Madagascar Africa Eastern Africa 24,894,551 25,570,895 7000271683550348029 ♠ + 2.7 % 52 North Korea Asia Eastern Asia 25,368,620 25,490,965 6999482269039466860 ♠ + 0.5 % 53 Australia Oceania Australia and New Zealand 24,125,848 24,450,561 7000134591331256000 ♠ + 1.3 % 54 Côte d'Ivoire Africa Western Africa 23,695,919 24,294,750 7000252714824016740 ♠ + 2.5 % 55 Cameroon Africa Middle Africa 23,439,189 24,053,727 7000262183985973230 ♠ + 2.6 % 56 Taiwan Asia Eastern Asia 23,556,706 23,626,456 6999296094029445370 ♠ + 0.3 % 57 Niger Africa Western Africa 20,672,987 21,477,348 7000389087943604860 ♠ + 3.9 % 58 Sri Lanka Asia Southern Asia 20,798,492 20,876,917 6999377070606849770 ♠ + 0.4 % 59 Romania Europe Eastern Europe 19,778,083 19,679,306 3000500573437779580 ♠ − 0.5 % 60 Burkina Faso Africa Western Africa 18,646,433 19,193,382 7000293326342898930 ♠ + 2.9 % 61 Malawi Africa Eastern Africa 18,091,575 18,622,104 7000293246442059360 ♠ + 2.9 % 62 Mali Africa Western Africa 17,994,837 18,541,980 7000304055546599280 ♠ + 3.0 % 63 Syria Asia Western Asia 18,430,453 18,269,868 3000128697487793700 ♠ − 0.9 % 64 Kazakhstan Asia Central Asia 17,987,736 18,204,499 7000120505993639220 ♠ + 1.2 % 65 Chile Americas South America 17,909,754 18,054,726 6999809458354369360 ♠ + 0.8 % 66 Zambia Africa Eastern Africa 16,591,390 17,094,130 7000303012586648860 ♠ + 3.0 % 67 Netherlands Europe Western Europe 16,987,330 17,035,938 6999286142672215120 ♠ + 0.3 % 68 Guatemala Americas Central America 16,582,469 16,913,503 7000199628897240820 ♠ + 2.0 % 69 Ecuador Americas South America 16,385,068 16,624,858 7000146346661484710 ♠ + 1.5 % 70 Zimbabwe Africa Eastern Africa 16,150,362 16,529,904 7000235005258705660 ♠ + 2.4 % 71 Cambodia Asia South - Eastern Asia 15,762,370 16,005,373 7000154166537138770 ♠ + 1.5 % 72 Senegal Africa Western Africa 15,411,614 15,850,567 7000284819617205570 ♠ + 2.8 % 73 Chad Africa Middle Africa 14,452,543 14,899,994 7000309600185932680 ♠ + 3.1 % 74 Somalia Africa Eastern Africa 14,317,996 14,742,523 7000296498895515820 ♠ + 3.0 % 75 Guinea Africa Western Africa 12,395,924 12,717,176 7000259159381745159 ♠ + 2.6 % 76 South Sudan Africa Eastern Africa 12,230,730 12,575,714 7000282063294668430 ♠ + 2.8 % 77 Rwanda Africa Eastern Africa 11,917,508 12,208,407 7000244093815586280 ♠ + 2.4 % 78 Tunisia Africa Northern Africa 11,403,248 11,532,127 7000113019553727150 ♠ + 1.1 % 79 Cuba Americas Caribbean 11,475,982 11,484,636 6998754096686453430 ♠ + 0.1 % 80 Belgium Europe Western Europe 11,358,379 11,429,336 6999624710621119440 ♠ + 0.6 % 81 Benin Africa Western Africa 10,872,298 11,175,692 7000279052321781470 ♠ + 2.8 % 82 Greece Europe Southern Europe 11,183,716 11,159,773 3000785911945546550 ♠ − 0.2 % 83 Bolivia Americas South America 10,887,882 11,051,600 7000150367169666240 ♠ + 1.5 % 84 Haiti Americas Caribbean 10,847,334 10,981,229 7000123435859908070 ♠ + 1.2 % 85 Burundi Africa Eastern Africa 10,524,117 10,864,245 7000323189109357110 ♠ + 3.2 % 86 Dominican Republic Americas Caribbean 10,648,791 10,766,998 7000111005089685770 ♠ + 1.1 % 87 Czechia Europe Eastern Europe 10,610,947 10,618,303 6998693246323820059 ♠ + 0.1 % 88 Portugal Europe Southern Europe 10,371,627 10,329,506 3000593882425582789 ♠ − 0.4 % 89 Sweden Europe Northern Europe 9,837,533 9,910,701 6999743763705799010 ♠ + 0.7 % 90 Azerbaijan Asia Western Asia 9,725,376 9,827,589 7000105099278423790 ♠ + 1.1 % 91 Hungary Europe Eastern Europe 9,753,281 9,721,559 3000674755602755630 ♠ − 0.3 % 92 Jordan Asia Western Asia 9,455,802 9,702,353 7000260740442746160 ♠ + 2.6 % 93 Belarus Europe Eastern Europe 9,480,042 9,468,338 3000876540631360070 ♠ − 0.1 % 94 United Arab Emirates Asia Western Asia 9,269,612 9,400,145 7000140818191743080 ♠ + 1.4 % 95 Honduras Americas Central America 9,112,867 9,265,067 7000167016593131450 ♠ + 1.7 % 96 Tajikistan Asia Central Asia 8,734,951 8,921,343 7000213386428842020 ♠ + 2.1 % 97 Serbia Europe Southern Europe 8,820,083 8,790,574 3000665433987412590 ♠ − 0.3 % 98 Austria Europe Western Europe 8,712,137 8,735,453 6999267626645448749 ♠ + 0.3 % 99 Switzerland Europe Western Europe 8,401,739 8,476,005 6999883936051810230 ♠ + 0.9 % 100 Israel Asia Western Asia 8,191,828 8,321,570 7000158379790200670 ♠ + 1.6 % 101 Papua New Guinea Oceania Melanesia 8,084,991 8,251,162 7000205530222606310 ♠ + 2.1 % 102 Togo Africa Western Africa 7,606,374 7,797,694 7000251525891311680 ♠ + 2.5 % 103 Sierra Leone Africa Western Africa 7,396,190 7,557,212 7000217709388212040 ♠ + 2.2 % 104 Hong Kong Asia Eastern Asia 7,302,843 7,364,883 6999849532161652670 ♠ + 0.8 % 105 Bulgaria Europe Eastern Europe 7,131,494 7,084,571 3000342031277036759 ♠ − 0.7 % 106 Laos Asia South - Eastern Asia 6,758,353 6,858,160 7000147679471610910 ♠ + 1.5 % 107 Paraguay Americas South America 6,725,308 6,811,297 7000127858828175600 ♠ + 1.3 % 108 El Salvador Americas Central America 6,344,722 6,377,853 6999522182059355790 ♠ + 0.5 % 109 Libya Africa Northern Africa 6,293,253 6,374,616 7000129286078280980 ♠ + 1.3 % 110 Nicaragua Americas Central America 6,149,928 6,217,581 7000110006165925840 ♠ + 1.1 % 111 Lebanon Asia Western Asia 6,006,668 6,082,357 7000126008296113589 ♠ + 1.3 % 112 Kyrgyzstan Asia Central Asia 5,955,734 6,045,117 7000150078898755380 ♠ + 1.5 % 113 Turkmenistan Asia Central Asia 5,662,544 5,758,075 7000168706856847380 ♠ + 1.7 % 114 Denmark Europe Northern Europe 5,711,870 5,733,551 6999379577966585360 ♠ + 0.4 % 115 Singapore Asia South - Eastern Asia 5,622,455 5,708,844 7000153649962516370 ♠ + 1.5 % 116 Finland Europe Northern Europe 5,503,132 5,523,231 6999365228382673720 ♠ + 0.4 % 117 Slovakia Europe Eastern Europe 5,444,218 5,447,662 6998632597739473220 ♠ + 0.1 % 118 Norway Europe Northern Europe 5,254,694 5,305,383 6999964642279835900 ♠ + 1.0 % 119 Congo Africa Middle Africa 5,125,821 5,260,750 7000263233928769660 ♠ + 2.6 % 120 Eritrea Africa Eastern Africa 4,954,645 5,068,831 7000230462525569440 ♠ + 2.3 % 121 Palestine Asia Western Asia 4,790,705 4,920,724 7000271398468492630 ♠ + 2.7 % 122 Costa Rica Americas Central America 4,857,274 4,905,769 6999998399513801360 ♠ + 1.0 % 123 Ireland Europe Northern Europe 4,726,078 4,761,657 6999752822953831900 ♠ + 0.8 % 124 Liberia Africa Western Africa 4,613,823 4,731,906 7000255933094962680 ♠ + 2.6 % 125 New Zealand Oceania Australia and New Zealand 4,660,833 4,705,818 6999965170818177770 ♠ + 1.0 % 126 Central African Republic Africa Middle Africa 4,594,621 4,659,080 7000140292311378890 ♠ + 1.4 % 127 Oman Asia Western Asia 4,424,762 4,636,262 7000477991810632980 ♠ + 4.8 % 128 Mauritania Africa Western Africa 4,301,018 4,420,184 7000277064639115670 ♠ + 2.8 % 129 Croatia Europe Southern Europe 4,213,265 4,189,353 3000432459149851719 ♠ − 0.6 % 130 Kuwait Asia Western Asia 4,052,584 4,136,528 7000207136977296460 ♠ + 2.1 % 131 Panama Americas Central America 4,034,119 4,098,587 7000159806887203870 ♠ + 1.6 % 132 Moldova Europe Eastern Europe 4,059,608 4,051,212 3000793182001809040 ♠ − 0.2 % 133 Georgia Asia Western Asia 3,925,405 3,912,061 3000660060554261280 ♠ − 0.3 % 134 Puerto Rico Americas Caribbean 3,667,903 3,663,131 3000869898413344080 ♠ − 0.1 % 135 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Southern Europe 3,516,816 3,507,017 3000721367282223460 ♠ − 0.3 % 136 Uruguay Americas South America 3,444,006 3,456,750 6999370034198546690 ♠ + 0.4 % 137 Mongolia Asia Eastern Asia 3,027,398 3,075,647 7000159374485944700 ♠ + 1.6 % 138 Armenia Asia Western Asia 2,924,816 2,930,450 6999192627502037750 ♠ + 0.2 % 139 Albania Europe Southern Europe 2,926,348 2,930,187 6999131187404915620 ♠ + 0.1 % 140 Jamaica Americas Caribbean 2,881,355 2,890,299 6999310409512191320 ♠ + 0.3 % 141 Lithuania Europe Northern Europe 2,908,249 2,890,297 3000382721355702350 ♠ − 0.6 % 142 Qatar Asia Western Asia 2,569,804 2,639,211 7000270086745915250 ♠ + 2.7 % 143 Namibia Africa Southern Africa 2,479,713 2,533,794 7000218093787466530 ♠ + 2.2 % 144 Botswana Africa Southern Africa 2,250,260 2,291,661 7000183983184165390 ♠ + 1.8 % 145 Lesotho Africa Southern Africa 2,203,821 2,233,339 7000133940097675810 ♠ + 1.3 % 146 The Gambia Africa Western Africa 2,038,501 2,100,568 7000304473728489710 ♠ + 3.0 % 147 Republic of Macedonia Europe Southern Europe 2,081,206 2,083,160 6998938878707826160 ♠ + 0.1 % 148 Slovenia Europe Southern Europe 2,077,862 2,079,976 6999101739191534380 ♠ + 0.1 % 149 Gabon Africa Middle Africa 1,979,786 2,025,137 7000229070212639140 ♠ + 2.3 % 150 Latvia Europe Northern Europe 1,970,530 1,949,670 2999894140155186680 ♠ − 1.1 % 151 Guinea - Bissau Africa Western Africa 1,815,698 1,861,283 7000251060473713140 ♠ + 2.5 % 152 Bahrain Asia Western Asia 1,425,171 1,492,584 7000473016922179870 ♠ + 4.7 % 153 Trinidad and Tobago Americas Caribbean 1,364,962 1,369,125 6999304990175550680 ♠ + 0.3 % 154 Swaziland Africa Southern Africa 1,343,098 1,367,254 7000179852847670090 ♠ + 1.8 % 155 Estonia Europe Northern Europe 1,312,442 1,309,632 3000785895300516140 ♠ − 0.2 % 156 Timor - Leste Asia South - Eastern Asia 1,268,671 1,296,311 7000217865782381720 ♠ + 2.2 % 157 Equatorial Guinea Africa Middle Africa 1,221,490 1,267,689 7000378218405390140 ♠ + 3.8 % 158 Mauritius Africa Eastern Africa 1,262,132 1,265,138 6999238168432461890 ♠ + 0.2 % 159 Cyprus Europe Europe 1,170,125 1,179,551 6999805554962076700 ♠ + 0.8 % 160 Djibouti Africa Eastern Africa 942,333 956,985 7000155486436323460 ♠ + 1.6 % 161 Fiji Oceania Melanesia 898,760 905,502 6999750144643731350 ♠ + 0.8 % 162 Réunion Africa Eastern Africa 869,925 876,562 6999762939333850610 ♠ + 0.8 % 163 Comoros Africa Eastern Africa 795,601 813,912 7000230153054106270 ♠ + 2.3 % 164 Bhutan Asia Southern Asia 797,765 807,610 7000123407269057930 ♠ + 1.2 % 165 Guyana Americas South America 773,303 777,859 6999589161040368390 ♠ + 0.6 % 166 Montenegro Europe Southern Europe 628,615 628,960 6998548825592771470 ♠ + 0.1 % 167 Macau Asia Eastern Asia 612,167 622,567 7000169888282119100 ♠ + 1.7 % 168 Solomon Islands Oceania Melanesia 599,419 611,343 7000198925959971240 ♠ + 2.0 % 169 Luxembourg Europe Western Europe 575,747 583,455 7000133878248605720 ♠ + 1.3 % 170 Suriname Americas South America 558,368 563,402 6999901555963092450 ♠ + 0.9 % 171 Western Sahara Africa Northern Africa 538,755 552,628 7000257501090477120 ♠ + 2.6 % 172 Cabo Verde Africa Western Africa 539,560 546,388 7000126547557268890 ♠ + 1.3 % 173 Guadeloupe Americas Caribbean 449,975 449,568 3001095505305850340 ♠ − 0.1 % 174 Maldives Asia Southern Asia 427,756 436,330 7000200441373119259 ♠ + 2.0 % 175 Malta Europe Southern Europe 429,362 430,835 6999343067155453910 ♠ + 0.3 % 176 Brunei Asia South - Eastern Asia 423,196 428,697 7000129987050917310 ♠ + 1.3 % 177 Bahamas Americas Caribbean 391,232 395,361 7000105538401766730 ♠ + 1.1 % 178 Martinique Americas Caribbean 385,103 384,896 3001462481465997370 ♠ − 0.1 % 179 Belize Americas Central America 366,954 374,681 7000210571352267590 ♠ + 2.1 % 180 Iceland Europe Northern Europe 332,474 335,025 6999767278042794330 ♠ + 0.8 % 181 Barbados Americas Caribbean 284,996 285,719 6999253687771056429 ♠ + 0.3 % 182 French Polynesia Oceania Polynesia 280,208 283,007 6999998900816536290 ♠ + 1.0 % 183 French Guiana Americas South America 275,713 282,731 7000254540047077939 ♠ + 2.5 % 184 New Caledonia Oceania Melanesia 272,677 276,255 7000131217521096390 ♠ + 1.3 % 185 Vanuatu Oceania Melanesia 270,402 276,244 7000216048697864660 ♠ + 2.2 % 186 Mayotte Africa Eastern Africa 246,489 253,045 7000265975357926719 ♠ + 2.7 % 187 Sao Tome and Principe Africa Middle Africa 199,910 204,327 7000220949427242260 ♠ + 2.2 % 188 Samoa Oceania Polynesia 195,125 196,440 6999673926969891100 ♠ + 0.7 % 189 Saint Lucia Americas Caribbean 178,015 178,844 6999465691093447180 ♠ + 0.5 % 190 Guernsey and Jersey Europe Northern Europe 164,541 165,314 6999469791723643340 ♠ + 0.5 % 191 Guam Oceania Micronesia 162,896 164,229 6999818313525193990 ♠ + 0.8 % 192 Curaçao Americas Caribbean 159,371 160,539 6999732881138977600 ♠ + 0.7 % 193 Kiribati Oceania Micronesia 114,395 116,398 7000175095065343760 ♠ + 1.8 % 194 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Americas Caribbean 109,643 109,897 6999231660935946660 ♠ + 0.2 % 195 Tonga Oceania Polynesia 107,122 108,020 6999838296521722890 ♠ + 0.8 % 196 Grenada Americas Caribbean 107,317 107,825 6999473363959111790 ♠ + 0.5 % 197 Federated States of Micronesia Oceania Micronesia 104,937 105,544 6999578442303477320 ♠ + 0.6 % 198 Aruba Americas Caribbean 104,822 105,264 6999421667207265640 ♠ + 0.4 % 199 United States Virgin Islands Americas Caribbean 104,913 104,901 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 200 Antigua and Barbuda Americas Caribbean 100,963 102,012 7000103899448312750 ♠ + 1.0 % 201 Seychelles Africa Eastern Africa 94,228 94,737 6999540179139958410 ♠ + 0.5 % 202 Isle of Man Europe Northern Europe 83,737 84,287 6999656818371806980 ♠ + 0.7 % 203 Andorra Europe Southern Europe 77,281 76,965 3000591102599604040 ♠ − 0.4 % 204 Dominica Americas Caribbean 73,543 73,925 6999519424010442870 ♠ + 0.5 % 205 Cayman Islands Americas Caribbean 60,765 61,559 7000130667324940339 ♠ + 1.3 % 206 Bermuda Americas Northern America 61,666 61,349 3000485940388544740 ♠ − 0.5 % 207 Greenland Americas Northern America 56,412 56,480 6999120541728710210 ♠ + 0.1 % 208 American Samoa Oceania Polynesia 55,599 55,641 6998755409269950880 ♠ + 0.1 % 209 Saint Kitts and Nevis Americas Caribbean 54,821 55,345 6999955838091242400 ♠ + 1.0 % 210 Northern Mariana Islands Oceania Micronesia 55,023 55,144 6999219908038456640 ♠ + 0.2 % 211 Marshall Islands Oceania Micronesia 53,066 53,127 6999114951192854180 ♠ + 0.1 % 212 Faroe Islands Europe Northern Europe 49,117 49,290 6999352220208888990 ♠ + 0.4 % 213 Sint Maarten Americas Caribbean 39,537 40,120 7000147456812605910 ♠ + 1.5 % 214 Monaco Europe Western Europe 38,499 38,695 6999509104132574879 ♠ + 0.5 % 215 Liechtenstein Europe Western Europe 37,666 37,922 6999679658047045080 ♠ + 0.7 % 216 Turks and Caicos Islands Americas Caribbean 34,900 35,446 7000156446991404010 ♠ + 1.6 % 217 Gibraltar Europe Southern Europe 34,408 34,571 6999473727040223190 ♠ + 0.5 % 218 San Marino Europe Southern Europe 33,203 33,400 6999593319880733680 ♠ + 0.6 % 219 British Virgin Islands Americas Caribbean 30,661 31,196 7000174488764228170 ♠ + 1.7 % 220 Caribbean Netherlands Americas Caribbean 25,019 25,398 7000151484871497660 ♠ + 1.5 % 221 Palau Oceania Micronesia 21,503 21,729 7000105101613728320 ♠ + 1.1 % 222 Cook Islands Oceania Polynesia 17,379 17,380 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 223 Anguilla Americas Caribbean 14,764 14,909 6999982118667027910 ♠ + 1.0 % 224 Wallis and Futuna Oceania Polynesia 11,899 11,773 2999894108748634340 ♠ − 1.1 % 225 Nauru Oceania Micronesia 11,347 11,359 6999105754825063900 ♠ + 0.1 % 226 Tuvalu Oceania Polynesia 11,097 11,192 6999856087230783100 ♠ + 0.9 % 227 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Americas Northern America 6,305 6,320 6999237906423473430 ♠ + 0.2 % 228 Montserrat Americas Caribbean 5,152 5,177 6999485248447204970 ♠ + 0.5 % 229 Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Africa Western Africa 4,035 4,049 6999346964064436170 ♠ + 0.3 % 230 Falkland Islands Americas South America 2,910 2,910 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 231 Niue Oceania Polynesia 1,624 1,618 3000630541871921189 ♠ − 0.4 % 232 Tokelau Oceania Polynesia 1,282 1,300 7000140405616224650 ♠ + 1.4 % 233 Vatican City Europe Southern Europe 801 792 2999887640449438199 ♠ − 1.1 % See also ( edit ) List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) List of countries by past population ( United Nations , estimates ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The UN source document states : `` For statistical purposes , the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao , Special Administrative Regions ( SAR ) of China , and Taiwan Province of China . '' Jump up ^ Including Zanzibar . Jump up ^ Including Canary Islands , Ceuta and Melilla . Jump up ^ Including Crimea . Jump up ^ Including Sabah and Sarawak . Jump up ^ Including Christmas Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands and Norfolk Island . Jump up ^ Listed as `` China , Taiwan Province of China . '' Jump up ^ Including Nagorno - Karabakh . Jump up ^ Including Kosovo . Jump up ^ Including Åland Islands . Jump up ^ Including Svalbard and Jan Mayen . Jump up ^ Including East Jerusalem . Jump up ^ Including Transnistria . Jump up ^ Including Abkhazia and South Ossetia . Jump up ^ Including Agaléga , Rodrigues and Saint Brandon . Jump up ^ Including Northern Cyprus . Jump up ^ Including Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin . Jump up ^ Refers to Bonaire , Saba and Sint Eustatius . Jump up ^ Listed as `` Holy See . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of Regions '' . World Population Prospects , the 2017 Revision . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division , Population Estimates and Projections Section . June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Population - Both Sexes '' . World Population Prospects , the 2017 Revision . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division , Population Estimates and Projections Section . June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . 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-8283841319427342644	Response to intervention	Response to intervention - wikipedia Response to intervention Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In education , response to intervention ( commonly abbreviated RTI or RtI ) is an approach to academic intervention used in the United States to provide early , systematic , and appropriately intensive assistance to children who are at risk for or already underperforming as compared to appropriate grade - or age - level standards . RTI seeks to promote academic success through universal screening , early intervention , frequent progress monitoring , and increasingly intensive research - based instruction or interventions for children who continue to have difficulty . RTI is a multileveled approach for aiding students that is adjusted and modified as needed if they are failing . In terms of identifying students with specific learning disabilities ( SLD ) , RTI was proposed as an alternative to the ability -- achievement discrepancy model , which requires children to exhibit a significant discrepancy between their ability ( often measured by IQ testing ) and academic achievement ( as measured by their grades and standardized testing ) . Methods to identify students with SLD have been controversial for decades and proponents of RTI claim that the process brings more clarity to the Specific Learning Disability ( SLD ) category of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act ( IDEA 2004 ) , while opponents claim that RTI simply identifies low achieving students rather than students with learning disabilities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 School - wide screening 1.2 Teaching 1.3 Progress monitoring and tiered service delivery 1.3. 1 Tier 1 1.3. 2 Tier 2 1.3. 3 Tier 3 1.4 RTI implementation 1.5 Fidelity of implementation 2 Classification of RTI 3 Support for RTI 4 Relationship between IDEA and RTI 4.1 Evaluating SLD using RTI 5 Response to RTI 6 Concerns and criticisms of RTI for SLD classification 7 Technology application to RTI 8 See also 9 Notes 10 General references 11 Further reading Description ( edit ) RTI is originally a special education term that has broadened into general education framework that involves research - based instruction and interventions , regular monitoring of student progress , and the subsequent use of these data over time to make a variety of educational decisions , including , but not limited to SLD eligibility . To facilitate this broadened conception of RTI , a shift to labeling this as one of the approaches of a Multi-Tier System of Supports ( MTSS ) occurring in schools and the professional literature . Key to the RTI process is the application of scientifically based interventions that have been demonstrated to work in randomized controlled trials . A goal of the RTI process is to apply accountability to educational program by focusing on programs that work rather than programs that simply look , sound , or feel good . RTI follows a number of core assumptions : The educational system can effectively teach all children Early intervention is critical to preventing problems from getting out of control The implementation of a multi-tiered service delivery model is necessary A problem solving model should be used to make decisions between tiers Research based interventions should be implemented to the extent possible Progress monitoring must be implemented to inform instruction Data should drive decision making A learning disability is defined as a neurological disorder that affects the brain 's ability to receive , process , store , and respond to information . They are a group of disorders that can impact many areas of learning , including reading , writing , spelling , math , listening , and oral expression . In the process of identifying learning disabilities , RTI differs from the formerly standard `` ability -- achievement discrepancy '' approach in that decisions are based on outcomes of targeted interventions rather than mathematical discrepancies between scores achieved on standardized assessments . In the RTI process , service delivery is typically divided into three levels ( tiers ) of support , with the intensity of interventions increasing with each level . Tier 1 is focused specifically within the core curriculum , with instruction and interventions targeting all students . Approximately 80 % to 85 % of the general student body should be able to meet grade level norms without additional assistance beyond the first tier . Students who consistently do not perform within the expected level of performance through Tier 1 instruction are then provided with additional supplementary interventions at Tier 2 , which typically involves small group instruction . Approximately 3 % to 6 % of students will continue to have difficulties after Tier 2 interventions ; these students will then receive Tier 3 intervention services , which is the most intense level of intervention ( often one - on - one ) provided in the regular education environment . As RTI is a regular education initiative , all three tiers of services are intended to be provided as supplements to , not replacements for , the regular education curriculum ; there are some , however , who view Tier 3 as special education . School - wide screening ( edit ) The first level of data collected in the RTI process comes from universal school - wide screenings . These screening assessments are typically given to all students within targeted grade levels , and cover basic academic subjects such as reading and mathematics . Most screening measures aim to be practical and efficient to administer , with the goal of identifying students who may require further assessments and interventions . To evaluate student performance on the screening measures , scores are compared to specific criteria ( criterion referenced ) or to broad norms ( norm referenced ) . When specific criteria are used , cut scores are established to evaluate students against a specific level of proficiency ( e.g. , achieving a score of 15 or above ) ; in a normative comparison , students ' scores are compared against those of a larger group ( e.g. , scoring above the 25th percentile compared to a national sample of 3rd grade students ) . Screenings usually occur three times per year ( fall , winter , and spring ) , and the data from these assessments help to guide instruction through the three tiers of the RTI process . This is important not only for identifying students who are having difficulties , but also for identifying possible areas of improvement in the general classroom instruction in the cases where too many students fall below expectations . Because a single universal screening at the beginning of the year can over-identify students who require preventative intervention , the National Research Center on Learning Disabilities recommends that schools also integrate at least five weeks of weekly progress monitoring to identify students who require preventative intervention . Teaching ( edit ) Core curriculum in the classroom should be research - based and field tested . This means , based on evidence from congregating research , that the core curriculum contains all the fundamentals found necessary to efficiently teach reading and has a recognized record of achievement . Such curriculum is to be delivered by `` highly qualified '' teachers adequately trained to deliver the selected instruction as intended , that is , with fidelity to design . Progress monitoring and tiered service delivery ( edit ) Progress monitoring is a set of assessment procedures for determining the extent to which students are benefiting from classroom instruction and for monitoring effectiveness of curriculum . Curriculum - based measurement ( CBM ) is often used to collect data on interventions and their effectiveness to determine what works best for an individual student . Additional methods are attempted until students `` respond '' to the intervention and improve their skills . Students that do not respond , or respond at significantly low rates , may be deemed to have biologically based learning disabilities , rather than simply learning difficulties . Progress monitoring is the scientifically based practice of assessing students ' academic performance on a regular basis for three purposes : To determine whether children are profiting appropriately from the instructional program , including the curriculum To build more effective programs for the children who do not benefit To estimate rates of student improvement Three tiers of Scientifically Research - Based Interventions ( SRBIs ) of increasing intensity incorporate the key components of RTI and help ensure the academic growth and achievement of students . Tier 1 ( edit ) The first tier states that all students receive core classroom instruction that is differentiated and utilizes strategies and materials that are scientifically research - based . Assessment in the classroom should be ongoing and effective in that it clearly identifies the strengths and weaknesses for each learner . Any necessary interventions at this level are within the framework of the general education classroom and can be in the form of differentiated instruction , small group review , or one - on - one remediation of a concept . Progress monitoring in Tier 1 uses universal screening assessments to show individual student growth over time and to determine whether students are progressing as expected . In this process , data are collected , students are identified using benchmark scores , and measurable goals are set for the next data collection point for those who display difficulties . The team then follows a problem - solving process to determine interventions for at - risk students that will work within whole - class instructions . The classroom teacher implements the interventions , observations are conducted to ensure the fidelity of the classroom instruction , and the problem - solving team periodically reviews the progress of students . Tier 2 ( edit ) In the second tier , supplemental interventions may occur within or outside of the general education classroom , and progress monitoring occurs at more frequent intervals . Core instruction is still delivered by the classroom teacher , but small groups of similar instructional levels may work together under a teacher 's instruction and / or guidance . This type of targeted instruction is typically for 30 minutes per day , two to four days per week , for a minimum of nine weeks . This targeted instruction may occur in the general education setting or outside in a smaller group setting with a specialized teacher ( such as a Literacy Support teacher for struggling readers ) . In Tier 2 , the main purpose of progress monitoring is to determine whether interventions are successful in helping students learn at an appropriate rate . Decision rules are created to determine when a student might no longer require extra interventions , when the interventions need to be changed , or when a student might be identified for special education . Oral language abilities at the onset of reading intervention programs are an excellent predictor of final outcomes . Both English as a first language and English - language learners demonstrate that the greater the oral language impairment , the greater the associated growth from RTI . Phonics - based RTI programs are most effective prior to grade 1 , however , after grade 1 comprehension and mixed RTI programs are associated with greater effect sizes . Tier 3 ( edit ) Tier three is for students who require more intense , explicit and individualized instruction and have not shown sufficient response to Tier 1 and Tier 2 interventions . This type of targeted instruction is delivered for a minimum of two 30 - minute sessions every week for nine to twelve weeks . The interventions in this tier may be similar to those in Tier 2 except that they are intensified in focus , frequency , and duration . The instruction in Tier 3 is typically delivered outside of the general education classroom . Programs , strategies , and procedures are designed and employed to supplement , enhance , and support Tier 1 and Tier 2 instruction by remediation of the relevant area and development of compensatory strategies . If Tier 3 is not successful , a child is considered for the first time as potentially having a learning disability . In some cases , Tier 3 is considered to be special education , with instruction being provided to individual students or small groups by special education teachers in place of general education instruction ( rather than as a supplement ) . Initial goals are established through an individualized education program ( IEP ) , which is guided by the results of a comprehensive evaluation , and ongoing progress monitoring helps to direct the teaching process . Special education instruction likely will be considerably longer than the 10 to 12 weeks of supplemental instruction delivered in Tier 2 and beyond . The frequency of special education instruction depends upon student need , and the criteria to exit special education are specified and monitored so that placement can be flexible . RTI implementation ( edit ) The number of schools implementing RTI continues to grow and 61 % of schools surveyed in 2010 indicated that they had fully implemented or were in the process of implementing RTI . However , most schools in the survey indicated that the continued to focus on reading interventions at the elementary school . RTI is primarily implemented by grade - level teams or professional learning communities as part of a school - wide problem - solving plan , and previous research found that implementing RTI resulted in several positive outcomes such as reductions in students referred to and placed into special education , more students passing state accountability tests , and increased academic skills among students at - risk for reading failure . Fidelity of implementation ( edit ) In an RTI model , fidelity is important at both the school level ( e.g. , implementation of the process ) and the teacher level ( e.g. , implementation of instruction ) . Although the concept of fidelity of implementation is supported by research and is generally viewed as common sense , there are practical challenges associated with achieving high levels of fidelity . Factors that can reduce fidelity when implementing instruction include : Complexity of the interventions and the time required to implement them Inaccessibility of required materials and resources Low perceptions / expectations of effectiveness ( teachers may not fully commit to an intervention if they believe that it will not be effective , or if it is inconsistent with their teaching style ) Low numbers , expertise , and motivation of those who deliver the interventions Factors that can increase fidelity when implementing an RTI model include : Well - functioning professional learning communities Using a universal screener that is brief , aligned with the curriculum , result in reliable data , and is validated for screening decisions Using a data - management system that is easily accessible by classroom teachers Implementing interventions that address the skill deficit of students Identifying and addressing class - wide needs Establishing well - defined decision rules Clear leadership from the building principal Ongoing training and professional development Key stakeholders working together in a flexible manner to improve student learning Use of standard - protocol interventions for tier 2 Not making entitlement ( i.e. , special education disability identification ) decisions until the RTI system is in place and well established . Classification of RTI ( edit ) RTI is a general education process that is used in schools to ensure students receive the supports they need to be successful and excel in school . In the educational literature , RTI is often referred to as a Standard Protocol Approach , as a Problem Solving Model. , or as a hybrid of the two . However , some have challenged a dichotomous view of RTI because both models incorporate problem solving to identify the academic or social - emotional difficulty the student is having and both use a systematic , universal screening procedure during Tier 1 to determine which students are having difficulties meeting age or grade level benchmarks for a specific skill . Typically , Curriculum Based Measurement ( CBM ) or other predictive data are used to flag the students who are not meeting expected levels of performance . In the problem - solving model approach , the teacher typically refers the student to a problem - solving team to ascertain the challenges a student is having within the classroom . Using information collected from the classroom teacher and others , observations , etc. , the team determines what additional supports the student might need to address the learning gap . Standard - protocol approaches tend to rely more on grade - level teams and professional learning communities to make intervention decisions , but both approaches use a problem - solving procedure to make decisions , which makes the distinction somewhat meaningless . Many schools rely on grade - level teams to make intervention decision and use a standardized intervention for tier 2 , but then rely on a problem - solving team to develop individualized interventions for tier 3 . When a student is identified as having difficulties in school , a team provides interventions of increasing intensity to help the child catch up with the rest of his or her peers . When students continue to struggle , even when appropriate evidence - based practices have been delivered with fidelity , students may be referred for a special education evaluation . Parents can request a special education evaluation at any time in this process , however . While the RTI process can be a way to ensure that each student is afforded the opportunity to learn , some opponents feel that it allows school districts to avoid or delay identifying students who need special education services . Proponents would point out that RTI is not the process of identifying students with a learning disability by starting tiered interventions when a disability is suspected , but is the process of examining data that already exist from implementing a tiered intervention model , which should expedite the identification process . The expected outcome of RTI is improved instruction that will result in improved outcomes for all students Support for RTI ( edit ) There are at least four main reasons for implementing RTI : 1 ) to increase achievement for all students ; 2 ) to reduce racial / ethnic disproportionate representation of minority students in special education ; 3 ) to increase collaboration and integration of general and special education ; 4 ) and to identify students with learning disabilities through a different lens than the IQ - achievement discrepancy model . RTI proponents claim that when interventions work , fewer children , particularly minority children , are referred for special education , and that the RTI model acts as a safeguard , ensuring that a child is not given a label of a disability inappropriately . In addition , proponents state that RTI helps school districts by eliminating unnecessary referrals , which drain time and resources . Critics express concern , however , that in attempting to eliminate unnecessary referrals , RTI may also delay or eliminate necessary referrals . Proponents feel that response to intervention is the best opportunity for giving all students the additional time and support needed to learn at high levels , and see great benefit in that it applies to the classroom teachers , paraeducators , counselors , and the administration . The RTI process can help identify students who are at - risk , guide adjustments to instruction , monitor student progress , and then make other recommendations as necessary . The objective is that with minor adjustments or simple interventions , students may respond and achieve at higher levels . RTI is also very useful when working with students who have severe emotional problems . The structure and evaluation of RTI will help this particular group of students to be successful in the academic environment . Reading difficulties is one of the most common reasons students need intervention support . Reading goals can develop reading self - concept , which influence reading fluency skills and promotes the importance of goal setting in reading intervention programs . It is imperative that students monitor these goals and celebrate their progress . Students involved in multiple - component reading intervention programs show significant improvement , and students in different socioeconomic , racial , and intellectual quotient groups make equivalent gains . Relationship between IDEA and RTI ( edit ) The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) was revised and signed into law in 2004 and became effective in July 2006 . According to the law , a specific learning disability is a disorder of one or more of the basic psychological processes that adversely affects academic achievement in one or more domains ( e.g. , reading , writing , math , language ) . There are three methods of SLD identification under IDEA , as defined in § 300.8 ( c ) ( 10 ) ( OSERS Final Regulations - 8 / 06 ) : a discrepancy between `` ability '' and `` achievement '' failure to respond to scientific research - based intervention alternative research - based procedures for determining whether a child has a specific learning disability ( The `` third method '' is often considered a `` processing strengths and weaknesses '' model . ) The 2004 reauthorization of IDEA makes mention of RTI as a method of part of the process of identifying SLD : In diagnosing learning disabilities , schools are no longer required to use the discrepancy model . The act states that , `` a local educational agency shall not be required to take into consideration whether a child has a severe discrepancy between achievement and intellectual ability ( ... ) '' Response to intervention is specifically mentioned in the regulations in conjunction with the identification of a specific learning disability . IDEA 2004 states , `` a local educational agency may use a process that determines if the child responds to scientific , research - based intervention as a part of the evaluation procedures . '' Early Intervening Services ( EIS ) are prominently mentioned in IDEA for the first time . These services are directed at interventions for students prior to referral in an attempt to avoid inappropriate classification , which proponents claim an RTI model does . IDEA now authorizes the use of up to 15 % of IDEA allocated funds for EIS . RTI was included in the regulations due to considerable concerns raised by both the House and Senate Committees regarding proponents of RTI claims about the use of IQ tests to identify learning disabled students . There was also recognition in these committees of a growing body of scientific research supporting methods of pre-referral interventions that resolved learning difficulties short of classification . However , the final regulations also allow a third method of SLD identification , often considered a processing strengths and weaknesses model . The IDEA Committee Conference Report ( CCR ) discusses the use of scientifically based early intervention programs , describes a model response - to - intervention program , and recommends the development of the most effective implementation of responsiveness to intervention models . The report describes such a model as an essential service for reducing the need to label children as disabled . Evaluating SLD using RTI ( edit ) First , it should be noted that whatever procedures are used to evaluate students as eligible for special education in the category of specific learning disabilities ( SLD ) must conform to the requirements of the IDEA regulations ( 2006 ) , which indicate that a full and individual evaluation of a student suspected as having an SLD must address four qualifications . First , the evaluation must document that `` ... the child does not achieve adequately for the child 's age or to meet State - approved grade - level standards in one or more of the following areas , when provided with learning experiences and instruction appropriate for the child 's age or state - approved grade - level standards : oral expression , listening comprehension , written expression , basic reading skill , reading fluency skills , reading comprehension , mathematics calculation , mathematics problem - solving '' ( § 300.309 ( a ) ( 1 ) ) . Second , the evaluation must document that `` ... ( t ) he child does not make sufficient progress to meet age or State - approved grade - level standards in one or more of the areas identified ... when using a process based on the child 's response to scientific , research - based intervention ; or ( t ) he child exhibits a pattern of strengths and weaknesses in performance , achievement , or both , relative to age , State - approved grade - level standards , or intellectual development , that is determined by the group to be relevant to the identification of a specific learning disability , using appropriate assessments ( § 300.309 ( a ) ( 2 ) . Third , the evaluation must establish that the child 's academic deficiencies are not the results of `` ... visual , hearing , or motor disabilities ; mental retardation ; emotional disturbance ; cultural factors ; environmental or economic disadvantage ; or Limited English proficiency '' ( § 300.309 ( a ) ( 3 ) ) or of a lack of instruction ( ( § 300.309 ( a ) ( 4 ) ) . Notably , a child must demonstrate qualifications under all four of these criteria to be identified with an SLD . Kovaleski , VanDerHeyden and Shapiro ( 2013 ) used these IDEA regulations to operationalize how evaluation teams could utilize data collected during the provision of a multi-tier system of support in the evaluation process , particularly those data that inform the second SLD criterion of the child 's failure to make sufficient progress in response scientific , research - based intervention ( namely , RTI ) . Although evaluation teams may collect additional data after parents give permission for a full and individual evaluation , there should be ample data collected during three tiers of core instruction and robust intervention that can be analyzed to address all four of the SLD criteria . In regard to the first SLD criterion , students undergoing multiple tiers of support have typically undergone multiple assessments of their academic skills , including annual state tests , universal screenings of all students that schools typically conduct three times per year , and academic assessments by specialists who deliver increasingly intense academic interventions . To qualify under this first criterion , the preponderance of these data should indicate a significant academic deficiency in at least one of the identified areas . When using RTI as a component of eligibility decision - making , the school entity ( school district , state ) establishes a policy that identifies the option of using RTI to address the second SLD criterion ( and opts not to select the option to use an assessment of the student 's pattern of strengths and weaknesses ) . The determination that the student fails to make sufficient progress toward age or grade standards is based on an analysis of the progress - monitoring data that are collected during the provision of intensive intervention , typically at tiers 2 and 3 of a multi-tier system of support . These data consist of the results of short assessments of key academic indicators that are administered as often as once or twice weekly . These data are graphed and rates of improvement calculated so that school teams can determine whether their interventions are working . These data are then compared to the rates of improvement made by typically performing students to determine whether the interventions that are being implemented in general education are sufficient to allow the student to reach grade standards . If not , a need for special education is indicated , and the student meets the second qualification for SLD . The process for ruling out other disabilities or conditions when using RTI is similar to that employed in other special education evaluations , and consists of procedures to ensure that sensory or intellectual disabilities or environmental disadvantage or cultural / linguistic differences are not the true cause of the student 's assessed academic deficiencies . Establishing that the student 's deficiencies are not the result of a lack of instruction , however , requires that the evaluation team document that the school has sufficiently provided good core instruction in the basic skills and robust interventions when students have failed to profit from typical instructional practices . The evaluation team must also show evidence that the school personnel conducted repeated assessments of the student 's academic problems and communicated the results of those assessments to the student 's parents . Schools that use a multi-tier system of support at a high degree of fidelity can typically readily rule out lack of instruction as a cause of the student 's academic concerns . On the other hand , in enacting this provision , Congress was demonstrating a concern that students might be identified with a disability ( SLD ) when the actual cause of their academic failure was ineffective schooling . Identifying students with SLD in failing schools is arguably problematic . Response to RTI ( edit ) Criticisms point to delays in identifying students needing special education ( which was also a concern in a 2010 OSERS Memorandum ) , difficulties in accurately determining the presence of a learning disability , and the amount of training needed by general education teachers . RTI can require additional work for teachers , and a potentially significant change in expectations represents a great source of resistance toward RTI . Another criticism of RTI is that while its core assumptions include `` that the educational system can effectively teach all children , '' interpretations of the approach often do not account for gifted education . An inverted pyramid showing analogous increasing interventions for gifted children could be added to the model so that all children are addressed . A framework for such an approach has been developed by the Montana Office of Public Instruction . Concerns and criticisms of RTI for SLD classification ( edit ) Criticisms of the RTI model first surfaced in 2004 when IDEA identified it as a viable method for use in SLD eligibility determination Some feel that RTI is valuable for prevention , but see little empirical support for using RTI to determine learning disabilities , and have concern that it could be used to delay or deny services to children with learning disabilities . Some also argue that there are many unanswered questions about RTI implementation , and that proponents have tended to gloss over or ignore criticisms of the RTI approach . Several major research efforts have supported these contentions through findings suggesting that RTI does not produce reliable sets of responders and non-responders . If RTI does not produce reliable sets of responders / nonresponders , it would be difficult to use this approach to determine learning disabilities . Technology application to RTI ( edit ) Technology is becoming increasingly important in improving instructional practices and student achievement . Tools that educators can utilize within their classrooms include weblogs , wikis , RSS aggregators , social bookmarking , online photo galleries , audio / visual casting , Twitter , and social networking sites . Many of these tools can be used for team - based learning and in facilitating students ' use of higher forms of thinking such as analysis , evaluation , and synthesis . Properly integrated technology can increase student learning in areas such as motivation , collaborative learning , critical thinking , and problem solving . Some techniques that have been found to work in education include : identifying similarities and differences ; summarizing and note taking ; reinforcing effort and providing recognition ; assigning homework and practice ; utilizing graphic representations of concepts ; cooperative learning ; providing objectives and feedback ; generating and testing hypotheses ; providing cues and questions ; and using advanced organizers . Technology - rich environments can also be effective for at - risk students , and can motivate students to stay in school and hopefully lessen the achievement gap . Computer Assisted Instruction ( CAI ) , has been studied for its effects on lower achieving students . The effectiveness has been attributed to it being non-judgmental and motivational , while giving immediate and frequent feedback , individualizing learning to meet the students ' needs , allowing for more student autonomy , and providing multi-sensory components ( Barley et al. , 2002 , p. 97 ) . A review of 17 different studies found that CAI positively affected scores in mathematics and literacy for all grade levels and significantly improving scores for students labeled `` at - risk '' ( Barley et al. , 2002 , p. 105 ) . Technology can also effectively help teach basic literacy skills such as phonemic awareness , alphabetic principle , word recognition , alliteration , and comprehension . Today the use of specialized educational software applications can help support and enhance students ' literacy skills . Presentation software such as PowerPoint can be used to enhance young children learning experience . The use of pictures , colors , sounds , animation , slide designs , or slide transitions can be easily implemented into a literacy lesson , and such software has been used , for example , to help students with autism learn and respond to activity schedules . For young learners , the use of animation directs their attention to important features and prompts them to help ensure correct responses . Teachers can create literacy lessons with attention - grabbing elements such as moving graphic images . For example , a teacher might focus on the initial / d / sound in the word `` dog '' as an instructional goal ; a presentation slide for this would show a picture of a dog , and the teacher would select three possible letters to represent the initial sound in dog , such as / b / , / c / , and / d / . After showing the picture of the dog , and then displaying each of the three letter choices one - by - one , the teacher would ask the student what letter he or she thinks `` dog '' starts with . Other types of presentation software for literacy instruction , such as Photo Story , can allow teachers to add a variety of special effects , soundtracks , captions , and their own voice narration to the photo stories . See also ( edit ) Minimally invasive education Positive education Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ysseldyke , J. , Thurlow , M. , Graden , J. , Wesson , C. , Algozzine , B. , & Deno , S.L. ( 1983 ) . `` Generalizations from five years of research on assessment and decision - making : The University of Minnesota Institute '' . Exceptional Education Quarterly . 4 : 75 -- 93 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : National Association of State Directors of Special Education . ( 2005 ) . Response to intervention : Policy considerations and implementation . Alexandria , VA : NASDSE , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Rachel M. Stewart , Ronald C. Martella , Nancy E. Marchand - Martella and Gregory J. Benner ( 2005 ) . `` Three - Tier Models of Reading and Behavior '' ( PDF ) . JEIBI. 2 ( 3 ) : 115 -- 124 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Response to Intervention ( RTI ) : A Primer for Parents '' ( PDF ) . 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( December 2003 ) . Candidate measures for screening at - risk students . NRCLD Responsiveness - to - Intervention Symposium . Kansas City , MO . Retrieved April 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Deno , S.L. ( 1985 ) . `` Curriculum - based measurement : The emerging alternative '' . Exceptional Children . 52 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 232 . PMID 2934262 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , M.W. ; De Palma , M. ; Frijters , J. ; Steinbach , K. ; Temple , M. ; Benson , N. ; Lacerenza , L. ( 2008 ) . `` Interventions for reading difficulties : A comparison of response to intervention by ELL and EFL struggling readers '' . Journal of Learning Disabilities . 41 ( 4 ) : 333 -- 352 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022219408317859 . Jump up ^ Suggate , S.P. ( 2010 ) . `` Why what we teach depends on when : Grade and reading intervention modality moderate effect size '' . Developmental Psychology . 46 ( 6 ) : 1556 -- 1579 . doi : 10.1037 / a0020612 . PMID 20873927 . 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CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Marzano , R.J. , Pickering , D.J. , & Pollock , J.E. ( 2001 ) . Classroom instruction that works . Alexandria , VA : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Mather , N. , & Gregg , N. ( 2006 ) . `` Specific learning disabilities : Clarifying , not eliminating , a construct '' . Professional Psychology : Research and Practice. 37 : 99 -- 106 . doi : 10.1037 / 0735 - 7028.37. 1.99 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) McIntosh , K. , Campbell , A.L. , Carter , D. , & Dickey , C. ( 2009 ) . `` Differential effects of a tier two behavior intervention based on function of problem behavior '' . Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions. 11 ( 2 ) : 82 -- 93 . doi : 10.1177 / 1098300708319127 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning . ( Eric Document Reproduction Service No . ED 427 087 ) `` National Educational Plan '' . 2005 . Retrieved September 25 , 2005 . National Center for Education Education Evaluation ( 2009 ) . `` Assisting Students Struggling with Mathematics : Response to Intervention ( RtI ) for Elementary and Middle Schools '' . NetDay News ( March 8 , 2005 ) . `` NetDay 's 2004 Survey results show 58 percent of students have cell phones , 60 percent e-mail or IM adults on a weekly basis '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2005 . Pavri , S. ( 2010 ) . `` Response to intervention in the social - emotional - behavioral domain : Perspectives from urban schools '' . Teaching Exceptional Children Plus . 6 ( 3 ) . Pilter , H. , Hubbell , E. , Kuhn , M. & Malenoski , K. ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . Using Technology with Classroom Instruction that Works . MacRel , Colorado : ASCD . pp. 1 -- 14 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Reynolds , C.R. , & Shaywitz , S.E. ( 2009 ) . `` Response to intervention : Ready or not ? Or , from wait - to - fail to watch - them - fail '' . School Psychology Quarterly . 24 : 130 -- 145 . doi : 10.1037 / a0016158 . PMC 2823081 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Richardson , W. ( 2010 ) . Blogs , wikis , podcasts , and other powerful web tools for classrooms . Thousand Oaks , CA : Corwin . Russell , J. and D. Sorge ( 1999 ) . `` Training facilitators to enhance technology integration '' . Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems . 13 ( 4 ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Sadler , C. & Sugai , G. ( 2009 ) . `` Effective behavior and instructional support : A district model for early identification and prevention of reading and behavior problems '' . Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions. 11 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 46 . doi : 10.1177 / 1098300708322444 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Sayeski , K.L. , & Brown , M.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Developing a classroom management plan using a tiered approach '' . Teaching Exceptional Children . 44 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 17 . doi : 10.1177 / 004005991104400102 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Simonsen , B. , Sugai , G. , & Negron , M. ( 2008 ) . `` School wide positive behavior supports : Primary systems and practices '' . Teaching Exceptional Children . 40 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 40 . doi : 10.1177 / 004005990804000604 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Treleaven , L. , & Voolla , R. ( 2008 ) . `` Integrating the development of graduate attributes through constructive alignment '' . Journal of Marketing Education . 30 : 160 -- 167 . doi : 10.1177 / 0273475308319352 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) JK Klingner , PA Edward ( 2006 ) . `` Cultural Considerations With Response to Intervention Models '' ( PDF ) . Reading Research Quarterly . 41 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 117 . doi : 10.1598 / RRQ. 41.1. 6 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) FM Gresham ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Comprehensive evaluation of learning disabilities : A response to intervention perspective '' ( PDF ) . The School Psychologist. 59 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 30 . PA Edwards ( 2006 ) . `` Cultural considerations with Response to Intervention models '' ( PDF ) . Reading Research Quarterly . AM VanDerHeyden , SR Jimerson ( 2006 ) . `` Using Response - to - Intervention to Enhance Outcomes for Children '' ( PDF ) . California School Psychologist. 10 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 32 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03340918 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) DW Barnett , EJ Daly III , KM Jones , FE Lentz Jr ( 2004 ) . `` Response to Intervention '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Special Education . 38 ( 2 ) : 66 -- 79 . doi : 10.1177 / 00224669040380020101 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Shinn , M.R. ( 2007 ) . `` Identifying Students at Risk , Monitoring Performance , and Determining Eligibility Within Response to Intervention : Research on Educational Need and Benefit from Academic Intervention '' . School Psychology Review . 36 ( 4 ) : 601 -- 617 . Jimerson , S.R. , Burns , M.K. , & VanDerHeyden , A.M. ( 2007 ) . `` Response to Intervention at School : The Science and Practice of Assessment and Intervention '' . In S.R. Jimerson , M.K. Burns , & A.M. VanDerHeyden . Handbook of Response to Intervention : The Science and Practice of Assessment and Intervention . New York : Springer . pp. 3 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 49053 - 3_1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Healy , K. , Vanderwood , M. , & Edelston , D. ( 2005 ) . `` Early Literacy Interventions for English Language Learners : Support for an RTI Model '' . The California School Psychologist. 10 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 63 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03340921 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Fuchs , D. , Compton , D.L. , Fuchs , L.S. , Bryant , J. , & Davis , G.N. ( 2008 ) . `` Making `` Secondary Intervention '' Work in a Three - Tier Responsiveness - to - Intervention Model : Findings from the First - grade Longitudinal Reading Study of the National Research Center on Learning Disabilities `` . Read Write. 21 ( 4 ) : 413 -- 436 . doi : 10.1007 / s11145 - 007 - 9083 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Fuchs , L.S. , & Fuchs , D. ( 2006 ) . `` A Framework for Building Capacity for Responsiveness to Intervention '' ( PDF ) . School Psychology Review . 35 ( 4 ) : 621 -- 626 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Response_to_intervention&oldid=842552567 '' Categories : Educational psychology Special education Educational assessment and evaluation Education policy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from June 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 05 : 27 . About Wikipedia	a response to intervention (rti) program involves three tiers. during the first tier students	[ "The first tier states that all students receive core classroom instruction that is differentiated and utilizes strategies and materials that are scientifically research-based. Assessment in the classroom should be ongoing and effective in that it clearly identifies the strengths and weaknesses for each learner. Any necessary interventions at this level are within the framework of the general education classroom and can be in the form of differentiated instruction, small group review, or one-on-one remediation of a concept." ]	[ "receive core classroom instruction that is differentiated and utilizes strategies and materials that are scientifically research-based" ]
564347184930731382	Harvey Keitel	Harvey Keitel - wikipedia Harvey Keitel Jump to : navigation , search Harvey Keitel Keitel at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival ( 1939 - 05 - 13 ) May 13 , 1939 ( age 78 ) Brooklyn , New York City , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor , producer Years active 1967 -- present Spouse ( s ) Daphna Kastner ( m . 2001 ) Partner ( s ) Lorraine Bracco ( 1982 -- 1993 ) Children Harvey Keitel ( / kaɪˈtɛl / ky - TEL ; born May 13 , 1939 ) is an American actor and producer . An Oscar and Golden Globe Award nominee , he has appeared in films such as Theo Angelopoulos ' Ulysses ' Gaze , Martin Scorsese 's Mean Streets , Taxi Driver and The Last Temptation of Christ ; Ridley Scott 's The Duellists and Thelma & Louise ; Peter Yates ' Mother , Jugs & Speed ; Quentin Tarantino 's Reservoir Dogs and Pulp Fiction ; Jane Campion 's The Piano ; Abel Ferrara 's Bad Lieutenant ; Robert Rodriguez 's From Dusk till Dawn ; James Mangold 's Cop Land ; Wes Anderson 's Moonrise Kingdom , The Grand Budapest Hotel and Isle of Dogs ; and Paolo Sorrentino 's Youth . Along with actors Al Pacino and Ellen Burstyn , he is the current co-president of the Actors Studio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Keitel was born in the New York City borough of Brooklyn , the son of Miriam ( née Klein ) and Harry Keitel , who were Jewish emigrants from Romania and Poland , respectively . His parents owned and ran a luncheonette and his father also worked as a hat maker . Keitel grew up in the Brighton Beach section of Brooklyn , with his sister , Renee , and brother , Jerry . He attended Abraham Lincoln High School . At the age of sixteen , he decided to join the United States Marine Corps , a decision that took him to Lebanon , during Operation Blue Bat . After his return to the United States , he was a court reporter for several years and was able to support himself before beginning his acting career . Career ( edit ) Harvey Keitel in November 2009 Keitel studied under both Stella Adler and Lee Strasberg and at the HB Studio , eventually landing roles in some Off - Broadway productions . During this time , Keitel auditioned for filmmaker Martin Scorsese and gained a starring role as `` J.R. '' , in Scorsese 's first feature film , Who 's That Knocking at My Door ( 1967 ) . Since then , Scorsese and Keitel have worked together on several projects . Keitel had the starring role in Scorsese 's Mean Streets , which also proved to be Robert De Niro 's breakthrough film . Keitel re-teamed with Scorsese for Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1974 ) , in which he had a villainous supporting role , and appeared with Robert De Niro again in Scorsese 's Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) , playing the role of Jodie Foster 's pimp . In 1978 , Keitel starred in the directorial debuts of Paul Schrader ( Blue Collar , co-starring Richard Pryor and Yaphet Kotto ) , Ridley Scott ( The Duellists , co-starring Keith Carradine ) , and James Toback ( Fingers , in which Keitel played a street hood with aspirations of being a pianist - a role writer / director Toback wrote for Robert De Niro to play ) . Cast as Captain Willard in Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) , Keitel was involved with the first week of principal photography in the Philippines . Coppola was not happy with Keitel 's take on Willard , stating that the actor `` found it difficult to play him a passive onlooker '' . After viewing the first week 's footage , Coppola replaced Keitel with a casting session favorite , Martin Sheen . Keitel drifted into obscurity through most of the 1980s . He continued to do work on both stage and screen , but usually in the stereotypical role of a thug . Keitel played a corrupt police officer in the 1983 thriller Copkiller ( co-starring musician John Lydon ) , before taking supporting roles in the romantic drama Falling in Love ( 1984 ) , starring Robert De Niro and Meryl Streep , and Brian De Palma 's mobster comedy Wise Guys ( 1986 ) , starring Danny DeVito and Joe Piscopo . Keitel played Judas in Martin Scorsese 's controversial The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) and co-starred with Jack Nicholson in the Chinatown sequel The Two Jakes ( 1990 ) , directed by Jack Nicholson . Ridley Scott cast Keitel as the sympathetic policeman in Thelma & Louise in 1991 ; that same year , Keitel landed a role in Barry Levinson 's Bugsy , for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . The following year , Keitel played another mobster in the Whoopi Goldberg - starring comedy Sister Act . Keitel starred in Quentin Tarantino 's Reservoir Dogs ( which he co-produced ) in 1992 , where his performance as `` Mr. White '' took his career to a different level . Since then , Keitel has chosen his roles with care , seeking to change his image and show a broader acting range . One of those roles was the title character in Bad Lieutenant , about a self - loathing , drug - addicted police lieutenant trying to redeem himself . He co-starred in the movie The Piano in 1993 , and played an efficient cleanup expert , Winston `` The Wolf '' Wolfe in Quentin Tarantino 's Pulp Fiction . Keitel starred as a police detective in Spike Lee 's Clockers ( an adaptation of Richard Price 's novel , co-produced by Martin Scorsese ) . In 1996 , Keitel had a major role in Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez 's film From Dusk till Dawn , and in 1997 , he starred in the crime drama Cop Land , which also starred Sylvester Stallone , Ray Liotta and Robert De Niro . Keitel with singer Harry Belafonte in New York , April 2011 His later roles include the fatherly Satan in Little Nicky , a wise Navy man in U-571 , diligent FBI Special agent Sadusky in National Treasure and the latter 's sequel National Treasure : Book of Secrets . In 1999 , Keitel was replaced by Sydney Pollack on the set of Stanley Kubrick 's Eyes Wide Shut , due to shooting conflicts , and appeared in Tony Bui 's award - winning directorial debut , Three Seasons ( which Keitel also executive produced ) . Keitel also re-teamed with Jane Campion for Holy Smoke ! ( co-starring Kate Winslet ) . In 2002 , at the 24th Moscow International Film Festival , Keitel was honored with the Stanislavsky Award for his outstanding achievement in the career of acting and devotion to the principles of Stanislavsky 's school . He also appeared in the Steinlager Pure commercials in New Zealand in 2007 . Unlike many American male actors , Keitel has appeared nude in several films , including full frontal nudity in Bad Lieutenant and The Piano . In January 2008 , Keitel played Jerry Springer in the New York City premiere of Jerry Springer : The Opera at Carnegie Hall . In 2008 , Keitel was cast in the role of Detective Gene Hunt in ABC 's short - lived US remake of the successful British time - travel police drama series Life on Mars . In June 2009 , he made a cameo appearance in the Jay - Z video for `` D.O.A. ( Death of Auto - Tune ) '' , a nod to his Brooklyn origins . In 2013 , he appeared in a music video for `` Pretty Hurts '' by Beyoncé . Keitel with wife Daphna Kastner in 2010 In 2013 , he starred in the independent film A Farewell to Fools . In 2014 , he reprised his role of Winston Wolfe from Pulp Fiction as part of a £ 40 million television advertising campaign for Direct Line , an insurance company in the United Kingdom . Personal Life ( edit ) Keitel was formerly in a long - term relationship with actress Lorraine Bracco . He married actress Daphna Kastner in 2001 . Keitel is the father of three children : daughter Stella ( born 1985 ) from his relationship with Bracco ; son Hudson ( born 2001 ) from his relationship with Lisa Karmazin ; and son Roman ( born 2004 ) from his marriage to Kastner . He is a godfather of close friend Michael Madsen 's son Max . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1967 Who 's That Knocking at My Door J.R. 1967 Reflections in a Golden Eye Soldier Uncredited 1970 Brewster McCloud Photographer Uncredited 1973 Mean Streets Charlie Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore Ben That 's the Way of the World Coleman Buckmaster 1976 Taxi Driver ' Sport ' Matthew Nominated -- National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor ( 2nd place ) Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor ( 2nd place ) 1976 Buffalo Bill and the Indians Ed Goodman 1976 Mother , Jugs & Speed Tony `` Speed '' Malatesta 1977 The Duellists Feraud 1978 Blue Collar Jerry Bartowski 1978 Fingers Jimmy Fingers 1979 Eagle 's Wing Henry 1980 Death Watch Roddy 1980 Bad Timing Inspector Netusil 1980 Saturn 3 Benson Voice dubbed by Roy Dotrice 1982 That Night in Varennes Thomas Paine 1982 The Border Cat Exposed Rivas Copkiller Lt. Fred O'Connor 1984 Falling in Love Ed Lasky 1984 Nemo Mr. Legend 1985 El caballero del dragon ( The Knight of the Dragon ) Clever Spanish film 1986 Blindside Penfield Gruber 1986 Camorra ( A Story of Streets , Women and Crime ) Frankie 1986 The Inquiry Pontius Pilate 1986 Off Beat Mickey 1986 Wise Guys Bobby DiLea 1986 The Men 's Club Solly Berliner The Pick - up Artist Alonzo Scolara 1988 The Last Temptation of Christ Judas Iscariot Nominated -- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor 1988 Grandi cacciatori Thomas 1988 Dear Gorbachev Nikolaj Bucharin 1989 The January Man Police Commissioner Frank Starkey 1989 Imagining America 1990 The Two Jakes Julius ' Jake ' Berman 1990 Two Evil Eyes Roderick Usher Segment : `` The Black Cat '' 1991 Thelma & Louise Hal National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1991 Mortal Thoughts Det . John Woods National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1991 Bugsy Mickey Cohen Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture 1992 Bad Lieutenant The Lieutenant Fantasporto 's International Fantasy Film Award for Best Actor Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor ( 2nd place ) 1992 Reservoir Dogs Mr. White -- Larry Dimmick Also co-producer Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor 1992 Sister Act Vince LaRocca 1993 Rising Sun Lt. Tom Graham 1993 Dangerous Game Eddie Israel Venice Film Festival -- Golden Ciak for Best Actor 1993 Point of No Return Victor the Cleaner 1993 The Piano George Baines Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 1993 Young Americans John Harris 1994 Imaginary Crimes Ray Weiler 1994 Pulp Fiction Winston `` The Wolf '' Wolfe 1994 Monkey Trouble Azro 1995 Get Shorty Himself Uncredited 1995 Smoke Augustus ' Auggie ' Wren Berlin International Film Festival 's Special Jury Prize ( shared with Wayne Wang ) David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actor 1995 Ulysses ' Gaze Theo Angelopoulos ( Greece ) 1995 Blue in the Face Auggie Wren Also executive producer 1995 Clockers Det . Rocco Klein From Dusk till Dawn Jacob Fuller Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Head Above Water George 1997 FairyTale : A True Story Harry Houdini 1997 Cop Land Ray Donlan 1997 City of Industry Roy Egan 1998 Finding Graceland Elvis 1998 Gunslinger 's Revenge ( Il mio West ) Johnny Lowen 1998 Shadrach Vernon 1998 Lulu on the Bridge Izzy Maurer 1998 Sweets of Roses Hubie Voice 1999 Three Seasons James Hager Also executive producer 1999 Holy Smoke ! PJ Waters 1999 Presence of Mind The Master 2000 Prince of Central Park The Guardian 2000 U-571 CPO Henry Klough Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor -- Action 2000 Little Nicky Satan 2001 Nailed Tony Romano 2001 The Grey Zone SS - Oberscharführer Eric Muhsfeldt Also executive producer 2001 Taking Sides Major Steve Arnold 2001 Viper Leone 2002 Red Dragon Jack Crawford 2002 Ginostra Matt Benson 2003 Crime Spree Frankie Zammeti 2003 The Galindez File Edward Robards 2003 Dreaming of Julia Che Also producer Puerto Vallarta Squeeze Walter McGrane National Treasure Agent Peter Sadusky The Bridge of San Luis Rey Uncle Pio 2005 Be Cool Nick Carr 2005 Shadows in the Sun Weldon Parish 2006 One Last Dance Terrtano 2006 A Crime Roger Culkin 2006 The Stone Merchant ( it ) The Merchant Ludovico Vicedomini 2006 Arthur and the Minimoys Miro Voice 2007 My Sexiest Year Zowie 2007 National Treasure : Book of Secrets Agent Peter Sadusky 2009 Chaos 2009 Inglourious Basterds Allied Commanding Officer Voice Uncredited 2008 The Ministers Detective Joseph Bruno 2009 Wrong Turn at Tahoe Nino A Beginner 's Guide to Endings Duke White Little Fockers Randy Weir The Last Godfather Don Carini 2012 Moonrise Kingdom Commander Pierce 2013 A Farewell to Fools Father Johanis 2013 The Power Inside O'Mansky 2014 The Congress Al 2014 Gandhi of the Month Edward Baker Previously titled Against Itself 2014 Two Men in Town Bill Agati 2014 The Grand Budapest Hotel Ludvig 2014 Rio , I Love You Himself ( as O Ator ) Segment : `` O Milagre '' 2014 By the Gun Salvatore Vitaglia 2015 Youth Mick Boyle 2015 The Ridiculous 6 Smiley Harris Owner of `` The Golden Nugget '' 2016 Chosen Papi 2016 The Comedian Mac 2017 Madame Bob Fredericks 2017 Lies We Tell Demi 2018 The Last Man Noe Post-production 2018 See You Soon Post-production 2018 Isle of Dogs Gondo Voice 2018 First We Take Brooklyn Anatoly Post-production 2019 The Irishman Angelo Bruno Post-production TBA The Painted Bird Priest Filming Television ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1966 Hogan 's Heroes German Soldier Episode : `` The Great Impersonation '' 1966 Dark Shadows Blue Whale customer 2 episodes 1968 N.Y.P.D. Ramby Episode : `` Case of the Shady Lady '' 1971 Great Performances Jerry Episode : `` A Memory of Two Mondays '' 1973 Kojak Jerry Talaba Episode : `` Siege of Terror '' The F.B.I. Ernie Episode : `` Deadly Ambition '' A Memory of Two Mondays Jerry Television film 1984 La bella Otero Ernest Jurgens Television film 1985 Amazing Stories Byron Sullivan Episode : `` Vanessa in the Garden '' 1986 The Ellen Burstyn Show Frank Tanner Episode : `` Reading Between the Lines '' 1988 The Play on One Carl Episode : `` Down Where The Buffalo Go '' 2000 Fail Safe Brig Gen Warren A. Black Television film 2002 Saturday Night Live Siegfried Episode : `` Robert De Niro / Norah Jones '' 2006 The Path to 9 / 11 John O'Neill Miniseries 2008 -- 2009 Life on Mars ( U.S. ) Lieutenant Gene Hunt Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film 2012 Fatal Honeymoon Tommy Thomas Television film 2016 Inside Amy Schumer Proposition Man Episode : `` Fame '' TBA Rio Heat Hubert Humbolt References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Person details for Harvey Kutel '' . familyserarch.org . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lipton , James ( October 18 , 2007 ) . Inside Inside . Dutton . p. 14 . ISBN 9780525950356 . Jump up ^ Schoemer , Karen ( November 7 , 1993 ) . `` Harvey Keitel Tries A Little Tenderness '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Inside the Actors Studio . The Actors Studio , Bravo Network , Betelgeuse Productions . 1998 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowie , Peter ( 1994 ) . Coppola : A Biography . New York : Scribner . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80598 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 24th Moscow International Film Festival ( 2002 ) '' . MIFF . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` Scoop ! Keitel Lands on Mars as Homicide Boss '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jon ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Beyonce ' Breakdown : The Ultimate Guide to Bey 's Surprise New Album '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monterey Media Acquires Three Films , Including Works Starring Gerard Depardieu and Harvey Keitel '' . indiewire.com . October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Line challenges rivals with Harvey Keitel ' fixer ' ads '' . marketingmagazine.co.uk . August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Winston Wolfe '' . directline.com . August 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scenes from a Bad Barriage '' . The Independent . March 7 , 1998 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mottern , James ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Slate for ' God Only Knows ' '' . jamesmottern.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal United States Marine Corps portal Book : Harvey Keitel Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harvey Keitel . Harvey Keitel on IMDb Harvey Keitel at the TCM Movie Database Harvey Keitel at the Internet Broadway Database Harvey Keitel at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Preceded by Paul Newman President of the Actors Studio 1994 -- present With : Al Pacino and Ellen Burstyn Succeeded by Incumbent Awards for Harvey Keitel AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Bruce Spence ( 1972 ) Robert McDarra ( 1973 ) Jack Thompson ( 1974 ) Martin Vaughan ( 1975 ) Simon Burke and Nick Tate ( 1976 ) John Meillon ( 1977 ) Bill Hunter ( 1978 ) Mel Gibson ( 1979 ) Jack Thompson ( 1980 ) Mel Gibson ( 1981 ) Ray Barrett ( 1982 ) Norman Kaye ( 1983 ) John Hargreaves ( 1984 ) Chris Haywood ( 1985 ) Colin Friels ( 1986 ) Leo McKern ( 1987 ) John Waters ( 1988 ) Sam Neill ( 1989 ) Max von Sydow ( 1990 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1991 ) Russell Crowe ( 1992 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1993 ) Nicholas Hope ( 1994 ) John Lynch ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 1997 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1998 ) Russell Dykstra ( 1999 ) Eric Bana ( 2000 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2001 ) David Gulpilil ( 2002 ) David Wenham ( 2003 ) Sam Worthington ( 2004 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2005 ) Shane Jacobson ( 2006 ) Eric Bana ( 2007 ) William McInnes ( 2008 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2009 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 2010 ) Daniel Henshall ( 2011 ) Chris O'Dowd ( 2012 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2013 ) David Gulpilil ( 2014 ) Michael Caton ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) Sunny Pawar ( 2017 ) David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor Laurence Olivier ( 1957 ) Marlon Brando / Charles Laughton ( 1958 ) Jean Gabin ( 1959 ) Cary Grant ( 1960 ) Charlton Heston ( 1961 ) Anthony Perkins / Spencer Tracy ( 1962 ) Gregory Peck ( 1963 ) Fredric March / Peter O'Toole ( 1964 ) Rex Harrison ( 1965 ) Richard Burton ( 1966 ) Richard Burton / Peter O'Toole ( 1967 ) Warren Beatty / Spencer Tracy ( 1968 ) Rod Steiger ( 1969 ) Dustin Hoffman / Peter O'Toole ( 1970 ) Ryan O'Neal ( 1971 ) Chaim Topol ( 1972 ) Yves Montand / Laurence Olivier ( 1973 ) Al Pacino / Robert Redford ( 1974 ) Burt Lancaster / Jack Lemmon / Walter Matthau ( 1975 ) Jack Nicholson / Philippe Noiret ( 1976 ) Dustin Hoffman / Sylvester Stallone ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Richard Gere / Michel Serrault ( 1979 ) Dustin Hoffman / Jack Lemmon ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1982 ) Paul Newman ( 1983 ) Woody Allen ( 1984 ) Tom Hulce ( 1985 ) William Hurt ( 1986 ) Dexter Gordon ( 1987 ) Michael Douglas ( 1988 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1989 ) Philippe Noiret ( 1990 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1991 ) John Turturro ( 1992 ) Daniel Auteuil ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1994 ) John Travolta ( 1995 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1996 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead M. Emmet Walsh ( 1985 ) James Woods ( 1986 ) Dennis Quaid ( 1987 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1988 ) Matt Dillon ( 1989 ) Danny Glover ( 1990 ) River Phoenix ( 1991 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1992 ) Jeff Bridges ( 1993 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1994 ) Sean Penn ( 1995 ) William H. Macy ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Richard Farnsworth ( 1999 ) Javier Bardem ( 2000 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2001 ) Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2007 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) James Franco ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) John Hawkes ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Gene Hackman ( 1967 ) Seymour Cassel ( 1968 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1969 ) Chief Dan George ( 1970 ) Bruce Dern ( 1971 ) Eddie Albert / Joel Grey ( 1972 ) Robert De Niro ( 1973 ) Holger Löwenadler ( 1974 ) Henry Gibson ( 1975 ) Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Edward Fox ( 1977 ) Richard Farnsworth / Robert Morley ( 1978 ) Frederic Forrest ( 1979 ) Joe Pesci ( 1980 ) Robert Preston ( 1981 ) Mickey Rourke ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) John Gielgud ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1986 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Beau Bridges ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Don Cheadle ( 1995 ) Martin Donovan / Tony Shalhoub ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Christopher Walken ( 2002 ) Peter Sarsgaard ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Ed Harris ( 2005 ) Mark Wahlberg ( 2006 ) Casey Affleck ( 2007 ) Eddie Marsan ( 2008 ) Paul Schneider / Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) James Franco ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2017 ) VIAF : 85493720 LCCN : no92003380 ISNI : 0000 0001 2142 1507 GND : 120568616 SUDOC : 059404426 BNF : cb138959146 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 070c2629 - 7ccf - 413b - 8fb5 - 62fa77641f42 NKC : xx0031484 BNE : XX1067130 SNAC : w6xd1x8g Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvey_Keitel&oldid=836065267 '' Categories : 1939 births Living people American people of Jewish descent 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American film producers American male film actors American people of Polish - Jewish descent American people of Romanian - Jewish descent David di Donatello winners Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead winners Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni Male actors from New York City People from Brooklyn People from Fire Island , New York United States Marines Abraham Lincoln High School ( Brooklyn ) alumni Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles with hCards Interlanguage link template link number Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lëtzebuergesch Magyar მარგალური Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 13 : 46 . 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8545385013426840433	Texas hold 'em	Texas hold ' em - wikipedia Texas hold ' em This article is about the poker game . For other uses , see Texas hold ' em ( disambiguation ) . `` Hold ' em '' redirects here . For other uses , see Hold ' em ( disambiguation ) . Texas hold ' em Texas hold ' em involves community cards available to all players Alternative names Hold ' em Type Community card poker Players 2 + , usually 2 -- 10 Skills required Probability , psychology , game theory , strategy , logic Cards 52 Deck French Play Clockwise Card rank ( highest to lowest ) AKQJ 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Random chance Medium Texas hold ' em ( also known as Texas holdem , hold ' em , and holdem ) is a variation of the card game of poker . Two cards , known as the hole cards , are dealt face down to each player , and then five community cards are dealt face up in three stages . The stages consist of a series of three cards ( `` the flop '' ) , later an additional single card ( `` the turn '' or `` fourth street '' ) , and a final card ( `` the river '' or `` fifth street '' ) . Each player seeks the best five card poker hand from any combination of the seven cards of the five community cards and their own two hole cards . If a player 's best five - card poker hand consists only of the five community cards and none of the player 's hole cards , it is called `` playing the board '' . If you play the board on the river , then you can do no better than tie the other player ( s ) in the game if no player can make a better hand than the board represents , using either or both hole cards . Players have betting options to check , call , raise , or fold . Rounds of betting take place before the flop is dealt and after each subsequent deal . Texas hold ' em is the H game featured in HORSE and in HOSE . Contents ( hide ) 1 Objective 2 History 3 Popularity 3.1 Television and film 3.2 Literature 3.3 Online poker 4 Rules 4.1 Betting structures 4.2 Play of the hand 4.3 The showdown 4.4 Misdeal 5 Examples 5.1 Sample showdown 5.2 Sample hand 5.3 Kickers and ties 6 Strategy 6.1 Starting hands 6.2 Strategic differences in betting structures 6.2. 1 Cash games 6.2. 2 Tournaments 6.2. 3 Evaluating a hand 7 Similar games 8 See also 9 References Objective ( edit ) In Texas hold ' em , as in all variants of poker , individuals compete for an amount of money or chips contributed by the players themselves ( called the pot ) . Because the cards are dealt randomly and outside the control of the players , each player attempts to control the amount of money in the pot based either on the hand they are holding , or on their prediction as to what their opponents may be holding and how they might behave . The game is divided into a series of hands ( deals ) ; at the conclusion of each hand , the pot is typically awarded to one player ( an exception in which the pot is divided between two or more is discussed below ) . A hand may end at the showdown , in which case the remaining players compare their hands and the highest hand is awarded the pot ; that highest hand is usually held by only one player , but can be held by more in the case of a tie . The other possibility for the conclusion of a hand occurs when all but one player have folded and have thereby abandoned any claim to the pot , in which case the pot is awarded to the player who has not folded . The objective of winning players is not to win every individual hand , but rather to make mathematically and psychologically better decisions regarding when and how much to bet , raise , call -- or fold . By making such decisions to place influential bets , one can non-verbally represent or suggest holding or not - holding a certain or possible hand by either betting or not - betting pre-flop , and by venturing smaller or larger bets or raises at possibly more advantageous times , throughout the stages of the hand being dealt . One 's pattern of betting may encourage opponents to bet or to fold ( in this complex process , called bluffing ) , without verbalizing a discouraging or dishonest word . The winning poker players know how to enhance their opponents ' betting and maximize their own expected gain on each round of betting , to thereby increase their long - term winnings . History ( edit ) Johnny Moss , Chill Wills , Amarillo Slim , Jack Binion , and Puggy Pearson outside of Binion 's Horseshoe in 1974 Although little is known about the invention of Texas hold ' em , the Texas Legislature officially recognizes Robstown , Texas , as the game 's birthplace , dating it to the early 1900s . After the game spread throughout Texas , hold ' em was introduced to Las Vegas in 1963 at the California Club by Corky McCorquodale . The game became popular and quickly spread to the Golden Nugget , Stardust and Dunes . In 1967 , a group of Texan gamblers and card players , including Crandell Addington , Doyle Brunson , and Amarillo Slim were playing in Las Vegas . This is when `` ace high '' was changed from the original form in which aces were low . Addington said the first time he saw the game was in 1959 . `` They did n't call it Texas hold ' em at the time , they just called it hold ' em. ... I thought then that if it were to catch on , it would become the game . Draw poker , you bet only twice ; hold ' em , you bet four times . That meant you could play strategically . This was more of a thinking man 's game . '' For several years the Golden Nugget Casino in Downtown Las Vegas was the only casino in Las Vegas to offer the game . At that time , the Golden Nugget 's poker room was `` truly a ' sawdust joint , ' with ... oiled sawdust covering the floors . '' Because of its location and decor , this poker room did not receive many rich drop - in clients , and as a result , professional players sought a more prominent location . In 1969 , the Las Vegas professionals were invited to play Texas hold ' em at the entrance of the now - demolished Dunes Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . This prominent location , and the relative inexperience of poker players with Texas hold ' em , resulted in a very remunerative game for professional players . After a failed attempt to establish a `` Gambling Fraternity Convention '' , Tom Moore added the first ever poker tournament to the Second Annual Gambling Fraternity Convention held in 1969 . This tournament featured several games including Texas hold ' em . In 1970 , Benny and Jack Binion acquired the rights to this convention , renamed it the World Series of Poker , and moved it to their casino , Binion 's Horseshoe , in Las Vegas . After its first year , a journalist , Tom Thackrey , suggested that the main event of this tournament should be no - limit Texas hold ' em . The Binions agreed and ever since no - limit Texas hold ' em has been played as the main event . Interest in the main event continued to grow steadily over the next two decades . After receiving only eight entrants in 1972 , the numbers grew to over one hundred entrants in 1982 , and over two hundred in 1991 . During this time , B & G Publishing Co. , Inc. published Doyle Brunson 's revolutionary poker strategy guide , Super / System . Despite being self - published and priced at $100 in 1978 , the book revolutionized the way poker was played . It was one of the first books to discuss Texas hold ' em , and is today cited as one of the most important books on this game . In 1983 , Al Alvarez published The Biggest Game in Town , a book detailing a 1981 World Series of Poker event . The first book of its kind , it described the world of professional poker players and the World Series of Poker . Alvarez 's book is credited with beginning the genre of poker literature and with bringing Texas hold ' em ( and poker generally ) to a wider audience . Alvarez 's book was not the first book about poker . The Education of a Poker Player by Herbert O. Yardley , a former U.S. government code breaker , was published in 1957 . Interest in hold ' em outside of Nevada began to grow in the 1980s as well . Although California had legal card rooms offering draw poker , Texas hold ' em was deemed to be prohibited under a statute that made illegal the ( now unheard of ) game `` stud - horse '' . But in 1988 Texas hold ' em was declared legally distinct from stud - horse in Tibbetts v. Van De Kamp . Almost immediately card rooms across the state offered Texas hold ' em . ( It is often presumed that this decision ruled that hold ' em was a game of skill , but the distinction between skill and chance has never entered into California jurisprudence regarding poker . ) After a trip to Las Vegas , bookmakers Terry Rogers and Liam Flood introduced the game to European card players in the early 1980s . Popularity ( edit ) Texas hold ' em is now one of the most popular forms of poker . Texas hold ' em 's popularity surged in the 2000s due to exposure on television , the Internet and popular literature . During this time hold ' em replaced seven - card stud as the most common game in U.S. casinos . The no - limit betting form is used in the widely televised main event of the World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) and the World Poker Tour ( WPT ) . Hold ' em 's simplicity and popularity have inspired a wide variety of strategy books which provide recommendations for proper play . Most of these books recommend a strategy that involves playing relatively few hands but betting and raising often with the hands one plays . In the first decade of the twenty - first century , Texas hold ' em experienced a surge in popularity worldwide . Many observers attribute this growth to the synergy of five factors : the invention of online poker , the game 's appearance in film and on television , invention and usage of the `` hole card cam '' ( which allowed viewers to see hole cards played in the hand as a means of determining strategy and decision - making during gameplay ) , the appearance of television commercials advertising online cardrooms , and the 2003 World Series of Poker championship victory by online qualifier Chris Moneymaker . Television and film ( edit ) Main article : Poker on television Prior to poker becoming widely televised , the movie Rounders ( 1998 ) , starring Matt Damon and Edward Norton , gave moviegoers a romantic view of the game as a way of life . Texas hold ' em was the main game played during the movie and the no - limit variety was described , following Doyle Brunson , as the `` Cadillac of Poker '' . A clip of the classic showdown between Johnny Chan and Erik Seidel from the 1988 World Series of Poker was also incorporated into the film . More recently , a high - stakes Texas hold ' em game was central to the plot of the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale , in place of baccarat , the casino game central to the novel on which the film was based . In 2008 , an acclaimed short film called Shark Out of Water was released on DVD . This film is unique in that it deals with the darker , more addictive elements of the game , and features Phil Hellmuth and Brad Booth . Hold ' em tournaments had been televised since the late 1970s , but they did not become popular until 1999 , when hidden lipstick cameras were first used to show players ' private hole cards on the Late Night Poker TV show in the United Kingdom . Hold ' em exploded in popularity as a spectator sport in the United States and Canada in early 2003 , when the World Poker Tour adopted the lipstick cameras idea . A few months later , ESPN 's coverage of the 2003 World Series of Poker featured the unexpected victory of Internet player Chris Moneymaker , an amateur player who gained admission to the tournament by winning a series of online tournaments . Moneymaker 's victory initiated a sudden surge of interest in the series , based on the egalitarian idea that anyone -- even a rank novice -- could become a world champion . In 2003 , there were 839 entrants in the WSOP main event , and triple that number in 2004 . The crowning of the 2004 WSOP champion , Greg `` Fossilman '' Raymer , a patent attorney from Connecticut , further fueled the popularity of the event among amateur ( and particularly Internet ) players . In the 2005 main event , an unprecedented 5,619 entrants vied for a first prize of $7,500,000 . The winner , Joe Hachem of Australia , was a semi-professional player . This growth continued in 2006 , with 8,773 entrants and a first place prize of $12,000,000 ( won by Jamie Gold ) . Beyond the series , other television shows -- including the long running World Poker Tour -- are credited with increasing the popularity of Texas hold ' em . In addition to its presence on network and general audience cable television , poker has now become a regular part of sports networks ' programming in the United States . Literature ( edit ) The English journalist and biographer Anthony Holden spent a year on the professional poker circuit from 1988 - 1989 and wrote about his experiences in Big Deal : A Year as a Professional Poker Player . The follow - up book , Bigger Deal : A Year Inside the Poker Boom covers the period 2005 - 2006 and describes a poker world `` changed beyond recognition '' . Twenty years after the publication of Alvarez 's groundbreaking book , James McManus published a semi-autobiographical book , Positively Fifth Street ( 2003 ) , which simultaneously describes the trial surrounding the murder of Ted Binion and McManus 's own entry into the 2000 World Series of Poker . McManus , a poker amateur , finished fifth in the no - limit Texas hold ' em main event , winning over $200,000 . In the book McManus discusses events surrounding the series , the trial of Sandy Murphy and Rick Tabish , poker strategy , and some history of poker and the world series . Michael Craig 's 2005 book The Professor , the Banker , and the Suicide King details a series of high - stakes Texas hold ' em one - on - one games between Texas banker Andy Beal and a rotating group of poker professionals . As of 2006 , these games were the highest stakes ever played , reaching $100,000 -- $200,000 fixed limit . Online poker ( edit ) Poker revenues from Party Gaming ( 2002 -- 2006 ) . The drop off in 2006 is due to the UIGEA . Main article : Online poker The ability to play cheaply and anonymously online has been credited as a cause of the increase in popularity of Texas hold ' em . Online poker sites both allow people to try out games ( in some cases the games are entirely free to play and are just for fun social experiences ) and also provide an avenue for entry into large tournaments ( like the World Series of Poker ) via smaller tournaments known as satellites . The 2003 and 2004 winners ( Chris Moneymaker and Greg Raymer , respectively ) of the World Series no - limit hold ' em main event qualified by playing in these tournaments . Although online poker grew from its inception in 1998 until 2003 , Moneymaker 's win and the appearance of television advertisements in 2003 contributed to a tripling of industry revenues in 2004 . Rules ( edit ) See also : Poker , List of poker hands , Poker probability , and Glossary of poker terms Betting structures ( edit ) Main article : Betting in poker A standard hold ' em game showing the position of the blinds relative to the dealer button Hold ' em is normally played using small and big blind bets -- forced bets by two players . Antes ( forced contributions by all players ) may be used in addition to blinds , particularly in later stages of tournament play . A dealer button is used to represent the player in the dealer position ; the dealer button rotates clockwise after each hand , changing the position of the dealer and blinds . The small blind is posted by the player to the left of the dealer and is usually equal to half of the big blind . The big blind , posted by the player to the left of the small blind , is equal to the minimum bet . In tournament poker , the blind / ante structure periodically increases as the tournament progresses . After one round of betting is done , the next betting round will start by the person in the small blind . When only two players remain , special ' head - to - head ' or ' heads up ' rules are enforced and the blinds are posted differently . In this case , the person with the dealer button posts the small blind , while his / her opponent places the big blind . The dealer acts first before the flop . After the flop , the dealer acts last and continues to do so for the remainder of the hand . The three most common variations of hold ' em are limit hold ' em , no - limit hold ' em and pot - limit hold ' em . Limit hold ' em has historically been the most popular form of hold ' em found in casino live action games in the United States . In limit hold ' em , bets and raises during the first two rounds of betting ( pre-flop and flop ) must be equal to the big blind ; this amount is called the small bet . In the next two rounds of betting ( turn and river ) , bets and raises must be equal to twice the big blind ; this amount is called the big bet . No - limit hold ' em has grown in popularity and is the form most commonly found in televised tournament poker and is the game played in the main event of the World Series of Poker . In no - limit hold ' em , players may bet or raise any amount over the minimum raise up to all of the chips the player has at the table ( called an all - in bet ) . The minimum raise is equal to the size of the previous bet or raise . If someone wishes to re-raise , they must raise at least the amount of the previous raise . For example , if the big blind is $2 and there is a raise of $6 to a total of $8 , a re-raise must be at least $6 more for a total of $14 . If a raise or re-raise is all - in and does not equal the size of the previous raise ( or half the size in some casinos ) , the initial raiser can not re-raise again ( in case there are other players also still in the game ) . In pot - limit hold ' em , the maximum raise is the current size of the pot ( including the amount needed to call ) . Some casinos that offer hold ' em also allow the player to the left of the big blind to post an optional live straddle , usually double the amount of the big blind . This causes that player to act as the big blind and the player has an option to raise when it comes to their turn again . ( Some variations allow for straddle on the button ) . No - limit games may also allow multiple re-straddles , in any amount that would be a legal raise . Play of the hand ( edit ) Each player is dealt two private cards in hold ' em , which are dealt first . Play media This video shows how to deal a hand for Texas hold ' em and some of the types of hands needed in order to win . Following a shuffle of the cards , play begins with each player being dealt two cards face down , with the player in the small blind receiving the first card and the player in the button seat receiving the last card dealt . ( As in most poker games , the deck is a standard 52 - card deck containing no jokers . ) These cards are the players ' hole or pocket cards . These are the only cards each player will receive individually , and they will only ( possibly ) be revealed at the showdown , making Texas hold ' em a closed poker game . The hand begins with a `` pre-flop '' betting round , beginning with the player to the left of the big blind ( or the player to the left of the dealer , if no blinds are used ) and continuing clockwise . A round of betting continues until every player has folded , put in all of their chips , or matched the amount put in by all other active players . See betting for a detailed account . Note that the blinds are considered `` live '' in the pre-flop betting round , meaning that they are counted toward the amount that the blind player must contribute . If all players call around to the player in the big blind position , that player may either check or raise . After the pre-flop betting round , assuming there remain at least two players taking part in the hand , the dealer deals a flop , three face - up community cards . The flop is followed by a second betting round . This and all subsequent betting rounds begin with the player to the dealer 's left and continue clockwise . After the flop betting round ends , a single community card ( called the turn or fourth street ) is dealt , followed by a third betting round . A final single community card ( called the river or fifth street ) is then dealt , followed by a fourth betting round and the showdown , if necessary . In the third and fourth betting rounds , the stakes double . In all casinos , the dealer will burn a card before the flop , turn , and river . Because of this burn , players who are betting can not see the back of the next community card to come . This is done for traditional reasons , to avoid any possibility of a player knowing in advance the next card to be dealt due to its being marked . The showdown ( edit ) If a player bets and all other players fold , then the remaining player is awarded the pot and is not required to show their hole cards . If two or more players remain after the final betting round , a showdown occurs . On the showdown , each player plays the best poker hand they can make from the seven cards comprising their two - hole cards and the five community cards . A player may use both of their own two hole cards , only one , or none at all , to form their final five - card hand . If the five community cards form the player 's best hand , then the player is said to be playing the board and can only hope to split the pot , because each other player can also use the same five cards to construct the same hand . If the best hand is shared by more than one player , then the pot is split equally among them , with any extra chips going to the first players after the button in clockwise order . It is common for players to have closely valued , but not identically ranked hands . Nevertheless , one must be careful in determining the best hand ; if the hand involves fewer than five cards , ( such as two pair or three of a kind ) , then kickers are used to settle ties ( see the second example below ) . The card 's numerical rank is of sole importance ; suit values are irrelevant in hold ' em . Misdeal ( edit ) If the first or second card dealt is exposed , then this is considered a misdeal . The dealer then retrieves the card , reshuffles the deck , and again cuts the cards . However , if any other hole card is exposed due to a dealer error , the deal continues as usual . After completing the deal , the dealer replaces the exposed card with the top card on the deck , and the exposed card is then used as the burn card . If more than one hole card is exposed , a misdeal is declared by the dealer and the hand is dealt again from the beginning . A misdeal is also declared if a player receives more than two hole cards by mistake ( e.g. two cards stuck together ) . Examples ( edit ) Sample showdown ( edit ) Here is a sample showdown : Board Bob Carol Ted Alice Each player plays the best five - card hand they can make with the seven cards available . They have Bob Three fours , with king , ace kickers Carol Ace - high flush Ted Full house , kings full of fours Alice 8 - high straight In this case , Ted 's full house is the best hand , with Carol in second , Alice in third and Bob last . Sample hand ( edit ) The blinds for this example hand Here is a sample game involving four players . The players ' individual hands will not be revealed until the showdown , to give a better sense of what happens during play : Compulsory bets : Alice is the dealer . Bob , to Alice 's left , posts a small blind of $1 , and Carol posts a big blind of $2 . Pre-flop : Alice deals two hole cards face down to each player , beginning with Bob and ending with herself . Ted must act first , being the first player after the big blind . Ted can not check , because the $2 big blind plays as a bet , and so folds . Alice calls the $2 . Bob adds an additional $1 to the $1 small blind to call the $2 total . Carol 's blind is `` live '' ( see blind ) , so there is the option to raise here , but Carol checks instead , ending the first betting round . The pot now contains $6 , $2 from each of three players . Flop : Alice now burns a card and deals the flop of three face - up community cards , 9 ♣ K ♣ 3 ♥ . On this round , as on all subsequent rounds , the player on the dealer 's left begins the betting . Bob checks , Carol opens for $2 , and Alice raises another $2 ( puts in $4 , $2 to match Carol and $2 to raise ) , making the total bet now facing Bob $4 . Bob calls ( puts in $4 , $2 to match Carol 's initial bet and $2 to match Alice 's raise ) . Carol calls as well , putting in $2 . The pot now contains $18 , $6 from the last round and $12 from three players this round . Turn : Alice now burns another card and deals the turn card face up . It is the 5 ♠ . Bob checks , Carol checks , and Alice checks ; the turn has been checked around . The pot still contains $18 . River : Alice burns another card and deals the final river card , the 9 , making the final board 9 ♣ K ♣ 3 ♥ 5 ♠ 9 . Bob bets $4 , Carol calls , and Alice folds ( Alice 's holding was A ♣ 7 ♣ and was hoping the river card would be a club to make a flush ) . Showdown : Bob shows their hand of Q ♠ 9 ♥ , so the best five - card hand possible is 9 ♣ 9 9 ♥ K ♣ Q ♠ , for three nines , with a king - queen kicker . Carol shows their cards of K ♠ J ♥ , making a final hand K ♣ K ♠ 9 ♣ 9 J ♥ for two pair , kings and nines , with a jack kicker . Bob wins the showdown and the $26 pot . Kickers and ties ( edit ) Because of the presence of community cards in Texas hold ' em , different players ' hands can often run very close in value . As a result , it is common for kickers to be used to determine the winning hand and also for two hands ( or maybe more ) to tie . A kicker is a card which is part of the five - card poker hand , but is not used in determining a hand 's rank . For instance , in the hand A-A - A-K - Q , the king and queen are kickers . The following situation illustrates the importance of breaking ties with kickers and card ranks , as well as the use of the five - card rule . After the turn , the board and players ' hole cards are as follows . Board ( after the turn ) Bob Carol At the moment , Bob is in the lead with a hand of Q ♠ Q ♣ 8 ♠ 8 ♥ K ♥ , making two pair , queens and eights , with a king kicker . This beats Carol 's hand of Q ♥ Q ♣ 8 ♠ 8 ♥ 10 by virtue of the king kicker . If the final card were the A ♠ , making the final board 8 ♠ Q ♣ 8 ♥ 4 ♣ A ♠ . Bob and Carol still each have two pair ( queens and eights ) , but both of them are now entitled to play the final ace as their fifth card , making their hands both two pair , queens and eights , with an ace kicker . Bob 's king no longer plays , because the ace on the board plays as the fifth card in both hands , and a hand is only composed of the best five cards . They therefore tie and split the pot . However , had the last card been a jack or lower ( except an eight or a queen which would make a full house , or a ten which would give Carol a higher second pair ) , Bob 's king would have stayed in the game and would have won . Strategy ( edit ) See also : Poker strategy Most poker authors recommend a tight - aggressive approach to playing Texas hold ' em . This strategy involves playing relatively few hands ( tight ) , but betting and raising often with those that one does play ( aggressive ) . Although this strategy is often recommended , some professional players successfully employ other strategies as well . Almost all authors agree that where a player sits in the order of play ( known as position ) is an important element of Texas hold ' em strategy , particularly in no - limit hold'em . Players who act later have more information than players who act earlier . As a result , players typically play fewer hands from early positions than later positions . Because of the game 's level of complexity , it has received some attention from academics . One attempt to develop a quantitative model of a Texas hold'em tournament as an isolated complex system has had some success , although the full consequences for optimal strategies remain to be explored . In addition , groups at the University of Alberta and Carnegie Mellon University worked to develop poker playing programs utilizing techniques in game theory and artificial intelligence . In January , 2015 , the AAAS journal Science reported that the group at the University of Alberta had succeeded in coding a computer program called Cepheus that can learn from its playing experience to optimize its CFR algorithm and approach playing perfection when opposing strong players in the variant known as heads - up limit Texas Hold ' em , which involves only two players . Although it does not win every hand , it is unbeatable on average over a large number of hands . The program exhibits more variation in its tactics than professional players do , for instance bluffing with weak hands that professional players tend to fold . Public web access to observe and play against Cepheus is available . Starting hands ( edit ) Main article : Texas hold ' em starting hands A pair of aces is statistically the best hand to be dealt in Texas Hold'em Poker . Because only two cards are dealt to each player , it is easy to characterize all of the starting hands . There are ( 52 × 51 ) / 2 = 1,326 distinct possible combinations of two cards from a standard 52 - card deck . Because no suit is more powerful than another , many of these can be equated for the analysis of starting - hand strategy . For example , although J ♥ J ♣ and J J ♠ are distinct combinations of cards by rank and suit , they are of equal value as starting hands . Because of this equivalence , there are only 169 effectively different hole - card combinations . Thirteen of these are pairs , from deuces ( twos ) to aces . There are 78 ways to have two cards of different rank ( 12 possible hands containing one ace , 11 possible hands containing one king but no ace , 10 possible hands containing one queen but no ace or king , etc . ) . Both hole cards can be used in a flush if they are suited , but pairs are never suited , so there would be 13 possible pairs , 78 possible suited non-pairs , and 78 possible unsuited ( `` off - suit '' ) non-pairs , for a total of 169 possible hands . Suited starting hands are stronger than their unsuited counterparts , although the magnitude of this strength advantage in different games is debated . Because of the limited number of starting hands , most strategy guides include a detailed discussion of each of them . This distinguishes hold ' em from other poker games where the number of starting card combinations forces strategy guides to group hands into broad categories . Another result of this small number is the proliferation of colloquial names for individual hands . Strategic differences in betting structures ( edit ) Texas Hold'em is commonly played both as a `` cash '' or `` ring '' game and as a tournament game . Strategy for these different forms can vary . Cash games ( edit ) Main article : Cash game Before the advent of poker tournaments , all poker games were played with real money where players bet actual currency ( or chips that represented currency ) . Games that feature wagering actual money on individual hands are still very common and are referred to as `` cash games '' or `` ring games '' . The no - limit and fixed - limit cash - game versions of hold ' em are strategically very different . Doyle Brunson claims that `` the games are so different that there are not many players who rank with the best in both types of hold ' em . Many no - limit players have difficulty gearing down for limit , while limit players often lack the courage and ' feel ' necessary to excel at no - limit . '' Because the size of bets is restricted in limit games , the ability to bluff is somewhat curtailed . Because one is not ( usually ) risking all of one 's chips in limit poker , players are sometimes advised to take more chances . Lower - stakes games also exhibit different properties than higher - stakes games . Small - stakes games often involve more players in each hand and can vary from extremely passive ( little raising and betting ) to extremely aggressive ( many raises ) . This difference of small - stakes games has prompted several books dedicated to only those games . Tournaments ( edit ) Main article : Poker tournament Texas hold ' em is often associated with poker tournaments largely because it is played as the main event in many of the famous tournaments , including the World Series of Poker 's Main Event , and is the most common tournament overall . Traditionally , a poker tournament is played with chips that represent a player 's stake in the tournament . Standard play allows all entrants to `` buy - in '' for a fixed amount and all players begin with an equal value of chips . Play proceeds until one player has accumulated all the chips in play or a deal is made among the remaining players to `` chop '' the remaining prize pool . The money pool is redistributed to the players in relation to the place they finished in the tournament . Only a small percentage of the players receive any money , with the majority receiving nothing . `` The percentages are not standardized , but common rules of thumb call for one table '' ( usually nine players ) `` to get paid for each 100 entrants , '' according to poker author Andrew Glazer , in his book , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Poker . A good rule of thumb is that close to 10 % of players will be paid in a tournament . As a result , the strategy in poker tournaments can be very different from a cash game . Proper strategy in tournaments can vary widely depending on the amount of chips one has , the stage of the tournament , the amount of chips others have , and the playing styles of one 's opponents . Although some authors still recommend a tight playing style , others recommend looser play ( playing more hands ) in tournaments than one would otherwise play in cash games . In tournaments the blinds and antes increase regularly , and can become much larger near the end of the tournament . This can force players to play hands that they would not normally play when the blinds were small , which can warrant both more loose and more aggressive play . Evaluating a hand ( edit ) One of the most important things in Texas hold'em is knowing how to evaluate a hand . The strategy of playing each hand can be very different according to the strength of the hand . For example , on a strong hand , a player might want to try to appear weak in order to not scare off other players with weaker hands , while on a weak hand , a player might try to bluff other players into folding . There are several ways to evaluate hand strength ; two of the most common are counting outs and using calculators . Counting outs -- this method consists of counting the cards still in the deck , which in combination with the cards the player already has can give the player a potentially winning hand . Such cards are called `` outs '' , and hand strength can be measured by how many outs are still in the deck ( if there are many outs then the probability to get one of them is high and therefore the hand is strong ) . The following chart determines the probability of hitting outs ( bettering the player 's hand ) based on how many cards are left in the deck and the draw type . Outs One Card % Two Card % One Card Odds Two Card Odds Draw Type 2 % 4 % 46 23 Backdoor Straight or Flush ( Requires two cards ) 4 % 8 % 22 12 Pocket Pair to Set 7 % 13 % 14 7 One Overcard 9 % 17 % 10 5 Inside Straight / Two Pair to Full House 5 11 % 20 % 8 One Pair to Two Pair or Trips 6 13 % 24 % 6.7 3.2 No Pair to Pair / Two Overcards 7 15 % 28 % 5.6 2.6 Trips to Full House or Quads 8 17 % 32 % 4.7 Open Straight 9 19 % 35 % 4.1 1.9 Flush 10 22 % 38 % 3.6 1.6 Inside Straight & Two Overcards 11 24 % 42 % 3.2 1.4 Open Straight & One Overcard 12 26 % 45 % 2.8 Flush & Inside Straight / Flush & One Overcard 13 28 % 48 % 2.5 14 30 % 51 % 2.3 0.95 15 33 % 54 % 0.85 Flush & Open Straight / Flush & Two Overcards 16 34 % 57 % 1.9 0.75 17 37 % 60 % 1.7 0.66 Two Times Rule and Four Times Rule : Multiplying the number of outs by two or four gives a reasonable approximation to the One Card % or Two Card % , respectively , in the above table . Calculators : calculators are poker tools that calculate the odds of a hand ( combined with the cards on the table if there are any ) to win the game . Calculators provide precise odds but they can not be used in live games and are therefore mostly used on Internet poker games . Similar games ( edit ) There are several other poker variants which resemble Texas hold ' em . Hold ' em is a member of a class of poker games known as community card games , where some cards are available for use by all the players . There are several other games that use five community cards in addition to some private cards and are thus similar to Texas hold ' em . Royal hold ' em has the same structure as Texas hold ' em , but the deck contains only Aces , Kings , Queens , Jacks , and Tens . Pineapple and Omaha hold ' em both vary the number of cards an individual receives before the flop ( along with the rules regarding how they may be used to form a hand ) , but are dealt identically afterward . In Double Texas Hold'em , each player receives 3 hole cards and establishes a middle common card that plays with each of the other cards , but the outer cards do n't play with each other ( each player has two 2 - card hands ) . Alternatively , in Double - board hold'em all players receive the same number of private cards , but there are two sets of community cards . The winner is either selected for each individual board with each receiving half of the pot , or the best overall hand takes the entire pot , depending on the rules agreed upon by the players . Another variant is known as Greek hold ' em which requires each player to use both cards and only 3 from the board instead of the best five of seven cards . Manila is a hold'em variant which was once popular in Australia . In Manila , players receive two private cards from a reduced deck ( containing no cards lower than 7 ) . A five card board is dealt , unlike Texas hold ' em , one card at a time ; there is a betting round after each card . Manila has several variations of its own , similar to the variants listed above . Six - plus hold ' em ( also known as Short - deck hold ' em ) is a community card poker game variant of Texas hold ' em , where cards 2 through 5 are removed . Each player is dealt two cards face down and seeks make his or her best five card poker hand using from any combination of the seven cards ( five community cards and their own two hole cards ) . See also ( edit ) Glossary of poker terms List of poker hands Poker probability Omaha hold'em Greek hold ' em Texas Hold'em King References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sklansky , David ( 2005 ) . The Theory of Poker ( Fourth ed . ) . Las Vegas : Two plus two . Jump up ^ Texas State Legislature -- House ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` 80 ( R ) HCR 109 '' . House Resolution . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sam Farha ; Storms Reback ( October 2007 ) . Farha on Omaha : Expert Strategy for Beating Cash Games and Tournaments . Triumph Books . pp. 8 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61749 - 920 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brunson , Doyle ( 2005 ) . Doyle Brunson 's Super System II . Cardoza . Jump up ^ Ghosts at the Table by Des Wilson -- Page 119 -- 122 ^ Jump up to : Addington , Crandell ( 2005 ) . `` The History of No - Limit Texas Hold'em '' . In Doyle Brunson . Super / System 2 . New York : Cardoza Publishing . pp. 75 -- 84 . ISBN 1 - 58042 - 136 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) 1972 '' . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 13th World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) 1982 '' . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 22nd World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) 1991 '' . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Brunson , Doyle ( 1978 ) . Super / System : A course in power poker . B&G Publishing Company . , emphasis in original Jump up ^ Blount , Chuck ( May 25 , 2006 ) . `` ON POKER ; Brunson 's first book shed light on poker 's secrets '' . San Antonio Express - News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alvarez , Al ( 1983 ) . The Biggest Game in Town . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 33964 - 0 . Jump up ^ Christenson , Nick . `` Biggest Game in Town Reviewed '' . Ready Bet Go ! . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tibbetts v. Van De Kamp , 271 Cal . Rptr. 792 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Singsen , Michael Pierce ( 1988 ) . `` Where Will the Buck Stop on California Penal Code 330 ? Solving the Stud - Horse Conundrum '' . Hastings ommunications and Entertainment Law Journal . 11 : 95 -- 148 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , ( ( cite web url = http://archive.li/yj7a8%7C title = Legal questions surround Texas hold ' em accessdate = September 13 , 2007 last = Junker first = Matthew date = December 8 , 2004 publisher = Tribune - Review Publishing Co . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Chuck . `` California Lottery v. Gambling '' . Gambling-law-US.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PokerStars.com : Texas Holdem Poker Jump up ^ PokerPages.com : The History of Texas Hold'em Archived October 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Bryan ( September 2006 ) . `` The Dying Days of Las Vegas 1 -- 5 Stud '' . Two Plus Two Internet Magazine . Two Plus Two Publishing . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , Dan and Bill Robertie ( 2004 ) . Harrington on Hold'em : Expert Strategy For No - Limit Tournaments ; Volume I : Strategic Play . Two Plus Two Publications . ISBN 1 - 880685 - 33 - 7 . Jump up ^ Chechitelli , John . `` World Series of Poker , A Young Man 's Affair ? '' . All In Magazine . All In . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2007 . Retrieved June 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rounders ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Late Night Poker : About the Show '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Krieger , Lou ( July 30 , 2004 ) . `` How Big Can the World Series of Poker Become ? '' . Card Player Magazine . 17 ( 16 ) : 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ `` $10,000 World Championship Event '' . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` $10,000 World Championship Event '' . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Raymer '' . Poker Stars . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` $10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em : World Championship Event '' . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` $10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em : World Championship Event '' . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( July 20 , 2006 ) . `` WPT hit with lawsuit '' . Knight - Ridder Tribune Business News : Lexis -- Nexis . Jump up ^ Examples of poker on general audience television include Poker After Dark ( NBC ) , High Stakes Poker ( GSN ) , and the aforementioned World Poker Tour ( formerly the Travel Channel , now GSN ) Jump up ^ Lewis , Christian ( September 5 , 2006 ) . `` FSN Bulks Up on Bowls '' . Multichannel News : 24 . Jump up ^ Casey , Susan ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Raise You One '' . The New York Times . New York . Jump up ^ McManus , James ( 2003 ) . Positively Fifth Street : Murderers , Cheetahs and Binion 's World Series . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 23648 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` James McManus : Hendon Mob Poker Database '' . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Craig , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Professor , the Banker , and the Suicide King : Inside the Richest Poker Game of All Time . Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 57769 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` People Profile -- Greg Raymer '' . Cigar Aficionado . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moneymaker , Chris . `` Chris Moneymaker Poker Biography '' . ChrisMoneymaker.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cook , Steve ( January 12 , 2005 ) . `` Punters warm to online poker '' . The Register . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Poker History : Online Poker '' . PokerTips . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Hold'em Rules '' . WorldSeriesOfPoker.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Mims ( 2007 ) . `` Physicist Unlocks Secrets of Texas Hold ' Em '' . Science News . Scientific American , Inc . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ A list of publication from this group can be found at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Carnegie Mellon Computer Poker Program Sets Its Own Texas Hold'Em Strategy '' . Carnegie Mellon University , Media Relations . July 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Emily Conover ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Texas Hold ' em poker solved by computer '' . ScienceNow . AAAS . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharon Begley ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Know when to fold ' em : computer aces Texas hold ' em poker '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Michael ; Burch , Neil ; Johanson , Michael ; Tammelin , Oskari ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Heads - up limit hold'em poker is solved '' . Science . AAAS. 347 : 145 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1259433 . PMID 25574016 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Computer Poker Research Group Jump up ^ Alspach , Brian ( 2005 ) . `` Counting starting poker hands '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved May 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cloutier , T.J. and Tom McEvoy ( 1997 ) . Championship No - Limit & Pot - Limit Hold'em . Cardoza . ISBN 1 - 58042 - 127 - X . Jump up ^ Bochan , Toby . `` Slang for Poker Hands '' . About.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , Sklansky , and Malmuth op cit. and Jones , Lee ( 1994 ) . Winning Low - Limit Hold - em . Conjelco . ISBN 1 - 886070 - 15 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gregorich , Mark ( April 27 , 2005 ) . `` The Future of Tournaments '' . Card Player Magazine . 18c ( 8c ) : 26 , 110 . Jump up ^ . Glazer , Andrew N.S. ( 2004 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Poker ( First ed . ) . Indianapolis , Indiana : Alpha . Jump up ^ Sexton , Mike ( February 5 , 2005 ) . `` Tournament Tips '' . Card Player Magazine . 18c ( 3c ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Odds Chart . `` How to play texas holdem poker '' . Howtoplaytexasholdempoker.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flynn . Professional No - Limit Hold ' em : Volume I . Jump up ^ `` Royal Hold'em -- Poker Rules Variant '' . Pokertips.org . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pineapple -- Poker Rules Variant '' . Pokertips.org . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arneson , Erik . `` Omaha Hold ' Em Poker Rules '' . About.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Double Hold'em -- Basic Tips '' . PokerNewsDaily.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PartyPoker Introduces Double Hold'em '' . PokerStrategy.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Online Strategy Guide ( YouTube video ) '' . Poker Strategy . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Double Flop Holdem Rules '' . Pokernews.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alex Scott ( 1 April 2011 ) . What I Know about Poker : Lessons in Texas Hold'em , Omaha and Other Poker Games . Lulu.com . pp. 63 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9567151 - 3 - 5 . Jump up ^ Honest Casinos . `` Manila Poker '' . Pokerpistols.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Six Plus Hold'em '' . PokerVIP. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas hold ' em . hide Poker Index of poker articles Outline of poker Overview Betting Cheating Glossary History Poker boom Tournaments Play Elements Chip Position Pot Playing card Hands Non-standard Tell Plays Aggression Bluff Check - raise Draw Isolation Protection Steal Variations Draw poker Five - card draw Stud poker Five - card stud Seven - card stud Community card poker Texas hold ' em Omaha hold ' em Greek hold ' em Six - plus hold ' em Three card poker Three card brag Four card poker Chinese poker Open - face Chinese poker Strategy Fundamental theorem of poker Morton 's theorem Pot odds Slow play Computing Computer poker player Online poker Poker tools Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_hold_%27em&oldid=846301723 '' Categories : 20th - century card games Texas hold ' em Poker variants Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Year of introduction unknown Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 20 : 47 . 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1316841995459808583	NFL regular season	NFL regular season - wikipedia NFL regular season Jump to : navigation , search The National Football League ( NFL ) regular season begins the weekend after Labor Day in early September and ends in December or early January . It consists of 256 games , where each team ( 32 total ) plays 16 games during a 17 - week period . Since 2012 , the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week . The first game of the week is played on Thursday night , kicking off at 8 : 25 PM ( ET ) . The majority of games are played on Sunday , most kicking off at 1 : 00 PM ( ET ) , some late afternoon games starting at 4 : 05 or 4 : 25 PM ( ET ) . Additionally , one Sunday night game is played every week at 8 : 30 PM ( ET ) . One Monday night game then starts at 8 : 30 PM ( ET ) every week with the exception of the first week of the regular season , in which two Monday night games are played back - to - back ( the second game always occurring on the West coast ) , as well as the last week of the season , in which no Monday night game is held . In addition to these regularly scheduled games , there are occasionally games at other times , such as a Saturday afternoon or evening , or the annual Thanksgiving Day games in which three games are played . During the final week of the regular season , all games are held on Sunday . In place since 2006 , the current broadcasting contract establishes broadcast partners for each game . The Sunday afternoon games are broadcast either on CBS or Fox . CBS has the broadcast rights for teams in the American Football Conference while Fox has the rights for teams in the National Football Conference . In games where teams from both conferences play each other , the network with the broadcast rights for the `` away '' team will broadcast the game . In each local television market , three Sunday afternoon games are shown . One of the two networks gets a doubleheader , while the other network has the right to broadcast a single game ; the networks alternate weeks when each has the right to the doubleheader . Doubleheader games are broadcast at 1 : 00 ( ET ) and 4 : 25 PM ( ET ) . The network with the single game will have an official kick - off time at either 1 : 00 PM ( ET ) or 4 : 05 PM ( ET ) . In addition to the regular Sunday afternoon games , there are three prime time games each week . The Thursday night game is broadcast by the NFL Network ( with , starting in 2016 , five of those Thursday games also being simulcast by CBS and another five on NBC ) . The Sunday night game is broadcast by NBC , while the Monday night game is broadcast by ESPN . The NFL uses a strict scheduling algorithm to determine which teams play each other from year to year , based on the current division alignments and the final division standings from the previous season . The current formula has been in place since 2002 , the last year that the NFL expanded its membership . Generally , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice , all four teams from a single division in the AFC once , all four teams from a single division in the NFC once , and two additional intraconference games based on the standings from the previous season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Game times 2 History 3 Scheduling formula 3.1 Current formula 3.2 Past formulas 3.2. 1 1995 -- 1998 NFL scheduling formula 3.2. 2 1978 -- 1994 NFL scheduling formula 3.2. 3 Regular season expansion proposals 4 Scheduled division matchups 5 Regular season games played outside the U.S. 6 Disruptions of the schedule 6.1 Conflicts with other sports leagues and organizations 6.2 Labor disputes 6.3 Natural disasters 6.4 Other major news events 7 See also 8 References Game times ( edit ) Main article : NFL on television Since 1990 , the majority of NFL regular - season games are played on Sundays at 1 pm , or around 4 : 00 to 4 : 25pm ET ( see below ) , with the late afternoon ( ET ) games usually reserved either for matches hosted in the Pacific Time Zone or Mountain Time Zone , or for one or more marquee contests . The current NFL television contract awards the American broadcast of these games to Fox or CBS , with Fox showing games where the visiting team is from the NFC and CBS showing games where the visiting team is from the AFC . Each of these Sunday afternoon games is televised on a regional basis to a few or several areas around the country . On each Sunday of the regular season , either CBS or Fox air two games in a doubleheader package , while the other network may show only one game . Late games scheduled to air on the network showing only one game are scheduled to start at 4 : 00pm EST , while the second game of a doubleheader will kick off later at 4 : 25pm ; this is to avoid conflicts with 1 : 00pm games that have run late . The schedule allows for 4 other regular time slots , in which these games are broadcast nationally across the country : One Sunday night game , which has been regularly scheduled since 1987 , and has aired on NBC since 2006 . One Monday Night Football game , which has been regularly scheduled since 1970 , and has been appearing on ESPN since 2006 . Also since 2006 , two games have been on the first Monday of the season . The practice of holding a Monday night game during the last week of the season ended after the 2002 season due to , among other reasons , low ratings , and a competitive imbalance involved for potential playoff teams who would have one less day of rest before the postseason . On Thursday nights since 2006 , one game has been played and aired on the NFL Network on the weeks including and after Thanksgiving Day . In addition , during the day on Thanksgiving , the NFL has played Thanksgiving Day games since 1920 ; by tradition the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions always host these afternoon games , and in recent years there has been a night game as well on Thanksgiving . Beginning with the 2012 season , the NFL has played games on Thursday nights for the whole season . Should there be a need for it , an occasional Saturday afternoon or night game , only in mid to late December , due to the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 . December Saturday games have been a part of the schedule every season since 1970 , except for 2013 . Since the 2006 season , the NFL has used a `` flexible scheduling '' system for the last seven weeks of the regular season when there is a Sunday night game . In 2014 , that was expanded to include weeks 5 -- 17 . Flex scheduling ensures quality matchups on Sunday nights and it allows for surprise teams to play in primetime . History ( edit ) Number of regular season games per team 1935 -- 1936 12 games 1937 -- 1942 , 1946 11 games ( 12 weeks ) 1943 -- 1945 10 games ( 12 weeks ) 1947 -- 1960 12 games ( variable weeks ) 1961 -- 1965 , 1967 - 1977 14 games ( 14 weeks ) 1966 14 games ( 15 weeks , odd number of teams ) 1978 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 , 1988 -- 1989 16 games ( 16 weeks ) 1982 9 games ( 17 weeks , strike ) 15 games ( 16 weeks , strike ) 1990 -- 1992 , 1994 -- 2000 , 2002 -- present 16 games ( 17 weeks ) 1993 16 games ( 18 weeks , additional bye week ) 2001 16 games ( 18 weeks , September 11 attacks ) In its early years after 1920 , the NFL did not have a set schedule , and teams played as few as eight and as many as sixteen games , many against independent professional , college , or amateur teams . From 1926 through 1946 , they played from eleven to fourteen games per season , depending on the number of teams in the league . From 1947 through 1960 , each NFL team played 12 games per season . The American Football League began play in 1960 and introduced a balanced schedule of 14 games per team over a fifteen - week season , in which each of the eight teams played each of the other teams twice , with one bye week . Competition from the new league caused the NFL to expand and follow suit with a fourteen - game schedule in 1961 . Also in 1961 , the U.S. Congress passed the Sports Broadcasting Act in response to a court decision which ruled that the NFL 's method of negotiating television broadcasting rights violated antitrust laws . The law allows the league to sell the rights to all regular season and postseason games to the networks , but prohibits the league from directly competing with high school and college football games . Since high school and college teams typically play games on Friday and Saturday , respectively , the NFL can not hold games on those days until those seasons generally end in mid-December . From 1961 through 1977 , the NFL schedule consisted of fourteen regular season games played over fourteen weeks , except in 1966 . Opening weekend typically was the weekend after Labor Day , or rarely two weekends after Labor Day . Teams played six or seven exhibition games . In 1966 ( and 1960 ) , the NFL had an odd number of franchises , so one team was idle each week . In 1978 , the league changed the schedule to include sixteen regular season games and four exhibition games . From 1978 through 1989 , the sixteen games were played over sixteen weeks . In 1990 , the NFL re-introduced a bye week to the schedule , which it had not had since 1966 . Each team played sixteen regular season games over seventeen weeks . During the season , on a rotating basis , each team would have the weekend off . As a result , opening weekend was moved up to Labor Day weekend . The league had an odd number of teams ( 31 ) from 1999 to 2001 . During that period , at least one team had to be given a bye on any given week . For the 1993 season , the league experimented with the schedule by adding a second bye week for each team , resulting in an 18 - week regular season . In 2001 , the September 11th attacks resulted in the league postponing its week 2 games , leading to another 18 - week season . Since the 2002 season , the league has scheduled a nationally televised regular season kickoff game on the Thursday night after Labor Day , prior to the first Sunday of NFL games to kick off the season . The first one , featuring the San Francisco 49ers and the New York Giants , was held on September 5 , 2002 largely to celebrate New York City 's resilience in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Since 2004 , the NFL has indicated that the opening game will normally be hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions as the official start of their title defense . Under this scheduling system , the earliest the regular season could begin is September 4 , as it was in the 2008 and 2014 seasons , due to September 1 falling on a Monday , while the latest possible is September 10 , as it was in the 2009 and 2015 seasons , due to September 1 falling on a Tuesday . Scheduling formula ( edit ) Current formula ( edit ) POS NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 1st Eagles Vikings Saints Rams 2nd Cowboys Lions Panthers Seahawks 3rd Redskins Packers Falcons Cardinals 4th Giants Bears Buccaneers 49ers POS AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West 1st Patriots Steelers Jaguars Chiefs 2nd Bills Ravens Titans Chargers 3rd Dolphins Bengals Colts Raiders 4th Jets Browns Texans Broncos This chart of the 2017 season standings displays an application of the NFL scheduling formula . The Philadelphia Eagles in 2017 ( highlighted in green ) finished in first place in the NFC East . Thus , in 2018 , the Eagles will play two games against each of its division rivals ( highlighted in light blue ) , one game against each team in the NFC South and AFC South ( highlighted in yellow ) , and one game each against the first - place finishers in the NFC North and NFC West ( highlighted in orange ) . Currently , the thirteen different opponents each team faces over the 16 - game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula : Each team plays twice against each of the other three teams in its division : once at home , and once on the road ( six games ) . Each team plays once against each of the four teams from another division within its own conference , with the assigned division based on a three - year rotation : two at home , and two on the road ( four games ) . Each team plays once against one team from each of the remaining two divisions within its conference , based on the final division standings from the prior season : one at home , one on the road ( two games ) . Each team plays once against each of the four teams from a division in the other conference , with the assigned division based on a four - year rotation : two at home , and two on the road ( four games ) . Under this formula , all teams are guaranteed to play every other team in their own conference at least once every three years , and to play every team in the other conference exactly once every four years . The formula also guarantees a similar schedule for every team in a division each season , as all four teams will play fourteen out of their sixteen games against common opponents or each other . Non-divisional intraconference match - ups can occur over consecutive years if two teams happen to finish in the same place consistently . For example , even though the Colts and Patriots are in different divisions within the same conference , the two teams played each other every season between 2003 and 2012 , largely because both teams often finished in first place in their divisions each previous season . Similarly , the Redskins and the Rams played each other each season from 2008 to 2012 because both teams often landed in fourth place in their divisions . Outside intradivisional match - ups ( each of which is played twice - yearly ) , the home team for each match - up is also determined by the league according to a set rotation designed to largely alternate home and away designations over successive years . This rotation was slightly adjusted in 2010 for teams playing against the NFC West and AFC West , after several east - coast teams ( such as the New England Patriots and New York Jets in 2008 ) all had to make four cross-country trips to play games in San Diego , San Francisco , Oakland , and Seattle in one season . Although this scheduling formula determines each of the thirty - two teams ' respective opponents , the league usually does not release the final regular schedule with specific dates and times until the spring ; the NFL needs several months to coordinate the entire season schedule to align with various secondary objectives , such as accommodating various scheduling conflicts and maximizing potential TV ratings . Since 2010 , the last week of the regular season has consisted solely of divisional match - ups , in an attempt to discourage playoff - bound teams from resting their starters and playing their reserves . Past formulas ( edit ) Prior to 2002 ( when the league expanded to 32 teams ) the league used similar scheduling rubrics , though they were adjusted for the number of teams and divisions . From 1970 to 1994 , and again from 1999 to 2001 , the league did not have equal numbers of teams in every division , so not every team 's opposition could be determined by the same means . While teams playing against their division rivals twice each has been a tradition since at least the AFL -- NFL merger , not all teams would play the same amount of divisional games between the divisions due to the imbalances that had existed . The AFC Central in between 1999 and 2001 , consisting of six teams resulting in part from the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , forced teams to play ten intradivision games in a 16 - game schedule . The only time since the merger that the league has been completely `` balanced '' has been from 1995 to 1998 ( with six divisions of five teams each ) and since 2002 ( with eight divisions of four teams each ) . From 1978 up to 2002 , most teams always played four of the teams from a division in the other conference on a rotating basis ( with certain exceptions differing between time periods ) , while lacking a rotary schedule within its own conference ; this meant that while a team would be more likely to play every team in the other conference on a regular basis , they could go far longer without playing every team in their own . For example , between 1970 ( when the leagues merged ) and 2002 ( when the current schedule was introduced ) the Denver Broncos and the Miami Dolphins played only 6 times , including a stretch where they met only once between 1976 and 1997 . POS AFC East AFC Central AFC West 1st Bills Bengals Raiders 2nd Dolphins Oilers Chiefs 3rd Colts Steelers Seahawks 4th Jets Browns Chargers 5th Patriots Broncos POS NFC East NFC Central NFC West 1st Giants Bears 49ers 2nd Eagles Buccaneers Saints 3rd Redskins Lions Rams 4th Cowboys Packers Falcons 5th Cardinals Vikings This is an example of the formula used for determining opponents for teams that finished in last place in each of the five - team divisions between 1978 and 1994 , when the league consisted of 28 teams playing 16 games each . The 1990 New England Patriots finished in last place in the AFC East . Therefore , in 1991 , they played all of their division rivals ( marked in red ) twice each , one game against each team in the four - team AFC Central ( marked in yellow ) , two games against the last - place finisher in the AFC West ( marked in orange ) , and one game each against the last - place finishers in the NFC East and NFC Central ( marked in blue ) . POS AFC East AFC Central AFC West 1st Patriots Steelers Broncos 2nd Bills Bengals Chiefs 3rd Colts Jaguars Chargers 4th Dolphins Oilers Raiders 5th Jets Ravens Seahawks POS NFC East NFC Central NFC West 1st Cowboys Packers Panthers 2nd Eagles Vikings 49ers 3rd Redskins Bears Rams 4th Cardinals Buccaneers Falcons 5th Giants Lions Saints This is an example of the formula used for determining a team 's opponents between 1995 and 1998 , when the league consisted of six divisions of five teams each . The 1996 San Francisco 49ers finished in 2nd place in the NFC West . Therefore , in 1997 , the 49ers played all their division rivals ( marked in red ) twice each , one game each against the other second - place finishers in the NFC ( marked in orange ) , one game against one additional team in the NFC East and NFC Central , and one game against each team in the AFC West ( marked in yellow ) except for the 4th - place Raiders . 1995 -- 1998 NFL scheduling formula ( edit ) When the divisions were balanced between 1995 and 1998 , each team would play a home and away series against their divisional rivals ( 8 games ) , two teams from each of the other divisions within the conference ( two having finished the same place , and two others determined by where they placed in the standings ) , and four teams from a division in the other conference by the aforementioned rotary basis ( where the team placed in the standings determines which team in the interconference division they will not play , and that team would have the `` polar opposite '' place ( i.e. : 1st is the polar opposite of 5th ) in their division ) . An example of which can be seen to the right . 1978 -- 1994 NFL scheduling formula ( edit ) The scheduling formula before 1995 was very similar , except in a modified format to fit not having fully balanced divisions . During these years , teams in five - team divisions who did not finish last would not normally face a 5th place team outside their division , whether or not those teams were intraconference . There was a special so - called `` last place '' or `` fifth - place '' schedule for teams who finished in last place in a five - team division . In addition to their division games , a team who finished in last place in the previous season would also primarily play the other teams who finished in last place in their respective divisions ( the intraconference one would be played twice to fill a void otherwise taken by a third team that finished the same place ) , plus all the clubs in the four team division in their conference . An example of this is also shown to the right . The teams in a four - team division played only six divisional games , as opposed to the eight that teams in five - team divisions had played . This void would be filled by having to play against the 5th place teams in their conference in addition to their regular scheduling , hence tying to the `` fifth - place '' schedule . Regular season expansion proposals ( edit ) There have been proposals to expand the regular season schedule to 17 or 18 games per team . Current Commissioner Roger Goodell has said he favors expanding it to 18 games . However , a longer regular season proposal was defeated in the 2011 labor negotiations between the owners and the players association . One of the proposals for the 17th and 18th games is to have every team play at least one game abroad every year . Another idea being put forth by Houston Texans owner Bob McNair is to move the traditional regional rivalries that are currently played in the preseason ( such as the Governor 's Cups ) into a permanent annual part of each NFL team 's schedule . The NFL Players ' Association opposes extending the season , largely because of injury concerns , and extending the season would require that such an extension be included in the next collective bargaining agreement . The collective bargaining agreement signed in 2011 maintained the sixteen game regular season schedule . Scheduled division matchups ( edit ) This chart displays the current schedule of division match - ups , based on the three - year intra-conference and four - year inter-conference rotations in place since 2002 . In each year , all four teams in each division listed at the top will play one game against all four teams in both of the divisions to which it has been assigned -- one from the AFC , the other from the NFC . Scheduled division matchups Season Conf . AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 2018 AFC South West East North South East North West NFC North South East West South West East North 2019 AFC North East West South East West South North NFC East West South North North East West South 2020 AFC West South North East North South West East NFC West East North South West South North East 2021 AFC South West East North West North East South NFC South North West East South West East North Regular season games played outside the U.S. ( edit ) Main article : NFL International Series To date , several NFL regular season games have been played outside the U.S. The first was the 2005 game between the Arizona Cardinals and the San Francisco 49ers , which was played in Mexico City . In October 2006 , NFL club owners approved a plan to stage up to two international regular season games per season beginning in 2007 and continuing through at least 2011 . The New York Giants and the Miami Dolphins played at Wembley Stadium in London on October 28 , 2007 for the first of these games . A second game in London took place on Sunday 26 October 2008 , when the San Diego Chargers took on the nominal ' home team ' New Orleans Saints , also at Wembley . The New England Patriots were the designated visitors when they beat the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 35 - 7 on October 25 , 2009 . The long term plan was originally to have two international games played every year , on a 16 - year rotating schedule that would guarantee that each team would get to play twice over that span : once as the home team and once as the away team . This was abandoned when the St. Louis Rams , who are co-owned with Arsenal , a prominent soccer team in London , signed a three - year agreement to be the home team in the International Series games in London . This plan has since been re-established after the Rams announced that they would not be returning to England in 2013 ; the Rams would return to London as host team in 2016 . Since , the NFL has announced that the Jacksonville Jaguars will play one home game a season at Wembley , up to and including 2016 , later extended to 2020 . Their first game , versus the San Francisco 49ers , saw the 49ers winning comfortably . A second game was played at Wembley for the first time , with the Minnesota Vikings hosting and beating the Pittsburgh Steelers . Meanwhile , a record three fixtures were announced from the 2014 season , with the Jacksonville Jaguars hosting the Dallas Cowboys , the Atlanta Falcons hosting the Detroit Lions and the Oakland Raiders hosting the Miami Dolphins at Wembley . The Buffalo Bills played one regular season game each year from 2008 through 2013 in Toronto as part of the Bills Toronto Series ; two preseason games were also played as part of the same series . Poor ticket sales , fan disgust in Buffalo and the death of Bills owner Ralph Wilson prompted the cancellation of the series in 2014 . Disruptions of the schedule ( edit ) See also : Canceled NFL games and Temporary NFL home stadiums Conflicts with other Sports leagues and organizations ( edit ) From the beginnings of the NFL , most teams shared stadiums with Major League Baseball teams , with the MLB teams holding leases giving them priority . The NFL was required to schedule around September baseball games . In October , this frequently resulted in NFL teams having to reschedule on short notice if the MLB team in their city made the playoffs . On some occasions , the NFL game could be moved to Saturday or Monday . The NFL would often schedule October division games so that teams would be able to swap home game dates if it appeared that the MLB playoff schedule would make a stadium unavailable to the NFL . Perhaps the most extreme case was in 1973 , when the New York Jets played at Shea Stadium and were forced to play their first six games on the road due to the Mets playing in the World Series . As more MLB teams started to move into baseball - only stadiums by the 1990s and 2000s , this became less of a problem . Currently , the only remaining shared NFL - MLB venue is the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which houses the Oakland Raiders and the Oakland Athletics . Additionally , three NFL teams currently share a venue with a Major League Soccer team -- the New England Patriots share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution , while the Seattle Seahawks share CenturyLink Field with the Seattle Sounders FC and the Los Angeles Chargers share the StubHub Center with the LA Galaxy . However , there are some NFL and MLB venues that share parking lots -- most notably , the respective teams in Philadelphia , Baltimore and Seattle . In 2013 , the Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens were forced to open on the road due to this fact , as their MLB counterparts , the Baltimore Orioles , were scheduled at home on the same day as the Week 1 NFL Kickoff game and declined to either reschedule or relocate their game . ( MLB typically releases the schedule for an upcoming season during September of the previous season , forcing the NFL to accommodate the scheduling needs of teams who share parking lots or stadiums with MLB teams , while MLS typically releases their season schedule well ahead of the NFL 's schedule release . ) The Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks averted this conflict for the 2014 season opener , as their MLB counterparts , the Seattle Mariners , played on the road ; their respective venues also share the same parking lot . The Seattle Sounders FC also played on the road during the opening week of the 2014 NFL season , assuring no scheduling conflicts . The Buffalo Bills also hosted one game a year at the Rogers Centre , which is the home of the Toronto Blue Jays , but this was only an issue in the preseason , since all such regular season games were scheduled after the end of the MLB World Series . NFL teams have also shared stadiums with NCAA college football teams and bowl games , either temporarily or permanently , but the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 prohibits the NFL from scheduling games on the same days as college football games . Labor disputes ( edit ) The 1982 and 1987 seasons were both shortened by labor disputes . The 1982 strike lasted 57 days . Weeks 3 through 10 were canceled , but an additional week was added to make a 9 - game schedule . The 1982 playoff matchups were determined by conference standings only . The 1987 strike and subsequent lockout lasted 24 days but only one week of the schedule was lost . Weeks 4 through 6 were played with replacement players . The rest of the season was played as originally scheduled , for a total of 15 games per team . In the event that the 2011 NFL season had been disrupted because of a then - ongoing labor dispute , the NFL had arranged its schedule to facilitate easier cancellations and postponements . In addition to an emergency scenario of an eight - game schedule beginning in late November , the NFL also arranged its full - length schedule such that weeks 2 and 4 had no division games , week 17 had all division games , and all week 3 matchups could be moved into each team 's respective bye week . The league also had a contingency plan to postpone Super Bowl XLVI one week , which ( assuming a full playoff schedule ) would allow a 13 - game schedule with five division games for each team to be played beginning as late as October 16 . Natural disasters ( edit ) Several games have been postponed or relocated because of natural disasters . A few days before the start of the 2005 NFL Season , the Louisiana Superdome was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina , and much of the city of New Orleans was destroyed . The New Orleans Saints ' eight scheduled home games were moved to other locations , including Giants Stadium , the Alamodome in San Antonio , and Tiger Stadium on the campus of Louisiana State University . On September 14 , 2008 , the Houston Texans were scheduled to host the Baltimore Ravens . The game was postponed until November 9 because of Hurricane Ike ( which caused some damage to Reliant Stadium ) and several other changes had to be made to the schedule . The roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome collapsed on December 12 , 2010 after a severe heavy snowstorm , resulting in the stadium being unusable for the remainder of the season . The last two of the Minnesota Vikings ' home games had to be moved : one to Ford Field in Detroit ( which also led to the game being postponed the following Monday night ) and another to TCF Bank Stadium , the University of Minnesota 's college football stadium . The Miami Dolphins have been involved in a number of games that were moved to a different time and date . A few of those games would include 1992 against the New England Patriots ( Hurricane Andrew ) , 2004 against the Tennessee Titans ( Hurricane Ivan ) and the Pittsburgh Steelers ( Hurricane Jeanne ) , 2005 against the Kansas City Chiefs ( Hurricane Wilma ) , 2017 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( Hurricane Irma ) , and others . In December 2010 , a Minnesota Vikings -- Philadelphia Eagles game originally scheduled for the afternoon of Sunday , December 26 , a time at which it could have been successfully completed , had two weeks earlier been flexed by NBC to Sunday night and was postponed to Tuesday , December 28 , due to a strong Nor'easter . In 2014 , the Week 12 visit of the Jets to Buffalo was moved to Detroit ( and from Sunday to Monday ) due to severe snow in Western New York the previous week . Other Major news events ( edit ) The American Football League , the precursor to today 's American Football Conference , postponed Week 12 of the 1963 season because of the assassination of President Kennedy , on Friday , November 22 . The AFL 's games were made up by adding a 15th week to a 14 - week schedule . The older and more established National Football League went ahead and played as scheduled on Sunday , November 24 , 1963 . In 2001 , Week 2 of the season was postponed because of the September 11 attacks . At the end of the originally planned 17 - week schedule , Week 2 games were played on Sunday , January 6 and Monday , January 7 , 2002 . The post-season schedule was moved back a week , including Super Bowl XXXVI due to the lack of a bye week before the game . See also ( edit ) List of National Football League seasons NFL preseason NFL playoffs Major League Baseball schedule Season structure of the NHL References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS & NBC To Share ' Thursday Night Football ' With NFL Network ; League Eyes `` Tri-Cast '' With Digital Partner `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ NFL pushes late doubleheader games back to 4 : 25 p.m. ET Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/flexible-schedules ^ Jump up to : Sensei , Andrew . `` Sports Law '' . Tulane University Law School . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2002 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Niners edge Giants on late field goal 16 - 13 '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Creating the NFL Schedule NFL Football Operations '' . operations.nfl.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi . `` SCHEDULE RELEASE : SO HOW DOES THE NFL DETERMINE THE COWBOYS ' SCHEDULE ? '' . 5 Points Blue . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=4009230 NFL to make West Coast road format more reasonable Jump up ^ `` NFL schedule navigated World Series , other conflicts '' . Sports Business Journal . April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Art and Science of Scheduling Meet in the N.F.L. Office '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's final week only division games '' . ESPN . April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Vs. Miami Dolphins '' . The Football Database . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ N.F.L. Owners Will Vote to Lengthen Season , Goodell Says Jump up ^ http://aol.sportingnews.com/nfl/story/2011-07-26/no-18-game-season-is-a-victory-for-the-nfls-players Jump up ^ Associated Press . NFL looking closely at expanding to 17 games with international flavor ESPN.com , 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ If NFL adopts suggestion for annual regional rivalries , what would they be ? . USA Today ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution approved for international games '' . NFL.com. 2006 - 10 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` London to host 2007 regular - season game '' . NFL.com. 2007 - 01 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins will host Giants in a game in London '' . ESPN.com. 2007 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Game report on BBC website Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher L. ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` Towers of London '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000270612/article/colin-kaepernick-leads-san-francisco-49ers-over-jacksonville-jaguars Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013092906/2013/REG4/steelers@vikings#menu=highlights&tab=recap&recap=fullstory Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000268789/article/six-nfl-teams-set-for-2014-international-series-games-in-london Jump up ^ `` Pats Coach Says Hurricane Andrew Has Hurt His Team '' . Sun Sentinel . October 15 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Jeanne moves back Steelers - Dolphins '' . USA Today . September 26 , 2004 . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2198438 Jump up ^ `` To avoid Wilma , NFL moves Chiefs - Dolphins game to Friday '' . USA Today . October 21 , 2005 . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_regular_season&oldid=826831254 '' Categories : National Football League Moveable holidays ( US Labor Day date based ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 06 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many nfl games in a season total	[ "The National Football League (NFL) regular season begins the weekend after Labor Day in early September and ends in December or early January. It consists of 256 games, where each team (32 total) plays 16 games during a 17-week period. Since 2012, the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week. The first game of the week is played on Thursday night, kicking off at 8:25 PM (ET). The majority of games are played on Sunday, most kicking off at 1:00 PM (ET), some late afternoon games starting at 4:05 or 4:25 PM (ET). Additionally, one Sunday night game is played every week at 8:30 PM (ET). One Monday night game then starts at 8:30 PM (ET) every week with the exception of the first week of the regular season, in which two Monday night games are played back-to-back (the second game always occurring on the West coast), as well as the last week of the season, in which no Monday night game is held. In addition to these regularly scheduled games, there are occasionally games at other times, such as a Saturday afternoon or evening, or the annual Thanksgiving Day games in which three games are played. During the final week of the regular season, all games are held on Sunday." ]	[ "256" ]
-5736403808712454405	English Education Act 1835	English education Act 1835 - wikipedia English education Act 1835 Jump to : navigation , search The English Education Act was a legislative Act of the Council of India in 1835 giving effect to a decision in 1835 by Lord William Bentinck , the then Governor - General of British India , to reallocate funds the East India Company was required by the British Parliament to spend on education and literature in India . Formerly , they had supported traditional Muslim and Hindu education and the publication of literature in the native learned tongues ( Sanskrit and Persian ) ; henceforward they were to support establishments teaching a Western curriculum with English as the language of instruction . Together with other measures promoting English as the language of administration and of the higher law courts ( replacing Persian ) , this led eventually to English becoming one of the languages of India , rather than simply the native tongue of its foreign rulers . In discussions leading up to the Act Thomas Babington Macaulay produced his famous Memorandum on ( Indian ) Education which was scathing on the inferiority ( as he saw it ) of native ( particularly Hindu ) culture and learning . He argued that Western learning was superior , and currently could only be taught through the medium of English . There was therefore a need to produce - by English - language higher education - '' a class of persons , Indian in blood and colour , but English in taste , in opinions , in morals and in intellect '' who could in their turn develop the tools to transmit Western learning in the vernacular languages of India . Among Macaulay 's recommendations were the immediate stopping of the printing by the East India Company of Arabic and Sanskrit books and that the Company should not continue to support traditional education beyond `` the Sanscrit College at Benares and the Mahometan College at Delhi '' ( which he considered adequate to maintain traditional learning ) . The Act itself , however , took a less negative attitude to traditional education and was soon succeeded by further measures based upon the provision of adequate funding for both approaches . Vernacular language education , however , continued to receive little funding . Contents ( hide ) 1 British support for Indian learning 2 Macaulay 's `` Minute Upon Indian Education '' 3 The Act 4 Opposition in London suppressed 5 After the Act 5.1 Reversion to favouring traditional colleges 5.2 Mill 's later views 6 References British support for Indian learning ( edit ) When the British Parliament had renewed the charter of the East India Company for 20 years in 1813 , it had required the Company to apply 100,000 rupees per year `` for the revival and promotion of literature and the encouragement of the learned natives of India , and for the introduction and promotion of a knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories . '' This had gone to support traditional forms ( and content ) of education , which ( like their contemporary equivalents in England ) were firmly non-utilitarian . By the early 1820s some administrators within the East India Company were questioning if this was a sensible use of the money . James Mill noted that the declared purpose of the Madrassa ( Mohammedan College ) and the Hindu College in Calcutta set up by the company had been `` to make a favourable impression , by our encouragement of their literature , upon the minds of the natives '' but took the view that the aim of the company should have been to further not Oriental learning but `` useful learning . '' Indeed , private enterprise colleges had begun to spring up in Bengal teaching Western knowledge in English ( `` English education '' ) , to serve a native clientele which felt it would be more important that their sons learnt to understand the English than that they were taught to appreciate classic poetry . Broadly similar issues ( ' classical education ' vs ' liberal education ' ) had already arisen for education in England with existing grammar schools being unwilling ( or legally unable ) to give instruction in subjects other than Latin or Greek and were to end in an expansion of their curriculum to include modern subjects . In the Indian situation a complicating factor was that the ' classical education ' reflected the attitudes and beliefs of the various traditions in the sub-continent , ' English education ' clearly did not , and there was felt to be a danger of an adverse reaction among the existing learned classes of India to any withdrawal of support for them . This led to divided counsels within the Committee of Public Instruction . Thomas Babington Macaulay , who was Legal Member of the Council of India , and was to be President of the Committee , refused to take up the post until the matter was resolved , and sought a clear directive from the Governor - General on the strategy to be adopted . It should have been clear what answer Macaulay was seeking , given his past comments . In 1833 in the House of Commons Macaulay ( then MP for Leeds ) , had spoken in favour of renewal of the Company 's charter , in terms which make his own views on the culture and society of the sub-continent adequately clear : I see a government anxiously bent on the public good . Even in its errors I recognize a paternal feeling towards the great people committed to its charge . I see toleration strictly maintained . Yet I see bloody and degrading superstitions gradually losing their power . I see the morality , the philosophy , the taste of Europe , beginning to produce a salutary effect on the hearts and understandings of our subjects . I see the public mind of India , that public mind which we found debased and contracted by the worst forms of political and religious tyranny , expanding itself to just and noble views of the ends of government and of the social duties of man . Finishing with a peroration holding it a moral imperative to educate the Indians in English ways , not to keep them submissive but to give them the potential eventually to claim the same rights as the English : What is that power worth which is founded on vice , on ignorance , and on misery -- which we can hold only by violating the most sacred duties which as governors we owe to the governed -- which as a people blessed with far more than an ordinary measure of political liberty and of intellectual light -- we owe to a race debased by three thousand years of despotism and priest craft ? We are free , we are civilized , to little purpose , if we grudge to any portion of the human race an equal measure of freedom and civilization . Are we to keep the people of India ignorant in order that we may keep them submissive ? Or do we think that we can give them knowledge without awakening ambition ? Or do we mean to awaken ambition and to provide it with no legitimate vent ? Who will answer any of these questions in the affirmative ? Yet one of them must be answered in the affirmative , by every person who maintains that we ought permanently to exclude the natives from high office . I have no fears . The path of duty is plain before us : and it is also the path of wisdom , of national prosperity , of national honour . The destinies of our Indian empire are covered with thick darkness . It is difficult to form any conjecture as to the fate reserved for a state which resembles no other in history , and which forms by itself a separate class of political phenomena . The laws which regulate its growth and its decay are still unknown to us . It may be that the public mind of India may expand under our system till it has outgrown that system ; that by good government we may educate our subjects into a capacity for better government , that , having become instructed in European knowledge , they may , in some future age , demand European institutions . Whether such a day will ever come I know not . But never will I attempt to avert or to retard it . Whenever it comes , it will be the proudest day in English history . To have found a great people sunk in the lowest depths of slavery and superstition , to have so ruled them as to have made them desirous and capable of all the privileges of citizens would indeed be a title to glory all our own . The sceptre may pass away from us . Unforeseen accidents may derange our most profound schemes of policy Victory may be inconstant to our arms . But there are triumphs which are followed by no reverses . There is an empire exempt from all natural causes of decay . Those triumphs are the pacific triumphs of reason over barbarism ; that empire is the imperishable empire of our arts and our morals , our literature and our laws . Macaulay 's `` Minute upon Indian education '' ( edit ) To remove all doubt , however , Macaulay produced and circulated a Minute on the subject . Macaulay argued that support for the publication of books in Sanskrit and Arabic should be withdrawn , support for traditional education should be reduced to funding for the Madrassa at Delhi and the Hindu College at Benares , but students should no longer be paid to study at these establishments . The money released by these steps should instead go to fund education in Western subjects , with English as the language of instruction . He summarised his argument : To sum up what I have said , I think it is clear that we are not fettered by the Act of Parliament of 1813 ; that we are not fettered by any pledge expressed or implied ; that we are free to employ our funds as we choose ; that we ought to employ them in teaching what is best worth knowing ; that English is better worth knowing than Sanskrit or Arabic ; that the natives are desirous to be taught English , and are not desirous to be taught Sanskrit or Arabic ; that neither as the languages of law , nor as the languages of religion , have the Sanskrit and Arabic any peculiar claim to our engagement ; that it is possible to make natives of this country thoroughly good English scholars , and that to this end our efforts ought to be directed . Macaulay 's comparison of Arabic and Sanskrit literature to what was available in English is forceful , colourful , and nowadays often quoted against him . I have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by their proficiency in the Eastern tongues ... I have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia . Honours might be roughly even in works of the imagination , such as poetry , but when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded , and general principles investigated , the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable . '' He returned to the comparison later : Whoever knows ( English ) has ready access to all the vast intellectual wealth , which all the wisest nations of the earth have created and hoarded in the course of ninety generations . It may be safely said , that the literature now extant in that language is of far greater value than all the literature which three hundred years ago was extant in all the languages of the world together . The question now before us is simply whether , when it is in our power to teach this language , we shall teach languages , by which , by universal confession , there are not books on any subject which deserve to be compared to our own ; whether , when we can teach European science , we shall teach systems which , by universal confession , whenever they differ from those of Europe , differ for the worse ; and whether , when we can patronise sound Philosophy and true History , we shall countenance , at the public expense , medical doctrines , which would disgrace an English farrier , -- Astronomy , which would move laughter in girls at an English boarding school , -- History , abounding with kings thirty feet high , and reigns thirty thousand years long , -- and Geography , made up of seas of treacle and seas of butter . Mass education would be ( in the fullness of time ) by the class of Anglicised Indians the new policy should produce , and by the means of vernacular dialects : In one point I fully agree with the gentlemen to whose general views I am opposed . I feel with them , that it is impossible for us , with our limited means , to attempt to educate the body of the people . We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons , Indian in blood and colour , but English in taste , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . The Act ( edit ) Bentinck endorsed the Minute , writing that he was in full agreement with the sentiments expressed . However , students at the Calcutta Madrassa raised a petition against its closure ; this quickly got considerable support and the Madrassa and its Hindu equivalent were therefore retained . Otherwise the Act endorsed and implemented the policy Macaulay had argued for . The Governor - General of India in Council has attentively considered the two letters from the Secretary to the Committee of Public Instruction , dated the 21st and 22nd January last , and the papers referred to in them . First , His Lordship in Council is of opinion that the great object of the British Government ought to be the promotion of European literature and science among the natives of India ; and that all the funds appropriated for the purpose of education would be best employed on English education alone . Second , But it is not the intention of His Lordship in Council to abolish any College or School of native learning , while the native population shall appear to be inclined to avail themselves of the advantages which it affords , and His Lordship in Council directs that all the existing professors and students at all the institutions under the superintendence of the Committee shall continue to receive their stipends . But his lordship in Council decidedly objects to the practice which has hitherto prevailed of supporting the students during the period of their education . He conceives that the only effect of such a system can be to give artificial encouragement to branches of learning which , in the natural course of things , would be superseded by more useful studies and he directs that no stipend shall be given to any student that may hereafter enter at any of these institutions ; and that when any professor of Oriental learning shall vacate his situation , the Committee shall report to the Government the number and state of the class in order that the Government may be able to decide upon the expediency of appointing a successor . Third , It has come to the knowledge of the Governor - General in Council that a large sum has been expended by the Committee on the printing of Oriental works ; his Lordship in Council directs that no portion of the funds shall hereafter be so employed . Fourth , His Lordship in Council directs that all the funds which these reforms will leave at the disposal of the Committee be henceforth employed in imparting to the native population a knowledge of English literature and science through the medium of the English language ; and His Lordship in Council requests the Committee to submit to Government , with all expedition , a plan for the accomplishment of this purpose . Opposition in London suppressed ( edit ) On the news of the Act reaching England , a despatch giving the official response of the Company 's Court of Directors was drafted within India House ( the company 's London office ) . James Mill was a leading figure within the India House ( as well as being a leading utilitarian philosopher ) . Although he was known to favour education in the vernacular languages of India , otherwise he might have been expected to be broadly in favour of the Act . However , he was by then a dying man , and the task of drafting the response fell to his son John Stuart Mill . The younger Mill was thought to hold similar views to his father , but his draft despatch turned out to be quite critical of the Act . Mill argued that students seeking an ' English education ' in order to prosper could simply acquire enough of the requisite practical accomplishments ( facility in English etc . ) to prosper without bothering to acquire the cultural attitudes ; for example it did not follow that at the same time they would also free themselves from superstition . Even if they did the current learned classes of India commanded widespread respect in Indian culture , and that one of the reasons they did so was the lack of practical uses for their learning ; they were pursuing learning as an end in itself , rather than as a means to advancement . The same could not reliably said of those seeking an ' English education ' , and therefore it was doubtful how they would be regarded by Indian society and therefore how far they would be able to influence it for the better . It would have been a better policy to continue to conciliate the existing learned classes , and to attempt to introduce European knowledge and disciplines into their studies and thus make them the desired interpreter class . This analysis was acceptable to East India Company 's Court of Directors but unacceptable to their political masters ( because it effectively endorsed the previous policy of ' engraftment ' ) and John Cam Hobhouse insisted on the despatch being redrafted to be a mere holding statement noting the Act but venturing no opinion upon it . After the Act ( edit ) Reversion to favouring traditional colleges ( edit ) By 1839 Lord Auckland had succeeded Bentinck as Governor - General , and Macaulay had returned to England . Auckland contrived to find sufficient funds to support the English Colleges set up by Bentinck 's Act without continuing to run down the traditional Oriental colleges . He wrote a Minute ( of 24 November 1839 ) giving effect to this ; both Oriental and English colleges were to be adequately funded . The East India Company directors responded with a despatch in 1841 endorsing the twin - track approach and suggesting a third : We forbear at present from expressing an opinion regarding the most efficient mode of communicating and disseminating European Knowledge . Experience does not yet warrant the adoption of any exclusive system . We wish a fair trial to be given to the experiment of engrafting European Knowledge on the studies of the existing learned Classes , encouraged as it will be by giving to the Seminaries in which those studies are prosecuted , the aid of able and efficient European Superintendence . At the same time we authorise you to give all suitable encouragement to translators of European works into the vernacular languages and also to provide for the compilation of a proper series of Vernacular Class books according to the plan which Lord Auckland has proposed . The East India Company also resumed subsidising the publication of Sanscrit and Arabic works , but now by a grant to the Asiatic Society rather than by undertaking publication under their own auspices . Mill 's later views ( edit ) In 1861 , Mill in the last chapter ( ' On the Government of Dependencies ' ) of his ' Considerations on Representative Government ' restated the doctrine Macaulay had advanced a quarter of a century earlier -- the moral imperative to improve subject peoples , which justified reforms by the rulers of which the ruled were as yet unaware of the need for , `` There are ... ( conditions of society ) in which , there being no spring of spontaneous improvement in the people themselves , their almost only hope of making any steps in advance ( to ' a higher civilisation ' ) depends on the chances of a good despot . Under a native despotism , a good despot is a rare and transitory accident : but when the dominion they are under is that of a more civilised people , that people ought to be able to supply it constantly . The ruling country ought to be able to do for its subjects all that could be done by a succession of absolute monarchs guaranteed by irresistible force against the precariousness of tenure attendant on barbarous despotisms , and qualified by their genius to anticipate all that experience has taught to the more advanced nation . Such is the ideal rule of a free people over a barbarous or semi-barbarous one . We need not expect to see that ideal realised ; but unless some approach to it is , the rulers are guilty of a dereliction of the highest moral trust which can devolve upon a nation : and if they do not even aim at it , they are selfish usurpers , on a par in criminality with any of those whose ambition and rapacity have sported from age to age with the destiny of masses of mankind '' but Mill went on to warn of the difficulties this posed in practice ; difficulties which whatever the merits of the Act of 1835 do not seem to have suggested themselves to Macaulay : It is always under great difficulties , and very imperfectly , that a country can be governed by foreigners ; even when there is no disparity , in habits and ideas , between the rulers and the ruled . Foreigners do not feel with the people . They can not judge , by the light in which a thing appears to their own minds , or the manner in which it affects their feelings , how it will affect the feelings or appear to the minds of the subject population . What a native of the country , of average practical ability , knows as it were by instinct , they have to learn slowly , and after all imperfectly , by study and experience . The laws , the customs , the social relations , for which they have to legislate , instead of being familiar to them from childhood , are all strange to them . For most of their detailed knowledge they must depend on the information of natives ; and it is difficult for them to know who to trust . They are feared , suspected , probably disliked by the population ; seldom sought by them except for interested purposes ; and they are prone to think the servilely submissive are the trustworthy . Their danger is of despising the natives ; that of the natives is of disbelieving that anything the strangers do can be intended for their good . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The rupee was then worth about two shillings , so roughly £ 10,000 ( equivalent current purchasing power clearly considerably more ) Jump up ^ quoted in Macaulay 's Minute Jump up ^ subsequent financial difficulties had led him to go out to India to rebuild his fortunes Jump up ^ that of the East India Company Jump up ^ But in an essay of 1825 , Macaulay had defended the politics of Milton ( objected to by Johnson 's Lives of the Poets ) on very different lines Many politicians of our time are in the habit of laying it down as a self - evident proposition , that no people ought to be free till they are fit to use their freedom . The maxim is worthy of the fool in the old story who resolved not to go into the water till he had learnt to swim . If men are to wait for liberty till they become wise and good in slavery , they might indeed wait forever . `` Milton '' , Edinburgh Review , August 1825 ; included in T.B. Macaulay ' Critical and Historical Essays , Vol 1 ' , JM Dent , London , 1910 ( Everyman 's Library , volume 225 ) Jump up ^ Hansard House of Commons Debates 10 July 1833 vol 19 cc479 - 550 ( Second Reading Debate ) Jump up ^ best read in its entirety to appreciate its full force ; full text at Jump up ^ Macaulay described it as unheard of that students should have to be paid to study , but later had to concede that scholarships were routinely awarded at English universities ^ Jump up to : text to be found in Sharp , H. ( ed . ) . 1920 . Selections from Educational Records , Part I ( 1781 -- 1839 ) . Superintendent , Govt . Printing , Calcutta . Jump up ^ Indeed , a response to the Minute circulated by Henry Thoby Prinsep ( also to be found in Sharp , H. ( ed . ) . 1920 . Selections from Educational Records , Part I ( 1781 -- 1839 ) . Superintendent , Govt . Printing , Calcutta ) whilst disagreeing strongly with the proposed course of action agreed with this verdict : `` It is laid down that the vernacular dialects are not fit to be made the vehicle of instruction in science or literature , that the choice is therefore between English on one hand and Sanskrit and Arabic on the other -- the latter are dismissed on the ground that their literature is worthless and the superiority of that of England is set forth in all animated description of the treasures of science and of intelligence it contains and of the stores of intellectual enjoyment it opens . There is no body acquainted with both literatures that will not subscribe to all that is said in the minute of the superiority of that of England . Jump up ^ most likely because he had held them before the Minute was written ; the Minute should therefore be read as a rumbustious justification of a foregone conclusion , not as an exercise in persuasive analysis . Perhaps the point was made to Macaulay at the time ; in an essay published in the Edinburgh Review in July 1835 ( and therefore roughly contemporaneous with the Minute ) , he wrote of Charles James Fox 's History of James the Second : ... those more serious improprieties of manner into which a great orator who undertakes to write history is in danger of falling . There is about the whole book a vehement , contentious , replying manner . Almost every argument is put in the form of an interrogation , an ejaculation or a sarcasm . THe writer seems to be addressing himself to some imaginary audience `` Sir James Mackintosh '' , Edinburgh Review , August 1825 ; included in T.B. Macaulay ' Critical and Historical Essays , Vol 1 ' , JM Dent , London , 1910 ( Everyman 's Library , volume 225 ) Jump up ^ Henry Thoby Prinsep , who was given a hard time on 2 different counts procedurally he should have waited to be asked before giving his views there was some suspicion that he had leaked news of the likely new policy to the Calcutta Madrassa students Jump up ^ Stephen Evans , `` Macaulay 's Minute Revisited : Colonial Language Policy in Nineteenth - century India '' , Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development Vol. 23 , No. 4 , 2002 Jump up ^ of whom Lord Melbourne is said to have remarked `` I wish I was as cocksure of anything as Tom Macaulay is of everything '' -- see Oxford Dictionary of Quotations Jump up ^ ' Of the Government of Dependencies by a Free State ' Chapter XVIII of ' Considerations on Representative Government ' pages 382 -- 384 of `` Utilitarianism , Liberty & Representative Government '' , JS Mill , JM Dent & Sons Ltd , London ( 1910 ) ( no 482 of ' Everyman 's Library ' ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Education_Act_1835&oldid=815583931 '' Categories : History of education in India Education law in India 1835 in India 1835 in law 1835 in education English - language education Language education in India Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who introduced english as the official language in india	[]	[]
7901891888007228488	Monique Coleman	Monique Coleman - wikipedia Monique Coleman Monique Coleman Coleman in February 2011 Adrienne Monique Coleman ( 1980 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1980 ( age 37 ) Orangeburg , South Carolina , U.S. Alma mater DePaul University Occupation Actress , philanthropist , entrepreneur , dancer , singer Years active 1995 -- present Spouse ( s ) Walter Jordan ( m . 2012 ) Adrienne Monique Jordan ( née Coleman ; born November 13 , 1980 ) , known professionally as Monique Coleman , is an American actress , dancer , singer , entrepreneur , and philanthropist best known for her co-starring role in Disney 's High School Musical movies , in which she plays Taylor McKessie . Coleman also had a recurring role on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , as a school girl named Mary -- Margaret , along with Ashley Tisdale . She also competed in the third edition of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars , finishing in fourth place . Most recent , Coleman was named the first ever UN Youth Champion for the International Year of Youth and is currently on a world tour to raise awareness of challenges facing youth . Coleman launched her online talk show Gimme Mo ' , a show dedicated to empowering today 's youth on September 8 , 2010 . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Dancing with the Stars 2.2 UN Youth Champion 3 Philanthropy 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Adrienne Monique Coleman was born in Orangeburg , South Carolina . She started her acting career in theatre and television at a very young age in Columbia , South Carolina . She currently lives in Los Angeles . Her training began at the Workshop Theatre School of Dramatic Arts where she performed in over 15 plays . An acting class taught by a guest teacher actually turned out to be an audition , and resulted in her booking her first commercial . Then Coleman began auditioning for anything she could in the Southeast region , landing several local and regional commercials , as well as a few supporting roles in films . In addition to acting , Coleman was very involved in her community and school where she did everything from performing in plays to competing in forensic tournaments , volunteering with abused children , running track , and even cheerleading . Monique Coleman went to Heathwood Hall Episcopal School . Then she attended The Theatre School at DePaul University in Chicago , earning her BFA in Acting in 2002 . Monique Coleman also visited the American Farm School in Greece in 2012 . Career ( edit ) Coleman made her first lead in the independent feature entitled Mother of the River which was shot in the historic Charleston , South Carolina . The film won numerous awards at film festivals in Chicago . Two years later , Coleman appeared as Young Donna in The Family Channel Movie The Ditch digger 's Daughters for which she was nominated for a Young Artists Award of Hollywood . During her sophomore year of high school , Coleman wrote , directed , produced , and starred in her own one - person play entitled `` Voices from Within '' with standing room only -- audience numbering in the hundreds . On stage in Chicago , Coleman starred in productions of Noises Off , Polaroid Stories , The Real Thing and The Colored Museum . In 2005 , Coleman had the honor of working opposite one of her heroes -- the legendary James Earl Jones when she played Leesha in the 2005 Hallmark TV Movie The Reading Room . She received a 2006 Camie Award for the role and represented the film at the NAACP Image Awards . Coleman during the High School Musical : The Concert In 2006 , Coleman rose to prominence in High School Musical , where she portrayed Taylor McKessie , the best friend of the new girl , Gabriella Montez ( Vanessa Hudgens ) . Before then , she was a recurring guest star in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episodes , `` Forever Plaid '' , `` Not So Suite 16 '' , `` Neither a Borrower Nor a Speller Bee '' and `` A Prom Story '' along with Hudgens . Coleman has had seven other guest appearances on television including , Boston Public , Gilmore Girls , Malcolm in the Middle , Strong Medicine , 10 - 8 : Officers on Duty , Married to the Kellys , and Veronica Mars . Coleman was also in the first ever Disney Channel Games in 2006 , on the Blue Team ( with Brenda Song , Corbin Bleu , Cole Sprouse , Vanessa Hudgens , and Jason Earles and Brandon Baker ) . She won with both teams . She showcased her ballroom skills in `` Dance With Me '' , while she partnered with National Youth Latin Champion Jared Murillo . Drew Seeley was the soloist . She is the host of 3 Minute Game Show : High School Musical Edition on Disney Channel . She recorded a song called `` Christmas Vacation '' for the holiday album entitled A Disney Channel Holiday . In 2007 , she appeared in High School Musical 2 . In 2008 , she again repeated her role as Taylor McKessie in High School Musical 3 . Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) Coleman competed in the Fall 2006 third edition of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars reality dance competition . She was paired with professional partner Louis van Amstel throughout the competition . van Amstel and the judges praised her for `` taking risks '' during the competition . The pair appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show before they were eliminated and performed the same dance they performed in week 2 's episode . She was eliminated from Dancing With The Stars on November 1 , 2006 , finishing fourth in the competition . She was the last female in the contest that year . Coleman was very gracious in defeat , and appeared on the Jimmy Kimmel Live ! show on the same night as the Results Show to thank her fans for their votes and support . In the beginning of late December 2007 , Coleman partook in the Dancing with the Stars tour that took her across America along with other former competitors until early February 2008 . Week Dance Song Carrie Ann 's Score Len 's Score Bruno 's Score Total Status Foxtrot `` Baby Love '' -- The Supremes 6 6 7 19 Safe Mambo `` Bop to the Top '' -- Ashley Tisdale feat . Lucas Grabeel 9 8 9 26 Safe Jive `` The Heat Is On '' -- Glenn Frey 9 9 9 27 Safe Waltz `` If I Were a Painting '' -- Kenny Rogers 8 8 8 24 Bottom 2 5 Rumba `` So Nice '' -- Bebel Gilberto 9 9 9 27 1st Place 6 Samba `` ABC '' -- The Jackson 5 9 7 7 23 No Elimination Due to Sara Evans 's Withdrawal 7 Quickstep Paso Doble `` Luck Be a Lady '' -- Frank Sinatra `` The Reflex '' -- Duran Duran 9 9 9 9 9 9 27 27 54 / 60 77 / 90 ( / 90 due to Evans 's withdrawal in Week 6 ( 6 + 7 ) ) Bottom 2 8 Tango Cha Cha Cha `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' -- Rockwell `` Ghostbusters '' -- Ray Parker Jr . 8 9 8 10 8 10 24 29 53 / 60 UN youth Champion ( edit ) At a ceremony at UN headquarters in New York , Coleman was presented with a letter of recognition of her new role by Assistant Secretary - General Jomo Kwame Sundaram of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.In presenting the letter , Mr. Sundaram said Coleman will work `` to raise awareness about the challenges young people face and will highlight the positive contribution they make to their communities . '' Coleman said that receiving the designation of Youth Champion was `` beyond an honour '' and that she would use her new position to promote global efforts to achieve the anti-poverty Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) , which have a 2015 deadline , with a special emphasis on the empowerment of youth . The International Year was launched on August 12 and runs through August 11 , 2011 , and among its aims is to advance the participation of young people on global , regional and national issues that affect them . Philanthropy ( edit ) Coleman worked with dosomething.org to produce a `` Do Something U '' video tutorial . The video targets young activists who need a bit of guidance and inspiration to help them carry out their ideas for their communities to fruition . Coleman 's video tutorial focused on teaching youth the best way to utilize social media to spread word of ideas and actions . Personal Life ( edit ) Monique Coleman married Walter Jordan on February 14 , 2012 ( Valentine 's Day ) in a private ceremony in Koh Samui , Thailand . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Filmography Role Notes 1995 Mother of the River Dofimae Short - Film The Ditchdigger 's Daughters Young Donna TV Movie 2005 The Reading Room Leesha TV Movie 2006 On Line Jessie Short - Film 2006 High School Musical Taylor McKessie TV Movie 2007 High School Musical 2 Taylor McKessie TV Movie 2008 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Taylor McKessie 2008 Order Unnamed Video Short Promise Rings Veronica Baylerd We Are Family Elise Post-production 2014 Free the Nipple Roz 2015 Naomi and Ely 's No Kiss List Girl - Robin 2017 Distortion Woman Short - Film ; Post-Production Television Year Title Role Notes 2003 Strong Medicine Tanya Episode : `` Misdiagnosis Murder '' 2003 -- 2004 Boston Public Molly Episodes : `` Chapter Sixty - Nine '' ; `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' ; `` Chapter Eighty - One '' Gilmore Girls Andy Episode : `` The Nanny and the Professor '' 10 - 8 : Officers on Duty Maya Barnes Episode : `` Love Do n't Love Nobody '' Married to the Kellys Waitress Episode : `` Chris And Mary Fight '' Malcolm in the Middle Andrea Episode : `` Malcolm Visits College '' Method & Red Unknown Episode : `` Kill Bill Volume 3 '' 2005 Veronica Mars Gabrielle Pollard Episode : `` Lord of the Bling '' 2005 -- 2006 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Mary Margaret Episodes : `` A Prom Story '' ; `` Forever Plaid '' ; `` Not So Suite 16 '' ; `` Neither a Borrower Nor a Speller Bee '' ; `` Kept Man '' ; `` Volley Dad '' 2006 Dancing with the Stars Herself / Contestant Season 3 The View Herself / Co-Host Guest 2009 Bones Becca Hedgepeth Episode : `` The Salt in the Wounds '' The Cleveland Show Fontaisha ( Voice Role ) Episode : `` Our Gang '' The Electric Company Herself 2014 Downtown Girls Morgan Episode : `` The Inception '' 2015 Stitchers Solaris Episode : `` Future Tense '' 2015 The Fourth Door Lain Protagonist 2015 Here We Go Again Kayla Protagonist 2016 High School Musical : 10th Anniversary Herself Special 2016 Miranda 's Rights Emily Pilot ; Post-production 2017 Guidance Katina Howard Main role ; season 3 Awards ( edit ) 19th Annual Young Artist Awards ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Best Performance in a TV MOVIE or FEATURE FILM : Young Ensemble -- `` Ditchdigger 's Daughter '' Best Family TV MOVIE / PILOT / MINI-SERIES ( CABLE ) -- The Ditchdigger 's Daughters , Family Channel Character and Morality in Entertainment Awards ( CAMIE ) 2006 -- The Reading Room Teen Choice Awards 2006 Award for Choice TV Show : Comedy / Musical -- High School Musical American Music Award 2007 for High School Musical 2 Teen Choice Awards 2009 Award for Choice Movie : Music / Dance -- High School Musical 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Monique Coleman . TVguide.com . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pat Berman ( January 4 , 2007 ) . Music Preview : Monique Coleman brings Disney 's ' High School ' cheer to the fans . Post-Gazette . Accessed 2009 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Monique Coleman biography Jump up ^ Monique Coleman Biography at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Ditchdigger 's Daughter at IMDB Jump up ^ `` High School Musical , Monique Coleman '' . Londonnet.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Reading Room at IMDB.com Jump up ^ Awards Jump up ^ `` Monique 's luck runs out on ' Dancing ' -- Dancing With the Stars -- MSNBC.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV Guide , TV Listings , Online Videos , Entertainment News and Celebrity News TVGuide.com Jump up ^ `` dosomething.org '' . dosomething.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` change the world with social media '' . Seventeen.com . Jump up ^ TeenIdols4You.com Jump up ^ DisneyDreaming.com Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual Awards '' . Youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Reading Room ( 2005 ) ( TV ) Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2009 '' . Teenchoiceawards.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monique Coleman . Monique Coleman on IMDb Monique Coleman at TV.com Monique Coleman 's Official Site WorldCat Identities BNE : XX4443482 BNF : cb15111364j ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 8138 9089 LCCN : no2007102473 MusicBrainz : bbd62d53 - 912b - 421f - 9a1f - 4d6261550a80 SUDOC : 162171633 VIAF : 59382380 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monique_Coleman&oldid=851719064 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people People from Orangeburg , South Carolina African - American actresses American television actresses DePaul University alumni Participants in American reality television series Actresses from South Carolina 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 04 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the girl in high school musical	[ "Adrienne Monique Jordan (née Coleman; born November 13, 1980),[1] known professionally as Monique Coleman, is an American actress, dancer, singer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist best known for her co-starring role in Disney's High School Musical movies, in which she plays Taylor McKessie. Coleman also had a recurring role on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, as a school girl named Mary–Margaret, along with Ashley Tisdale. She also competed in the third edition of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, finishing in fourth place. Most recent, Coleman was named the first ever UN Youth Champion for the International Year of Youth and is currently on a world tour to raise awareness of challenges facing youth. Coleman launched her online talk show Gimme Mo' , a show dedicated to empowering today's youth on September 8, 2010.\n", "Adrienne Monique Jordan (née Coleman; born November 13, 1980),[1] known professionally as Monique Coleman, is an American actress, dancer, singer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist best known for her co-starring role in Disney's High School Musical movies, in which she plays Taylor McKessie. Coleman also had a recurring role on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, as a school girl named Mary–Margaret, along with Ashley Tisdale. She also competed in the third edition of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, finishing in fourth place. Most recent, Coleman was named the first ever UN Youth Champion for the International Year of Youth and is currently on a world tour to raise awareness of challenges facing youth. Coleman launched her online talk show Gimme Mo' , a show dedicated to empowering today's youth on September 8, 2010.\n" ]	[ "Adrienne Monique Jordan", "known professionally as Monique Coleman" ]
1286774360003318588	List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel	List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel - wikipedia List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel Countries by number of active soldiers ( 2009 ) This is a list of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel . It includes any government - sponsored soldiers used to further the domestic and foreign policies of their respective government . The term `` country '' is used in its most common use , in the sense of state which exercises sovereignty or has limited recognition . Contents 1 Guide to the list 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading Guide to the list The list consists of columns that can be sorted by clicking on the appropriate title : The names of the states , accompanied by their respective national flags . The number of military personnel on active duty that are currently serving full - time in their military capacity . The number of military personnel in the reserve forces that are not normally kept under arms , whose role is to be available to mobilize when necessary . The number of personnel in paramilitary forces : armed units that are not considered part of a nation 's formal military forces . The total number of active , reserve , and paramilitary personnel . The ratio per thousand inhabitants of total military ( active , reserve , and paramilitary ) . The ratio per thousand inhabitants of active military only . As military forces around the world are constantly changing in size , no definitive list can ever be compiled . Many of the 171 countries listed here , especially those with the highest number of total soldiers such as the two Koreas and Vietnam , include a large number of paramilitaries , civilians and policemen in their reserve personnel . Some countries , such as Italy and Japan , have only volunteers in their armed forces . Other countries , such as Mauritius and Panama , have no national armies , but only a paramilitary force . List The following list is sourced from the 2017 edition of `` The Military Balance '' published annually by the International Institute for Strategic Studies . Flag Country Active military Reserve military Paramilitary Total Per 1000 capita ( total ) Per 1000 capita ( active ) Afghanistan 171,200 0 148,200 319,400 9.6 5.1 Albania 8,000 0 500 8,500 2.8 2.6 Algeria 130,000 150,000 187,200 467,200 11.6 3.2 Angola 107,000 0 10,000 117,000 5.8 5.3 Antigua and Barbuda 180 80 0 260 2.8 1.9 Argentina 74,200 0 31,250 105,450 2.4 1.7 Armenia 44,800 210,000 4,300 259,100 84.9 14.7 Australia 57,800 21,100 0 78,900 3.4 2.5 Austria 21,350 146,000 0 167,350 19.2 2.5 Azerbaijan 66,950 300,000 15,000 381,950 38.7 6.8 Bahamas 1,300 0 0 1,300 Bahrain 8,200 0 11,260 19,460 14.1 5.9 Bangladesh 157,050 0 63,900 220,950 1.4 Barbados 610 430 0 1,040 3.6 2.1 Belarus 62,000 344,750 150,000 556,750 58.2 6.5 Belgium 29,600 6,750 0 36,350 3.2 2.6 Belize 1,500 700 0 2,200 6.2 4.2 Benin 7,250 0 2,500 9,750 0.9 0.7 Bolivia 34,100 0 37,100 71,200 6.5 3.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10,500 0 0 10,500 2.7 2.7 Botswana 9,000 0 0 9,000 4.1 4.1 Brazil 334,500 1,340,000 395,000 2,069,500 10.1 1.6 Brunei 7,000 700 2,250 9,950 22.8 16 Bulgaria 31,300 3,000 16,000 50,300 7 4.4 Burkina Faso 11,200 0 250 11,450 0.6 0.6 Burundi 30,000 0 21,000 51,000 4.6 2.7 Cambodia 124,300 0 67,000 191,300 12 7.8 Cameroon 14,400 0 9,000 23,400 0.6 Canada 63,000 30,000 4,500 97,500 2.8 1.8 Cape Verde 1,200 0 0 1,200 2.2 2.2 Central African Republic 7,150 0 1,000 8,150 1.5 1.3 Chad 30,350 0 9,500 39,850 3.4 2.6 Chile 64,750 40,000 44,700 149,450 8.5 3.7 China 2,183,000 510,000 660,000 3,353,000 2.4 1.6 Colombia 293,200 34,950 187,900 516,050 10.9 6.2 Costa Rica 0 0 9,800 9,800 0 Côte d'Ivoire 25,400 0 0 25,400 1.1 1.1 Croatia 15,550 0 3,000 18,550 4.3 3.6 Cuba 49,000 1,159,000 26,500 1,234,500 110.4 4.4 Cyprus 12,000 50,000 750 62,750 52 10 Czech Republic 21,950 0 3,100 25,050 2.3 2.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 134,250 0 0 134,250 1.7 1.7 Denmark 16,600 45,700 0 62,300 11.1 Djibouti 10,450 0 2,500 12,950 15.3 12.3 Dominican Republic 56,050 0 15,000 71,050 6.7 5.3 Ecuador 40,250 118,000 500 158,750 9.9 2.5 Egypt 438,500 479,000 397,000 1,314,500 13.9 4.6 El Salvador 24,500 9,900 17,000 51,400 8.3 Equatorial Guinea 1,450 0 0 1,450 1.9 1.9 Eritrea 201,750 120,000 0 321,750 54.8 34.4 Estonia 6,400 12,000 15,800 34,200 27.2 5.1 Ethiopia 138,000 0 0 138,000 1.3 1.3 Fiji 3,500 6,000 0 9,500 10.4 3.8 Finland 22,200 900,000 2,700 924,900 168.2 France 202,950 68,100 103,400 374,450 5.6 Gabon 4,700 0 2,000 6,700 3.9 2.7 Gambia 800 0 0 800 0.4 0.4 Georgia 20,650 0 5,400 26,050 5.3 4.2 Germany 176,800 27,600 500 204,900 2.5 2.2 Ghana 15,500 0 0 15,500 0.6 0.6 Greece 142,950 220,500 4,000 367,450 34.1 13.3 Guatemala 18,050 63,850 25,000 106,900 7 1.2 Guinea 9,700 0 2,600 12,300 0.8 Guinea - Bissau 4,450 0 0 4,450 2.5 2.5 Guyana 3,400 670 0 4,070 5.5 4.6 Haiti 70 0 50 120 0 0 Honduras 10,700 60,000 8,000 78,700 8.8 1.2 Hungary 26,500 44,000 12,000 82,500 8.4 2.7 Iceland 0 0 250 250 0.7 0 India 1,395,100 2,142,800 1,403,700 4,941,600 3.9 1.1 Indonesia 395,500 400,000 280,000 1,075,500 4.2 1.5 Iran 523,000 350,000 40,000 913,000 11 6.3 Iraq 64,000 0 145,000 209,000 5.5 1.7 Ireland 9,100 2,630 0 11,730 2.4 1.8 Israel 176,500 465,000 8,000 649,500 79.5 21.6 Italy 174,500 18,300 182,350 375,150 6.1 2.8 Jamaica 3,450 980 0 4,430 1.5 1.2 Japan 247,150 56,000 12,650 315,800 2.5 Jordan 100,500 65,000 15,000 180,500 22.1 12.3 Kazakhstan 39,000 0 31,500 70,500 3.8 2.1 Kenya 24,100 0 5,000 29,100 0.6 0.5 Kosovo 2,500 800 0 3,300 1.8 1.3 Kuwait 15,500 23,700 7,100 46,300 16.3 5.5 Kyrgyzstan 10,900 0 9,500 20,400 3.6 1.9 Laos 29,100 0 100,000 129,100 18.4 4.1 Latvia 5,310 7,850 0 13,160 6.7 2.7 Lebanon 60,000 0 20,000 80,000 12.8 9.6 Lesotho 2,000 0 0 2,000 Liberia 2,050 0 0 2,050 0.5 0.5 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lithuania 17,030 6,700 11,300 35,030 12.3 6 Luxembourg 900 0 600 1,500 2.6 1.5 Madagascar 13,500 0 8,100 21,600 0.9 0.6 Malawi 5,300 0 1,500 6,800 0.4 0.3 Malaysia 109,000 51,600 269,300 429,900 13.9 3.5 Mali 8,000 0 7,800 15,800 0.9 0.5 Malta 1,950 180 0 2,130 5.1 4.7 Mauritania 15,850 0 5,000 20,850 5.7 4.3 Mauritius 0 0 2,550 2,550 1.9 0 Mexico 277,150 81,500 58,900 417,550 3.4 2.3 Moldova 5,150 58,000 2,400 65,550 18.7 1.5 Mongolia 20,000 250,000 15,000 285,000 89.3 6.3 Montenegro 1,950 0 10,100 12,050 18.7 Morocco 195,800 150,000 50,000 395,800 11.8 5.8 Mozambique 11,200 0 0 11,200 0.4 0.4 Myanmar 406,000 0 107,250 513,250 9 7.1 Namibia 9,900 0 6,000 15,900 6.8 4.2 Nepal 96,600 0 62,000 158,600 5.5 3.3 Netherlands 35,410 4,500 6,060 45,970 2.7 2.1 New Zealand 8,950 2,200 0 11,150 2.5 Nicaragua 12,000 0 0 12,000 Niger 5,300 0 5,400 10,700 0.6 0.3 Nigeria 118,000 0 82,000 200,000 1.1 0.6 North Korea 1,190,000 6,300,000 189,000 7,679,000 305.7 47.4 Norway 24,950 45,590 0 70,540 13.4 4.7 Oman 42,600 0 4,400 47,000 14 12.7 Pakistan 653,800 0 282,000 935,800 4.6 3.2 Palestine 0 0 Panama 0 0 22,050 22,050 6 0 Papua New Guinea 1,900 0 0 1,900 0.3 0.3 Paraguay 10,650 164,500 14,800 189,950 27.7 1.6 Peru 81,000 188,000 77,000 346,000 11.3 2.6 Philippines 125,000 131,000 90,500 346,500 3.4 1.2 Poland 99,300 0 73,400 172,700 4.5 2.6 Portugal 29,600 211,950 44,000 285,550 26.4 2.7 Qatar 11,800 0 0 11,800 5.2 5.2 Republic of Macedonia 8,000 4,850 0 12,850 6.1 3.8 Republic of the Congo 10,000 0 2,000 12,000 2.5 2.1 Romania 70,500 50,000 79,900 200,400 9.3 3.3 Russia 1,013,000 2,500,000 710,000 4,223,000 29.7 7.1 Rwanda 33,000 0 2,000 35,000 2.7 2.5 Saudi Arabia 227,000 0 24,500 251,500 8.9 8.1 Senegal 13,600 0 5,000 18,600 1.3 0.9 Serbia 28,150 50,150 0 78,300 11 3.9 Seychelles 420 0 0 420 4.5 4.5 Sierra Leone 8,500 0 0 8,500 1.4 1.4 Singapore 72,500 312,500 119,100 504,100 87.2 12.5 Slovakia 15,850 0 0 15,850 2.9 2.9 Slovenia 7,250 1,760 5,950 14,960 7.6 3.7 Somalia 19,800 0 0 19,800 1.8 1.8 South Africa 67,100 15,050 0 82,150 1.5 1.2 South Korea 630,000 3,100,000 4,500 3,734,500 73.3 12.4 Spain 123,200 8,200 76,750 208,150 4.3 2.5 Sri Lanka 243,000 35,900 62,200 341,100 15.3 10.9 South Sudan 185,000 0 0 185,000 14.8 14.8 Sudan 244,300 85,000 20,000 349,300 9.5 6.7 Suriname 1,840 0 100 1,940 3.3 3.1 Sweden 29,750 0 21,950 51,700 5.2 Switzerland 20,950 144,270 74,000 239,220 29.2 2.6 Syria 127,500 0 150,000 277,500 16.1 7.4 Taiwan 215,000 1,657,000 17,000 1,889,000 80.5 9.2 Tajikistan 8,800 0 7,500 16,300 1.1 Tanzania 27,000 80,000 1,400 108,400 2.1 0.5 Thailand 360,850 245,000 93,700 699,550 10.3 5.3 Timor Leste 1,330 0 0 1,330 1.1 1.1 Togo 8,550 0 750 9,300 1.2 1.1 Trinidad and Tobago 4,050 0 0 4,050 3.3 3.3 Tunisia 35,800 0 12,000 47,800 4.3 3.2 Turkey 355,200 378,700 156,800 890,700 11.1 4.4 Turkmenistan 36,500 0 0 36,500 6.9 6.9 Uganda 45,000 10,000 1,400 56,400 1.5 1.2 Ukraine 204,000 900,000 88,000 1,192,000 27 4.6 United Arab Emirates 63,000 0 0 63,000 10.6 10.6 United Kingdom 152,350 81,350 0 233,700 3.6 2.4 United States 1,347,300 865,050 14,850 2,227,200 6.9 4.2 Uruguay 24,650 0 800 25,450 7.6 7.4 Uzbekistan 48,000 0 20,000 68,000 2.3 1.6 Venezuela 115,000 8,000 0 123,000 3.7 Vietnam 482,000 5,000,000 40,000 5,522,000 58 5.1 Yemen 20,000 0 0 20,000 0.7 0.7 Zambia 15,100 3,000 1,400 19,500 1.3 Zimbabwe 29,000 0 21,800 50,800 3.5 Not included in the list are the militaries of Abkhazia , Andorra , Bhutan , Northern Cyprus , Maldives , Monaco , Artsakh , San Marino , Saint Kitts and Nevis , São Tomé and Príncipe , Somaliland , Swaziland , Tonga and Vanuatu . See also List of countries by level of military equipment List of countries by military expenditures List of countries by military expenditure per capita List of countries by Military Strength Index List of countries by Global Militarization Index List of countries without armed forces List of militaries by country List of militaries that recruit foreigners List of countries by number of police officers Notes Jump up ^ The reserve military of Armenia consists mostly of ex-conscripts who have seen service within the last 15 years . Jump up ^ Does not include Army forces of Artsakh , which has an Armenian backed army . Jump up ^ The reserve paramilitary of Cuba consists of the Youth Labour Army , Civil Defence and Territorial Troops Militia and count 1,120,000 units . Ready reserves serve 45 days per year . Jump up ^ Finnish Defence Forces has a ~ 33,400 active strength , a wartime strength of ~ 280,000 , with a total reserve of ~ 900,000 Jump up ^ The paramilitary forces of Iran largely consists of the Basij , a paramilitary militia with claimed membership of 12.6 million ( including women and children ) , which after mobilization can reach about 1,000,000 people able to fight . Jump up ^ The paramilitary forces of Italy consists of the Carabinieri and the Guardia di Finanza . Jump up ^ No data due to the ongoing civil war . Jump up ^ The paramilitary forces of Malaysia includes 244,700 personnel from the People 's Volunteer Corps . Jump up ^ The Worker - Peasant Red Guards count 5,700,000 units and are used as a reserve paramilitary . Jump up ^ Precise personnel - strength figures for the various Palestinian groups are not known . Jump up ^ The potential reserve personnel of Russia may be as high as 20 million , depending on how the figures are counted . However , an est. 2 million have seen military service within the last 5 years . References Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 269 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 90 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 368 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 495 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , p. 431 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 431 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 199 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 270 - 271 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 91 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 200 - 201 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 434 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 370 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 273 - 274 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , p. 435 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 203 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 93 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 435 - 436 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 496 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 436 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 95 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 497 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 438 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , p. 276 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 96 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 498 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 499 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 277 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 500 - 501 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 42 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 502 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 502 - 503 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 503 - 504 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 442 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 278 - 279 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 445 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , p. 448 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 505 - 506 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 98 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 449 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 100 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 102 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 507 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 104 Jump up ^ IISS 2016 , pp. 509 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 451 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 452 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 372 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 454 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 510 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 511 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 512 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , p. 288 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 108 Jump up ^ Kotimaa. `` 900 000 suomalaista saa pian postia armeijalta -- HS kertoo reserviläiskirjeen sisällön - Kotimaa - Helsingin Sanomat '' . Hs.fi . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . 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The Military Balance 2010 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857435575 . International Institute for Strategic Studies ( 2 March 2011 ) . The Military Balance 2011 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857436067 . International Institute for Strategic Studies ( 7 March 2012 ) . The Military Balance 2012 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857436423 . International Institute for Strategic Studies ( 14 March 2013 ) . The Military Balance 2013 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857436806 . International Institute for Strategic Studies ( 3 February 2014 ) . The Military Balance 2014 . London : Routledge . ISBN 9781857437225 . Further reading Cordesman , Anthony ; Fitzgerald , Erin ( 27 August 2009 ) . The 2010 Quadriennal Defense Review ( PDF ) . Center for Strategic and International Studies . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Cordesman , Anthony ; Nerguizian , Aram ( 22 April 2010 ) . The Gulf Military Balance in 2010 ( PDF ) . Center for Strategic and International Studies . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Cordesman , Anthony ; Nerguizian , Aram ( 29 June 2010 ) . The Arab - Israeli Military Balance ( PDF ) . Center for Strategic and International Studies . ISBN 0275969398 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . 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-5669586863283091025	Heart (symbol)	Heart ( symbol ) - wikipedia Heart ( symbol ) This article is about the graphical symbol . For the symbolic or metaphorical use of the word , see Heart § Symbolism . For other uses , see Heart ( disambiguation ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2017 ) A conventional heart symbol The heart shape ( ♥ ) is an ideograph used to express the idea of the `` heart '' in its metaphorical or symbolic sense as the center of emotion , including affection and love , especially romantic love . The `` wounded heart '' indicating lovesickness came to be depicted as a heart symbol pierced with an arrow ( Cupid 's ) , or heart symbol `` broken '' in two or more pieces . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins of symbol 1.2 Earliest use 1.3 Renaissance and early modern 1.4 Modern 2 Heraldry 3 Botanical symbolism 4 Encoding 5 Parametrisation 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Inline citations 7.2 Works cited 7.3 General references 8 External links History ( edit ) Origins of symbol ( edit ) Greek . In the 6th - 5th century BC , the heart shape was used to represent the heart - shaped fruit of the plant Silphium , a plant possibly used as a contraceptive Many species in the parsley family have estrogenic properties , and some , such as wild carrot , were used to induce abortion . Silver coins from Cyrene of the 6 -- 5th BC bear a similar design , sometimes accompanied by a silphium plant and is understood to represent its seed or fruit . Earliest use ( edit ) The earliest known visual depiction of a heart symbol , as a lover hands his heart to the beloved lady , in a manuscript of the Roman de la poire , mid-13th century . The combination of the heart shape and its use within the heart metaphor developed at the end of the Middle Ages , although the shape has been used in many ancient epigraphy monuments and texts . With possible early examples or direct predecessors in the 13th to 14th century , the familiar symbol of the heart representing love developed in the 15th century , and became popular in Europe during the 16th . Before the 14th century , the heart shape was not associated with the meaning of the heart metaphor . The geometric shape itself is found in much earlier sources , but in such instances does not depict a heart , but typically foliage : in examples from antiquity fig leaves , and in medieval iconography and heraldry typically the leaves of ivy and of the water - lily . One possible early use in the 11th century could be found in the manuscript , Al - Maqamat written by Al Hariri of Basra . The manuscript includes an illustration of a farewell greeting between two men while astride their camels , with the heart shape seen prominently over their heads . The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates to the 1250s . It occurs in a miniature decorating a capital ' S ' in a manuscript of the French Roman de la poire ( National Library FR MS . 2086 , plate 12 ) . In the miniature a kneeling lover ( or more precisely , an allegory of the lover 's `` sweet gaze '' or douz regart ) offers his heart to a damsel . The heart here resembles a pine cone ( held `` upside down '' , the point facing upward ) , in accord with medieval anatomical descriptions . However , in this miniature what suggests a heart shape is only the result of a lover 's finger superimposed on an object ; the full shape outline of the object is partly hidden , and therefore unknown . Moreover , the French title of the manuscript that features the miniature translates into `` Novel Of The Pear '' in English . Thus the heart shaped object would be a pear ; the conclusion that a pear represents a heart is dubious . Opinions therefore differ over this being the first depiction of a heart as symbol of romantic love . Giotto in his 1305 painting in the Scrovegni Chapel ( Padua ) shows an allegory of charity ( caritas ) handing her heart to Jesus Christ . This heart is also depicted in the pine cone shape based on anatomical descriptions of the day ( still held `` upside down '' ) . Giotto 's painting exerted considerable influence on later painters , and the motive of Caritas offering a heart is shown by Taddeo Gaddi in Santa Croce , by Andrea Pisano on the bronze door of the south porch of the Baptisterium in Florence ( c. 1337 ) , by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Palazzo Publico in Siena ( c. 1340 ) and by Andrea da Firenze in Santa Maria Novella in Florence ( c. 1365 ) . The convention of showing the heart point upward switches in the late 14th century and becomes rare in the first half of the 15th century . The `` scalloped '' shape of the now - familiar heart symbol , with a dent in its base , arises in the early 14th century , at first only lightly dented , as in the miniatures in Francesco Barberino 's Documenti d'amore ( before 1320 ) . A slightly later example with a more pronounced dent is found in a manuscript from the Cistercian monastery in Brussels ( MS 4459 -- 70 , fol 192v . Royal Library of Belgium ) . The convention of showing a dent at the base of the heart thus spread at about the same time as the convention of showing the heart with its point downward . The modern indented red heart has been used on playing cards since the late 15th century . Various hypotheses attempted to connect the `` heart shape '' as it evolved in the Late Middle Ages with instances of the geometric shape in antiquity . Such theories are modern , proposed from the 1960s onward , and they remain speculative , as no continuity between the supposed ancient predecessors and the late medieval tradition can be shown . Specific suggestions include : the shape of the seed of the silphium plant , used in ancient times as an herbal contraceptive , and stylized depictions of features of the human female body , such as the female 's breasts , buttocks , pubic mound , or spread vulva . Renaissance and early modern ( edit ) Mosaic of the Empress Zoe in the Hagia Sophia , 1239 Heart shapes can be seen on the Bible Jesus holds in the Empress Zoë mosaic in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul , but a reference to the organ was probably not intended . It probably dates from 1239 . Likewise , heart shapes can be seen on various stucco reliefs and wall panels excavated from the ruins of Ctesiphon , the Persian capital ( circa 90 BC -- 637 AD ) . The Luther rose was the seal that was designed for Martin Luther at the behest of Prince John Frederick , in 1530 , while Luther was staying at the Coburg Fortress during the Diet of Augsburg . Luther wrote an explanation of the symbol to Lazarus Spengler : `` a black cross in a heart , which retains its natural color , so that I myself would be reminded that faith in the Crucified saves us . ' For one who believes from the heart will be justified ' ( Romans 10 : 10 ) . '' The aorta remains visible , as a protrusion at the top centered between the two `` chambers '' indicated in the symbol , in some depictions of the Sacred Heart well into the 18th century , and is partly still shown today ( although mostly obscured by elements such as a crown , flames , rays , or a cross ) but the `` hearts '' suit did not have this element since the 15th century . The heart symbol reached Japan with the Nanban trade of 1543 to 1614 , as evidenced by an Edo period Samurai helmet ( dated c. 1630 ) , which includes both the rounded and indented forms of the heart symbol , representing the heart of Marishiten , goddess of archers . The chanson Belle , Bonne , Sage by Baude Cordier , written in the shape of a heart , in the Chantilly Codex . This is one of two dedicatory pieces placed at the beginning of the older ( late 14th century ) corpus , probably to replace the original first fascicle , which is missing . Early depiction of the Heart of Jesus in the context of the Five Wounds ( the wounded heart here depicting Christ 's wound inflicted by the Lance of Longinus ) in a 15th - century manuscript ( Cologne Mn Kn 28 - 1181 fol. 116 ) 1486 depiction of the Five Wounds Miniature from the Petit Livre d'Amour ( c. 1500 ) , showing the author Pierre Sala ( fr ) depositing his heart in a marguerite flower ( symbolizing his mistress , who was called Marguerite ) . Also worth mentioning is the miniature on fol . 13r , showing two women catching winged hearts in a net . The Luther rose , 1706 print after the 1530 design . Hearts suit in a 1540s German deck of playing cards The Danish `` Heart Book '' , a heart - shaped manuscript of love ballads from the 1550s . Augustine of Hippo holding a heart in his hand which is set alight by a ray emanating from divine Truth ( Veritas ) , painting by Philippe de Champaigne , ca . 1650 . Allegorical painting of the Sacred Heart of Jesus . The central heart radiates hearts gathered up by Putti . By Robert la Longe , ca . 1705 . Leaden heart of Raesfeld chapel ( funerary casket containing the heart of Christoph Otto von Velen , d . 1733 ) 18th - century depiction of the Sacred Heart from the vision of Marguerite Marie Alacoque ( d . 1690 ) . The heart is both `` heart shaped '' and drawn anatomically correct , with both the aorta and the pulmonary artery visible , with the crucifix placed inside the aorta . Another anatomically correct Sacred Heart , painted in c. 1770 by José de Páez . Modern ( edit ) Since the 19th century , the symbol has often been used on Valentine 's Day cards , candy boxes , and similar popular culture artifacts as a symbol of romantic love . The use of the heart symbol as a logograph for the English verb `` to love '' derives from the use in `` I ♥ NY , '' introduced in 1977 . Heart symbols were used to symbolize `` health '' or `` lives '' in video games ; influentially so in The Legend of Zelda ( 1986 ) . Super Mario Bros. 2 ( 1987 , 1988 ) had a `` life bar '' composed of hexagons , but in 1990s remakes of these games , the hexagons were replaced by heart shapes . Since the 1990s , the heart symbol has also been used as an ideogram indicating health outside of the video gaming context , e.g. its use by restaurants to indicate heart - healthy nutrient content claim ( e.g. `` low in cholesterol '' ) . A copyrighted `` heart - check '' symbol to indicate heart - healthy food was introduced by the American Heart Association in 1995 . A heart - shaped `` Map of Woman 's Heart '' ( 1830s ) Two burning hearts , coloured pink , illustration on a Victorian - era Valentine 's Day card . A `` Vinegar Valentine '' card from the 1870s , with a red heart symbol pierced by six arrows . The traditional `` heart shape '' appears on a 1910 Valentine 's Day card . Sheet music cover of `` Look in His Eyes '' , from the musical Have a Heart ( 1913 ) . Wedding ring of groom and a bride with shadow in form of heart - symbolic sense of love Heraldry ( edit ) `` Heart field '' or `` heart shield '' are terms for an inescutcheon placed en surtout . Coat of arms of the Principality of Lüneburg , originating with William of Winchester , Lord of Lüneburg ( d . 1213 ) who married Helena , daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark , and therefore adopted the `` Danish tincture '' to the arms of his father , Henry the Lion . The earliest heart - shaped charges in heraldry appear in the 12th century ; the hearts in the coat of arms of Denmark go back to the royal banner of the kings of Denmark , in turn based on a seal used as early as the 1190s . However , while the charges are clearly heart - shaped , they did not in origin depict hearts , or symbolize any idea related to love . Instead they are assumed to have depicted the leaves of the water - lily . Early heraldic heart - shaped charges depicting the leaves of water - lilies are found in various other designs related to territories close to rivers or a coastline ( e.g. Flags of Frisia ) . Inverted heart symbols have been used in heraldry as stylized testicles ( coglioni in Italian ) as in the canting arms of the Colleoni family of Milan . A seal attributed to William , Lord of Douglas ( of 1333 ) shows a heart shape , identified as the heart of Robert the Bruce . The authenticity of this seal is `` very questionable '' , i.e. it could possibly date to the late 14th or even the 15th century . Heraldic charges actually representing hearts became more common in the early modern period , with the Sacred Heart depicted in ecclesiastical heraldry , and hearts representing love appearing in bourgeois coats of arms . Hearts also later became popular elements in municipal coats of arms . Botanical Symbolism ( edit ) Main article : Silphium There has been some conjecture regarding the link between the traditional heart symbol and images of the fruit of Silphium , a ( probably ) extinct plant known to classical antiquity and belonging to the genus Ferula , used as a condiment and medicine , ( the medicinal properties including contraceptive and abortifacient activity , linking the plant to sexuality and love ) . Silver coins from the ancient Libya of the 6th - 5th BC bear images strongly reminiscent of the heart symbol , sometimes accompanied by images of the Silphium plant . The related Ferula species Asafoetida - which was actually used as an inferior substitute for Silphium - is regarded as an aphrodisiac in Tibet and India , suggesting yet a third amatory association relating to Silphium . Ancient silver coin from Cyrene , Libya depicting the heart - shaped ' seed ' ( actually fruit ) of Silphium . Example of a heart - shaped mericarp fruit in a plant ( Heracleum sphondylium ) belonging , like the unidentified Silphium , to the Parsley family , Apiaceae . Ferula assa - foetida a species of Giant Fennel belonging to the same genus as the ancient Silphium and regarded as having similar properties , while being an inferior substitute for the plant . Ferula tingitana : a possible identity for Silphium . Encoding ( edit ) This section contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . A common emoticon for the heart is <3 . In Unicode several heart symbols are available : Glyph Description HTML code Alt codes ♡ U + 2661 WHITE HEART SUIT & # x2661 ; or & # 9825 ; ♥ U + 2665 BLACK HEART SUIT & # x2665 ; or & # 9829 ; or &hearts ; Alt + 3 ❤ U + 2764 HEAVY BLACK HEART & # x2764 ; or & # 10084 ; ❥ U + 2765 ROTATED HEAVY BLACK HEART BULLET & # x2765 ; or & # 10085 ; ❣ U + 2763 HEAVY HEART EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT & # x2763 ; or & # 10083 ; And from the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs range associated with emoji : Glyph Description HTML code 🎔 U + 1F394 HEART WITH TIP ON THE LEFT & # x1f394 ; 💑 U + 1F491 COUPLE WITH HEART & # x1f491 ; 💓 U + 1F493 BEATING HEART & # x1f493 ; 💔 U + 1F494 BROKEN HEART & # x1f494 ; 💕 U + 1F495 TWO HEARTS & # x1f495 ; 💖 U + 1F496 SPARKLING HEART & # x1f496 ; 💗 U + 1F497 GROWING HEART & # x1f497 ; 💘 U + 1F498 HEART WITH ARROW & # x1f498 ; 💙 U + 1F499 BLUE HEART & # x1f499 ; 💚 U + 1F49A GREEN HEART & # x1f49a ; 💛 U + 1F49B YELLOW HEART & # x1f49b ; 💜 U + 1F49C PURPLE HEART & # x1f49c ; 💝 U + 1F49D HEART WITH RIBBON & # x1f49d ; 💞 U + 1F49E REVOLVING HEARTS & # x1f49e ; 💟 U + 1F49F HEART DECORATION & # x1f49f ; In Code page 437 , the original character set of the IBM PC , the value of 3 ( hexadecimal 03 ) represents the heart symbol . This value is shared with the non-printing ETX control character , which overrides the glyph in many contexts . The Unicode character of the letter ghan of the Georgian alphabet ( ღ ) has seen some use as a surrogate heart symbol in online communication . Parametrisation ( edit ) A number of parametrisations of approximately heart - shaped curves have been described . The best - known of these is the cardioid , which is an epicycloid with one cusp ; though as the cardioid lacks the point , it may be seen as a stylized water - lily leaf , a so - called seeblatt , rather than a heart . Other curves , such as the implicit curve ( x + y − 1 ) − x y = 0 , may produce better approximations of the heart shape . A cardioid generated by a rolling circle ( animated ) Implicit heart curve ( x + y − 1 ) − x y = 0 Parametric plot of the curve ( 16 sin 3 ⁡ t 13 cos ⁡ t − 5 cos ⁡ 2 t − 2 cos ⁡ 3 t − cos ⁡ 4 t ) ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle ( \ binom ( 16 \ sin ^ ( \ scriptscriptstyle 3 ) t ) ( 13 \ cos ( ) t - 5 \ cos 2t - 2 \ cos 3t - \ cos 4t ) ) ) Heart by Hamid Naderi Yeganeh Implicit heart surface Simple form made from two perpendicular lines and two circular arcs . heart curve on ti - 89 graphics calculator parametric equation of heart curve on ti - 89 graphics calculator See also ( edit ) Cordata , Cordatum and Cordatus , Latin adjectives meaning heart - shaped Seeblatt References ( edit ) Inline citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Favorito , E.N. ; Baty , K. ( February 1995 ) . `` The Silphium Connection '' . Celator. 9 ( 2 ) : 6 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Did the ancient Romans use a natural herb for birth control ? , The Straight Dope , October 13 , 2006 Jump up ^ Riddle , John M. ( 1994 ) . Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance . harvard university press . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0674168763 . Jump up ^ Buttrey , T.V. ( Spring -- Summer 1992 ) . `` The Coins and the Cult '' ( PDF ) . Expedition. 34 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 59 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Kemp ( 2011 ) , 96 -- 99 . Jump up ^ https://www.topic.com/the-pleasure-principles ^ Jump up to : Vinken ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Vinken ( 2001 ) : `` The change from the spherical to the scalloped form of the heart base happened more or less in train with the differing way in which the heart was held , and has dominated visual representations of the heart ever since . '' Jump up ^ A Brief History of Playing Cardes , by Charles Knutson , Renaissance Magazine 2001 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : The Shape of My Heart : Where did the ubiquitous Valentine 's symbol come from ? by Keelin McDonell , Slate.com , Tuesday , Feb. 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sowing the seeds of love , The Age , by Luke Benedictus , February 12 , 2006 ; use as contraceptive : Pliny the Elder , XXII , Ch. 49 Jump up ^ proposed by Gloria Steinem in the 1998 introduction to the Vagina Monologues online copy ; `` For example , the shape we call a heart -- whose symmetry resembles the vulva far more than the asymmetry of the organ that shares its name -- is probably a residual female genital symbol . It was reduced from power to romance by centuries of male dominance . '' , based on an earlier suggestion by Tanzer ( 1969 ) that the shape was used as a symbol indicating brothels in ancient Pompeii ) . Tanzer ( 1969 ) . The Common People of Pompeii . A study of the graffiti . With illustrations and a map Jump up ^ Roundel with radiating palmettes . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 , from http://metmuseum.org/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId={60853040-AE7E-4162-8FA7-525505D6B633}&oid=322631 Jump up ^ Fragments of stucco roundels in situ , Taq - i Kisra , south building , Ctesiphon , Iraq , 1931 -- 32 . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 , from http://www.metmuseum.org/met-around-the-world/images/wb_large/wb_Ctesiphon2.jpg Jump up ^ `` Wall panel with a guinea fowl ( Sasanian ) ( 32.150. 13 ) '' . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art , 2000 --. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/32.150.13 ( March 2012 ) Jump up ^ gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca Archived 2006 - 10 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , i-p-c-s.org `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 17 . antiquemapsandprints.com , obviously more research is needed here . Jump up ^ Samurai helmet representing the flaming jewel , by Unkai Mitsuhisa ca 1630 , Ann and Gabriel Barbier - Mueller Collection , exhibited at Boston Fine Arts Museum , April -- August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Subsequently the heart symbol became a shorthand for enthusiasm for everything form software to Yorkshire terriers . It was a stamp that validated lifestyles . People could ♥ their grandchildren or line dancing or Buddha . '' Stephen Amidon , Thomas Amidon , The Sublime Engine : A Biography of the Human Heart ( 2011 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` the heart - check mark that began to appear on a wide array of food packaging in 1995 . The symbol consists of a heart branded with a bold , efficient check mark . It is copyrighted by the American Heart Association ( AHA ) which licences it for a nominal fee to companies whose products meet the organization 's criteria for saturated fat and cholesterol content . '' Stephen Amidon , Thomas Amidon , The Sublime Engine : A Biography of the Human Heart ( 2011 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ C. Weyers in : Stengel ( ed . ) , Archiv für Diplomatik : Schriftgeschichte , Siegel , und Wappenkunde , Volume 54 , 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Woodward , John and George Burnett ( 1969 ) . Woodward 's a treatise on heraldry , British and foreign , page 203 . Originally published 1892 , Edinburgh : W. & A.B. Johnson . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 4464 - 1 . LCCN 02 - 20303 Jump up ^ McAndrew , Scotland 's Historic Heraldry , 2006 , p. 141 Jump up ^ McAndrew 2006 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Favorito , E.N. ; Baty , K. ( February 1995 ) . `` The Silphium Connection '' . Celator. 9 ( 2 ) : 6 -- 8 . Jump up ^ T.V. Buttrey , `` The Coins and the Cult '' , Expedition magazine vol. 34 , Nos. 1 -- 2 `` Special Issue : Gifts to the Goddesses -- Cyrene 's Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone '' , Spring -- Summer 1992 . Jump up ^ Koerper , H. ; Kolls , A.L. ( 1999 ) . `` The silphium motif adorning ancient libyan coinage : Marketing a medicinal plant '' . Economic Botany. 53 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 143 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02866492 . JSTOR 4256173 . Jump up ^ http://thepoisondiaries.tumblr.com/post/42771270639/aphrodisiac-asafoetida-ferula-asa-foetida Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. , `` Cardioid '' from MathWorld . Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein , `` Heart Curve . '' From MathWorld Jump up ^ `` Hamid Naderi Yeganeh , `` Heart '' ( November 2014 ) `` . American Mathematical Society . November 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Martin Kemp , `` The Heart '' in Christ to Coke : How Image Becomes Icon , Oxford University Press , 2011 , 81 -- 113 . P.J. Vinken ( 2000 ) , The Shape of the Heart : A Contribution to the Iconology of the Heart ( illustrated ed . ) , Elsevier Health Sciences , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 82987 - 0 General references ( edit ) Vinken , P ( 2001 ) , `` How the heart was held in medieval art '' , The Lancet , 358 ( 9299 ) : 2155 -- 2157 , doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 01 ) 07224 - 5 , PMID 11784647 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHeart ( symbol ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata The Heart Symbol -- Origin , History And Significance ( essay by cardiologist Armin Dietz ) List of Unicode Heart Symbols Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_(symbol)&oldid=852484258 '' Categories : 15th - century introductions Heart Heraldic charges Late Middle Ages Pictograms Playing cards Romance Symbols Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2013 Articles needing the year an event occurred from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית მარგალური Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 08 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the heart become associated with love	[ "The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates to the 1250s. It occurs in a miniature decorating a capital 'S' in a manuscript of the French Roman de la poire (National Library FR MS. 2086, plate 12). In the miniature a kneeling lover (or more precisely, an allegory of the lover's \"sweet gaze\" or douz regart) offers his heart to a damsel. The heart here resembles a pine cone (held \"upside down\", the point facing upward), in accord with medieval anatomical descriptions. However, in this miniature what suggests a heart shape is only the result of a lover's finger superimposed on an object; the full shape outline of the object is partly hidden, and therefore unknown. Moreover, the French title of the manuscript that features the miniature translates into \"Novel Of The Pear\" in English. Thus the heart shaped object would be a pear; the conclusion that a pear represents a heart is dubious. Opinions therefore differ over this being the first depiction of a heart as symbol of romantic love.[7] Giotto in his 1305 painting in the Scrovegni Chapel (Padua) shows an allegory of charity (caritas) handing her heart to Jesus Christ. This heart is also depicted in the pine cone shape based on anatomical descriptions of the day (still held \"upside down\"). Giotto's painting exerted considerable influence on later painters, and the motive of Caritas offering a heart is shown by Taddeo Gaddi in Santa Croce, by Andrea Pisano on the bronze door of the south porch of the Baptisterium in Florence (c. 1337), by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Palazzo Publico in Siena (c. 1340) and by Andrea da Firenze in Santa Maria Novella in Florence (c. 1365). The convention of showing the heart point upward switches in the late 14th century and becomes rare in the first half of the 15th century.[7]\n" ]	[ "the 1250s" ]
9171085623015582586	Smooth Talk (album)	Smooth Talk ( album ) - wikipedia Smooth Talk ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search Smooth Talk Standard artwork ; the late - 1970s U.S. reissues and early Japanese vinyl release used a different artwork Studio album by Evelyn `` Champagne '' King Released August 17 , 1977 Recorded 1977 Studio RCA Studios , New York City , New City Alpha International , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Genre Soul , disco Length 41 : 11 ( based on vinyl release with only 12 '' mixes of singles ) Label RCA Big Break Records Producer Theodore Life Evelyn `` Champagne '' King chronology Smooth Talk ( 1977 ) Music Box ( 1978 ) Music Box 1978 Singles from Smooth Talk `` Shame '' Released : 1977 `` I Do n't Know If It 's Right '' Released : 1978 Smooth Talk is the debut album , released in 1977 by R&B singer Evelyn `` Champagne '' King on the RCA label and produced by Theodore Life . It contains singles `` Shame '' , also one of King 's signature songs , and `` I Do n't Know If It 's Right '' , both of which were hits in the United States and Canada . Outside North America in music charts , `` Shame '' performed modestly in a few European countries , while the latter charted in the United Kingdom and New Zealand but performed poorly there . Contents ( hide ) 1 Songs 2 Album history 3 Critical reception 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Songs ( edit ) In the Billboard charts , `` Shame '' peaked at number nine in the Hot 100 , number seven in the Hot Soul Singles , and number eight in the Disco Action , In Canada 's RPM charts , `` Shame '' peaked at number sixteen in Top 100 Singles and number five in the Dance / Urban chart . It also peaked at number thirty - nine in the UK Singles Chart , number eighteen in the Dutch Top 40 , number twenty - six in the Netherlands 's Singles Top 100 , and number twelve in Belgium 's Ultratop Top 50 Singles . The song was certified gold by the RIAA on August 11 , 1978 , became one of King 's signature songs , and would be later covered by Zhané for the 1994 film A Low Down Dirty Shame and then Kim Wilde in 1996 . `` I Do n't Know If It 's Right '' peaked number twenty - three in the Billboard Hot 100 , number seven in the Hot Soul Singles. and number twenty - five in the Disco Action . It was positioned at number twenty - one on the year - end top 50 Soul Singles of 1979 . The song was also certified gold by the RIAA on February 22 , 1979 . In Canada , the song entered the RPM Top 100 Singles at number ninety - four on the week ending January 13 , 1979 , and peaked at number seventeen for two weeks until the week ending April 14 . It also entered the RPM Adult Oriented Playlist at number forty - three on the week ending January 20 that same year and peaked at number six on the week ending March 31 . It also reached number eleven on the RPM Dance / Urban chart on the week ending October 28 , 1978 , a year prior . It was position at number 130 on the RPM year - end Top 200 Singles of 1979 . The song peaked at number sixty - seven in the UK Singles Chart . It also entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number thirty - eight , its peak position , on the week ending May 6 that same year and fell from its position a week later . The titular song `` Smooth Talk '' contains `` undulating drum fills and serene and stylish vocal arrangement . '' Album History ( edit ) The album was released in 1977 and peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard 200 and number eight on the Soul Albums chart . In Billboard 's year - end charts of 1978 , it was positioned at number seventy - six on the year - end top 100 Pop Albums and number thirty - one on the year - end top 50 Soul Albums . It was also positioned at number twenty - five on the year - end top 50 Soul Albums of 1979 . It was certified gold by the RIAA on September 6 , 1978 . The album was digitally remastered and reissued on CD with bonus tracks in 2010 by Big Break Records . The original vinyl disc was reissued twice following the single releases of `` Shame '' and `` I Do n't Know If It 's Right '' , in each case replacing the LP track version with the 12 '' remix version . Critical reception ( edit ) Allmusic critic Justin Kantor rated the album four out of five stars , calling it `` a fine catch for ' 70s R&B connoisseurs '' and `` a fun , satisfying listen for the body -- if not a genius piece of soul , '' and highly praising the hit single `` Shame '' . However , he considered several other tracks forgettable , like `` Dancin ' , Dancin ' , Dancin ' '' and `` ' Til I Come off the Road . '' Track listing ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Smooth Talk '' Theodore Life , Mike Holden , William Kimes 5 : 29 2 . `` I Do n't Know If It 's Right '' ( original LP version ) Theodore Life , John H. Fitch , Jr . 4 : 17 3 . `` Til I Come Off the Road '' Mike Holden , John H. Fitch , Jr. , Theodore Life 2 : 38 4 . `` Dancin ' , Dancin ' , Dancin ' '' Theodore Life , Teddy Pendergrass 4 : 13 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 5 . `` Shame '' ( original LP version ) John H. Fitch , Jr. , Reuben Cross 4 : 38 6 . `` Nobody Knows '' John H. Fitch , Jr. , Reuben Cross , Theodore Life 4 : 31 7 . `` We 're Going to a Party '' Theodore Life , Aubrey Gravatt , Joe Freeman 3 : 48 8 . `` The Show Is Over '' Theodore Life , Dexter Wansel 5 : 40 ( show ) 2010 remastered bonus tracks No . Title Length 9 . `` Shame '' ( 12 '' Disco Mix ) 6 : 33 10 . `` I Do n't Know If It 's Right '' ( 12 '' Disco Mix ) 8 : 19 11 . `` Shame '' ( Single Version ) 2 : 54 12 . `` I Do n't Know If It 's Right '' ( Single Version ) 3 : 46 Personnel ( edit ) Raymond Earl -- bass John H. Fitch , Jr. , Ronnie James , Theodore Life , Kim Miller -- guitars Jerald Hill , Dennis Richardson -- keyboards James Sigler -- organ Dexter Wansel -- electric piano Sam Peake -- organ , electric piano , Clavinet James Lee Fuller , Larry Strickland -- congas Scotty Miller -- drums Johnny McCants -- congas , percussion Don Renaldo and his Swinging Horns -- horns Carla Benson , Evette Benton , Mikki Farrow , Joe Freeman , Lani Groves , Barbara Ingram , Theodore Life , M. Roberts , Bunny Sigler , Annie Sutton -- background vocals Arnold Coley Jr. , Morris Bailey , Sam Peake , Leon Mitchell - horn arrangements Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak Billboard Top LPs 14 Billboard Top Soul LPs 8 Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Certifications US US R&B US Dance CA CA Dance / Urban CA Adult UK NL Top 40 NL Top 100 BE NZ US 1978 `` Shame '' 9 7 8 16 5 -- 39 18 26 12 -- Gold 1979 `` I Do n't Know If It 's Right '' 23 7 25 17 11 6 67 -- -- -- 38 Gold Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Evelyn ' Champagne ' King : Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelyn ' Champagne ' King : Chart History -- Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelyn ' Champagne ' King : Chart History -- Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM . September 16 , 1978 . p. 21 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 -- via Library and Archives Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 30 Playlist '' . RPM. April 22 , 1978 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 -- via Library and Archives Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelyn ' Champagne ' King '' . Official Charts. 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelyn ' Champagne ' King -- ' Shame ' '' . MediaMarkt Top 40 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelyn ' Champagne ' King -- ' Shame ' '' . Dutch Charts . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelyn ' Champagne ' King -- ' Shame ' '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Gold & Platinum ' search -- ' Evelyn King ' '' . RIAA . Jump up ^ Hogan , Ed . `` Review of ' Shame ' by Evelyn ' Champagne ' King '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 326 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End 1979 , p . TIA - 38 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top Singles ( 51 -- 100 ) '' . RPM . January 20 , 1979 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Library and Archives Canada . `` I Do n't Know If It 's Right '' was charted for two weeks as of the week ending January 20 , 1979 . ^ Jump up to : `` RPM 100 Singles '' . April 7 , 1979 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles '' . April 14 , 1979 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` RPM Adult Oriented Playlist '' . RPM . January 20 , 1979 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Library and Archives Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` RPM Adult Oriented Playlist '' . RPM . March 31 , 1979 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Library and Archives Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Dance / Urban -- Twelve Inch '' . RPM . October 28 , 1978 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Top 200 Singles '' . RPM . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart : 6 May 1979 '' . The Official NZ Music Charts . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelyn ' Champagne ' King -- ' I Do n't Know If It 's Right ' ( song ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kantor , Justin . `` Evelyn `` Champagne '' King -- Smooth Talk `` . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelyn ' Champagne ' King : Chart History -- Billboard 200 : Smooth Talk '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelyn ' Champagne ' King : Chart History -- Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End 1978 , p . TIA - 20 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End 1978 , p . TIA - 62 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End 1979 , p . TIA - 36 . ^ Jump up to : `` American album certifications -- Evelyn King -- Smooth Talk '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH References ( edit ) `` Billboard 1978 Year End Awards Issue : Talent in Action '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 23 , 1978 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via American Radio History . `` Talent in Action '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 22 , 1978 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via American Radio History . External links ( edit ) Smooth Talk at Discogs Evelyn `` Champagne '' King Studio albums Smooth Talk ( 1977 ) Music Box ( 1979 ) Call on Me ( 1980 ) I 'm in Love ( 1981 ) Get Loose ( 1982 ) Face to Face ( 1983 ) So Romantic ( 1984 ) A Long Time Coming ( A Change Is Gonna Come ) ( 1985 ) Flirt ( 1988 ) The Girl Next Door ( 1989 ) I 'll Keep a Light On ( 1995 ) Singles `` Shame '' `` I Do n't Know If It 's Right '' `` I 'm in Love '' `` If You Want My Lovin ' '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Betcha She Do n't Love You '' `` Your Personal Touch '' Related articles Kashif Book : Evelyn `` Champagne '' King Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smooth_Talk_(album)&oldid=840937163 '' Categories : 1977 debut albums Evelyn `` Champagne '' King albums RCA Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 01 : 27 . About Wikipedia	i don't know if it's right by evelyn champagne king	[]	[]
6599784648583749556	Orange Is the New Black	Orange Is the New Black - Wikipedia Orange Is the New Black Jump to : navigation , search Orange Is the New Black Genre Comedy - drama Created by Jenji Kohan Based on Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison by Piper Kerman Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel Theme music composer Regina Spektor Opening theme `` You 've Got Time '' Composer ( s ) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English ( main language ) Spanish No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman ( pilot ) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann Producer ( s ) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum Location ( s ) New York Camera setup Single - camera Running time 51 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/orangeisthenewblack Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11 , 2013 on the streaming service Netflix . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television . Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series . It has received critical acclaim and many accolades . For its first season , the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama . For its second season , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , a Producers Guild of America Award , an American Film Institute award , and a Peabody Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2. 1 Inmates 2.2. 2 Staff 2.2. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Broadcast 5.1 Ratings 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The series revolves around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary , a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections , '' a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons , and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ) , a private prison company ) in upstate New York . Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , an international drug smuggler . The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet , law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé , family and friends . In prison , Piper is reunited with Alex ( who named Piper in her trial , resulting in Piper 's arrest ) and they re-examine their relationship . Simultaneously , Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous , inherent struggles . Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts . These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory . The show pays close attention to how corruption , drug smuggling , funding cuts , overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners ' health and well - being and the prison 's basic ability to fulfil its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution . One of the show 's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities , Joe Caputo , whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC , which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate ( season 1 ) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé ( season 1 -- 2 , guest season 5 ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , Director of Human Activities , later Warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4 , guest season 5 ) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2 , guest season 3 ) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 ) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( season 2 -- present ) Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin ( season 2 -- present ) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 ) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( season 3 -- present ) Blair Brown as Judy King ( season 3 -- present ) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( season 4 -- present ) Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele ( season 4 -- present ) Daniella De Jesus as `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present ) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( season 4 -- present ) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( season 4 -- present ) Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras ( season 4 -- present ) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( season 4 -- present ) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( season 4 -- present ) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( season 4 -- present ) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( season 4 -- present ) Staff Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 5 ) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( season 3 -- present ) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' ( season 3 -- present ) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( season 3 -- present ) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present ) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 ) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present ) Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman ( season 4 -- present ) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present ) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Palladino as Josh ( season 4 -- present ) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present ) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Others Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Berto Colon as Cesar ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Ian Paola as Yadriel ( season 2 -- present ) John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( season 3 -- present ) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( season 3 , guest season 5 ) Production ( edit ) The series cast at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her . She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation , which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show . This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation . Kohan would later go on to describe the main character , Piper Chapman , as a `` trojan horse '' for the series , allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV . In July 2011 , it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator . In November 2011 , negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast , in the lead role as Piper Chapman , followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom . Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series . Abigail Savage , who plays Gina , and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig , had auditioned for role of Alex Vause . Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman , however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ) , noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character . '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead . Likability was important for Morello , whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful , nice , sweet Italian girl . '' Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman , was cast as Sophia Burset , a transgender character . The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role . Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex , but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed . She was perfect , '' said Euston . Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren . Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett . This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined . The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind . The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield , New York , which is a real town in upstate New York , but it does not have a federal penitentiary . The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County , New York , on March 7 , 2013 . The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself . On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts , but returned for season 3 as a regular . On May 5 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season , as revealed by actress Laura Prepon . For the third season , several actors were promoted to series regulars , including Selenis Leyva , Adrienne C. Moore , Dascha Polanco , Nick Sandow , Yael Stone , and Samira Wiley . Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season , but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season . The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15 , 2015 , prior to its third - season premiere . For the fourth season , Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars ; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode . On February 5 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth and seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 93 % ( 40 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews ) 98 % ( 42 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews ) 96 % ( 24 reviews ) 83 ( 53 reviews ) 95 % ( 39 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews ) 5 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews ) Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award , May 2014 Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim , particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race , sexuality , gender and body types . The first season received positive reviews from critics , review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating favorable reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 93 % approval rating based on 40 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft , with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure . '' Hank Stuever , television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score . In his review of the series , he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series , Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits . But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories , all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat . '' Maureen Ryan , of The Huffington Post , wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year , and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more . '' The second season also received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work , Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season . '' The fourth season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever , with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends ? By the first yardstick , Season 4 is ambitious but uneven ; by the latter , it 's the series ' best . '' The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut . The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins . For its first season , it received 12 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama . In 2013 , the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year . A new Emmy rule in 2015 , classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas , forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season . That year , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Aduba won her second Emmy Award , for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . For its second season , the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations : Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling , and Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba . At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series . For its third season , Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Aduba ) . It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series has also received , among other accolades , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , five Satellite Awards , four Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a GLAAD Media Award , an American Cinema Editors Award , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a Peabody Award . Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix is famously tight - fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series . But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most - watched original series . That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system . -- Variety The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19 , 2013 . It premiered in Australia on October 9 , 2013 , on Showcase . The second season began on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 , and the third season premiered on June 11 , 2015 . The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19 , 2017 . In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Ratings ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . In October 2013 , Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success '' for the streaming platform . `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and , as with each of our other previously launched originals , enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV . '' As reported in February 2016 , Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its `` minority - rich ensemble cast , '' the series `` appeals more to a white audience . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . See also ( edit ) Incarceration of women in the United States Prison -- industrial complex Women in Prison ( 1987 ) List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of LGBT characters in television and radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dunne , Susan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Danbury Women 's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Duo Cast in Netflix 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Don Stark Upped on VH 's ' Bounce ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK , Her Research Into Prison Life , and Graphic Sex Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange ' Creator Jenji Kohan : ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' '' . NPR . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix , Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' Comedy '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan 's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can ' Scene '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Was n't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Down , Steve ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black : ' I was n't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orley , Emily ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Cast Came To Be `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Diane ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black 's Uzo Aduba : ' How would make someone think I 'd be right for Crazy Eyes ? ' '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined ' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is the ' Orange is New Black ' Prison Real ? Yes , and it is Located Near Utica '' . WIBX 950 AM . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black ' filming in Rockland '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pate , Caroline ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black '' for Second Season '' ( Press release ) . Netflix . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3 : Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' renewed for 3rd season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simms , Andrew ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' season 3 promotes Dascha Polanco to series regular '' . Hypable . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pornstache ' out ahead of ' Orange ' season 3 '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sarah ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pablo Schreiber 's Pornstache has an ' OITNB ' Season 3 surprise in store for fans '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` How ' Orange Is the New Black ' humanizes inmates '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Has ' Orange is the New Black ' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners ? Former Inmates Say No , But There 's Progress Ahead '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Rorke , Robert ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' ignites a TV revolution for women '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . McClelland , Mac ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange is the New Black : Girls Gone Wrong '' . Rolling Stone ( 1237 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Ross , L.A. ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex , Women Calling the Shots , and What Red Did '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Gennis , Sadie ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Schroeder , Audra ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Orange Is the New Black '' changed the way we talk about TV `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Poniewozik , James ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV '' . Time . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1 '' . Metacritic. 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steuver , Hank ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Review : Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2 '' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland , David ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' review : Me vs. we '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Metacritic. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Metacritic. 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : It 's About Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is The New Black '' . Television Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange is the New Black '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys Rules and Quirks that Explain the 2015 Nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015 : Full List '' . Variety . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners '' . Writers Guild of America . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Winners : Full List '' . Variety . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Takei , `` Orange is the New Black , '' `` Concussion '' among # GLAADAwards recipients in New York City `` . GLAAD . May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : ' Orange Is the New Black ' Wins Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Comedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black '' . TVNZ . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Airdate : Orange is the New Black '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014 '' . Foxtel . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black S3 : same time as the US '' . Foxtel . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Channel U.K. Takes ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Brilliant ' Orange ' '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's No - Name Show Beating `` House of Cards '' and `` Arrested Development '' `` . All Things Digital . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix : ' Orange Is The New Black ' Is Our Most - Watched Original , But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Brian Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Netflix 's Most - Watched Original Series '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Weatherford Millette , Sarah . `` The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black . '' MA Thesis . George Mason University , 2015 . Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black . June 2014 . The Diane Rehm Show . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange Is the New Black . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does orange is the new black film	[ "The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary.[22] The series began filming in the old Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013.[23] The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself.[24]" ]	[ "Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York" ]
7426081887874443330	Hawaii (island)	Hawaii ( island ) - wikipedia Hawaii ( island ) Hawaiʻi The Big Island Landsat mosaic , 1999 -- 2001 Location in the state of Hawaii Geography Location 19 ° 34 ′ N 155 ° 30 ′ W / 19.567 ° N 155.500 ° W / 19.567 ; - 155.500 Archipelago Hawaiian Islands Area 4,028 sq mi ( 10,430 km ) Area rank 75th , largest island in the United States - 1st Highest elevation 13,803 ft ( 4,207.2 m ) Highest point Mauna Kea Administration United States State Hawaii Symbols Flower Red Pua Lehua ( ʻOhiʻa blossom ) Color ʻUlaʻula ( red ) Largest settlement Hilo Demographics Population 185,079 ( 2010 ) Pop . density 46 / sq mi ( 17.8 / km ) Hawaiʻi ( / həˈwaɪ. i / ( listen ) hə - WY - ee ; Hawaiian : ( həˈvɐjʔi ) ) is the largest island located in the U.S. state of Hawaii . It is the largest and the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands , a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean . With an area of 4,028 square miles ( 10,430 km ) , it has 63 % of the Hawaiian archipelago 's combined landmass , and is the largest island in the United States . However , it has only 13 % of Hawaiʻi 's people . The island of Hawaiʻi is the third largest island in Polynesia , behind the two main islands of New Zealand . The island is often referred to as the Island of Hawaiʻi , the Big Island , the Big I , or Hawaiʻi Island to distinguish it from the state . Administratively , the whole island encompasses Hawaiʻi County . As of the 2010 Census the population was 185,079 . The county seat and largest city is Hilo . There are no incorporated cities in Hawaiʻi County ( see List of counties in Hawaii ) . Contents 1 History 2 Geology and geography 2.1 Volcanism 2.2 Great Crack 2.3 Hilina Slump 2.4 Earthquakes and tsunamis 2.5 Volcanic fog 2.6 National protected areas 2.7 Adjacent counties 3 Demographics 4 Government and infrastructure 4.1 County government 4.2 State government 5 Economy 5.1 Top employers 6 Education 7 Transportation 7.1 Roads 7.2 Airports 7.3 Seaports 8 Places of interest 9 Maps 10 Communities 10.1 Census - designated places 10.2 Unincorporated communities 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Hawaii James Kealoha Beach , `` Carlsmith Beach Park '' , in Hilo Hawaiʻi is said to have been named after Hawaiʻiloa , the legendary Polynesian navigator who first discovered it . Other accounts attribute the name to the legendary realm of Hawaiki , a place from which some Polynesian people are said to have originated , the place where they transition to in the afterlife , or the realm of the gods and goddesses . Captain James Cook , the English explorer and navigator who was captain of the first European expedition that discovered the Hawaiian Islands , called them the `` Sandwich Islands '' after his patron , the Earl of Sandwich . Cook was killed on the Big Island at Kealakekua Bay on 14 February 1779 , in a mêlée which followed the theft of a ship 's boat . Hawaiʻi was the home island of Paiʻea Kamehameha , later known as Kamehameha the Great . Kamehameha united most of the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795 , after several years of war , and gave the kingdom and the island chain the name of his native island . Geology and Geography ( edit ) Aerial view , 3D computer - generated image According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 5,086 square miles ( 13,170 km ) , of which 4,028 square miles ( 10,430 km ) is land and 1,058 square miles ( 2,740 km ) ( 20.8 % ) is water . The county 's land area comprises 62.7 percent of the state 's land area . It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States . At its greatest dimension , the island is 93 miles ( 150 km ) across . It has a land area of 4,028 square miles ( 10,430 km ) comprising 62 % of the Hawaiian Islands ' land area . Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak , Mauna Kea is the world 's tallest mountain , taller than even Mount Everest , since the base of Mount Everest is above sea level . Ka Lae , the southernmost point in the 50 states of the United States , is on Hawaii . The nearest landfall to the south is in the Line Islands . To the northwest of the island of Hawaii is the island of Maui , whose Haleakalā volcano is visible from Hawaii across the Alenuihaha Channel . A view of the Kohala Coast and adjacent volcanoes , taken from the slopes of Kohala Mountains about 6 miles ( 10 km ) northwest of Kawaihae . From left to right : Mauna Kea , Mauna Loa , and Hualalai . Volcanism ( edit ) The five shield volcanoes Steam plume as Kīlauea red lava enters the ocean at three Waikupanaha and one Ki lava ocean entries . Some surface lava is seen too . The image was taken on 16 April 2008 . The island of Hawaiʻi is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially , one overlapping the other . These are ( from oldest to youngest ) : Kohala -- extinct Mauna Kea -- dormant Hualālai -- active Mauna Loa -- active , partly within Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kīlauea -- active : has been erupting continuously since 1983 ; part of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Geological evidence from exposures of old surfaces on the south and west flanks of Mauna Loa led to the proposal that two ancient volcanic shields ( named Ninole and Kulani ) were all but buried by the younger Mauna Loa . Geologists now consider these `` outcrops '' to be part of the earlier building of Mauna Loa . Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes , the island of Hawaii is still growing . Between January 1983 and September 2002 , lava flows added 543 acres ( 220 ha ) to the island . Lava flowing from Kīlauea has destroyed several towns , including Kapoho in 1960 , and Kalapana and Kaimū in 1990 . In 1987 lava filled in `` Queen 's Bath '' , a large , L - shaped , freshwater pool in the Kalapana area . Some geologists count seven volcanoes as building the island , which include the submarine volcanoes Māhukona and Lōʻihi as parts of the base of the island . Māhukona off the northwest corner of the island has already disappeared below the surface of the ocean . Approximately 22 miles ( 35 km ) southeast of Hawaii lies the undersea volcano known as Lōʻihi . It is an erupting seamount that now reaches approximately 3,200 feet ( 980 m ) below the surface of the ocean . Continued activity at current rates from Lōʻihi will likely cause it to break the surface of the ocean sometime between 10,000 and 100,000 years from now . Great Crack ( edit ) See also : Koa'e Fault Zone Lava entering the Pacific at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in April 2005 , increasing the size of the island The Great Crack is an eight - mile - long ( 13,000 m ) , 60 - foot - wide ( 18 m ) and 60 - foot - deep ( 18 m ) fissure in the island , in the district of Kau . According to the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) , the Great Crack is the result of crustal dilation from magmatic intrusions into the southwest rift zone of Kilauea . While neither the earthquake of 1868 nor that of 1975 caused a measurable change in the Great Crack , lava welled out of the lower 6 miles ( 10 km ) of the Great Crack in 1823 . Visitors can find trails , rock walls , and archaeological sites from as old as the 12th century around the Great Crack . Approximately 1,951 acres ( 790 ha ) of private land were purchased during the presidency of Bill Clinton , specifically to protect various artifacts in this area , as well as the habitat of local wildlife . Hilina Slump ( edit ) Main article : Hilina Slump Punaluʻu Black Sand Beach Park Laʻaloa Bay , also known as `` Magic Sands , '' located in Kailua - Kona The Hilina Slump is a 4,760 - cubic - mile ( 19,800 km ) chunk of the south slope of the Kīlauea volcano which is slipping away from the island . Between 1990 and 1993 , Global Positioning System ( GPS ) measurements showed a southward displacement of about 4 inches ( 10 cm ) per year . Undersea measurements show that a `` bench '' has formed a buttress and that this buttress may tend to reduce the likelihood of future catastrophic detachment . Earthquakes and tsunamis ( edit ) Anaehoʻomalu Beach panorama On 2 April 1868 , an earthquake with a magnitude estimated between 7.25 and 7.9 on the Richter scale rocked the southeast coast of Hawaii . This was the most destructive earthquake in the recorded history of Hawaii . It triggered a landslide on Mauna Loa , 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of Pahala , killing 31 people . A tsunami claimed 46 more lives . The villages of Punaluʻu , Nīnole , Kawaa , Honuapo , and Keauhou Landing were severely damaged . The tsunami reportedly rolled over the tops of the coconut trees up to 60 feet ( 18 m ) high , and it reached inland a distance of a quarter of a mile ( 400 meters ) in some places . On 29 November 1975 , a 37 - mile - wide ( 60 km ) section of the Hilina Slump dropped 11.5 feet ( 3.5 m ) and slid 26 feet ( 7.9 m ) toward the ocean . This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a 48 - foot - high ( 15 m ) tsunami . Oceanfront property was washed off its foundations in Punaluu . Two deaths were reported at Halape , and 19 other people were injured . The island suffered tsunami damage from earthquakes in Alaska on 1 April 1946 , and in Chile on 23 May 1960 . Downtown Hilo was severely damaged by both tsunamis , with many lives lost . Just north of Hilo , Laupāhoehoe lost 16 schoolchildren and five teachers in the tsunami of 1946 . In March 2011 , a 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the east coast of Japan again created a tsunami that caused minor damage in Hawaii . The estimated damage to public buildings alone was about US $3 million . In the Kona area this tsunami washed a house into Kealakekua Bay , destroyed a yacht club and tour boat offices in Keauhou Bay , caused extensive damage in Kailua Kona , flooded the ground floor of the King Kamehameha Hotel , and permanently closed the Kona Village Resort . In early May 2018 , hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea 's East rift zone , leading officials to issue evacuation warnings . On 3 May 2018 , the volcano erupted in Puna after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day , causing evacuations of the Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions . A seemingly related 5.3 magnitude quake and a subsequent 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on 4 May . Volcanic fog ( edit ) Vog ( volcanic fog ) can envelop the island . The gas plumes of the Kīlauea Volcano create a blanket of vog which the dominant trade winds mostly deflect toward the Kona coast on the west side of the island of Hawaiʻi . Vog contains chemicals that can damage the environment and the health of plants , humans , and other animals . Most of the aerosols are acidic and of a size where they can remain in the lungs to damage them and impair function . Flu - like symptoms and general lethargy are reported , and are especially pronounced in people with respiratory conditions . National protected areas ( edit ) Lehua blossoms , Hawaiʻi Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Honokōhau Settlement and Kaloko - Honokōhau National Historical Park Kohala Historical Sites State Monument ( Mookini Heiau ) Kona Forest National Wildlife Refuge Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site Adjacent counties ( edit ) Maui County -- northwest Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1900 46,843 -- 1910 55,382 18.2 % 1920 64,895 17.2 % 1930 73,325 13.0 % 1940 73,276 − 0.1 % 1950 68,350 − 6.7 % 1960 61,332 − 10.3 % 1970 63,468 3.5 % 1980 92,053 45.0 % 120,317 30.7 % 2000 148,677 23.6 % 185,079 24.5 % Est. 2013 190,821 3.1 % U.S. Decennial Census 1790 -- 1960 1900 -- 1990 1990 -- 2000 2010 -- 2013 As of the census of 2010 , the island had a resident population of 185,079 . There were 64,382 households in the county . The population density was 17.7 / km ( 45.9 / mi ) . There were 82,324 housing units at an average density of 8 / km ( 20 / mi ) . The racial makeup of the county was 34.5 % White , 0.7 % African American , 22.6 % Asian , 12.4 % Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander , and 29.2 % from two or more races ; 11.8 % of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race . There were 64,382 households out of which 32.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 50.6 % were married couples living together , 13.2 % had a woman whose husband did not live with her , and 30.4 % were non-families. 23.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.24 . The age distribution was 26.1 % under 18 , 8.2 % from 18 to 24 , 26.2 % from 25 to 44 , 26.0 % from 45 to 64 , and 13.5 % who were 65 or older . The median age was 39 years . For every 100 females , there were 100 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 98 males . 41.3 % of the people on Hawai ` i island are religious , meaning they affiliate with a religion . 18.4 % are Catholic ; 3.7 % are of another Christian faith ; 5.1 % are LDS ; 0.1 % in Hawaii , Hawaii are Jewish ; 5.0 % are of an eastern faith ; 0.1 % are Muslim . Downtown Kona Downtown Hilo Government and infrastructure ( edit ) County government ( edit ) Hawaii County encompasses the entire island of Hawaii . Executive authority is vested in the mayor of Hawaii County , who is elected for a four - year term . Since 2004 , the election by the voters has been on a non-partisan basis . In 2008 , Billy Kenoi was elected mayor , succeeding Harry Kim who had served a two - term limit . Legislative authority is vested in a nine - member county council . Each member represents a geographical region of the island , which closely correlates to one of the nine tax map districts of Hawaiʻi County . Members of the county council are elected on a non-partisan basis to two - year terms , with elections occurring in November of even - numbered years . Administrative districts were originally based on the traditional land divisions called Moku of ancient Hawaii . Some of the more heavily populated districts have since been split into North and South districts to make them more comparable on a population basis . The number following each district is the Tax Map Key ( TMK ) number , used to locate state property information . They are assigned in a counter-clockwise order , beginning on the eastern side of the island . Nr . District Area mi Population 2000 moku Map Puna 499.45 31335 Puna South Hilo 394.38 47386 Hilo North Hilo 370.65 1720 Hilo Hāmākua 580.50 6108 Hāmākua 5 North Kohala 132.92 6038 Kohala 6 South Kohala 351.72 13131 Kohala 7 North Kona 489.01 28543 Kona 8 South Kona 335.38 8589 Kona 9 Kaʻū 922.22 5827 Kaʻū Hawaiʻi County 4028.02 148677 6 moku County council districts do not directly match the property tax districts because of the variation in the population density of voters in urban areas to rural areas ; Hilo and Kailua ( Kailua - Kona ) towns are densely populated areas , while other districts such as Kaʻū , Puna , Hāmakua , and North & South Kohala are more sparsely populated . Several government functions are administered at the county level that are at the state or municipal level in other states . For example , the county has its own office of liquor control . State government ( edit ) The Hawaii Department of Public Safety previously operated the Kulani Correctional Facility on the island of Hawaii . In 2009 , the Hawaii Department of Public Safety announced that the facility would close . Economy ( edit ) Aerial view of Cyanotech Corp. microalgae ponds at NELHA Sugarcane was the backbone of the island of Hawaiʻi 's economy for more than a century . In the mid-20th century , sugarcane plantations began to downsize , and in 1996 the last plantation closed . Most of the island 's economy is based on tourism , centered primarily in resort areas on the western coast of the island in the North Kona and South Kohala districts . More recently , Hawaiʻi Island has become a focus for sustainable tourism . Diversified agriculture is a growing sector of the economy . Major crops include macadamia nuts , papaya , flowers , tropical and temperate vegetables , and coffee beans . Only coffee grown in the Kona District of this island may be branded Kona coffee . The island 's orchid agriculture is the largest in the state , and resulted in the unofficial nickname `` The Orchid Isle '' . The island is home to one of the United States ' largest cattle ranches : Parker Ranch , on 175,000 acres ( 708 km ) in Waimea . The island is also known for astronomy , with numerous telescopes operated on the summit of Mauna Kea , where atmospheric clarity is excellent and there is little light pollution . NELHA ( Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority ) , a 675 - acre ( 273 ha ) state developed site , is a green economic development ocean science and technology park on the west side of the island . It provides resources and facilities for energy and ocean - related research , education , and commercial activities in an environmentally sound and culturally sensitive manner . Business tenants on this coastal site include microalgae farms , aquaculture , solar technology and marine biotech . Tenants have access to three sets of pipelines delivering deep - sea water from a depth of up to 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) , as well as pristine sea surface water and almost constant sunshine . A 2012 study by the University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization ( UHERO ) found the total economic impact of activities at NELHA was $87.7 million and created 583 jobs . Top employers ( edit ) According to the county 's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the county are : # Employer # of Employees State of Hawaii 8,115 Hawaii County 2,745 United States Government 1,364 Hilton Waikoloa Village 984 5 Wal - Mart 852 6 KTA Super Stores 800 7 Mauna Loa Resort 685 8 The Fairmont Orchid 577 9 Four Seasons Resort Hualalai 562 10 Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel 487 Education ( edit ) University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo University of the Nations Hawaiʻi Community College Transportation ( edit ) Bus in Hilo Roads ( edit ) Three routes connect the two major towns , Hilo on the east coast and Kailua - Kona on the west coast of the island : State highways 19 & 190 , the northern route via Waimea State highway 11 , the southern route via Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Saddle Road ( aka the Daniel K. Inouye Memorial highway ) , passing between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea ) . There are also State highways 270 ( Kawaihae -- Hawi ) and 180 ( the `` Kona coffee road '' , from Honalo to State highway 190 ) , South Point Road ( Highway 11 to South Point ) , etc . There are presently three Hawaii Scenic Byways on the island of Hawaii : Mamalahoa Kona Heritage Center Royal Footsteps Along the Kona Coast Kaʻu Scenic Byway -- The Slopes of Mauna Loa Rental car offices are at the international airports . Taxi service is also available . Island - wide bus service is provided by the `` Hele - On Bus '' . Airports ( edit ) Two commercial airports serve Hawaiʻi Island : Hilo International Airport ( ITO ) Kona International Airport ( KOA ) There is also : Waimea - Kohala Airport ( MUE ) Upolu Airport ( UPP ) Seaports ( edit ) Major commercial ports are Hilo on the east side and Kawaihae on the west side of the island . Cruise ships often stop at Kailua - Kona ( 90 times in 2017 ) and Hilo ( 108 times in 2017 ) . Places of interest ( edit ) ʻAkaka Falls on Kolekole Stream Green sea turtle lying on an old lava flow ; the background shows a Hawaiian temple , known as a `` heiau '' in the Hawaiian language . Akaka Falls , one of the tallest waterfalls on the island . Amy B.H. Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden houses many endangered endemic plants . East Hawaiʻi Cultural Center Hawaiʻi Tropical Botanical Garden Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park , comprising the active volcanoes Kīlauea and Mauna Loa Huliheʻe Palace , a royal palace in Kailua - Kona ʻImiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaiʻi in Hilo Ka Lae , the southernmost point in the United States Laupāhoehoe Train Museum Lyman House Memorial Museum in Hilo Manuka State Wayside Park Mauna Kea Observatories Nani Mau Gardens Onizuka Center for International Astronomy Pacific Tsunami Museum overlooking Hilo Bay Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo in Hilo Pua Mau Place Arboretum and Botanical Garden Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site , the site of one of the most significant heiau in Hawaii Rainbow Falls State Park Sadie Seymour Botanical Gardens Umauma Falls University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo Botanical Gardens Waipiʻo Valley Wao Kele o Puna World Botanical Gardens Maps ( edit ) National parks , mountains and cities on the island Topographic map of the island of Hawaii ( http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Hawaii_Island_topographic_map_SMIL.svg ( interactive 3D model for Chrome or Firefox ) Communities ( edit ) The island was traditionally divided into districts called moku . The names of the districts are ( counter-clockwise , from the southeast ) : Puna , Hilo , Hāmākua , Kohala , Kona , and Kaʻū . The county government subdivides some of these to form elective districts of the county council . There are no incorporated municipalities on the island . Census - designated places ( edit ) Hawaii from space , 26 January 2014 Ainaloa Captain Cook Eden Roc Fern Acres Fern Forest Halaula Hawaiian Acres Hawaiian Beaches Hawaiian Ocean View Hawaiian Paradise Park Hawi Hilo Holualoa Honalo Honaunau - Napoopoo Honokaa Honomu Kahaluu - Keauhou Kailua Kalaoa Kapaau Keaau Kealakekua Keokea Kukuihaele Kurtistown Laupahoehoe Leilani Estates Mountain View Naalehu Nanawale Estates Orchidlands Estates Paauilo Pahala Pahoa Papaikou Pepeekeo Paukaa Puako Volcano Waikoloa Village Waimea Wainaku Unincorporated communities ( edit ) Ahualoa Hakalau Waiohinu See also ( edit ) National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii Hawaii portal Islands portal Geography portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Summit USGS 1977 '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Island Flower -- Red Pua Lehua ( ' Ohi'a blossom ) '' . statesymbolsusa.org . State Symbols USA . 31 July 2012 . 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Remaking Queen Victoria . Cambridge University Press . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57485 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 12 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Delaware 's Sussex County comes in second at 48.0 percent , while Rhode Island 's Providence County is third at 39.6 percent . Jump up ^ `` Table 5.08 -- Land Area of Islands : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . State of Hawaii Data Book . State of Hawaii . 2004 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Mountain in the World '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park '' . www.nps.gov . U.S. National Park Service . Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , G.A. ; Abbott , A.T. ( 1970 ) . Volcanoes in the Sea . Honolulu : University of Hawaiʻi Press . ISBN 0 - 87022 - 495 - 6 . Jump up ^ Moore , James G. ; Clague , David A. ( November 1992 ) , `` Volcano growth and evolution of the island of Hawaii '' ( PDF ) , Bulletin of the Geological Society of America , 104 ( 11 ) : 1471 -- 1484 , doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1992 ) 104 < 1471 : VGAEOT > 2.3.CO ; 2 , p. 1471 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Michael ; Hanano , Diane ( March 2008 ) . `` Age , geology , geophysics , and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano , Hawai ` i '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Volcanology. 74 ( 6 ) : 1445 -- 63 . Bibcode : 2012BVol ... 74.1445 G . doi : 10.1007 / s00445 - 012 - 0602 - 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 August 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Are We Breaking Away -- The Great Crack '' Archived 10 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , USGS , 16 July 1998 . Jump up ^ Owen , Susan ; Segal , Paul ; Freymueller , Jeff ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` Rapid Deformation of the South Flank of Kilauea Volcano , Hawaii '' . Science . 267 ( 5202 ) : 1328 -- 32 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267.1328 O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 267.5202. 1328 . Jump up ^ Morgan , J.K. ; Moore , G.F. ; Clague , D.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Slope failure and volcanic spreading along the submarine south flank of Kilauea volcano , Hawaii '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 108 ( B9 ) : 2415 . Bibcode : 2003JGRB ... 108.2415 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2003JB002411 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Landslides -- Slope failure on Kilauea 's submarine south flank ( Subsection ) '' . Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute . Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Hawaiian Volcano Observatory ( 26 October 2006 ) `` Destructive Earthquakes in Hawai ` i County Since 1868 '' Archived 25 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 21 March 2012 Jump up ^ Walter C. Dudley ( 1998 ) . Tsunami ! ( second ed . ) . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 222 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1969 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pararas - Carayannis , George . `` Hawaii -- Earthquake and Tsunami of 29 November 1975 in the Hawaiian Islands '' . www.drgeorgepc.com . Archived from the original on 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` April 1 , 1946 : Have we learned enough since tsunami that killed 159 in Hawai'i ? '' . the.honoluluadvertiser.com . The Honolulu Advertiser Hawaii 's Newspaper . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Nakaso , Dan ( 14 March 2011 ) `` Tsunami damage estimate for Hawaii now tens of millions '' Archived 15 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Star Advertiser , Retrieved 15 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` King Kamehameha Hotel is new and improved after last year 's tsunami '' . KHON2 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami damage forces closing of Kona Village Resort '' . Archived from the original on 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kilauea volcano in Hawaii could erupt after hundreds of small earthquakes '' . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ige signs emergency proclamation following Leilani lava eruption '' . www.hawaiitribune-herald.com . Hawaii Tribune - Herald . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Overnight , earthquakes and lava become the new norm on Hawaii island '' . 3 May 2018 . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` M 6.9 - 16km SW of Leilani Estates , Hawaii '' . earthquake.usgs.gov . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . on USGS web site . U.S. Geological Service . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . on USGS web site . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . on `` Airnow '' US Government web site . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . on State of Hawaii Office of the Governor web site . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 12 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . University of Virginia Library . Archived from the original on 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 PHC - T - 4 . Ranking Tables for Counties : 1990 and 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 11 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Mayor '' . official web site . County of Hawaii . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ahupua ` a '' . Hawaii History . Info Grafik . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ County Of Hawaii Jump up ^ `` Hawaiʻi County Council '' . official web site . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Liquor Control '' . Hawaii County web site . Archived from the original on 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kulani Correctional Facility Archived 13 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Hawaii Department of Public Safety . Retrieved on 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Closure of Kulani Saves $2.8 M Annually ; Facility to Help At - Risk Youth . '' Hawaii Department of Public Safety . July 2009 . Retrieved on 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization ( UHERO ) ( 18 May 2012 ) . `` Economic Impact of the Natural Energy Laboratory Hawaii Authority Tenants on the State of Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . nelha.hawaii.gov . Honolulu , HI : University of Hawaii . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ County of Hawaii CAFR Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The maps in the This Week Archived 7 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Big Island Magazine Jump up ^ Hele - On Bus website Archived 3 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved 2009 - 045 - 08 Jump up ^ `` List of cruise ships that visit Kailua Kona '' . lovebigisland . Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of cruise ships that visit Hilo '' . lovebigisland . Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii : Image of the Day '' . 29 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hawaii ( island ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hawaii County , Hawaii . Find more aboutHawaiiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official Hawaii County website Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park official website Hawaii ( island ) at Encyclopædia Britannica Hawaii Tribune - Herald -- official website of the Hawaii Tribune - Herald , a daily newspaper in Hilo West Hawaii Today -- official website of West Hawaii Today Island of Hawaii from the International Space Station -- NASA satellite image , taken from the International Space Station on 28 February 2015 Hawaii ( island ) at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Media related to Hawaii ( island ) at Wikimedia Commons Islands , municipalities , and communities of Hawaii County , Hawaii , United States County seat : Hilo CDPs Ainaloa Captain Cook Discovery Harbour Eden Roc Fern Acres Fern Forest Halaula Hawaiian Acres Hawaiian Beaches Hawaiian Ocean View Hawaiian Paradise Park Hawi Hilo Holualoa Honalo Honaunau - Napoopoo Honokaa Honomu Kahaluu - Keauhou Kailua Kalaoa Kapaau Keaau Kealakekua Kukuihaele Kurtistown Laupāhoehoe Leilani Estates Mountain View Naalehu Nanawale Estates Orchidlands Estates Paauilo Pahala Pahoa Papaikou Paukaa Pepeekeo Puako Volcano Waikoloa Village Waimea Wainaku Waiohinu Unincorporated communities Ahualoa Hāʻena Hakalau Hōnaunau Kawaihae Keauhou Keokea Milolii Nīnole ' Ō'ōkala Paauhau Pāpaʻaloa Districts Hamakua North Hilo South Hilo Ka'u North Kohala South Kohala North Kona South Kona Puna Hawaiian volcanism topics ( list ) Windward Isles Lō ʻihi Māhukona Hawai ʻi Kīlauea ( Kīlauea Iki , Puʻu ʻŌʻō ) Mauna Loa Hualālai Mauna Kea Kohala Kaho ʻolawe Kaua ʻi Ka ʻula Lāna ʻi Maui Haleakalā West Maui Moloka ʻi Penguin Bank West Molokai Volcano East Molokai Volcano Ni ʻihau Oʻahu Ka ʻena Ko ʻolau Wai ʻanae Leeward Isles French Frigate Shoals Gardner Pinnacles Kure Atoll Laysan Lisianski Island Maro Reef Midway Atoll Necker Island Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Atoll Emperor Seamounts Abbott Colahan Daikakuji Detroit Hancock Jingū Kammu Kimmei Koko Meiji Nintoku Ojin Suiko Yomei Yuryaku Notable eruptions and vents 1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption 2018 lower Puna eruption Halemaʻumaʻu Crater Kīlauea Iki Mauna Ulu Puʻu ʻŌʻō Topics ʻAʻā ( lava ) Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Haleakalā National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain Hawaiian eruption Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Lava fountain Limu o Pele Pāhoehoe ( lava ) Pele 's hair Pele 's tears Puna Geothermal Venture State of Hawaii Honolulu ( capital ) Topics Constitution Delegations Discovery and settlement Earthquakes Geography Government Hawaiianize History Islands ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi ( Hawaiian Language ) Kūʻē Petitions Music People State symbols Tourism Transportation Unification Seal of Hawaii Society Hawaiian architecture Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Energy Folklore Media Politics Sports Main islands Hawai ʻi Kaho ʻolawe Kaua ʻi Lāna ʻi Maui Moloka ʻi Ni ʻihau Oʻahu Northwestern Islands French Frigate Shoals Gardner Kure Laysan Lisianski Maro Reef Necker Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Communities Hilo Honolulu Kahului Kāneʻohe Līhu ʻe Pearl City Waipahu Counties Hawai ʻi Honolulu Kalawao Kaua ʻi Maui Sovereignty Movement Hawaiian Renaissance 2008 occupation of Iolani Palace Coordinates : 19 ° 34 ′ N 155 ° 30 ′ W / 19.567 ° N 155.500 ° W / 19.567 ; - 155.500 GND : 4023876 - 3 NARA : 10046670 VIAF : 248953607 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii_(island)&oldid=852082829 '' Categories : Hawaii ( island ) Geography of Hawaii ( island ) Geography of Hawaii County , Hawaii Islands of Hawaii Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 14 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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-4624067443224318643	List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar	List of international Cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar - wikipedia List of international Cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar has scored more centuries in Test cricket and One Day Internationals than any other player . Sachin Tendulkar is a retired Indian cricketer . Widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of his generation , he is the most prolific run - scorer in international cricket . Tendulkar has scored centuries ( 100 or more runs ) in Test matches and One Day International ( ODI ) matches , organised by the International Cricket Council . His total of 51 centuries in Test matches and 49 in ODIs are world records for highest number of centuries by a batsman . He became the first and only cricketer to score 100 international centuries when he made 114 against Bangladesh in March 2012 . After making his Test debut in 1989 , Tendulkar achieved his first century against England at Old Trafford , Manchester in 1990 ; he made 119 not out . In Test matches , Tendulkar has scored centuries against all the Test cricket playing nations , and is the second batsman to score 150 against each of them . He has scored a century in at least one cricket ground of all Test cricket playing nations , except Zimbabwe . In October 2010 , Tendulkar went past Brian Lara 's record of 19 scores of 150 or more by hitting his 20th against Australia in Bangalore . He made his highest score in 2004 , when he made 248 not out against Bangladesh at the Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka . Tendulkar has scored six double centuries and remained unbeaten on 15 occasions . His centuries have come in 30 different cricket grounds , with 27 of them being scored in venues outside India . Tendulkar has been dismissed nine times between scores of 90 and 99 . Although Tendulkar made his ODI debut in 1989 it was only after five years he made his first century in the format . He made 110 against Australia in the third match of the Singer World Series at the R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo in September 1994 . In ODIs , Tendulkar has scored centuries against 11 different opponents . He has scored centuries against all cricketing nations that have permanent One Day International status . He was the first batsman to score a double century in ODIs , which he scored against South Africa at the Captain Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior in 2010 . He has scored 19 ODI centuries in India , compared to 30 in away or neutral venues . Seven of these centuries were hit at the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium . He has been dismissed 18 times between the score of 90 and 99 and 17 times between the score of 80 and 89 . Contents 1 Key 2 List of Test cricket centuries 3 List of ODI centuries 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 Further reading Key ( edit ) Symbol Meaning * Remained not out Player of the match Captained the Indian cricket team Test The number of the Test match played in that series Pos . Position in the batting order Inn . The innings of the match S.R. Strike rate during the innings H / A / N Venue was at home ( India ) , away or neutral Lost The match was lost by India Won The match was won by India Drawn The match was drawn List of Test cricket centuries ( edit ) Test cricket centuries No . Score Against Pos . Inn . Test Venue H / A Date Result 119 * England 6 Old Trafford , Manchester Away 9 August 1990 Drawn 148 * Australia 6 Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney Away 2 January 1992 Drawn 114 Australia 5 WACA Ground , Perth Away 1 February 1992 Lost 111 South Africa Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Away 26 November 1992 Drawn 5 165 England M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 11 February 1993 Won 6 104 * Sri Lanka Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Away 27 July 1993 Won 7 142 Sri Lanka K.D. Singh Babu Stadium , Lucknow Home 18 January 1994 Won 8 179 West Indies Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur Home 1 December 1994 Drawn 9 122 England Edgbaston , Birmingham Away 6 June 1996 Lost 10 177 England Trent Bridge , Nottingham Away 4 July 1996 Drawn 11 169 South Africa 5 Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Away 2 January 1997 Lost 12 143 Sri Lanka R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 2 August 1997 Drawn 13 139 Sri Lanka Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Away 9 August 1997 Drawn 14 148 Sri Lanka 5 Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Home 3 December 1997 Drawn 15 155 * Australia M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 6 March 1998 Won 16 177 Australia M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 25 March 1998 Lost 17 113 New Zealand 5 Basin Reserve , Wellington Away 26 December 1998 Lost 18 136 Pakistan M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 28 January 1999 Lost 19 124 * Sri Lanka Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Away 24 February 1999 Drawn 20 126 * New Zealand Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Home 10 October 1999 Drawn 21 217 New Zealand Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , Ahmedabad Home 29 October 1999 Drawn 22 116 Australia Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne Away 26 December 1999 Lost 23 122 Zimbabwe Feroz Shah Kotla , New Delhi Home 18 November 2000 Won 24 201 * Zimbabwe Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur Home 25 November 2000 Drawn 25 126 Australia M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 18 March 2001 Won 26 155 South Africa Goodyear Park , Bloemfontein Away 3 November 2001 Lost 27 103 England Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad Home 11 December 2001 Drawn 28 176 Zimbabwe Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur Home 21 February 2002 Won 29 117 West Indies Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain Away 19 April 2002 Won 30 193 England Headingley , Leeds Away 22 August 2002 Won 31 176 West Indies Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 30 November 2002 Drawn 32 241 * Australia Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney Away 2 January 2004 Drawn 33 194 * Pakistan Multan Cricket Stadium , Multan Away 28 March 2004 Won 34 248 * Bangladesh Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka Away 10 December 2004 Won 35 109 Sri Lanka Feroz Shah Kotla , New Delhi Home 10 December 2005 Won 36 101 Bangladesh Bir Shrestha Shahid Ruhul Amin Stadium , Chittagong Away 18 May 2007 Drawn 37 122 * Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur Away 25 May 2007 Won 38 154 * Australia Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney Away 2 January 2008 Lost 39 153 Australia Adelaide Oval , Adelaide Away 24 January 2008 Drawn 40 109 Australia Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Nagpur Home 6 November 2008 Won 41 103 * England M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 11 December 2008 Won 42 160 New Zealand Seddon Park , Hamilton Away 18 March 2009 Won 43 100 * Sri Lanka 5 Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad Home 16 November 2009 Drawn 44 105 * Bangladesh Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong Away 17 January 2010 Won 45 143 Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur Away 24 January 2010 Won 46 100 South Africa Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Nagpur Home 6 February 2010 Lost 47 106 South Africa Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 14 February 2010 Won 48 203 Sri Lanka Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Away 26 July 2010 Drawn 49 214 Australia M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 9 October 2010 Won 50 111 * South Africa 5 SuperSport Park , Centurion Away 16 December 2010 Lost 51 146 South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Away 2 January 2011 Drawn List of ODI centuries ( edit ) One Day International centuries No . Score Against Pos . Inn . S / R Venue H / A / N Date Result 110 Australia 84.61 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Neutral 9 September 1994 Won 115 New Zealand 84.55 IPCL Sports Complex Ground , Vadodara Home 28 October 1994 Won 105 West Indies 78.35 Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Home 11 November 1994 Won 112 * Sri Lanka 104.67 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 9 April 1995 Won 5 127 * Kenya 92.02 Barabati Stadium , Cuttack Home 18 February 1996 Won 6 137 Sri Lanka 100.00 Feroz Shah Kotla , New Delhi Home 2 March 1996 Lost 7 100 Pakistan 90.09 Padang , Singapore Neutral 5 April 1996 Lost 8 118 Pakistan 84.28 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 15 April 1996 Won 9 110 Sri Lanka 79.71 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 28 August 1996 Lost 10 114 South Africa 90.47 Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Home 14 December 1996 Won 11 104 Zimbabwe 107.21 Willowmoore Park , Benoni Neutral 9 February 1997 Won 12 117 New Zealand 85.40 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 14 May 1997 Won 13 100 Australia 112.35 Green Park Stadium , Kanpur Home 7 April 1998 Won 14 143 Australia 109.16 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 22 April 1998 Lost 15 134 Australia 102.29 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 24 April 1998 Won 16 100 * Kenya 97.08 Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 31 May 1998 Won 17 128 Sri Lanka 97.70 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 7 July 1998 Won 18 127 * Zimbabwe 97.69 Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo Away 26 September 1998 Won 19 141 Australia 110.15 Bangabandhu Stadium , Dhaka Neutral 28 October 1998 Won 20 118 * Zimbabwe 105.35 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 8 November 1998 Won 21 124 * Zimbabwe 134.78 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 13 November 1998 Won 22 140 * Kenya 138.61 County Ground , Bristol Neutral 23 May 1999 Won 23 120 Sri Lanka 85.10 Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Away 29 August 1999 Won 24 186 * New Zealand 124.00 Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium , Hyderabad Home 8 November 1999 Won 25 122 South Africa 88.40 IPCL Sports Complex Ground , Vadodara Home 17 March 2000 Won 26 101 Sri Lanka 72.14 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 20 October 2000 Lost 27 146 Zimbabwe 95.42 Barkatullah Khan Stadium , Jodhpur Home 8 December 2000 Lost 28 139 Australia 111.20 Nehru Stadium , Indore Home 31 March 2001 Won 29 122 * West Indies 93.12 Harare Sports Club , Harare Neutral 4 July 2001 Won 30 101 South Africa 78.29 New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Away 5 October 2001 Lost 31 146 Kenya 110.60 Boland Park , Paarl Neutral 24 October 2001 Won 32 105 * England 97.22 Riverside Ground , Chester - le - Street Away 4 July 2002 N / R 33 113 Sri Lanka 110.78 County Ground , Bristol Neutral 11 July 2002 Won 34 152 Namibia 100.66 City Oval , Pietermaritzburg Neutral 23 February 2003 Won 35 100 Australia 84.03 Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior Home 26 October 2003 Won 36 102 New Zealand 112.08 Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium , Hyderabad Home 15 November 2003 Won 37 141 Pakistan 104.44 Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi Away 16 March 2004 Lost 38 123 Pakistan 94.61 Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , Ahmedabad Home 12 April 2005 Lost 39 100 Pakistan 88.49 Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar Away 6 February 2006 Lost 40 141 * West Indies 95.27 Kinrara Academy Oval , Kuala Lumpur Neutral 14 September 2006 Lost 41 100 * West Indies 131.57 IPCL Sports Complex Ground , Vadodara Home 31 January 2007 Won 42 117 * Australia 97.50 Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney Away 2 March 2008 Won 43 163 * New Zealand 122.55 AMI Stadium , Christchurch Away 8 March 2009 Won 44 138 Sri Lanka 103.75 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 14 September 2009 Won 45 175 Australia 124.11 Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Hyderabad Home 5 November 2009 Lost 46 200 * South Africa 136.05 Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior Home 24 February 2010 Won 47 120 England 104.34 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 27 February 2011 Tied 48 111 South Africa 109.90 VCA Stadium , Nagpur Home 12 March 2011 Lost 49 114 Bangladesh 77.55 Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur Away 16 March 2012 Lost See also ( edit ) Achievements of Sachin Tendulkar Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The first being Steve Waugh Jump up ^ The score has been surpassed by Virender Sehwag ( 219 ) , Rohit Sharma ( 209 and 264 ) , Chris Gayle ( 215 ) and Martin Guptill ( 237 not out ) . References Jump up ^ Majumdar , Boria ( 19 October 2013 ) . `` Sachin 's the greatest batsman of modern era : Clarke '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Alex ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Cricket 's greatest batsmen : Sachin Tendulkar v Don Bradman '' . News Corp Australia . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sachin Tendulkar finally hits 100th international century '' . The Times of India . 16 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Batting records / Most hundreds in a career '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` \ Records / One - Day Internationals / Batting records / Most hundreds in a career '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tendulkar 's 100th test match '' . Rediff . Archived from the original on 5 September 2002 . Retrieved 15 September 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar Test matches : Batting analysis '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Batting records / Most runs in an innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 23 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SR Tendulkar '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / SR Tendulkar / Test Matches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. England , Old Trafford Cricket Ground , Manchester , August 9 -- 14 , 1990 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , January 2 -- 6 , 1992 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 4 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , WACA Ground , Perth , February 1 -- 5 , 1992 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , November 26 -- 30 , 1992 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. England , M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai , February 11 -- 15 , 1993 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , Sinhalese Sports Club , Colombo , July 27 -- August 1 , 1993 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , K.D. Singh Babu Stadium , Lucknow , January 18 -- 22 , 1993 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. West Indies , Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur , December 1 -- 5 , 1994 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. England , Edgbaston Cricket Ground , Birmingham , June 6 -- 9 , 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. England , Trent Bridge , Nottingham , July 4 -- 9 , 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 4 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town , January 2 -- 6 , 1997 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo , August 2 -- 6 , 1997 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , Sinhalese Sports Club , Colombo , August 9 -- 13 , 1997 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai , December 3 -- 7 , 1997 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai , March 6 -- 10 , 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore , March 25 -- 28 , 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. New Zealand , Basin Reserve , Wellington , December 26 -- 30 , 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Pakistan , M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai , January 28 -- 31 , 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 4 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , Sinhalese Sports Club , Colombo , February 24 -- 28 , 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. New Zealand , Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , October 10 -- 14 , 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. New Zealand , Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , October 29 -- November 2 , 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , December 26 -- 30 , 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Zimbabwe , Feroz Shah Kotla , New Delhi , November 18 -- 22 , 2000 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Zimbabwe , Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur , November 25 -- 29 , 2000 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai , November 18 -- 22 , 2001 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , Goodyear Park , Bloemfontein , November 3 -- 6 , 2001 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 31 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. England , Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , December 11 -- 15 , 2001 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Zimbabwe , Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur , February 21 -- 25 , 2002 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. West Indies , Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain , April 19 -- 23 , 2002 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. England , Headingley , Leeds , August 22 -- 26 , 2002 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. West Indies , Eden Gardens , Kolkata , October 30 -- November 3 , 2002 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , January 2 -- 6 , 2004 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Pakistan , Multan Cricket Stadium , Multan , March 28 -- April 1 , 2004 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Bangladesh , Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka , December 10 -- 13 , 2004 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , Feroz Shah Kotla , New Delhi , December 10 -- 14 , 2005 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Bangladesh , Bir Shrestha Shahid Ruhul Amin Stadium , Chittagong , May 18 -- 22 , 2007 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Bangladesh , Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur , May 25 -- 27 , 2007 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , January 2 -- 6 , 2008 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , January 24 -- 28 , 2008 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 31 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Nagpur , November 6 -- 11 , 2008 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. England , M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai , December 15 , 2008 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. New Zealand , Seddon Park , Hamilton , March 20 , 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , Ahmedabad , November 20 , 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Bangladesh , Bir Shrestha Shahid Ruhul Amin Stadium , Chittagong , jan 17 -- 21 , 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Bangladesh , Shere Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur , jan 24 -- 28 , 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Nagpur , Feb 06 -- 10 , 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , Eden Gardens , Kolkata , Feb 14 -- 18 , 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , Sinhalese Sports Club , Colombo , Jul 26 -- 30 , 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore , Oct 9 -- 13 , 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , Centurion , Dec 19 -- 13 , 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , Cape Town , Jan 2 -- 6 , 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / SR Tendulkar / One - Day Internationals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo , 9 September 1995 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. New Zealand , IPCL Sports Complex Ground , Vadodara , 28 October 1994 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 31 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. West Indies , Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur , 11 November 1994 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah , 9 April 1995 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Kenya , Barabati Stadium , Cuttack , 18 February 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , Feroz Shah Kotla , New Delhi , 2 March 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 11 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Pakistan , The Padang , Singapore , 5 April 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Pakistan , Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah , 15 April 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo , 28 August 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 11 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , Wankhede Stadium , Bombay , 14 December 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Zimbabwe , Willowmoore Park , Benoni , 9 February 1997 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. New Zealand , M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore , 14 May 1997 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Green Park Stadium , Kanpur , 7 April 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah , 22 April 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah , 24 April 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Kenya , Eden Gardens , Kolkata , 31 May 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 30 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo , 7 July 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 11 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Zimbabwe , Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo , 26 September 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Bangladesh , Bangabandhu Stadium , Dhaka , 28 October 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Zimbabwe , Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah , 8 November 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Zimbabwe , Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah , 13 November 1998 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Kenya , County Cricket Ground , Bristol , 23 May 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , Sinhalese Sports Club , Colombo , 29 August 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 11 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. New Zealand , Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium , Hyderabad , 8 November 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , IPCL Sports Complex Ground , Vadodara , 17 March 2000 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah , 20 October 2000 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Zimbabwe , Barkatullah Khan Stadium , Jodhpur , 8 December 2000 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Nehru Stadium , Indore , 31 March 2001 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. West Indies , Harare Sports Club , Harare , 4 July 2001 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , 5 October 2001 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Kenya , Boland Park , Paarl , 24 October 2001 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 30 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. England , Riverside Ground , Chester - le - Street , 4 July 2002 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , County Cricket Ground , Bristol , 11 July 2002 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Namibia , City Oval , Pietermaritzburg , 23 February 2003 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior , 26 October 2003 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. New Zealand , Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium , Hyderabad , 15 November 2003 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 24 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Pakistan , Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi , 16 March 2004 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Pakistan , Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , 12 April 2005 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Pakistan , Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar , 6 February 2006 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. West Indies , Kinrara Academy Oval , Kuala Lumpur , 14 September 2006 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. West Indies , IPCL Sports Complex Ground , Vadodara , 31 January 2007 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Sydney Cricket Ground , Australia , 2 March 2008 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. New Zealand , AMI Stadium , Christchurch , 8 April 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Sri Lanka , R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo , 15 September 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. Australia , Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Hyderabad , 5 November 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India vs. South Africa , Roop Singh Stadium , 24 February 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India v England , M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore , 27 February 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India v South Africa , VCA Stadium , Nagpur , 12 March 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup , 4th Match : Bangladesh v India at Dhaka , Mar 16 , 2012 '' . Further reading ( edit ) Athalye , Neelima ( 2012 ) . Master Stroke : 100 Centuries of Sachin Tendulkar : Old Trafford , Manchester 1990 - Shere Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur 2012 . Sakal Publications . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80571 - 84 - 3 . Krishnaswamy , V. ( 2012 ) . Sachin : A Hundred Hundreds Now . Harper Sport . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5029 - 999 - 9 . Pant , Dharmendra ( 2012 ) . Sachin ke sau shatak . National Book Trust . ISBN 978 - 81 - 237 - 6524 - 2 . Sachin Tendulkar Awards Achievements ODI Awards Related Centuries Quotations Biographies Playing It My Way Sachin : A Billion Dreams List of international cricket centuries International men 's cricket ( Test , ODI and T20I ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 100 ) Ricky Ponting ( 71 ) Kumar Sangakkara ( 63 ) Jacques Kallis ( 62 ) Virat Kohli ( 58 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 54 ) Hashim Amla ( 54 ) Brian Lara ( 53 ) Rahul Dravid ( 48 ) AB de Villiers ( 47 ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 42 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 41 ) Younis Khan ( 41 ) Matthew Hayden ( 40 ) Chris Gayle ( 40 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 39 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 39 ) Mark Waugh ( 38 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 38 ) Virender Sehwag ( 38 ) Graeme Smith ( 37 ) Alastair Cook ( 37 ) Michael Clarke ( 36 ) Ross Taylor ( 36 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 35 ) Viv Richards ( 35 ) Desmond Haynes ( 35 ) Steve Waugh ( 35 ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( 35 ) Herschelle Gibbs ( 35 ) David Warner ( 35 ) Gary Kirsten ( 34 ) Adam Gilchrist ( 33 ) Kevin Pietersen ( 32 ) Javed Miandad ( 31 ) Aravinda de Silva ( 31 ) Saeed Anwar ( 31 ) Steve Smith ( 31 ) Gordon Greenidge ( 30 ) Allan Border ( 30 ) Don Bradman ( 29 ) Mohammad Azharuddin ( 29 ) Kane Williamson ( 29 ) Graham Gooch ( 28 ) Greg Chappell ( 27 ) Marvan Atapattu ( 27 ) Nathan Astle ( 27 ) Andrew Strauss ( 27 ) Garfield Sobers ( 26 ) David Boon ( 26 ) Marcus Trescothick ( 26 ) Ian Bell ( 26 ) Joe Root ( 26 ) David Gower ( 25 ) Note : Italics denote the players who are currently active at international level World Cup centuries World T20 centuries Champions Trophy centuries Asia Cup centuries Twenty20 International cricket centuries Women 's cricket Test cricket ODI cricket Twenty20 International cricket Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_international_cricket_centuries_by_Sachin_Tendulkar&oldid=850509614 '' Categories : Sachin Tendulkar Indian cricket lists Lists of international cricket centuries by player Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം नेपाली සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 09 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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-300216084647938623	Apple Watch	Apple Watch - Wikipedia Apple Watch Apple Watch An Apple Watch with white Sport Band Developer Apple Inc . Manufacturer Quanta Computer ( contract manufacturer ) Type Smartwatch Generation 2nd Generation ( from predecessor ) Release date Original : April 24 , 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) Series 1 and Series 2 : September 16 , 2016 ; 22 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) Series 3 : September 22 , 2017 ; 10 months ago ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) Discontinued Original : Replaced with series 1 and Series 2 Series 2 : Replaced with Series 3 Series 1 and Series 3 : In production Operating system Custom , marketed as watchOS , formerly Watch OS iOS versions based on : 1.0 : iOS 8.2 1.0. 1 : iOS 8.3 2. x : iOS 9 3. x : iOS 10 4. x : iOS 11 ( Limited support on original ) 5. x : iOS 12 ( Does not support original ) System - on - chip used Apple Watch Original : Apple S1 ( 32 - bit ARMv7 ) Apple Watch Series 1 : Apple S1P Apple Watch Series 2 : Apple S2 Apple Watch Series 3 : Apple S3 Memory Original , Series 1 , and Series 2 : 512 MB DRAM Series 3 : 768 MB DRAM Storage Original , Series 1 , and Series 2 : 8 GB Series 3 : 8 or 16 GB Display OLED 38mm 33.96 mm ( 1.337 in ) diagonal , 272 × 340 pixels , 326 dpi 42mm 38.96 mm ( 1.534 in ) diagonal , 312 × 390 pixels , 326 dpi Strengthened Ion - X glass or Sapphire glass Graphics PowerVR SGX543 Connectivity Original , Series 1 , and Series 2 : Bluetooth 4.0 Series 3 : Bluetooth 4.2 All models : NFC , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz only ) Diagnostics port Power Built - in rechargeable Li - Po battery 38mm 3.8 V 0.78 W h ( 205 mA h ) 42mm 3.78 V 0.93 W h ( 246 mA h ) 38 mm 38.6 mm × 33.3 mm × 10.5 mm ( 1.52 in × 1.31 in × 0.41 in ) 42 mm 42 mm × 35.9 mm × 10.5 mm ( 1.65 in × 1.41 in × 0.41 in ) Backward compatibility watchOS 1 , 2 , and 3 : iPhone 5 or later watchOS 4 : iPhone 5s or later Series 3 ( GPS + Celluar ) : iPhone 6 or later Successor Apple Watch Series 2 Website www.apple.com/watch Apple Watch is a line of smartwatches designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc . It incorporates fitness tracking and health - oriented capabilities with integration with iOS and other Apple products and services . Apple Watch relies on a wirelessly connected iPhone to perform many of its default functions such as calling and texting . However , Wi - Fi chips in all Apple Watch models allow the smartwatch to have limited connectivity features away from the phone anywhere a Wi - Fi network is available . Series 3 LTE Apple Watches are able to be used without needing to be consistently connected to an iPhone , though an iPhone is still required to set up the device . Most Apple Watches that are currently produced require an iPhone 5s or later with iOS 11 ; the Series 3 LTE model requires an iPhone 6 or later with iOS 11 . The Apple Watch was released on April 24 , 2015 and quickly became the best - selling wearable device with 4.2 million sold in the second quarter of the 2015 fiscal year . The second generation of Apple Watches were released in two tiers in September 2016 : the Apple Watch Series 1 and Apple Watch Series 2 , while the first generation was discontinued . The Apple Watch Series 3 was released on September 22 , 2017 alongside the discontinuation of the Apple Watch Series 2 . Apple still produces the second - generation Series 1 Apple Watch as an entry - level device . Contents 1 Development 2 Unveiling and release 2.1 Release 3 Specifications 3.1 Design 3.2 Hardware 3.2. 1 First generation 3.2. 2 Second generation 3.2. 3 Third generation 4 Software 4.1 Version history 4.2 Third - party apps 5 Models 6 Comparison of models 7 Reception 7.1 Sales 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Development ( edit ) The goal of the Apple Watch was to enhance the uses of an iPhone while also providing the user with some additional new features . Kevin Lynch was hired by Apple to make wearable technology for the wrist . He said : `` People are carrying their phones with them and looking at the screen so much . People want that level of engagement . But how do we provide it in a way that 's a little more human , a little more in the moment when you 're with somebody ? '' Apple 's development process was held very much under wraps until a Wired article revealed how some internal design decisions were made . Rumors surrounded an Apple - developed wearable device back as far as 2011 , which conceptualized the device as a variation of the iPod that would curve around the user 's wrist , and feature Siri integration . On February 10 , 2013 , both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was beginning to develop an iOS - based smartwatch with a curved display . On February 12 , 2013 , Bloomberg reported that Apple 's smartwatch project was `` beyond the experimentation phase in its development '' , and had a team of at least 100 designers working on the project . Further reports in March 2013 indicated that Apple planned to release the device by the end of the year . In July 2013 , Financial Times reported that Apple had begun hiring more employees to work on the smartwatch , and that it was targeting a possible retail release in late 2014 . Unveiling and release ( edit ) In April 2014 , Apple CEO Tim Cook told The Wall Street Journal that the company was planning to launch new product categories that year , but did not reveal any specifics . In June 2014 , Reuters reported that production was expected to begin in July for a release in October . On September 9 , 2014 , during a press event where the iPhone 6 was also presented , the new product was introduced by Tim Cook as `` the next chapter in Apple 's story '' with a video that focused on its design and the various combinations of bands and case styles that would be available to the consumers . After the reveal video , the auditorium was filled with prolonged applause and a standing ovation as Tim Cook reappeared onstage wearing an Apple Watch . Cook explained that Apple Watch was `` a precise timepiece , a new intimate way to communicate from your wrist , and a comprehensive health and fitness device . '' In comparison to other Apple products and competing smartwatches , marketing of Apple Watch focused more on advertising the device as a fashion accessory ; a 12 - page advertising spread for Apple Watch in an issue of Vogue focused primarily on the different combinations of body and band styles available , and downplayed the technological aspects of it . Apple later focused upon its health and fitness - oriented features , competing against dedicated activity trackers , and with watchOS 3 , expanded on them with fitness tracking for wheelchair users , social sharing in the Activity app , and a Breathe app to encourage mindfulness . Release ( edit ) Pre-orders for the Apple Watch began on April 10 , 2015 , with the official release on April 24 . The device was not branded as `` iWatch '' ( which would put it in line with its pre-existing product lines such as iPod , iPhone , and iPad ) due to trademark conflicts in certain territories ; in the United States , the `` iWatch '' trademark is owned by OMG Electronics -- who was crowdfunding a device under the same name , and is owned in the European Union by Irish firm Probendi . In July 2015 , Probendi sued Apple Inc. for trademark infringement , arguing that through keyword advertising on the Google search engine , it caused advertising for the Apple Watch to appear on search results pages when users searched for the trademarked term `` iWatch '' . Initially , the Apple Watch was not available at the Apple Store . Beginning on April 10 , 2015 , customers could make appointments for demonstrations and fitting , but the device was not in - stock for walk - in purchases and had to be reserved and ordered online . CNET felt that this distribution model was designed to prevent Apple Store locations from having long line - ups due to the high demand . Selected Apple Watch models were available in limited quantities at luxury boutiques and authorized Apple resellers . On June 4 , 2015 , Apple announced that it did plan to stock Apple Watch models at its retail locations . On August 24 , 2015 , Best Buy announced that it would begin stocking Apple Watch at its retail stores by the end of September . Both T - Mobile US and Sprint also announced plans to offer Apple Watch through its retail stores . On September 9 , 2015 , Apple launched a new subset of Apple Watch in collaboration with Hermès . This collection , dubbed `` Apple Watch Hermès , '' comes in a stainless steel body with crafted leather bands in distinctive styles from Hermès . The following year , Apple launched another subset of Apple Watches in collaboration with Nike dubbed `` Apple Watch Nike + '' . Both subsets feature additional watch faces and bands exclusive to their branding , but otherwise function exactly like standard Apple Watches of their series . Apple Watch went on sale in India on November 6 , 2015 . The device has also launched in Chile , the Philippines , Indonesia , and South Africa . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) Underside of the Series 3 showing sensors and the digital crown The Apple Watch is available in multiple variants , distinguished by different combinations of casing and interchangeable bands . The watch is available in two sizes : 38 mm ( 1.5 in ) and 42 mm ( 1.7 in ) . The design of the watch has not changed significantly since its release , so customizable bands and accessories are typically compatible with any Apple Watch of the associating size . The casing of the watch includes a mechanism to enable the straps to be interchangeable . For input , the watch includes a `` digital crown '' , which can be turned to scroll or zoom and pressed to return to the home screen , and a touchscreen that features Force Touch technology , which makes it pressure - sensitive and capable of distinguishing between a tap and a press . The watch also has a side button which can be used to display favorite contacts and access Apple Pay . Apple rates the device 's battery for 18 hours of mixed usage . Apple Watch is charged by means of inductive charging , using a cable similar to the MagSafe cable from Apple 's MacBook family of laptops . If the watch 's battery depletes to less than 10 percent , the user is alerted and offered to enable a `` power reserve '' mode , which allows the user to continue to read the time for an additional 72 hours . The watch then reverts to its original mode when recharged . Apple did not explicitly market the first generation Apple Watch as being waterproof , stating that it can withstand splashes of water ( such as rain and hand washing ) , but does not recommend submersion ( IPX7 ) . However , external testing by The Iconfactory and others revealed that Apple Watch can function when submerged in various conditions ( such as swimming ) , although its touchscreen experiences `` erratic '' behavior when submerged . Apple introduced a high level of water resistance with the release of the Apple Watch Series 2 , and the device was explicitly advertised as being suitable for swimming and surfing . Hardware ( edit ) First generation ( edit ) Apple S1 The first - generation Apple Watch uses the single - core S1 system - on - chip . It does not have a built - in GPS chip , instead relying on a paired iPhone for location services . It uses a linear actuator called the `` Taptic Engine '' to provide haptic feedback when an alert or a notification is received , and is used for other purposes by certain apps . The watch is equipped with a built - in heart rate sensor , which uses both infrared and visible - light LEDs and photodiodes . All versions of the first - generation Apple Watch have 8 GB of storage ; the operating system allows the user to store up to 2 GB of music and 75 MB of photos . When the Apple Watch is paired with an iPhone , all music on that iPhone is also available to be controlled and accessed from the Apple Watch . Second generation ( edit ) Main article : Apple Watch Series 2 Apple S1P Apple S2 The second generation has two tiers . The Series 1 has a variant of the Apple S2 processor with GPS removed known as the Apple S1P . It has a lower starting price than first generation watches . The Series 2 has the dual - core Apple S2 processor , water resistance to 50 meters , a display twice as bright , and a GPS receiver . Third generation ( edit ) Main article : Apple Watch Series 3 Apple S3 The third generation of the Apple Watch features a faster processor , the dual - core S3 , Bluetooth 4.2 vs 4.0 on older models , a built - in altimeter for measuring flights of stairs climbed , increased RAM size , and is available in a variant with LTE cellular connectivity . Siri is able to speak on Apple Watch Series 3 due to the increased processing speed of the Watch . The Series 3 Apple Watch is explicitly not compatible with iPhone 5 devices , requiring users to have an iPhone 5S or later for the GPS - only model , or an iPhone 6 or later for the cellular - enabled model . Software ( edit ) Apple Watch runs watchOS , whose interface is based around a home screen with circular app icons . The OS can be navigated using the touchscreen or the crown on the side of the watch . During its debut , the first generation Apple Watch needed to be paired with an iPhone 5 or later running iOS 8.2 or later ; this version of iOS introduced the Apple Watch app , which is used to advertise Apple Watch , pairing with an iPhone , customize settings and loaded apps , and highlight compatible apps from the App Store . The Apple Watch is capable of receiving notifications , messages , and phone calls via a paired iPhone . `` Glances '' allowed users to swipe between pages containing widget - like displays of information ; however , this feature was replaced by a new Control Center . watchOS also supports Handoff to send content from Apple Watch to an iOS or macOS device , and act as a viewfinder for an iPhone camera , Siri is also available for voice commands , and is capable of responding with voice prompts on the Series 3 watches . Apple Watch also supports Apple Pay , and enables its use with older iPhone models that do not contain near - field communication ( NFC ) support . Apple Watch 's default apps are designed to interact with their iOS counterparts , such as Mail , Phone , Calendar , Messages , Maps , Music , Photos , Reminders , Remote ( which can control iTunes and Apple TV ) , Stocks , and Wallet . Using the Activity and Workout apps , a user can track their physical activity and send data back to the iPhone for use in its Health app and other HealthKit - enabled software . With watchOS 3 , Reminders , Home , Find My Friends , Heart Rate , and Breathe were added to the many stock apps . With the release of watchOS 4 and the Series 3 Apple Watch , iPhone 5 support was dropped , requiring users to use an iPhone 5s or later with iOS 11 to use watchOS 4 . Apple Watches still running watchOS 3 or below remain compatible with the iPhone 5 . Further , the upcoming watchOS 5 will not support the first Generation ( prior to Series 1 ) Apple Watch . Version History ( edit ) See also : watchOS version history watchOS 1.0. 1 featured performance improvements and support for additional emoji and languages , and was released on May 29 , 2015 . At WWDC 2015 , Tim Cook announced watchOS 2.0 ; described by CNET as a `` significant revamp '' , it included a new software development kit that allows more direct access to the device 's hardware , new watch faces , the ability to reply to an e-mail , and other features . watchOS 2.0 was set to be released on September 16 , 2015 , but was delayed due to a bug fix taking longer than expected ; it was instead released on September 21 , 2015 . watchOS 2.0 featured new features and more general improvements to Apple Watch . Following the software update , some users experienced issues with lag . watchOS 3.0 was announced at WWDC 2016 , with a priority on performance . Users are able to keep apps running in memory as well as receive background updates and refreshed information . Other updates include a new Dock invoked with the side button to replace the performance - laden Glances , an updated Control Center , and new reply options on Messages . Several new watch faces have also been added , including Minnie Mouse , along with the ability to switch watch faces from the lock screen simply by swiping . A new feature called SOS allows users to hold the dock button to make a call to the local emergency line and pull up the user 's Medical ID . Another feature is Activity Sharing , which allows sharing of workouts with friends and even sending their heartbeats to one another . A new app called Breathe guides users through breathing exercises throughout the day , with visuals and haptic feedback . watchOS 3.0 was released to developers on June 13 , 2016 and was made available to the public on September 13 , 2016 . watchOS 3.1 was released to the public on October 24 , and watchOS 3.2 was released near the end of March , 2017 . Both updates added minor improvements and bug fixes . watchOS 4.0 was announced at WWDC 2017 on June 5 , 2017 , and released to the public on September 19 . watchOS 4 features a proactive Siri watch face , personalized activity coaching , and an entirely redesigned music app . It also introduces GymKit , a technology platform to connect workouts with cardio equipment . watchOS 4.3 was released on 29 March 2018 . It introduced support for Nightstand mode in portrait orientation . It brought back the ability for music playing on the iPhone to be controlled using the Music app on the Apple Watch and also enabled control of playback and volume on Apple 's HomePod . Other new features included a new charging animation and a new app loading animation . Activity data was added to the Siri watch face , and the battery complication more accurately reports battery life . Third - party apps ( edit ) watchOS supports third - party applications ; a WatchKit app runs in the background on the iPhone as an application extension while a set of native user interface resources are installed on Apple Watch . Thus , watchOS apps must be bundled within their respective iOS app , and are synced to the watch either manually , or automatically upon installation of the phone app . Starting June 1 , 2016 , the only new watch apps allowed on the App Store will be those developed with the watchOS 2 ( or later ) SDK ; no third - party languages or SDKs can be used to develop apps . Models ( edit ) See also : List of iOS devices § Apple Watch An Apple Store showcase with various Apple Watch models As of October 2017 , three generations and four series of Apple Watch have been released . The series in bold are currently produced : Apple Watch ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Apple Watch Series 1 ( 2016 -- present ) Apple Watch Series 2 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Apple Watch Series 3 ( 2017 -- present ) Apple Watch Series 2 and Series 3 models are divided into four `` collections '' : Apple Watch , Apple Watch Nike+ , Apple Watch Hermès and Apple Watch Edition . They are differentiated by combinations of cases , bands , and exclusive watch faces ; Apple Watch comes with either aluminum or stainless steel cases , and various watch bands ; Apple Watch Nike+ uses aluminum cases and special variants of sport band ; Apple Watch Hermès uses stainless steel cases and Hermès watch bands ; and Apple Watch Edition comes with ceramic cases ( the original generation Apple Watch Edition used 18 karat gold ) . Apple Watch Series 1 models are only available with aluminum cases and sport bands . Apple Watch Series 3 models are sold in a variant that allows for cellular LTE capability . Each model comes in a 38 - or 42 - millimeter body , with the 42 mm size having a slightly larger screen and battery . Each model has various color and band options . Featured Apple - made bands include colored sport bands , sport loop , woven nylon band , classic buckle , modern buckle , leather loop , Milanese loop , and a link bracelet . Comparison of models ( edit ) Specification Original ( Series 0 ) Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 System on chip ( SoC ) Apple S1 Apple S1P Apple S2 Apple S3 Global Positioning System ( GPS ) and GLONASS No No Built - in Built - in , including Galileo and QZSS Cellular ( LTE / UMTS ) No No No Optional ( eSIM ) Water resistance IPX7 splash resistant ( up to 1 meter ) IPX7 splash resistant ( up to 1 meter ) ISO 22810 : 2010 water resistant ( up to 50 meters ) ISO 22810 : 2010 water resistant ( up to 50 meters ) Wireless networking Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.0 / Bluetooth 4.2 Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.2 Heart rate monitor Yes Yes Yes Yes Accelerometer Yes Yes Yes Yes Gyroscope Yes Yes Yes Yes Ambient light sensor Yes Yes Yes Yes Altimeter No No No Yes Display OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 450 nits ) OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 450 nits ) Second - generation OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 1000 nits ) Second - generation OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 1000 nits ) Central Processing Unit ( CPU ) 520 MHz Single - Core 780 MHz Dual - Core 780 MHz Dual - Core Dual - Core Storage 8 GB 8 GB 8 GB Non-LTE : 8 GB LTE : 16 GB Random Access Memory ( RAM ) 512 MB DRAM 512 MB DRAM 512 MB DRAM 768 MB DRAM OS Versions watchOS 1 to 4 watchOS 3 to 4 watchOS 4 Requires iPhone 5 or later running iOS 8.2 or later iPhone 5 or later running iOS 10 or later Non-LTE : iPhone 5S or later running iOS 11 or later LTE : iPhone 6 or later , running iOS 11 or later Battery 205 mAh , 3.8 V , 0.78 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 250 mAh , 3.78 V , 0.93 Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) 205 mAh , 3.8 V , 0.78 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 250 mAh , TBC V , TBC Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) 273 mAh , 3.77 V , 1.03 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 334 mAh , 3.80 V , 1.27 Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) Non-LTE : 262 mAh , 3.81 V , 1.00 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) TBC mAh , TBC V , TBC Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) LTE : 279 mAh , 3.82 V , 1.07 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 352 mAh , TBC V , 1.34 Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) Greenhouse Gas Emissions 50 kg CO e 20 kg CO e 30 kg CO e Non-LTE : 28 kg CO e LTE : 36 kg CO e At time of original release . Reception ( edit ) An Apple Store opens its doors on the first day of sales of the Apple Watch . Following the announcement , initial impressions from technology and watch industry observers were varied ; the watch was praised by some for its `` design , potential capabilities and eventual usefulness '' , while others offered criticism of these same aspects . Venture capitalist Marc Andreessen said he `` ca n't wait '' to try it , and Steve Jobs ' biographer Walter Isaacson described it as `` extremely cool '' and an example of future technology that is `` much more embedded into our lives '' . However , Evan Dashevsky of PC Magazine said it offered nothing new in terms of functionality compared to the Moto 360 , except the customizable vibration notifications . In November 2014 , Apple Watch was listed by Time as one of the 25 Best Inventions of 2014 . Initial reviews for the device have been generally positive with some caveats . Reviewers praised the watch 's potential ability to integrate into everyday life and the overall design of the product , but noted issues of speed and price . Many reviewers described the watch as functional and convenient , while also noting failure to offer as much potential functionality as preceding smartphones . Farhad Manjoo of The New York Times mentioned the device 's steep learning curve , stating it took him `` three long , often confusing and frustrating days '' to become accustomed to it . Some reviewers also compared it to competing products , such as Android Wear devices , and claimed `` The Smartwatch Finally Makes Sense '' . Reviewers had mixed opinions on battery life though , with Geoffrey Fowler of The Wall Street Journal saying `` the battery lives up to its all - day billing , but sometimes just barely , '' and others compared it to the Samsung Gear 2 , which `` strolls through three days of moderate usage . '' Tim Bradshaw of the Financial Times used several applications over a period of days . He concluded that there is no `` killer application '' so far besides telling the time , which is the basic function of a wristwatch anyhow . When using the Apple Watch , some users have reported issues using the heart monitoring feature due to permanent skin conditions including tattoos . The Watch uses photoplethysmography technology ( PPG ) which utilizes the green LED lights to measure heart rates . To gauge a user 's heart rate , the watch flashes green light from the LEDs at the skin and records the amount of this light that is absorbed by the red pigment of the blood . However , under certain circumstances the skin may not allow for the light absorption to be read properly and thus provide inaccurate results . Some users have complained that the logo and text on the back of the Apple Watch Sport model , primarily the space gray version , can be easily worn off . The first generation Apple Watch Edition , where 18 k gold models retailed from US $10,000 to US $17,000 , received a lukewarm reception as the Apple brand `` has n't established its value yet in gold '' compared to similar - priced timepieces from Rolex and Patek Philippe . These Swiss luxury manufacturers were known for their `` products ' intricate craftsmanship ( that ) justifies that high price tag '' . An analyst suggested `` What makes a high - end watch ? It 's the Swiss movements , the inner workings . That 's why collectors buy them . This ( Apple Watch Edition ) has none of that . It 's inserting a high - end case on a piece of electronics '' which was not endlessly upgradable and would become obsolete in a couple years like other tech gadgets . In addition , Apple Retail Stores that carry the Apple Watch Edition would be `` totally antithetical to their current retail model '' , according to the Jewelers ' Security Alliance , since `` You ca n't have people touching it . You ca n't have it out on counters . You have the same problems that retail jewelers have , in terms of distraction thefts , in terms of switching , in terms of grab and runs '' . The second - generation Apple Watch Edition is made of ceramic and sold for a much lower retail cost of US $1,249 . Sales ( edit ) Financial analysts offered early sales estimates from a few million to as many as 34.7 million in the first year . Time 's Tim Bajarin summarized the breadth of reactions , writing that `` there is not enough information yet to determine how this product will fare when it finally reaches the market next year '' . Owing to the inadequacy of materials , the Apple Watch 's delivery was delayed from its initial pre-order release date of April 10 , 2015 . As a result , only 22 percent of the pre-ordered Apple Watches were dispatched in the United States during the weekend after the release date . It is estimated Apple received almost one million Apple Watch pre-orders in the United States during the initial six hours of the pre-order period on April 10 , 2015 , after which it sold out and further orders would start delivering in June . A report later on by an analyst stated that Apple Watch was already a $10 billion business during its first year . Apple has not disclosed any sales figures of for the Apple Watch . An estimate by IDC states Apple shipped over 12 million units in 2015 . In late 2016 , a veteran of the Swiss watch industry said Apple sold about 20 million watches and had a market share of about 50 percent . See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal List of iOS devices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eva Dou ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Who Is Apple 's Watch Maker ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve T-S on Twitter '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Teardown shows Apple Watch S1 chip has custom CPU , 512MB RAM , 8GB storage '' . AppleInsider . 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Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` After delay , Apple releases watchOS 2.0 to the public '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why I 'm cheating on my Apple Watch '' . Cult of Mac . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Releases watchOS 3.1 to the public with bug fixes , update through iPhone Watch app 9TO5Mac '' . 9TO5Mac . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Apple releases WatchKit developer tools alongside first iOS 8.2 beta '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple requires all new watchOS apps be native by June 1 '' . AppleInsider. April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anvin VS ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Apple Watch : 18 - Karat Gold Premium Smartwatch Edition To Be Priced At $5000 '' . International Business Times AU . Jump up ^ `` Buy Apple Watch Series 1 '' . apple.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Watch -- Compare '' . Apple . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Watch ( 1st generation ) - Technical Specifications '' . support.apple.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Watch Series 3 - Technical Specifications '' . support.apple.com . Jump up ^ www.techinsights.com . `` Apple Watch Series 3 Teardown '' . www.techinsights.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Apple introduces Apple Watch Series 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . September 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Series 1 Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Series 2 Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Series 3 ( GPS ) Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . September 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Series 3 ( GPS + Cellular ) Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . September 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bajarin , Tim ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nobody Can Predict the Success of Apple 's Watch Yet '' . Time . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zuckerberg is world 's best CEO , Twitter the eighth wonder , says Marc Andreessen '' . CNET . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaban , Hamza ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Walter Isaacson Talks AI , Apple Watch , and His New Book The Innovators '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Only One Reason to Buy an Apple Watch '' . PC Magazine . September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Best Inventions of 2014 '' . Time . November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Tim ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Apple watch reviews very positive , with some caveats '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Manjoo , Farhad ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Watch Review : Bliss , but Only After a Steep Learning Curve '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Geoffrey ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Watch Review : The Smartwatch Finally Makes Sense '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke . `` Samsung Gear 2 : Apps , Battery , Value and Verdict '' . TrustedReviews . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . It strolled through three days moderate usage , which is two full days longer than the Galaxy Gear , but 's still short of what we would like to see on a wearable . Jump up ^ Tim Bradshaw : `` Apple Watch . '' In : `` Financial Times . '' May 22 , 2015 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Cooper , Belle ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` How do fitness trackers measure your heart rate ? '' . Jump up ^ Hern , Alex ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` How # tattoogate has highlighted a wider problem with wearables '' . Jump up ^ `` Your heart rate . What it means , and where on Apple Watch you 'll find it '' . Apple Inc . May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roger Fingas . `` Apple Watch Sport owners report unexpected rear logo damage , other text scratching off '' . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Sport Users Complain That Lettering And Logo Are Wearing Off '' . Consumerist . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2016/01/20/what-will-apple-watch-edition-cost-jewelry-and-watch-people-weigh Jump up ^ http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2016/01/20/apple-treated-its-high-end-watch-gold-headed-stepchild Jump up ^ http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2016/09/09/apple-decides-it-wont-be-rolex Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch sales to reach 36 million in first year , analyst predicts '' . CNET . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shara Tibkens . `` Apple Watch delays delays may be due to faulty part '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lance Whitney . `` Apple Watch may have shipped to only 22 percent of preorder buyers so far '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Frommer . `` Apple Watch pre-orders were 1 million in the US on its first day , a shopping data firm estimates '' . Quartz . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Is Already a $10 Billion Business '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Is A Colossal $10 Billion Business After Just 1 Year In The Market '' . The Cryd 's Daily . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's How Much the Apple Watch Business Is Worth '' . Fortune . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Ron . `` Apple Watch Sales Have Plummeted , Analyst Says '' . Fortune . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick , Statt . `` Apple shipped 11.6 million Apple Watches last year , says IDC ( Feb 24 , 2016 ) '' . TheVerge.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss watch sector set for smartwatch boom '' . Reuters . January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple Watch . 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-6554922679443701163	Indian presidential election, 2017	Indian Presidential election , 2017 - wikipedia Indian Presidential election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Indian presidential election , 2017 ← 2012 17 July 2017 2022 → Turnout 99 % ( estimated ) Nominee Ram Nath Kovind Meira Kumar Party BJP INC Alliance NDA UPA Home state Uttar Pradesh Bihar Electoral vote 702,044 367,314 Percentage 65.65 % 34.35 % President before election Pranab Mukherjee INC Elected President Ram Nath Kovind BJP A presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017 with the votes counted and the results announced on 20 July 2017 . President Pranab Mukherjee , whose term of office was due to expire on 24 July 2017 , declined to seek re-election due to health concerns . Governor of Bihar Ram Nath Kovind of the Bharatiya Janata Party had the backing of the governing National Democratic Alliance coalition , and went up against opposition candidate Meira Kumar of the Indian National Congress in the vote . Kovind secured roughly two thirds of the votes from the electoral college of elected members of federal , state and union territory legislatures and was elected to a five - year term as President . Kovind 's term of office began on 25 July 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Selection process 1.2 Electoral college partisan composition 1.3 Public opinion 2 Candidates 2.1 Bharatiya Janata Party 2.2 Indian National Congress 3 Results 3.1 Reactions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) There was initial speculation that the incumbent , Pranab Mukherjee , would seek re-election . However , he decided not to run again in 2017 , meaning that his term in office ended on 24 July 2017 . Selection process ( edit ) Further information : President of India § Selection process , and Electoral College ( India ) The President of India is indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament , the elected members of the Legislative assemblies of the 29 states and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry . As of 2017 , the electoral college comprises 777 MPs and 4,120 MLAs . The system assigns varying numbers of votes to these electoral college members , such that the total weight of MPs and those of MLAs is roughly equal and that the voting power of states and territories are proportional to their population . Overall the members of the electoral college were eligible to cast 1,098,903 votes , yielding a threshold for a majority of 549,452 votes . The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders . The election is held by means of a secret ballot under the single transferable vote system . The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution . The returning officer for the election was Anoop Mishra , the Secretary General of Lok Sabha . Electoral college partisan composition ( edit ) At the time of the election the NDA coalition itself was short of a majority by about 25,000 votes , but was expected to be able to rely on other parties to breach the small deficit without difficulty . Source : `` राष्ट्रपति चुनाव 2017 : यूपी और उत्तराखंड की जीत से एनडीए का पलड़ा भारी '' . hindi.firstpost.com . Party / Alliance Party composition Lok Sabha votes Rajya Sabha votes State Assemblies votes Total votes Percentage NDA BJP , SHS , TDP , LJSP , SAD , RLSP , AD , GFP , MGP , AINRC , JKPDP , NPF , NPP , PMK , SDF , SWP 237,888 49,560 239,923 527,371 48.10 % Other parties AIADMK , YSRCP , JD ( U ) , BJD , TRS , INLD , IND 50,268 20,532 63,107 133,907 12.20 % Government total ( including non-NDA parties ' support ) 661,278 60.30 % UPA INC , IUML , RSP , KC ( M ) , DMK 34,692 46,020 93,137 173,849 15.90 % Other parties AITC , CPI ( M ) , NCP , SP , BSP , AAP , RJD , AIUDF , JD ( S ) , JMM , AIMIM , CPI , JKNC 60,180 47,436 152,776 260,392 23.80 % Opposition total 434,241 39.70 % Public opinion ( edit ) Although the election was not a popular vote , some general polling was performed to measure public opinion . In both Business Insider - Ipsos and NDTV polls comparing support of the two candidates , Kovind was the more popular choice with 71 % and 63 % support respectively . Candidates ( edit ) Two candidates were nominated . Both the governing NDA coalition and the opposition UPA coalition put forward candidates from their dominant parties , the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress respectively . Bharatiya Janata Party ( edit ) Main article : Bharatiya Janata Party Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Ram Nath Kovind ( 1945 - 10 - 01 ) 1 October 1945 ( age 72 ) Kanpur Dehat , Uttar Pradesh 35th Governor of Bihar ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Member of the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh ( 1994 -- 2006 ) Uttar Pradesh 19 June 2017 Indian National Congress ( edit ) Main article : Indian National Congress Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Meira Kumar ( 1945 - 03 - 31 ) 31 March 1945 ( age 72 ) Patna , Bihar 15th Speaker of the Lok Sabha ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Union Minister of Water Resources ( 2009 ) Union Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment ( 2004 - 2009 ) Member of the Indian Parliament for Sasaram ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Member of the Indian Parliament for Karol Bagh ( 1996 - 1999 ) Member of the Indian Parliament for Bijnor ( 1985 - 1989 ) Bihar 22 June 2017 Results ( edit ) Ram Nath Kovind was declared the winner after the counting of votes which was held on 20 July 2017 . He was administered oath by the Chief Justice of India Jagdish Singh Khehar , to take office as the 14th President of India on 25 July 2017 at the Central Hall located in The Parliament House , New Delhi . Results of the 2017 Indian presidential election Candidate Individual votes Electoral College votes % Ram Nath Kovind 2,930 702,044 65.65 % Meira Kumar 1,844 367,314 34.35 % Invalid 77 20,942 Reactions ( edit ) Immediately after the results were announced , Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted , `` Congratulations to Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji on being elected the President of India ! Best wishes for a fruitful & inspiring tenure '' . In another tweet he added `` Gladdened by the extensive support for Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji among MPs & across various parties . I thank members of the electoral college '' . See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of India Indian vice-presidential election , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prabhu , Sunil ; Varma , Shylaja . `` Presidential Election Sees Nearly 99 % Voting , Ram Nath Kovind Set For Easy Win : 10 Points '' . NDTV . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission issues notification for President 's election '' . The Hindu . 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hebbar , Nistula ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Not in race for another term : President Mukherjee '' . The News Minute. 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election of The President '' . Press Information Bureau . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phukan , Sandeep ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` How BJP 's UP Win Will Impact Presidential Election . Numbers Explained '' . NDTV . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan . Upkar Prakashan . p. 167 . ISBN 9788174828156 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election to the Office of President of India : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . eci.nic.in . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Anoop ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Public Notice issued by Returning Officer for Election to the Office of President of India '' . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goa Forward joins NDA '' . The Goan EveryDay . The Goan. 11 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Vaidyanathan , A ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` For Presidential Election , Tamil Nadu 's Ruling AIADMK Allies With BJP '' . NDTV . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BJD supports NDA candidate Ram Nath Kovind in Presidential polls '' . The Indian Express . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Telangana CM K.C. Rao extends support to NDA 's Presidential candidate Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . DNA India . Diligent Media Corporation . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanya Dubey ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` 71 % Indians want Ram Nath Kovind to be the next president , according to this Ipsos Poll '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Abhishek Chakraborty ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Presidential Election 2017 Highlights : Ram Nath Kovind vs Meira Kumar ; Voting Ends '' . NDTV . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President 's post above politics , says Kovind '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Raj Bhavan for man who shunned TV '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Prez polls : BJP picks Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind '' . OnManorama . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Manoj CG ; Ghosh , Abanitka ; Mishra , Anand ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Presidential Polls : Meira Kumar will challenge Ram Nath Kovind , BSP and SP go with Opposition choice '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meira Kumar is Oppn 's pick to fight Kovind in presidential election '' . Hindustan Times . 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India opposition nominates Meira Kumar as presidential candidate '' . The Daily Star . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` With 65 % votes , Ram Nath Kovind is the next President of India '' . Rediff News . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Agarwal , Nikhil ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind elected Indias 14th President , to take oath on July 25 '' . India Today . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live : Ram Nath Kovind is 14th President of India , to take oath on July 25 '' . Hindustan Times . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind elected as the 14th President of India '' . The News Minute. 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Full results table , by state Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind is NDA 's Presidential nominee : Amit Shah ( hide ) Presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1977 1982 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_presidential_election,_2017&oldid=805735201 '' Categories : Presidential elections in India 2017 elections in India July 2017 events in Asia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල Simple English தமிழ் 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 08 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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7554606857324511820	Atlanta Falcons	Atlanta Falcons - wikipedia Atlanta Falcons Jump to : navigation , search Atlanta Falcons Current season Established June 30 , 1965 ; 52 years ago ( June 30 , 1965 ) First season : 1966 Play in Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia Headquartered in Flowery Branch , Georgia Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1966 -- present ) Eastern Conference ( 1966 ) Western Conference ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Coastal Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC West ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Red , Silver , White Mascot Freddie Falcon Personnel Owner ( s ) Arthur Blank CEO Rich McKay President Rich McKay General manager Thomas Dimitroff Head coach Dan Quinn Team history Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Team nicknames The Dirty Birds , Grits Blitz ( 1977 defense ) Championships League championships ( 0 ) Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 1998 , 2016 Division championships ( 6 ) NFC West : 1980 , 1998 NFC South : 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 13 ) NFL : 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1991 , 1995 , 1998 , 2002 , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2016 Home fields Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( 1966 -- 1991 ) Georgia Dome ( 1992 -- 2016 ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) The Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta , Georgia . The Falcons compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The Falcons joined the NFL in 1965 as an expansion team , after the NFL offered then - owner Rankin Smith a franchise to keep him from joining the rival American Football League ( AFL ) . In their 51 years of existence , the Falcons have compiled a record of 350 -- 450 -- 6 ( 341 -- 437 -- 6 in the regular season and 9 -- 13 in the playoffs ) , winning division championships in 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2016 . The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls , the first being during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII , where they lost to the Denver Broncos 34 -- 19 , and the second being a 34 -- 28 overtime defeat by the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI . The Falcons played their home games at the Georgia Dome in downtown Atlanta from the 1992 to 2016 NFL seasons . Construction began on Mercedes - Benz Stadium in May 2014 , and play began there in the 2017 season . Their headquarters and practice facilities are located at a 50 - acre site in Flowery Branch , Georgia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Professional football comes to Atlanta 1.2 1966 -- 1977 : Early struggles 1.3 1978 -- 1989 1.4 1989 -- 1996 1.5 1997 -- 2000 : The Dan Reeves era 1.6 2001 -- 2006 1.7 2007 1.8 2008 -- 2014 : The Mike Smith era 1.8. 1 2008 1.8. 2 2009 1.8. 3 2010 1.8. 4 2011 1.8. 5 2012 1.8. 6 2013 1.8. 7 2014 1.9 2015 -- present : The Dan Quinn era 1.9. 1 2015 1.9. 2 2016 1.9. 3 2017 2 Stadiums 3 Logo and uniforms 4 Rivalries 4.1 New Orleans Saints 4.2 Carolina Panthers 5 Statistics 5.1 Season - by - season records 5.2 Record vs. opponents 5.3 Single game records 5.4 Single season records 5.5 Career records 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.3 Retired numbers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame 6.6 Starting quarterbacks 6.7 Draft history 7 Coaching staff 7.1 Head coaches 7.2 Current staff 8 Radio and television 8.1 Radio affiliates 8.1. 1 Georgia 8.1. 2 Alabama 8.1. 3 Mississippi 8.1. 4 South Carolina 8.1. 5 Tennessee 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External links . Franchise history ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see History of the Atlanta Falcons . Professional Football comes to Atlanta ( edit ) Professional football first came to Atlanta in 1962 , when the American Football League staged two preseason contests , with one featuring the Denver Broncos vs. the Houston Oilers and the second pitting the Dallas Texans against the Oakland Raiders . Two years later , the AFL held another exhibition , this time with the New York Jets taking on the San Diego Chargers . In 1965 , after the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( then known simply as Atlanta Stadium ) was built , the city of Atlanta felt the time was right to start pursuing professional football . One independent group which had been active in NFL exhibition promotions in Atlanta applied for franchises in both the American Football League and the National Football League , acting entirely on its own with no guarantee of stadium rights . Another group reported it had deposited earnest money for a team in the AFL . With everyone running in different directions , some local businessmen worked out a deal and were awarded an AFL franchise on June 7 , 1965 , contingent upon acquiring exclusive stadium rights from city officials . NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle , who had been moving slowly in Atlanta matters , was spurred by the AFL interest and headed on the next plane down to Atlanta to block the rival league 's claim on the city of Atlanta . He forced the city to make a choice between the two leagues . By June 30 , the city picked Rankin Smith and the NFL . The Atlanta Falcons franchise began on June 30 , 1965 , when NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle granted ownership to 41 - year - old Rankin Smith Sr. Smith , an Executive Vice President of Life Insurance Company of Georgia at the time , paid $8.5 million the highest price in NFL history at the time for a franchise . Former commissioner Pete Rozelle and Smith made the deal in about five minutes and the Atlanta Falcons brought the largest and most popular sport to the city of Atlanta . The Atlanta expansion franchise became the 15th NFL franchise , and they were awarded the first pick in the 1966 NFL draft as well as the final pick in each of the first five rounds . The Falcons drafted All - American linebacker Tommy Nobis from the University of Texas with the first pick of the draft , making him the first - ever Falcon . The league also held the 1966 NFL Expansion Draft six weeks later in which the Falcons selected unprotected players from existing franchises . Although the Falcons selected many good players in those drafts , they still were not able to win right away . The Atlanta Falcons Football Club received its nickname on August 29 , 1965 . Miss Julia Elliott , a school teacher from Griffin , Georgia , was singled out from many people who suggested `` Falcons '' as the nickname for the new franchise . Elliott wrote : `` the Falcon is proud and dignified , with great courage and fight . It never drops its prey . It is deadly and has a great sporting tradition . '' 1966 -- 1977 : early struggles ( edit ) The Falcons had their first season in 1966 , and their first preseason game on August 1 , 1966 , losing to the Philadelphia Eagles . Under head coach Norb Hecker they lost their first nine regular - season games in 1966 and secured their first victory on the road against the New York Giants . The team finished the 1960s with only 12 wins . The Falcons had their first Monday Night Football game in Atlanta during the 1970 season , losing 20 -- 7 to the Miami Dolphins . The only two winning seasons in this twelve - year period were 1971 and 1973 . 1978 -- 1989 ( edit ) The Falcons ' defense taking on Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway during a 1985 game . In the 1978 season , the Falcons qualified for the playoffs for the first time and won the Wild Card game against the Eagles 14 -- 13 . The following week , they lost to the Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 20 in the Divisional Playoffs . In the 1980 season , after a nine - game winning streak , the Falcons posted a franchise then - best record of 12 -- 4 and captured their first NFC West division title . The next week , their dream season ended at home with a loss to the Cowboys 30 -- 27 in the divisional playoffs . In the strike - shortened 1982 season , the Falcons made the playoffs but lost to the Minnesota Vikings , 30 -- 24 . Falcons coach Leeman Bennett was fired after the loss . The team would then have losing seasons for the next eight years . 1989 -- 1996 ( edit ) In 1989 , the Falcons drafted cornerback Deion Sanders in the first round , who helped them for the next four years , setting many records for the franchise . `` Neon Deion '' ( a.k.a. `` Prime Time '' ) had a flashy appeal and helped bring media attention to one of the league 's most anonymous franchises . Sanders was also famous for playing on major league baseball teams ( the New York Yankees and the Atlanta Braves ) while simultaneously playing in the NFL . The Falcons playing against the Los Angeles Rams during a 1991 away game . After defeating the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Wild Card game , the Falcons ' 1991 season ended in a divisional playoff loss to the Washington Redskins . In 1991 , the Falcons drafted Brett Favre as the thirty - third overall pick . During his rookie season , he played in two games where he amassed a record of 4 passing attempts with 0 receptions and 2 interceptions . The following February , Favre was traded to the Green Bay Packers . In 1992 , the Atlanta Falcons opened a new chapter in their history moving into the newly constructed Georgia Dome , where the team has defeated all 31 other NFL teams at least during its time there . 1997 -- 2000 : the Dan Reeves era ( edit ) In 1998 , under recently acquired head coach Dan Reeves , quarterback Chris Chandler and running back Jamal Anderson the `` Dirty Bird '' Falcons had their greatest season to date . On November 8 , they beat the New England Patriots 41 -- 10 , ending a streak of 22 losses at cold - weather sites . The team finished with a franchise - best 14 -- 2 regular season record and the NFC West division championship . On January 17 , 1999 , the Falcons upset the top - seeded Vikings at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in the NFC Championship Game 30 -- 27 , in an exciting overtime victory . However , in their first - ever Super Bowl appearance , they lost 34 -- 19 to the defending champion Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII . In the second game of the Falcons 1999 season , running back Jamal Anderson , who had been a key player in the Falcons ' 1998 success , suffered a season - ending knee injury . The Falcons finished the season with a very disappointing 5 -- 11 regular season record . In 2000 , the Falcons suffered through another horrendous season finishing 4 -- 12 and once again missing the playoffs . 2001 -- 2006 ( edit ) In the 2001 NFL draft , the Falcons orchestrated a trade with the San Diego Chargers , acquiring the first overall pick ( which was used on quarterback Michael Vick ) in exchange for wide receiver - return specialist Tim Dwight and the fifth overall pick ( used on running back LaDainian Tomlinson ) . The Falcons finished the 2001 season with a record of 7 -- 9 and missed the playoffs . Jessie Tuggle retired following 14 seasons in Atlanta . On December 6 , 2001 , Arthur M. Blank reached a preliminary agreement with the Falcons ' Taylor Smith to purchase the team . In a special meeting prior to Super Bowl XXXVI in New Orleans on February 2 , 2002 , NFL owners voted unanimously to approve the purchase . The 2002 season saw the Falcons return to the playoffs with a regular season record of 9 -- 6 -- 1 , tying the Pittsburgh Steelers . It was Vick 's first year as the starter , and the team , with newly acquired running back Warrick Dunn , delivered the Green Bay Packers their first home playoff loss ever . A 20 - 6 loss to the Donovan McNabb - led Philadelphia Eagles the following week , however , ended the Falcons ' season . On March 19 , 2003 , the Falcons presented their new logo . During the 2003 preseason Vick broke his leg and missed the first twelve games of the season . After losing 7 straight games , the decision was made to release head coach Dan Reeves . Wade Phillips acted as interim coach for the final 3 games . Although the Falcons won 3 of their last 4 games after the return of Vick , they ended up with a 5 -- 11 record that year . In 2004 , a new head coach , Jim L. Mora , was hired and Vick returned for the full season . The Falcons went 11 -- 5 , winning their third division title and earning a first - round bye into the playoffs . In the divisional playoffs , the Falcons defeated the St. Louis Rams , 47 -- 17 , in the Georgia Dome , advancing to the NFC Championship Game , which they lost to the Eagles , 27 -- 10 . The Falcons again fell short of achieving back - to - back winning seasons in 2005 , going 8 -- 8 . In 2006 , Michael Vick became the first quarterback in league history to rush for more than 1,000 yards in a season , with 1,039 . After finishing the season 7 -- 9 , however , coach Jim Mora was dismissed and Bobby Petrino , the University of Louisville 's football coach , replaced him . Before the 2007 season began , Vick was suspended indefinitely by the NFL after pleading guilty to charges involving dog fighting in the state of Virginia . On December 10 , 2007 , Vick received a 23 - month prison sentence and was officially cut from the Atlanta roster . 2007 ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Atlanta Falcons season For the 2007 season , the Falcons were forced to start Joey Harrington at quarterback . On December 11 , 13 games into his first NFL season as head coach , Bobby Petrino resigned without notice to coach at the University of Arkansas , leaving the beleaguered players only a note in the locker room . Secondary Coach Emmitt Thomas was named interim coach for the final three games of the season on December 12 . The Falcons ended the year with a dismal 4 -- 12 record . 2008 -- 2014 : the Mike Smith era ( edit ) Mike Smith After the tumultuous and disappointing 2007 season , the Falcons made a number of moves , hiring a new General Manager and head coach , drafting a new starting quarterback , and signing a starting running back . On January 13 , 2008 , the Falcons named former Patriots director of college football scouting Thomas Dimitroff General Manager . On January 23 , Jacksonville Jaguars defensive coach and former linebackers coach for the 2000 Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens Mike Smith was named the Falcons ' new head coach . Chargers back - up RB Michael Turner agreed to a 6 - year deal , $30 million deal on March 2 . On April 26 , Matt Ryan ( quarterback from Boston College ) was drafted third overall in the 2008 NFL draft by the Falcons . 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons finished the 2008 regular season with a record of 11 -- 5 , and the # 5 seed in the playoffs . On December 21 , 2008 , Atlanta beat the Minnesota Vikings 24 -- 17 to clinch a wild card spot , earning a trip to the playoffs for the first time since 2004 . The Falcons would go on to lose in the wild - card round of the 2008 NFL playoffs to the eventual NFC champion Arizona Cardinals , 30 -- 24 . Matt Ryan started all 16 games in his rookie season and was named the Associated Press Offensive Rookie of the Year . First - year head coach Mike Smith was named 2008 NFL Coach of the Year . 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Atlanta Falcons season Although they failed to make the playoffs in 2009 the team rallied to win their final three regular season games to record back - to - back winning seasons for the first time in franchise history . The Falcons defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 20 -- 10 in the final game of the season to improve their record to 9 -- 7 . Main article : 2010 Atlanta Falcons season In 2010 , with a regular season record of 13 -- 3 , the Falcons secured a third straight winning season , their fourth overall divisional title , and the top overall seed in the NFC playoffs ; however , the Falcons were overpowered by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Playoffs 48 -- 21 . The Falcons scored 414 points -- the fifth-most in franchise history . The team sent an NFL - high and franchise - best nine players to the 2011 Pro Bowl . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons made a surprise trade up with the Cleveland Browns in the 2011 NFL draft to select Alabama wide receiver Julio Jones sixth overall . In exchange , the Falcons gave up their first - , second - and fourth - round draft picks in 2011 , and their first and fourth draft picks in 2012 . Jones , along with teammates Tony Gonzalez and Roddy White , have since been dubbed Atlanta 's `` Big Three '' ( based on their total number of reception yards ) . On August 30 , 2011 , Sports Illustrated senior writer Peter King , who correctly predicted the 2011 Super Bowl , made his predictions for the 2011 season and picked the Falcons to defeat the San Diego Chargers in the 2012 Super Bowl . The Falcons finished the season at 10 -- 6 , securing the fifth seed after a Week 17 beatdown of Tampa Bay in which the Falcons pulled their starters after leading 42 -- 0 just 23 minutes into the game . The Falcons then went on to play the New York Giants in a 2011 NFC Wild Card Game at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The first half was a defensive struggle , with the first points coming off of a safety by the Falcons , giving Atlanta a 2 -- 0 lead . In the 2nd quarter , though , Eli Manning connected with Hakeem Nicks for a short touchdown pass to make it 7 -- 2 Giants heading into the 2nd half . Then the Giants took control , as Manning threw for two more TD passes to Mario Manningham and Nicks and the defense completed its shutout of the Falcons to give the New York Giants the win , 24 -- 2 , and the Falcons their third straight playoff loss with Matt Ryan and Mike Smith . After the season Defense Coordinator Brian VanGorder accepted a coaching job at Auburn University , and the offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey took the head coaching job in Jacksonville . 2012 ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Atlanta Falcons season Atlanta exploded out of the gate , going a franchise best 8 -- 0 and remaining the last unbeaten team in the NFL that year . Their hopes to get an undefeated season came to an end with a 27 -- 31 loss to the division rival Saints . Julio Jones had a remarkable second year , grabbing 10 touchdowns and 1,198 yards . The Falcons finished the season 13 -- 3 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC playoffs . The Falcons played the Seattle Seahawks in their first playoff game . Although they went down 28 -- 27 with only 31 seconds left on the clock , Matt Ryan led the team to their first playoff victory , 30 -- 28 . It was the only playoff victory in the Mike Smith era . The Atlanta Falcons then advanced to face the San Francisco 49ers . The Falcons seized control of the game early with a Matt Bryant field goal , a trio of Matt Ryan touchdown passes caught by Julio Jones and Tony Gonzalez coupled with outstanding defensive play . By the end of the half , the score was 24 -- 14 . The tides of the game began to shift in the second half as the 49ers rallied back with a pair of Frank Gore touchdown runs . Atlanta 's offense attempted to reply but were ultimately shut down by the 49er defense . A few series later , late in the 4th quarter with little time remaining , Atlanta found themselves in a 4th and 4 situation at the 10 - yard line . The Falcons needed just 10 more yards to secure victory and advance to their first Super Bowl berth in 14 years . Matt Ryan fired a pass to Roddy White which was ultimately broken up by inside linebacker NaVorro Bowman , resulting in a 28 -- 24 defeat . 2013 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Atlanta Falcons season Following the success of the previous season , the Falcons were an expected Super Bowl contender . However , injuries hampered the team 's performance and the team finished the season 4 -- 12 . With that , the streak of consecutive winning seasons came to an end and Mike Smith had his first losing season as a head coach . Tony Gonzalez , in his final season in the NFL , was selected to the 2014 Pro Bowl as a starter representing Team Rice . Following the conclusion of the 2012 season , director of player personnel Les Snead departed the team to join the St. Louis Rams and Dave Caldwell , assistant to general manager Thomas Dimitroff , left the team to join the Jacksonville Jaguars . Scott Pioli , former GM of the New England Patriots , was announced as the Falcons ' new assistant GM . Mike Smith was given a one - year extension on his contract as head coach . The Falcons had the 6th overall pick in the 2014 NFL draft with which they selected Jake Matthews , who played as offensive tackle for Texas A&M . 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Atlanta Falcons season Despite having another rough season , the Falcons still had an opportunity to qualify for the playoffs at the end of the regular season . The Falcons hosted the Carolina Panthers in their regular season finale , with the winners clinching the NFC South division . Unfortunately , the Falcons lost in a 34 -- 3 blowout as Matt Ryan threw two interceptions that were returned for touchdowns and got sacked six times . The Falcons finished the season 6 -- 10 , marking the second consecutive losing season for the team . The following day , Mike Smith was fired after seven seasons as head coach . The Falcons would soon hire Seattle Seahawks defensive coordinator Dan Quinn as the team 's 16th head coach . The Falcons had the 8th overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft with which they selected Vic Beasley , a defensive end from Clemson University . 2015 -- present : the Dan Quinn era ( edit ) 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Atlanta Falcons season Dan Quinn In February 2015 , the team was investigated by the NFL for alleged use of artificial crowd noise in the Georgia Dome . The Falcons lost a 2016 NFL Draft selection as a result of the league 's investigation . Dan Quinn 's first season saw a 5 -- 0 start , the team 's best start in four years . They would then struggle throughout the rest of the season by losing 8 of their last 11 games , resulting in an 8 -- 8 record . They did , however , give the Panthers their only regular season loss . The Falcons used their first - round pick in the 2016 NFL Draft on safety Keanu Neal from the University of Florida . 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Atlanta Falcons season In the Falcons ' 25th and final season in the Georgia Dome , Atlanta lost their Week 1 game to the Buccaneers 24 -- 31 . The Falcons would then win their next four including one over the Panthers , when the franchise set new records . Matt Ryan threw for 503 yards , and Julio Jones caught twelve passes for 300 yards . With a 41 -- 13 thrashing of the San Francisco 49ers in Week 15 , the Falcons improved to 9 -- 5 and secured their first winning season since 2012 . One week later , the Falcons defeated the Panthers in Charlotte , North Carolina and clinched their first NFC South division title since 2012 . In their last regular season game at the Georgia Dome , the Falcons defeated the New Orleans Saints , and secured an 11 -- 5 record and a first round bye . In the divisional round of the playoffs , Atlanta defeated the Seahawks 36 -- 20 in the Georgia Dome , and hosted their last game at the Dome against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2017 . The Falcons defeated the Packers 44 -- 21 to advance to Super Bowl LI as the NFC champions . Atlanta was up 28 -- 3 late in the third quarter , and the New England Patriots scored 31 unanswered points , with the last 6 in the first - ever overtime in the Super Bowl . The Patriots ' 25 - point comeback was the largest in Super Bowl history . In 2016 , the Falcons scored 540 points in the regular season , the seventh-most in NFL history , tied with the Greatest Show on Turf ( the 2000 St. Louis Rams ) . However , the Falcons defense gave up 406 points , 27th in the league . 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons moved into their new home , the Mercedes - Benz Stadium , this season . Their first game ever played at the new stadium was a preseason loss to the Arizona Cardinals . The first regular season game at the new stadium was a rematch of the 2016 -- 17 NFC Championship , with Atlanta defeating Green Bay 34 -- 23 . Stadiums ( edit ) Main article : Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Falcons have called only two stadiums home in their 51 years of existence , and will have a third home in their history in the late summer of 2017 . The first was the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , sharing with the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball team until 1991 . In 1992 , the Georgia Dome was built , and the Falcons played there from its opening to the 2016 season . The Dome has been frequently used for college football , including Georgia State football and college bowl games such as the Peach Bowl . In an effort to replace the aging Georgia Dome and potentially host a future Super Bowl , team owner Arthur Blank proposed a deal with the city of Atlanta to build a new state - of - the - art stadium not far from where the Georgia Dome is located . Blank will contribute $800 million and the city of Atlanta will contribute an additional $200 million via bonds backed by the city 's hotel / motel tax towards the construction of a retractable roof stadium . Blank will contribute additional money for cost overruns if it is needed . The team will provide up to $50 million towards infrastructure costs that were n't included in the construction budget and to retire the remaining debt on the Georgia Dome . In addition , Blank 's foundation and the city will each provide $15 million for development in surrounding neighborhoods . Though the total cost of the stadium was initially estimated to be around $1 billion , the total cost was revised to $1.5 billion according to Blank . In March 2013 , the Atlanta City Council voted 11 -- 4 in favor of building the stadium . The retractable roof Mercedes - Benz Stadium broke ground in May 2014 , and will begin hosting the Falcons ' and Atlanta United 's Major League Soccer games in 2017 . Logo and uniforms ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons uniform : 1971 -- 1989 Atlanta Falcons uniform : 1997 -- 2002 The Atlanta Falcons ' colors are red , black , silver and white . When the team debuted in 1966 , the Falcons wore red helmets with a black falcon crest logo . In the center of the helmet was a center black stripe surrounded by two gold stripes and two white stripes . These colors represented the two college rival schools in the state of Georgia ; rival schools Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets ( White and Gold ) and the Georgia Bulldogs ( Red and Black ) . Although the gold was later taken out , the white remains to this day . They wore white pants and either black or white jerseys . At first , the falcon crest logo was also put on the jersey sleeves , but it was replaced by a red and white stripe pattern four years later . They switched from black to red jerseys in 1971 , and the club began to wear silver pants in 1978 . A prototype white helmet was developed for the team prior to the 1974 season but was never worn . In 1990 , the uniform design changed to black helmets , silver pants , and either black or white jerseys . The numbers on the white jerseys were black , but were changed to red in 1997 . ( The red numerals could be seen on the away jerseys briefly in 1990 . ) Both the logo and uniforms changed in 2003 . The logo was redesigned with red and silver accents to depict a more powerful , aggressive falcon , which now more closely resembles the capital letter F . Although the Falcons still wore black helmets , the new uniforms featured jerseys and pants with red trim down the sides . The uniform design consisted of either black or white jerseys , and either black or white pants . During that same year , a red alternate jersey with black trim was also introduced . The Falcons also started wearing black cleats with these uniforms . In 2004 , the red jerseys became the primary jerseys , and the black ones became the alternate , both worn with white pants . In select road games , the Falcons wear black pants with white jerseys . The Falcons wore an all - black combination for home games against their archrivals , the New Orleans Saints , winning the first two contests ( 24 -- 21 in 2004 and 36 -- 17 in 2005 ) , but losing 31 -- 13 in 2006 . The Falcons wore the all black combination against the New Orleans Saints for four straight seasons starting in 2004 , With the last time being in 2007 , losing 34 -- 14 . They wore the combination again in 2006 , against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 2 . The Falcons won that game , 14 -- 3 . The Falcons also wore their all - black uniform in 2007 against the New York Giants , and in 2008 against the Carolina Panthers and against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( for the second time ) . In the 1980s , the Falcons wore their white uniforms at home most of the time because of the heat . When the Falcons started playing in a dome , the team switched to their dark uniforms for home games but have worn their white uniforms at home a few times since switching to the dome . It was announced at the 2009 state of the franchise meeting that the Falcons would wear 1966 throwback uniforms for a couple games during the 2009 season . The Atlanta Falcons wore 1966 throwback jerseys for two home games in 2009 -- against the Carolina Panthers on September 20 and against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on November 29 . The Falcons won both of those games . They donned the throwbacks again for 2 games in 2010 , against Baltimore and San Francisco , winning both of those games as well . Rivalries ( edit ) New Orleans Saints ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Falcons -- Saints rivalry In every season except for their debut season , the Falcons have shared a division with the New Orleans Saints ( first the NFC West , and now the NFC South ) . Over this time , a heated rivalry has developed between the two cities ' franchises . Atlanta leads the series 51 -- 45 . Carolina Panthers ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Falcons -- Panthers rivalry In addition , the Falcons share a similar , yet smaller , rivalry with the Carolina Panthers , with both teams having been in the NFC West from the Panthers ' founding in 1995 to the NFL realignment in 2002 , where they have been in the NFC South since then . The Falcons lead the series 27 -- 17 . Statistics ( edit ) Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons seasons Record vs. opponents ( edit ) Includes postseason records Source : Note : W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties Team Percent Last result Last date Last locale Postseason St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 14 15 0 . 483 W 38 -- 19 November 27 , 2016 Atlanta , Georgia 0 -- 1 postseason Baltimore Ravens 0 . 400 L 7 -- 29 October 19 , 2014 Baltimore , Maryland Buffalo Bills 7 0 . 636 W 34 -- 31 ( OT ) December 1 , 2013 Toronto , Ontario * ( Falcons as away team ) Carolina Panthers 27 17 0 . 614 W 33 -- 16 December 24 , 2016 Charlotte , North Carolina Chicago Bears 13 14 0 . 481 W 23 -- 17 September 10 , 2017 Chicago , Illinois Cincinnati Bengals 5 8 0 . 385 L 10 -- 24 September 14 , 2014 Cincinnati , Ohio Cleveland Browns 11 0 . 214 L 24 -- 26 November 23 , 2014 Atlanta , Georgia Dallas Cowboys 10 14 0 . 417 W 39 -- 28 September 27 , 2015 Arlington , Texas 0 -- 2 postseason Denver Broncos 6 8 0 . 429 W 23 -- 16 October 9 , 2016 Denver , Colorado 0 -- 1 postseason Detroit Lions 12 24 0 . 333 L 21 -- 22 October 26 , 2014 London , England * ( Falcons as home team ) Green Bay Packers 14 15 0 . 483 W 34 -- 23 September 17 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 2 -- 2 postseason Houston Texans 0 . 500 W 48 -- 21 October 4 , 2015 Atlanta , Georgia Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 14 0 . 125 L 21 -- 24 November 22 , 2015 Atlanta , Georgia Jacksonville Jaguars 0 . 500 W 23 -- 17 December 20 , 2015 Jacksonville , Florida Kansas City Chiefs 6 0 . 333 L 28 -- 29 December 4 , 2016 Atlanta , Georgia San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 8 0 . 800 L 30 -- 33 ( OT ) October 23 , 2016 Atlanta , Georgia St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 28 47 . 377 W 42 -- 14 December 11 , 2016 Los Angeles , California 1 -- 0 postseason Miami Dolphins 8 0 . 333 L 23 -- 27 September 22 , 2013 Miami Gardens , Florida Minnesota Vikings 10 17 0 . 370 L 10 -- 20 November 29 , 2015 Atlanta , Georgia 1 -- 1 postseason New England Patriots 6 8 0 . 429 L 28 -- 34 February 5 , 2017 Houston , Texas * ( Falcons as home team ) 0 -- 1 postseason New Orleans Saints 50 45 0 . 526 W 38 -- 32 January 1 , 2017 Atlanta , Georgia 1 -- 0 postseason New York Giants 12 11 0 . 522 W 24 -- 20 September 20 , 2015 East Rutherford , New Jersey 0 -- 1 postseason New York Jets 6 5 0 . 545 L 28 -- 30 October 7 , 2013 Atlanta , Georgia Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 7 7 0 . 500 W 35 -- 28 September 18 , 2016 Oakland , California Philadelphia Eagles 13 16 . 450 L 15 -- 24 November 13 , 2016 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1 -- 2 postseason Pittsburgh Steelers 13 . 156 L 20 -- 27 December 14 , 2014 Atlanta , Georgia San Francisco 49ers 30 46 . 396 W 41 -- 13 December 18 , 2016 Atlanta , Georgia 1 -- 1 postseason Seattle Seahawks 6 10 0 . 375 W 36 -- 20 January 14 , 2017 Atlanta , Georgia 2 -- 0 postseason Tampa Bay Buccaneers 23 24 0 . 489 W 43 -- 28 November 3 , 2016 Tampa , Florida Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans 7 7 0 . 500 W 10 -- 7 October 25 , 2015 Nashville , Tennessee Washington Redskins 9 14 . 396 W 25 -- 19 ( OT ) October 11 , 2015 Atlanta , Georgia 0 -- 1 postseason Total 350 449 6 . 439 9 -- 12 (. 429 ) * Notes International Series Single game records ( edit ) Rushing : Michael Turner , 220 ( September 7 , 2008 ) Passing : Matt Ryan , 503 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : Wade Wilson , 5 ( December 13 , 1992 ) Receptions : William Andrews , 15 ( September 15 , 1981 ) Receiving yards : Julio Jones , 300 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Interceptions : Several Falcons , 2 , most recently Robert Alford , 2 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Field goals : Norm Johnson , 6 ( November 13 , 1994 ) Total touchdowns : T.J. Duckett , 4 ( December 12 , 2004 ) and Michael Turner 4 ( November 23 , 2008 ) Points scored : T.J. Duckett , 24 ( December 12 , 2004 ) and Michael Turner , 24 ( November 23 , 2008 ) Sacks : Chuck Smith , 5 ( October 12 , 1997 ) Single season records ( edit ) Passing attempts : 651 Matt Ryan ( 2013 ) Passing completions : 439 Matt Ryan ( 2013 ) Passing yards : 4,944 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : 38 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing interceptions : 25 Bobby Hebert ( 1996 ) Completion percentage : 69.9 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing rating : 117.1 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Rushing attempts : 410 Jamal Anderson ( 1998 ) Rushing yards : 1,846 Jamal Anderson ( 1998 ) Rushing touchdowns : 17 Michael Turner ( 2008 ) Receiving catches : 136 Julio Jones ( 2015 ) Receiving yards : 1,871 Julio Jones ( 2015 ) Receiving touchdowns : 15 Andre Rison ( 1993 ) Quarterback sacks : 16.5 John Abraham ( 2008 ) Pass interceptions : 10 Scott Case ( 1988 ) Field goal attempts : 40 Jay Feely ( 2002 ) Field goals made : 34 Matt Bryant ( 2016 ) Points : 158 Matt Bryant ( 2016 ) Total touchdowns : 17 Michael Turner ( 2008 ) Career records ( edit ) Passing attempts : 5,064 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing completions : 3,288 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing yards : 37,701 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing touchdowns : 240 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing interceptions : 141 Steve Bartkowski ( 1975 -- 85 ) Passing rating : 93.6 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Rushing attempts : 1,587 Gerald Riggs ( 1982 -- 88 ) Rushing yards : 6,631 Gerald Riggs ( 1982 -- 88 ) Rushing yards by a QB : 3,859 Michael Vick ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Rushing touchdowns : 60 Michael Turner ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Receiving catches : 808 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Receiving yards : 10,863 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Receiving touchdowns : 63 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Quarterback sacks : 68.5 John Abraham ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Pass interceptions : 39 Rolland Lawrence ( 1973 -- 80 ) Field goal attempts : 224 Morten Andersen ( 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 ) Field goals made : 196 Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Points : 892 Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Total touchdowns : 63 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Pass interception return yards : 658 Rolland Lawrence ( 1973 -- 80 ) Pass interception returned for touchdowns : 3 Deion Sanders ( 1989 -- 1993 ) and Kevin Mathis ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Punt return yards : 1,723 Allen Rossum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Kickoff return yards : 5,489 Allen Rossum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Longest punt : 75 John James ( 1972 -- 1981 ) and Harold Alexander ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Longest field goal : 59 Morten Andersen ( 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 ) and Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons roster view talk Quarterbacks 2 Matt Ryan 8 Matt Schaub Running backs 40 Derrick Coleman FB 26 Tevin Coleman 24 Devonta Freeman 25 Brian Hill 28 Terron Ward Wide receivers 18 Taylor Gabriel 14 Justin Hardy 11 Julio Jones 19 Andre Roberts 12 Mohamed Sanu 15 Nick Williams Tight ends 81 Austin Hooper 85 Eric Saubert 80 Levine Toilolo Offensive linemen 63 Ben Garland G 64 Sean Harlow G 67 Andy Levitre G 51 Alex Mack C 70 Jake Matthews T 68 Austin Pasztor T 74 Ty Sambrailo T 73 Ryan Schraeder T 71 Wes Schweitzer G Defensive linemen 99 Adrian Clayborn DE 95 Jack Crawford DT 97 Grady Jarrett DT 98 Takkarist McKinley DE 92 Dontari Poe DT 50 Brooks Reed DE 90 Derrick Shelby DE 91 Courtney Upshaw DE Linebackers 44 Vic Beasley OLB 59 De'Vondre Campbell OLB 56 Jermaine Grace OLB 36 Kemal Ishmael OLB 45 Deion Jones MLB 42 Duke Riley OLB 52 Jordan Tripp MLB Defensive backs 23 Robert Alford CB 37 Ricardo Allen FS 29 C.J. Goodwin CB 27 Damontae Kazee FS 22 Keanu Neal SS 20 Sharrod Neasman SS 30 Deji Olatoye CB 34 Brian Poole CB 21 Desmond Trufant CB 33 Blidi Wreh - Wilson CB Special teams 5 Matt Bosher P 3 Matt Bryant K 47 Josh Harris LS Reserve lists 32 Jalen Collins CB ( Susp . ) 13 Devin Fuller WR ( IR ) 96 Martin Ifedi DE ( IR ) 41 Quincy Mauger CB ( IR ) 53 LaRoy Reynolds MLB ( IR ) Practice squad 35 Marcelis Branch FS 76 Daniel Brunskill T 87 Deante Burton WR 75 Jamil Douglas G 89 Alex Gray TE 17 Marvin Hall WR 55 J'Terius Jones DE 9 Trevor Knight QB 82 Joshua Perkins TE 93 Tani Tupou DE 94 Joe Vellano DT Rookies in italics Roster updated September 19 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 5 Inactive , 11 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of famers ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons Hall of Famers No . Player Position Tenure Year inducted -- Norm Van Brocklin Head Coach 1968 -- 1974 1971 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1967 1998 29 Eric Dickerson RB 1993 1999 21 Deion Sanders CB 1989 -- 1993 2011 56 Chris Doleman DE 1994 -- 1995 2012 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1968 -- 1978 2014 Brett Favre QB 1991 2016 5 Morten Andersen 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 2017 Sanders and Humphrey are the only two players in the Hall of Fame that have been inducted based substantially on their service with the Falcons . Andersen spent eight of his 25 NFL seasons with the Falcons , and remains the team 's all - time scoring leader , but he also played his first 13 NFL seasons with the New Orleans Saints , also leading that team 's career scoring list . Retired numbers ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons Retired Numbers No . Player Position Tenure 10 Steve Bartkowski QB 1975 -- 1985 31 William Andrews RB 1979 -- 1983 , 1986 57 Jeff Van Note 1969 -- 1986 60 Tommy Nobis LB 1966 -- 1976 Ring of Honor ( edit ) The Atlanta Falcons organization does not officially retire jersey numbers , but considers certain players ' jerseys worthy of being honored . The Falcons Ring of Honor , which is featured in the rafters of the Georgia Dome , honors individual players . Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 10 Steve Bartkowski QB 1975 -- 1985 21 Deion Sanders CB 1989 -- 1993 31 William Andrews RB 1979 -- 1983 , 1986 42 Gerald Riggs RB 1982 -- 1988 2013 57 Jeff Van Note 1969 -- 1986 2006 58 Jessie Tuggle LB 1987 -- 2000 60 Tommy Nobis LB 1966 -- 1976 78 Mike Kenn 1978 -- 1994 2008 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1968 -- 1978 2008 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Georgia Sports Hall of Fame Starting quarterbacks ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons starting quarterbacks Draft history ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks Main article : Atlanta Falcons draft history Main article : 1966 NFL expansion draft Coaching staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons head coaches In their history , the Atlanta Falcons have had 15 head coaches . Coach Years Record Notes Norb Hecker 1966 -- 1968 4 -- 26 -- 1 (. 129 ) Fired after three games in 1968 . Norm Van Brocklin 1968 -- 1974 39 -- 48 -- 3 (. 433 ) Fired after eight games in 1974 . Marion Campbell 1974 -- 1976 6 -- 19 (. 240 ) Fired after five games in 1976 . Pat Peppler 1976 3 -- 6 (. 333 ) Interim head coach . Leeman Bennett 1977 -- 1982 46 -- 41 (. 529 ) Dan Henning 1983 -- 1986 22 -- 41 -- 1 (. 344 ) Marion Campbell 1987 -- 1989 11 -- 36 (. 234 ) Retired after 12 games in 1989 . Jim Hanifan 1989 0 -- 4 (. 000 ) Interim head coach . Jerry Glanville 1990 -- 1993 27 -- 37 (. 422 ) June Jones 1994 -- 1996 19 -- 29 (. 396 ) Dan Reeves 1997 -- 2003 49 -- 59 -- 1 (. 450 ) Wade Phillips 2003 2 -- 1 (. 667 ) Interim head coach . Jim Mora 2004 -- 2006 26 -- 22 (. 542 ) Bobby Petrino 2007 3 -- 10 (. 231 ) Resigned after 13 games to take over Arkansas Razorbacks . Emmitt Thomas 2007 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) Interim head coach . Mike Smith 2008 -- 2014 66 -- 46 (. 589 ) Dan Quinn 2015 -- present 19 -- 13 (. 594 ) Current staff ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons staff Front Office Owner / Chairman -- Arthur Blank President / CEO -- Rich McKay General Manager -- Thomas Dimitroff Assistant General Manager -- Scott Pioli Director of Pro Personnel -- Joel Collier Director , Football Operations -- Nick Polk Director of College Scouting -- Steve Sabo National Scout -- Ruston Webster National Scout -- Phil Emery Head Coaches Head Coach -- Dan Quinn Assistant to the Head Coach -- Steve Scarnecchia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Steve Sarkisian Quarterbacks -- Bush Hamdan Running Backs -- Keith Carter Wide Receivers / Passing Game Coordinator / Assistant HC - Raheem Morris Tight Ends -- Wade Harman Offensive Line -- Chris Morgan Assistant Offensive Line -- Kyle Flood Offensive Assistant -- Charlie Jackson Offensive Assistant -- Charlie Weis , Jr . Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Marquand Manuel Defensive Passing Game Coordinator - Jerome Henderson Defensive Line -- Bryant Young Linebackers -- Jeff Ulbrich Secondary -- Doug Mallory Defensive Assistant - Dave Brock Defensive Assistant -- Jess Simpson Defensive Assistant -- Justin Outten Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith Armstrong Assistant Special Teams -- Eric Sutulovich Special Teams Intern -- Lance Schulters Strength and Conditioning Athletic Performance Manager -- A.J. Neibel Head Strength and Conditioning -- Jesse Ackerman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jonas Beauchemin → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Falcons ' flagship radio station is WZGC 92.9 The Game . Wes Durham , son of longtime North Carolina Tar Heels voice Woody Durham , is the Falcons ' play - by - play announcer , with former Atlanta Falcons QB and pro football veteran , Dave Archer serving as color commentator . In 2014 , The CW owned - and - operated station WUPA became the official television station of the Falcons , gaining rights to its preseason games , which are produced by CBS Sports . In the regular season , the team 's games are seen on Fox 's O&O affiliate WAGA . When the Falcons challenge an AFC team , CBS affiliate WGCL will air those games while Sunday night games are televised on WXIA , the local NBC affiliate . Radio affiliates ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates . Source : Georgia ( edit ) City Call sign Frequency Albany WSRA - AM 1250 AM Athens WRFC - AM 960 AM Atlanta WZGC - FM 92.9 FM Brunswick WSFN - AM 790 AM Clarkesville WDUN - FM 102.9 FM Columbus WDAK - AM 540 AM Columbus WBOJ 1270 AM Dalton WBLJ - AM 1230 AM Douglas WDMG - AM 860 AM Gainesville WDUN 550 AM Griffin WKEU - AM 1450 AM Griffin WKEU - FM 88.9 FM Hogansville WVCC - AM 720 AM Jesup WLOP - AM 1370 AM Jesup WIFO - FM 105.5 FM LaGrange WMGP - FM 98.1 FM Louisville WPEH - AM 1420 AM Louisville WPEH - FM 92.1 FM Macon WMAC - AM 940 AM Milledgeville WMVG - AM 1450 AM Newnan WCOH - AM 1400 AM Rome WATG - FM 95.7 FM Sandersville WJFL - FM 101.9 FM Savannah WSEG - AM 1400 AM Savannah WSEG - FM 104.3 FM Statesboro WPTB - AM 850 AM Swainsboro WJAT - AM 800 AM Thomaston WTGA - FM 101.1 FM Toccoa WNEG - AM 630 AM Valdosta WVGA 105.9 FM Vidalia WVOP - AM 970 AM Waycross WFNS - AM 1350 AM Alabama ( edit ) City Call sign Frequency Foley WHEP - AM 1310 AM Mississippi ( edit ) City Call sign Frequency Jackson WYAB - FM 103.9 FM South Carolina ( edit ) City Call sign Frequency Clemson WCCP - FM 104.9 FM Tennessee ( edit ) City Call sign Frequency Chattanooga WALV - FM 105.1 FM See also ( edit ) Atlanta portal National Football League portal Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise Up : Team History '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Atlanta Falcons Media Guide . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbuch , Bart ( January 7 , 2012 ) . `` Queens - born owner models Falcons after hometown team '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Corporate Headquarters and Training Facility '' . claycorp.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team History '' . Nflteamhistory.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 NFL Draft '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Blank buys Falcons from Smith family '' . December 17 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Falcons unveil new logo '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Falcons . March 19 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons : Thomas Dimitroff '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` Coaches '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` Recent news on Michael Turner -- Unsigned Free Agent -- Rotoworld.com '' . rotoworld.com . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Stats at NFL.com '' . nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan -- Atlanta Falcons -- 2015 Player Profile -- Rotoworld.com '' . rotoworld.com . Jump up ^ Singer , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Atlanta 's Jacquizz Rodgers emerging as Falcons top back '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . CNN . September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers use opportunistic defense to crush Falcons , win NFC South '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Atlanta Falcons fire coach Mike Smith '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam . `` Dan Quinn named Atlanta Falcons head coach '' . SB Nation . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Matt . `` 2015 NFL Draft Results : Complete List of Picks , Analysis of Major Storylines '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` NFL investigating Atlanta Falcons for fake crowd noise at Georgia Dome '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta Falcons lose 2016 pick for pumping fake noise '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots ' Tom Brady earns 4th Super Bowl MVP trophy with epic comeback '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons tied Greatest Show on Turf for record 7th most points scored ever '' . The Falcoholic . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Atlanta Falcons Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons , city officials agree on financing terms for new $1 billion stadium '' . ESPN.go.com . March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saporta , Maria . `` New Falcons stadium cost ' rises up ' -- again -- another $100 million '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta City Council approves Falcons stadium funding '' . myfoxatlanta.com . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evolution of the Falcons ' colors . Atlanta Falcons . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons unveil new uniforms at fan rally '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Falcons. April 24 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference. 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/atl/head-to-head.htm Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick : Career Stats at NFL.com '' . nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons -- Ring of Honor '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Atlanta Falcons Head Coaches '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney . `` 92.9 / The Game becomes a Falcons affiliate '' . Radio & TV Talk with Rodney Ho . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons Announce New Local TV Partner '' . atlantafalcons.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.atlantafalcons.com/on-the-air/falcons-radio-network/radio-affiliate-stations.html Jump up ^ Braves New Home In Chattanooga Is Brewer Media 's ESPN 105.1 The Zone External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlanta Falcons . Official website Atlanta Falcons Founded in 1966 Based in Atlanta , Georgia Headquartered in Flowery Branch , Georgia Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players Quarterbacks Head coaches Expansion draft Draft history First - round draft picks Stadiums Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Georgia Dome Mercedes - Benz Stadium Culture Rankin M. Smith , Sr . Arthur Blank The Dirty Bird Dance Freddie Falcon Michael Vick dog fighting investigation Cheerleaders Lore Gary Anderson 's missed field goal Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Division championships ( 6 ) 1980 1998 2012 2016 Conference championships ( 2 ) 1998 2016 Ring of Honor 10 21 31 42 57 58 60 78 87 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 52 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 2017 Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Sports teams based in Georgia Baseball MLB Atlanta Braves IL Gwinnett Braves SAL Rome Braves CPL Savannah Bananas Basketball NBA Atlanta Hawks WNBA Atlanta Dream NBA G League College Park ( beginning in 2019 -- 20 ) ECBL Fort Gordon Eagles Savannah Storm Football NFL Atlanta Falcons NAL Columbus Lions Georgia Firebirds WFA Atlanta Phoenix LFL Atlanta Steam EIF Southern Steam AAL Atlanta Havoc Georgia Doom Hockey ECHL Atlanta Gladiators SPHL Macon Mayhem Lacrosse MLL Atlanta Blaze NLL Georgia Swarm Roller derby WFTDA Atlanta Rollergirls Classic City Rollergirls Soul City Sirens Rugby league USARL Atlanta Rhinos Rugby union RSL Life University GRU Savannah Shamrocks RFC Soccer MLS Atlanta United FC PDL Tormenta FC NPSL Atlanta Silverbacks Georgia Revolution Ultimate AUDL Atlanta Hustle Sports teams based in or near Atlanta , Georgia Baseball MLB Atlanta Braves IL Gwinnett Braves Basketball NBA Atlanta Hawks WNBA Atlanta Dream G League College Park ( beginning in 2019 -- 20 ) ABA Atlanta Aliens Atlanta Experience Atlanta Wildcats East Point Jaguars Georgia Gwizzlies WBA Marietta Storm Football NFL Atlanta Falcons WFA Atlanta Phoenix USWFL Atlanta Heartbreakers LFL Atlanta Steam Hockey ECHL Atlanta Gladiators NA3HL Atlanta Capitals Lacrosse MLL Atlanta Blaze NLL Georgia Swarm Roller derby WFTDA Atlanta Rollergirls Rugby league USA Rugby League Atlanta Rhinos Rugby union RSL Life University Soccer MLS Atlanta United FC ( 2017 ) NPSL Atlanta Silverbacks Georgia Revolution College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Georgia Tech Georgia State Kennesaw State City of Atlanta Fulton County Atlanta metropolitan area Georgia United States Topics Architecture Arts Crime Cuisine Demographics Economy Festivals Geography History Timeline Media Museums Music Neighborhoods Nicknames Parks People Religion Skyscrapers Tourism Transportation Tree canopy Education Colleges and universities Private schools Public schools Government City Council Fire Atlanta Housing Authority Invest Atlanta development authority Mayors Police Sports Atlanta Braves Atlanta Dream Atlanta Falcons Atlanta Hawks Atlanta United FC Georgia State Panthers Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Related Georgia State Capitol Miss Freedom Sister cities Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlanta_Falcons&oldid=801189694 '' Categories : American football teams in Atlanta Atlanta Falcons National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1965 1965 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 06 : 03 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the atlanta falcons become a team	[ "\n\nAtlanta Falcons\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished June 30, 1965; 52 years ago (June 30, 1965)\nFirst season: 1966\nPlay in Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia\nHeadquartered in Flowery Branch, Georgia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1966–present)\n\nEastern Conference (1966)\nWestern Conference (1967–1969)\n\nCoastal Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC West (1970–2001)\nNFC South (2002–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nBlack, Red, Silver, White[1]\n \n\n\nMascot\nFreddie Falcon\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nArthur Blank\n\n\nCEO\nRich McKay\n\n\nPresident\nRich McKay\n\n\nGeneral manager\nThomas Dimitroff\n\n\nHead coach\nDan Quinn\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nAtlanta Falcons (1966–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\nThe Dirty Birds, Grits Blitz (1977 defense)\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\nLeague championships (0)\n\n\n\nConference championships (2)\n\nNFC: 1998, 2016\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (6)\n\nNFC West: 1980, 1998\nNFC South: 2004, 2010, 2012, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (13)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1978, 1980, 1982, 1991, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nAtlanta–Fulton County Stadium (1966–1991)\nGeorgia Dome (1992–2016)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium (2017–present)\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "June 30, 1965" ]
-360942852317221194	A Star Is Born (1976 film)	A Star is Born ( 1976 film ) - Wikipedia A Star is Born ( 1976 film ) A Star Is Born Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Pierson Produced by Jon Peters Screenplay by Frank Pierson John Gregory Dunne Joan Didion Based on A Star Is Born ( 1937 film ) by William A. Wellman Robert Carson Dorothy Parker Alan Campbell Starring Barbra Streisand Kris Kristofferson Gary Busey Music by Roger Kellaway ( score ) Kenny Ascher ( songs ) Rupert Holmes ( songs ) Kenny Loggins ( songs ) Leon Russell ( songs ) Paul Williams ( songs ) Barbra Streisand ( songs ) Cinematography Robert Surtees Edited by Peter Zinner Production company First Artists Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date December 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 12 - 08 ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $80 million A Star Is Born is a 1976 American musical romantic drama film about a young singer ( Barbra Streisand ) who meets and falls in love with an established rock and roll star ( Kris Kristofferson ) , only to find her career ascending while his goes into decline . The film is a remake of the 1937 original drama starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March , which had also been adapted in 1954 as a musical starring Judy Garland and James Mason . The story was subsequently adapted in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Awards and honors 5 Remakes 6 Home media 7 Soundtrack 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) John Norman Howard , a famous and self - destructive singer / songwriter rock star , arrives late for a concert . He is drunk , sings a couple of songs , and walks off stage . John 's entourage , including his manager Brian , takes him to a bar where Esther Hoffman is singing . One of John 's fans find him there and starts a fight . Esther grabs John and helps him escape out a back door . They go to Esther 's , but she invites him to come back for breakfast . Over breakfast , she agrees to go to a concert with him . After arriving by helicopter , John rides a motorbike around the stage , snags a cable and crashes off the front of the stage . John is taken away by ambulance and his entourage leave in the helicopter forgetting Esther . Afterwards , John is resting at home by his pool . A radio DJ , Bebe Jesus , hovers over the pool in a helicopter and invites John to his studio . John gets angry and shoots at the helicopter . Bebe Jesus then threatens to never play John 's songs . Later , John goes to the radio station with a case of whiskey to make peace with Bebe Jesus . The disk jockey does not accept John 's apology and calls John an alcoholic over the air . Esther happens to be at the radio station at the same time , taping a commercial , John takes Esther to his mansion and writes her name on the wall with a can of spray paint . There , they make love , have a bath together , and he listens to her playing his piano . She thinks no one would be able to sing to the tune she has written , but he makes up with some lyrics and starts singing . At his next concert , John gets Esther on stage to sing . Although the audience boos when she starts to sing , she wins them over . Later , she tells John she wants them to get married . John replies that he 's no good for her , but she persists , and they marry . John takes Esther to a plot of land he has out west where they build a simple house . She wants a tour co-starring with him , but he thinks she should do the tour on her own . Esther 's career takes off , eclipsing his . John returns to the studio thinking of restarting his career . His band tells him they have gone on without him . At home alone , John begins to write a new song . As he records it , he is interrupted by the phone . Someone asks for Esther and wants to know whether he is her secretary . At the Grammy Awards , Esther wins for best female performance . While she is giving her acceptance speech , John arrives drunk and makes a scene . Later , Esther tries to talk Brian into giving John a last chance . John is writing songs again but in a different way . Brian calls on John and likes the new songs , but suggests John release some of his old hits along with the new songs . However , John wants to go with the new work only , so he turns down the offer . Back at his LA mansion , John finds Quentin , a magazine writer , swimming half - naked in his swimming pool . She says she would do anything to get an exclusive interview with Esther . When Esther arrives soon after , she finds them in bed together . Quentin tries to interview Esther , but John tells Quentin to get out . Esther and John end up going back to their small home out west where they have been happiest . One morning , John drives to the airport to get Brian . He puts on some of Esther 's songs , drives recklessly , and is killed in an accident . Afterwards , back at the LA mansion , Esther hears John 's voice calling out for someone to answer the phone . But she discovers it 's just a tape of the old songwriting session during which the phone had interrupted his singing . At Esther 's next concert , the audience raises candles as tribute to her lost husband . She sings one of John 's songs but begins it as a ballad and ends it as a rock song . Cast ( edit ) Barbra Streisand as Esther Hoffman Howard Kris Kristofferson as John Norman Howard Gary Busey as Bobbie Ritchie Paul Mazursky as Brian Wexler Joanne Linville as Freddie Lowenstein Oliver Clark as Gary Danziger Venetta Fields as One ( of the Oreos ) Clydie King as Two ( of the Oreos ) Sally Kirkland as Photographer Marta Heflin as Quentin Rita Coolidge as Herself Tony Orlando as Himself M.G. Kelly as DJ Bebe Jesus Uncle Rudy as Mo Susan Richardson as Groupie ( uncredited ) Robert Englund as Marty ( uncredited ) Maidie Norman as Justice of the Peace ( uncredited ) Martin Erlichman as Manager ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Directed by Frank Pierson , the film updates the original story and screenplay of William A. Wellman and Robert Carson with additional contributions by Pierson , John Gregory Dunne and Joan Didion . It also features Gary Busey and Sally Kirkland . Venetta Fields and Clydie King perform as Streisand 's backing vocalists `` The Oreos '' . Kristofferson 's then - wife Rita Coolidge and Tony Orlando appear briefly as themselves . The earlier films had portrayed the behind - the - scenes world of Hollywood filmmaking . However , this version adapted the story to the music business . For example , the 1937 and 1954 films each portrayed the lead female character winning an Academy Award , while the 1976 and 2018 versions depicted the heroine winning a Grammy Award instead . A Star Is Born was co-produced by Streisand and her then - partner Jon Peters for Barwood Films and Warner Brothers , with Peters as the main producer and Streisand as executive . Among actors considered for the male lead were Neil Diamond and Marlon Brando . Streisand and Peters wanted Elvis Presley for the role : they met with Elvis and discussed the film , and he was interested in taking the part , thinking it would revive his film career . Elvis ' manager , Colonel Tom Parker , insisted Elvis have top billing and asked for a substantial sum of money for the role , even though he had not had an acting role since 1969 , and people were unsure what kind of box office draw he would be . This effectively ended Elvis 's involvement with the project . Parker also did not want to have Elvis portrayed as having a show business career in decline . This , in fact , was far from the truth , with Elvis playing to packed auditoriums wherever he toured in the States . Diamond , who knew Streisand and had attended high school with her at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn , was also seriously considered but had to decline due to his extensive concert commitments , and Kristofferson got the part of John Norman Howard . Kristofferson denied modelling his character on Jim Morrison : `` That 's a good idea but it 's not true . I do n't think I ever met Morrison . A lot of people said we looked alike -- shirts off , beards -- but that washed - up rock star was more about me . '' The film cost around $6 million to produce . Its soundtrack album was also an international success , reaching number 1 in many countries and selling nearly 15 million copies worldwide . It featured the ballad `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' , which became one of the biggest hits of Streisand 's career , spending three weeks at number one in the United States , and peaking at number three in the United Kingdom . The filming locations included many in Arizona such as downtown Tucson , Tucson Community Center , Sonoita and Tempe . The clothing of Streisand 's character 's ( Esther Hoffman Howard ) was from Streisand 's own closet . The actual credit reads : `` Miss Streisand 's clothes from ... her closet '' . The film was choreographed by David Winters of West Side Story fame , who worked closely with Streisand to perfect the movie 's dancing sequences . Reception ( edit ) The film grossed $80 million at the U.S. box office , making it the 3rd highest grossing picture of 1976 . Critical reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an approval rating of 35 % based on 23 reviews , with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 8 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four , writing in his review , `` There is , to begin with , no denying Barbra Streisand 's enormous talent . At the end of `` A Star Is Born '' the camera stays on her for one unbroken shot of seven or eight minutes , and she sings her heart out , and we concede that she 's one of the great stars of the movies , one of the elemental presences ... I thought Miss Streisand was distractingly miscast in the role , and yet I forgave her everything when she sang . '' Paul Mavis , reviewing Warner 's 2006 disc release of A Star is Born for DVD Talk , wrote , `` There is something of value in A Star is Born -- one thing -- and that 's Kris Kristofferson 's amazingly adept , heartfelt performance as the doomed rock star , self - destructing despite the love of an up - and - coming singer ( Streisand ) . There 's not a wrong note in his performance . Unfortunately , the remainder of A Star is Born is an unmitigated disaster that has the megalomaniac fingerprints of Barbra Streisand and her hairdresser / producer boyfriend , Jon Peters , all over it . '' Conversely , Vincent Canby , in his review in The New York Times , says Kristofferson `` walks through the film looking very bored . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) The film won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Evergreen '' with the award shared by its songwriters , Streisand and Paul Williams , and was also nominated in the categories of Best Cinematography ( Robert Surtees ) , Best Sound ( Robert Knudson , Dan Wallin , Robert Glass and Tom Overton ) and Original Song Score ( Roger Kellaway ) . It won five Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Streisand ) , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Kristofferson ) , Best Original Score ( Paul Williams and Kenny Ascher ) and Best Original Song , ( Streisand and Williams for `` Evergreen '' ) . The film 's music score and theme song also won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards for Most Performed Feature Film Standards and nominated BAFTA Awards for Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music and Best Sound Track , Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score written for a Motion Picture or Television Special In the two previous versions , Gaynor and Garland were each depicted on screen as winning an Oscar , yet neither won for their film in real life ( though Gaynor had won an Oscar before , as had Streisand and Garland had won a Juvenile Oscar ) . In this film , Streisand is instead depicted as winning a Grammy , and , in real life , the film 's song `` Evergreen '' won her both a Grammy ( for Song of the Year ) and an Oscar . According to at least one Streisand biography , unhappy with a few of Frank Pierson 's scenes , Streisand later directed them herself ( a claim also made for 1979 's The Main Event ) , adding to the rumors that she and Pierson clashed constantly during production . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- # 16 Remakes ( edit ) A Star Is Born was the second remake of the original 1937 drama , the prior being the 1954 musical starring Judy Garland and James Mason . The story was also adapted as the 2013 Bollywood film Aashiqui 2 . Bradley Cooper later starred , directed , and co-produced a 2018 retelling , with Lady Gaga co-starring and composing new music for the film . Home media ( edit ) In 2006 , the Region 1 DVD was released in North America in Dolby Digital 5.1 sound with extras including a full - length commentary by Barbra Streisand , 16 minutes of never before seen and additional footage and the original wardrobe test . In 2007 the Region 2 DVD with the same extras was released in Germany . In 2008 the Region 4 DVD was released in Australia , the content of which appears to be the same as the Region 1 edition . The DVD has yet to be released in any other region . Warner Bros. released the film worldwide on the Blu - ray format on February 6 , 2013 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : A Star Is Born ( 1976 soundtrack ) The soundtrack album to the film was released by Columbia Records in 1976 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Star Is Born , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Max : `` Q&A : Kris Kristofferson '' ; Classic Rock # 148 , August 2010 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Filming locations for A Star Is Born Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ David Winters -- Awards -- IMDb Jump up ^ `` IMDb Pro : David Winters Business Details '' . Pro.imdb.com. April 5 , 1939 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Star is Born ( 1976 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1976 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Mavis ' review at DVD Talk Jump up ^ `` The 49th Academy Awards ( 1977 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winners and Nomines : 1977 '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga Joins Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Remake '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Star Is Born ( 1976 film ) . A Star Is Born on IMDb A Star Is Born at the TCM Movie Database A Star Is Born at AllMovie A Star Is Born at Rotten Tomatoes Records / A Star is Born Barbra Streisand Archives `` My Battles With Barbra and Jon '' , New West magazine article by director Frank Pierson The Village Voice article on the making of the film A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music 1954 soundtrack `` The Man That Got Away '' 1976 soundtrack `` Evergreen '' 2018 soundtrack `` La Vie en rose '' `` Shallow '' `` Always Remember Us This Way '' `` Is That Alright ? '' `` I 'll Never Love Again '' Related What Price Hollywood ? Films directed by Frank Pierson The Looking Glass War ( 1969 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) King of the Gypsies ( 1978 ) Somebody Has to Shoot the Picture ( 1990 ) Citizen Cohn ( 1992 ) Lakota Woman : Siege at Wounded Knee ( 1994 ) Truman ( 1995 ) Dirty Pictures ( 2000 ) Conspiracy ( 2001 ) Soldier 's Girl ( 2003 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(1976_film)&oldid=866091834 '' Categories : 1976 films English - language films 1970s drama films 1970s musical films American films Films set in 1976 American musical drama films American rock music films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films American independent films Musical film remakes Films directed by Frank Pierson Films about alcoholism 1970s independent films Warner Bros. films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance First Artists films Barwood Films films Albums produced by Phil Ramone Films produced by Jon Peters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 05 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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432055701637217257	Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes	Five Nights at Freddy 's : the Silver Eyes - wikipedia Five Nights at Freddy 's : the Silver Eyes Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Silver Eyes First edition cover Authors Scott Cawthon Kira Breed - Wrisley Country United States Series Five Nights at Freddy 's Genre Horror Mystery Publisher CreateSpace ( Kindle ) Scholastic ( Paperback ) Publication date December 17 , 2015 ( Kindle ) September 27 , 2016 ( Paperback ) Pages 466 ( Kindle ) 400 ( Paperback ) ISBN 978 - 1338134377 Dewey Decimal 813.6 Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Silver Eyes is a 2015 horror mystery novel written by Scott Cawthon and Kira Breed - Wrisley . It is based on Cawthon 's bestselling horror video - game series Five Nights at Freddy 's , and is considered by Cawthon to be separate - canon to the events that occurred in the game series . A sequel to The Silver Eyes , entitled Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Twisted Ones , was released on June 27 , 2017 . Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Fourth Closet , a second sequel to the book , was released on June 26 , 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Reception 4 Sequels 5 References Plot ( edit ) In 1995 , 17 - year old Charlotte `` Charlie '' Emily returns to her hometown , Hurricane , Utah , to attend the launch of a scholarship dedicated to her childhood friend Michael Brooks . Michael , and four other children , were murdered at a local family restaurant , Freddy Fazbear 's Pizza . Charlie 's father , Henry , designer of the restaurant 's animatronic mascots , was suspected of murder , and consequently committed suicide using another animatronic . Charlie reunites with her friends , John , Jessica , and Carlton , agreeing to revisit the restaurant . They discover it has been surrounded by a partially - built mall , finding the animatronics still in place . Following the ceremony to honour Michael , John tells Charlie that he remembers seeing a person in a Fredbear costume on the day of Michael 's death , suspecting the stranger murdered him . That night , Charlie and co . return to the restaurant , further accompanied by friends Lamar , Marla , and her younger brother Jason . Charlie encounters one of the animatronics , Foxy the Pirate , who she was terrified of as a child . Charlie recalls how Henry used to own another restaurant in New Harmony , named Fredbear 's Family Diner . Charlie and John drive to Fredbear 's , where Charlie recalls the day her twin brother , Sammy , was kidnapped by someone wearing a Spring Bonnie costume . This led to her parents divorcing . Charlie suspects Sammy 's abduction and Michael 's murder are connected . Later , the teenagers return to Freddy 's again , accompanied by the mall 's lone security guard Dave . However , Dave retrieves a Spring Bonnie costume and kidnaps Carlton , witnessed by Jason . The group flee , informing Carlton 's father , police chief Clay Burke , who suspects it is just another of his son 's pranks . A policeman , Dunn , is sent to investigate , but is murdered by Dave . Charlie and John research Fredbear 's history , discovering a newspaper article on Sammy 's kidnapping . A photograph depicts Dave , who is identified as William Afton , co-owner of both restaurants . Dave has placed Carlton in a costume , which can be worn by both humans and animatronics , through a series of spring - loaded mechanisms called `` spring locks '' . These locks could be lethal if triggered whilst a human is wearing the suit . Jason returns to the restaurant to save Carlton , followed by Charlie and her friends . They rescue Carlton , but find that the animatronics -- Freddy , Bonnie , Chica , and Foxy -- are aggressive towards intruders . Dave claims they are haunted by the dead children , and he killed them so they could have `` eternal happiness '' . The children are saved by a fifth animatronic , Golden Freddy , haunted by Michael . Dave attacks Charlie in the Spring Bonnie suit . Charlie activates the costume 's spring locks , killing Dave , his body dragged away by the animatronics , allowing the group to leave with Clay . Charlie and her friends go their separate ways . Charlie goes to the cemetery to visit her father 's grave , recalling happier times with him . Background ( edit ) On December 11 , 2015 , Scott Cawthon posted a teaser on his website for an upcoming untitled novel . According to him , the novel was written `` alongside a professional writer for the last ten months '' and `` expands the mythos '' , revealing `` a human element never before seen in the games '' . On December 15 , 2015 , Cawthon revealed the title of the book . The book was originally called Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Untold Story , but was renamed shortly after . It was supposed to be available for Amazon Kindle on December 22 , 2015 , but because of an error in Amazon 's system , it was released slightly earlier on December 17 , 2015 . The paperback edition of the book was published by Scholastic on September 27 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Although it was released to resounding success , Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Silver Eyes has drawn in a lot of criticism from fans . According to Design and Trend , it all started when a fan got the Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Silver Eyes novel with the hope that the novel will have the answers to the mysteries on the game franchise . However , he was then disappointed because as for him , the novel does n't have anything to do with the game at all . Therefore , as fans had claims of the book 's lore conflicting with that of the games ' lore , Cawthon replied that : `` The games and the books should be considered to be separate continuities , even if they do share many familiar elements . So yes , the book is canon , just as the games are . That does n't mean that they are intended to fit together like two puzzle pieces . ( ... ) The book is a re-imagining of the Five Nights at Freddy 's story , and if you go into it with that mindset , I think you will really enjoy it . '' Design & Trend surmised that based on Cawthon 's statements , both the book and games are meant to be enjoyed separately , meaning that those who have not yet played the titles under the Five Nights at Freddy 's games series can still cope with the events that happen in The Silver Eyes . Quoting on how The Silver Eyes could be improved , Latin Post stated , `` Perhaps , it is better if Cawthon will give in to the request of the fans and reveal some clues in the book . Five Nights at Freddy 's is a game that one wo n't be able to finish easily . Filled with challenges and puzzles , it tests one 's strategy to play hard and survive . Its difficulty level is something one should not undermine . That is why many are hoping to find the answers between the book 's pages . Cawthon will be doing his gamers a favor if the book will explain some of the mysteries of the game . If he does , for sure his fans will love it . '' On the positive side , Kevin Anderson & Associates complimented Cawthon and their very own associate , Breed - Wrisley on writing the novel . They commented that it had a `` rousing narrative and animated pace '' that `` brings you into the main character , Charlie 's world as she returns to her home on the tenth anniversary of Hurricane , Utah 's most gruesome homicide . '' Ending the quote , they said , `` The first in a three - book series , Five Night 's at Freddy 's : The Silver Eyes has fans hungry for more . We are so proud of Scott and Kira 's amazing accomplishment and look forward to celebrating many more in the near future . '' The book spent four weeks at # 1 on The New York Times bestseller list in Young Adult Paperbacks . Sequels ( edit ) Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Twisted Ones is the second novel written by Cawthon and Breed - Wrisley . The direct sequel to The Silver Eyes , its events take place one year after . It was first discovered on Amazon in early 2017 , sparking controversy on the legitimacy of the product . Later , Cawthon confirmed that the novel was in fact official . The book was released early in some bookstores , but was released publicly on June 27 , 2017 . It depicts about the main character , Charlie , who `` had a new fresh start '' , but finds herself `` drawn back into the world of her father 's frightening creations '' as she tried to move on . The third and final book in the trilogy , Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Fourth Closet , was released on June 26 , 2018 . The novel takes a focus on Charlie 's friends , who discover the truth behind Charlie 's fate in The Twisted Ones , while mysterious events unfold after the opening of a new Freddy - themed restaurant . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Team '' . Kevin Anderson & Associates . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Next ' Five Nights at Freddy 's ' Will be ... a Novel Called ' Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Silver Eyes ' ? '' . TouchArcade . December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frank Allegra ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Five Nights at Freddy 's novel hits stores next year '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Cawthon+ release dates = impossible '' . Steam . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Five Nights At Freddy 's ' Movie In Full Swing , New ' FNAF ' Novel ' The Silver Eyes ' Released '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Signs on for ' Five Nights at Freddy 's ' '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Cawthon Addresses Negative Comments About ' Five Nights at Freddy 's : The Silver Eyes ' '' . www.movienewsguide.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Scott Cawthon ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Is the book canon ? '' . Steam . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Five Nights at Freddy 's ' : Cawthon addresses backlash against ' FNAF ' novel '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Five Nights At Freddy 's : The Silver Eyes ' Disappoints Fans : How it can be Improved '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times # 1 Bestseller , Five Nights at Freddy 's '' . Kevin Anderson & Associates . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Young Adult Paperback Books - Best Sellers - The New York Times '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ News , Auto World . `` ' Five Nights At Freddy 's : Sister Location ' Still Missing ? Scott Cawthon Only Promoted ' The Twisted Ones ' Book ; Characters Fans Want To See '' . Auto World News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Five Nights at Freddy 's : Twisted Ones Novel Early Copy Out , Story Details Leaked ( Spoilers ) '' . www.thebitbag.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Twisted Ones Release Date , Price , and Plot Premise '' . www.thebitbag.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Five Nights at Freddy 's ' : New Book Set for Release as Movie Development Starts Over '' . christianpost . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Five Nights at Freddy 's : Book 3 . amazon . ASIN 1338139320 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Nights_at_Freddy%27s:_The_Silver_Eyes&oldid=854756420 '' Categories : 2010s horror novels 2015 novels Horror novels Five Nights at Freddy 's ( series ) Novels based on video games Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Use mdy dates from December 2015 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Magyar Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how many chapters in fnaf the silver eyes	[]	[]
-2741643493015733921	The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock - wikipedia The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Jump to : navigation , search The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot First published in June 1915 issue of Poetry Country United States Language English Publisher magazine ( 1915 ) : Harriet Monroe chapbook ( 1917 ) : The Egoist , Ltd . ( London ) Lines 140 Pages 6 ( 1915 printing ) 8 ( 1917 printing ) Read online The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock at Wikisource `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' , commonly known as `` Prufrock '' , is the first professionally published poem by American - British poet T.S. Eliot ( 1888 -- 1965 ) . Eliot began writing `` Prufrock '' in February 1910 , and it was first published in the June 1915 issue of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse at the instigation of Ezra Pound ( 1885 -- 1972 ) . It was later printed as part of a twelve - poem pamphlet ( or chapbook ) titled Prufrock and Other Observations in 1917 . At the time of its publication , Prufrock was considered outlandish , but is now seen as heralding a paradigmatic cultural shift from late 19th - century Romantic verse and Georgian lyrics to Modernism . The poem 's structure was heavily influenced by Eliot 's extensive reading of Dante Alighieri and makes several references to the Bible and other literary works -- including William Shakespeare 's plays Henry IV Part II , Twelfth Night , and Hamlet , the poetry of seventeenth - century metaphysical poet John Donne , and the nineteenth - century French Symbolists . Eliot narrates the experience of Prufrock using the stream of consciousness technique developed by his fellow Modernist writers . The poem , described as a `` drama of literary anguish '' , is a dramatic interior monologue of an urban man , stricken with feelings of isolation and an incapability for decisive action that is said `` to epitomize frustration and impotence of the modern individual '' and `` represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment '' . Prufrock laments his physical and intellectual inertia , the lost opportunities in his life and lack of spiritual progress , and he is haunted by reminders of unattained carnal love . With visceral feelings of weariness , regret , embarrassment , longing , emasculation , sexual frustration , a sense of decay , and an awareness of mortality , `` Prufrock '' has become one of the most recognised voices in modern literature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and publication history 1.1 Writing and first publication 1.2 Prufrock 's Pervigilium 1.3 Critical reception 2 Description 2.1 Title 2.2 Epigraph 2.3 Themes and interpretation 2.4 Use of allusion 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External links Composition and publication History ( edit ) T.S. Eliot in 1923 , photographed by Lady Ottoline Morrell Writing and first publication ( edit ) Eliot wrote `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' between February 1910 and July or August 1911 . Shortly after arriving in England to attend Merton College , Oxford , Eliot was introduced to American expatriate poet Ezra Pound , who instantly deemed Eliot `` worth watching '' and aided the start of Eliot 's career . Pound served as the overseas editor of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse and recommended to the magazine 's founder , Harriet Monroe , that Poetry publish `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' , extolling that Eliot and his work embodied a new and unique phenomenon among contemporary writers . Pound claimed that Eliot `` has actually trained himself AND modernized himself ON HIS OWN . The rest of the promising young have done one or the other , but never both . '' The poem was first published by the magazine in its June 1915 issue . In November 1915 `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' -- along with Eliot 's poems `` Portrait of a Lady , '' `` The Boston Evening Transcript , '' `` Hysteria , '' and `` Miss Helen Slingsby '' -- was included in Catholic Anthology 1914 -- 1915 edited by Ezra Pound and printed by Elkin Mathews in London . In June 1917 The Egoist , a small publishing firm run by Dora Marsden , published a pamphlet entitled Prufrock and Other Observations ( London ) , containing twelve poems by Eliot . `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' was the first in the volume . Also Eliot was appointed assistant editor of the Egoist in June 1917 . Prufrock 's Pervigilium ( edit ) According to Eliot biographer Lyndall Gordon , when Eliot was writing the first drafts of Prufrock in his notebook in 1910 -- 1911 , he intentionally kept four pages blank in the middle section of the poem . According to the notebooks , now in the collection of the New York Public Library , Eliot finished the poem that was originally published sometime in July and August 1911 -- when he was 22 years old . In 1912 , Eliot revised the poem and included a 38 - line section now called `` Prufrock 's Pervigilium '' which was inserted on those blank pages , and intended as a middle section for the poem . However , Eliot removed this section soon after seeking the advice of his fellow Harvard acquaintance and poet Conrad Aiken . This section would not be included in the original publication of Eliot 's poem but was included when published posthumously in the 1996 collection of Eliot 's early , unpublished drafts in Inventions of the March Hare : Poems 1909 -- 1917 . This Pervigilium section describes the `` vigil '' of Prufrock through an evening and night described by one reviewer as an `` erotic foray into the narrow streets of a social and emotional underworld '' that portray `` in clammy detail Prufrock 's tramping ' through certain half - deserted streets ' and the context of his ' muttering retreats / Of restless nights in one - night cheap hotels . ' '' Critical reception ( edit ) Its reception in London can be gauged from an unsigned review in The Times Literary Supplement on 21 June 1917 . `` The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Mr. Eliot is surely of the very smallest importance to anyone , even to himself . They certainly have no relation to poetry . '' The Harvard Vocarium at Harvard College recorded Eliot 's reading of Prufrock and other poems in 1947 , as part of their ongoing series of poetry readings by their authors . Description ( edit ) Title ( edit ) In his early drafts , Eliot gave the poem the subtitle `` Prufrock among the Women . '' This subtitle was apparently discarded before publication . Eliot called the poem a `` love song '' in reference to Rudyard Kipling 's poem `` The Love Song of Har Dyal , '' first published in Kipling 's collection Plain Tales from the Hills ( 1888 ) . In 1959 , Eliot addressed a meeting of the Kipling Society and discussed the influence of Kipling upon his own poetry : `` Traces of Kipling appear in my own mature verse where no diligent scholarly sleuth has yet observed them , but which I am myself prepared to disclose . I once wrote a poem called `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' : I am convinced that it would never have been called `` Love Song '' but for a title of Kipling 's that stuck obstinately in my head : `` The Love Song of Har Dyal . '' However , the origin of the name Prufrock is not certain , and Eliot never remarked on its origin other than to claim he was unsure of how he came upon the name . Many scholars and indeed Eliot himself have pointed towards the autobiographical elements in the character of Prufrock , and Eliot at the time of writing the poem was in the habit of rendering his name as `` T. Stearns Eliot , '' very similar in form to that of J. Alfred Prufrock . It is suggested that the name `` Prufrock '' came from Eliot 's youth in St. Louis , Missouri , where the Prufrock - Litton Company , a large furniture store , occupied one city block downtown at 420 -- 422 North Fourth Street . In a 1950 letter , Eliot said , `` I did not have , at the time of writing the poem , and have not yet recovered , any recollection of having acquired this name in any way , but I think that it must be assumed that I did , and that the memory has been obliterated . '' Epigraph ( edit ) The draft version of the poem 's epigraph comes from Dante 's Purgatorio ( XXVI , 147 -- 148 ) : ' sovegna vos a temps de ma dolor ' . Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli affina . ' be mindful in due time of my pain ' . Then dived he back into that fire which refines them . He finally decided not to use this , but eventually used the quotation in the closing lines of his 1922 poem The Waste Land . The quotation that Eliot did choose comes from Dante also . Inferno ( XXVII , 61 -- 66 ) reads : S ` io credesse che mia risposta fosse A persona che mai tornasse al mondo , Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse . Ma perciocchè giammai di questo fondo Non tornò vivo alcun , s'i'odo il vero , Senza tema d'infamia ti rispondo . If I but thought that my response were made to one perhaps returning to the world , this tongue of flame would cease to flicker . But since , up from these depths , no one has yet returned alive , if what I hear is true , I answer without fear of being shamed . In context , the epigraph refers to a meeting between Dante and Guido da Montefeltro , who was condemned to the eighth circle of Hell for providing counsel to Pope Boniface VIII , who wished to use Guido 's advice for a nefarious undertaking . This encounter follows Dante 's meeting with Ulysses , who himself is also condemned to the circle of the Fraudulent . According to Ron Banerjee , the epigraph serves to cast ironic light on Prufrock 's intent . Like Guido , Prufrock had never intended his story to be told , and so by quoting Guido , Eliot reveals his view of Prufrock 's love song . Frederick Locke contends that Prufrock himself is suffering from multiple personalities of sorts , and that he embodies both Guido and Dante in the Inferno analogy . One is the storyteller ; the other the listener who later reveals the story to the world . He posits , alternatively , that the role of Guido in the analogy is indeed filled by Prufrock , but that the role of Dante is filled by you , the reader , as in `` Let us go then , you and I , '' ( 1 ) . In that , the reader is granted the power to do as he pleases with Prufrock 's love song . Themes and interpretation ( edit ) Because the poem is concerned primarily with the irregular musings of the narrator , it can be difficult to interpret . Laurence Perrine wrote , `` ( the poem ) presents the apparently random thoughts going through a person 's head within a certain time interval , in which the transitional links are psychological rather than logical '' . This stylistic choice makes it difficult to determine exactly what is literal and what is symbolic . On the surface , `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' relays the thoughts of a sexually frustrated middle - aged man who wants to say something but is afraid to do so , and ultimately does not . The dispute , however , lies in to whom Prufrock is speaking , whether he is actually going anywhere , what he wants to say , and to what the various images refer . The intended audience is not evident . Some believe that Prufrock is talking to another person or directly to the reader , while others believe Prufrock 's monologue is internal . Perrine writes `` The ' you and I ' of the first line are divided parts of Prufrock 's own nature '' , while Mutlu Konuk Blasing suggests that the `` you and I '' refers to the relationship between the dilemmas of the character and the author . Similarly , critics dispute whether Prufrock is going somewhere during the course of the poem . In the first half of the poem , Prufrock uses various outdoor images ( the sky , streets , cheap restaurants and hotels , fog ) , and talks about how there will be time for various things before `` the taking of a toast and tea '' , and `` time to turn back and descend the stair . '' This has led many to believe that Prufrock is on his way to an afternoon tea , where he is preparing to ask this `` overwhelming question '' . Others , however , believe that Prufrock is not physically going anywhere , but rather , is playing through it in his mind . Perhaps the most significant dispute lies over the `` overwhelming question '' that Prufrock is trying to ask . Many believe that Prufrock is trying to tell a woman of his romantic interest in her , pointing to the various images of women 's arms and clothing and the final few lines in which Prufrock laments that the mermaids will not sing to him . Others , however , believe that Prufrock is trying to express some deeper philosophical insight or disillusionment with society , but fears rejection , pointing to statements that express a disillusionment with society , such as `` I have measured out my life with coffee spoons '' ( line 51 ) . Many believe that the poem is a criticism of Edwardian society and Prufrock 's dilemma represents the inability to live a meaningful existence in the modern world . McCoy and Harlan wrote `` For many readers in the 1920s , Prufrock seemed to epitomize the frustration and impotence of the modern individual . He seemed to represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment . '' In general , Eliot uses imagery which is indicative of Prufrock 's character , representing ageing and decay . For example , `` When the evening is spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table '' ( lines 2 -- 3 ) , the `` sawdust restaurants '' and `` cheap hotels , '' the yellow fog , and the afternoon `` Asleep ... tired ... or it malingers '' ( line 77 ) , are reminiscent of languor and decay , while Prufrock 's various concerns about his hair and teeth , as well as the mermaids `` Combing the white hair of the waves blown back / When the wind blows the water white and black , '' show his concern over aging . Use of allusion ( edit ) Like many of Eliot 's poems , `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' makes numerous allusions to other works , which are often symbolic themselves . In `` Time for all the works and days of hands '' ( 29 ) the phrase ' works and days ' is the title of a long poem -- a description of agricultural life and a call to toil -- by the early Greek poet Hesiod . `` I know the voices dying with a dying fall '' ( 52 ) echoes Orsino 's first lines in Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night . The prophet of `` Though I have seen my head ( grown slightly bald ) brought in upon a platter / I am no prophet -- and here 's no great matter '' ( 81 -- 2 ) is John the Baptist , whose head was delivered to Salome by Herod as a reward for her dancing ( Matthew 14 : 1 -- 11 , and Oscar Wilde 's play Salome ) . `` To have squeezed the universe into a ball '' ( 92 ) and `` indeed there will be time '' ( 23 ) echo the closing lines of Marvell 's ' To His Coy Mistress ' . Other phrases such as , `` there will be time '' and `` there is time '' are reminiscent of the opening line of that poem : `` Had we but world enough and time '' . Marvell 's words in turn echo the General Prologue of Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , `` whil I have tyme and space '' . `` ' I am Lazarus , come from the dead ' '' ( 94 ) may be either the beggar Lazarus ( of Luke 16 ) returning for the rich man who was not permitted to return from the dead to warn the brothers of a rich man about Hell , or the Lazarus ( of John 11 ) whom Christ raised from the dead , or both . `` Full of high sentence '' ( 117 ) echoes Chaucer 's description of the Clerk of Oxford in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales . `` There will be time to murder and create '' is a biblical allusion to Ecclesiastes 3 . In the final section of the poem , Prufrock rejects the idea that he is Prince Hamlet , suggesting that he is merely `` an attendant lord '' ( 112 ) whose purpose is to `` advise the prince '' ( 114 ) , a likely allusion to Polonius -- Polonius being also `` almost , at times , the Fool . '' `` Among some talk of you and me '' may be a reference to Quatrain 32 of Edward FitzGerald 's translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ( `` There was a Door to which I found no Key / There was a Veil past which I could not see / Some little Talk awhile of Me and Thee / There seemed -- and then no more of Thee and Me . '' ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. Prufrock and Other Observations ( London : The Egoist , Ltd. , 1917 ) , 9 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' in Monroe , Harriet ( editor ) , Poetry : A Magazine of Verse ( June 1915 ) , 130 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Eliot , T.S. ( 21 December 2010 ) . The Waste Land and Other Poems . Broadview Press . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77048 - 267 - 8 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . ( citing an unsigned review in Literary Review . 5 July 1917 , vol . lxxxiii , 107 . ) Jump up ^ Hollahan , Eugene ( March 1970 ) . `` A Structural Dantean Parallel in Eliot 's ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' '' . American Literature. 1 . 42 : 91 -- 93 . doi : 10.2307 / 2924384 . ISSN 0002 - 9831 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Kathleen , and Harlan , Judith . English Literature From 1785 ( New York : HarperCollins , 1992 ) , 265 -- 66 . ISBN 006467150X Jump up ^ Bercovitch , Sacvan . The Cambridge History of American Literature . Volume 5 . ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) , 99 . ISBN 0521497310 Jump up ^ Capitalization and italics original . Quoted in Mertens , Richard . `` Letter By Letter '' in The University of Chicago Magazine ( August 2001 ) . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Southam , B.C. A Guide to the Selected Poems of T.S. Eliot . ( New York : Harcourt , Brace & Company , 1994 ) , 45 . ISBN 057117082X ^ Jump up to : Miller , James Edward . T.S. Eliot : The Making of an American poet , 1888 -- 1922 . ( State College , Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2005 ) ISBN 0271026812 ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Lyndall . Eliot 's New Life . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1988 ) , 45 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. , and Ricks , Christopher B. ( editor ) . Inventions of the March Hare : Poems 1909 -- 1917 Ed . Christopher B. Ricks . ( New York : Harcourt , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Mayer , Nicholas B ( 2011 ) . `` Catalyzing Prufrock '' . Journal of Modern Literature. 34 ( 3 ) : 182 . doi : 10.2979 / jmodelite. 34.3. 182 . JSTOR 10.2979 / jmodelite. 34.3. 182 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Nicholas . `` More American Than We Knew : Nerves , exhaustion and madness were at the core of Eliot 's early imaginative thinking '' in The New York Times ( 20 April 1997 ) . This is a 1997 book review of Inventions of the March Hare : Poems 1909 -- 1917 , vide supra . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Waugh , Arthur . The New Poetry , Quarterly Review , October 1916 , citing the Times Literary Supplement 21 June 1917 , no . 805 , 299 ; Wagner , Erica ( 2001 ) `` An eruption of fury '' , The Guardian , letters to the editor , 4 September 2001 . Wagner omits the word `` very '' from the quote . Jump up ^ Woodberry Poetry Room ( Harvard College Library ) . Poetry Readings : Guide ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. `` The Unfading Genius of Rudyard Kipling '' in Kipling Journal ( March 1959 ) , 9 . Jump up ^ Eliot , T.S. The Letters of T.S. Eliot . ( New York : Harcourt , Brace Jovanovich , 1988 ) . 1 : 135 . Jump up ^ Montesi , Al , and Deposki , Richard . Downtown St. Louis ( Arcadia Publishing , 2001 ) , 65 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 0816 - 0 Jump up ^ Christine H. The Daily Postcard : Prufrock - Litton -- St. Louis , Missouri . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Missouri History Museum . Lighting fixture in front of Prufrock - Litton Furniture Company . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Stepanchev , Stephen . `` The Origin of J. Alfred Prufrock '' in Modern Language Notes . ( 1951 ) , 66 : 400 -- 401 . JSTOR 2909497 Jump up ^ Eliot provided this translation in his essay `` Dante '' ( 1929 ) . Jump up ^ Dante Alighieri , and Hollander Robert and Hollander , Jean ( translators ) , The Inferno . ( Princeton : Princeton Dante Project ) . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Ron D.K. `` The Dantean Overview : The Epigraph to ' Prufrock ' '' in Comparative Literature. ( 1972 ) 87 : 962 -- 966 . JSTOR 2907793 Jump up ^ Locke , Frederick W. `` Dante and T.S. Eliot 's Prufrock . '' in Modern Language Notes . ( 1963 ) 78 : 51 -- 59 . JSTOR 3042942 ^ Jump up to : Perrine , Laurence . Literature : Structure , Sound , and Sense , 1st edition . ( New York : Harcourt , Brace & World , 1956 ) , 798 . Jump up ^ On ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' ( accessed 14 June 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Headings , Philip R. T.S. Eliot . ( Boston : Twayne Publishers , 1982 ) , 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Hecimovich , Gred A ( editor ) . English 151 - 3 ; T.S. Eliot `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' notes ( accessed 14 June 2006 ) , from McCoy , Kathleen ; Harlan , Judith . English Literature from 1785 . ( New York : HarperCollins , 1992 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blasing , Mutlu Konuk , `` On ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' '' , in American Poetry : The Rhetoric of Its Forms ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1987 ) . ISBN 0300037937 Jump up ^ Mitchell , Roger . `` On ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' '' , in Myers , Jack and Wojahan , David ( editors ) . A Profile of Twentieth - Century American Poetry . ( Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1991 ) . ISBN 0809313480 Jump up ^ Schimanski , Johan Annotasjoner til T.S. Eliot , `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufock '' ( at Universitetet i Tromsø ) . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Drew , Elizabeth . T.S. Eliot : The Design of His Poetry ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1949 ) . Gallup , Donald . T.S. Eliot : A Bibliography ( A Revised and Extended Edition ) ( New York : Harcourt Brace & World , 1969 ) , 23 , 196 . Luthy , Melvin J. `` The Case of Prufrock 's Grammar '' in College English ( 1978 ) 39 : 841 -- 853 . JSTOR 375710 Soles , Derek . `` The Prufrock Makeover '' in The English Journal ( 1999 ) , 88 : 59 -- 61 . JSTOR 822420 Sorum , Eve . `` Masochistic Modernisms : A Reading of Eliot and Woolf . '' Journal of Modern Literature. 28 ( 3 ) , ( Spring 2005 ) 25 -- 43 . doi : 10.1353 / jml. 2005.0044 Sinha , Arun Kumar and Vikram , Kumar . `` ' The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock ' ( Critical Essay with Detailed Annotations ) '' in T.S. Eliot : An Intensive Study of Selected Poems ( New Delhi : Spectrum Books Pvt. Ltd , 2005 ) . Walcutt , Charles Child . `` Eliot 's `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' in College English ( 1957 ) 19 : 71 -- 72 . JSTOR 372706 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Original text from Poetry magazine June 1915 Text and extended audio discussion of the poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock at the British Library Prufrock and Other Observations at Project Gutenberg Annotated hypertext version of the poem Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) T.S. Eliot Bibliography Early poems `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' `` Portrait of a Lady '' `` Preludes '' `` Whispers of Immortality '' `` Gerontion '' The Waste Land `` The Hollow Men '' Ash Wednesday Ariel Poems Journey of the Magi A Song for Simeon Later poems Old Possum 's Book of Practical Cats `` Bustopher Jones '' `` Gus : The Theatre Cat '' `` Growltiger 's Last Stand '' Burnt Norton East Coker The Dry Salvages Little Gidding Four Quartets Plays Sweeney Agonistes The Rock Murder in the Cathedral The Family Reunion The Cocktail Party The Confidential Clerk The Elder Statesman Prose Selected Essays , 1917 - 1932 `` Hamlet and His Problems '' `` Tradition and the Individual Talent '' The Sacred Wood A Choice of Kipling 's Verse ( 1941 ) `` The Frontiers of Criticism '' Adaptations CATS ( 1981 musical , 1998 film ) Publishing The Criterion Faber and Faber T.S. Eliot Prize T.S. Eliot Prize ( Truman State University ) Related Tom & Viv ( 1994 film ) People Eliot family Vivienne Haigh - Wood Eliot ( first wife ) Valerie Eliot ( second wife ) Henry Ware Eliot ( father ) Charlotte Champe Stearns ( mother ) William Greenleaf Eliot ( grandfather ) E. Martin Browne John Davy Hayward Ezra Pound Jean Jules Verdenal William Butler Yeats Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource texts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock&oldid=827900542 '' Categories : Modernist poems Poetry by T.S. Eliot 1915 poems Works originally published in Poetry ( magazine ) Chapbooks Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles that link to Wikisource Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Frysk Italiano Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 11 : 44 . 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-6052541218691761513	Eddy current	Eddy current - wikipedia Eddy current Jump to : navigation , search Eddy currents ( also called Foucault currents ) are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor due to Faraday 's law of induction . Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors , in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field . They can be induced within nearby stationary conductors by a time - varying magnetic field created by an AC electromagnet or transformer , for example , or by relative motion between a magnet and a nearby conductor . The magnitude of the current in a given loop is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field , the area of the loop , and the rate of change of flux , and inversely proportional to the resistivity of the material . By Lenz 's law , an eddy current creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in the magnetic field that created it , and thus eddy currents react back on the source of the magnetic field . For example , a nearby conductive surface will exert a drag force on a moving magnet that opposes its motion , due to eddy currents induced in the surface by the moving magnetic field . This effect is employed in eddy current brakes which are used to stop rotating power tools quickly when they are turned off . The current flowing through the resistance of the conductor also dissipates energy as heat in the material . Thus eddy currents are a cause of energy loss in alternating current ( AC ) inductors , transformers , electric motors and generators , and other AC machinery , requiring special construction such as laminated magnetic cores or ferrite cores to minimize them . Eddy currents are also used to heat objects in induction heating furnaces and equipment , and to detect cracks and flaws in metal parts using eddy - current testing instruments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of term 2 History 3 Explanation 4 Properties 4.1 Power dissipation of eddy currents 4.2 Skin effect 4.3 Diffusion equation 5 Applications 5.1 Electromagnetic braking 5.2 Repulsive effects and levitation 5.3 Identification of metals 5.4 Vibration and position sensing 5.5 Structural testing 5.6 Skin effects 5.7 Other applications 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Origin of term ( edit ) The term eddy current comes from analogous currents seen in water in fluid dynamics , causing localised areas of turbulence known as eddies giving rise to persistent vortices . Somewhat analogously , eddy currents can take time to build up and can persist for very short times in conductors due to their inductance . History ( edit ) The first person to observe eddy currents was François Arago ( 1786 -- 1853 ) , the 25th Prime Minister of France , who was also a mathematician , physicist and astronomer . In 1824 he observed what has been called rotatory magnetism , and that most conductive bodies could be magnetized ; these discoveries were completed and explained by Michael Faraday ( 1791 -- 1867 ) . In 1834 , Heinrich Lenz stated Lenz 's law , which says that the direction of induced current flow in an object will be such that its magnetic field will oppose the change of magnetic flux that caused the current flow . Eddy currents produce a secondary field that cancels a part of the external field and causes some of the external flux to avoid the conductor . French physicist Léon Foucault ( 1819 -- 1868 ) is credited with having discovered eddy currents . In September , 1855 , he discovered that the force required for the rotation of a copper disc becomes greater when it is made to rotate with its rim between the poles of a magnet , the disc at the same time becoming heated by the eddy current induced in the metal . The first use of eddy current for non-destructive testing occurred in 1879 when David E. Hughes used the principles to conduct metallurgical sorting tests . Explanation ( edit ) Eddy currents ( I , red ) induced in a conductive metal plate ( C ) as it moves to right under a magnet ( N ) . The magnetic field ( B , green ) is directed down through the plate . The increasing field at the leading edge of the magnet ( left ) induces a counterclockwise current , which by Lenz 's law creates its own magnetic field ( left blue arrow ) directed up , which opposes the magnet 's field , producing a retarding force . Similarly , at the trailing edge of the magnet ( right ) , a clockwise current and downward counterfield is created ( right blue arrow ) also producing a retarding force . Eddy current brake . A magnet induces circular electric currents in a metal sheet moving past it . See the diagram at right . It shows a metal sheet ( C ) moving to the right under a stationary magnet . The magnetic field ( B , green arrows ) of the magnet 's north pole N passes down through the sheet . Since the metal is moving , the magnetic flux through the sheet is changing . At the part of the sheet under the leading edge of the magnet ( left side ) the magnetic field through the sheet is increasing as it gets nearer the magnet , d B d t > 0 ( \ displaystyle ( dB \ over dt ) \ ; > \ ; 0 ) . From Faraday 's law of induction , this creates a circular electric field in the sheet in a counterclockwise direction around the magnetic field lines . This field induces a counterclockwise flow of electric current ( I , red ) , in the sheet . This is the eddy current . At the trailing edge of the magnet ( right side ) the magnetic field through the sheet is decreasing , d B d t < 0 ( \ displaystyle ( dB \ over dt ) \ ; < \ ; 0 ) , inducing a second eddy current in a clockwise direction in the sheet . Another way to understand the current is to see that the free charge carriers ( electrons ) in the metal sheet are moving with the sheet to the right , so the magnetic field exerts a sideways force on them due to the Lorentz force . Since the velocity v of the charges is to the right and the magnetic field B is directed down , from the right hand rule the Lorentz force on positive charges F = q ( v × B) is toward the rear of the diagram ( to the left when facing in the direction of motion v ) . This causes a current I toward the rear under the magnet , which circles around through parts of the sheet outside the magnetic field , clockwise to the right and counterclockwise to the left , to the front of the magnet again . The mobile charge carriers in the metal , the electrons , actually have a negative charge ( q < 0 ) so their motion is opposite in direction to the conventional current shown . Due to Ampere 's circuital law each of these circular currents creates a counter magnetic field ( blue arrows ) , which due to Lenz 's law opposes the change in magnetic field which caused it , exerting a drag force on the sheet . At the leading edge of the magnet ( left side ) by the right hand rule the counterclockwise current creates a magnetic field pointed up , opposing the magnet 's field , causing a repulsive force between the sheet and the leading edge of the magnet . In contrast , at the trailing edge ( right side ) , the clockwise current causes a magnetic field pointed down , in the same direction as the magnet 's field , creating an attractive force between the sheet and the trailing edge of the magnet . Both of these forces oppose the motion of the sheet . The kinetic energy which is consumed overcoming this drag force is dissipated as heat by the currents flowing through the resistance of the metal , so the metal gets warm under the magnet . Properties ( edit ) Eddy currents in conductors of non-zero resistivity generate heat as well as electromagnetic forces . The heat can be used for induction heating . The electromagnetic forces can be used for levitation , creating movement , or to give a strong braking effect . Eddy currents can also have undesirable effects , for instance power loss in transformers . In this application , they are minimized with thin plates , by lamination of conductors or other details of conductor shape . Self - induced eddy currents are responsible for the skin effect in conductors . The latter can be used for non-destructive testing of materials for geometry features , like micro-cracks . A similar effect is the proximity effect , which is caused by externally induced eddy currents . An object or part of an object experiences steady field intensity and direction where there is still relative motion of the field and the object ( for example in the center of the field in the diagram ) , or unsteady fields where the currents can not circulate due to the geometry of the conductor . In these situations charges collect on or within the object and these charges then produce static electric potentials that oppose any further current . Currents may be initially associated with the creation of static potentials , but these may be transitory and small . ( left ) Eddy currents ( I , red ) within a solid iron transformer core . ( right ) Making the core out of thin laminations parallel to the field ( B , green ) with insulation between them reduces the eddy currents . Although the field and currents are shown in one direction , they actually reverse direction with the alternating current in the transformer winding . Eddy currents generate resistive losses that transform some forms of energy , such as kinetic energy , into heat . This Joule heating reduces efficiency of iron - core transformers and electric motors and other devices that use changing magnetic fields . Eddy currents are minimized in these devices by selecting magnetic core materials that have low electrical conductivity ( e.g. , ferrites ) or by using thin sheets of magnetic material , known as laminations . Electrons can not cross the insulating gap between the laminations and so are unable to circulate on wide arcs . Charges gather at the lamination boundaries , in a process analogous to the Hall effect , producing electric fields that oppose any further accumulation of charge and hence suppressing the eddy currents . The shorter the distance between adjacent laminations ( i.e. , the greater the number of laminations per unit area , perpendicular to the applied field ) , the greater the suppression of eddy currents . The conversion of input energy to heat is not always undesirable , however , as there are some practical applications . One is in the brakes of some trains known as eddy current brakes . During braking , the metal wheels are exposed to a magnetic field from an electromagnet , generating eddy currents in the wheels . This eddy current is formed by the movement of the wheels . So , by Lenz 's law , the magnetic field formed by the Eddy current will oppose its cause . Thus the wheel will face a force opposing the initial movement of the wheel . The faster the wheels are spinning , the stronger the effect , meaning that as the train slows the braking force is reduced , producing a smooth stopping motion . Induction heating makes use of eddy currents to provide heating of metal objects . Power dissipation of eddy currents ( edit ) Under certain assumptions ( uniform material , uniform magnetic field , no skin effect , etc . ) the power lost due to eddy currents per unit mass for a thin sheet or wire can be calculated from the following equation : P = π 2 B p 2 d 2 f 2 6 k ρ D , ( \ displaystyle P = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) B_ ( \ text ( p ) ) ^ ( \ , 2 ) d ^ ( 2 ) f ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6k \ rho D ) ) , ) where P is the power lost per unit mass ( W / kg ) , B is the peak magnetic field ( T ) , d is the thickness of the sheet or diameter of the wire ( m ) , f is the frequency ( Hz ) , k is a constant equal to 1 for a thin sheet and 2 for a thin wire , ρ is the resistivity of the material ( Ω m ) , and D is the density of the material ( kg / m ) . This equation is valid only under the so - called quasi-static conditions , where the frequency of magnetisation does not result in the skin effect ; that is , the electromagnetic wave fully penetrates the material . Skin effect ( edit ) Main article : Skin effect In very fast - changing fields , the magnetic field does not penetrate completely into the interior of the material . This skin effect renders the above equation invalid . However , in any case increased frequency of the same value of field will always increase eddy currents , even with non-uniform field penetration . The penetration depth for a good conductor can be calculated from the following equation : δ = 1 π f μ σ , ( \ displaystyle \ delta = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ pi f \ mu \ sigma ) ) ) , ) where δ is the penetration depth ( m ) , f is the frequency ( Hz ) , μ is the magnetic permeability of the material ( H / m ) , and σ is the electrical conductivity of the material ( S / m ) . Diffusion equation ( edit ) The derivation of a useful equation for modelling the effect of eddy currents in a material starts with the differential , magnetostatic form of Ampère 's Law , providing an expression for the magnetizing field H surrounding a current density J : ∇ × H = J . ( \ displaystyle \ nabla \ times \ mathbf ( H ) = \ mathbf ( J ) . ) Taking the curl on both sides of this equation and then using a common vector calculus identity for the curl of the curl results in − ∇ ( ∇ ⋅ H ) − ∇ 2 H = ∇ × J . ( \ displaystyle ( \ color ( white ) - ) \ nabla \ left ( \ nabla \ cdot \ mathbf ( H ) \ right ) - \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( H ) = \ nabla \ times \ mathbf ( J ) . ) From Gauss 's law for magnetism , ∇ H = 0 , so − ∇ 2 H = ∇ × J . ( \ displaystyle - \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( H ) = \ nabla \ times \ mathbf ( J ) . ) Using Ohm 's law , J = σE , which relates current density J to electric field E in terms of a material 's conductivity σ , and assuming isotropic homogeneous conductivity , the equation can be written as − ∇ 2 H = σ ∇ × E . ( \ displaystyle - \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( H ) = \ sigma \ nabla \ times ( \ boldsymbol ( E ) ) . ) Using the differential form of Faraday 's law , ∇ × E = − ∂ B / ∂ t , this gives − ∇ 2 H = σ ∂ B ∂ t . ( \ displaystyle ( \ color ( white ) - ) \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( H ) = \ sigma ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( B ) ) ( \ partial t ) ) . ) By definition , B = μ ( H + M ) , where M is the magnetization of the material and μ is the vacuum permeability . The diffusion equation therefore is − ∇ 2 H = μ 0 σ ( ∂ M ∂ t + ∂ H ∂ t ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ color ( white ) - ) \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( H ) = \ mu _ ( 0 ) \ sigma \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( M ) ) ( \ partial t ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( H ) ) ( \ partial t ) ) \ right ) . ) Applications ( edit ) Electromagnetic braking ( edit ) Main article : Eddy current brake Play media Demonstration of Waltenhofen 's pendulum , precursor of eddy current brakes . The formation and suppression of eddy currents is here demonstrated by means of this pendulum , a metal plate oscillating between the pole pieces of a strong electromagnet . As soon as a sufficiently strong magnetic field has been switched on , the pendulum is stopped on entering the field . Eddy current brakes use the drag force created by eddy currents as a brake to slow or stop moving objects . Since there is no contact with a brake shoe or drum , there is no mechanical wear . However , an eddy current brake can not provide a `` holding '' torque and so may be used in combination with mechanical brakes , for example , on overhead cranes . Another application is on some roller coasters , where heavy copper plates extending from the car are moved between pairs of very strong permanent magnets . Electrical resistance within the plates causes a dragging effect analogous to friction , which dissipates the kinetic energy of the car . The same technique is used in electromagnetic brakes in railroad cars and to quickly stop the blades in power tools such as circular saws . Using electromagnets , as opposed to permanent magnets , the strength of the magnetic field can be adjusted and so the magnitude of braking effect changed . Repulsive effects and levitation ( edit ) Main article : electrodynamic suspension A cross section through a linear motor placed above a thick aluminium slab . As the linear induction motor 's field pattern sweeps to the left , eddy currents are left behind in the metal and this causes the field lines to lean . In a varying magnetic field the induced currents exhibit diamagnetic - like repulsion effects . A conductive object will experience a repulsion force . This can lift objects against gravity , though with continual power input to replace the energy dissipated by the eddy currents . An example application is separation of aluminum cans from other metals in an eddy current separator . Ferrous metals cling to the magnet , and aluminum ( and other non-ferrous conductors ) are forced away from the magnet ; this can separate a waste stream into ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal . With a very strong handheld magnet , such as those made from neodymium , one can easily observe a very similar effect by rapidly sweeping the magnet over a coin with only a small separation . Depending on the strength of the magnet , identity of the coin , and separation between the magnet and coin , one may induce the coin to be pushed slightly ahead of the magnet -- even if the coin contains no magnetic elements , such as the US penny . Another example involves dropping a strong magnet down a tube of copper -- the magnet falls at a dramatically slow pace . In a perfect conductor with no resistance ( a superconductor ) , surface eddy currents exactly cancel the field inside the conductor , so no magnetic field penetrates the conductor . Since no energy is lost in resistance , eddy currents created when a magnet is brought near the conductor persist even after the magnet is stationary , and can exactly balance the force of gravity , allowing magnetic levitation . Superconductors also exhibit a separate inherently quantum mechanical phenomenon called the Meissner effect in which any magnetic field lines present in the material when it becomes superconducting are expelled , thus the magnetic field in a superconductor is always zero . Using electromagnets with electronic switching comparable to electronic speed control it is possible to generate electromagnetic fields moving in an arbitrary direction . As described in the section above about eddy current brakes , a non-ferromagnetic conductor surface tends to rest within this moving field . When however this field is moving , a vehicle can be levitated and propulsed . This is comparable to a maglev but is not bound to a rail . Identification of metals ( edit ) In a coin - operated vending machine , eddy currents are used to detect counterfeit coins , or slugs . The coin rolls past a stationary magnet , and eddy currents slow its speed . The strength of the eddy currents , and thus the retardation , depends on the conductivity of the coin 's metal . Slugs are slowed to a different degree than genuine coins , and this is used to send them into the rejection slot . Vibration and position sensing ( edit ) Eddy currents are used in certain types of proximity sensors to observe the vibration and position of rotating shafts within their bearings . This technology was originally pioneered in the 1930s by researchers at General Electric using vacuum tube circuitry . In the late 1950s , solid - state versions were developed by Donald E. Bently at Bently Nevada Corporation . These sensors are extremely sensitive to very small displacements making them well suited to observe the minute vibrations ( on the order of several thousandths of an inch ) in modern turbomachinery . A typical proximity sensor used for vibration monitoring has a scale factor of 200 mV / mil . Widespread use of such sensors in turbomachinery has led to development of industry standards that prescribe their use and application . Examples of such standards are American Petroleum Institute ( API ) Standard 670 and ISO 7919 . A Ferraris acceleration sensor , also called a Ferraris sensor , is a contactless sensor that uses eddy currents to measure relative acceleration . Structural testing ( edit ) Eddy current techniques are commonly used for the nondestructive examination ( NDE ) and condition monitoring of a large variety of metallic structures , including heat exchanger tubes , aircraft fuselage , and aircraft structural components . Skin effects ( edit ) Eddy currents are the root cause of the skin effect in conductors carrying AC current . Lamination of magnetic cores in transformers greatly improves the efficiency by minimising eddy currents Similarly , in magnetic materials of finite conductivity eddy currents cause the confinement of the majority of the magnetic fields to only a couple skin depths of the surface of the material . This effect limits the flux linkage in inductors and transformers having magnetic cores . Other applications ( edit ) Rock Climbing Auto Belays Zip Line Brakes Free Fall Devices Metal detectors Conductivity meters for non-magnetic metals Eddy current adjustable - speed drives Eddy - current testing Electric meters ( Electromechanical Induction Meters ) Induction heating Proximity sensor ( Displacement sensors ) Vending machines ( detection of coins ) Coating Thickness Measurements Sheet Resistance Measurement Eddy current separator for metal separation Mechanical speedometers Safety Hazard and defect detection applications References ( edit ) Inline citations Jump up ^ Israel D. Vagner , B.I. Lembrikov , Peter Rudolf Wyder , Electrodynamics of Magnetoactive Media , Springer , 2003 , ISBN 3540436944 , page 73 , Retrieved online on 7 January 2014 at https://books.google.com/books?id=E8caSplsF28C&pg=PA73 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvscLzOlkNgC&pg=PA570 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=mMJxcWqm_1oC&pg=PA80 Jump up ^ F. Fiorillo , Measurement and characterization of magnetic materials , Elsevier Academic Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 257251 - 3 , page . 31 Jump up ^ Wangsness , Roald . Electromagnetic Fields ( 2nd ed . ) . pp. 387 -- 8 . Jump up ^ G. Hysteresis in Magnetism : For Physicists , Materials Scientists , and Engineers , San Diego : Academic Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrw-i5Ku0mI Jump up ^ Hendo Hoverboards - World 's first REAL hoverboard Jump up ^ Bernhard Hiller . `` Ferraris Acceleration Sensor - Principle and Field of Application in Servo Drives '' . Jump up ^ Jian Wang , Paul Vanherck , Jan Swevers , Hendrik Van Brussel . `` Speed Observer Based on Sensor Fusion Combining Ferraris Sensor and Linear Position Encoder Signals '' . Jump up ^ J. Fassnacht and P. Mutschler . `` Benefits and limits of using an acceleration sensor in actively damping high frequent mechanical oscillations '' . 2001 . doi : 10.1109 / IAS. 2001.955949 . Jump up ^ `` TRUBLUE Auto Belay '' . Head Rush Technologies . Head Rush Technologies . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` zipSTOP Zip Line Brake System '' . Head Rush Technologies . Head Rush Technologies . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our Patented Technology '' . Head Rush Technologies . Head Rush Technologies . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zappi - Eddy Current Conductivity Meter - Products '' . zappitec.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Institut Dr. Foerster : SIGMATEST '' . www.foerstergroup.de . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Coating Thickness Measurement with Electromagnetic Methods Jump up ^ `` Ohm / sq & OD '' . www.nagy-instruments.de . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Eddy Current Separator for metal separation '' . www.cogelme.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . General references Fitzgerald , A.E. ; Kingsley , Charles Jr. ; Umans , Stephen D. ( 1983 ) . Electric Machinery ( 4th ed . ) . Mc - Graw - Hill , Inc. p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 021145 - 0 . Sears , Francis Weston ; Zemansky , Mark W. ( 1955 ) . University Physics ( 2nd ed . ) . Addison - Wesley . pp. 616 -- 618 . Further reading ( edit ) Stoll , R.L. ( 1974 ) . The analysis of eddy currents . Oxford University Press . Krawczyk , Andrzej ; J.A. Tegopoulos . Numerical modelling of eddy currents . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eddy currents . Eddy Currents and Lenz 's Law ( Audio slideshow from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory ) Eddy Current Separator Cogelme for non-ferrous metals separation -- Info and Video in Cogelme site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddy_current&oldid=819301479 '' Categories : Electrodynamics Mechanical biological treatment Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	give at least two examples of application of eddy currents	[]	[]
807465529311129007	Micro-	Micro - - wikipedia Micro - Comparison between the micro symbol and the Greek letter mu in Linux Libertine This article is about the SI prefix . For other uses , see Micro ( disambiguation ) . Look up micro - in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Micro - ( symbol μ ) is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of 10 ( one millionth ) . Confirmed in 1960 , the prefix comes from the Greek μικρός ( mikrós ) , meaning `` small '' . The symbol for the prefix comes from the Greek letter μ ( mu ) . It is the only SI prefix which uses a character not from the Latin alphabet . `` mc '' is commonly used as a prefix when the character `` μ '' is not available ; for example , `` mcg '' commonly denotes a microgram . Also the letter u instead of μ is allowed by one of the ISO documents . Examples : Typical bacteria are 1 to 10 micrometres in diameter . Eukaryotic cells are typically 10 to 100 micrometres in diameter . SI prefixes Prefix Base 1000 Base 10 Decimal English word Adoption Name Symbol Short scale Long scale yotta Y 1000 10 1000000000000000000000000 septillion quadrillion 1991 zetta Z 1000 10 1000000000000000000000 sextillion trilliard 1991 exa 1000 10 1000000000000000000 quintillion trillion peta 1000 10 1000000000000000 quadrillion billiard tera 1000 10 1000000000000 trillion billion 1960 giga 1000 10 1000000000 billion milliard 1960 mega 1000 10 1000000 million 1873 kilo k 1000 10 1000 thousand 1795 hecto h 1000 10 100 hundred 1795 deca da 1000 10 10 ten 1795 1000 10 one -- deci d 1000 10 0.1 tenth 1795 centi 1000 10 0.01 hundredth 1795 milli m 1000 10 0.001 thousandth 1795 micro μ 1000 10 0.000 001 millionth 1873 nano n 1000 10 0.000 000 001 billionth milliardth 1960 pico p 1000 10 0.000 000 000 001 trillionth billionth 1960 femto f 1000 10 0.000 000 000 000 001 quadrillionth billiardth 1964 atto 1000 10 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 quintillionth trillionth 1964 zepto z 1000 10 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 sextillionth trilliardth 1991 yocto y 1000 10 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 septillionth quadrillionth 1991 Jump up ^ Prefixes adopted before 1960 already existed before SI. 1873 was the introduction of the CGS system . Contents 1 Symbol encoding in character sets 2 Other abbreviating conventions 3 See also 4 References Symbol encoding in character sets ( edit ) The official symbol for the SI prefix micro - is a Greek lowercase mu ( μ ) . For reasons stemming from its design , there are two different characters in Unicode , which appear slightly different in some fonts , although most fonts use the same glyph . The micro sign ( μ ) is encoded in the `` Latin - 1 Supplement '' range identical to ISO / IEC 8859 - 1 ( since 1987 ) , at U + 00B5 ( Alt + 0181 ) , residing at this code point also in DEC MCS ( since 1983 ) and ECMA - 94 ( since 1985 ) . The Greek letter ( μ ) is encoded in the Greek range at U + 03BC ( Alt + 956 ) . According to The Unicode Consortium , the Greek letter character is preferred , but implementations must recognize the micro sign as well . In circumstances in which only the Latin alphabet is available , ISO 2955 ( 1974 , 1983 ) , DIN 66030 ( Vornorm 1973 ; 1980 , 2002 ) and BS 6430 ( 1983 ) allow the prefix μ to be substituted by the letter u ( or even U , if lowercase letters are not available ) , as , for example , in um for μm , or uF for μF . Similar , capacitor values according to the RKM code defined in IEC 60062 ( IEC 62 ) ( since 1952 ) , EN 60062 , DIN 40825 ( 1973 ) , BS 1852 ( 1974 ) , IS 8186 ( 1976 ) etc. can be written as 4u7 ( or 4U7 ) instead of 4μ7 if the Greek letter μ is not available . Other abbreviating conventions ( edit ) In some health care institutions , house rules deprecate the standard symbol for microgram , `` μg '' , in prescribing or chart recording , because of the risk of misdose via the misreading of poor handwriting . The two alternatives are to abbreviate as `` mcg '' or to write out `` microgram '' in full ( see also List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions ) . But this deprecation , focused on bedside misdose avoidance in contexts where handwriting is often present , does not extend to all health - care contexts and institutions ( for example , some clinical laboratories ' reports adhere to it , whereas others do n't ) , and in physical sciences academia , `` μg '' remains the sole official abbreviation . In medical data exchange according to the Health Level 7 ( HL7 ) standard , the μ can be replaced by u as well . See also ( edit ) Microgram Micrometre Microsecond Square micrometre List of commonly used taxonomic affixes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ ISO 2955 , table 2 . Jump up ^ Biology by Campbell & Reece tenth edition page 98 Ch. 6 A Tour of the Cell Jump up ^ Prefixes of the International System of Units , International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( page visited on 9 May 2016 ) . Jump up ^ ( Unicode 1.0 , 1991 ) Jump up ^ Unicode Technical Report # 25 Jump up ^ ISO 2955 - 1974 : lnformation processing - Representations of SI and other units for use in systems with limited character sets ( 1st ed . ) . 1974 . Jump up ^ `` Table 2 '' . ISO 2955 - 1983 : lnformation processing - Representations of SI and other units for use in systems with limited character sets ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . 1983 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Vornorm DIN 66030 ( Preliminary standard DIN 66030 ) ( in German ) . January 1973 . Jump up ^ DIN 66030 : Darstellungen von Einheitennamen in Systemen mit beschränktem Schriftzeichenvorrat ( in German ) ( 1st ed . ) . 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Neue Normen für die Informationsverarbeitung '' . Computerwoche ( in German ) . 1981 - 01 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ DIN 66030 : 2002 - 05 - Informationstechnik - Darstellung von Einheitennamen in Systemen mit beschränktem Schriftzeichenvorrat ( Information technology - Representation of SI and other units in systems with limited character sets ) ( in German ) . Beuth Verlag ( de ) . May 2002 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Burtis , Carl A. ; Ashwood , Edward R. ; Bruns , David E. ( 2012 ) , Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics ( 5th ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` Commonly Used UCUM Codes for Healthcare Units '' . HL7 Deutschland e.V . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Physics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micro-&oldid=864230352 '' Categories : SI prefixes Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Русиньскый Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 23 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the numerical value of the si prefix abbreviation μ	[]	[]
4350191197305253923	Mail sorter	Mail sorter - wikipedia Mail sorter hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Automated postal sorting equipment of British Royal Mail First used by postal services to expedite and automate mail processing , mail sorting systems are now also used by corporations and other mailers to presort mail prior to delivery in order to earn discounts on postage . In the United States , for example , presort discounts can reduce the cost of First - Class Mail from $0.42 to as low as $0.324 . Many companies also use mail sorters to handle incoming mail such as checks , orders and correspondence . Contents 1 History 2 Outgoing mail sorters 3 Incoming mail sorters 4 New technologies 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Postal employees sorting mail , Los Angeles , 1951 For much of the 20th Century , mail was sorted by hand using what is called a `` pigeon - hole messagebox '' method . Addresses were read and manually slotted into specific compartments . While early forms of a mechanical mail sorter were developed and tested in the 1920s , the first sorting machine was put into operation in the 1950s . To handle rapidly growing mail volumes , the United States Postal Service installed the first semiautomatic sorting machine on April 10 , 1957 . The Transorma Letter Sorting Machine , manufactured by the Dutch company Werkspoor and distributed in the United States by Pitney Bowes , consisted of an upper and lower section , a conveyor belt transport and a series of five sorting keyboards . Operators read the destination and keyed a sorting code . The letter was then automatically transferred to a letter tray and deposited into one of 300 chutes . The Transorma could sort 15,000 letters per hour , double the amount that the same number of clerks could do by hand . In 1965 , the Postal Service put the first high - speed optical character reader ( OCR ) into operation that could handle a preliminary sort automatically . And in 1982 , the first computer - driven single - line optical character reader was employed -- which reads the mailpiece destination address then prints a barcode on the envelope that could be used to automate mail sorting from start to finish . With the U.S. Postal Service introduction of postal worksharing , ZIP + 4 and the POSTNET barcode in 1980 , companies were given an incentive to sort their mail prior to inducting it at the Post Office . Today , presort and automation discounts can save companies up to 50 % or more on postage -- and many companies use Mail Sorters to sort both incoming and outgoing mail . Outgoing mail sorters ( edit ) Mail sorters can process up to 55,000 # 10 envelopes per hour . Systems can scan and archive mail piece images during the sort process for compliance and proof of mailing . Multi-Line Optical Character Reader ( MLOCR ) technology can also read and validate both machine - print and handwritten pieces . Incoming mail sorters ( edit ) Companies who receive a high - volume of incoming mail , including remittance checks , orders and correspondence , use mail sorters to help ensure that mail reaches the right person or department quickly and efficiently . New technologies ( edit ) Recent innovations allow for mixed mail sorting -- providing for postal discounts on letters , small parcels , flat mailers , irregularly shaped pieces , padded envelopes and even Polywrap sheets . In 2007 , the USPS introduced Shape - Based Pricing which offered more significant postal discounts for mailers who sorted flat - sized mailpieces . In response to this postal change , the market responded with new low - cost systems designed specifically to support flat mail sorting for mailers who process between 500 and 10,000 First - Class flats per day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081031222235/http://pe.usps.com/text/dmm300/ratesandfees.htm . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) United States Postal Service -- Table of Prices External links ( edit ) The Postal Museum The History of Postal Mechanization hide Mail and postal systems History Timeline of postal history African countries Asian countries European countries Oceania countries American countries Components Advertising mail Bulk mail Envelope Indicia Information - Based Indicia Letter box Mail Mail bag Meter stamp Packstation Parcel Post box / Mailbox Post office Post-office box Postage meter Postage stamp Postal code Postmark Delivery Airmail Express Package delivery Registered Surface Surface Air Lifted ( SAL ) Staff Mail carrier Postal worker Postmaster Postmaster General Processing Intelligent Mail barcode Mail Isolation Control and Tracking Multiline Optical Character Reader Mail cover Mail sorter PLANET POSTNET Institutions and systems Postal entities Postal museums Postal services Postal systems by country Trade unions Related Courier Philately Stamp collecting List of entities that have issued postage stamps A -- E F -- L M -- Z Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mail_sorter&oldid=738937441 '' Categories : Mail sorting Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2011 USA - centric Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from October 2008 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2016 , at 21 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sorts the mail at the post office	[]	[]
4692195484747153542	Montgomery bus boycott	Montgomery bus boycott - wikipedia Montgomery bus boycott Montgomery bus boycott Part of the Civil Rights Movement Rosa Parks on a Montgomery bus on December 21 , 1956 , the day Montgomery 's public transportation system was legally integrated . Behind Parks is Nicholas C. Chriss , a UPI reporter covering the event . Date December 5 , 1955 -- December 20 , 1956 ( 1 year and 15 days ) Location Montgomery , Alabama Caused by Racial segregation on public transportation Successful 6 - day Baton Rouge bus boycott Claudette Colvin arrested Rosa Parks arrested Resulted in Browder v. Gayle ( 1956 ) Emergence of Martin Luther King Jr . Inspired Tallahassee bus boycott Formation of Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Parties to the civil conflict Women 's Political Council ( WPC ) Montgomery Improvement Association ( MIA ) City Commission of Montgomery National City Lines Montgomery City Lines Montgomery Citizens Council Lead figures WPC member Jo Ann Robinson MIA members Martin Luther King Jr . E.D. Nixon Rosa Parks Fred Gray City Commission W.A. Gayle , President of the Commission ( mayor ) Frank Parks , Commissioner Clyde Sellers , Police Commissioner National City Lines Kenneth E. Totten , vice president Montgomery City Lines J.H. Bagley , manager Jack Crenshaw , attorney James F. Blake , bus driver Civil rights movement in Alabama Montgomery bus boycott Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Birmingham campaign Birmingham riot of 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Bloody Tuesday Selma to Montgomery marches The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery , Alabama . It was a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement . The campaign lasted from December 5 , 1955 -- the Monday after Rosa Parks , an African American woman , was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person -- to December 20 , 1956 , when a federal ruling , Browder v. Gayle , took effect , and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional . Many important figures in the Civil Rights Movement took part in the boycott , including Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy . Contents 1 Events leading up to the bus boycott 1.1 Morgan v. Virginia decision 1.2 Baton Rouge bus boycott 1.3 Arrest of Claudette Colvin 1.4 Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. decision 2 History 2.1 Rosa Parks 2.2 E.D. Nixon 2.3 Boycott 2.4 Victory 3 Aftermath 4 Participants 4.1 People 4.2 Organizations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Events leading up to the bus boycott ( edit ) Prior to the bus boycott , Jim Crow laws enabled the racial segregation of the Montgomery Bus Line . As a result of this segregation African Americans were not hired as drivers , were forced to ride in the back of the bus , and were frequently ordered to surrender their seats to white people even though black passengers made up 75 % of the bus system 's riders . African - American passengers were also attacked by bus drivers and shortchanged and left stranded after paying their fares . A number of reasons have been given for why bus drivers acted in this manner , including racism , frustrations over labor disputes and labor conditions , and increased animosity towards blacks in reaction to the 1954 Brown decision , with many of the drivers joining the White Citizens Councils as a result of the decision . The boycott also took place within a larger statewide and national movement for civil rights , including court cases such as Morgan v. Virginia , the earlier Baton Rouge bus boycott , and the arrest of Claudette Colvin . Morgan v. Virginia decision ( edit ) Main article : Morgan v. Virginia The NAACP had accepted and litigated other cases , including that of Irene Morgan in 1946 , which resulted in a victory in the U.S. Supreme Court on the grounds that segregated interstate bus lines violated the Commerce Clause . That victory , however , overturned state segregation laws only insofar as they applied to travel in interstate commerce , such as interstate bus travel , and Southern bus companies immediately circumvented the Morgan ruling by instituting their own Jim Crow regulations . Further incidents continued to take place in Montgomery , including the arrest for disorderly conduct in May 1951 of Lillie Mae Bradford , who refused to leave the white passengers ' section until the bus driver corrected an incorrect charge on her transfer ticket . Baton Rouge bus boycott ( edit ) Main article : Baton Rouge bus boycott On February 25 , 1953 , the Baton Rouge , Louisiana city - parish council passed Ordinance 222 , after the city saw protesting from African - Americans when the council raised the city 's bus fares . The ordinance abolished race - based reserved seating requirements and allowed the admission of African - Americans in the front sections of city buses if there were no white passengers present , but still required African - Americans to enter from the rear , rather than the front of the buses . However , the ordinance was largely unenforced by the city bus drivers . The drivers later went on strike after city authorities refused to arrest Rev. T.J. Jemison for sitting in a front row . Four days after the strike began , Louisiana Attorney General and former Baton Rouge mayor Fred S. LeBlanc declared the ordinance unconstitutional under Louisiana state law . This led Rev. Jemison to organize what historians believe to be the first bus boycott of the civil rights movement . The boycott ended after eight days when an agreement was reached to only retain the first two front and back rows as racially reserved seating areas . Arrest of Claudette Colvin ( edit ) Main article : Claudette Colvin Black activists had begun to build a case to challenge state bus segregation laws around the arrest of a 15 - year - old girl , Claudette Colvin , a student at Booker T. Washington High School in Montgomery . On March 2 , 1955 , Colvin was handcuffed , arrested and forcibly removed from a public bus when she refused to give up her seat to a white man . At the time , Colvin was an active member in the NAACP Youth Council ; Rosa Parks was an advisor . Colvin 's legal case formed the core of Browder v. Gayle , which ended the Montgomery bus boycott when the Supreme Court ruled on it in December 1956 . Keys v. Carolina Coach Co decision ( edit ) Main article : Keys v. Carolina Coach Co . In November 1955 , just three weeks before Parks ' defiance of Jim Crow laws in Montgomery , the Interstate Commerce Commission , in response to a complaint filed by Women 's Army Corps private Sarah Keys , closed the legal loophole left by the Morgan ruling in a landmark case known as Keys v. Carolina Coach Co ... The ICC prohibited individual carriers from imposing their own segregation rules on interstate travelers , declaring that to do so was a violation of the anti-discrimination provision of the Interstate Commerce Act . But neither the Supreme Court 's Morgan ruling nor the ICC 's Keys ruling addressed the matter of Jim Crow travel within the individual states . History ( edit ) Under the system of segregation used on Montgomery buses , the ten front seats were reserved for whites at all times . The ten back seats were supposed to be reserved for blacks at all times . The middle section of the bus consisted of sixteen unreserved seats for whites and blacks on a segregated basis . Whites filled the middle seats from the front to back , and blacks filled seats from the back to front until the bus was full . If other black people boarded the bus , they were required to stand . If another white person boarded the bus , then everyone in the black row nearest the front had to get up and stand , so that a new row for white people could be created ; it was illegal for whites and blacks to sit next to each other . When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white person , she was sitting in the first row of the middle section . Often when boarding the buses , black people were required to pay at the front , get off , and reenter the bus through a separate door at the back . Occasionally , bus drivers would drive away before black passengers were able to reboard . National City Lines owned the Montgomery Bus Line at the time of the Montgomery bus boycott . Rosa Parks ( edit ) Main article : Rosa Parks Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after her arrest for boycotting public transportation Rosa Parks ( February 4 , 1913 -- October 24 , 2005 ) was a seamstress by profession ; she was also the secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP . Twelve years before her history - making arrest , Parks was stopped from boarding a city bus by driver James F. Blake , who ordered her to board at the back door and then drove off without her . Parks vowed never again to ride a bus driven by Blake . As a member of the NAACP , Parks was an investigator assigned to cases of sexual assault . In 1945 , she was sent to Abbeville , Alabama , to investigate the gang rape of Recy Taylor . The protest that arose around the Taylor case was the first instance of a nationwide civil rights protest , and it laid the groundwork for the Montgomery bus boycott . A diagram showing where Rosa Parks sat in the unreserved section at the time of her arrest In 1955 , Parks completed a course in `` Race Relations '' at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee , where nonviolent civil disobedience had been discussed as a tactic . On December 1 , 1955 , Parks was sitting in the foremost row in which black people could sit ( in the middle section ) . When a white man boarded the bus , the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back . At that moment , Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake . While all of the other black people in her row complied , Parks refused , and she was arrested for failing to obey the driver 's seat assignments , as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats . Found guilty on December 5 , Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4 , and she appealed . Ed. Nixon ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some action against segregation had been in the works for some time before Parks ' arrest , under the leadership of E.D. Nixon , president of the local NAACP chapter and a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters . Nixon intended that her arrest be a test case to allow Montgomery 's black citizens to challenge segregation on the city 's public buses . With this goal , community leaders had been waiting for the right person to be arrested , a person who would anger the black community into action , who would agree to test the segregation laws in court , and who , most importantly , was `` above reproach '' . When Colvin was arrested in March 1955 , Nixon thought he had found the perfect person , but the teenager turned out to be pregnant . Nixon later explained , `` I had to be sure that I had somebody I could win with . '' Parks was a good candidate because of her employment and marital status , along with her good standing in the community . Between Parks ' arrest and trial , Nixon organized a meeting of local ministers at Martin Luther King Jr. 's church . Though Nixon could not attend the meeting because of his work schedule , he arranged that no election of a leader for the proposed boycott would take place until his return . When he returned , he caucused with Ralph Abernathy and Rev. E.N. French to name the association to lead the boycott to the city ( they selected the `` Montgomery Improvement Association '' , `` MIA '' ) , and they selected King ( Nixon 's choice ) to lead the boycott . Nixon wanted King to lead the boycott because the young minister was new to Montgomery and the city fathers had not had time to intimidate him . At a subsequent , larger meeting of ministers , Nixon 's agenda was threatened by the clergymen 's reluctance to support the campaign . Nixon was indignant , pointing out that their poor congregations worked to put money into the collection plates so these ministers could live well , and when those congregations needed the clergy to stand up for them , those comfortable ministers refused to do so . Nixon threatened to reveal the ministers ' cowardice to the black community , and King spoke up , denying he was afraid to support the boycott . King agreed to lead the MIA , and Nixon was elected its treasurer . Boycott ( edit ) The National City Lines bus , No. 2857 , on which Rosa Parks rode before she was arrested ( a GM `` old - look '' transit bus , serial number 1132 ) , is now on exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum . On the night of Rosa Parks ' arrest , the Women 's Political Council , led by Jo Ann Robinson , printed and circulated a flyer throughout Montgomery 's black community that read as follows : Another woman has been arrested and thrown in jail because she refused to get up out of her seat on the bus for a white person to sit down . It is the second time since the Claudette Colvin case that a Negro woman has been arrested for the same thing . This has to be stopped . Negroes have rights too , for if Negroes did not ride the buses , they could not operate . Three - fourths of the riders are Negro , yet we are arrested , or have to stand over empty seats . If we do not do something to stop these arrests , they will continue . The next time it may be you , or your daughter , or mother . This woman 's case will come up on Monday . We are , therefore , asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial . Do n't ride the buses to work , to town , to school , or anywhere on Monday . You can afford to stay out of school for one day if you have no other way to go except by bus . You can also afford to stay out of town for one day . If you work , take a cab , or walk . But please , children and grown - ups , do n't ride the bus at all on Monday . Please stay off all buses Monday . The next morning there was a meeting led by the new MIA head , King , where a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at the Mt . Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies . At that time Rosa Parks was introduced but not asked to speak , despite a standing ovation and calls from the crowd for her to speak ; she asked someone if she should say something , but they replied , `` Why , you 've said enough . '' A citywide boycott of public transit was proposed to demand a fixed dividing line for the segregated sections of the buses . Such a line would have meant that if the white section of the bus was oversubscribed , whites would have to stand ; blacks would not be forced to give up their seats to whites . This demand was a compromise for the leaders of the boycott , who believed that the city of Montgomery would be more likely to accept it rather than a demand for a full integration of the buses . In this respect , the MIA leaders followed the pattern of 1950s boycott campaigns in the Deep South , including the successful boycott a few years earlier of service stations in Mississippi for refusing to provide restrooms for blacks . The organizer of that campaign , T.R.M. Howard of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership , had spoken on the lynching of Emmett Till as King 's guest at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church only four days before Parks 's arrest . Parks was in the audience and later said that Emmett Till was on her mind when she refused to give up her seat . The MIA 's demand for a fixed dividing line was to be supplemented by a requirement that all bus passengers receive courteous treatment by bus operators , be seated on a first - come , first - served basis , and that blacks be employed as bus drivers . The proposal was passed , and the boycott was to commence the following Monday . To publicize the impending boycott it was advertised at black churches throughout Montgomery the following Sunday . On Saturday , December 3 , it was evident that the black community would support the boycott , and very few blacks rode the buses that day . On December 5 , a mass meeting was held at the Holt Street Baptist Church to determine if the protest would continue . Given twenty minutes notice , King gave a speech asking for a bus boycott and attendees enthusiastically agreed . Starting December 7 , Hoover 's FBI noted the `` agitation among negroes '' and tried to find `` derogatory information '' about King . The boycott proved extremely effective , with enough riders lost to the city transit system to cause serious economic distress . Martin Luther King later wrote `` ( a ) miracle had taken place . '' Instead of riding buses , boycotters organized a system of carpools , with car owners volunteering their vehicles or themselves driving people to various destinations . Some white housewives also drove their black domestic servants to work . When the city pressured local insurance companies to stop insuring cars used in the carpools , the boycott leaders arranged policies at Lloyd 's of London . Black taxi drivers charged ten cents per ride , a fare equal to the cost to ride the bus , in support of the boycott . When word of this reached city officials on December 8 , the order went out to fine any cab driver who charged a rider less than 45 cents . In addition to using private motor vehicles , some people used non-motorized means to get around , such as cycling , walking , or even riding mules or driving horse - drawn buggies . Some people also hitchhiked . During rush hours , sidewalks were often crowded . As the buses received few , if any , passengers , their officials asked the City Commission to allow stopping service to black communities . Across the nation , black churches raised money to support the boycott and collected new and slightly used shoes to replace the tattered footwear of Montgomery 's black citizens , many of whom walked everywhere rather than ride the buses and submit to Jim Crow laws . In response , opposing whites swelled the ranks of the White Citizens ' Council , the membership of which doubled during the course of the boycott . The councils sometimes resorted to violence : King 's and Abernathy 's houses were firebombed , as were four black Baptist churches . Boycotters were often physically attacked . After the attack at King 's house , he gave a speech to the 300 angry African Americans who had gathered outside . He said : If you have weapons , take them home ; if you do not have them , please do not seek to get them . We can not solve this problem through retaliatory violence . We must meet violence with nonviolence . Remember the words of Jesus : `` He who lives by the sword will perish by the sword '' . We must love our white brothers , no matter what they do to us . We must make them know that we love them . Jesus still cries out in words that echo across the centuries : `` Love your enemies ; bless them that curse you ; pray for them that despitefully use you '' . This is what we must live by . We must meet hate with love . Remember , if I am stopped , this movement will not stop , because God is with the movement . Go home with this glowing faith and this radiant assurance . King and 89 other boycott leaders and carpool drivers were indicted for conspiring to interfere with a business under a 1921 ordinance . Rather than wait to be arrested , they turned themselves in as an act of defiance . King was ordered to pay a $500 fine or serve 386 days in jail . He ended up spending two weeks in jail . The move backfired by bringing national attention to the protest . King commented on the arrest by saying : `` I was proud of my crime . It was the crime of joining my people in a nonviolent protest against injustice . '' Also important during the bus boycott were grass - roots activist groups that helped to catalyze both fund - raising and morale . Groups such as the Club from Nowhere helped to sustain the boycott by finding new ways of raising money and offering support to boycott participants . Many members of these organizations were women and their contributions to the effort have been described by some as essential to the success of the bus boycott . Victory ( edit ) Smithsonian Institution traveling exhibition `` 381 Days : The Montgomery Bus Boycott '' at the Washington State History Museum . Pressure increased across the country . The related civil suit was heard in federal district court and , on June 4 , 1956 , the court ruled in Browder v. Gayle ( 1956 ) that Alabama 's racial segregation laws for buses were unconstitutional . As the state appealed the decision , the boycott continued . The case moved on to the United States Supreme Court . On November 13 , 1956 , the Supreme Court upheld the district court 's ruling , ruling that segregation on public buses and transportation was against the law . The boycott officially ended December 20 , 1956 , after 381 days . The city passed an ordinance authorizing black bus passengers to sit virtually anywhere they chose on buses . The Montgomery bus boycott resounded far beyond the desegregation of public buses . It stimulated activism and participation from the South in the national Civil Rights Movement and gave King national attention as a rising leader . Aftermath ( edit ) White backlash against the court victory was quick , brutal , and , in the short - term , effective . Two days after the inauguration of desegregated seating , someone fired a shotgun through the front door of Martin Luther King 's home . A day later , on Christmas Eve , white men attacked a black teenager as she exited a bus . Four days after that , two buses were fired upon by snipers . In one sniper incident , a pregnant woman was shot in both legs . On January 10 , 1957 , bombs destroyed five black churches and the home of Reverend Robert S. Graetz , one of the few white Montgomerians who had publicly sided with the MIA . The City suspended bus service for several weeks on account of the violence . According to legal historian Randall Kennedy , `` When the violence subsided and service was restored , many black Montgomerians enjoyed their newly recognized right only abstractly ... In practically every other setting , Montgomery remained overwhelmingly segregated ... '' On January 23 , a group of Klansmen ( who would later be charged for the bombings ) lynched a black man , Willie Edwards , on the pretext that he was dating a white woman . The City 's elite moved to strengthen segregation in other areas , and in March 1957 passed an ordinance making it `` unlawful for white and colored persons to play together , or , in company with each other ... in any game of cards , dice , dominoes , checkers , pool , billiards , softball , basketball , baseball , football , golf , track , and at swimming pools , beaches , lakes or ponds or any other game or games or athletic contests , either indoors or outdoors . '' Later in the year , Montgomery police charged seven Klansmen with the bombings , but all of the defendants were acquitted . About the same time , the Alabama Supreme Court ruled against Martin Luther King 's appeal of his `` illegal boycott '' conviction . Rosa Parks left Montgomery due to death threats and employment blacklisting . According to Charles Silberman , `` by 1963 , most Negroes in Montgomery had returned to the old custom of riding in the back of the bus . '' The National Memorial for Peace and Justice contains , among other things , a sculpture `` dedicated to the women who sustained the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' , by Dana King , to help illustrate the civil rights period . The memorial opened in downtown Montgomery , Alabama on April 26 , 2018 . Participants ( edit ) People ( edit ) Ralph Abernathy Hugo Black James F. Blake Aurelia Browder Mary Fair Burks Johnnie Carr Claudette Colvin Clifford Durr Mildred Fahrni Georgia Gilmore Robert Graetz Fred Gray Grover C. Hall , Jr . Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Theodora Lacey Edgar Nixon Rosa Parks Mother Pollard Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Nate Singleton Glenn Smiley Mary Louise Smith Organizations ( edit ) Committee for Nonviolent Integration Fellowship of Reconciliation Georgia Gilmore Men of Montgomery Montgomery Improvement Association National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Women 's Political Council See also ( edit ) 1957 Alexandra Bus Boycott Boycott ( 2001 film ) Bristol Bus Boycott , 1963 Jim Crow laws The Long Walk Home ( 1990 film ) Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story Rosa Parks Act 1950s portal Discrimination portal Alabama portal African - Americans portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Race and Racism in the United States : An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic edited by Charles A. Gallagher , Cameron D. Lippard , ABC - CLIO , 2014 , page 807 . Jump up ^ How Racism Takes Place by George Lipsitz , Temple University Press , 2011 , page 68 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History , Volume 1 , edited by Bonnie G. Smith , Oxford University Press , 2008 , page 396 . Jump up ^ `` The Social - Psychological Origins of the Montgomery Bus Boycott : Social Interaction and Humiliation in the Emergence of Social Movements '' . Mobilization : an International Journal . 18 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Road to Civil Rights : Journey of Reconciliation '' . dot.gov . Jump up ^ Public Broadcasting Service ( 2002 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow : MORGAN v. Virginia ( 1946 ) '' . pbs.org . Jump up ^ Katie McCabe , Dovey Johnson Roundtree ; University Press of Mississippi ( 2009 ) . Justice Older Than the Law : The Life of Dovey Johnson Roundtree . books.google.com . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1617031212 . Jump up ^ Borger , Julian ( 3 April 2006 ) . `` Civil rights heroes may get pardons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dr. Mary Price ; Louisiana State University ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Baton Rouge Bus Boycott '' . lsu.edu . ^ Jump up to : Julio Alicea ; Swarthmore College ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` African American passengers boycott segregated buses in Baton Rouge , 1953 '' . swarthmore.edu . Jump up ^ Nikki L.M. Brown , Barry M. Stentiford ( 2008 ) . The Jim Crow Encyclopedia : Greenwood Milestones in African American History . books.google.com . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0313341816 . Jump up ^ Debbie Elliott ; National Public Radio ( June 19 , 2003 ) . `` The First Civil Rights Bus Boycott '' . npr.org . Jump up ^ Garrow , David J. ( 1985 ) . `` The Origins of the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' . Journal of the Southern Regional Council . Emory University . 7 ( 5 ) : 24 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Alison Shay ; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Remembering Sarah Keys '' . unc.edu . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Browder v. Gayle , 142 F. Supp. 707 ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Source '' . www.smithsoniansource.org . Jump up ^ Garrow ( 1986 ) p. 13 . David Garrow wrote , `` Mrs. ( Rosa ) Parks once told ... how she had been physically thrown off a bus some ten years earlier when , after paying her fare at the front of the bus , she had refused to get off and reenter by the back door -- a custom often inflicted on black riders . '' Jump up ^ William J. Cooper , Jr. , Thomas E. Terrill , The American South : A History , Volume II , 4 ed. , Rowman and Littlefield , 2009 , p. 730 . Jump up ^ The company was sold to the City of Montgomery in 1974 and become the Montgomery Area Transit System Jump up ^ McGuire , Danielle L. ( 2010 ) . At the Dark End of the Street : Black Women , Rape , and Resistance - A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power . Random House . p. 8 and 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26906 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Rosa Park 's arrest report '' ( PDF ) . December 1 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Parks , Rosa Louise . '' Encyclopedia Americana . Grolier Online ( accessed May 8 , 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Rosa Parks , civil rights icon , dead at 92 - The Boston Globe '' . Boston.com. 2005 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Leaflet , `` Do n't Ride the Bus '' , Come to a Mass Meeting on 5 December `` . Mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights History from the Ground Up : Local Struggles , a National Movement - Google Books . Books.google.com. 2011 . ISBN 9780820338651 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Beito , David T. ; Beito , Linda Royster ( 2009 ) . Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Jakoubek , Robert ( 1989 ) . Martin Luther King , Jr . Civil Rights Leader . Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Phibbs , Cheryl Fisher ( 2009 ) . The Montgomery Bus Boycott : A History and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 19 . ISBN 9780313358876 . Jump up ^ Martin Luther King . `` Address to the first Montgomery Improvement Association ( MIA ) Mass Meeting '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` To J. Edgar Hoover from Special Agent in Charge '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Bus Boycott : The story of Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Montgomeryboycott.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Darby , Jean ( 1990 ) . Martin Luther King , Jr . Minneapolis : Lerner Publishing Group . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4902 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery , Ala. , Bus Boycott '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` State of Alabama V.M.L. King , Jr. ( 1956 and 1960 ) '' . Mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Life and Words of Martin Luther King , Jr . ( Part 1 of 2 ) Scholastic.com '' . Teacher.scholastic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Danielle ( 2010 ) . At the Dark End of the Stree . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26906 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blackside , Inc . `` Interview with Georgia Gilmore , conducted by Blackside , Inc. on February 17 , 1986 , for Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years ( 1954 - 1965 ) '' . Washington University Libraries , Film and Media Archive , Henry Hampton Collection . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Danielle ( 2010 ) . At the Dark End of the Street . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26906 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wright , H. R : The Birth of the Montgomery Bus Boycott , page 123 . Charro Book Co. , Inc. , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 9629468 - 0 - X Jump up ^ `` 381 Days : The Montgomery Bus Boycott Story '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McAdam , Doug ( December 1983 ) . `` Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency '' . American Sociological Review . 48 ( 6 ) : 735 -- 54 . doi : 10.2307 / 2095322 . JSTOR 2095322 . Jump up ^ Thornton , J. Mills ( 2006 ) . Dividing Lines : Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery , Birmingham , and Selma . University of Alabama Press . pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . www.montgomeryboycott.com . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randall ( April 1989 ) . `` Martin Luther King 's Constitution : A Legal History of the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' . The Yale Law Journal . 98 ( 6 ) : 999 -- 1067 . JSTOR 796572 . Jump up ^ Thornton , J. Mills ( 2006 ) . Dividing Lines : Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery , Birmingham , and Selma . University of Alabama Press . p. 94 . Jump up ^ Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 - 1963 . Simon and Schuster . p. 202 . Jump up ^ Theoharis , Jeanne ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Things You Do n't Know About Rosa Parks '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Silberman , Charles E. ( 1964 ) . Crisis in Black and White . Random House . pp. 141 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Wright , Barnett ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` What 's inside Montgomery 's national peace and slave memorial museum opening April 26 '' . Birmingham Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Memorial for Peace and Justice Jump up ^ Campbell Robertson ( 25 Apr 2018 ) . `` A Lynching Memorial Is Opening . The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Pitsula , James M. ( Spring 2003 ) . `` Reviewed Work : No Plaster Saint : The Life of Mildred Osterhout Fahrni by Nancy Knickerbocker '' . Labour / Le Travail . Vancouver , Canada : Canadian Committee on Labour History and Athabasca University Press . 51 : 282 -- 284 . doi : 10.2307 / 25149348 . JSTOR 25149348 . Further reading ( edit ) Berg , Allison , `` Trauma and Testimony in Black Women 's Civil Rights Memoirs : The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It , Warriors Do n't Cry , and From the Mississippi Delta '' , Journal of Women 's History , 21 ( Fall 2009 ) , 84 -- 107 . Branch , Taylor . Parting The Waters : America In The King Years , 1954 - 63 ( 1988 ; New York : Simon & Schuster / Touchstone , 1989 ) . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68742 - 5 Carson , Clayborne , et al. , editors , Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader : documents , speeches , and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle ( New York : Penguin Books , 1991 ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 015403 - 5 Freedman , Russell , `` Freedom Walkers : The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' Garrow , David J. Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Garrow , David J. , editor , The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It : The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson ( Knoxville : The University of Tennessee Press , 1987 ) . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 527 - 5 King , Martin Luther , Jr. , Stride Toward Freedom . ISBN 0 - 06 - 250490 - 8 Morris , Aldon D. , The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement : Black Communities Organizing For Change ( New York : The Free Press , 1984 ) . ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 Parks , Rosa ( 1992 ) . My Story . New York : Dial Books . Raines , Howell , My Soul Is Rested : The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006753 - 1 Walsh , Frank , Landmark Events in American History : The Montgomery Bus Boycott . Williams , Juan , Eyes on The Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , 1954 - 1965 ( New York : Penguin Books , 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montgomery Bus Boycott . Alabama Civil Rights Collection - Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists , at Penn State University , includes oral history interviews and materials concerning Montgomery Bus Boycott Montgomery Bus Boycott article , Encyclopedia of Alabama Montgomery Bus Boycott - Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott Encyclopedia entry on the Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Includes cross-referenced text , historical documents and streaming audio , presented by the King Research Institute at Stanford University The Montgomery Bus Boycott - African - American History Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Learning From Rosa Parks , The Indypendent Montgomery Bus Boycott - Presented by the Montgomery Advertiser Civil Rights Era Mug Shots , Montgomery County Sheriff 's Office , Alabama Department of Archives & History Martin Luther King and the `` Montgomery Story '' Comic Book - 1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott Documents Online collection of original boycott documents & articles by participants ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Montgomery Bus Boycott , Civil Rights Digital Library . The Boycott , The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks . Civil rights movement ( 1950s and 1960s ) Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Lynching in the United States Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture Honoring In popular culture Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Other King memorials Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery_bus_boycott&oldid=857003693 '' Categories : Montgomery bus boycott Civil rights protests in the United States Boycotts of organizations Conflicts in 1955 Civil rights movement 1955 in the United States History of Montgomery , Alabama Martin Luther King Jr . African - American history of Alabama 1955 in Alabama 1956 in Alabama Transportation in Montgomery , Alabama Protests in Alabama 1955 in transport 1956 in transport Bus transportation in Alabama Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 23 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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7532770548507049476	Presentation program	Presentation program - wikipedia Presentation program Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A slide created by the first presentation graphics company , VCN ExecuVision , in 1982 A presentation program is a software package used to display information in the form of a slide show . It has three major functions : an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted , a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images , and a slide - show system to display the content . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 3 See also 4 References 5 Books and articles History ( edit ) A presentation using a presentation program . Early presentation graphics software ran on computer workstations , such as those manufactured by Trollman , Genigraphics , Autographix , and Dicomed . It became quite easy to make last - minute changes compared to traditional typesetting and pasteup . It was also a lot easier to produce a large number of slides in a small amount of time . However , these workstations also required skilled operators , and a single workstation represented an investment of $50,000 to $200,000 ( in 1979 dollars ) . In the mid-1980s developments in the world of computers changed the way presentations were created . Inexpensive , specialized applications now made it possible for anyone with a PC to create professional - looking presentation graphics . Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides , to be presented using a slide projector . As these programs became more common in the late 1980s several companies set up services that would accept the shows on diskette and create slides using a film recorder or print transparencies . In the 1990s dedicated LCD - based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies , and by the late 1990s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors . The first commercial computer software specifically intended for creating WYSIWYG presentations was developed at Hewlett Packard in 1979 and called BRUNO and later HP - Draw . The first software displaying a presentation on a personal computer screen was VCN ExecuVision , developed in 1982 . This program allowed users to choose from a library of images to accompany the text of their presentation . Features ( edit ) A presentation program is supposed to help both the speaker with an easier access to his ideas and the participants with visual information which complements the talk . There are many different types of presentations including professional ( work - related ) , education , entertainment , and for general communication . Presentation programs can either supplement or replace the use of older visual - aid technology , such as pamphlets , handouts , chalkboards , flip charts , posters , slides and overhead transparencies . Text , graphics , movies , and other objects are positioned on individual pages or `` slides '' or `` foils '' . The `` slide '' analogy is a reference to the slide projector , a device that has become somewhat obsolete due to the use of presentation software . Slides can be printed , or ( more usually ) displayed on - screen and navigated through at the command of the presenter . The slides can also be saved as images of any image file formats for any future reference . Transitions between slides can be animated in a variety of ways , as can the emergence of elements on a slide itself . Typically a presentation has many constraints and the most important being the limited time to present consistent information . Many presentation programs come with pre-designed images ( clip art ) and / or have the ability to import graphic images , such as Visio and Edraw Max . Some tools also have the ability to search and import images from Flickr or Google directly from the tool . Custom graphics can also be created in other programs such as Adobe Photoshop or Adobe Illustrator and then exported . The concept of clip art originated with the image library that came as a complement with VCN ExecuVision , beginning in 1983 . With the growth of digital photography and video , many programs that handle these types of media also include presentation functions for displaying them in a similar `` slide show '' format . For example , Apple 's iPhoto allows groups of digital photos to be displayed in a slide show with options such as selecting transitions , choosing whether or not the show stops at the end or continues to loop , and including music to accompany the photos . Similar to programming extensions for an operating system or web browser , `` add ons '' or plugins for presentation programs can be used to enhance their capabilities . For example , it would be useful to export a PowerPoint presentation as a Flash animation or PDF document . This would make delivery through removable media or sharing over the Internet easier . Since PDF files are designed to be shared regardless of platform and most web browsers already have the plugin to view Flash files , these formats would allow presentations to be more widely accessible . Certain presentation programs also offer an interactive integrated hardware element designed to engage an audience ( e.g. audience response systems , second screen applications ) or facilitate presentations across different geographical locations through the internet ( e.g. web conferencing ) . Other integrated hardware devices ease the job of a live presenter such as laser pointers and interactive whiteboards . See also ( edit ) Office suite Productivity software References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rouse , Margaret ( March 2011 ) . `` presentation software ( presentation graphics ) '' . WhatIs.com . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Save-a-picture-as-a-jpg-gif-or-png-3c4f9ca4-945a-4c33-af91-d10e4e3ea715 Jump up ^ `` Save as PDF '' . Microsoft Office . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Shiao , Dennis ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` Online Presentation Tips from an Online Presentation Coach '' . INXPO . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Books and articles ( edit ) Farkas , David K. ( 2006 ) `` Toward a Better Understanding of PowerPoint Deck Design '' Information Design Journal + Document Design 4 ( 2 ) : pp 162 -- 171 . Good , Lance & Bederson , Benjamin B. ( 2002 ) `` Zoomable User Interfaces as a Medium for Slide Show Presentations '' Journal on Information Visualization 1 ( 1 ) : pp 35 -- 49 . Gross , Alan G. & Harmon , Joseph E. ( 2009 ) `` The Structure of PowerPoint Presentations : The Art of Grasping Things Whole '' IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 52 ( 2 ) : pp 121 -- 137 . Knoblauch , Hubert. ( 2014 ) `` PowerPoint , Communication , and the Knowledge Society '' . Cambridge University Press . Lichtschlag , Leonhard , Karrer , Thorsten & Borchers , Jan ( 2009 ) `` Fly : A Tool to Author Planar Presentations '' In Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . Boston , USA Reuss , Elke I. , Signer , Beat & Norrie , Moira C. ( 2008 ) `` PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations in Computer Science Education : What do Users Need ? '' In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Usability & HCI for Education and Work ( USAB 2008 ) . Graz , Austria . Roels , Reinout & Signer , Beat ( 2014 ) `` MindXpres : An Extensible Content - driven Cross-Media Presentation Platform '' In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Web Information System Engineering ( WISE 2014 ) . Thessaloniki , Greece . Roels , Reinout , Mestereaga , Paul & Signer , Beat ( 2016 ) `` An Interactive Source Code Visualisation Plug - in for the MindXpres Presentation Platform '' Communications in Computer and Information Science ( CCIS ) 583 : pp 169 -- 188 . Roels , Reinout , Baeten , Yves & Signer , Beat ( 2016 ) `` An Interactive Data Visualisation Approach for Next Generation Presentation Tools : Towards Rich Presentation - based Data Exploration and Storytelling '' In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Supported Education ( CSEDU 2016 ) . Rome , Italy . Signer , Beat & Norrie , Moira C. ( 2007 ) `` PaperPoint : A Paper - Based Presentation and Interactive Paper Prototyping Tool '' In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction ( TEI 2007 ) . Baton Rouge , USA . Tufte , Edward R ... ( 2006 ) `` The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint : Pitching Out Corrupts Within '' ' Graphics Press LLC , Cheshire , USA . ( hide ) Presentation software Software Free software Beamer Calligra Stage MagicPoint OpenOffice.org Impress LibreOffice Impress NeoOffice Powerdot Simple Slides Tech Talk PSE Freeware IBM Lotus Symphony Presentations PowerPoint Viewer SoftMaker FreeOffice Presentations Retail software Adobe Acrobat Apple Keynote Corel Presentations Harvard Graphics IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics Microsoft PowerPoint SoftMaker Presentations Web applications authorSTREAM Brainshark Docstoc Google Slides Prezi Scribd SlideRocket SlideShare Sway wePapers Others ... Discontinued Adobe Persuasion CA - Cricket Presents Formats Opera Show Format S5 OpenDocument Presentation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presentation_program&oldid=808708480 '' Categories : Presentation software Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from September 2008 All articles that may contain original research All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Олык марий Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a file created by microsoft powerpoint is usually called a ____	[]	[]
-5019268646084374771	Jonah Bobo	Jonah Bobo - wikipedia Jonah Bobo Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jonah Bobo Bobo in 2012 ( 1997 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1997 ( age 20 ) Roosevelt Island , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor , comedian Years active 2004 -- present Jonah Bobo ( born January 24 , 1997 ) is an American actor and comedian . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Television 5 Guest appearances 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) Bobo was born in Roosevelt Island , New York on January 24 , 1997 . He was raised in an Orthodox Jewish home . His paternal great - grandmother was businesswoman and philanthropist Salha `` Mama '' Bobo . Career ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) His first film role was in The Best Thief in the World . He co-starred in Around the Bend , portraying the youngest of a four - generation family . Bobo was subsequently cast in Zathura : A Space Adventure as Danny Budwing . Bobo 's next role was in Strangers with Candy . He portrayed young Victor Mancini in Choke . He has also made an appearance on 30 Rock as a paparazzo named Ethan . He appeared on Roosevelt Island in the play Seussical , Jr. at the Main Street Theatre and Dance Alliance . He was also on the 5th episode of Royal Pains . He also voiced Austin on Nickelodeon 's The Backyardigans . In 2011 , he appeared in Crazy , Stupid , Love as Robbie . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Film Role Notes The Best Thief in the World Sam Zaidman Around the Bend Zach Lair 2005 Strangers with Candy Shamus Noblet Uncredited Zathura : A Space Adventure Danny Budwing 2006 The Fox and the Hound 2 Tod Voice 2008 Choke Young Victor Mancini 2011 Crazy , Stupid , Love Robbie Weaver 2012 Disconnect Ben Boyd Television ( edit ) Television Year Title Role Notes 2004 -- 2009 The Backyardigans Austin Voice Guest appearances ( edit ) Guest appearances Year Title Role Episodes 2009 30 Rock Ethan Episode : `` Jackie Jormp - Jomp '' Royal Pains Arlo Grant Episode : No Man Is an Island Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Year Result Work Young Artist Award 2006 Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Younger Nominated Zathura 2012 Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actor Nominated Crazy , Stupid , Love . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Around the Bend '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 6 , 2004 . Jump up ^ http://www.siegelproductions.ca/filmfanatics/aroundbend.htm Jump up ^ `` Ai n't It Cool News '' . Quint interviews Dax Shepard about ZATHURA , teenage girls and Mike Judge 's IDIOCRACY ! ! ! . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Date , BILL ZWECKER ( October 17 , 2004 ) . `` Chris Walken embraces his lucky star '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . The Young Artist Foundation . 2012 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Jonah Bobo on IMDb Jonah Bobo at AllMovie About.com interview ( November 7 , 2005 ) VIAF : 90615037 LCCN : no2006020615 ISNI : 0000 0001 1495 1040 BNF : cb151129455 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonah_Bobo&oldid=798882604 '' Categories : 1997 births Living people American male voice actors American male child actors American male comedians American comedians American male film actors American male television actors People from Roosevelt Island 21st - century American male actors Jewish American male actors Male actors from New York ( state ) American people of Syrian - Jewish descent American Sephardic Jews Comedians from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from December 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Articles to be expanded from December 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 10 : 39 . About Wikipedia	who played robbie weaver in crazy stupid love	[]	[]
3674659211200056331	Evolution of mammals	Evolution of mammals - wikipedia Evolution of mammals Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Evolutionary history of life Restoration of Procynosuchus , a member of the cynodont group , which includes the ancestors of mammals Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Diagrammatic representation of the divergence of modern taxonomic groups from their common ancestor Key topics ( show ) Introduction to evolution Common descent Evidence of common descent Processes and outcomes ( show ) Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history ( show ) Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory ( show ) Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo - devo Current research History of paleontology ( timeline ) Fields and applications ( show ) Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications ( show ) Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation -- evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support Evolutionary biology portal Category Book Related topics The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the late Carboniferous period . The most ancestral forms in the class Mammalia are the egg - laying mammals in the subclass Prototheria . This class first started out as something close to the platypus and evolved to modern day mammals . By the mid-Triassic , there were many synapsid species that looked like mammals . The lineage leading to today 's mammals split up in the Jurassic ; synapsids from this period include Dryolestes , more closely related to extant placentals and marsupials than to monotremes , as well as Ambondro , more closely related to monotremes . Later on , the eutherian and metatherian lineages separated ; the metatherians are the animals more closely related to the marsupials , while the eutherians are those more closely related to the placentals . Since Juramaia , the earliest known eutherian , lived 160 million years ago in the Jurassic , this divergence must have occurred in the same period . After the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs ( birds being the only surviving dinosaurs ) and several mammalian groups , placental and marsupial mammals diversified into many new forms and ecological niches throughout the Paleogene and Neogene , by the end of which all modern orders had appeared . Mammals are the only living synapsids . The synapsid lineage became distinct from the sauropsid lineage in the late Carboniferous period , between 320 and 315 million years ago . The sauropsids are today 's reptiles and birds along with all the extinct animals more closely related to them than to mammals . This does not include the mammal - like reptiles , a group more closely related to the mammals . Throughout the Permian period , the synapsids included the dominant carnivores and several important herbivores . In the subsequent Triassic period , however , a previously obscure group of sauropsids , the archosaurs , became the dominant vertebrates . The mammaliaforms appeared during this period ; their superior sense of smell , backed up by a large brain , facilitated entry into nocturnal niches with less exposure to archosaur predation . The nocturnal lifestyle may have contributed greatly to the development of mammalian traits such as endothermy and hair . Later in the Mesozoic , after theropod dinosaurs replaced rauisuchians as the dominant carnivores , mammals spread into other ecological niches . For example , some became aquatic , some were gliders , and some even fed on juvenile dinosaurs . Most of the evidence consists of fossils . For many years , fossils of Mesozoic mammals and their immediate ancestors were very rare and fragmentary ; but , since the mid-1990s , there have been many important new finds , especially in China . The relatively new techniques of molecular phylogenetics have also shed light on some aspects of mammalian evolution by estimating the timing of important divergence points for modern species . When used carefully , these techniques often , but not always , agree with the fossil record . Although mammary glands are a signature feature of modern mammals , little is known about the evolution of lactation as these soft tissues are not often preserved in the fossil record . Most research concerning the evolution of mammals centers on the shapes of the teeth , the hardest parts of the tetrapod body . Other important research characteristics include the evolution of the middle ear bones , erect limb posture , a bony secondary palate , fur , hair , and warm - bloodedness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of `` mammal '' 2 The ancestry of mammals 2.1 Amniotes 2.2 Synapsids 3 Therapsids 3.1 Therapsid family tree 3.2 Biarmosuchia 3.3 Dinocephalians 3.4 Anomodonts 3.5 Theriodonts 3.6 Cynodonts 4 Triassic takeover 5 From cynodonts to crown mammals 5.1 Fossil record 5.2 Mammals or mammaliaforms 5.3 Family tree -- cynodonts to crown group mammals 5.4 Morganucodontidae 5.5 Docodonts 5.6 Hadrocodium 6 Earliest crown mammals 6.1 Family tree of early crown mammals 6.2 Colour vision 6.3 Australosphenida and Ausktribosphenidae 6.4 Monotremes 6.5 Multituberculates 6.6 Theria 6.7 Metatheria 6.8 Eutheria 7 Expansion of ecological niches in the Mesozoic 8 Evolution of major groups of living mammals 8.1 Fossil - based family tree of placental mammals 8.2 Molecular phylogenetics based family tree of placental mammals 8.3 Timing of placental evolution 9 Evolution of mammalian features 9.1 Jaws and middle ears 9.2 Lactation 9.3 Hair and fur 9.4 Erect limbs 9.5 Warm - bloodedness 9.5. 1 Respiratory turbinates 9.5. 2 Bony secondary palate 9.5. 3 Diaphragm 9.5. 4 Limb posture 9.6 Brain 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Definition of `` mammal '' ( edit ) Figure 1 : In mammals , the quadrate and articular bones are small and part of the middle ear ; the lower jaw consists only of dentary bone . While living mammal species can be identified by the presence of milk - producing mammary glands in the females , other features are required when classifying fossils , because mammary glands and other soft - tissue features are not visible in fossils . One such feature available for paleontology , shared by all living mammals ( including monotremes ) , but not present in any of the early Triassic therapsids , is shown in figure 1 : mammals use two bones for hearing that all other amniotes use for eating . The earliest amniotes had a jaw joint composed of the articular ( a small bone at the back of the lower jaw ) and the quadrate ( a small bone at the back of the upper jaw ) . All non-mammalian tetrapods use this system including amphibians , turtles , lizards , snakes , crocodilians , dinosaurs ( and their descendants the birds ) , ichthyosaurs , pterosaurs and therapsids . But mammals have a different jaw joint , composed only of the dentary ( the lower jaw bone , which carries the teeth ) and the squamosal ( another small skull bone ) . In the Jurassic , their quadrate and articular bones evolved into the incus and malleus bones in the middle ear . Mammals also have a double occipital condyle ; they have two knobs at the base of the skull that fit into the topmost neck vertebra , while other tetrapods have a single occipital condyle . In a 1981 article , Kenneth A. Kermack and his co-authors argued for drawing the line between mammals and earlier synapsids at the point where the mammalian pattern of molar occlusion was being acquired and the dentary - squamosal joint had appeared . The criterion chosen , they noted , is merely a matter of convenience ; their choice was based on the fact that `` the lower jaw is the most likely skeletal element of a Mesozoic mammal to be preserved . '' Today , most paleontologists consider that animals are mammals if they satisfy this criterion . The ancestry of mammals ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago . Orange labels : ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Tetrapods Amphibians Amniotes Sauropsids ( including dinosaurs ) Synapsids Caseids Cotylorhynchus Eupelycosaurs Edaphosaurids Edaphosaurus Sphenacodontians Sphenacodontids Dimetrodon Therapsids Mammals Pelycosaurs Amniotes ( edit ) The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes -- their eggs had internal membranes that allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in . This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land , while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water ( a few amphibians , such as the Surinam toad , have evolved other ways of getting around this limitation ) . The first amniotes apparently arose in the middle Carboniferous from the ancestral reptiliomorphs . Within a few million years , two important amniote lineages became distinct : mammals ' synapsid ancestors and the sauropsids , from which lizards , snakes , crocodilians , dinosaurs , and birds are descended . The earliest known fossils of synapsids and sauropsids ( such as Archaeothyris and Hylonomus , respectively ) date from about 320 to 315 million years ago . The times of origin are difficult to know , because vertebrate fossils from the late Carboniferous are very rare , and therefore the actual first occurrences of each of these types of animal might have been considerably earlier than the first fossil . Synapsids ( edit ) The original synapsid skull structure has one hole behind each eye , in a fairly low position on the skull ( lower right in this image ) . Synapsid skulls are identified by the distinctive pattern of the holes behind each eye , which served the following purposes : made the skull lighter without sacrificing strength . saved energy by using less bone . probably provided attachment points for jaw muscles . Having attachment points further away from the jaw made it possible for the muscles to be longer and therefore to exert a strong pull over a wide range of jaw movement without being stretched or contracted beyond their optimum range . The synapsid pelycosaurs included the largest land vertebrates of the Early Permian , such as the 6 m ( 20 ft ) long Cotylorhynchus hancocki . Among the other large pelycosaurs were Dimetrodon grandis and Edaphosaurus cruciger . Therapsids ( edit ) Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the middle Permian and took over their position as the dominant land vertebrates . They differ from pelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws , including larger temporal fenestrae and incisors that are equal in size . The therapsid lineage that led to mammals went through a series of stages , beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with some that could easily be mistaken for mammals : gradual development of a bony secondary palate . Most books and articles interpret this as a prerequisite for the evolution of mammals ' high metabolic rate , because it enabled these animals to eat and breathe at the same time . But some scientists point out that some modern ectotherms use a fleshy secondary palate to separate the mouth from the airway , and that a bony palate provides a surface on which the tongue can manipulate food , facilitating chewing rather than breathing . The interpretation of the bony secondary palate as an aid to chewing also suggests the development of a faster metabolism , because chewing reduces the size of food particles delivered to the stomach and can therefore speed their digestion . In mammals , the palate is formed by two specific bones , but various Permian therapsids had other combinations of bones in the right places to function as a palate . the dentary gradually becomes the main bone of the lower jaw . progress towards an erect limb posture , which would increase the animals ' stamina by avoiding Carrier 's constraint . But this process was erratic and very slow -- for example : all herbivorous therapsids retained sprawling limbs ( some late forms may have had semi-erect hind limbs ) ; Permian carnivorous therapsids had sprawling forelimbs , and some late Permian ones also had semi-sprawling hindlimbs . In fact , modern monotremes still have semi-sprawling limbs . Therapsid family tree ( edit ) ( simplified from ; only those that are most relevant to the evolution of mammals are described below ) Therapsids Biarmosuchia Eutherapsida Dinocephalia Neotherapsida Anomodonts Dicynodonts Theriodontia Gorgonopsia Eutheriodontia Therocephalia Cynodontia ( Mammals , eventually ) Only the dicynodonts , therocephalians , and cynodonts survived into the Triassic . Biarmosuchia ( edit ) The Biarmosuchia were the most primitive and pelycosaur - like of the therapsids . Dinocephalians ( edit ) Dinocephalians ( `` terrible heads '' ) included both carnivores and herbivores . They were large ; Anteosaurus was up to 6 m ( 20 ft ) long . Some of the carnivores had semi-erect hindlimbs , but all dinocephalians had sprawling forelimbs . In many ways they were very primitive therapsids ; for example , they had no secondary palate and their jaws were rather `` reptilian '' . Anomodonts ( edit ) Lystrosaurus , one of the few genera of dicynodonts that survived the Permian - Triassic extinction event The anomodonts ( `` anomalous teeth '' ) were among the most successful of the herbivorous therapsids -- one sub-group , the dicynodonts , survived almost to the end of the Triassic . But anomodonts were very different from modern herbivorous mammals , as their only teeth were a pair of fangs in the upper jaw and it is generally agreed that they had beaks like those of birds or ceratopsians . Theriodonts ( edit ) The theriodonts ( `` beast teeth '' ) and their descendants had jaw joints in which the lower jaw 's articular bone tightly gripped the skull 's very small quadrate bone . This allowed a much wider gape , and one group , the carnivorous gorgonopsians ( `` gorgon faces '' ) , took advantage of this to develop `` sabre teeth '' . But the theriodont 's jaw hinge had a longer term significance -- the much reduced size of the quadrate bone was an important step in the development of the mammalian jaw joint and middle ear . The gorgonopsians still had some primitive features : no bony secondary palate ( but other bones in the right places to perform the same functions ) ; sprawling forelimbs ; hindlimbs that could operate in both sprawling and erect postures . But the therocephalians ( `` beast heads '' ) , which appear to have arisen at about the same time as the gorgonopsians , had additional mammal - like features , e.g. their finger and toe bones had the same number of phalanges ( segments ) as in early mammals ( and the same number that primates have , including humans ) . Cynodonts ( edit ) Artist 's conception of the cynodont Trirachodon within a burrow The cynodonts , a theriodont group that also arose in the late Permian , include the ancestors of all mammals . Cynodonts ' mammal - like features include further reduction in the number of bones in the lower jaw , a secondary bony palate , cheek teeth with a complex pattern in the crowns , and a brain which filled the endocranial cavity . Multi-chambered burrows have been found , containing as many as 20 skeletons of the Early Triassic cynodont Trirachodon ; the animals are thought to have been drowned by a flash flood . The extensive shared burrows indicate that these animals were capable of complex social behaviors . Triassic takeover ( edit ) The catastrophic Permian - Triassic mass extinction slightly more than 250 million years ago killed off about 70 percent of terrestrial vertebrate species and the majority of land plants . As a result , ecosystems and food chains collapsed , and the establishment of new stable ecosystems took about 30 million years . With the disappearance of the gorgonopsians , which were dominant predators in the late Permian , the cynodonts ' principal competitors for dominance of the carnivorous niches were a previously obscure sauropsid group , the archosaurs , which includes the ancestors of crocodilians and dinosaurs . The archosaurs quickly became the dominant carnivores , a development often called the `` Triassic takeover '' . Their success may have been due to the fact that the early Triassic was predominantly arid and therefore archosaurs ' superior water conservation gave them a decisive advantage . All known archosaurs have glandless skins and eliminate nitrogenous waste in a uric acid paste containing little water , while the cynodonts probably excreted most such waste in a solution of urea , as mammals do today ; considerable water is required to keep urea dissolved . However , this theory has been questioned , since it implies synapsids were necessarily less advantaged in water retention , that synapsid decline coincides with climate changes or archosaur diversity ( neither of which has been tested ) and the fact that desert - dwelling mammals are as well adapted in this department as archosaurs , and some cynodonts like Trucidocynodon were large - sized predators . The Triassic takeover was probably a vital factor in the evolution of the mammals . Two groups stemming from the early cynodonts were successful in niches that had minimal competition from the archosaurs : the tritylodonts , which were herbivores , and the mammals , most of which were small nocturnal insectivores ( although some , like Sinoconodon , were carnivores that fed on vertebrate prey , while still others were herbivores or omnivores ) . As a result : The therapsid trend towards differentiated teeth with precise occlusion accelerated , because of the need to hold captured arthropods and crush their exoskeletons . As the body length of the mammals ' ancestors fell below 50 mm ( 2 inches ) , advances in thermal insulation and temperature regulation would have become necessary for nocturnal life . Acute senses of hearing and smell became vital . This accelerated the development of the mammalian middle ear . The increase in the size of the olfactory lobes of the brain increased brain weight as a percentage of total body weight . Brain tissue requires a disproportionate amount of energy . The need for more food to support the enlarged brains increased the pressures for improvements in insulation , temperature regulation and feeding . Probably as a side - effect of the nocturnal life , mammals lost two of the four cone opsins , photoreceptors in the retina , present in the eyes of the earliest amniotes . Paradoxically , this might have improved their ability to discriminate colors in dim light . This retreat to a nocturnal role is called a nocturnal bottleneck , and is thought to explain many of the features of mammals . From cynodonts to crown mammals ( edit ) Fossil record ( edit ) Mesozoic synapsids that had evolved to the point of having a jaw joint composed of the dentary and squamosal bones are preserved in few good fossils , mainly because they were mostly smaller than rats : They were largely restricted to environments that are less likely to provide good fossils . Floodplains as the best terrestrial environments for fossilization provide few mammal fossils , because they are dominated by medium to large animals , and the mammals could not compete with archosaurs in the medium to large size range . Tracks from the Early Cretaceous of Angola show the existence of raccoon - size mammals 118 Million years ago . Their delicate bones were vulnerable to being destroyed before they could be fossilized -- by scavengers ( including fungi and bacteria ) and by being trodden on . Small fossils are harder to spot and more vulnerable to being destroyed by weathering and other natural stresses before they are discovered . In the past 40 years , however , the number of Mesozoic fossil mammals has increased decisively ; only 116 genera were known in 1979 , for example , but about 310 in 2007 , with an increase in quality such that `` at least 18 Mesozoic mammals are represented by nearly complete skeletons '' . Mammals or mammaliaforms ( edit ) Some writers restrict the term `` mammal '' to the crown group mammals , the group consisting of the most recent common ancestor of the monotremes , marsupials , and placentals , together with all the descendants of that ancestor . In an influential 1988 paper , Timothy Rowe advocated this restriction , arguing that `` ancestry ... provides the only means of properly defining taxa '' and , in particular , that the divergence of the monotremes from the animals more closely related to marsupials and placentals `` is of central interest to any study of Mammalia as a whole . '' To accommodate some related taxa falling outside the crown group , he defined the Mammaliaformes as comprising `` the last common ancestor of Morganucodontidae and Mammalia ( as he had defined the latter term ) and all its descendants . '' Besides Morganucodontidae , the newly defined taxon includes Docodonta and Kuehneotheriidae . Though haramiyids have been referred to the mammals since the 1860s , Rowe excluded them from the Mammaliaformes as falling outside his definition , putting them in a larger clade , the Mammaliamorpha . Some writers have adopted this terminology noting , to avoid misunderstanding , that they have done so . Most paleontologists , however , still think that animals with the dentary - squamosal jaw joint and the sort of molars characteristic of modern mammals should formally be members of Mammalia . Where the ambiguity in the term `` mammal '' may be confusing , this article uses `` mammaliaform '' and `` crown mammal '' . Family tree -- cynodonts to crown group mammals ( edit ) ( based on Cynodontia : Dendrogram -- Palaeos ) Cynodontia Dvinia Procynosuchidae Epicynodontia Thrinaxodon Eucynodontia Cynognathus Tritylodontidae Traversodontidae Probainognathia Tritheledontidae Chiniquodontidae Prozostrodon Mammaliaformes Morganucodontidae Docodonta Hadrocodium Kuehneotheriidae crown group Mammals Morganucodontidae and other transitional forms had both types of jaw joint : dentary - squamosal ( front ) and articular - quadrate ( rear ) . Morganucodontidae ( edit ) The Morganucodontidae first appeared in the late Triassic , about 205M years ago . They are an excellent example of transitional fossils , since they have both the dentary - squamosal and articular - quadrate jaw joints . They were also one of the first discovered and most thoroughly studied of the mammaliaforms outside of the crown - group mammals , since an unusually large number of morganucodont fossils have been found . Docodonts ( edit ) Reconstruction of Castorocauda . Note the fur and the adaptations for swimming ( broad , flat tail ; webbed feet ) and for digging ( robust limbs and claws ) . Docodonts , among the most common Jurassic mammaliaforms , are noted for the sophistication of their molars . They are thought to have had general semi-aquatic tendencies , with the fish - eating Castorocauda ( `` beaver tail '' ) , which lived in the mid-Jurassic about 164M years ago and was first discovered in 2004 and described in 2006 , being the most well - understood example . Castorocauda was not a crown group mammal , but it is extremely important in the study of the evolution of mammals because the first find was an almost complete skeleton ( a real luxury in paleontology ) and it breaks the `` small nocturnal insectivore '' stereotype : It was noticeably larger than most Mesozoic mammaliaform fossils -- about 17 in ( 43 cm ) from its nose to the tip of its 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) tail , and may have weighed 500 -- 800 g ( 18 -- 28 oz ) . It provides the earliest absolutely certain evidence of hair and fur . Previously the earliest was Eomaia , a crown group mammal from about 125M years ago . It had aquatic adaptations including flattened tail bones and remnants of soft tissue between the toes of the back feet , suggesting that they were webbed . Previously the earliest known semi-aquatic mammaliaforms were from the Eocene , about 110M years later . Castorocauda 's powerful forelimbs look adapted for digging . This feature and the spurs on its ankles make it resemble the platypus , which also swims and digs . Its teeth look adapted for eating fish : the first two molars had cusps in a straight row , which made them more suitable for gripping and slicing than for grinding ; and these molars are curved backwards , to help in grasping slippery prey . Hadrocodium ( edit ) The family tree above shows Hadrocodium as an `` aunt '' of crown mammals . This mammaliaform , dated about 195M years ago in the very early Jurassic , exhibits some important features : The jaw joint consists only of the squamosal and dentary bones , and the jaw contains no smaller bones to the rear of the dentary , unlike the therapsid design . In therapsids and early mammaliaforms the eardrum may have stretched over a trough at the rear of the lower jaw . But Hadrocodium had no such trough , which suggests its ear was part of the cranium , as it is in crown - group mammals -- and hence that the former articular and quadrate had migrated to the middle ear and become the malleus and incus . On the other hand , the dentary has a `` bay '' at the rear that mammals lack . This suggests that Hadrocodium 's dentary bone retained the same shape that it would have had if the articular and quadrate had remained part of the jaw joint , and therefore that Hadrocodium or a very close ancestor may have been the first to have a fully mammalian middle ear . Therapsids and earlier mammaliaforms had their jaw joints very far back in the skull , partly because the ear was at the rear end of the jaw but also had to be close to the brain . This arrangement limited the size of the braincase , because it forced the jaw muscles to run round and over it . Hadrocodium 's braincase and jaws were no longer bound to each other by the need to support the ear , and its jaw joint was further forward . In its descendants or those of animals with a similar arrangement , the brain case was free to expand without being constrained by the jaw and the jaw was free to change without being constrained by the need to keep the ear near the brain -- in other words it now became possible for mammaliaforms both to develop large brains and to adapt their jaws and teeth in ways that were purely specialized for eating . Earliest crown mammals ( edit ) The crown group mammals , sometimes called ' true mammals ' , are the extant mammals and their relatives back to their last common ancestor . Since this group has living members , DNA analysis can be applied in an attempt to explain the evolution of features that do not appear in fossils . This endeavor often involves molecular phylogenetics , a technique that has become popular since the mid-1980s . Family tree of early crown mammals ( edit ) Cladogram after Z. - X Luo . ( † marks extinct groups ) Crown group mammals Australosphenida Ausktribosphenidae † Monotremes Eutriconodonta † Allotheria Multituberculates † Trechnotheria Spalacotheroidea † Cladotheria Dryolestoidea † Theria Metatheria Marsupials Eutheria Placentals Colour vision ( edit ) Early amniotes had four opsins in the cones of their retinas to use for distinguishing colours : one sensitive to red , one to green , and two corresponding to different shades of blue . The green opsin was not inherited by any crown mammals , but all normal individuals did inherit the red one . Early crown mammals thus had three cone opsins , the red one and both of the blues . All their extant descendants have lost one of the blue - sensitive opsins but not always the same one : marsupials and placentals ( except for cetaceans ) retain one blue - sensitive opsin while monotremes retain the other . Some placentals and marsupials , including humans , subsequently evolved green - sensitive opsins ; like early crown mammals , therefore , their vision is trichromatic . Australosphenida and Ausktribosphenidae ( edit ) Ausktribosphenidae is a group name that has been given to some rather puzzling finds that : appear to have tribosphenic molars , a type of tooth that is otherwise known only in placentals and marsupials . come from mid-Cretaceous deposits in Australia -- but Australia was connected only to Antarctica , and placentals originated in the Northern Hemisphere and were confined to it until continental drift formed land connections from North America to South America , from Asia to Africa and from Asia to India ( the late Cretaceous map here shows how the southern continents are separated ) . are represented only by teeth and jaw fragments , which is not very helpful . Australosphenida is a group that has been defined in order to include the Ausktribosphenidae and monotremes . Asfaltomylos ( mid - to late Jurassic , from Patagonia ) has been interpreted as a basal australosphenid ( animal that has features shared with both Ausktribosphenidae and monotremes ; lacks features that are peculiar to Ausktribosphenidae or monotremes ; also lacks features that are absent in Ausktribosphenidae and monotremes ) and as showing that australosphenids were widespread throughout Gondwanaland ( the old Southern Hemisphere super-continent ) . Recent analysis of Teinolophos , which lived somewhere between 121 and 112.5 million years ago , suggests that it was a `` crown group '' ( advanced and relatively specialised ) monotreme . This was taken as evidence that the basal ( most primitive ) monotremes must have appeared considerably earlier , but this has been disputed ( see the following section ) . The study also indicated that some alleged Australosphenids were also `` crown group '' monotremes ( e.g. Steropodon ) and that other alleged Australosphenids ( e.g. Ausktribosphenos , Bishops , Ambondro , Asfaltomylos ) are more closely related to and possibly members of the Therian mammals ( group that includes marsupials and placentals , see below ) . Monotremes ( edit ) Teinolophos , from Australia , is the earliest known monotreme . A 2007 study ( published 2008 ) suggests that it was not a basal ( primitive , ancestral ) monotreme but a full - fledged platypus , and therefore that the platypus and echidna lineages diverged considerably earlier . A more recent study ( 2009 ) , however , has suggested that , while Teinolophos was a type of platypus , it was also a basal monotreme and predated the radiation of modern monotremes . The semi-aquatic lifestyle of platypuses prevented them from being outcompeted by the marsupials that migrated to Australia millions of years ago , since joeys need to remain attached to their mothers and would drown if their mothers ventured into water ( though there are exceptions like the water opossum and the lutrine opossum ; however , they both live in South America and thus do n't come into contact with monotremes ) . Genetic evidence has determined that echidnas diverged from the platypus lineage as recently as 19 - 48M , when they made their transition from semi-aquatic to terrestrial lifestyle . Monotremes have some features that may be inherited from the cynodont ancestors : like lizards and birds , they use the same orifice to urinate , defecate and reproduce ( `` monotreme '' means `` one hole '' ) . they lay eggs that are leathery and uncalcified , like those of lizards , turtles and crocodilians . Unlike other mammals , female monotremes do not have nipples and feed their young by `` sweating '' milk from patches on their bellies . Of course these features are not visible in fossils , and the main characteristics from paleontologists ' point of view are : a slender dentary bone in which the coronoid process is small or non-existent . the external opening of the ear lies at the posterior base of the jaw . the jugal bone is small or non-existent . a primitive pectoral girdle with strong ventral elements : coracoids , clavicles and interclavicle . Note : therian mammals have no interclavicle . sprawling or semi-sprawling forelimbs . Multituberculates ( edit ) Skull of the multituberculate Ptilodus Multituberculates ( named for the multiple tubercles on their `` molars '' ) are often called the `` rodents of the Mesozoic '' , but this is an example of convergent evolution rather than meaning that they are closely related to the Rodentia . They existed for approximately 120 million years -- the longest fossil history of any mammal lineage -- but were eventually outcompeted by rodents , becoming extinct during the early Oligocene . Some authors have challenged the phylogeny represented by the cladogram above . They exclude the multituberculates from the mammalian crown group , holding that multituberculates are more distantly related to extant mammals than even the Morganucodontidae . Multituberculates are like undisputed crown mammals in that their jaw joints consist of only the dentary and squamosal bones - whereas the quadrate and articular bones are part of the middle ear ; their teeth are differentiated , occlude , and have mammal - like cusps ; they have a zygomatic arch ; and the structure of the pelvis suggests that they gave birth to tiny helpless young , like modern marsupials . On the other hand , they differ from modern mammals : Their `` molars '' have two parallel rows of tubercles , unlike the tribosphenic ( three - peaked ) molars of uncontested early crown mammals . The chewing action differs in that undisputed crown mammals chew with a side - to - side grinding action , which means that the molars usually occlude on only one side at a time , while multituberculates ' jaws were incapable of side - to - side movement -- they chewed , rather , by dragging the lower teeth backwards against the upper ones as the jaw closed . The anterior ( forward ) part of the zygomatic arch mostly consists of the maxilla ( upper jawbone ) rather than the jugal , a small bone in a little slot in the maxillary process ( extension ) . The squamosal does not form part of the braincase . The rostrum ( snout ) is unlike that of undisputed crown mammals ; in fact it looks more like that of a pelycosaur , such as Dimetrodon . The multituberculate rostrum is box - like , with the large flat maxillae forming the sides , the nasal the top , and the tall premaxilla at the front . Theria ( edit ) Therian form of crurotarsal ankle . Adapted with permission from Palaeos Theria ( `` beasts '' ) is the clade originating with the last common ancestor of the Eutheria ( including placentals ) and Metatheria ( including marsupials ) . Common features include : no interclavicle . coracoid bones non-existent or fused with the shoulder blades to form coracoid processes . a type of crurotarsal ankle joint in which : the main joint is between the tibia and astragalus ; the calcaneum has no contact with the tibia but forms a heel to which muscles can attach . ( The other well - known type of crurotarsal ankle is seen in crocodilians and works differently -- most of the bending at the ankle is between the calcaneum and astragalus ) . tribosphenic molars . Metatheria ( edit ) The living Metatheria are all marsupials ( animals with pouches ) . A few fossil genera , such as the Mongolian late Cretaceous Asiatherium , may be marsupials or members of some other metatherian group ( s ) . The oldest known metatherian is Sinodelphys , found in 125M - year - old early Cretaceous shale in China 's northeastern Liaoning Province . The fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues . Didelphimorphia ( common opossums of the Western Hemisphere ) first appeared in the late Cretaceous and still have living representatives , probably because they are mostly semi-arboreal unspecialized omnivores . The best - known feature of marsupials is their method of reproduction : The mother develops a kind of yolk sack in her womb that delivers nutrients to the embryo . Embryos of bandicoots , koalas and wombats additionally form placenta - like organs that connect them to the uterine wall , although the placenta - like organs are smaller than in placental mammals and it is not certain that they transfer nutrients from the mother to the embryo . Pregnancy is very short , typically four to five weeks . The embryo is born at a very early stage of development , and is usually less than 2 in ( 5.1 cm ) long at birth . It has been suggested that the short pregnancy is necessary to reduce the risk that the mother 's immune system will attack the embryo . The newborn marsupial uses its forelimbs ( with relatively strong hands ) to climb to a nipple , which is usually in a pouch on the mother 's belly . The mother feeds the baby by contracting muscles over her mammary glands , as the baby is too weak to suck . The newborn marsupial 's need to use its forelimbs in climbing to the nipple was historically thought to have restricted metatherian evolution , as it was assumed that the forelimb could n't become specialised intro structures like wings , hooves or flippers . However , several bandicoots , most notably the pig - footed bandicoot , have true hooves similar to those of placental ungulates , and several marsupial gliders have evolved . Skull of thylacine , showing marsupial pattern of molars Although some marsupials look very like some placentals ( the thylacine or `` marsupial wolf '' is a good example ) , marsupial skeletons have some features that distinguish them from placentals : Some , including the thylacine , have four molars ; whereas no known placental has more than three . All have a pair of palatal fenestrae , window - like openings on the bottom of the skull ( in addition to the smaller nostril openings ) . Marsupials also have a pair of marsupial bones ( sometimes called `` epipubic bones '' ) , which support the pouch in females . But these are not unique to marsupials , since they have been found in fossils of multituberculates , monotremes , and even eutherians -- so they are probably a common ancestral feature that disappeared at some point after the ancestry of living placental mammals diverged from that of marsupials . Some researchers think the epipubic bones ' original function was to assist locomotion by supporting some of the muscles that pull the thigh forwards . Eutheria ( edit ) Main article : Eutheria The time of appearance of the earliest eutherians has been a matter of controversy . On one hand , recently discovered fossils of Juramaia have been dated to 160 million years ago and classified as eutherian . Fossils of Eomaia from 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous have also been classified as eutherian . A recent analysis of phenomic characters , however , classified Eomaia as pre-eutherian and reported that the earliest clearly eutherian specimens came from Maelestes , dated to 91 million years ago . That study also reported that eutherians did not significantly diversify until after the catastrophic extinction at the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary , about 66 million years ago . Eomaia was found to have some features that are more like those of marsupials and earlier metatherians : Fossil of Eomaia in the Hong Kong Science Museum . Epipubic bones extending forwards from the pelvis , which are not found in any modern placental , but are found in all other mammals -- early mammaliaforms , non-placental eutherians , marsupials , and monotremes -- as well as in the cynodont therapsids that are closest to mammals . Their function is to stiffen the body during locomotion . This stiffening would be harmful in pregnant placentals , whose abdomens need to expand . A narrow pelvic outlet , which indicates that the young were very small at birth and therefore pregnancy was short , as in modern marsupials . This suggests that the placenta was a later development . Five incisors in each side of the upper jaw . This number is typical of metatherians , and the maximum number in modern placentals is three , except for homodonts , such as the armadillo . But Eomaia 's molar to premolar ratio ( it has more pre-molars than molars ) is typical of eutherians , including placentals , and not normal in marsupials . Eomaia also has a Meckelian groove , a primitive feature of the lower jaw that is not found in modern placental mammals . These intermediate features are consistent with molecular phylogenetics estimates that the placentals diversified about 110M years ago , 15M years after the date of the Eomaia fossil . Eomaia also has many features that strongly suggest it was a climber , including several features of the feet and toes ; well - developed attachment points for muscles that are used a lot in climbing ; and a tail that is twice as long as the rest of the spine . Placentals ' best - known feature is their method of reproduction : The embryo attaches itself to the uterus via a large placenta via which the mother supplies food and oxygen and removes waste products . Pregnancy is relatively long and the young are fairly well - developed at birth . In some species ( especially herbivores living on plains ) the young can walk and even run within an hour of birth . It has been suggested that the evolution of placental reproduction was made possible by retroviruses that : make the interface between the placenta and uterus into a syncytium , i.e. a thin layer of cells with a shared external membrane . This allows the passage of oxygen , nutrients and waste products , but prevents the passage of blood and other cells that would cause the mother 's immune system to attack the fetus . reduce the aggressiveness of the mother 's immune system , which is good for the foetus but makes the mother more vulnerable to infections . From a paleontologist 's point of view , eutherians are mainly distinguished by various features of their teeth , ankles and feet . Expansion of ecological niches in the Mesozoic ( edit ) There is still some truth in the `` small , nocturnal insectivores '' stereotype , but recent finds , mainly in China , show that some mammaliaforms and crown group mammals were larger and had a variety of lifestyles . For example : Castorocauda , a member of Docodonta which lived in the middle Jurassic about 164 million years , was about 42.5 cm ( 16.7 in ) long , weighed 500 -- 800 g ( 18 -- 28 oz ) , had a beaver - like tail that were adapted for swimming , limbs adapted for swimming and digging and teeth adapted for eating fish . Another docodont , Haldanodon , also had semi-aquatic habits , and indeed aquatic tendencies were probably common among docodonts based on their prevalence in wetland environments . The eutriconodonts Liaoconodon and Yanoconodon have more recently also have been suggested to be freshwater swimmers , lacking Castorocauda 's powerful tail but possessing paddle - like limbs ; the eutriconodont Astroconodon has similarly been suggested as being semi-aquatic in the past , albeit to less convincing evidence . Multituberculates are allotherians that survived for over 125 million years ( from mid-Jurassic , about 160M years ago , to late Eocene , about 35M years ago ) are often called the `` rodents of the Mesozoic '' . As noted above , they may have given birth to tiny live neonates rather than laying eggs . Eutriconodonts were specialised carnivores , the largest of which capable of taking small or similar sized dinosaurs . Jugulator amplissimus , here taking a juvenile Deinonychus , further illustrates mammalian diversity by also possibly being a glider or flyer . Fruitafossor , from the late Jurassic period about 150 million years ago , was about the size of a chipmunk and its teeth , forelimbs and back suggest that it broke open the nest of social insects to prey on them ( probably termites , as ants had not yet appeared ) . Similarly , the gobiconodontid Spinolestes possed adaptations for fossoriality and convergent traits with placental xenarthrans like scutes and xenarthrous vertebrae , so it too might have had anteater like habits . It is also notable for the presence of quills akin to those of modern spiny mice . Volaticotherium , from the boundary the early Cretaceous about 125M years ago , is the earliest - known gliding mammal and had a gliding membrane that stretched out between its limbs , rather like that of a modern flying squirrel . This also suggests it was active mainly during the day . The closely related Argentoconodon also shows similar adaptations that may also suggest aerial locomotion . Repenomamus , a eutriconodont from the early Cretaceous 130 million years ago , was a stocky , badger - like predator that sometimes preyed on young dinosaurs . Two species have been recognized , one more than 1 m ( 39 in ) long and weighing about 12 -- 14 kg ( 26 -- 31 lb ) , the other less than 0.5 m ( 20 in ) long and weighing 4 -- 6 kg ( 8.8 -- 13.2 lb ) . Schowalteria is a Late Cretaceous species almost as large if not larger than R. giganticus that shows speciations towards herbivory , comparable to those of modern ungulates . Zhelestidae is a lineage of Late Cretaceous herbivorous eutherians , to the point of being mistaken for stem - ungulates . Similarly , mesungulatids are also fairly large sized herbivorous mammals from the Late Cretaceous Deltatheroidans were metatherians that were specialised towards carnivorous habits , and possible forms like Oxlestes and Khudulestes might have been among the largest Mesozoic mammals , though their status as deltatheroidans is questionable . Ichthyoconodon , a eutriconodont from the Berriasian of Morocco , is currently known from molariforms found in marine deposits . These teeth are sharp - cusped and similar in shape to those of piscivorous mammals , and unlike the teeth of contemporary mammals they do not show degradation , so rather than being carried down by river deposits the animal died in situ or close . This has been taken to mean that it was a marine mammal , likely one of the few examples known from the Mesozoic . Alternatively , its close relations to Volaticotherium and Argentoconodon might suggest that it was a flying mammal . Evolution of major groups of living mammals ( edit ) Further information : Mammal classification There are currently vigorous debates between traditional paleontologists and molecular phylogeneticists about how and when the modern groups of mammals diversified , especially the placentals . Generally , the traditional paleontologists date the appearance of a particular group by the earliest known fossil whose features make it likely to be a member of that group , while the molecular phylogeneticists suggest that each lineage diverged earlier ( usually in the Cretaceous ) and that the earliest members of each group were anatomically very similar to early members of other groups and differed only in their genetics . These debates extend to the definition of and relationships between the major groups of placentals -- the controversy about Afrotheria is a good example . Fossil - based family tree of placental mammals ( edit ) Here is a very simplified version of a typical family tree based on fossils , based on Cladogram of Mammalia -- Palaeos . It tries to show the nearest thing there is at present to a consensus view , but some paleontologists have very different views , for example : The most common view is that placentals originated in the Southern Hemisphere , but some paleontologists argue that they first appeared in Laurasia ( old supercontinent containing modern Asia , N. America and Europe ) . Paleontologists differ as to when the first placentals appeared , with estimates ranging from 20M years before the end of the Cretaceous to just after the end of the Cretaceous . Molecular biologists argue for a much earlier origin , even suggesting appearance in the Middle Jurassic . Molecular data suggest that either Xenarthra , Afrotheria , or Atlantogenata ( Xenarthra + Afrotheria ) , was the earliest - diverging group from the rest of the placental mammals . For the sake of brevity and simplicity , the diagram omits some extinct groups in order to focus on the ancestry of well - known modern groups of placentals -- † marks extinct groups . The diagram also shows the following : the age of the oldest known fossils in many groups , since one of the major debates between traditional paleontologists and molecular phylogeneticists is about when various groups first became distinct . well - known modern members of most groups . Eutheria Xenarthra ( late cretaceous ) ( armadillos , anteaters , sloths ) Pholidota ( late cretaceous ) ( pangolins ) Epitheria ( latest Cretaceous ) ( some extinct groups ) † Insectivora ( latest Cretaceous ) ( hedgehogs , shrews , moles , tenrecs ) Anagalida Zalambdalestidae † ( late Cretaceous ) Macroscelidea ( late Eocene ) ( elephant shrews ) Anagaloidea † Glires ( early Paleocene ) Lagomorpha ( Eocene ) ( rabbits , hares , pikas ) Rodentia ( late Paleocene ) ( mice & rats , squirrels , porcupines ) Archonta Scandentia ( mid-Eocene ) ( tree shrews ) Primatomorpha Plesiadapiformes † Primates ( early Paleocene ) ( tarsiers , lemurs , monkeys , apes including humans ) Dermoptera ( late Eocene ) ( colugos ) Chiroptera ( late Paleocene ) ( bats ) Carnivora ( early Paleocene ) ( cats , dogs , bears , seals ) Ungulatomorpha ( late Cretaceous ) Eparctocyona ( late Cretaceous ) ( some extinct groups ) † Arctostylopida † ( late Paleocene ) Mesonychia † ( mid-Paleocene ) ( predators / scavengers , but not closely related to modern carnivores ) Cetartiodactyla Cetacea ( early Eocene ) ( whales , dolphins , porpoises ) Artiodactyla ( early Eocene ) ( even - toed ungulates : pigs , hippos , camels , giraffes , cattle , deer ) Altungulata Hilalia † Perissodactyla ( late Paleocene ) ( odd - toed ungulates : horses , rhinos , tapirs ) Tubulidentata ( early Miocene ) ( aardvarks ) Paenungulata ( `` not quite ungulates '' ) Hyracoidea ( early Eocene ) ( hyraxes ) Sirenia ( early Eocene ) ( manatees , dugongs ) Proboscidea ( early Eocene ) ( elephants ) This family tree contains some surprises and puzzles . For example : The closest living relatives of cetaceans ( whales , dolphins , porpoises ) are artiodactyls , hoofed animals , which are almost all pure herbivores . Bats are fairly close relatives of primates . The closest living relatives of elephants are the aquatic sirenians , while their next relatives are hyraxes , which look more like well - fed guinea pigs . There is little correspondence between the structure of the family ( what was descended from what ) and the dates of the earliest fossils of each group . For example , the earliest fossils of perissodactyls ( the living members of which are horses , rhinos and tapirs ) date from the late Paleocene , but the earliest fossils of their `` sister group '' , the Tubulidentata , date from the early Miocene , nearly 50M years later . Paleontologists are fairly confident about the family relationships , which are based on cladistic analyses , and believe that fossils of the ancestors of modern aardvarks have simply not been found yet . Molecular phylogenetics based family tree of placental mammals ( edit ) Molecular phylogenetics uses features of organisms ' genes to work out family trees in much the same way as paleontologists do with features of fossils -- if two organisms ' genes are more similar to each other than to those of a third organism , the two organisms are more closely related to each other than to the third . Molecular phylogeneticists have proposed a family tree that is very different from the one with which paleontologists are familiar . Like paleontologists , molecular phylogeneticists have different ideas about various details , but here is a typical family tree according to molecular phylogenetics : Note that the diagram shown here omits extinct groups , as one can not extract DNA from fossils . Eutheria Atlantogenata ( `` born round the Atlantic ocean '' ) Xenarthra ( armadillos , anteaters , sloths ) Afrotheria Afrosoricida ( golden moles , tenrecs , otter shrews ) Macroscelidea ( elephant shrews ) Tubulidentata ( aardvarks ) Paenungulata ( `` not quite ungulates '' ) Hyracoidea ( hyraxes ) Proboscidea ( elephants ) Sirenia ( manatees , dugongs ) Boreoeutheria ( `` northern true / placental mammals '' ) Laurasiatheria Erinaceomorpha ( hedgehogs , gymnures ) Soricomorpha ( moles , shrews , solenodons ) Cetartiodactyla ( camels and llamas , pigs and peccaries , ruminants , whales and hippos ) Pegasoferae Pholidota ( pangolins ) Chiroptera ( bats ) Carnivora ( cats , dogs , bears , seals ) Perissodactyla ( horses , rhinos , tapirs ) . Euarchontoglires Glires Lagomorpha ( rabbits , hares , pikas ) Rodentia ( late Paleocene ) ( mice and rats , squirrels , porcupines ) Euarchonta Scandentia ( tree shrews ) Dermoptera ( colugos ) Primates ( tarsiers , lemurs , monkeys , apes including humans ) Here are the most significant of the many differences between this family tree and the one familiar to paleontologists : The top - level division is between Atlantogenata and Boreoeutheria , instead of between Xenarthra and the rest . However , analysis of transposable element insertions supports a three - way top - level split between Xenarthra , Afrotheria and Boreoeutheria and the Atlantogenata clade does not receive significant support in recent distance - based molecular phylogenetics . Afrotheria contains several groups that are only distantly related according to the paleontologists ' version : Afroinsectiphilia ( `` African insectivores '' ) , Tubulidentata ( aardvarks , which paleontologists regard as much closer to odd - toed ungulates than to other members of Afrotheria ) , Macroscelidea ( elephant shrews , usually regarded as close to rabbits and rodents ) . The only members of Afrotheria that paleontologists would regard as closely related are Hyracoidea ( hyraxes ) , Proboscidea ( elephants ) and Sirenia ( manatees , dugongs ) . Insectivores are split into three groups : one is part of Afrotheria and the other two are distinct sub-groups within Boreoeutheria . Bats are closer to Carnivora and odd - toed ungulates than to Primates and Dermoptera ( colugos ) . Perissodactyla ( odd - toed ungulates ) are closer to Carnivora and bats than to Artiodactyla ( even - toed ungulates ) . The grouping together of the Afrotheria has some geological justification . All surviving members of the Afrotheria originate from South American or ( mainly ) African lineages -- even the Indian elephant , which diverged from an African lineage about 7.6 million years ago . As Pangaea broke up , Africa and South America separated from the other continents less than 150M years ago , and from each other between 100M and 80M years ago . So it would not be surprising if the earliest eutherian immigrants into Africa and South America were isolated there and radiated into all the available ecological niches . Nevertheless , these proposals have been controversial . Paleontologists naturally insist that fossil evidence must take priority over deductions from samples of the DNA of modern animals . More surprisingly , these new family trees have been criticised by other molecular phylogeneticists , sometimes quite harshly : Mitochondrial DNA 's mutation rate in mammals varies from region to region -- some parts hardly ever change and some change extremely quickly and even show large variations between individuals within the same species . Mammalian mitochondrial DNA mutates so fast that it causes a problem called `` saturation '' , where random noise drowns out any information that may be present . If a particular piece of mitochondrial DNA mutates randomly every few million years , it will have changed several times in the 60 to 75M years since the major groups of placental mammals diverged . Timing of placental evolution ( edit ) Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged late in the Cretaceous period , about 100 to 85 million years ago , but that modern families first appeared later , in the late Eocene and early Miocene epochs of the Cenozoic period . Fossil - based analyses , on the contrary , limit the placentals to the Cenozoic . Many Cretaceous fossil sites contain well - preserved lizards , salamanders , birds , and mammals , but not the modern forms of mammals . It is likely that they simply did not exist , and that the molecular clock runs fast during major evolutionary radiations . On the other hand , there is fossil evidence from 85 million years ago of hoofed mammals that may be ancestors of modern ungulates . Fossils of the earliest members of most modern groups date from the Paleocene , a few date from later and very few from the Cretaceous , before the extinction of the dinosaurs . But some paleontologists , influenced by molecular phylogenetic studies , have used statistical methods to extrapolate backwards from fossils of members of modern groups and concluded that primates arose in the late Cretaceous . However , statistical studies of the fossil record confirm that mammals were restricted in size and diversity right to the end of the Cretaceous , and rapidly grew in size and diversity during the Early Paleocene . Evolution of mammalian features ( edit ) Jaws and middle ears ( edit ) See also : Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles Hadrocodium , whose fossils date from the early Jurassic , provides the first clear evidence of fully mammalian jaw joints and middle ears , in which the jaw joint is formed by the dentary and squamosal bones while the articular and quadrate move to the middle ear , where they are known as the incus and malleus . One analysis of the monotreme Teinolophos suggested that this animal had a pre-mammalian jaw joint formed by the angular and quadrate bones and that the definitive mammalian middle ear evolved twice independently , in monotremes and in therian mammals , but this idea has been disputed . In fact , two of the suggestion 's authors co-authored a later paper that reinterpreted the same features as evidence that Teinolophos was a full - fledged platypus , which means it would have had a mammalian jaw joint and middle ear . Lactation ( edit ) Main article : Lactation § Evolution It has been suggested that lactation 's original function was to keep eggs moist . Much of the argument is based on monotremes ( egg - laying mammals ) : While the amniote egg is usually described as able to evolve away from water , most reptile eggs actually need moisture if they are not to dry out . Monotremes do not have nipples , but secrete milk from a hairy patch on their bellies . During incubation , monotreme eggs are covered in a sticky substance whose origin is not known . Before the eggs are laid , their shells have only three layers . Afterwards , a fourth layer appears with a composition different from that of the original three . The sticky substance and the fourth layer may be produced by the mammary glands . If so , that may explain why the patches from which monotremes secrete milk are hairy . It is easier to spread moisture and other substances over the egg from a broad , hairy area than from a small , bare nipple . Later research demonstrated that caseins already appeared in the common mammalian ancestor approximately 200 -- 310 million years ago . The question of whether secretion of a substance to keep egg moist translated into actual lactation in therapsids is open . A small mammaliomorph called Sinocodon , generally assumed to be the sister group of all later mammals , had front teeth in even the smallest individuals . Combined with a poorly ossified jaw , they very probably did not suckle . Thus suckling may have evolved right at the pre-mammal / mammal transition . However , tritylodontids , generally assumed to be more basal , show evidence of suckling . Morganucodontans , also assumed to be basal Mammaliaformes , also show evidence of lactation . Hair and fur ( edit ) See also : Evolution of hair The first clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda and Megaconus , from 164M years ago in the mid-Jurassic . As both mammals Megaconus and Castorocauda have a double coat of hair , with both guard hairs and an undercoat , it may be assumed that their last common ancestor did as well . This animal must have been Triassic as it was an ancestor of the Triassic Tikitherium . More recently , the discovery of hair remnants in Permian coprolites pushes back the origin of mammalian hair much further back in the synapsid line to Paleozoic therapsids . In the mid-1950s , some scientists interpreted the foramina ( passages ) in the maxillae ( upper jaws ) and premaxillae ( small bones in front of the maxillae ) of cynodonts as channels that supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae ( whiskers ) and suggested that this was evidence of hair or fur . It was soon pointed out , however , that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae ; the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the non-mammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon . Popular sources , nevertheless , continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon . A trace fossil from the Lower Triassic had been erroneously regarded as a cynodont footprint showing hair , but this interpretation has been refuted . A study of cranial openings for facial nerves connected whiskers in extant mammals indicate the Prozostrodontia , small immediate ancestors of mammals , presented whiskers similar to mammals , but that less advanced therapsids would either have immobile whiskers or no whisker at all . Fur may have evolved from whiskers . Whiskers themselves may have evolved as a response to nocturnal and / or burrowing lifestyle . Ruben & Jones ( 2000 ) note that the Harderian glands , which secrete lipids for coating the fur , were present in the earliest mammals like Morganucodon , but were absent in near - mammalian therapsids like Thrinaxodon . The Msx2 gene associated with hair follicle maintenance is also linked to the closure of the parietal eye in mammals , indicating that fur and lack of pineal eye is linked . The pineal eye is present in Thrinaxodon , but absent in more advanced cynognaths ( the Probainognathia ) . Insulation is the `` cheapest '' way to maintain a fairly constant body temperature , without consuming energy to produce more body heat . Therefore , the possession of hair or fur would be good evidence of homeothermy , but would not be such strong evidence of a high metabolic rate . Erect limbs ( edit ) Understanding of the evolution of erect limbs in mammals is incomplete -- living and fossil monotremes have sprawling limbs . Some scientists think that the parasagittal ( non-sprawling ) limb posture is limited to the Boreosphenida , a group that contains the therians but not , for example , the multituberculates . In particular , they attribute a parasagittal stance to the therians Sinodelphys and Eomaia , which means that the stance had arisen by 125 million years ago , in the Early Cretaceous . However , they also discuss that earlier mammals had more erect forelimbs as opposed to the more sprawling hindlimbs , a trend still continued to some extent in modern placentals and marsupials . Warm - bloodedness ( edit ) `` Warm - bloodedness '' is a complex and rather ambiguous term , because it includes some or all of the following : Endothermy , the ability to generate heat internally rather than via behaviors such as basking or muscular activity . Homeothermy , maintaining a fairly constant body temperature . Most enzymes have an optimum operating temperature ; efficiency drops rapidly outside the preferred range . A homeothermic organism needs only to possess enzymes that function well in a small range of temperatures . Tachymetabolism , maintaining a high metabolic rate , particularly when at rest . This requires a fairly high and stable body temperature because of the Q effect : biochemical processes run about half as fast if an animal 's temperature drops by 10 ° C . Since scientists can not know much about the internal mechanisms of extinct creatures , most discussion focuses on homeothermy and tachymetabolism . However , it is generally agreed that endothermy first evolved in non-mammalian synapsids such as dicynodonts , which possess body proportions associated with heat retention , high vascularised bones with Haversian canals , and possibly hair . More recently , it has been suggested that endothermy evolved as far back as Ophiacodon . Modern monotremes have a low body temperature compared to marsupials and placental mammals , around 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) . Phylogenetic bracketing suggests that the body temperatures of early crown - group mammals were not less than that of extant monotremes . There is cytological evidence that the low metabolism of monotremes is a secondarily evolved trait . Respiratory turbinates ( edit ) Modern mammals have respiratory turbinates , convoluted structures of thin bone in the nasal cavity . These are lined with mucous membranes that warm and moisten inhaled air and extract heat and moisture from exhaled air . An animal with respiratory turbinates can maintain a high rate of breathing without the danger of drying its lungs out , and therefore may have a fast metabolism . Unfortunately these bones are very delicate and therefore have not yet been found in fossils . But rudimentary ridges like those that support respiratory turbinates have been found in advanced Triassic cynodonts , such as Thrinaxodon and Diademodon , which suggests that they may have had fairly high metabolic rates . Bony secondary palate ( edit ) Mammals have a secondary bony palate , which separates the respiratory passage from the mouth , allowing them to eat and breathe at the same time . Secondary bony palates have been found in the more advanced cynodonts and have been used as evidence of high metabolic rates . But some cold - blooded vertebrates have secondary bony palates ( crocodilians and some lizards ) , while birds , which are warm - blooded , do not . Diaphragm ( edit ) A muscular diaphragm helps mammals to breathe , especially during strenuous activity . For a diaphragm to work , the ribs must not restrict the abdomen , so that expansion of the chest can be compensated for by reduction in the volume of the abdomen and vice versa . Diaphragms are known in caseid pelycosaurs , indicating an early origin within synapsids , though they were still fairly inefficient and likely required support from other muscle groups and limb motion . The advanced cynodonts have very mammal - like rib cages , with greatly reduced lumbar ribs . This suggests that these animals had more developed diaphragms , were capable of strenuous activity for fairly long periods and therefore had high metabolic rates . On the other hand , these mammal - like rib cages may have evolved to increase agility . However , the movement of even advanced therapsids was `` like a wheelbarrow '' , with the hindlimbs providing all the thrust while the forelimbs only steered the animal , in other words advanced therapsids were not as agile as either modern mammals or the early dinosaurs . So the idea that the main function of these mammal - like rib cages was to increase agility is doubtful . Limb posture ( edit ) The therapsids had sprawling forelimbs and semi-erect hindlimbs . This suggests that Carrier 's constraint would have made it rather difficult for them to move and breathe at the same time , but not as difficult as it is for animals such as lizards , which have completely sprawling limbs . Advanced therapsids may therefore have been significantly less active than modern mammals of similar size and so may have had slower metabolisms overall or else been bradymetabolic ( lower metabolism when at rest ) . Brain ( edit ) Mammals are noted for their large brain size relative to body size , compared to other animal groups . Recent findings suggest that the first brain area to expand was that involved in smell . Scientists scanned the skulls of early mammal species dating back to 190 -- 200 million years ago and compared the brain case shapes to earlier pre-mammal species ; they found that the brain area involved in the sense of smell was the first to enlarge . This change may have allowed these early mammals to hunt insects at night when dinosaurs were not active . See also ( edit ) Evolution of primates Evolution of ungulates Evolution of even - toed ungulates Evolution of odd - toed ungulates Genome diversity and karyotype evolution of mammals Juramaia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Prototheria/ Jump up ^ Rougier , G.W. ; Martinelli , A.G. ; Forasiepi , A.M. ; Novacek , M.J. 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Carol Roth , editors , The Ecology and Biology of Mammal - like Reptiles , Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington and London , 1986 ISBN 0 - 87474 - 524 - 1 T.S. Kemp , The Origin and Evolution of Mammals , Oxford University Press , New York , 2005 ISBN 0 - 19 - 850760 - 7 Zofia Kielan - Jaworowska , Richard L. Cifelli , and Zhe - Xi Luo , Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs : Origins , Evolution , and Structure , Columbia University Press , New York , 2004 ISBN 0 - 231 - 11918 - 6 . Comprehensive coverage from the first mammals up to the time of the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event . Luo , Zhe - Xi ( 13 December 2007 ) . `` Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 450 ( 7172 ) : 1011 -- 1019 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450.1011 L . doi : 10.1038 / nature06277 . PMID 18075580 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 24 . A survey article with 98 references to the scientific literature . External links ( edit ) The Cynodontia covers several aspects of the evolution of cynodonts into mammals , with plenty of references . 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Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in the evolution of the mammalian y chromosome which of the following is assumed to have occured	[]	[]
8469854486622128793	Emily Browning	Emily Browning - Wikipedia Emily Browning Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emily Browning Browning at the 19th annual Hamptons International Film Festival on 16 October 2011 Emily Jane Browning ( 1988 - 12 - 07 ) 7 December 1988 ( age 29 ) Melbourne , Victoria , Australia Nationality Australian Occupation Actress , singer Years active 1998 -- present Emily Jane Browning ( born 7 December 1988 ) is an Australian actress and singer . Browning made her film debut in the Australian television film The Echo of Thunder ; subsequently , she played roles in the Australian television shows High Flyers , Blue Heelers and Something in the Air . Her breakthrough role was in the 2002 horror film Ghost Ship , which introduced her to a wider audience . In 2005 , Browning won the Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Violet Baudelaire in the film Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) . Browning is also known for her roles in the horror film The Uninvited ( 2009 ) , the action film Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , and the independent drama Sleeping Beauty ( 2011 ) . She was named the Breakthrough Performer of The Year by Hamptons International Film Festival in 2011 for her role in Sleeping Beauty . Her other films include Summer in February ( 2013 ) , Pompeii ( 2014 ) and Legend ( 2015 ) . She is currently starring as Laura Moon on American Gods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 1998 -- 2007 2.2 2008 -- 2011 2.3 2012 -- present 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video Games 4 Discography 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Browning was born in Melbourne , Victoria , the daughter of Andrew and Shelley Browning . She attended Hurstbridge Learning Co-op and Eltham High School . Browning has two younger brothers , Nicholas and Matthew . Career ( edit ) 1998 -- 2007 ( edit ) Browning 's debut acting role was in the 1998 Hallmark Channel movie The Echo of Thunder . Additional roles in Australian film and television productions soon followed , including recurring roles in the television series Blue Heelers from 2000 to 2002 , and Something in the Air from 2000 to 2001 . In 2001 , Browning appeared as the daughter of the character played by Billy Connolly in The Man Who Sued God . She made her American film debut in 2002 's Ghost Ship , and won an Australian Film Institute Award for Best Young Actress , the same year . In 2003 , she appeared opposite Heath Ledger and Orlando Bloom in 2003 's Ned Kelly , and reunited with Connolly the following year in the film adaptation of Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , in which she played Violet Baudelaire . In 2006 , Browning appeared in the music video for Evermore 's `` Light Surrounding You '' . In the behind - the - scenes video for the clip , the band stated , `` ( We ) suck as actors , so we decided to get Emily '' . She attended the L'Oreal Fashion Festival as a festival ambassador on 1 February 2007 . 2008 -- 2011 ( edit ) Browning played the lead role in the 2009 horror film The Uninvited , an American remake of the 2003 South Korean film A Tale of Two Sisters . She turned down a request to audition for the role of Bella Swan in Twilight , citing exhaustion , despite an endorsement from series author Stephenie Meyer . In 2009 , she was cast as Babydoll in Zack Snyder 's action film Sucker Punch , as a replacement for Amanda Seyfried , who dropped out due to scheduling conflicts . Filming took place in Vancouver from September 2009 to January 2010 , and the film was released on 25 March 2011 . In an interview at Comic - Con , she confirmed that she would be singing in the film , while claiming that her audition tape brought tears to her casting agent 's eyes and the song she selected ( `` Killing Me Softly '' ) was one of Zack Snyder 's wife Deborah 's favourites , which Browning referred to as the `` selling point '' on her being cast in the role . In February 2010 , it was announced that Browning would play the lead role in the independent Australian film Sleeping Beauty , directed by Julia Leigh . She replaced Mia Wasikowska , who was committed to a film adaptation of Jane Eyre at the time . The film screened at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and the Sydney Film Festival . In a review from the festival , Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian called the film `` Technically elegant with vehemence and control ... Emily Browning gives a fierce and powerful performance ... There is force and originality in Leigh 's work '' . Fionnuala Halligan in Screen International wrote `` Browning has gone the distance for her director and together , they have delivered something here that sometimes catches your breath '' . At the festival Browning said , `` Even reading the screenplay , it made me feel uncomfortable . But that was something that attracted me to it . I would prefer to polarise an audience as opposed to making an entertaining film everybody feels ambivalent about . '' 2012 -- present ( edit ) In 2012 , she replaced English actress Ophelia Lovibond as the female lead in the film Summer in February . The film is based on the book of the same title , by Jonathan Smith . In July 2012 , Browning was cast in God Help the Girl , a musical film by Belle and Sebastian front - man Stuart Murdoch . Browning played Eve , and the role required live singing . Filming on the production began on 8 July 2012 and wrapped on 12 August 2012 . Browning was cast in Catherine Hardwicke 's Plush alongside Cam Gigandet , replacing Evan Rachel Wood ( who was originally attached to the project ) due to scheduling conflicts . Browning also starred alongside Xavier Samuel whom she met on the set during filming . Magic Magic , directed by Sebastián Silva , screened at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival . Film.com designated the film as a `` Top Pick '' . Browning starred in the 2014 film Pompeii . The project was filmed in Toronto and the actual city of Pompeii itself . Browning took a break from filming on Pompeii , and returned home to Australia to film a music video directed by Guy Franklin for the song `` No Matter What You Say '' by the band Imperial Teen . The video follows Browning as the lead character , conducting a ' live art - piece ' . In 2014 , Browning filmed Shangri - La Suite , directed by Eddie O'Keefe . The story follows two young lovers who break out of a mental hospital in 1974 and set out on a road trip to Los Angeles to fulfill the boy 's lifelong dream of killing his idol Elvis Presley , who appears as a supporting character . Luke Grimes and Avan Jogia co-star . The same year , she appeared in Years & Years 's `` Take Shelter '' music video . In 2015 , Browning starred in the biopic crime thriller movie Legend , alongside Tom Hardy , who portrayed twin brothers and infamous 1960s London gangsters Reggie and Ronnie Kray . She portrayed Frances Shea , the first wife of Reggie Kray . Browning was cast in American Gods as Laura Moon . Neil Gaiman , author of the novel , said , `` I 've been fascinated by Emily Browning since A Series of Unfortunate Events . She has a challenge ahead of her : Laura is a tricky character , and the Laura on the screen is even trickier and more dangerous than the one on the page . She 's going to have a wonderful time bringing Laura to life '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Man Who Sued God , The The Man Who Sued God Rebecca Myers 2002 Ghost Ship Katie Harwood 2003 Ned Kelly Grace Kelly 2003 Darkness Falls Young Caitlin Greene Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Violet Baudelaire 2009 Uninvited , The The Uninvited Anna Ivers 2009 Talk. Distance. Listen Natalie Short film 2011 Sucker Punch Babydoll 2011 Sleeping Beauty Lucy 2012 Mr. Beautiful Olivia White Short film 2013 The Host Pet / Wanderer `` Wanda '' Cameo 2013 Summer in February Florence Carter - Wood 2013 Magic Magic Sara 2013 Plush Hayley 2014 God Help the Girl Eve 2014 Pompeii Cassia 2015 Shangri La Suite Karen 2015 Legend Frances Shea 2017 Golden Exits Naomi Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Echo of Thunder , The The Echo of Thunder Opal Ritchie Television film 1999 High Flyers Phoebe Mason 13 episodes 2000 Thunderstone Clio 13 episodes 2001 Blonde Fleece Television film 2000 -- 2002 Blue Heelers Hayley Fulton 9 episodes 2000 -- 2001 Something in the Air Alicia 5 episodes 2001 Halifax f.p : Playing God Kristy O'Connor Episode : `` Playing God '' 2003 After the Deluge Maddy Television film 2017 -- present American Gods Laura Moon , Essie MacGowan 8 episodes ( including 1 episode as both Essie and Laura ) Video Games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Violet Baudelaire Discography ( edit ) Year Title Album 2011 `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Sucker Punch `` Where Is My Mind ? '' ( Yoav featuring Emily Browning ) `` Asleep '' 2013 `` Introdubtion '' Plush `` Close Enough to Kill '' `` Half of Me '' `` The Look in Your Eye '' ( Jack Version ) `` Half of Me '' ( Enzo Remix ) ( featuring Thomas Dekker ) 2014 `` Act of the Apostle '' God Help the Girl `` Pretty When the Wind Blows '' `` God Help the Girl '' `` The Psychiatrist Is In '' `` If You Could Speak '' ( with Hannah Murray ) `` Perfection as a Hipster '' ( with Neil Hannon ) `` Come Monday Night '' `` I 'm Not Rich '' ( with Hannah Murray and Olly Alexander ) `` I 'll Have to Dance with Cassie '' `` Musician , Please Take Heed '' `` Down and Dusky Blonde '' ( with Hannah Murray ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Association Work Result 2002 Australian Film Institute Young Actor 's Award Halifax f.p. Won 2005 International Award for Best Actress Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Won BFCA Awards Best Young Actress Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film , Leading Young Actress Nominated 2011 Hamptons International Film Festival Breakthrough Performer Sleeping Beauty Won See also ( edit ) Cinema of Australia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Emily Browning Biography Archived 9 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Celebritywonder , retrieved 30 June 2011 Jump up ^ Emily Browning -- Celebrity . TV Guide , retrieved 30 June 2011 Jump up ^ Benedictus , Luke ( 19 December 2004 ) . `` See Emily play ... while you can '' . The Age . Australia . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Browning 2014 02 05 ( 11 : 03am ) The Man Who Sued God 2001 By R.R.S Sweden '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AACTA Winners & Nominees 2000 -- 2010 2002 '' . Australian Film Institute . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Emily Browning for `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . darkhorizons.com. 13 December 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Making of Light Surrounding You . YouTube . Retrieved on 16 May 2007 Jump up ^ Emily Browning Thewest.com.au Retrieved on 20 April 2007 Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Twilight the Movie ( archives ) . StephenieMeyer.com Jump up ^ Larry Carroll : Emily Browning addresses her Twilight notoriety . Mtv.com , retrieved 4 April 2011 Jump up ^ Emily Browning tipped for starring role in prison flick . Adelaidenow.com.au , retrieved 15 August 2010 Jump up ^ Carl DiOrio : Green Lantern , Sucker Punch going 3D . Associated Press , 14 October 2010 , retrieved on Hollywoodreporter.com on 4 April 2011 Jump up ^ Steve Barton : Zack Snyder to Deliver His Sucker Punch in 3D . Dreadcentral.com , 5 March 2010 , retrieved 4 April 2011 Jump up ^ SDCC EXCLUSIVE : Emily Browning & Jamie Chung on Sucker Punch . Comingsoon.net , retrieved on 15 August 2010 Jump up ^ Michael Bodey : Who 's who in Tim Winton 's Cloudstreet . The Australian , 3 February 2010 , retrieved 4 April 2011 Jump up ^ Bodey , Michael ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Who 's who in Tim Winton 's Cloudstreet '' . The Australian . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Emily Browning Replaces Mia Wasikowska in Sleeping Beauty '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` Cannes 2011 review : Sleeping Beauty '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Halligan , Fionnuala ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` Sleeping Beauty '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Roach , Vicky ( 22 June 2011 ) . `` Emily Browning on being naked in erotic thriller Sleeping Beauty and going nude again '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Browning Will Spend ' Summer In February ' Instead Of Ophelia Lovibond '' . IndieWire. 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey lead Dan Stevens and My Week With Marilyn 's Dominic Cooper are to co-star in a new film set in a Cornish artist 's colony circa 1913 '' . Vintage Seekers. 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah is currently filming the lead in GOD HELP THE GIRL with Emily Browning '' . TroikaTalent . Archived from the original on 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Hannah Murray Replaces Elle Fanning In ' God Help The Girl ' ; Emily Browning Joins The Film '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's all go at the ' god help the girl ' production office -- we start shooting July 8th . Exciting ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Cam Gigandet Joins Emily Browning In Catherine Hardwicke 's Plush '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Blay , Zeba ( 27 May 2012 ) . `` Emily Browning to star in Catherine Hardwicke 's ' Plush ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xavier Samuel joins Hardwicke 's ' Plush ' '' . Variety . 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Meyncke , Amanda Mae ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Magic , Magic ' '' . Film.com . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMara , Bruce ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` Paul W.S. Anderson to shoot Pompeii in Toronto '' . The Star . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set in a modern Art Gallery the story follows our lead female character who will perform a ' live - art - piece ' in front of a small audience '' . Jump up ^ Trunick , Austin ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` Scotland Week : God Help the Girl 's Emily Browning '' . Under the Radar . Jump up ^ `` ' Sucker Punch ' Star Emily Browning Joins Luke Grimes in ' The Shangri - La Suite ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Years & Years ' music video for `` Take Shelter '' , featuring Emily Browning ! `` . 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Browning : Legend star on her new role '' . irishtimes.com . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Starz 's ' American Gods ' Casts Its Laura Moon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd - McDonald , Holly ( 1 February 2007 ) . `` Facing up to new role in fashion '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hamptons International Film Festival Winners '' . danspapers.com. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emily Browning . Emily Browning on IMDb Emily Browning at the TCM Movie Database Emily Browning at AllMovie Emily Browning at AllMusic Emily Browning at Rotten Tomatoes Emily Browning at Box Office Mojo Emily Browning discography at MusicBrainz Emily Browning discography at Discogs Emily Browning at Yahoo ! Movies VIAF : 103230461 LCCN : no2004042280 ISNI : 0000 0003 5560 3397 GND : 1021164763 SUDOC : 161162517 BNF : cb16163016h ( data ) BIBSYS : 11082434 MusicBrainz : 5358b552 - 626e - 49ee - bc91 - 0def4ed1178b BNE : XX1742413 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emily_Browning&oldid=835310359 '' Categories : 1988 births 20th - century Australian actresses 21st - century Australian actresses Actresses from Melbourne Australian child actresses Australian female singers Australian film actresses Australian television actresses Australian video game actresses Australian voice actresses Australian expatriate actresses in the United States Living people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Australian English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles with hCards Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 22 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played violet in a series of unfortunate events movie	[]	[]
3469105827517067202	Public Accounts Committee (India)	Public Accounts committee ( India ) - wikipedia Public Accounts committee ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search The Public Accounts Committee ( PAC ) is a committee of selected members of Parliament , constituted by the Parliament of India , for the auditing of the revenue and the expenditure of the Government of India . The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament , and 7 from Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament . The term of office of the members is one year . The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha . Since 1967 , the chairman of the committee is selected from the opposition . Earlier , it was headed by a member of the ruling party . Its chief function is to examine the audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General ( CAG ) after it is laid in the Parliament . CAG assists the committee during the course of investigation . None of the 22 members shall be a minister in the government . The present PAC is headed by Mapanna Mallikarjun Kharge Senior Congress MP of Gulbarga , Karnataka . The term of office of members of the committee does not exceed one year at a time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Probes 1.1 2G spectrum scam 1.2 Demonetization of November 8 , 2016 2 Chairpersons 2.1 Pre-independence 2.2 After independence 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Probes ( edit ) 2G spectrum scam ( edit ) In 2011 , the Public Accounts Committee probed the 2G spectrum scam which brought the committee to public attention . The committee , on 4 April 2011 , summoned Ratan Tata , chairman of the Tata group , and Niira Radia , corporate lobbyist regarding the scam . The PAC asked Congress members to apologise to Comptroller and Auditor General of India for making allegations against it . Demonetization of November 8 , 2016 ( edit ) On the eve of November 8 , 2016 , Prime Minister of Republic of India Shri Narendra Modi announced `` Notes of Rs500 and Rs 1000 will not remain a legal tender by midnight '' . Being an unprecedented step it was much highlighted in the national and international news with a number of people criticizing the move and government acclaiming it as a surgical strike against black money . But public account committee headed by senior Congress leader KV Thomas took a serious note of the move and started probing the move wherein it decided to call RBI Governor Urjit Patel , Finance Secretary Ashok Lavasa and Economic Affairs Secretary Shaktikanta Das and a decision was taken unanimously by all the members of the committee . Chairpersons ( edit ) Pre-independence ( edit ) Sr. No . Name Term of office W.M. Hailey 1922 Sir Basil P. Blackett 1922 - 27 Sir Bhupendra Nath Mitra 1928 Sir George Schuster 1929 - 31 5 Sir Alan Parson 1932 6 A.H. Lloyd 1933 7 Sir James Grigg 1934 - 36 8 J.C. Nixon 1937 9 Sir James Grigg 1938 10 Sir Jeremy Raisman 1939 - 41 11 C.E. Jones 1942 12 Sir Jeremy Raisman 1943 12 Sir Cyril Jones 1944 13 Sir Archibald Rowlands 1945 14 Sir Eric Coates 1946 15 John Mathai 16 Liaquat Ali Khan After independence ( edit ) Sr. No . Name Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) R.K. Shanmukham Chetty 1947 - 48 Congress John Mathai 1948 - 49 B. Das 1950 - 55 V.B. Gandhi 1955 - 57 5 T.N. Singh 1957 - 59 6 N.G. Ranga 1959 7 P. Subbarayan 1959 - 60 8 Upendranath Barman 1960 - 61 9 C.R. Pattabhiraman 1961 - 62 10 Mahavir Tyagi 1962 - 64 11 R.K. Khadilkar 1963 - 64 12 R.R. Morarka 1964 - 67 13 Minoo Masani 1967 - 69 Swatantra 14 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1969 - 71 BJS 15 Era Sezhiyan 1971 - 73 DMK 16 Jyotirmoy Basu 1973 - 75 CPI ( M ) 17 Hirendranath Mukherjee 1975 - 77 CPI 18 C.M. Stephen 1977 - 78 Congress 19 P.V. Narasimha Rao 1978 - 79 20 T.A. Pai 1979 ( up to July 30 , 1979 ) 21 R. Venkataraman August 2 , 1979 - 1980 22 Chandrajit Yadav 1980 - 81 JNP ( S ) 23 Satish Chandra Agarwal 1981 - 83 BJP 24 Sunil Maitra 1983 - 84 CPI ( M ) 25 E. Ayyapu Reddy 1985 - 87 TDP 26 Amal Dutta 1987 - 89 CPI ( M ) 27 P. Kolandaivelu ADMK 28 Santosh Mohan Dev 1990 - 91 Congress 29 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1991 - 93 BJP 30 Bhagwan Shankar Rawat 1993 - 95 31 Ram Naik 1995 - 96 32 Murli Manohar Joshi 1996 - 98 33 Manoranjan Bhakta 1998 - 99 Congress 34 N.D. Tiwari 1999 - March 1 , 2002 34 N. Janardhana Reddy March 15 , 2002 - April 30 , 2002 35 Buta Singh 2002 - 2004 upto 6 / 2 / 2004 36 Prof. Vijay Kumar Malhotra 2004 - 2008 BJP 36 52 . Prof. Kuruppassery Varkey Thomas 2013 - 2015 Source : 53 . Mallikarjun Kharge 2017 - See also ( edit ) Parliament of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Public Accounts Committee Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/KV-Thomas-takes-over-as-PAC-chairman/articleshow/40491640.cms . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ; Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archive News - The Hindu '' . Hindu.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tata was candid , Radia evasive on 2G , says PAC chief Joshi - Indian Express '' . IndianExpress.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , B.S. ( 23 November 2011 ) . `` Cong members should apologise to CAG : PAC '' . Retrieved 27 February 2017 -- via Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Public Accounts Committee to call RBI Governor in January to review economic impact - The Economic Times on Mobile '' . EconomicTimes.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 11. pdf External links ( edit ) business - News - msn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Accounts_Committee_(India)&oldid=779375111 '' Categories : Committees of the Parliament of India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2017 , at 14 : 54 . About Wikipedia	who appoints the chairman of public accounts committee	[ "The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament, and 7 from Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament.[1] The term of office of the members is one year. The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Since 1967, the chairman of the committee is selected from the opposition. Earlier, it was headed by a member of the ruling party. Its chief function is to examine the audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) after it is laid in the Parliament. CAG assists the committee during the course of investigation. None of the 22 members shall be a minister in the government." ]	[ "Speaker of Lok Sabha" ]
-1062488772187159751	Rocky Steps	Rocky steps - wikipedia Rocky steps This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 2600 : 8801 : fa00 : bc00 : cec : c5e7 : 9aeb : 9fa9 ( talk ) at 17 : 52 , 30 July 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 17 : 52 , 30 July 2017 by 2600 : 8801 : fa00 : bc00 : cec : c5e7 : 9aeb : 9fa9 ( talk ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search The front entrance and steps to the Philadelphia Museum of Art Sylvester Stallone , Tessa Thompson , and Michael B. Jordan promoting Creed atop the Rocky Steps in November 2015 . The 72 stone steps before the entrance of the Philadelphia Museum of Art , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , have become known as the `` Rocky Steps '' as a result of their appearance in the triple - Oscar - winning film Rocky and all of the series ' sequels except for Rocky IV , in which the eponymous character runs up the steps to the song `` Gonna Fly Now '' . Tourists often mimic Rocky 's famous climb , a metaphor for an underdog or an everyman rising to a challenge . A bronze Rocky statue was briefly situated at the top of the steps for the filming of Rocky III . This statue , now located at the bottom right of the steps , is a popular photo opportunity for visitors . The top of the steps offers a commanding view of Eakins Oval , the Benjamin Franklin Parkway , and Philadelphia City Hall . In 2006 , Rocky creator Sylvester Stallone recounted the genesis of the iconic scene : ( while filming the 1976 movie ) the film crew , bound by a tight budget , identified the steps one night while searching for filming locations around the city . Stallone first thought Rocky should carry his dog Butkus up the steps , but the big bull mastiff proved too heavy for the scene to work . Still , the view from the top of the stairs inspired him to reshoot the scene without the dog . Also in Rocky Balboa , Rocky lifts his dog Scraps when he reaches the top of the steps . The closing credits of Rocky Balboa shows a montage of dozens of people running up the steps . This scene was one of the first uses in a major film of the Steadicam , a stabilized camera mount that allows its operator to walk and even climb steps while smoothly filming . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bronze Rocky statue 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Bronze Rocky statue ( edit ) The Rocky statue , situated just northeast of the steps View of the Ben Franklin Parkway from the top of the steps Before Rocky III , released in 1982 , Stallone commissioned A. Thomas Schomberg to create a bronze statue of Rocky . Three 2 - ton , 10 - foot - tall copies were cast . One was installed atop the steps for the filming of Rocky III , and was ultimately relocated at the bottom of the steps . The second Rocky is in the San Diego Hall of Champions Sports Museum in San Diego , California . The third was planned , but was not cast . It is unknown if Schomberg ever cast the third Rocky statue , but it has been put up for auction several times to raise funds for charities . The third was listed on eBay three separate times between 2002 - 2005 , with a starting bid of US $5,000,000 , then US $3,000,000 , and finally $1,000,000 to raise funds for the International Institute for Sport and Olympic History , but since it has failed to sell it is unknown if the third was ever cast . After filming was complete , a debate arose between the Art Museum and Philadelphia 's Art Commission over the meaning of `` art '' . City officials , who argued that the Rocky statue was not `` art '' but a `` movie prop '' , eventually moved it to the front of the Philadelphia Spectrum . It was later returned to the Art Museum for the filming of Rocky V , Mannequin and Philadelphia , then brought back to the Spectrum . The statue was replaced with a bronze inlay of Converse sneaker footprints with the name `` Rocky '' above them . On September 8 , 2006 , the Rocky statue was returned to the Art Museum and placed on a pedestal in a grassy area near the foot of the steps to the right of the Museum . The unveiling ceremony included live music , the debut of the first full trailer for Rocky Balboa , and a free showing of the first Rocky movie . At the ceremony , Philadelphia Mayor John Street said that the steps were one of Philly 's biggest tourist attractions , and that Stallone , a native New Yorker , had become `` the city 's favorite adopted son '' . In popular culture ( edit ) The Rocky film scene has become a cultural icon . Many tourists visit the steps to recreate the scene themselves . E ! Channel ranked it No. 13 in its 101 Most Awesome Moments in Entertainment . During the 1996 Olympic Torch Relay , Philadelphia native Dawn Staley was chosen to run up the museum steps . The steps are the backdrop for the annual Independence Day celebration , and have often been featured in large concerts such as Live 8 . Two journalists from the Philadelphia Inquirer spent a year interviewing people who ran the steps , and published a book in 1996 called Rocky Stories : Tales of Love , Hope , and Happiness at America 's Most Famous Steps . The 2017 NFL Draft was held from the steps , the first time the NFL draft was held outdoors . The scene has inspired homages and parodies since Rocky was released in 1976 . In The Simpsons episode `` I 'm Spelling as Fast as I Can '' , Lisa Simpson runs up a flight of stairs wearing a tracksuit similar to Rocky 's . In the film In Her Shoes , Toni Collette 's character , Rose Feller , runs up the steps with four dogs . On an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel Air , the character Will , while back in Philly , trains for a big fight against a former childhood bully ; the training ends with Will running up the steps to `` Gonna Fly Now '' , and celebrating and passing out , where a passer - by steals his wallet and hat . In the Eddie Murphy movie The Nutty Professor , Sherman Klump runs up the steps to one of his college 's buildings , parodying the scene . Participants in Philadelphia 's monthly Critical Mass bike ride generally finish up by cycling to the Rocky Steps , hoisting their bicycles , running up the steps , then lifting their bikes above their heads . In a Reebok campaign , Allen Iverson , then with the Philadelphia 76ers , runs up the steps while dribbling a basketball . In the Boy Meets World episode , `` The Witches of Pennbrook '' Eric says that he and Jack are going to run up the steps and had been planning it for months . In the opening episode of the 2005 boxing reality television series The Contender ( which featured and was executive produced by Stallone ) , Philadelphia native Najai Turpin ran up the steps . See also ( edit ) Rocky Balboa Rocky film series Rocky statue in Žitište Philadelphia portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Statue and the Rocky Steps '' . VisitPhilly.com . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steadicam Celebrates its 30th Anniversary at NAB 2005 '' ( Press release ) . Tiffen. 2005 - 04 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Jack ( 2009 - 07 - 20 ) . `` The Rocky Statue '' . The Pop History Dig . Jump up ^ `` Yo ! Rocky can be yours ! '' ( Press release ) . International Institute for Sport and Olympic History . 2003 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rose , Joel ( July 30 , 2006 ) . `` ' Prop ' Culture ? Rocky Statue Blurs Art Line '' . WHYY National Public Radio , All Things Considered . Philadelphia , PA . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Jack ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` The Rocky Statue : 1980 - 2009 '' . pophistorydig.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( 2006 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Rocky Is Back Where He Belongs '' . The Washington Post . The Associated Press . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Straziuso , Jason ( 2004 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Nostalgic Jaunt To ' Rocky ' Steps '' . CBS News . Associated Press . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Channel 's 101 Most Awesome Moments in Entertainment '' . E ! Online . E ! Entertainment Television , Inc . Archived from the original on 2004 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Vitez , Michael ( 2006 ) . Rocky stories : tales of love , hope , and happiness at America 's most famous steps . Philadelphia , Pa : Paul Dry Books . ISBN 1589880293 . Jump up ^ `` Parkway , and perhaps Rocky steps , to be stage for 2017 NFL draft '' . philly.com . September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Spelling as Fast as I Can @ TV.com '' . Retrieved 25 September 2006 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rocky Steps . Coordinates : 39 ° 57 ′ 54 '' N 75 ° 10 ′ 49 '' W / 39.9649 ° N 75.1802 ° W / 39.9649 ; - 75.1802 ( hide ) Rocky Films Rocky ( 1976 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Characters Rocky Balboa Adonis Creed Apollo Creed Ivan Drago Tony `` Duke '' Evers Mickey Goldmill Clubber Lang Adrian Pennino Paulie Pennino Music Rocky `` Gonna Fly Now '' `` Eye of the Tiger '' Rocky IV `` Burning Heart '' `` Heart 's on Fire '' `` Living in America '' Rocky V Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky Rocky the Musical ( 2012 ) Creed Video games Rocky Super Action Boxing ( 1983 ) Rocky ( 1987 ) Rocky ( 2002 ) Rocky Legends ( 2004 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2007 ) Real Boxing 2 : CREED / ROCKY ( 2015 / 16 ) Related Anderson v. Stallone Rocky Steps Rocky statue in Žitište Rocky VI ( 1986 ) Ricky 1 ( 1988 ) Grudge Match ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Steps&oldid=793107634 '' Categories : Landmarks in Philadelphia Buildings and structures in Philadelphia Culture of Philadelphia Rocky ( film series ) Stairways in the United States Art gallery districts Museums in popular culture Philadelphia Museum of Art Tourist attractions in Philadelphia Fairmount , Philadelphia Boxing culture Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Español Français 한국어 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 17 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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8566990932292179751	List of highest-grossing Indian films	List of highest - grossing Indian films - Wikipedia List of highest - grossing Indian films This is a ranking of the highest grossing Indian films which includes films from various languages based on the conservative global box office estimates as reported by reputable sources . There is no official tracking of domestic box office figures within India , and Indian sites publishing data are frequently pressured to increase their domestic box office estimates . Indian films have been screened in markets around the world since the early 20th century . As of 2003 , there are markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . During the first decade of the 21st century , there was a steady rise in the ticket price , a tripling in the number of theaters and an increase in the number of prints of a film being released , which led to a large increase in the box office collections . The majority of highest - grossing Indian films are Bollywood ( Hindi ) films . As of 2014 , Bollywood represents 43 % of the net box office revenue in India , while Telugu and Tamil cinema represent 36 % , and other regional industries constitute 21 % . See List of highest - grossing films in India for domestic gross figures and List of highest - grossing Indian films in overseas markets for overseas gross figures . Contents 1 Global gross figures 2 Highest - grossing films by language 2.1 Bengali 2.2 Bhojpuri 2.3 Gujarati 2.4 Hindi 2.5 Kannada 2.6 Malayalam 2.7 Marathi 2.8 Punjabi 2.9 Tamil 2.10 Telugu 3 Highest - grossing films by year 4 Highest - grossing opening weekends 5 Highest - grossing franchises and film series 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Global gross figures The following list shows India 's top 25 highest - grossing films , which include films from all the Indian languages . The figures are not adjusted for inflation . The following list of films is sorted in terms of Indian rupees . Currency conversions to US dollars are also given as reference points , but may not be consistent , as the dollar - rupee exchange rate has varied over time , from 48 rupees per dollar in 2009 to over 65 rupees per dollar in 2017 . * Denotes films still running in theatres Rank Peak Film Year Director Studio ( s ) Primary language Worldwide gross Source Dangal * 2016 Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios India Hindi ₹ 2,000 -- 2,100 crore ( US $300 -- 310 million ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works Telugu Tamil ₹ 1,796 crore ( US $274.88 million ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan 2015 Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films Hindi ₹ 931.9 crore ( US $140 million ) Secret Superstar 2017 Advait Chandan Aamir Khan Productions Hindi ₹ 903.23 crore ( US $130 million ) 5 PK 2014 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Rajkumar Hirani Films Hindi ₹ 792 crore ( US $129.77 million ) 6 Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works Telugu Tamil ₹ 650 crore ( US $101.32 million ) 7 7 Padmaavat 2018 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Hindi ₹ 585 crore ( US $85 million ) 8 Sultan 2016 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films Hindi ₹ 584.4 crore ( US $86.97 million ) 9 9 Sanju * 2018 Rajkumar Hirani Rajkumar Hirani Films Vinod Chopra Films Hindi ₹ 579.59 crore ( US $84 million ) 10 8 Tiger Zinda Hai 2017 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films Hindi ₹ 545.83 crore ( US $83.83 million ) 11 Dhoom 3 2013 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films Hindi ₹ 555.89 crore ( US $93.16 million ) 12 3 Idiots 2009 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Hindi ₹ 459.96 crore ( US $87.55 million ) 13 6 Prem Ratan Dhan Payo 2015 Sooraj R. Barjatya Fox Star Studios Rajshri Productions Hindi ₹ 432 crore ( US $67 million ) 14 Chennai Express 2013 Rohit Shetty Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi ₹ 423 crore ( US $72.18 million ) 16 Kick 2014 Sajid Nadiadwala Nadiadwala Grandson Hindi ₹ 402 crore ( US $66 million ) 17 5 Happy New Year 2014 Farah Khan Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi ₹ 397 crore ( US $65 million ) 15 10 Dilwale 2015 Rohit Shetty Red Chillies Entertainment Rohit Shetty Productions Hindi ₹ 391.57 crore ( US $61.04 million ) 18 11 Bajirao Mastani 2015 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Eros International Hindi ₹ 356.2 crore ( US $52 million ) 19 5 Bang Bang ! 2014 Siddharth Anand Fox Star Studios Hindi ₹ 340 crore ( US $56 million ) 20 19 Hindi Medium 2017 Saket Chaudhary T - Series Hindi ₹ 323.3 crore ( US $47 million ) 21 Ek Tha Tiger 2012 Kabir Khan Yash Raj Films Hindi ₹ 320 crore ( US $60 million ) 22 Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani 2013 Ayan Mukerji Dharma Productions Hindi ₹ 318 crore ( US $54 million ) 23 22 Toilet : Ek Prem Katha * 2017 Shree Narayan Singh Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Hindi ₹ 311.5 crore ( US $45 million ) 24 19 Golmaal Again 2017 Rohit Shetty Rohit Shetty Productions Hindi ₹ 311.05 crore ( US $45 million ) 25 18 Raees 2017 Rahul Dholakia Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi ₹ 308.88 crore ( US $45 million ) Highest - grossing films by language Bengali cinema was the center of Indian cinema in the 1930s , and accounted for a quarter of India 's film output in the 1950s . Cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India 's cinema halls in the 1940s . Bengali Main article : List of highest - grossing Bengali films Bengali cinema is the Bengali language film industry centered in the Tollygunge neighborhood of Kolkata , West Bengal . It has been known by the nickname Tollywood , a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood , since 1932 . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Amazon Obhijaan 2017 Kamaleswar Mukherjee Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 48.63 crore ( US $7.1 million ) Chander Pahar 2013 Kamaleswar Mukherjee Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 20 crore ( US $2.9 million ) Boss 2 : Back to Rule 2017 Baba Yadav Jeetz Fireworks Walzen Media Works Jaaz Multimedia ₹ 10.50 crore ( US $1.5 million ) Paglu 2011 Rajiv Kumar Biswas Surinder Films 5 Saathi 2002 Haranath Chakraborty Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 9.78 crore ( US $1.4 million ) 6 Paran Jai Jaliya Re 2009 Ravi Kinagi Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 9.50 crore ( US $1.4 million ) 7 Rangbaaz 2013 Raja Chanda Surinder Films ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 8 Praktan 2016 Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy Windows ₹ 8.5 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 9 Awara 2012 Rabi Kinagi Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 8.46 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 10 Khoka 420 2013 Rajiv Kumar Biswas Eskay Movies ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 11 Posto 2017 Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy Windows ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) Bhojpuri The Bhojpuri cinema produces films in the Bhojpuri language . It caters to an audience from eastern Uttar Pradesh , western Bihar and Nepal . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Sasura Bada Paisawala Ajay Sinha Balaji Cinevision Pvt Ltd ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.3 million ) Gujarati The Gujarati cinema produces films in Gujarati language and is primarily focused on the audience in Gujarat and Mumbai . The film industry is sometimes referred to as Dhollywood or Gollywood . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya 1998 Govindbhai Patel GN films ₹ 22 crore ( US $3.2 million ) Chhello Divas 2015 Krishnadev Yagnik Belvedere Films ₹ 18 crore ( US $2.6 million ) Gujjubhai the Great 2015 Ishaan Randeria Siddharth Randeria Productions ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.2 million ) GujjuBhai - Most Wanted 2018 Ishaan Randeria Pen India , SRF ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.2 million ) 5 Bey Yaar 2014 Abhishek Jain CineMan productions ₹ 8.5 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 6 Shu Thayu ? 2018 Krishnadev Yagnik Belvedere Films ₹ 6.51 crore ( US $950,000 ) 7 Karsandas Pay & Use 2017 Krishnadev Yagnik Belvedere Films ₹ 4 crore ( US $580,000 ) Hindi See also : List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films The Hindi language film industry , based in Mumbai , India , is frequently known as Bollywood . Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest centres of film production in the world . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Dangal 2016 Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios India ₹ 2,000 crore ( US $290 million ) -- ₹ 2,100 crore ( US $310 million ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan 2015 Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films ₹ 931.9 crore ( US $140 million ) Secret Superstar 2017 Advait Chandan Aamir Khan Productions ₹ 900 crore ( US $130 million ) PK 2014 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Rajkumar Hirani Films ₹ 792 crore ( US $130 million ) 5 Sultan 2016 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films ₹ 589.25 crore ( US $87.69 million ) 6 Dhoom 3 2013 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films ₹ 589.2 crore ( US $100.55 million ) 7 Padmaavat 2018 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures ₹ 585 crore ( US $85 million ) 8 Tiger Zinda Hai 2017 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films ₹ 545.83 crore ( US $83.83 million ) 9 Sanju 2018 Rajkumar Hirani Rajkumar Hirani Films Vinod Chopra Films ₹ 528.47 crore ( US $77 million ) 10 3 Idiots 2009 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films ₹ 459.96 crore ( US $87.55 million ) Kannada Bengaluru is the center for the Kannada cinema , films produced in the Kannada language . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` Sandalwood '' . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Raajakumara 2017 Santhosh Ananddram Hombale Productions ₹ 75 crore ( US $11 million ) Mungaru Male 2006 Yogaraj Bhat E.K. Entertainers ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.3 million ) Kirik Party 2016 Rishab Shetty Paramvah Studios ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.3 million ) Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari 2014 Santhosh Ananddram Jayanna Combines ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.3 million ) 5 Doddmane Hudga 2016 Duniya Soori Ajay Pictures ₹ 40 crore ( US $5.8 million ) Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna 2012 Naganna Sri Sangolli Rayanna Cine Combines ₹ 40 crore ( US $5.8 million ) Uppi 2 2015 Upendra Upendra Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $5.8 million ) 8 Kotigobba 2 2016 K.S. Ravikumar Rambabu Productions ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.1 million ) -- ₹ 38 crore ( US $5.5 million ) 9 Dandupalya 2012 Srinivas Raju Apple Blossom Creations ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.1 million ) Shivalinga 2016 P. Vasu Jayanna Films ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.1 million ) Malayalam Malayalam cinema is a part of Indian cinema based in Kerala dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` Mollywood '' by certain media outlets . These are the top 10 highest grossing Malayalam films . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Pulimurugan 2016 Vysakh Mulakuppadam Films ₹ 152 crore ( US $22.62 million ) Drishyam 2013 Jeethu Joseph Aashirvad Cinemas ₹ 75 crore ( US $12.8 million ) Oppam 2016 Priyadarshan Aashirvad Cinemas ₹ 65 crore ( US $9.67 million ) Premam 2015 Alphonse Puthren Anwar Rasheed Entertainments ₹ 60 crore ( US $9.35 million ) 5 Two Countries 2015 Shafi Rejaputhra Visual Media ₹ 55 crore ( US $8.57 million ) 6 Ennu Ninte Moideen 2015 R.S. Vimal Newton Movies ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.79 million ) Ezra 2017 Jay K AVA Productions , E4 Entertainment ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.68 million ) Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol 2017 Jibu Jacob Weekend Blockbusters ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.68 million ) Ramaleela 2017 Arun Gopy Mulakuppadam Films ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.68 million ) Marathi The Marathi cinema industry produces films in the Marathi language and is based in the state of Maharashtra , India . India 's first full - length film , Raja Harishchandra , was released in 1913 in Marathi . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` M - town '' by media . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Sairat 2016 Nagraj Manjule Essel Vision Productions , Aatpat Production ₹ 110 crore ( US $16 million ) Sachin : A Billion Dreams 2017 James Erskine 200 NotOut Productions ₹ 76.86 crore ( US $11 million ) Natsamrat 2016 Mahesh Manjrekar Fincraft Media & Entertainment & Great Maratha Entertainment ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.3 million ) Katyar Kaljat Ghusali 2015 Subodh Bhave Essel Vision Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $5.8 million ) Timepass 2 2015 Ravi Jadhav Essel Vision Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $5.8 million ) Lai Bhaari 2014 Nishikant Kamath Mumbai Film Company ₹ 40 crore ( US $5.8 million ) 7 Timepass 2014 Ravi Jadhav Zee Talkies ₹ 33 crore ( US $4.8 million ) 8 Duniyadari 2013 Sanjay Jadhav Dreaming 24 / 7 Productions ₹ 32 crore ( US $4.7 million ) 9 Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy 2009 Santosh Manjrekar Everest Entertainment ₹ 25.5 crore ( US $3.7 million ) 10 Ventilator 2016 Rajesh Mapuskar Purple Pebble Pictures ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.6 million ) Punjabi Punjabi cinema , producing films in the Punjabi language , is primarily based in the state of Punjab . Rank Movie Year Director Production House / Studio Worldwide Gross Source Chaar Sahibzaade 2014 Harry Baweja Baweja Movies ₹ 70 crore ( US $10 million ) Carry on Jatta 2 2018 Smeep Kang White Hill Studio , A & A Advisors ₹ 62.37 crore ( US $9.1 million ) Sardaar Ji 2015 Rohit Jugraj Chauhan White Hill Studio ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.3 million ) Manje Bistre 2017 Baljit Singh Deo Humble Motion Pictures ₹ 45 crore ( US $6.5 million ) 5 Angrej 2015 Simerjit Singh Dara Productions ₹ 31 crore ( US $4.5 million ) 6 Jatt & Juliet 2 2013 Anurag Singh White Hill Studio ₹ 28 crore ( US $4.1 million ) 7 Jatt & Juliet 2012 Anurag Singh White Hill Studio ₹ 27 crore ( US $3.9 million ) 8 Sajjan Singh Rangroot 2018 Pankaj Batra Vivid Art House ₹ 26 crore ( US $3.8 million ) 9 Love Punjab 2016 Rajiev Dhingra Rhythm Boyz Entertainment ₹ 25.5 crore ( US $3.7 million ) 10 Ambarsariya 2016 Mandeep Kumar Tips Industries Limited ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.6 million ) Tamil Tamil cinema , the Tamil language film industry is based in the Kodambakkam neighbourhood of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It is sometimes colloquially known as `` Kollywood '' , a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood . Worldwide gross figures ( including dubbed versions ) are given below . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Year Director Studio Worldwide gross Source Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 1,790 crore ( US $274.88 million ) # + Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 650 crore ( US $101.32 million ) # + Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures ₹ 290 crore ( US $63.04 million ) Kabali 2016 Pa . Ranjith V Creations est. ₹ 286 -- 499 crore ( US $42.56 -- 77 million ) 5 Mersal 2017 Atlee Thenandal Studio Limited ₹ 251 crore ( US $38.54 million ) 6 2015 S. Shankar Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd ₹ 240 crore ( US $37.41 million ) 7 Vishwaroopam 2013 Kamal Haasan Raaj Kamal Films International ₹ 220 crore ( US $37.54 million ) # + 8 Kaala 2018 Pa . Ranjith Wunderbar Films ₹ 159 crore ( US $23 million ) 9 Lingaa 2014 K.S. Ravikumar Rockline Productions ₹ 154 crore ( US $25.23 million ) 10 Theri 2016 Atlee Kumar V. Creations ₹ 150 crore ( US $22.32 million ) Telugu Main article : List of highest - grossing Telugu films Telugu cinema , also known by its nickname `` Tollywood '' is a part of Indian cinema producing films in the Telugu language , in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and is centered in the Hyderabad neighbourhood of Film Nagar . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Title Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Ref ( s ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 1,790 crore ( US $274.88 million ) # + Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 650 crore ( US $101.32 million ) # + Bharat Ane Nenu 2018 Koratala Siva DVV Entertainments ₹ 230 crore ( US $33 million ) Rangasthalam 2018 Sukumar Mythri Movie Makers ₹ 225 crore ( US $33 million ) 5 Srimanthudu 2015 Koratala Siva Mythri Movie Makers ₹ 144 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 155 crore or US $23 million in 2017 ) 6 Khaidi No. 150 2017 V.V. Vinayak Konidela Production Company ₹ 164 crore ( US $24 million ) 7 Magadheera 2009 S.S. Rajamouli Geetha Arts ₹ 150 crore ( US $16 million ) 9 Attarintiki Daredi 2013 Trivikram Srinivas Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra ₹ 136 crore ( US $20 million ) 10 Gabbar Singh 2012 Harish Shankar Parameswara Art Productions ₹ 135 crore ( US $20 million ) Highest - grossing films by year Year Title Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source 1940 Zindagi P.C. Barua New Theatres ₹ 55 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 181 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1941 Khazanchi Moti B. Gidwani Pancholi Art Pictures ₹ 70 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 235 crore or US $35 million in 2016 ) 1942 Basant Amiya Chakrabarty Bombay Talkies ₹ 80 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 235 crore or US $36 million in 2016 ) 1943 Kismet Gyan Mukherjee Bombay Talkies ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore or US $47 million in 2016 ) 1944 Rattan M. Sadiq Gemini Pictures ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore or US $42 million in 2016 ) 1945 Zeenat Shaukat Hussain Rizvi Eastern Pictures ₹ 70 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 188 crore or US $29 million in 2016 ) 1946 Anmol Ghadi Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 249 crore or US $38 million in 2016 ) 1947 Jugnu Shaukat Hussain Rizvi Shaukat Art Productions ₹ 50 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 363 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1948 Chandralekha S.S. Vasan Gemini Studios ₹ 1.55 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 215 crore or US $33 million in 2016 ) 1949 Barsaat Raj Kapoor R.K. Films ₹ 2 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 269 crore or US $41 million in 2016 ) 1950 Samadhi Ramesh Saigal N / A ₹ 1.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 188 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1951 Awaara Raj Kapoor R.K. Films ₹ 5.75 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 739 crore or US $110 million in 2016 ) 1952 Aan Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions ₹ 3.57 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 373 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1953 Anarkali Nandlal Jaswantlal Filmistan ₹ 2.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 296 crore or US $45 million in 2016 ) 1954 Nagin Nandlal Jaswantlal Filmistan ₹ 2.9 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 363 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1955 Shree 420 Raj Kapoor R.K. Films ₹ 4.94 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 618 crore or US $92 million in 2016 ) 1956 Jagte Raho Sombhu Mitra Amit Maitra R.K. Films ₹ 4.44 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 477 crore or US $72 million in 2016 ) 1957 Mother India Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 961 crore or US $146 million in 2016 ) 1958 Madhumati Bimal Roy Bimal Roy Productions ₹ 4 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 478 crore or US $71 million in 2016 ) 1959 Char Dil Char Rahen Khwaja Ahmad Abbas Naya Sansar ₹ 5.27 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 591 crore or US $88 million in 2016 ) 1960 Mughal - e-Azam K. Asif Sterling Investment Corporation ₹ 11 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 2,000 crore ( US $290 million ) in 2017 ) 1961 Gunga Jumna Nitin Bose Citizen Films ₹ 11.27 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,250 crore or US $186 million in 2016 ) 1962 Bees Saal Baad Biren Nag Geetanjali Pictures ₹ 3 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 182 crore or US $27 million in 2017 ) 1963 Mere Mehboob H.S. Rawail Rahul Theatre ₹ 6 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 665 crore or US $99 million in 2016 ) 1964 Sangam Raj Kapoor Mehboob Studio ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 417 crore or US $61 million in 2017 ) 1965 Waqt Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films ₹ 6 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 285 crore or US $41 million in 2017 ) 1966 Phool Aur Patthar O.P. Ralhan Ralhan Productions ₹ 17.17 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 847 crore or US $128 million in 2016 ) 1967 Hamraaz B.R. Chopra United Producers ₹ 13.33 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 759 crore or US $113 million in 2016 ) 1968 Ankhen Ramanand Sagar Sagar Art International ₹ 6.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 239 crore or US $35 million in 2017 ) 1969 Aradhana Shakti Samanta United Producers ₹ 17.85 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 805 crore or US $121 million in 2016 ) 1970 Johny Mera Naam Vijay Anand Mehboob Studios ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 281 crore or US $41 million in 2017 ) 1971 Haathi Mere Saathi M.A. Thirumugam Devar Films ₹ 16.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 737 crore or US $113 million in 2017 ) 1972 Seeta Aur Geeta Ramesh Sippy Sippy Films ₹ 19.53 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 692 crore or US $103 million in 2016 ) 1973 Bobby Raj Kapoor R.K. Films ₹ 30.24 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,155 crore or US $172 million in 2016 ) Roti Kapda Aur Makaan Manoj Kumar Filmistan ₹ 10.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 224 crore or US $33 million in 2017 ) Sholay Ramesh Sippy United Producers ₹ 35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,700 crore or US $270 million in 2017 ) 1976 Barood Pramod Chakravorty Jugnu Enterprises ₹ 19.32 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 591 crore or US $88 million in 2016 ) 1977 Amar Akbar Anthony Manmohan Desai Hirawat Jain & Co . ₹ 15.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 485 crore or US $71 million in 2016 ) 1978 Muqaddar Ka Sikandar Prakash Mehra Prakash Mehra Productions ₹ 26.89 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 631 crore or US $94 million in 2016 ) 1979 Suhaag Manmohan Desai Sharma Cine Associates ₹ 10 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore or US $42 million in 2016 ) 1980 Qurbani Feroz Khan F.K. International ₹ 12 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 296 crore or US $45 million in 2016 ) 1981 Kranti Manoj Kumar V.I.P. Films ₹ 20 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 410 crore or US $62 million in 2016 ) 1982 Disco Dancer Babbar Subhash B. Subhash Movie Unit ₹ 100.7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,261 crore or US $189 million in 2016 ) Coolie Manmohan Desai Aasia Films ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 282 crore ( US $41 million ) in 2016 ) 1984 Jagir Pramod Chakravorty Pramod Films ₹ 15.79 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 181 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1985 Ram Teri Ganga Maili Raj Kapoor R.K. Films ₹ 19 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 326 crore ( US $47 million ) in 2016 ) 1986 Karma Subhash Ghai Mukta Arts ₹ 14 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 241 crore ( US $35 million ) in 2016 ) Hukumat Anil Sharma N / A ₹ 11 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 189 crore ( US $28 million ) in 2016 ) 1988 Tezaab N. Chandra N / A ₹ 16 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore ( US $40 million ) in 2016 ) 1989 Maine Pyar Kiya Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions ₹ 28 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 481 crore ( US $70 million ) in 2016 ) 1990 Dil Indra Kumar Maruti International ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore ( US $45 million ) in 2016 ) 1991 Saajan Lawrence D'Souza Eros Entertainment ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore ( US $45 million ) in 2016 ) 1992 Beta Indra Kumar Maruti International ₹ 23.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 404 crore ( US $59 million ) in 2016 ) 1993 Aankhen David Dhawan Chiragdeep International ₹ 25.25 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 434 crore ( US $63 million ) in 2016 ) 1994 Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions ₹ 135 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,316 crore ( US $190 million ) in 2016 ) 1995 Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Aditya Chopra Yash Raj Films ₹ 126.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,087 crore ( US $160 million ) in 2016 ) Raja Hindustani Dharmesh Darshan Cineyug ₹ 87.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 711 crore ( US $100 million ) in 2016 ) 1997 Dil To Pagal Hai Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films ₹ 71.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 562 crore ( US $82 million ) in 2016 ) 1998 Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Karan Johar Dharma Productions ₹ 106.74 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 753 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) 1999 Hum Saath Saath Hain Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions ₹ 81.71 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 551 crore ( US $80 million ) in 2016 ) 2000 Mohabbatein Aditya Chopra Yash Raj Films ₹ 90.01 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 532 crore ( US $77 million ) in 2016 ) 2001 Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Karan Johar Dharma Productions ₹ 135.53 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 703 crore ( US $100 million ) in 2016 ) 2002 Devdas Sanjay Leela Bhansali Red Chillies Entertainment ₹ 99.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 456 crore ( US $66 million ) in 2016 ) 2003 Kal Ho Naa Ho Nikhil Advani Dharma Productions ₹ 86.09 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 284 crore ( US $41 million ) in 2016 ) Veer - Zaara Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films ₹ 97.64 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 288 crore ( US $42 million ) in 2016 ) 2005 No Entry Anees Bazmee SK Film Entertainment ₹ 97.64 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 203 crore ( US $30 million ) in 2016 ) 2006 Dhoom 2 Sanjay Gadhvi Yash Raj Films ₹ 151.39 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 346 crore or US $50 million in 2017 ) 2007 Om Shanti Om Farah Khan Red Chillies Entertainment ₹ 149.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 319 crore ( US $46 million ) in 2016 ) 2008 Ghajini A.R. Murugadoss Geetha Arts ₹ 232 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 460 crore or US $67 million in 2017 ) 2009 3 Idiots Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films ₹ 459.96 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 824 crore or US $120 million in 2017 ) Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures ₹ 289 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 462 crore or US $67 million in 2017 ) 2011 Bodyguard Siddique Reel Life Productions ₹ 234.39 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 344 crore or US $50 million in 2017 ) 2012 Ek Tha Tiger Kabir Khan Yash Raj Films ₹ 320 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 429 crore or US $63 million in 2017 ) 2013 Dhoom 3 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films ₹ 589.2 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 713 crore or US $100 million in 2017 ) 2014 PK Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films ₹ 792 crore ( US $129.77 million ) 2015 Bajrangi Bhaijaan Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films ₹ 900.9 crore ( US $130 million ) 2016 Dangal * Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios India ₹ 2,100 crore ( US $310 million ) -- ₹ 2,200 crore ( US $320 million ) 2017 Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 1,790 crore ( US $274.88 million ) 2018 Padmaavat Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures ₹ 585 crore ( US $85 million ) Highest - grossing opening weekends Rank Film Opening Weekend Gross Language Year Source ( s ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ₹ 526 crore ( US $80.77 million ) Telugu Tamil 2017 Sultan ₹ 328 crore ( US $48.81 million ) Hindi 2016 Padmaavat ₹ 222.57 crore ( US $32 million ) Hindi 2018 Kabali ₹ 211.25 crore ( US $31.44 million ) Tamil 2016 5 Sanju ₹ 201.99 crore ( US $29 million ) Hindi 2018 6 Dangal ₹ 198.64 crore ( US $29.56 million ) Hindi 2016 7 Dhoom 3 ₹ 194.3 crore ( US $33.16 million ) Hindi 2013 8 Tiger Zinda Hai ₹ 189 crore ( US $29.02 million ) Hindi 2017 9 Bajrangi Bhaijaan ₹ 187.24 crore ( US $29.19 million ) Hindi 2015 10 Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ₹ 185.15 crore ( US $28.86 million ) Hindi 2015 11 Race 3 ₹ 181.32 crore ( US $26 million ) Hindi 2018 12 PK ₹ 175.78 crore ( US $28.8 million ) Hindi 2014 13 Happy New Year ₹ 174.57 crore ( US $28.6 million ) Hindi 2014 14 Baahubali : The Beginning ₹ 169 crore ( US $26.34 million ) Telugu Tamil 2015 15 Chennai Express ₹ 159.54 crore ( US $27.23 million ) Hindi 2013 16 Dilwale ₹ 144.83 crore ( US $22.58 million ) Hindi 2015 17 Mersal ₹ 140 crore ( US $21.5 million ) Tamil 2017 18 ₹ 135 crore ( US $21.04 million ) Tamil 2015 19 Golmaal Again ₹ 134.48 crore ( US $20.65 million ) Hindi 2017 20 Raees ₹ 128.14 crore ( US $19.68 million ) Hindi 2017 Highest - grossing franchises and film series The Khiladi franchise was the first film franchise to gross over ₹ 100 crore , followed by the Krrish film series . Baahubali is the only franchise to collect over ₹ 1,000 crore at the box office , and the only franchise where both its films have grossed more than ₹ 500 crore worldwide . indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 24 August 2018 . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' . ) Rank Franchise / Series Total worldwide box office ( crore INR ) No. of films Average of films ( crore INR ) Highest - grossing film ( crore INR ) show Baahubali ₹ 2,446.59 ₹ 1,223 Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( ₹ 1,796.59 ) The Conclusion ( 2017 ) ₹ 1,796.59 The Beginning ( 2015 ) ₹ 650 show Tiger ₹ 890.83 ₹ 445 Tiger Zinda Hai ( ₹ 570.83 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) ₹ 570.83 Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) ₹ 320 show Dhoom ₹ 813.09 ₹ 271 Dhoom 3 ( ₹ 585 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) ₹ 589.2 Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) ₹ 151.39 Dhoom ( 2004 ) ₹ 72.5 show Singam ₹ 655 5 ₹ 131 Singham Returns ( ₹ 215 ) show Singham ( Hindi ) ₹ 355 ₹ 178 Singham Returns ( ₹ 215 ) Singham Returns ( 2014 ) ₹ 215 Singham ( 2011 ) ₹ 140 show Singam ( Tamil ) ₹ 300 ₹ 100 Singam II ( ₹ 125 ) Singam II ( 2013 ) ₹ 125 Si3 ( 2017 ) ₹ 110 Singam ( 2010 ) ₹ 65 5 show Golmaal ₹ 648.95 ₹ 162 Golmaal Again ( ₹ 311.05 ) Golmaal Again ( 2017 ) ₹ 311.05 Golmaal 3 ( 2010 ) ₹ 160 Golmaal Returns ( 2008 ) ₹ 108 Fun Unlimited ( 2006 ) ₹ 69.9 6 show Race ₹ 571 ₹ 190 Race 3 ( ₹ 303 ) Race 3 ( 2018 ) ₹ 303 Race 2 ( 2013 ) ₹ 162 Race ( 2008 ) ₹ 106 7 show Krrish ₹ 517.1 ₹ 172 Krrish 3 ( ₹ 291.52 ) Krrish 3 ( 2013 ) ₹ 291.52 Krrish ( 2006 ) ₹ 117 Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2003 ) ₹ 108.58 8 show Don ₹ 516.4 6 ₹ 86 Don 2 ( ₹ 215 ) show Don ( Hindi ) ₹ 335.2 ₹ 112 Don 2 ( ₹ 215 ) Don 2 ( 2011 ) ₹ 215 Don : The Chase Begins Again ( 2006 ) ₹ 113.2 Don ( 1978 ) ₹ 7 show Billa ( Tamil / Telugu ) ₹ 181.2 ₹ 45 Billa II ( ₹ 100 ) Billa II ( 2012 ) ₹ 100 Billa ( 2007 ) ₹ 50 Billa ( 2009 ) ₹ 26 Billa ( 1980 ) ₹ 5.2 9 show Housefull ₹ 500 ₹ 167 Housefull 3 ( ₹ 195 ) Housefull 3 ( 2016 ) ₹ 195 Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) ₹ 186 Housefull ( 2010 ) ₹ 119 10 show Dabangg ₹ 470 ₹ 235 Dabangg 2 ( ₹ 250 ) Dabangg 2 ( 2012 ) ₹ 250 Dabangg ( 2010 ) ₹ 220 11 show Baaghi ₹ 380.12 ₹ 190 Baaghi 2 ( ₹ 253.16 ) Baaghi 2 ( 2018 ) ₹ 253.16 Baaghi ( 2016 ) ₹ 126.96 12 show Dulhania ₹ 310.34 ₹ 155 Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( ₹ 200.34 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) ₹ 200.34 Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) ₹ 110 13 show Tanu Weds Manu ₹ 299 ₹ 150 Tanu Weds Manu : Returns ( ₹ 243 ) Returns ( 2015 ) ₹ 243 Tanu Weds Manu ( 2011 ) ₹ 56 14 show Welcome ₹ 256 ₹ 128 Welcome Back ( ₹ 136 ) Welcome Back ( 2015 ) ₹ 136 Welcome ( 2007 ) ₹ 120 15 show Judwaa ₹ 251.79 ₹ 126 Judwaa 2 ( ₹ 227.51 ) Judwaa 2 ( 2017 ) ₹ 227.51 Judwaa ( 1997 ) ₹ 24.28 16 show Gabbar Singh ₹ 250 ₹ 125 Gabbar Singh ( ₹ 150 ) Gabbar Singh ( 2012 ) ₹ 150 Sardaar Gabbar Singh ( 2016 ) ₹ 100 17 show Jolly LLB ₹ 234.3 ₹ 117 Jolly LLB 2 ( ₹ 197.3 ) Jolly LLB 2 ( 2017 ) ₹ 197.3 Jolly LLB ( 2013 ) ₹ 37 18 show Raaz ₹ 210.6 ₹ 53 Raaz 3 ( ₹ 97 ) Raaz 3 ( 2012 ) ₹ 97 Reboot ( 2016 ) ₹ 42.1 Raaz ( 2002 ) ₹ 37 The Mystery Continues ( 2009 ) ₹ 34.5 19 show ABCD ₹ 206 ₹ 103 ABCD 2 ( ₹ 130 ) ABCD 2 ( 2015 ) ₹ 130 Any Body Can Dance ( 2013 ) ₹ 76 20 show Muni ₹ 203.7 ₹ 68 Kanchana 2 ( ₹ 120 ) Kanchana 2 ( 2015 ) ₹ 120 Muni 2 : Kanchana ( 2011 ) ₹ 68.7 Muni ( 2007 ) ₹ 15 21 show Baby ₹ 199.1 ₹ 100 Baby ( ₹ 143 ) Baby ( 2015 ) ₹ 143 Naam Shabana ( 2017 ) ₹ 56.1 22 show Khiladi ₹ 199 8 ₹ 25 Khiladi 786 ( ₹ 97.05 ) Khiladi 786 ( 2012 ) ₹ 97.05 Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi ( 1996 ) ₹ 25.16 Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi ( 1997 ) ₹ 16.75 International Khiladi ( 1999 ) ₹ 16.19 5 Sabse Bada Khiladi ( 1995 ) ₹ 16.06 6 Main Khiladi Tu Anari ( 1994 ) ₹ 13.84 7 Khiladi 420 ( 2000 ) ₹ 10.2 8 Khiladi ( 1992 ) ₹ 3.75 23 show Masti ₹ 187.8 ₹ 63 Grand Masti ( ₹ 142 ) Grand Masti ( 2013 ) ₹ 142 Masti ( 2004 ) ₹ 26.8 Great Grand Masti ( 2016 ) ₹ 19 24 show Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ₹ 186.2 ₹ 93 Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( ₹ 94.5 ) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( 2010 ) ₹ 94.5 Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara ! ( 2013 ) ₹ 91.7 25 show Dhamaal ₹ 159.3 ₹ 80 Dhamaal ( ₹ 88.8 ) Dhamaal ( 2007 ) ₹ 88.8 Double Dhamaal ( 2011 ) ₹ 70.5 See also Bengali cinema portal 100 Crore Club 500 Crore Club 1000 Crore Club List of highest - grossing films in India List of highest - grossing Indian films in overseas markets List of highest - grossing films in China List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales List of most expensive Indian films Lists of Bollywood films Lists of highest - grossing films Notes ^ Jump up to : Dangal worldwide gross -- ₹ 2,000 crore ( US $290 million ) to ₹ 2,100 crore ( US $310 million ) First phase -- ₹ 730 crore ( US $108.64 million ) Second phase -- ₹ 1,332.55 crore ( US $204.63 million ) Taiwan -- ₹ 41 crore ( US $6.3 million ) China -- US $193.05 million ( ₹ 1,257.14 crore ) Hong Kong -- ₹ 23.1 crore ( US $3.55 million ) South Korea -- ₩ 906 million -- US $848,000 ( ₹ 5.52 crore ) Japan -- ¥ 50 million -- ₹ 3 crore ( US $440,000 ) Turkey -- US $428,201 ( ₹ 2.79 crore ) Jump up ^ It has been difficult to pinpoint exact figures , due to irregularities between the film 's reported box office gross for China and inconsistent currency conversions . The general consensus of sources is that the film has grossed more than ₹ 2,000 crore worldwide . ^ Jump up to : Sultan worldwide gross : ₹ 584.4 crore ( US $86.97 million ) Domestic : ₹ 421.25 crore ( US $62.69 million ) Overseas : ₹ 163.15 crore ( US $24.17 million ) ^ Jump up to : Dhoom 3 worldwide gross : ₹ 555.89 crore ( US $93.16 million ) Domestic gross : ₹ 372 crore ( US $63.48 million ) Overseas gross : US $29.68 million ( ₹ 183.89 crore ) China -- US $1.35 million ( ₹ 8.24 crore ) Other territories -- US $28.33 million ( ₹ 175.65 crore ) Jump up ^ Happy New Year worldwide gross : Domestic : ₹ 295 crore ( US $48 million ) Overseas : US $16.71 million ( ₹ 102 crore ) Jump up ^ Dilwale worldwide gross : ₹ 391.57 crore ( US $61.04 million ) Domestic : ₹ 214.15 crore ( US $33.38 million ) Overseas : US $26.58 million ( ₹ 177.42 crore ) Jump up ^ Hindi Medium -- ₹ 323.3 crore ( US $47 million ) India -- ₹ 96.65 crore ( US $14 million ) Overseas -- US $34.912 million ( ₹ 226.65 crore ) China -- US $32,712,246 ( ₹ 212.4 crore ) Other territories -- US $2.2 million ( ₹ 14.25 crore ) Jump up ^ Raees worldwide gross : Domestic : ₹ 213 crore ( US $31 million ) Overseas : US $14.1 million ( ₹ 95.88 crore ) Jump up ^ Box office gross values of ₹ 600 -- 675 crore were reported for Kabali in the first 13 days by several organisations including Financial Express and Indian Express , which were more than double the estimates made by other sources . International Business Times ( IBT ) and Firstpost criticized these estimates as inflated , explaining the discrepancy as due in part to the addition of `` pre-release business '' figures , such as music and satellite rights sales of ₹ 200 crore , being factored into the box office sales totals . Firstpost wrote , `` More conservative estimates put Kabali 's collections at around Rs 300 crores from worldwide ticket sales . '' IBT 's analysts in August 2016 estimated the film 's worldwide gross total of its first 13 days at around ₹ 350 crore ( US $52.09 million ) . Figures given in December 2016 by Financial Express indicated an estimated domestic gross of ₹ 215 crore and an overseas gross of ₹ 262 crore , which total ₹ 477 crore . A figure of USD $77 million given by Forbes in May 2017 converted to approximately ₹ 493 -- 499 crore . According to International Business Times in October 2017 , Kabali 's final worldwide gross was around ₹ 286 crore ( US $42 million ) . Jump up ^ 3.4804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1940 : ₹ 13.33 per pound , $3.83 per pound Jump up ^ ₹ 55 lakh ( US $1.58 million ) in 1940 ( US $28 million or ₹ 181 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 3.3077 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1941 and 1942 : ₹ 13.33 per pound , $4.03 per pound Jump up ^ ₹ 70 lakh ( US $2.12 million ) in 1941 ( US $35 million or ₹ 235 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 80 lakh ( US $2.42 million ) in 1942 ( US $36 million or ₹ 235 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 3.3223 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1943 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.32 million ) in 1943 ( US $47 million or ₹ 309 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 3.302 Indian rupees per US dollar from in 1944 and 1945 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.03 million ) in 1944 ( US $42 million or ₹ 275 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 70 lakh ( US $2.12 million ) in 1945 ( US $29 million or ₹ 188 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 3.309 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1946 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.02 million ) in 1946 ( US $38 million or ₹ 249 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 1 Indian rupee per US dollar in 1947 Jump up ^ ₹ 50 lakh ( US $5 million ) in 1947 ( US $55 million or ₹ 363 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 4.79 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1948 to 1950 Jump up ^ ₹ 1.55 crore ( US $3.24 million ) in 1948 ( US $33 million or ₹ 215 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 2 crore ( US $4 million ) in 1949 ( US $41 million or ₹ 269 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 1.35 crore ( US $2.8 million ) in 1950 ( US $28 million or ₹ 188 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 4.7619 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1951 to 1965 ^ Jump up to : 4 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1950 to 1960 Jump up ^ Awaara : ₹ 5.75 crore ( US $12.08 million ) in 1954 ( ₹ 739 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 2.3 crore ( US $4.83 million ) in 1951 ( US $46 million ( ₹ 302 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 29 million SUR ( US $7.25 million , ₹ 3.45 crore ) in 1954 ( US $66 million ( ₹ 437 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ Aan worldwide gross : ₹ 3.5731 crore ( $6.04241 million ) , equivalent to ₹ 373.25 crore ( $54.7 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 2.8 crore ( $5.88 million ) , equivalent to $53.2 million ( ₹ 363 crore ) in 2016 . Overseas gross : ₹ 773,060 ( $162,410 ) , equivalent to $1.5 million ( ₹ 10.25 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ ₹ 2.35 crore ( US $4.94 million ) in 1953 ( US $45 million ( ₹ 296 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 2.9 crore ( US $6.09 million ) in 1954 ( US $55 million ( ₹ 363 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 35 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ Shree 420 : ₹ 4.94 crore ( US $10.38 million ) in 1956 ( ₹ 618 crore ( US $92 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 3.9 crore ( US $8.19 million ) in 1955 ( US $75 million ( ₹ 490 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 8.75 million SUR ( US $2.19 million , ₹ 1.04 crore ) in 1956 ( US $20 million ( ₹ 128 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 33.6 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : 0.9 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1961 to 1971 Jump up ^ Jagte Raho in Soviet Union : 8.4 million SUR ( US $9.33 million , ₹ 4.44 crore ) in 1965 ( US $72 million or ₹ 477 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1956 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was CID , which grossed ₹ 2.5 crore in India . Jump up ^ Mother India : ₹ 8 crore ( US $16.8 million ) in 1957 ( US $146 million ( ₹ 961 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 4 crore ( US $8.4 million ) in 1958 ( US $71 million ( ₹ 478 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 39.8 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ Char Dil Char Rahen in Soviet Union : 9.95 million SUR ( US $11.06 million , ₹ 5.27 crore ) in 1962 ( US $89 million or ₹ 591 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1959 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was Anari , which grossed ₹ 3 crore in India . Jump up ^ Mughal - e-Azam domestic gross : ₹ 11 crore in 1960 , equivalent to ₹ 2,000 crore in 2017 . Inflation rate of 200 times : ₹ 6 crore domestic nett in 1960 , equivalent to ₹ 1,300 crore ( US $190 million ) in 2017 . Jump up ^ 32.1 million Soviet tickets sold in 1965 , average Soviet ticket price of 25 kopecks in the mid-1960s Jump up ^ 0.9 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1961 to 1971 Jump up ^ Gunga Jumna : ₹ 11.27 crore ( US $23.53 million ) in 1965 ( ₹ 1250 crore ( US $186 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 7 crore ( US $14.7 million ) in 1961 ( US $120 million or ₹ 793 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 8.03 million SUR ( US $8.92 million , ₹ 4.25 crore ) in 1965 ( US $69 million or ₹ 457 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ Mere Mehboob : ₹ 6 crore ( US $12.6 million ) in 1963 ( US $101 million or ₹ 665 crore in 2016 Jump up ^ 46.4 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : 7.5 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1967 to 1970 Jump up ^ Phool Aur Patthar : India : ₹ 7.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 322 crore or US $47 million in 2017 ) Soviet Union : 11.6 million SUR ( US $12.89 million , ₹ 9.67 crore ) in 1970 ( US $81 million or ₹ 531 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 42.4 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 7.4919 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1971 Jump up ^ Hamraaz : ₹ 13.33 crore ( US $17.78 million ) in 1967 ( ₹ 759 crore ( US $113 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 4.5 crore ( US $6 million ) in 1967 ( US $44 million or ₹ 289 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 10.6 million SUR ( US $11.78 million , ₹ 8.83 crore ) in 1971 ( US $71 million or ₹ 470 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 47.4 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.829 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1972 ^ Jump up to : 7.5945 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1972 Jump up ^ Aradhana : India : ₹ 7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 258 crore or US $38 million in 2017 ) in 1969 Soviet Union : 11.85 million SUR ( US $14.29 million , ₹ 10.85 crore ) in 1972 ( US $84 million ( ₹ 551 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 7.4919 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1971 Jump up ^ 34.8 million Soviet tickets sold , average Soviet ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.7536 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1974 Jump up ^ 8.1016 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1974 Jump up ^ Haathi Mere Saathi : India : ₹ 7 crore ( US $9.34 million ) in 1971 ( equivalent to US $56 million or ₹ 365 crore in 2017 ) Soviet Union : 8.7 million SUR ( US $11.54 million , ₹ 9.35 crore ) in 1974 ( US $57 million or ₹ 372 crore in 2017 ) Jump up ^ 55.2 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.758 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1976 Jump up ^ 8.804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1976 Jump up ^ Seeta Aur Geeta : ₹ 19.53 crore ( US $22.82 million ) in 1975 ( ₹ 1155 crore ( US $172 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 3.5 crore ( US $4.61 million ) in 1972 ( US $27 million or ₹ 175 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 13.8 million SUR ( US $18.21 million , ₹ 16.03 crore ) in 1976 ( US $78 million or ₹ 517 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 7.742 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1973 Jump up ^ 62.6 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.73 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ 8.973 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ Bobby : ₹ 30.24 crore ( US $35.65 million ) in 1975 ( ₹ 1155 crore ( US $172 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 11 crore ( US $14.21 million ) in 1973 ( US $78 million or ₹ 517 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 15.65 million SUR ( US $21.44 million , ₹ 19.24 crore ) in 1975 ( US $98 million ( ₹ 638 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 8.3759 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ Sholay : ₹ 35 crore ( US $41.79 million ) , equivalent to ₹ 1,500 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 17 billion or US $250 million in 2017 ) in 2014 . Jump up ^ 8.804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1973 Jump up ^ 60 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.706 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1978 Jump up ^ 8.15 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1978 Jump up ^ Barood : ₹ 19.32 crore ( US $23.52 million ) in 1978 ( ₹ 591 crore ( US $88 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 2 crore ( US $2.27 million ) in 1976 ( US $10 million ( ₹ 67 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 15 million SUR ( US $21.25 million , ₹ 17.32 crore ) in 1978 ( US $97 million ( ₹ 524 crore ) in 2016 ) Note : The highest domestic grosser of 1973 , Dus Numbri , grossed ₹ 9 crore in India . Jump up ^ Amar Akbar Anthony domestic gross : ₹ 15.5 crore in 1977 , equivalent to $18.05 million ( ₹ 8.5858 per US dollar in 1977 ) , or $73 million ( ₹ 485 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ 25.2 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : Disco Dancer : 60 million Soviet rubles in 1984 , 0.791 rubles per US dollar in 1984 ^ Jump up to : 12.43 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1984 Jump up ^ Muqaddar Ka Sikandar : India : ₹ 17 crore in 1978 , equivalent to $20.66 million ( ₹ 8.2267 per US dollar in 1978 ) , or $78 million ( ₹ 510 crore ) in 2016 . Soviet Union : 6.3 million SUR ( US $7.96 million , ₹ 9.89 crore ) in 1984 , equivalent to US $19 million ( ₹ 121 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ 8.1258 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1979 Jump up ^ Suhaag domestic gross : ₹ 10 crore ( US $12.31 million ) in 1979 ( US $42 million or ₹ 242 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 7.8629 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1980 Jump up ^ Qurbani domestic gross : ₹ 12 crore ( US $15.26 million ) in 1980 ( US $45 million or ₹ 296 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 1993 inflation rate of 17.18 times : Darr 's domestic nett of ₹ 10.73 crore in 1993 equivalent to ₹ 184.37 crore in 2016 . Jump up ^ 8.6585 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1981 Jump up ^ Qurbani domestic gross : ₹ 20 crore ( US $23.1 million ) in 1981 ( US $62 million or ₹ 410 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 9.79 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1982 Jump up ^ Disco Dancer : ₹ 100.68 crore in 1984 ( ₹ 1261 crore or US $186 million in 2016 ) India : ₹ 6.4 crore ( US $ 6.54 million ) in 1982 ₹ 88 crore ( US $13 million ) in 2016 Soviet Union : US $75.85 million ( ₹ 94.28 crore ) in 1984 ( US $179 million ( ₹ 1176 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 38 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.7585 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1986 Jump up ^ 12.6108 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1986 Jump up ^ Jagir in Soviet Union : 9.5 million SUR ( US $12.52 million , ₹ 15.79 crore ) in 1986 ( US $28 million or ₹ 181 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1984 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was Tohfa , which grossed ₹ 9 crore in India . Jump up ^ Hum Aapke Hain Koun : ₹ 135 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 1,316 crore ( US $190 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 9.73 times : ₹ 72.47 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 705 crore ( US $100 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge : ₹ 126.5 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 1,087 crore ( US $160 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 106.5 crore . Overseas gross : ₹ 20 crore . Inflation rate of 8.59 times : ₹ 53.31 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 458 crore ( US $67 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Raja Hindustani : ₹ 87.5 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 711 crore ( US $100 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 85 crore . Overseas gross : ₹ 2.5 crore . Inflation rate of 8.13 times : ₹ 48 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 390 crore ( US $57 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dil To Pagal Hai : ₹ 71.87 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 562 crore ( US $82 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 7.82 times : ₹ 34.97 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 273.34 crore ( US $40 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuch Kuch Hota Hai : ₹ 106.74 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 753 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 7.05 times : ₹ 46.87 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 330.26 crore ( US $48 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Hum Saath Saath Hain : ₹ 81.71 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 551 crore ( US $80 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 6.74 times : ₹ 39.18 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 264.13 crore ( US $38 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Mohabbatein : ₹ 90.01 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 532 crore ( US $77 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 5.91 times : ₹ 41.88 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 247.51 crore ( US $36 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham : ₹ 135.53 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 703 crore ( US $100 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 5.19 times : ₹ 55.65 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 288.72 crore ( US $42 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Devdas : ₹ 99.87 crore worldwide gross , ( equivalent to ₹ 456 crore ( US $66 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 4.57 times : ₹ 41.66 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 190.36 crore ( US $28 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kal Ho Naa Ho : ₹ 86.09 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 284 crore ( US $41 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 3.3 times : ₹ 38.55 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 127.2 crore ( US $19 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Veer - Zaara : ₹ 97.64 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 288 crore ( US $42 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.95 times : ₹ 41.86 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 123.68 crore ( US $18 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ No Entry : ₹ 74.14 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 203 crore ( US $30 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.74 times : ₹ 44.72 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 122.58 crore ( US $18 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Om Shanti Om : ₹ 149.87 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 319 crore ( US $46 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.13 times : ₹ 78.17 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 166.48 crore ( US $24 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghajini worldwide gross : ₹ 232 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 460 crore or US $67 million in 2017 ) Domestic : ₹ 162 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 321 crore or US $47 million in 2017 ) Overseas : ₹ 70 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 139 crore or US $20 million in 2017 ) Jump up ^ Don : The Chase Begins Again worldwide gross : 113.2 crore Domestic : ₹ 77.5 crore Overseas : $7.88 million ( ₹ 35.7 crore ) References Jump up ^ Priya Gupta ( 23 Nov 2013 ) . `` Box Office column discontinued '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : * Burra , Rani Day & Rao , Maithili ( 2006 ) , `` Cinema '' , Encyclopedia of India ( vol. 1 ) , Thomson Gale , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31350 - 4 . Jump up ^ * Khanna , Amit ( 2003 ) , `` The Future of Hindi Film Business '' , Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema : historical record , the business and its future , narrative forms , analysis of the medium , milestones , biographies , Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) Private Limited , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . p 158 Jump up ^ Binoy Prabhakar ( 26 Aug 2012 ) . `` Business of Rs 100 - cr films : Who gets what and why '' . Indiatimes The Economic Times . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Digital March Media & Entertainment in South India '' ( PDF ) . Deloitte . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Journey of Indian rupee since independence , The Times of India . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 48 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 65.11 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 31 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aamir Khan 's Secret Superstar earns seven times more money in China in 1 week than what it did in India '' . Hindustan Times . 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Baahubali 2 ' to open on more than 7,000 screens in China '' . The Statesman. 3 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Narayanan , Nirmal ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` Rajinikanth 's 2.0 set to rock 10000 screens in Japan , Singapore , Malaysia , UAE , US and more '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan on the top as Kapil Sharma , Karan Johar , Alia Bhatt enter top 10 celeb advance - tax payer list '' . The Indian Express . 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` ' Secret Superstar ' Tracking Well Against ' Dangal ' Taiwan Run With $285 K / ₹ 1.85 Cr . Through Day 6 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Dangal ( 2016 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 10 October 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Continues Record Hong Kong Run To Cross ₹ 23 Cr. / $3.5 M '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` KOFIC 영화관 입장권 통합 전산망 '' . Korean Film Council ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Exchange Rates Tool & Forex History Data ( 1069 KRW per USD ) '' . OFX. 30 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dangal vs Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion in Japan -- Aamir Khan 's film adds Rs 3 cr to unrivaled global total '' . Firstpost. 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Box Office , October 13 -- 15 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion finishes month - long China run with $11.9 mn box office collection '' . Firstpost. 6 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salman Khan 's Bajrangi Bhaijaan Overtakes Aamir Khan 's Secret Superstar At The Worldwide Box Office To Become Second Highest Grossing Bollywood & Third Highest Grossing Indian Movie Of All Time '' . Koimoi. 1 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baahubali 2 box office collection crosses Rs 1,500 - crore mark ; Dangal now at Rs 1,200 crore '' . Firstpost. 19 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baahubali 2 beats PK 's lifetime collection , becomes India 's top - earner '' . Business Standard . 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 3 - day worldwide box - office collection : SS Rajamouli 's film crosses Rs 500 cr mark in 1st weekend '' . International Business Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Baahubali rights snapped up by Netflix for Rs 25.5 crore ; The Conclusion completes 100 days in theatres '' . 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What does the success of Baahubali mean for Indian cinema ? '' . 14 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Padmaavat ' a very special film for Deepika , Ranveer and Shahid - Here 's why '' . Zee News . 16 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deepika Padukone 's Padmaavat beats Aamir Khan 's Dhoom 3 and Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai at the box office '' . Times Now . 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sultan - Box Office '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Overseas Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-sanju-nears-rs-580-cr-worldwide-box-office/?utm_source=bhsearch ^ Jump up to : Hungama , Bollywood ( 23 December 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise breakup of Tiger Zinda Hai -- Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 58.512332 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bollywood 200 Crore Club Movies : Hindi Films '' . Bollywood Movie Review . 3 April 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dhoom : 3 ′ enters Chinese top 10 chart '' . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 61.01 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Top 6 highest grossing films '' . Daily News and Analysis . 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 20 March 2016 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' Aims To Continue Movie Megastar 's Global Hit Streak '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Mobhani , Suleman. ( 13 January 2015 ) , Box Office : Comparison of the Top Grossers of 2014 . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved on 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Grossers All Time '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Collection : ' Bang Bang ' Earns ₹ 340 cr Worldwide ; ' Super Nani ' Dull , ' Roar ' Steady '' . International Business Times . 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise breakup of Hindi Medium '' . Bollywood Hungama. 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hindi Medium '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers 2017 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` New ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' Poster Brings Back The Salman Khan Fans Want To See '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 53.420806 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toilet : Ek Prem Katha trumps Baahubali 2 in China ; becomes Akshay Kumar 's first film to cross Rs 300 cr mark worldwide '' . Firstpost. 18 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golmaal Again - Movie '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raees box office collection day 13 : Shah Rukh Khan film crosses Rs 150 mark in India '' . The Indian Express . 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Bhaskar ( 2008 ) . `` The Melodramas of Globalization '' . Cultural Dynamics . 20 : 31 -- 51 ( 34 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 0921374007088054 . Jump up ^ `` Pather Panchali : Its history , the genius behind it , and Satyajit Rays style of working '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazon Obhijan ' becomes highest grossing Bengali film ever '' . The Statesman. 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://padhonews.com/amazon-obhijaan-box-office-collection/ Jump up ^ `` List Of Top 20 Highest Grossing Bengali Movies of All Time '' . Jump up ^ `` বক্স অফিসের নতুন চুড়ায় চাঁদের পাহাড় '' . আনন্দবাজার প্রত্রিকা. 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Tollywood delivers only five - six hits a year '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 films that rocked the box office this year '' . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference t was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Independent , The . `` Shakib 's ' Nabab ' on the top in Box office with record '' . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Out of the box : Of bad reviews and good collections in Tollywood '' . Jump up ^ `` Details '' . Ei Samay Sangbadpatra . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` posto 's success is special for us said jisshu sengupta and mimi chakraborty ( ' পোস্ত'র সাফল্যটা স্পেশ্যাল , বললেন মিমি - যিশু ) , ১৪ দিনের হিসাবে ৩. ৫ কোটির মত ব্যবসা করেছে ছবিটি '' . Jump up ^ `` Posto creates history , makes 1 crore in 4 days '' . Jump up ^ `` Remembrance of things future - Himal Southasian '' . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gujarati films : Cheaper is not better '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Good shot '' . 22 June 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Govt clerks arrested for leaking Chello Divas '' . 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarati Films to hit a century this year '' . 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Cinestaan . `` GujjuBhai - Most Wanted box office collection on day 81 - Cinestaan.com '' . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hari Narayan ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Gujarati film industry , still a work in progress '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Regional films continue to trump Bollywood offerings '' . 28 August 2018 . Retrieved 29 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H. `` ' Karsandas Pay & Use ' week 1 box office collection : Mayur - Deeksha starrer turns big Gujarati money spinner of 2017 '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterji , Saibal ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) Pvt Ltd . pp. 10 -- 18 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pippa de Bruyn ; Niloufer Venkatraman ; Keith Bain ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's India . Frommer 's . p. 579 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 79434 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wasko , Janet ( 2003 ) . How Hollywood works . SAGE . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 6814 - 8 . Jump up ^ K. Jha ; Subhash ( 2005 ) . The Essential Guide to Bollywood . Roli Books . p. 1970 . ISBN 81 - 7436 - 378 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` This man is the highly paid actor in Kannada film industry '' . Jump up ^ `` Stage set for Mungaru Male sequel '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ganesh all set for Mungaru Male 2 '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rakshit Shetty 's Kirik Party Telugu remake rights sold ; talks on for other language rights '' . International Business Times . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari enters 50 crore club '' . Jump up ^ `` Dodmane Hudga lifetime collection is over ₹ 40 crore '' . www.ibtimes.co.in . Jump up ^ `` Sangolli Rayanna set to complete 100 days '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ A Sharadhaa ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Sandalwood hits Rangitaranga and Uppi 2 Run to Full House in USA '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sandalwood 2016 : Highest - grossing Kannada movies of 2016 at the box office '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dandupalya collected ₹ 25 crore in Karnataka and along with it 's Telugu dubbed version collected ₹ 10 crore '' . www.sify.com . Jump up ^ `` Dandupalya said to have made ₹ 25 crore in Karnataka '' . m.timesofindia.com . `` Dubbed Telugu version collected ₹ 10 crore '' . m.indiaglitz.com . Jump up ^ Nair , Sree Prasad ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` 2016 Box Office Kings : Mohanlal is the only Malayalam actor among top 5 , Aamir Khan tops the list , followed by Akshay Kumar and Salman Khan '' . Catch News . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DC ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Kerala box office : Prithviraj 's ' Ennu Ninte Moideen ' among top 5 highest grossing Malayalam movies '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jha , Lata ( 12 August 2017 ) . `` The continued reign of Mohanlal '' . Mint . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ വാരിയർ , ഉണ്ണി കെ. ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` മോഹൻലാൽ ; 400 കോടീശ്വരൻ '' . Malayala Manorama ( in Malayalam ) . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavirayani , Suresh ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Sunil to star in remake of Malayalam movie Two Countries '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Content triumphed over star power in southern filmdom ( 2015 in Retrospect ) '' . Business Standard . Indo - Asian News Service . 19 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ezra : Prithviraj starrer emerges 8th Rs. 50 crore grosser of Malayalam cinema '' . Catchnews. 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Nair , Sree Prasad ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Kerala Box Office : Mohanlal 's Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol completes 50 days , the actor 's fifth Rs. 50 crore blockbuster '' . Catch News . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dileep 's ' Ramaleela ' enters 50 crores club '' . The Times of India . 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sairat , Chauthi Koot , Tithi : Apart from Visaranai , a list of films that could have made the Oscars cut '' . 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pradhan , Bharathi ( Senior Journalist and Author ) ( 22 November 2016 ) . Show Business : How Ventilator won the battle against Demonetization ( Show Business with Actor Producer Viveck Vaswani ) ( Motion picture ) . India : Lehren TV . Event occurs at 6 : 46 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sachin -- A Billion Dreams - Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ Narayan , Hari . `` Marathi , Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sairat ' Is The Highest Grossing Marathi Film Ever , But Have You Heard About It Yet ? '' . indiatimes.com . Jump up ^ `` With Sairat , Marathi cinema flies high on box office , appreciation '' . The Indian Express . 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ritesh Deshmukh And Nargis Fakhri Starrer Was Planned As A Marathi Film ? - Movie Talkies '' . Movie Talkies . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ N , Ganesh ( 11 April 2015 ) . `` Struggle for success : Marathi films lose out in the multiplex race as popcorn - loving movie - goers prefer Hindi and English blockbusters '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Deshmukh , Gayatri ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` After Duniyadari , will Lai Bhaari break Timepass ' record ? '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Ganesh N ( 11 April 2015 ) . `` Struggle for success : Marathi films lose out in the multiplex race as the popcorn - loving movie - goer prefers Hindi and English blockbusters Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Bollywood is jumping on the Marathi cinema bandwagon '' . mid-day. 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Narayan , Hari . `` Marathi , Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` So much so that the movie , which cost Baweja Rs 20 crore , has earned around Rs 70 crore globally '' . Jump up ^ `` Carry On Jatta 2 Smashes Records By A Distance '' . Jump up ^ Singh , Jasmine ( 19 July 2015 ) . `` The turbaned prince '' . Spectrum . The Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Manje Bistre Box Office '' . Bollywood Tadka . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` ' Angrej ' 17 - Day Box Office Collection : Amrinder Gill Film Pips ' Ramta Jogi ' in 3rd Weekend '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jatt and Juliet 2 makes a record collection at the box office '' . The Times of India . 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . The film has made a box office collections nearing Rs. 20 crores approx ( All India ) Jump up ^ `` All dressed up , going places '' . Jump up ^ `` Top Punjabi Worldwide Grossers '' . Jump up ^ `` Total Collection of Ardaas & Love Punjab till 2nd Weekend ( 10 Days ) '' . `` Love Punjab '' . Jump up ^ `` Ambarsariya Continues Strong Run '' . Box Office India . 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` ' Ambarsariya ' continues to dominate ' Love Punjab , ' ' Ardaas ' at overseas box office '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SS Rajamouli 's Baahubali enters RS 300 crore club '' . The Indian Express . 19 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 46 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth starrer Kabali box office collections rise to over Rs 650 crore , turns No. 1 movie in India - The Financial Express '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth starrer Kabali box office collections rise to over Rs 650 crore , turns No. 1 movie in India - The Financial Express '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Kabali ' box office collection : Reports of Rajinikanth - starrer raking in Rs. 675 crore in 13 days are fake '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajinikanth 's Kabali has earned Rs 600 crore at the global box office . Or has it ? - Firstpost '' . 3 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kabali ' Box Office collection '' . International Business Times India . 4 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth birthday today ; As superstar Rajni turns 65 , wishes pour in '' . 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Armies Of Ajith Fans Mobilize To Blast ' Vivegam ' Teaser To Record Views '' . Forbes . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Kabali , which starred blockbuster hero Rajinikanth , went on to gross nearly 5 billion rupees ( US $77 million ) worldwide , making it the 6th highest grossing Indian film in history at the time . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Mersal box office collection : A crowning - moment for Vijay as his film joins Rs 200 - crore club '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Ilayathalapathy Vijay 's Mersal creates history ; breaches Rs 250 crore mark '' . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` SS Rajamouli 's Baahubali to Ajith 's Vedalam : The Top 10 Highest grossing Tamil movies in 2015 '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vishwaroopam ' Box Office Collection : Kamal Haasan Starrer Earns ₹ 220 Crores '' . International Business Times . 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kaala surpasses Rs 150 Cr mark in 3 weeks : Rajinikanth becomes only south Indian hero with three 150 Cr grossers '' . Firstpost. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Highest Grossing Tamil films - Photos , Images , Gallery '' . Jump up ^ `` Vijay 's ' Theri ' set to complete 100 days in theatres '' . IBTimes. 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Year of success for tinsel town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 26 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' AD '' 187 Cr box office collection : PK film emerges as one of the highest grossers `` . Business - Standard . 2 Apr 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehansindia.com Jump up ^ http://www.glamsham.com/en/superstar-mahesh-babus-bharat-ane-nenu-sets-bo-on-fire Jump up ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bharat-ane-nenu-box-office-mahesh-babu-s-film-refuses-to-slow-down-rakes-in-rs-230-crore-in-19-days-2613460 Jump up ^ http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/superstar-mahesh-babus-bharat-ane-nenu-collects-rs-230-cr-in-just-19-days/1273558 Jump up ^ `` Khaidi No 150 : Chiranjeevi 's blockbuster mints Rs 164 cr worldwide '' . Hindustan Times . 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khaidi No 150 box office collections : At Rs 164 cr , Chiranjeevi 's comeback action movie sets new record '' . 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangasthalam '' . 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1 year of Srimanthudu : 8 interesting facts about the Mahesh Babu - Shruti Haasan blockbuster '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Mahesh Babu to Srimanthudu Director , With Love - NDTV Movies '' . 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mahesh Babu 's hit film Srimanthudu to premier on Zee Telugu on Sunday , November 8 - Times of India '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicy V.P ( 13 July 2015 ) . `` ' Baahubali ' First Weekend Box Office Collection : Rajamouli Film Breaks Lifetime Records of ' Magadheera ' , ' Attarinitik Daaredi ' in Three Days '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Gabbar Singh highest grosser in south '' . India Today . 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Earners 1940 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : V.S. Somanath , International Financial Management , page 53 , I.K. International , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Computing ' Real Value ' Over Time with a Conversion between U.K. Pounds and U.S. Dollars , 1774 to Present , MeasuringWorth ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 67.175856 INR per USD in 2016 ) '' . OFX . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1941 '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1942 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1943 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ China 's Foreign Trade Statistics , 1864 - 1949 , page 196 , Harvard University Asia Center , 1974 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1944 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ The Statesman 's Year - Book : Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1945 , page 696 , Springer , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1945 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1946 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Oil , International Payments and Reform , page 260 , Institute for Financial Management and Research , 1975 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1947 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshi , Namrata ( 19 September 2011 ) . `` Reeling It All In '' . Outlook India . Archived from the original on 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1949 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1950 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1951 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pacific Exchange Rate Service '' ( PDF ) . UBC Sauder School of Business . University of British Columbia . p. 3 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Indian Films in Soviet Cinemas : The Culture of Movie - going After Stalin , page 211 , Indiana University Press , 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` Archive '' . Central Bank of Russia . 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1952 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator ( domestic gross ) '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . December 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exchange Rates ( 68.3 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajinder , Dudrah ; Jigna , Desai ( 2008 ) . The Bollywood Reader . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 65 . ISBN 9780335222124 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator ( overseas gross ) '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . December 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1953 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1954 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1955 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ A Taste for Indian Films : Negotiating Cultural Boundaries in Post-Stalinist Soviet Society , page 163 , Indiana University , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Moscow Prime Time : How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War , page 48 , Cornell University Press , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Sergey Kudryavtsev ( 3 August 2008 ) . `` Зарубежные популярные фильмы в советском кинопрокате ( Индия ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1956 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Box Office 1957 , Box Office India , archived 22 September 2012 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1958 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . December 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1959 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1960 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 70 iconic films of Indian cinema '' . Mint. 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1961 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : The Routledge Handbook of the Cold War , page 357 , Routledge , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1962 '' . Box Office India . 14 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1963 '' . Box Office India . 14 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1964 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1965 '' . Box Office India . 14 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1966 '' . Box Office India . 14 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1967 '' . Box Office India . 14 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1968 '' . Box Office India . 14 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1969 '' . Box Office India . 14 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1970 '' . Box Office India . 20 October 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Monthly Commentary on Indian Economic Conditions , Volume 28 , page xv , Indian Institute of Public Opinion , 1986 Jump up ^ Bollywood returns to Russian screens Archived 25 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , Russia Beyond , September 2009 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1983 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1984 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1985 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1986 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1987 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1987 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1989 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1990 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1991 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1992 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1993 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Darr '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Grossers ALL TIME : 37 Films Hit 100 Crore '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century , Box Office India , 8 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1995 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kohli - Khandekar , Vanita ( 2013 ) . The Indian Media Business . SAGE Publications . p. 188 . ISBN 9788132117889 . Jump up ^ `` Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1996 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office 1996 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers : 1996 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1997 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Adjusted Nett Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1998 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1999 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2000 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2001 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Grossers 2002 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2003 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2004 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2005 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WORLDWIDE GROSSERS 2006 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WORLDWIDE GROSSERS 2007 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Meena Iyer ( 8 January 2009 ) . `` ' Ghajini ' first Hindi movie to cross Rs200cr mark '' . TimesOfIndia . TNN . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ghajini collection details submitted to court '' . The Hindu . 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Saturday Box Office Collection : Baahubali Beats Endhiran 's Lifetime Record in 9 Days '' . Ibtimes.co.in. 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office 2010 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Enthiran ( 2010 ) grossed ₹ 289 crore . The highest 2010 grosser listed on Box Office India , Dabangg , grossed ₹ 220 crore . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2011 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2012 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2013 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali 2 box - office collection day 5 : Prabhas - Rana 's film crosses Rs 500 crore '' . The Indian Express . 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race 3 total worldwide box office collection : Salman Khan 's film grosses Rs 180 crore in 3 days '' . IBTimes. 19 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sanju box office collection : Ranbir Kapoor film crosses Rs 200 crore gross mark worldwide in 3 days '' . IBTime. 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kabali ' 3rd day box office collection : Rajinikanth 's flick grosses over Rs. 200 crore worldwide in first weekend '' . IBTimes. 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TOP WORLDWIDE FIRST WEEKEND ALL TIME '' . Box Office India . 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baahubali ' 4 - Day Box Office Collection : Rajamouli 's Movie Continues Strong Run in Theatres '' . IBTimes. 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mersal 5 - day box office collection : Vijay 's film racing towards Rs 150 crore mark '' . IBTimes. 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' I ' ( ' Ai ' ) 5 - Day Box Office Collections ( Opening Weekend ) : Vikram - Amy Starrer Grosses over ₹ 135 crore Worldwide '' . IBTimes. 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Top Lifetime South WW Grossing Films - AndhraBoxOffice.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Race 3 '' . Bollywood Hungama. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 23 July 2015 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Top Ten All Time Worldwide Grossers '' . Box Office India . 21 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2006 '' . Box Office India . 21 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Don - The Chase Begins Again '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rate of the Indian Rupee ( 45.3 INR per USD ) '' . Reserve Bank of India . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Billa 2 reigns over box office '' . India Today . 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlyn Chopra sets temperatures soaring with her hot photoshoot '' . Movified. 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # Birthdayspecial : Before the grand success of Baahubali , Prabhas delivered these hits '' . Times Now . 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billa hits a century ! '' . Moviebuzz. 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Housefull 3 - Movie - Box Office India '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 31 March 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Baaghi 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania - Movie - Box Office India '' . boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections of Welcome Back - Box Office , Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Judwaa 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama. 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judwaa '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gabbar Singh highest grosser in south Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . - India Today Retrieved 6 February 2015 Dated 19 July 2012 Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 11 February 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Akshay Kumar 's Jolly LLB 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections of ABCD - Any Body Can Dance - 2 - Box Office , Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Kollywood 2015 : Top 10 Highest Grossing Tamil Movies in the Year '' . 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Total Box Office Collections in India , Overseas , Worldwide '' . Indicine.com. 20 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khiladi 786 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Khiladi '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sabse Bada Khiladi '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Main Khiladi Tu Anari '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khiladi 420 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Akshay Kumar Hits , Flops , Blockbusters : Box Office Analysis '' . TalkingMoviez . August 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 4 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . 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-6747128213424197083	Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge	Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial bridge - wikipedia Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial bridge Jump to : navigation , search Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge The bridge in front of the Hoover Dam Coordinates 36 ° 0 ′ 45 '' N 114 ° 44 ′ 29 '' W / 36.01250 ° N 114.74139 ° W / 36.01250 ; - 114.74139 ( Hoover Dam Bypass ) Coordinates : 36 ° 0 ′ 45 '' N 114 ° 44 ′ 29 '' W / 36.01250 ° N 114.74139 ° W / 36.01250 ; - 114.74139 ( Hoover Dam Bypass ) Carries US 93 Crosses Colorado River Locale Lake Mead National Recreation Area , Clark County , Nevada -- Mohave County , Arizona Official name Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge Other name ( s ) Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge Maintained by Arizona Department of Transportation ( ADOT ) Nevada Department of Transportation ( NDOT ) Characteristics Design concrete - steel composite arch bridge Total length 1,900 feet ( 579 m ) Longest span 1,060 ft ( 323 m ) Clearance below 900 ft ( 270 m ) History Designer Bridge Designer T.Y. Lin International Design Manager HDR , Inc . Construction start February 14 , 2005 Construction end October 14 , 2010 Construction cost $240 million Opened October 16 , 2010 ( to pedestrians ) ; October 19 , 2010 ( regular traffic ) Statistics Daily traffic 15,000 New bridge and bypass highway at Hoover Dam . The Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge is an arch bridge in the United States that spans the Colorado River between the states of Arizona and Nevada . The bridge is located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) southeast of Las Vegas , and carries U.S. Route 93 over the Colorado River . Opened in 2010 , it was the key component of the Hoover Dam Bypass project , which rerouted US 93 from its previous routing along the top of Hoover Dam and removed several hairpin turns and blind curves from the route . It is jointly named for Mike O'Callaghan , Governor of Nevada from 1971 -- 1979 , and Pat Tillman , an American football player who left his career with the Arizona Cardinals to enlist in the United States Army and was later killed in Afghanistan by friendly fire . As early as the 1960s , officials identified the US 93 route over Hoover Dam to be dangerous and inadequate for projected traffic volumes . From 1998 -- 2001 , officials from Arizona , Nevada , and several federal government agencies collaborated to determine the best routing for an alternative river crossing . In March 2001 , the Federal Highway Administration selected the route , which crosses the Colorado River approximately 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) downstream of Hoover Dam . Construction of the bridge approaches began in 2003 , and construction of the bridge itself began in February 2005 . The bridge was completed in 2010 and the entire bypass route opened to vehicle traffic on October 19 , 2010 . The Hoover Dam Bypass project was completed within budget at a cost of $240 million ; the bridge portion cost $114 million . The bridge was the first concrete - steel composite arch bridge built in the United States , and incorporates the widest concrete arch in the Western Hemisphere . At 900 feet ( 270 m ) above the Colorado River , it is the second highest bridge in the United States after the Royal Gorge Bridge , and is the world 's highest concrete arch bridge . The bridge is slated to be part of Interstate 11 once the highway is completed in this area , replacing US 93 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Construction 4 Naming 5 Incidents 5.1 Construction crane collapse 5.2 Fatalities 5.3 Suicides 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Citations 10 External links History ( edit ) In 1935 , the American Association of State Highway Officials ( AASHO , later AASHTO ) authorized a southward extension of U.S. Route 93 from its previous southern terminus in Glendale , Nevada to Kingman , Arizona by way of Las Vegas and Boulder City , crossing the Colorado River on the newly constructed Hoover Dam ( also known then as Boulder Dam ) . Clark County was sparsely populated at the time , with a population of less than 9,000 at the 1930 U.S. Census ( compared to an estimated 2 million in 2013 ) . Development in and around Las Vegas in the latter half of the 20th century made Las Vegas and its surrounding area a tourist attraction , and US 93 became an important transportation corridor for passenger and commercial traffic between Las Vegas and Phoenix . In 1995 , the portion of US 93 over Hoover Dam was included as part of the CANAMEX Corridor , a high - priority transportation corridor established under the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . This bridge is a key component of the proposed Interstate 11 project . Through traffic on US 93 combined with pedestrian and tourist traffic at Hoover Dam itself led to major traffic congestion on the dam and on the approaches to the dam . The approaches featured hairpin turns on both the Nevada and Arizona sides of the dam , and the terrain caused limited sight distances around curves . In addition to traffic safety considerations , officials were also concerned about the safety and security of Hoover Dam , specifically the impact a vehicle accident could have on the dam 's operation and the waters of Lake Mead . Officials first discussed the need for a new Colorado River crossing that would bypass the dam in the 1960s . The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation , which operates the dam , began work on the `` Colorado River Bridge Project '' in 1989 , but the project was put on hold in 1995 . In 1997 the Federal Highway Administration took over the project and released a draft environmental impact statement in 1998 . From 1998 -- 2001 state officials from Arizona and Nevada as well as several federal government agencies studied the feasibility of several alternative routes and river crossings , as well as the feasibility of modifying the roadway over the dam , restricting traffic over the dam , or doing nothing . In March 2001 the Federal Highway Administration issued a Record of Decision indicating its selection of the `` Sugarloaf Mountain Alternative '' routing . The project called for approximately 2.2 miles ( 3.5 km ) of highway in Nevada , 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) of highway in Arizona , and a 1,900 - foot ( 580 m ) bridge that would cross the river 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) downstream ( south ) of Hoover Dam . Design work began in July 2001 . Security measures implemented following the September 11 attacks prohibited commercial truck traffic from driving across Hoover Dam . Prior to the completion of the bridge , through commercial vehicles were required to follow a 104 - mile ( 167 km ) detour route between Boulder City and Kingman via US 95 , Nevada State Route 163 , the Colorado River crossing between Laughlin , Nevada and Bullhead City , Arizona , and Arizona State Route 68 ; the detour added 23 - mile ( 37 km ) to the normal journey on US 93 . Design ( edit ) The completed bridge viewed from Nevada in December 2010 Project design was by the Hoover Support team , led by HDR , Inc. and including T.Y. Lin International , Sverdrup Civil , Inc. , and other specialist contributors . The bridge has a length of 1,900 feet ( 579 m ) and a 1,060 ft ( 320 m ) span . The roadway is 900 ft ( 270 m ) above the Colorado River and four lanes wide . This is the first concrete - and - steel composite arch bridge built in the United States . It includes the widest concrete arch in the Western Hemisphere and is also the second highest bridge in the nation , with the arch 840 ft ( 260 m ) above the river . The twin arch ribs are connected by steel struts . The composite design , using concrete for the arch and columns with steel construction for the roadway deck , was selected for schedule and cost control while being aesthetically compatible with the Hoover Dam . Sean Holstege in The Arizona Republic has called the bridge `` an American triumph '' . USA Today called it `` America 's Newest Wonder '' on October 18 , 2010 . Pedestrian access is provided over the bridge to tourists who wish to take in a different view of the nearby dam and river below , but the dam is not visible for those driving across it . A parking area is provided near the bridge on the Nevada side at what was a staging area during construction . A set of stairs and disabled access ramps lead to the sidewalk across the bridge . Construction ( edit ) The bridge under construction , January 2009 Work began in 2003 on the approaches in both states and the construction contract for the arch bridge was awarded in October 2004 . The largest obstacle to the project was the river crossing . The bridge and the bypass were constructed by a consortium of different government agencies and contractors , among them the Federal Highway Administration , the Arizona Department of Transportation , and Nevada Department of Transportation , with RE Monks Construction and Vastco , Inc , constructing the Arizona Approach , Edward Kraemer & Sons , Inc , the Nevada Approach and Las Vegas Paving Corporation undertaking the roadway surfacing on both approaches . The bridge itself was built by Obayashi Corporation and PSM Construction USA , Inc. , while Frehner Construction Company , Inc. was responsible for completing the final roadway installations . A permit problem between Clark County and the subcontractor Casino Ready Mix arose in May 2006 over the operation of a concrete - batch plant for the project , and this caused a four - month delay . Construction of the arches , showing the diagonal cable stays and the high - line crane . June 2009 Construction required hoisting workers and up to 50 short tons ( 45 t ) of materials 890 feet ( 270 m ) above the Colorado River using 2,300 ft ( 700 m ) - long steel cables held aloft by a `` high - line '' crane system . High winds caused a cableway failure in September 2006 , resulting in a further two - year delay . The approach spans , consisting of seven pairs of concrete columns -- five on the Nevada side and two on the Arizona side -- were completed in March 2008 . In November 2008 , construction worker Sherman Jones died in an accident . Completed Arch in September 2009 The arches are made of 106 pieces -- 53 per arch -- mostly 24 ft ( 7.3 m ) cast in place sections . The arch was constructed from both sides of the bridge concurrently , supported by diagonal cable stays strung from temporary towers . The twin arch spans were completed with the casting of the center segments in August 2009 . That same month , the two halves of the arch were completed , and were ⁄ inch ( 9.5 mm ) apart ; the gap was filled with a block of reinforced concrete . The temporary cable stays were removed , leaving the arch self - supporting . By December , all eight of the vertical piers on the arch had been set and capped , and at the end of the month the first two of thirty - six 50 - short - ton ( 45 t ) steel girders had been set into place . The nearly complete bridge seen from a helicopter in February 2010 By mid-April 2010 , all of the girders were set in place , and for the first time construction crews could walk across the structure from Arizona to Nevada . Shortly thereafter , the pouring of the bridge deck began . The bridge deck was fully paved in July , and the high - line cranes were removed from the site as the overall project neared completion . The bridge was completed with a dedication ceremony on October 14 , 2010 . and a grand opening party on October 16 . It was opened to bicycle and pedestrian traffic on October 18 and to vehicular traffic on October 19 , a few weeks earlier than estimated . The building of the bridge was featured in episode 5x02 of the TV series Extreme Engineering . The filming of this episode took place before the start of work on the arch . When the bridge opened to traffic , the roadway over Hoover Dam was closed to through traffic , and all visitor access to the dam was routed to the Nevada side ; vehicles are still allowed to drive across the dam to the Arizona side following a security inspection , but must return to the Nevada side to return to US 93 . The former US 93 route between the dam and its junction with the present US 93 route has been re-designated as Nevada State Route 172 . Naming ( edit ) In late 2004 , the proposed bridge name honoring Mike O'Callaghan and Pat Tillman was announced at a ceremony by the Governor of Nevada , Kenny Guinn , and the Governor of Arizona , Janet Napolitano . O'Callaghan , a decorated Korean War veteran , was the Governor of Nevada from 1971 through 1979 , and he was the executive editor at the Las Vegas Sun newspaper for many years until his death on March 5 , 2004 . Tillman had been a football player for the Arizona State University and for the Arizona Cardinals . He gave up his multimillion - dollar career in the National Football League to enlist as an infantryman in the U.S. Army , but he was killed by friendly fire in Afghanistan on April 22 , 2004 . Incidents ( edit ) View from upstream of Hoover Dam with Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge in background Construction crane collapse ( edit ) Strong winds gusting across the Black Canyon on September 15 , 2006 , appear to have been the cause for the collapse of the `` high - line '' crane system that was used to carry workmen and materials at the bridge site . No injuries or fatalities occurred because of this accident . Limited construction work resumed in October 2006 , but this accident caused a two - year delay in construction . The bridge - construction companies Obayashi Corp. and PSM Construction , USA , Inc. absorbed the cost of the debris removal and the rebuilding of the cranes . The reconstruction contract for the cranes was awarded to Cincinnati 's F&M Mafco Inc . Fatalities ( edit ) Work was also halted when a Las Vegas construction worker , 48 - year - old Sherman Jones , was killed during construction while adjusting a cable used to align temporary concrete towers , when a jack punctured his chest . Suicides ( edit ) The first known suicide at the bridge took place on April 7 , 2012 . Federal officials were unable to persuade the victim not to jump from the pedestrian walkway overlooking the dam . Others have happened since . Recent known suicides at the bridge include a woman who jumped on January 10 , 2014 , becoming the 7th suicide according to the Las Vegas Review Journal ( LVRJ ) . The eighth suicide victim was a man who jumped on April 15 , 2014 ( LVRJ ) . Representatives of the Nevada Department of Transportation `` are constantly monitoring the situation , '' and were `` planning to discuss potential preventative measures on the bypass bridge '' at their August or September 2012 meeting . See also ( edit ) Bridges portal Arizona portal Nevada portal List of bridges in the United States by height Robert Maillart , Swiss civil engineer and designer of the similar Salginatobel Bridge ( 1929 -- 1930 ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The arch rise is 277 ft ( 84 m ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Hoover Dam Bypass . Central Federal Lands Highway Division and HDR Engineering . October 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Soaring Hoover Dam bypass bridge finally complete . ^ Jump up to : `` Construction Activities '' . Hoover Dam Bypass . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holstege , Sean ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Las Vegas route over Hoover Dam bridge coming soon '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.mtnmouse.com/nevada/hoover_dam_bridge.html Jump up ^ http://highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Mike_O'Callaghan-Pat_Tilman_Memorial_Bridge Jump up ^ `` CANAMEX Federal Definition '' . CANAMEX Corridor Coalition . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Norman , Jean Reid ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` Boulder City Council endorses Vegas - to - Phoenix interstate '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. 93 Hoover Dam Bypass Project Record of Decision '' ( PDF ) . Federal Highway Administration . March 2001 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Kyle B. ( August 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hoover Dam bypass bridge inches toward completion '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hoover Dam Bypass Update No 8 '' ( PDF ) . Hoover Dam Bypass . February 2002 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Holstege , Sean ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Hoover Dam bridge is America 's newest wonder '' . USAToday . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Goodyear , Klamerus & Turton 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Design Activities '' . Hoover Dam Bypass . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holstege , Sean ( October 17 , 2010 ) . `` Hoover Dam bypass bridge an American triumph '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Francis ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Towering Achievement '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . ISSN 1097 - 1645 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Illia & Cho 2010 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Illia & Cho 2009 , pp. 20 -- 21 . Sidebar giving a timeline of the project . Jump up ^ Illia & Cho 2009 , p. 24 . `` In early 2006 , ( the project 's ) local concrete supplier , Casino Ready Mix Inc. , was found to be unlicensed , causing a 4 - month delay . '' Jump up ^ Fried , Stephen ( October 17 , 2010 ) . `` The Birth of a Modern Marvel '' . Parade Magazine . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Photo Album : Images from December 2009 '' . Hoover Dam Bypass . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Quine , Michael ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Hoover Dam bypass bridge dedicated '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . ISSN 1097 - 1645 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Kyle ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bridging America event draws thousands '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Kyle ( October 9 , 2010 ) . `` Bicyclists get early glimpse of Hoover Dam bypass bridge '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannon , K.M. ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Thousands walk new Hoover Dam Bypass bridge '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . ISSN 1097 - 1645 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Illia & Cho 2009 , p. 18 . `` ( The crossing ) is scheduled to open in November 2010 . '' Jump up ^ `` Visiting Hoover Dam : A Traveler 's Guide '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Illia , Tony ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` The missing link '' . Las Vegas Business Press . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leong , Grace ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` Diving for debris : A.F. company cleans up Hoover Dam bypass damage '' . Daily Herald . Provo , Utah . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Manning , Mary ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Worker dies at Hoover Dam bypass bridge project '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holstege , Sean ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Hoover Dam bypass bridge an epic marvel '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shine , Conor ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` California woman identified as bypass bridge jumper '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adrienne Packer ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` NEWS : Suicides prompt talk of changes at Hoover Dam bypass bridge '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado River Bridge , Hoover Dam Bypass Project '' . Projects . PSM Construction . 2005 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Citations ( edit ) `` Hoover Dam Bypass '' . Central Federal Lands Highway Division . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Official website . Goodyear , David ; Klamerus , Bonnie ; Turton , Rob ( 2005 ) . `` New Colorado River Arch Bridge at the Hoover Dam '' ( PDF ) . International Bridge Conference 2005 . Pittsburgh : Engineers ' Society of Western Pennsylvania : 16 -- 18 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 11 , 2006 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . This will be the first arch structure of this scale to combine a composite steel deck with a segmental concrete arch and spandrels . The design is also unique in its use of steel Vierendeel struts between twin concrete arch ribs -- a feature that both speeds construction and adds ductility to the lateral framing system for extreme seismic loads . Illia , Tony ; Cho , Aileen ( 2009 ) . `` Buffeted by High Winds and Setbacks , a Bypass Is Making History Near Hoover Dam '' . Engineering News - Record . 263 ( 18 ) : 18 -- 24 . ISSN 0891 - 9526 . ( subscription required ) for the article with the timeline . Illia , Tony ; Cho , Aileen ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Buffeted by High Winds and Setbacks , a Bypass Is Making History Near Hoover Dam '' . pp. 1 -- 3 . Same title but no timeline . External links ( edit ) Official website Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge at Structurae Media related to Hoover Dam Bypass ( Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge ) at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Crossings of the Colorado River Upstream Hoover Dam Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge US 93 Downstream Davis Dam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_O%27Callaghan -- Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge&oldid = 807069934 '' Categories : Bridges over the Colorado River Road bridges in Arizona Road bridges in Nevada Bridges on the United States Numbered Highways U.S. Route 93 Bridges completed in 2010 Concrete bridges in the United States Transportation in Clark County , Nevada Transportation in Mohave County , Arizona Buildings and structures in Clark County , Nevada Buildings and structures in Mohave County , Arizona Lake Mead Lake Mead National Recreation Area Monuments and memorials in Arizona Monuments and memorials in Nevada 2010 establishments in Arizona 2010 establishments in Nevada Open - spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States Steel bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Structurae ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the bridge at hoover dam built	[]	[]
2107388375682192675	Meredith Monroe	Meredith Monroe - wikipedia Meredith Monroe This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meredith Monroe Houston , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1997 -- present Spouse ( s ) Steven Kavovit ( 1999 - present ) Meredith Monroe ( born December 30 ) is an American actress best known for portraying Andie McPhee on Dawson 's Creek from 1998 to 2003 , and her recurring role as Haley Hotchner on Criminal Minds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Monroe was born on December 30 , in Houston , Texas . Her parents divorced when she was two , and she was subsequently raised in Hinsdale , Illinois . She studied at Hinsdale Central High School and after graduating moved to New York to pursue a modeling career . In 1995 , she appeared in a number of TV commercials and magazine advertisements for L'Oreal hair - care , Disney Resort , Huffy bicycles , Ford cars , and Mattel toys . In 1996 , Monroe made the transition into acting when she was cast as Tracy Dalken in ABC series Dangerous Minds , which led to a small recurring role on Sunset Beach as Rachel , a pregnant teenager . This led to her being cast as a series regular on Dawson 's Creek in the role of Andie . She was a series regular in seasons 2 and 3 , appeared in several episodes at the beginning and end of season 4 , and was a special guest star in the series finale in season 6 ( though her scenes were cut from the televised episode , appearing only on the DVD extended - cut release ) . She is also known for her role in Criminal Minds as Haley Hotchner , Aaron Hotchner 's wife . Monroe left the series after her character was murdered by a recurring villain , The Boston Reaper ( C. Thomas Howell ) , in the 100th episode . In 2018 , she joined the cast of 13 Reasons Why in season two as Carolyn , the mother of Alex Standall . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1997 Norville and Trudy Trudy Kockenlocker Strong Island Boys Weather Girl 1998 Fallen Arches Karissa 2002 Year That Trembled , The The Year That Trembled Judy Woods New Best Friend Hadley Ashton Minority Report Pre-Crime Public Service Announcer Full Ride Amy Lear 2003 Manhood Clare Shadow Man Ms. McKenna Short film 2005 Vampires : The Turning Amanda 2006 Not My Life Anita / Ana TV Movie 2008 Black Crescent Moon Suzy Beacon 2009 Wake Phaedra Nowhere to Hide Sara Crane 2011 Low Fidelity Lift , The The Lift Mary Lindsay Transformers : Dark of the Moon Engineer 's Wife Born Bad Katherine Duncan Video 2016 The Edge of Seventeen Greer Bruner Television Year Title Role Notes 1997 Dangerous Minds Tracy Daiken Episode : `` Everybody Wants It '' Jenny Brianna Episode : `` A Girl 's Gotta Pierce '' Hang Time Jill Episode : `` Kristy 's Other Mother '' Promised Land Meredith Bix Episode : `` Crushed '' 1998 Sunset Beach Rachel ( uncredited ) 4 episodes Night Man Episode : `` You Are Too Beautiful '' Magnificent Seven , The The Magnificent Seven Claire Mosley Episode : `` Manhunt '' Players Sarah Nolan Episode : `` Con - undrum '' 1998 -- 2003 Dawson 's Creek Andie McPhee 69 episodes 1999 Beyond the Prairie : The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder Laura Ingalls Wilder TV movie Cracker : Mind Over Murder Devon Booker Episode : `` Faustian Fitz '' 2002 Beyond the Prairie , Part 2 : The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder Laura Ingalls Wilder TV movie Division , The The Division Carol Manning / Jeanette Episode : `` Illusions '' 2003 111 Gramercy Park Leah Karnegian TV movie The One Gail Hollander TV movie Mister Sterling Olivia Haynes Episode : `` Statewide Swing '' Joan of Arcadia Michelle Turner Episode : `` Double Dutch '' CSI : Miami Claudia Sanders Episode : `` Under the Influence '' Kevin Hill Kate Ross Episode : `` Snack Daddy '' 2005 House Lola Episode : `` Sports Medicine '' Fathers and Sons Young Nora TV movie Strong Medicine Episode : `` Broken Hearts '' Cold Case Cindy Mulvaney Episode : `` A Perfect Day '' 2005 -- 2009 , 2013 Criminal Minds Haley Hotchner 14 episodes 2006 Living With Fran Beth Episode : `` Masquerading with Fran '' Not My Life Alison Morgan TV movie CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Sister Bridget Episode : `` Double Cross '' Masters of Horror Celia Fuller Episode : `` Family '' 2007 Bones Clarissa Bancroft Episode : `` The Man in the Mansion '' Crossing Jordan Rebecca Episode : `` Fall from Grace '' Wedding Bells , The The Wedding Bells Episode : `` The Fantasy '' Shark Nina Weber Episode : `` In Absentia '' 2008 Moonlight Cynthia Episode : `` The Mortal Cure '' Californication Chloe Metz Episode : `` Vaginatown '' Private Practice Leah Episode : `` Know When to Fold '' 2009 Raising the Bar Prof. Doris Castillo Episode : `` Bobbi Ba - Bing '' Storm in the Heartland Liz McAdams TV movie Mentalist , The The Mentalist Verona Westlake Episode : `` Red Bulls '' Deep End , The The Deep End Molly Pierson Episode : `` Pilot '' Psych Catherine Bicks / Maddie Bicks Episode : `` Shawn 2.0 '' NCIS April Ferris Episode : `` Cracked '' 2011 The Closer Tina Lynch Episode : `` Under Control '' Hawaii Five - 0 Trisha Joyner Episode : `` Ma'eme'e '' Hart of Dixie Mrs. Breeland 3 episodes 2012 CSI : NY April Lewis Episode : `` Misconception '' 2013 Drop Dead Diva Violet Harwood Episode : `` Trust Me '' The Husband She Met Online Rachel Malemen TV Movie 2014 NCIS : Los Angeles Heidi Episode : `` SEAL Hunter '' 2015 Castle Elise Resner Episode : `` Habeas Corpse '' 2018 13 Reasons Why Carolyn Standall 4 episodes References ( edit ) Dawson 's Creek : the Official Companion by Darren Crosdale Jump up ^ `` Meredith Monroe . '' Contemporary Theatre , Film and Television . Vol. 43 . Detroit : Gale , 2002 . Gale Biography In Context . Web . 13 Feb. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kathë Tibbs ; Biff L. Peterson ( 1999 ) . They Do n't Wanna Wait : The Stars of Dawson 's Creek . ECW Press . pp. 33 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 389 - 7 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' : Jake Weber , Brenda Strong , Meredith Monroe & RJ Brown Join Season 2 Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Meredith Monroe on IMDb Meredith Monroe on Yahoo Movies Hollywood.com BNF : cb15088161x ( data ) GND : 1075155533 ISNI : 0000 0003 6499 7906 LCCN : no2009040965 VIAF : 229378297 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Monroe&oldid=846367086 '' Categories : Actresses from Houston American film actresses American television actresses Living people People from Hinsdale , Illinois Actresses from Illinois Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from February 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth missing ( living people ) Missing middle or first names Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 09 : 04 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who played hotch's wife on criminal minds	[]	[]
2075568410888361534	The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild	The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild - wikipedia The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Jump to : navigation , search The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Developer ( s ) Nintendo EPD Publisher ( s ) Nintendo Director ( s ) Hidemaro Fujibayashi Producer ( s ) Eiji Aonuma Programmer ( s ) Takuhiro Dohta Kenji Matsutani Hiroshi Umemiya Artist ( s ) Satoru Takizawa Writer ( s ) Akihito Toda Composer ( s ) Manaka Kataoka Yasuaki Iwata Series The Legend of Zelda Platform ( s ) Nintendo Switch Wii U Release March 3 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild is an action - adventure game developed and published by Nintendo . A part of The Legend of Zelda series , it was released for the Nintendo Switch and Wii U consoles on March 3 , 2017 . The story follows Link , who awakens from a hundred - year slumber to a mysterious voice that guides him to defeat Calamity Ganon before he can destroy the kingdom of Hyrule . Breath of the Wild is played in an open world that the player can explore at their own pace , similar to the original Legend of Zelda . Link can collect items such as armor , weapons , and food , with multiple uses . Scattered across the world are waypoints that the player can warp to , puzzles , and non-player characters that offer advice or side - quests . Breath of the Wild introduced elements to the series including a detailed physics engine , high - definition visuals , and voice acting . The game was planned for release in 2015 as a Wii U exclusive , but was delayed twice due to problems with the physics engine . It was a launch game for the Switch and the final Nintendo game for the Wii U . Breath of the Wild received critical acclaim for its open - ended gameplay , which encourages experimentation and exploration , and many called it a landmark in open - world design , despite minor criticism for its frame rate and technical performance at launch . It won numerous awards , including several Game of the Year awards , and many critics have described it as one of the greatest games of all time . The game broke Nintendo 's sales records in numerous regions , selling over six million copies worldwide on the Switch and more than one million copies worldwide on the Wii U by end of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Downloadable content 4 Promotion and release 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) See also : Gameplay of The Legend of Zelda series Players are free to explore the world of Breath of the Wild using a variety of tools . For example , by jumping from a high elevation and deploying his paraglider , Link can travel distances quickly . In a departure from previous Legend of Zelda games , Breath of the Wild features a full open world , twelve times larger than the overworld in Twilight Princess , with less emphasis on defined entrances and exits to areas . Similar to the original Legend of Zelda , the player begins with little instruction , and is allowed to explore freely at their own pace . Breath of the Wild introduces a physics engine to the Zelda series with consistent rules , but also lets players approach problems in different ways rather than trying to find a prescribed solution . The game also integrates a `` chemistry engine '' , which defines the physical properties of most objects and governs how they interact with the player and one another . These design approaches result in a generally unstructured and interactive world that rewards experimentation and allows for completing the story non-linearly . Taking control of Link , players explore the kingdom of Hyrule with actions such as running , climbing , swimming , and gliding with a paraglider , although he is limited by his stamina . Unlike previous Zelda games , where Link obtains key weapons for permanent use , the player procures items from the environment , including melee weapons , bows , and shields , which break after excessive use . Many items have multiple uses ; for example , wooden weapons and armor can be set to light fires or collect incoming enemy arrows , and shields can be used as makeshift snowboards . Players can also obtain various food and materials , such as meat from hunted animals , wild fruit picked from trees , and parts from defeated enemies . By cooking combinations of food or materials , the player can create meals and elixirs that can replenish Link 's health and stamina , or provide temporary status bonuses such as increased strength or resistance against weather . Link 's Sheikah Slate can be used to mark waypoints on a map and take pictures . Early in the game , multiple rune powers are installed onto the Sheikah Slate , including remote bombs ; Magnesis , which can be used to manipulate metal objects ; Cryonis , which forms ice blocks on watery surfaces ; and Stasis , which temporarily stops objects in time , allowing the player to build kinetic energy which is released once time resumes . In combat , players can lock onto targets for more precise attacks , while certain button combinations allow for more advanced offensive and defensive moves . Players may also defeat enemies without weapons , such as rolling boulders off cliffs into enemy encampments . `` I really think the implementation of this physics engine is a major development for the Zelda series . The way the physics engine underpins everything in the world really offers up a lot of new possibilities . For instance , in Breath of the Wild you might have a puzzle where making use of the physics , there 'll be various ways you can solve that puzzle . That really opens up a lot of possibilities so there 's not just one way to progress in the game or just one way to solve a puzzle . '' Eiji Aonuma , producer Activating towers and shrines adds waypoints that the player may warp to at any time . Activating towers also adds the surrounding territory to the player 's map , although location names are not added until the player explores that area . Shrines mostly replace the series ' traditional dungeons , instead consisting of smaller challenges ranging from puzzles to battles against robotic opponents . Clearing these shrines earns Spirit Orbs , which can be traded at various `` Goddess statues '' for additional health or stamina . Also scattered across Hyrule are various small puzzles that reveal the hiding places of Koroks ; solving them earns Korok Seeds , which can be traded in to expand inventory size for weapons , shields , and bows . Players also encounter hikers or other travelers who offer side - quests , hints , or conversation . Weather is dynamic and regularly changes . For example , colder environments at higher elevations damage Link unless he wears warm clothing or eats certain food , but players may take advantage of inclement weather such as by throwing metal objects at enemies during thunderstorms to attract lightning strikes . Players who own the correct Amiibo figures may scan them against their console to conjure items , or call Link 's horse Epona from previous Zelda games and Wolf Link from Twilight Princess . Plot ( edit ) Breath of the Wild introduces a world marked by recurring conflict between the kingdom of Hyrule and the evil being , Calamity Ganon . Each time that Ganon resurfaced , he was defeated by a princess descended from the Goddess Hylia with the help of her champion . Over time , Hyrule managed to mature into an advanced civilization . Using their knowledge of technology , they decided to prepare themselves for Ganon 's inevitable return by creating four massive animal - like machines called the Divine Beasts , as well as an army of autonomous , mechanical weapons , called Guardians . Upon Ganon 's return , four great warriors were each given the titles of champions and tasked with piloting one of the Divine Beasts to attack and weaken him , while the princess and her hero used the Guardians to protect them while the hero struck Ganon down with the Master Sword , allowing the princess to seal Ganon away . 10,000 years later , the kingdom of Hyrule lost its technological greatness and had reverted to a medieval state . Upon reading the prophecies their ancestors had left behind , they learned the signs of Ganon 's return and recovered the Divine Beasts and Guardians after excavating land throughout the kingdom . Key members of Hyrule 's various races -- Daruk , a warrior of the mountainous Goron , Mipha , a princess of the aquatic Zora , Revali , the most skilled archer among the bird - like Rito , and Urbosa , the chief of the desert - dwelling Gerudo -- were assembled to pilot the Divine Beasts as the princess ' champions , while Princess Zelda and Link , her appointed knight , attempted to stop the evil using the same strategy as their ancient predecessors . However , Ganon appeared from beneath Hyrule Castle and took control of the Guardians and Divine Beasts , turning them against Hyrule . In the `` Great Calamity '' which followed , the king , Champions , and everyone in the Castle were killed , the castle town was destroyed , and Link was gravely wounded defending the princess , leaving the entire kingdom utterly devastated . Zelda survived , and after having Link taken to safety and hiding the Master Sword , faced Ganon alone , using her magic to restrain him within the castle walls . 100 years later in the present day , an amnesiac Link awakens from within the Shrine of Resurrection . A mysterious female voice guides him to the now ruined kingdom of Hyrule where he meets an old man who , after helping Link adjust to the ruined world , reveals himself to be the restless spirit of King Rhoam , the last King of Hyrule . The king explains to Link that Ganon has been sealed in Hyrule Castle for one hundred years , but Ganon has continued to grow in power , and the king pleads for Link to defeat him before he breaks free and destroys the world . Link visits the locations of the Divine Beasts , regaining his memories as each member of the respective races of the former champions helps him board the Divine Beasts to purge the machines of the monsters that Ganon had created . The champions ' spirits are released along with their Divine Beasts , and after offering their powers to Link they pilot them once again , preparing them to attack Ganon once Link storms Hyrule Castle . As Link travels the world , he also comes across key areas that he and Zelda traveled to in the past , eventually regaining all his memories . After obtaining the Master Sword from the Lost Woods , Link defeats Ganon with help from the Divine Beasts , but Ganon survives and manifests himself in his true form : an ethereal monster of pure hatred and malice called Dark Beast Ganon . Using the Bow of Light provided by Zelda , Link defeats Ganon and Zelda destroys him with the last of her divine power , restoring peace to Hyrule and allowing the spirits of King Rhoam and the champions to finally depart . In the epilogue , Zelda , while noting that Ganon is gone , for the time being , realizes that Hyrule must be rebuilt and that she and Link must begin the process themselves . If the player fulfills certain conditions , they are able to unlock an alternative ending of the game . Development ( edit ) With Breath of the Wild , Zelda series producer Eiji Aonuma sought to rethink series conventions . According to The Legend of Zelda series producer Eiji Aonuma , the development team aimed to `` rethink the conventions of Zelda '' . Nintendo had previously experimented with nonlinear , open - world gameplay in The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds ( 2013 ) , reminiscent of the original Legend of Zelda . At the 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo , Aonuma said he planned to reform dungeons and puzzles , two of the series ' major gameplay elements . The story was designed to allow players to reach the end of the game without progressing through it . As Nintendo had never worked on a modern open - world game before , they took influence from the development of The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . Prior to starting full development , the developers designed a playable 2D prototype similar to the original Zelda to experiment with physics - based puzzles . The final game uses a modified version of the Havok physics engine . At the 2017 Game Developers Conference , Fujibayashi , technical director Takuhiro Dohta , and art director Satoru Takizawa held a presentation titled `` Change and Constant -- Breaking Conventions with The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' , during which they demoed the prototype . Aonuma called the physics engine in Breath of the Wild a major development for the Zelda series , saying that it `` underpins everything in the world '' and makes things operate in a `` logical and realistic way '' , allowing players to approach puzzles and problems in different ways . He expanded on the difficulty in developing this system , recalling how one day during development he entered an area in the game and found that all the objects had been blown away by the wind . `` Our mission in developing this new Zelda game ... is quite plainly to re-think the conventions of Zelda . I 'm referring to the expectation that the player is supposed to complete dungeons in a certain order ... we want to set aside these conventions , get back to basics and create a newborn Zelda so that the players can best enjoy the real essence of the franchise . '' Eiji Aonuma , producer The game was built and demonstrated with touchscreen features for the Wii U , but the developers found that looking away from the main screen distracted from the game . The features were removed when the game moved to tandem development across the Wii U and Nintendo Switch . The Wii U GamePad also affected animation ; though Link is canonically left - handed , he is right - handed in the game to match the GamePad 's control scheme , which has its sword - swinging buttons on its right side . The Switch version performs better than the Wii U release when docked to a television , though when undocked , both run at the same resolution . The Switch version also has higher - quality environmental sounds . Aonuma stated that the art design was inspired by gouache and en plein air art to help identify the vast world . The game 's landscape was based on locations in and around Kyoto , the hometown of game director Hidemaro Fujibayashi , and was partially designed by Monolith Soft , who assisted with topographical level design . Breath of the Wild was the first main series Zelda game to use voice acting in cutscenes , although Link remains a silent protagonist . Aonuma was affected by the first time he heard a character with a human voice in - game , and wanted to leave a similar impression on players . The team decided to record voiceovers for all cutscenes instead of only the key scenes , as originally planned . Nintendo provided voiceovers and subtitles in eight languages . Initially , players were not able to mix and match the languages of voices and subtitles ; however , Nintendo released an update in May 2017 that allowed players to choose the voice - over language . Coinciding with the game 's launch in Taiwan and South Korea in early 2018 , Nintendo introduced a patch worldwide adding traditional and simplified Chinese and Korean translations . The original score was composed by Manaka Kataoka , who had previously worked on the series with The Legend of Zelda : Spirit Tracks , and Yasuaki Iwata , who had only worked on two Nintendo games prior . The soundtrack was primarily written and performed on a piano , focusing more on ambience than melodic and upbeat music , another first for the series . According to sound director Hajime Wakai , this helped add `` authenticity '' to the game 's environments and scenery , and was taken on as a challenge by the rest of the sound team . After a development period of five years , Breath of the Wild went gold on February 3 , 2017 , with Nintendo holding an event celebrating it . Downloadable content ( edit ) A season pass featuring two bundled downloadable content ( DLC ) packs was released : The Master Trials and The Champions ' Ballad . The Master Trials was released on June 30 , 2017 , and adds gameplay modes , features , and items . In the Trial of the Sword challenge , Link fights through around 45 rooms of enemies and must finish each room before proceeding . Link begins with no equipment , but is rewarded with a glowing Master Sword that has greater durability and possesses a doubled damage stat if they complete the challenge . The pack also adds an option to play the game at a higher difficulty level , which adds ranks and raises the ranks of enemies . The enemies are more perceptive when Link sneaks near them and slowly regenerate health in battle . New floating platforms throughout the land offer enemies to battle and treasure as a reward . The Hero 's Path feature draws the player 's path on the game 's map , designed to help players determine places they have not visited . The player can also find the hidden Travel Medallion to save Link 's current position as a single waypoint to which the player can transport Link at any time . New items include the Korok Mask , which helps the player find Korok locations , and other themed cosmetics related to previous Zelda games . The Champions ' Ballad was released on December 7 , 2017 , with a trailer presented at The Game Awards 2017 exhibiting the new content . The expansion pack adds a new dungeon , original story , gear , and additional challenges to the game . It also introduces the Master Cycle Zero , a motorcycle - like vehicle that Link can ride after players complete the pack 's additional content . Promotion and release ( edit ) The booth for the game at Gamescom 2016 Aonuma announced a new entry for Nintendo 's Wii U console in January 2013 during the company 's regular online presentation . The game , he continued , would challenge the series ' conventions , such as the requirement that players complete dungeons in a set order . The next year , Nintendo introduced the game 's high - definition , cel - shaded visual style with in - game footage at its June 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) press event . Once planned for release in 2015 , the game was delayed early in the year and did not show at that year 's E3 . Zelda series creator Shigeru Miyamoto reaffirmed that the game was still set for release on the Wii U , despite the development of the console that would be called the Nintendo Switch . The game was delayed again in April 2016 due to problems with its physics engine . With its new 2017 release date , the game would launch for both the Wii U and Switch consoles simultaneously on March 3 , 2017 . Nintendo let attendees play the game 's Wii U version at E3 2016 , where they also announced its subtitle , Breath of the Wild . At a Nintendo Switch presentation in January 2017 , Nintendo provided a new trailer announcing that the game would be released as a launch game for the Switch . The Switch version of the game was available in limited `` Special Edition '' and `` Master Edition '' bundles , which both included a Sheikah Eye coin , a Calamity Ganon tapestry with world map , a soundtrack CD , and a themed carrying case for the Switch . The Master Edition also included a figurine based on the Master Sword . An `` Explorer 's Edition '' of the game was released for the Switch on November 23 , 2017 , which came with a two - sided map and a 100 - page book containing story information . Fils - Aimé stated that the game would be the final first - party game released for the Wii U . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( NS ) 97 / 100 ( Wii U ) 96 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 10 / 10 Edge 10 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Eurogamer Famitsu 40 / 40 Game Informer 10 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 10 / 10 GamesRadar Giant Bomb IGN 10 / 10 Nintendo Life Nintendo World Report 9.5 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 VideoGamer.com 9 / 10 The game 's announcement was met with praise by fans and critics alike . CNET said that the showing of the game at the convention would `` take your breath away '' . IGN called the game `` the open world Zelda we 've always wanted '' , and Engadget called it `` Nintendo 's next classic '' . Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica praised the game 's renewed emphasis on open - world exploration . John Linneman of Eurogamer deemed it `` Nintendo 's most technologically ambitious project to date '' , but acknowledged that the Wii U 's hardware sometimes had difficulty maintaining the targeted 30 frames per second during the game 's E3 demo . According to Brandwatch , a social media monitoring platform , Breath of the Wild was the most talked - about E3 2016 game on social media . Following its E3 demonstration , the game received several accolades from the Game Critics Awards , as well as from IGN and Destructoid . It was also listed among the best games at E3 by Eurogamer , GameSpot , and GamesRadar . In late 2016 , Breath of the Wild received two awards at Gamescom , and won the award for Most Anticipated Game at The Game Awards 2016 . A week prior to release , Peter Brown of GameSpot deemed Breath of the Wild `` a strong contender '' for the best Zelda game . At The Game Awards 2017 , the game received the accolades for Game of the Year , Best Game Direction , and Best Action / Adventure Game , while its other nominations were for Best Art Direction , Best Score / Music , and Best Audio Design . IGN , GameSpot , and Polygon respectively listed the game as its `` game of the year '' . Upon its release , critics universally acclaimed Breath of the Wild , with some calling the game a masterpiece and one of the greatest video games of all time . It holds the largest number of perfect reviews of any game on review aggregator Metacritic . Jose Otero of IGN praised the game 's combat and open world by calling it `` a masterclass in open - world design '' , and `` a wonderful sandbox full of mystery , dangling dozens upon dozens of tantalizing things in front of you that just beg to be explored . '' GameSpot called it `` the most impressive game '' Nintendo had ever made , appreciating the way that it `` takes designs and mechanics perfected in other games and reworks them for its own purposes to create something wholly new , but also something that still feels quintessentially like a Zelda game . '' The review declared that the game is `` both a return to form and a leap into uncharted territory , and it exceeds expectations on both fronts . '' Edge stated that `` the magic of being given all the tools in the opening hour is the knowledge that the solution to any problem is already at your disposal , and you can always change tack . '' The publication praised the game world , saying that it is `` an absolute , and unremitting , pleasure to get lost in '' . The publication awarded the game a perfect score , making it the 29th game ( including retrospective perfect scores ) to earn that score from the publication . Breath of the Wild became the 24th game to receive a perfect score from Famitsu . Entertainment Weekly thought Breath of the Wild was the best Zelda game and `` arguably Nintendo 's greatest triumph '' . Ars Technica praised the open world of the game , stating `` After spending a week utterly immersed in Nintendo 's open - world reimagining of the tried - and - true Zelda formula , it 's hard to return to the more formulaic entries of the franchise 's past . '' Several reviewers noted the game 's difficulty , with Arthur Gies of Polygon considering it the most challenging in the series . Reviewers lauded the game 's sense of detail and immersion while criticizing it for its frame rate dips and low resolution of 900p . Kotaku recommended playing the game without its on - screen minimap and indicators , in praise of the indirect cues that contextually indicate the same information , such as Link shivering when it 's cold or waypoints visually appearing in the distance when using the scope . Journalists commented on unexpected permutations of interactions between Link , villagers , pets , and enemies , as well as a tribute to former Nintendo president Satoru Iwata , who died during the game 's development . These serendipitous moments proved popular on social media , according to Chris Plante of The Verge . He predicted that more open world games would abandon linear tasks in favor of Breath of the Wild 's format , as game publishers would appreciate the free marketing . Gaming journalist Jim Sterling was more critical of the game than most , giving it a 7 / 10 score . He criticized the difficulty , weapon durability , and general level design , but praised the game 's variety of content and open - world mechanics . Post-release updates later addressed some criticism regarding the game 's technical performance and unstable frames per second ( FPS ) experienced at launch . The game 's success sparked an increased interest in the Wii U emulator Cemu , as the emulator 's developers rapidly updated the software to run the game at a smooth frame rate within weeks of its release . Entertainment Weekly ranked the game first on their list of the `` Best Games of 2017 '' , and Eurogamer ranked the game as # 1 on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' , while EGMNow ranked the game at # 1 in their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 . Besides the Game of the Year Award , IGN also gave it the awards for Best Switch Game , Best Action - Adventure Game , and Most Innovative , while its other nominations were for Best Art Direction and Best Original Music . The game also won the Overall Game of the Year at Destructoid 's Game of the Year Awards 2017 , while its other nomination was for Best Switch Game . It also won the award for Best World at Giant Bomb 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , while it became a runner - up for Game of the Year . The game also won the awards for Best Nintendo Exclusive , Best Action Game , and Game of the Year in Game Informer 's Best of 2017 Awards , and also won Best Action Game in their 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards . Sales ( edit ) Breath of the Wild broke Nintendo 's launch game sales records in multiple regions . The game competed with the open - world game Horizon Zero Dawn in its launch week , which it outsold in Japan ( around 200,000 copies ) . While Breath of the Wild was only the second best - selling retail game in the UK in its week of release , selling less than Horizon , it was the third largest Zelda series release there , behind Wind Waker and Twilight Princess . Nintendo reported that Breath of the Wild sold more than a million copies in the United States in March 2017 , 925,000 copies of which were for the Switch version , attaining a 100 % attach rate for the console . It was also the second best - selling retail game in the US in March , only behind Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Wildlands . By the end of March , Nintendo reported it had sold 3.84 million copies of Breath of the Wild worldwide . The Wii U version sold 1.08 million units and the Switch version sold 2.76 million units , surpassing the latter console 's global sales of 2.74 million for the same period . Nintendo 's president Tatsumi Kimishima said that the attach rate of Breath of the Wild to the Switch was `` unprecedented '' . By December 2017 , total worldwide sales of the Switch version of the game exceeded 6.7 million . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Result Ref . Game Critics Awards July 5 , 2016 Best Action / Adventure Game Won Best Console Game Won Best of Show Won The Game Awards 2016 December 1 , 2016 Most Anticipated Game Won Japan Game Awards September 21 , 2017 The Grand Award Won BBC Radio 1 's Teen Awards October 22 , 2017 Best Game Nominated Golden Joystick Awards November 17 , 2017 Best Visual Design Nominated Best Audio Won Critics ' Choice Award Won Nintendo Game of the Year Won Ultimate Game of the Year Won Global Game Awards 2017 November 24 , 2017 Game of the Year 2017 4th Best Publisher ( Nintendo ) 1st Best Open World 1st Best Audio 3rd Best Innovator ( Nintendo Switch ) 1st The Game Awards 2017 December 7 , 2017 Game of the Year Won Best Game Direction Won Best Art Direction Nominated Best Score / Music Nominated Best Audio Design Won Best Action / Adventure Game Won New York Game Awards 2018 January 24 , 2018 Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year Won Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game Nominated Statue of Liberty Award for Best World Won D.I.C.E. Awards 2018 February 22 , 2018 Game of the Year Pending Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Pending Outstanding Technical Achievement Pending Adventure Game of the Year Pending Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Pending Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Pending NAVGTR Awards 2018 March 13 , 2018 Art Direction , Fantasy Pending Control Design , 3D Pending Game Design , Franchise Pending Game of the Year Pending Game , Franchise Family Pending Original Light Mix Score , Franchise Pending SXSW Gaming Awards 2018 March 17 , 2018 Excellence in Musical Score Pending Excellence in Animation Pending Excellence in Art Pending Excellence in Gameplay Pending Excellence in Design Pending Video Game of the Year Pending Game Developers Choice Awards 2018 March 21 , 2018 Best Audio Pending Best Design Pending Innovation Award Pending Best Technology Pending Best Visual Art Pending Game of the Year Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ゼルダの伝説ブレスオブザワイルド ( Zeruda no Densetsu : Buresu obu za Wairudo ) in Japanese Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : Zelda : Breath of the Wild 's Open World is 12 Times Bigger than Twilight Princess '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : George , Richard ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` New HD Zelda Revealed for Wii U '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : De Meo , Francisco ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda Breath of the Wild Physics Engine Is A `` Major Development '' For The Series ; Team Discussed Adding Female Protagonist `` . WCCF Tech . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Kate ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Is The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild the best - designed game ever ? '' . Theguardian.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otero , Jose ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Breath of the Wild is the future of blockbuster games '' . Theverge.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sliva , Marty ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` New Gameplay Shown From The Legend of Zelda Wii U '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Zelda Wii U 's Open World Is as Big as the System Can Handle '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild is the most ambitious Nintendo game in years '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . 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Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` I Swear , If It Rains In Zelda : Breath of the Wild One More God Damn Time '' . Kotaku . Gizmodo Media Group . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild gets three new Amiibo , here they are '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` You can unlock Links classic green tunic in The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Nintendo . Impa : The history of the royal family of Hyrule is also the history of Calamity Canon , a primal evil that has endured over the ages . This evil has been turned back time and time again by a warrior wielding the soul of a hero and a princess who carries the blood of the Goddess . With the passage of time , each conflict with Ganon faded into legend . So listen closely as I tell you of this ' legend ' that occurred 10,000 years ago . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Nintendo . Impa : Hyrule was then blossoming as a highly advanced civilization ... the people thought it wise to utilize their technological prowess to ensure the safety of the land should Calamity Ganon ever return . They constructed ... the Divine Beasts . They also built a legion of autonomous weapons called guardians . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Nintendo . Impa : The Divine Beasts were piloted by four individuals of exceptional skill from across the land . And thus , the plan to neutralize Ganon was forged ... The princess and the hero fought alongside these four Champions against this ancient evil . The Guardians were tasked with protecting the hero , as the Divine Beasts unleashed a furious attack ... And when the hero wielding the sword that seals the darkness delivered his final blow , the princess used her sacred power to seal away Calamity Ganon . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Nintendo . Princess Zelda 's Research Notes : In the war against the Calamity 10,000 years ago ... were the injuries so great as to necessitate such a facility ? Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Nintendo . King Rhoam : There was also a prophecy . ' The signs of a resurrection of Calamity Ganon are clear , and the power to oppose it lies dormant beneath the ground ' . We decided to heed the prophecy and began excavating large areas of land . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Nintendo . King Rhoam : The princess , her appointed knight , and the rest of the Champions were on the brink of sealing away Ganon ... But nay ... Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Nintendo . King Rhoam : ( Ganon ) seized control of the Guardians and the Divine Beasts and turned them against us . The Champions lost their lives . Those residing in the castle as well . The appointed knight , gravely wounded , collapsed while defending the princess . And thus , the Kingdom of Hyrule was devastated absolutely by Calamity Ganon . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Nintendo . King Rhoam : However , the princess survived ... to face Ganon alone . ^ Jump up to : Otero , Jose ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Might Be The Open World Zelda We Always Wanted '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Nintendo . Zelda : Although Ganon is gone , for now , there is still so much for us to do . ( ... ) I believe in my heart , that if all of us work together , we can restore Hyrule to its former glory . Perhaps ... even beyond . But it all must start with us . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Tom ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` Breath of the Wild Will Have an Alternate Ending '' . kotaku.co.uk . Future plc . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Narcisse , Evan ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Man In Charge of Zelda Says He Wants to Keep Changing It '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ East , Thomas ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Zelda Wii U to rethink conventions of Zelda - will it be multiplayer ? '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . Future . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . 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Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Jason ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Every cutscene in The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild will have voice acting '' . GameZone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Craddock , David ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda producer says all cutscenes in Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild will feature voice acting '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ; Robinson , Nick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` How to play The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild in nine languages '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke . `` You Can Now Play Zelda : Breath Of The Wild With Japanese Vocals '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dale , Laura Kate . `` Nintendo is Localising Breath of the Wild into Chinese '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 한국 닌텐도 , 「 젤다 의 전설 브레스 오브 더 와일드 」 한글판 2018 년 초 정식 발매 결정 ! '' ( in Korean ) . Nintendo of Korea press release . September 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 任天堂 ( 香港 ) 有限公司決定將於 2018 年初正式發售『薩爾達傳說曠野之息』中文版 ! '' ( in Chinese ) . Nintendo Hong Kong press release . September 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Under the maiden name of Manaka Tominaga Jump up ^ Carter , Justin . `` Animal Crossing Composer Will Make Music for Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Twinfinite . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greening , Chris . `` Full sound team for Zelda : Breath of the Wild revealed '' . Video Game Music Online . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . 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Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` The next Legend of Zelda is a Breath of fresh air '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linneman , John ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild pushes Wii U hardware to the limit '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Gemma ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Social Media Reacts to E3 2016 '' . Brandwatch . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners '' . Game Critics Awards . July 2016 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of E3 2016 Awards '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . June 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` GameSpot 's Game Of the Year 2017 - The Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tach , Dave ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Our # 1 game of the year : The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polygon staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The 50 best games of 2017 '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Breath of the Wild ' Is a Masterpiece Zelda Game '' . Time . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Aaron ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild ' Is a Masterpiece : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Byrne , Katharine ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild beats Horizon Zero Dawn to No. 1 in Japan , sells almost double '' . MCV UK . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` The Nintendo Switch 's First Week Game Sales In Japan '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Ben ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn beats Zelda to No. 1 '' . MCV UK . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 UK Sales Chart : Horizon Zero Dawn Defeats Zelda : Breath Of The Wild '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Xbox One is struggling because video game exclusives still matter '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . 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GamesIndustry.biz . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Handrahan , Matthew . `` Nintendo 's revenue rockets as Switch nears 15m sold '' . gamesindustry.biz . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Here Are E3 2016 's Game Critics Award Winners '' . GameSpot . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Game Awards 2016 Winners Announced '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Award goes to `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' '' ( PDF ) . Computer Entertainment Supplier 's Association . September 21 , 2017 . p. 1 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All the winners from the Radio 1 Teen Awards 2017 '' . BBC . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dwan , Hannah ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Public voting and the nominations for the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards are now up '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . 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External Links ( edit ) Official website The Legend of Zelda series Main series Console games The Legend of Zelda The Adventure of Link A Link to the Past Ocarina of Time Majora 's Mask The Wind Waker HD Four Swords Adventures Twilight Princess HD Skyward Sword Breath of the Wild Handheld games Link 's Awakening Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages A Link to the Past and Four Swords The Minish Cap Phantom Hourglass Spirit Tracks Ocarina of Time 3D A Link Between Worlds Majora 's Mask 3D Tri Force Heroes Spin - offs LCD games CD - i games Faces of Evil and Wand of Gamelon Zelda 's Adventure Satellaview games Freshly - Picked Tingle 's Rosy Rupeeland Link 's Crossbow Training Irodzuki Tingle no Koi no Balloon Trip Hyrule Warriors Universe Characters Link Princess Zelda Ganon Navi Epona Tingle Midna Recurring enemies Triforce `` I am Error '' `` It 's dangerous to go alone ! 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Wii ( 2009 -- 10 ) Monster Hunter Portable 3rd ( 2010 -- 11 ) Gravity Daze & JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : All Star Battle ( 2011 -- 12 ) Animal Crossing : New Leaf ( 2012 -- 13 ) Monster Hunter 4 & Yo - kai Watch ( 2013 -- 14 ) Yo - kai Watch 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) Splatoon ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild ( 2016 -- 17 ) Golden Joystick Award for Ultimate Game of the Year Jetpac ( 1983 ) Knight Lore ( 1984 ) The Way of the Exploding Fist ( 1985 ) Gauntlet ( 1986 ) Out Run ( 1987 / 88 ) Operation Wolf † / Speedball ‡ ( 1988 / 89 ) The Untouchables † / Kick Off ‡ ( 1989 / 90 ) Rick Dangerous 2 † / Kick Off 2 ‡ ( 1990 / 91 ) Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1991 / 92 ) Street Fighter II : The World Warrior ( 1992 / 93 ) Super Mario 64 ( 1996 / 97 ) Grand Theft Auto III ( 2002 ) Grand Theft Auto : Vice City ( 2003 ) Doom 3 ( 2004 ) Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( 2005 ) The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion ( 2006 ) Gears of War ( 2007 ) Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare ( 2008 ) Fallout 3 ( 2009 ) Mass Effect 2 ( 2010 ) Portal 2 ( 2011 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2012 ) Grand Theft Auto V ( 2013 ) Dark Souls II ( 2014 ) The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt ( 2015 ) Dark Souls III ( 2016 ) The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild ( 2017 ) † denotes 8 - bit ; ‡ denotes 16 - bit The Game Awards Years 2014 2015 2016 2017 Game of the Year award Dragon Age : Inquisition ( 2014 ) The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt ( 2015 ) Overwatch ( 2016 ) The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild ( 2017 ) Related Geoff Keighley Spike Video Game Awards The Legend of Zelda portal Nintendo portal Video games portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Breath_of_the_Wild&oldid=826553037 '' Categories : 2017 video games Action - adventure games Amnesia in fiction Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development games Nintendo Switch eShop games Nintendo Switch games Open world video games Post-apocalyptic video games Single - player video games The Legend of Zelda video games Video games featuring anthropomorphic characters Video games that use Amiibo figurines Video games using Havok Video games with alternate endings Video games with cel - shaded animation Video games with downloadable content Wii U eShop games Wii U games Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 20 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	can zelda breath of the wild be played on wii	[]	[]
-6650063235090022062	List of United States military bases	List of United States military bases - wikipedia List of United States military bases Jump to : navigation , search For secret intelligence locations operated by the CIA , see black site . Map of the small U.S. military installations , ranges and training areas in the continental United States . Countries with United States military bases and facilities History of U.S. expansion and influence Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Foreign interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change This is a list of military installations owned or used by the United States Armed Forces currently located in the United States and around the world . This list details only current or recently closed facilities ; some defunct facilities are found at Category : Closed military installations of the United States . An `` installation '' is defined as `` a military base , camp , post , station , yard , center , homeport facility for any ship , or other activity under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense , including leased space , that is controlled by , or primarily supports DoD 's activities . An installation may consist of one or more sites '' ( geographically - separated real estate parcels ) . The United States is the largest operator of military bases abroad , with 38 `` named bases '' having active - duty , National Guard , reserve , or civilian personnel as of September 30 , 2014 . Its largest , in terms of personnel , was Ramstein AB , in Germany , with almost 9,200 personnel . The Pentagon stated in 2013 that there are `` around '' 5000 bases total , with `` around '' 600 of them overseas . Contents ( hide ) 1 By location 1.1 Joint 1.1. 1 Joint overseas 1.1. 1.1 Australia 1.1. 1.2 Niger 1.1. 1.3 Syria 1.2 United States Army 1.2. 1 Overseas 1.2. 1.1 Germany - 38 facilities 1.2. 1.2 Israel 1.2. 1.3 Italy - 3 facilities 1.2. 1.4 Japan - 84 facilities 1.2. 1.5 Kosovo 1.2. 1.6 Kuwait 1.2. 1.7 South Korea 1.3 United States Marine Corps 1.3. 1 Domestic 1.3. 2 Overseas 1.3. 2.1 Afghanistan 1.3. 2.2 Germany 1.3. 2.3 Japan 1.4 United States Navy 1.4. 1 Domestic 1.4. 2 Overseas 1.4. 2.1 Bahamas 1.4. 2.2 Bahrain 1.4. 2.3 Brazil 1.4. 2.4 British Indian Ocean Territory 1.4. 2.5 Cuba 1.4. 2.6 Djibouti 1.4. 2.7 Greece 1.4. 2.8 Italy 1.4. 2.9 Japan 1.4. 2.10 Kuwait 1.4. 2.11 South Korea 1.4. 2.12 Spain 1.5 United States Air Force 1.5. 1 Domestic 1.5. 2 Overseas 1.5. 2.1 Afghanistan 1.5. 2.2 Germany 1.5. 2.3 Denmark ( Greenland ) 1.5. 2.4 Italy 1.5. 2.5 Japan 1.5. 2.6 Kuwait 1.5. 2.7 Portugal ( Azores ) 1.5. 2.8 Qatar 1.5. 2.9 South Korea 1.5. 2.10 Spain 1.5. 2.11 Turkey 1.5. 2.12 United Kingdom 1.6 Coast Guard 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links By location ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Joint ( edit ) The Pentagon Joint overseas ( edit ) War Reserve Stocks are located in many nations . Australia ( edit ) Pine Gap Joint Defence Space Research Facility , Alice Springs , Northern Territory , Australia -- used by United States armed forces , and CIA , in partnership with the Australian Defence Force and the Australian intelligence services . Niger ( edit ) See also : United States Military Operations in Niger The U.S. operates drone bases from three locations across Niger . These locations are also staffed by several hundred U.S. Special Operations Forces in a non-combat role , aiding the Nigerian military with training and surveillance . Nigerien Air Base 201 , Agadez Arlit Niamey Syria ( edit ) Main article : American - led intervention in the Syrian Civil War There are up to 1,500 U.S. Special Operations Forces in Syria , spread across 10 different facilities , being used as training bases for Kurdish rebels . Ash Shaddadi Ayn al - Arab Ayn Dadad Ayn Issah Harab Isk ( airbase ) Rmeilan ( airbase ) Sabt Tal Baydar Tal Tamir Ushariya United States Army ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Army installations Overseas ( edit ) Germany - 38 facilities ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Army installations in Germany Bleidorn Housing Area , Ansbach Dagger Complex , Darmstadt Training Center Griesheim ( scheduled to close in 2015 ) Edelweiss Lodge and Resort , Garmisch - Partenkirchen Lucius D. Clay Kaserne ( formerly Wiesbaden Army Airfield ) , Wiesbaden - Erbenheim Germersheim Army Depot , Germersheim Grafenwöhr Training Area , Grafenwöhr / Vilseck Hohenfels Training Area / Joint Multinational Readiness Center , Hohenfels ( Upper Palatinate ) Husterhoeh Kaserne , Pirmasens Kaiserslautern Military Community Katterbach Kaserne , Ansbach Kelley Barracks , Stuttgart Kleber Kaserne , Kaiserslautern Military Community Lampertheim Training Area , Lampertheim ( scheduled to close in 2015 ) Landstuhl Regional Medical Center , Landstuhl McCully Barracks , Wackernheim Miesau Army Depot , Miesau Oberdachstetten Storage Area , Ansbach Panzer Kaserne , Stuttgart Patch Barracks , Stuttgart Pulaski Barracks , Kaiserslautern Rhine Ordnance Barracks , Kaiserslautern Robinson Barracks , Stuttgart Rose Barracks , Vilseck Sembach Kaserne , Kaiserslautern Sheridan Barracks , Garmisch - Partenkirchen Shipton Kaserne , Ansbach Smith Barracks , Baumholder Storck Barracks , Illesheim Stuttgart Army Airfield , Filderstadt Mainz - Kastel Storage Station ( scheduled to close in 2015 ) USAG Wiesbaden Military Training Area , Mainz , Gonsenheim / Mombach USAG Wiesbaden Training Area , Mainz Finthen Airport USAG Wiesbaden Radar Station , Mainz Finthen Airport Urlas Housing and Shopping Complex , Ansbach ( converted from Urlas Training Area in 2010 - 2011 ) Israel ( edit ) The Dimona Radar Facility is an American - operated radar facility in the Negev , staffed by 120 US military personnel . Italy - 3 facilities ( edit ) Caserma Ederle , Vicenza Camp Darby , Pisa - Livorno Camp DelDin , Vicenza Japan - 84 facilities ( edit ) Main article : United States Forces Japan Camp Zama , Kanagawa Fort Buckner , Okinawa Torii Station , Okinawa Kosovo ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Army installations in Kosovo Kuwait ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Army installations in Kuwait South Korea ( edit ) Main articles : List of United States Army installations in South Korea and United States Forces Korea United States Marine Corps ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Marine Corps installations Domestic ( edit ) Arizona MCAS Yuma California MCLB Barstow MCB Camp Pendleton MCAS Miramar MCRD San Diego Mountain Warfare Training Center MCAGCC 29 Palms Florida MCSF Blount Island Georgia MCLB Albany Hawaii MCB Hawaii North Carolina MCAS Cherry Point MCAS New River MCB Camp Lejeune South Carolina MCAS Beaufort MCRD Parris Island Virginia Henderson Hall MCB Quantico Washington , D.C. Marine Barracks , Washington , D.C. Overseas ( edit ) Afghanistan ( edit ) Camp Eggers Camp Dwyer Camp Leatherneck Camp Rhino FOB Delhi FOB Delaram FOB Geronimo Firebase Fiddler 's Green Germany ( edit ) Camp Panzer Kaserne , Böblingen Japan ( edit ) Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler , Okinawa . Note : these camps are dispersed throughout Okinawa , but still under the administration of the MCB complex . Camp Courtney Camp Fuji , Shizuoka Prefecture Camp Foster Camp Gonsalves ( Jungle Warfare Training Center ) Camp Hansen Camp Kinser Camp Lester Camp McTureous Camp Schwab Marine Corps Air Station Futenma , Okinawa Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni , Yamaguchi Prefecture United States Navy ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Navy installations Domestic ( edit ) United States Navy ( 59 ) State / Territory Base State Base California NAWS China Lake Mississippi NCBC Gulfport NB Coronado NAS Meridian NAS Lemoore NS Pascagoula NPS Monterey Nevada NAS Fallon NAS North Island New Jersey NWS Earle NB Point Loma NAES Lakehurst NB Ventura County - NAS Point Mugu New York NSA Saratoga Springs NB Ventura County - NCBC Port Hueneme Pennsylvania NAS Willow Grove Naval Base San Diego Rhode Island NS Newport Connecticut NSB New London South Carolina NSA Charleston Washington , D.C. Washington NY Tennessee NSA Mid-South United States Naval Research Laboratory Texas NAS Corpus Christi Florida Corry Station NTTC NAS JRB Fort Worth NAS Jacksonville NAS Kingsville NAS Key West NS Mayport Virginia Chesapeake NSGA NSA Orlando NSASP NSA Panama City Training Support Center Hampton Roads NAS Pensacola NAB Little Creek NAS Whiting Field NS Norfolk Georgia General Lucius D. 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Jump up ^ The 2015 U.S. Base Structure Report gives 587 overseas sites , but sites are merely real property at a distinct geographical location , and multiple sites may belong to one installation ( page DoD - 3 ) . For example , the Garmisch , Germany `` named base '' with its 72 personnel has eight distinct sites large enough to be listed in the Army 's Individual Service Inventory list : Artillery Kaserne , Breitenau Skeet Range , Garmisch Family Housing , Garmish Golf Course , General Abrams Hotel And Disp , Hausberg Ski Area , Oberammergau NATO School , and Sheridan Barracks ( listed in Army - 15 to Army - 17 ) . These range in size from Ramstein AB with 9,188 active , guard / reserve , and civilian personnel down to Worms , which has just one civilian . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Defense / Base Structure Report / FY 2015 Baseline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blank Spots on the map : Almost all the U.S. Army 's secret military bases across the globe revealed on Google and Bing '' . dailymail.co.uk. 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Müller - Jung , Friederike ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` US drone war expands to Niger '' . Deutsche Welle . An additional US base in Arlit , about 250 kilometers ( 155 miles ) north of Agadez , has been operating for about a year , but little is known about it , Moore said , except that special forces are presumably stationed there . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Sudarsan ; Whitlock , Craig ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` A city in Niger worries a new U.S. drone base will make it a ' magnet ' for terrorists '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Taub , Ben ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Ben Taub on Twitter : `` Secret military base near Arlit , Niger , revealed as a white dot in a sea of black , because Western soldiers did n't turn off their Fitbits '' . Twitter via the Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Lewis , David ; Bavier , Joe . Boulton , Ralph , ed . `` U.S. deaths in Niger highlight Africa military mission creep '' . Reuters . In missions run out of a base in the northern Niger town of Arlit and others like the one that led to the ambush of U.S. troops , sources say they have helped local troops and intelligence agents make several arrests . Jump up ^ `` Russia and U.S. engage in military base race in Syria '' . defensenews.com. 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anadolu Agency 's map of U.S. bases in Syria infuriates The Pentagon '' . orient-news.net. 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Laming ( 2000 ) , pp. 106 - 107 Laming , Tim ( 2000 ) . UK Airports and Airfields . Ramsbury , UK : Airlife Publishing ( Crowood Press ) . ISBN 1 - 85310 - 978 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military bases of the United States . 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-25645494123179339	James Bay Project	James Bay project - wikipedia James Bay project The spillway of the Robert - Bourassa Dam ( formerly La Grande - 2 ) The James Bay Project ( French : projet de la Baie - James ) refers to the construction by state - owned utility Hydro - Québec of a series of hydroelectric power stations on the La Grande River in northwestern Quebec , Canada , and the diversion of neighbouring rivers into the La Grande watershed . It is located between James Bay to the west and Labrador to the east and its waters flow from the Laurentian Plateau of the Canadian Shield . The project covers an area of the size of the State of New York and is one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world . It has cost upwards of US $20 billion to build and has an installed generating capacity of 16,527 megawatts . If fully expanded to include all of the original planned dams , as well as the additional James Bay II projects , the system would generate a total of 27,000 MW , making it the largest hydroelectric system in the world . The James Bay Project is a series of hydroelectric developments with a combined installed capacity of over 16,000 megawatts built since 1974 for Hydro - Québec by the Société d'énergie de la Baie James ( SEBJ ) on the La Grande and other rivers of Northern Quebec . Located in a region inhabited by Cree and Inuit 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) north of Montreal , the La Grande River watershed stretches over 177,000 km ( 68,000 sq mi ) or approximately 11 % of the total area of Quebec , an area larger than the state of Florida or twice the size of Scotland . Construction costs of the project 's first phase in ≈ 1971 amounted to $13.7 billion ( 1987 Canadian dollars ) . The eight power stations of the La Grande Complex generate an average of 83 terawatt - hours ( TWh ) a year , enough to meet the total demand of a small industrialized economy such as Belgium . The James Bay power stations represent almost half of Hydro - Québec 's total output and capacity . The development of the James Bay Project led to an acrimonious conflict with the 5,000 Crees and 4,000 Inuit of Northern Quebec over land rights , lifestyle and environmental issues . A ruling against the Quebec government in 1973 forced the Robert Bourassa government to negotiate a far - reaching agreement , the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement , involving the Cree , the Naskapi First Nations , the Quebec and Canadian governments , Hydro - Québec and the SEBJ . In the 1990s , forceful opposition by the Crees and their environmental allies caused the cancellation of the Great Whale Project , a proposed 3,000 MW complex north of La Grande River . In February 2002 , the Bernard Landry government and the Grand Council of the Crees signed the Peace of the Braves ( French : Paix des Braves ) and the Boumhounan Agreement , establishing a new relationship between Quebec and the Crees and agreeing on environmental rules for the construction of three new power stations built between 2003 and 2011 -- the Eastmain - 1 , Eastmain - 1 - A and Sarcelle generating stations -- and the diversion of the Rupert River . Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 Exploration 2.2 Early steps 2.3 Nuclear lobby 2.4 Options 3 The project 3.1 Phase I 3.2 Phase II 3.3 Great Whale River project 3.4 Rupert River diversion 4 Hydro - electric installations 5 Environmental impacts 5.1 Mercury pollution 5.2 Local climate changes 5.3 Water flow modifications 5.4 Possibility of increased seismic activity 5.5 Changes in migration routes 5.6 Operational environmental cost 6 Social impact 6.1 See also 7 References 7.1 Literature 7.2 Further reading 7.3 External links Geography ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Shield The James Bay region , also known as Jamésie , is a 350,000 km ( 135,136 sq mi ) territory , bordered by the 49th and 55th parallels , James Bay on the western side and by the drainage divide with the Saint Lawrence River basin on the eastern side . The topography of the area consist of generally low relief areas and includes three parts : a 150 km ( 93 mi ) coastal plain , a rolling plateau with a maximum elevation of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) and the Otish Mountains to the east of the territory , with peaks reaching 900 to 1,100 m ( 3,000 to 3,600 ft ) . The area is part of the Canadian Shield and is largely made up of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks . Relief has been eroded by successive glaciations in the Pleistocene era , as recently as 6,000 years ago , leaving depositions of loose materials : moraines , clay , silt and sand and reshaped the hydrography of the territory . The region 's climate is subarctic . Winters are long and last , on average , from October 22 to May 4 . Summers are short and mild , with temperatures averaging 13.6 ° C ( 56.5 ° F ) in July , while dropping to − 22.9 ° C ( − 9.2 ° F ) in January . Annual precipitation average 765 mm ( 30.1 in ) , a third in snow . Highest monthly rainfalls are registered in the summer and snow depth varies from 50 to 100 cm ( 20 - 40 in ) in the winter . Precipitations are significantly lower than the annual average of 1,050 mm ( 41 in ) recorded in Montreal . The area lies in the zone of discontinuous permafrost , whose depth is significantly reduced by the deep snow cover . The natural seismicity of the area is low . An earthquake of magnitude 5 on the Richter magnitude scale occurred in 1941 , its epicenter located approximately 150 km from the La Grande - 3 generating station . However , episodes of induced seismicity occurred during the initial fill of reservoirs . In 1983 , a 4 magnitude tremor was recorded 50 km ( 31 mi ) upstream of LG - 3 's main dam . hide Climate data for La Grande Riviere Airport ( 1981 − 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high humidex 1.8 4.8 11.1 21.8 33.9 37.5 44.3 35.5 31.6 28.3 11.7 7.6 44.3 Record high ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 18.5 ( − 1.3 ) − 15.9 ( 3.4 ) − 8.2 ( 17.2 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 4.8 ( 40.6 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) − 12.0 ( 10.4 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 23.2 ( − 9.8 ) − 21.6 ( − 6.9 ) − 14.5 ( 5.9 ) − 5.0 ( 23 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 8.1 ( 46.6 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) − 6.1 ( 21 ) − 16.0 ( 3.2 ) − 2.9 ( 26.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 28.0 ( − 18.4 ) − 27.3 ( − 17.1 ) − 20.7 ( − 5.3 ) − 10.6 ( 12.9 ) − 1.6 ( 29.1 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) − 9.1 ( 15.6 ) − 19.9 ( − 3.8 ) − 7.9 ( 17.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 40.9 ( − 41.6 ) − 44.6 ( − 48.3 ) − 39.7 ( − 39.5 ) − 31.4 ( − 24.5 ) − 14.4 ( 6.1 ) − 6.6 ( 20.1 ) − 0.9 ( 30.4 ) − 0.5 ( 31.1 ) − 7.0 ( 19.4 ) − 16.7 ( 1.9 ) − 29.2 ( − 20.6 ) − 40.3 ( − 40.5 ) − 44.6 ( − 48.3 ) Record low wind chill − 56 − 56.9 − 51.2 − 40.1 − 24.2 − 12.5 − 3.4 − 6.5 − 10.3 − 19.7 − 40.3 − 52.9 − 56.9 Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 30.9 ( 1.217 ) 21.9 ( 0.862 ) 29.4 ( 1.157 ) 32.7 ( 1.287 ) 39.0 ( 1.535 ) 65.3 ( 2.571 ) 78.5 ( 3.091 ) 91.1 ( 3.587 ) 110.6 ( 4.354 ) 87.3 ( 3.437 ) 67.9 ( 2.673 ) 42.6 ( 1.677 ) 697.2 ( 27.449 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) ( 0.047 ) 3.4 ( 0.134 ) 12.7 ( 0.5 ) 27.9 ( 1.098 ) 62.6 ( 2.465 ) 78.5 ( 3.091 ) 91.0 ( 3.583 ) 106.9 ( 4.209 ) 56.2 ( 2.213 ) 11.6 ( 0.457 ) 1.7 ( 0.067 ) 453.8 ( 17.866 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 33.1 ( 13.03 ) 23.0 ( 9.06 ) 28.6 ( 11.26 ) 21.0 ( 8.27 ) 11.9 ( 4.69 ) 2.6 ( 1.02 ) 0.01 ( 0.004 ) 0.09 ( 0.035 ) 4.0 ( 1.57 ) 32.4 ( 12.76 ) 60.3 ( 23.74 ) 44.4 ( 17.48 ) 261.3 ( 102.87 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 16.3 12.5 11.9 10.8 12.1 12.4 14.1 16.2 20.2 20.6 22.0 19.7 188.9 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 0.33 0.67 4.0 8.0 11.6 14.0 16.2 19.5 12.7 4.1 0.84 92.9 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 16.4 12.3 11.5 8.5 5.7 1.6 0.04 0.04 1.9 11.8 20.5 19.6 109.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 76.5 114.0 167.2 197.7 226.6 256.3 247.0 204.5 102.8 69.7 37.8 35.5 1,735.5 Percent possible sunshine 30.6 41.3 45.5 47.1 46.0 50.4 48.3 44.5 26.9 21.2 14.6 15.1 36.0 Source : Environment Canada show Climate data for La Grande IV Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 18.1 ( − 0.6 ) − 17.5 ( 0.5 ) − 8.0 ( 17.6 ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) − 4.3 ( 24.3 ) − 13.2 ( 8.2 ) 1.7 ( 35 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 24.6 ( − 12.3 ) − 24.4 ( − 11.9 ) − 15.7 ( 3.7 ) − 5.1 ( 22.8 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) − 8.3 ( 17.1 ) − 18.9 ( − 2 ) − 4.2 ( 24.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 31.1 ( − 24 ) − 31.3 ( − 24.3 ) − 23.4 ( − 10.1 ) − 11.5 ( 11.3 ) − 2.7 ( 27.1 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) − 2.8 ( 27 ) − 12.4 ( 9.7 ) − 24.6 ( − 12.3 ) − 10 ( 13.9 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 30 ( 1.18 ) 26 ( 1.02 ) 28 ( 1.1 ) 38 ( 1.5 ) 55 ( 2.17 ) 80 ( 3.15 ) 98 ( 3.86 ) 101 ( 3.98 ) 133 ( 5.24 ) 88 ( 3.46 ) 61 ( 2.4 ) 44 ( 1.73 ) 782 ( 30.79 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) ( 0.08 ) 16 ( 0.63 ) 45 ( 1.77 ) 79 ( 3.11 ) 98 ( 3.86 ) 101 ( 3.98 ) 123 ( 4.84 ) 43 ( 1.69 ) 10 ( 0.39 ) ( 0.04 ) 518 ( 20.39 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 35 ( 13.8 ) 28 ( 11 ) 29 ( 11.4 ) 23 ( 9.1 ) 10 ( 3.9 ) ( 0.4 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 9 ( 3.5 ) 46 ( 18.1 ) 58 ( 22.8 ) 53 ( 20.9 ) 292 ( 114.9 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 84 128 167 184 208 221 209 183 89 54 41 54 1,622 Source : The Weather Network . History ( edit ) Exploration ( edit ) La Grande River , near Radisson , Quebec . Between 1950 and 1959 , a team led by H.M. Finlayson conducted water surveys of the Nottaway , Broadback and Rupert Rivers -- collectively known by the abbreviation NBR -- on behalf of the Shawinigan Water & Power Company , a large investor - owned utility based in Shawinigan , Quebec . Among options studied by Shawinigan 's engineers was the possible diversion of these rivers to the Saint - Maurice River watershed in order to increase output at the company 's 8 power stations . With the nationalization of privately owned utilities in 1963 , Hydro - Québec inherited the preliminary studies conducted by Finlayson and his team on the hydroelectric potential of James Bay rivers . However , other projects , such as the Manicouagan - Outardes project on the North Shore and the possibility of building a large power station at Churchill Falls in Labrador proved easier and less expensive and the Crown corporation devoted only minimal resources to the vast potential of northern rivers . In 1965 , Hydro - Québec survey program included exploration of the territory and hydrographic surveys of areas between the 52nd and 55th parallel . In 1967 , the company stepped up the work on the La Grande and Eastmain rivers . Dozens , then hundreds of people were sent by helicopter and seaplanes in inaccessible areas of the taiga to perform surveys and geological studies to identify potential sites for hydropower development . Faced with budget concerns , Hydro - Québec did cut back exploration budgets between 1968 and 1970 , but the company maintained planning and analysis work , since early data showed a large potential for development . Early steps ( edit ) On December 16 , 1969 , Liberal Backbencher Member of the National Assembly Robert Bourassa met with the president of Hydro - Québec , Roland Giroux over lunch at the parliamentary dining room in Quebec City . After the meeting Bourassa , who was about to launch a leadership bid for the position left vacant by the resignation of former Premier Jean Lesage , became convinced of the probability and suitability of the project and made the development of James Bay hydroelectricity a major plank of its leadership campaign . Elected as the party leader in January , Bourassa went on to win the April 29 , 1970 general election , and his tenure as Premier of Quebec became closely linked to hydroelectric development in general and with the James Bay project in particular . For Bourassa the development of James Bay project addressed two of his priorities . In Energy in the North , an essay published in 1985 Bourassa , an economist by profession , argued that `` Quebec 's economic development relies on the development of its natural resources '' . Moreover , argued Bourassa his 1969 estimates showed demand for electricity would outstrip supply by 11,000 MW by 1983 , concurring with forecasts made at the time by Hydro - Quebec . Six months after his election , Bourassa began working on the details of the scheme with his adviser , financier Paul Desrochers . The two men met secretly with Roland Giroux and Robert A. Boyd for an update in September 1970 and the next month he travelled to New York City in the midst of the October Crisis to negotiate financing for the project , estimated at the time to cost between $5 to $6 billion . Bourassa introduced his plan to the provincial cabinet in March 1971 and recommended hiring the US engineering firm Bechtel to oversee the construction . Liberal strategists then chose to make the announcement before a partisan crowd assembled at Quebec 's Little Coliseum as part of the Liberal party gathering celebrating the first year of Bourassa 's term , on April 30 , 1971 . According to journalists witnessing the scene , Bourassa 's speech concluded on a scene of indescribable enthusiasm . Nuclear lobby ( edit ) The announcement quickly generated a public debate on the wisdom to engage the province on such a large - scale project . For several years , a lobby spearheaded by the Canadian government and its nuclear venture , Atomic Energy of Canada Limited , promoted the adoption of nuclear energy in Quebec , as a way to `` share the benefits of Canada with our fellow francophone citizens '' , as Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson said . The lobby had its supporters within the ranks at Hydro - Québec , and has been vocal when the provincial government made the decision to invest in the Churchill Falls venture with Brinco . Several Parti Québécois spokesmen , including energy critic Guy Joron and economic adviser Jacques Parizeau voiced their opposition to the Bourassa scheme . In an interview with Montreal 's Le Devoir , the former economist and public servant who later became premier of Quebec commented : `` We do n't have to dam every single river just because they 're French Canadian and Catholic . '' However , Bourassa himself and Hydro - Québec senior management -- including President Roland Giroux and commissioners Yvon DeGuise and Robert Boyd -- were firmly behind the large hydroelectric development to be built in northern Quebec . At the time Giroux , a financier , argued that large international investors `` are still wary about nuclear energy . If we bring them a good hydroelectric project , and James Bay is a good one , they 'll soon show where their preferences lie '' . As an engineer , Boyd expressed concerns at this early date about the uncertainty of nuclear energy . He recommended maintaining a certain expertise in the field but advocated delaying nuclear expansion as late as possible . The Quebec premier received an unexpected backing when the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR , Alexei Kosygin visited Montreal in October 1971 . Kosygin supported Bourassa 's project and expressed concerns regarding his country 's own nuclear power , explaining his country had to develop the technology because the USSR lacked suitable rivers to expand its own hydroelectric network of dams and power stations . Options ( edit ) Two options were considered when Bourassa unveiled his plan for the construction of several large hydroelectric power stations on the rivers flowing into James Bay , either on the Nottaway , Broadback , Rupert and Harricana Rivers in the south ( NBR Project ) , or on the La Grande and Eastmain Rivers to the north . The northerly rivers were selected in May 1972 , various studies conducted by engineering firms having concluded the La Grande option would be more cost effective , while having a lesser impact on forestry and would require less flooding , thus minimizing impacts on First Nations fishing and hunting . Another area of concern was the silty nature of the terrain in the NBR area , which would have complicated the damming . The project , as described at the time , would involve the construction of four generating stations on the La Grande River and the diversion of the Eastmain and Caniapiscau rivers into the La Grande watershed . Responsibility for the project would be overseen by the Société d'énergie de la Baie - James , a newly created mixed corporation ( public / private ) controlled by Hydro - Québec , headed by Robert A. Boyd . `` James Bay Project '' , Quebec , Canada As environmental assessments were not then required under Quebec law , construction of the 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) James Bay Road to the La Grande River was begun in 1971 and completed by October 1974 at a cost of about $400 million . In 1973 and 1974 , a temporary winter ice road was used to bring in the heavy equipment required for the construction of the roadbed and some 13 major bridges spanning the many rivers of the region . Construction had boomed in Montreal for Expo 67 , leading to an inflated workforce , and afterwards times were tough for the construction industry in Montreal . As Bourassa had promised in the 1970 election that his government would create 100,000 jobs in the construction industry , there was much violent competition between various construction unions to have their workers engaged in the James Bay Project . Canadian historian Desmond Morton noted that there were 540 different incidents between the two main construction unions in Quebec on sites associated with the James Bay Project between 1970 -- 74 , many of them `` very bloody '' . In the 1973 election , after the Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec ( FTQ ) union had donated generously to the Parti libéral du Québec , Bourassa announced that only companies employing workers from the FTQ - affiliated Conseil des métiers de la construction headed by André `` Dédé '' Desjardins would work on the James Bay project . In March 1974 , when one sub-contractor refused to fire two workers belonging to the rival CNFU union , the FTQ workers destroyed the LG - 2 site , causing $35 million dollars in damage . On 21 March 1974 , the workers on the LG - 2 site rioted and used their bulldozers to destroy the site that they were working on while other workers set buildings afire . In response to the riot at the LG - 2 site , Bourassa created a royal commission headed by Judge Robert Cliche , the union official Guy Chevrette and a prominent Montreal labor lawyer Brian Mulroney to examine the question of freedom of expression within Quebec construction unions . The Cliche commission as it became known found widespread corruption within the construction unions as the columnist Peggy Curran wrote that the Cliche commission uncovered `` ... tales of nepotism , bribery , sabotage , blackmail and intimidation ; charges of union organizers with criminal records who gave lessons in how to break legs ; thugs - for - hire who would happily beat up a rival union organizer 's teenager or strangle their dog . '' Desjardins was called before the Cliche commission several times starting in November 1974 , where it was established that he was closely associated with the Montreal Mafia , and engaged in thuggish practices as president of the Conseil des métiers de la construction union . Although the Aboriginal Crees had traditional hunting and trapping areas in the region , no seasonal or permanent roads existed at the time . Opposition to the project , however , was strong among the 5,000 Crees of James Bay , the 3,500 Inuit to the north and several environmental groups . They believed the government of Quebec was acting in violation of treaties and committing unlawful expropriation and destruction of traditional hunting and trapping lands . Furthermore , the Cree and Inuit had not been informed of the hydroelectric project until after construction of the access road had begun . The federal Indian affairs minister Jean Chrétien intervened on the side of the Cree and the Inuit , hiring lawyers to argue their case in the courts . Both Bourassa and the Prime Minister , Pierre Trudeau were Liberals and federalists , but relations between the two were very strained at best as the French - Canadian nationalist Bourassa was a `` soft federalist '' who favored devolving the powers of the federal government down to the provinces while the Canadian nationalist Trudeau was a `` hard federalist '' who favored concentrating power in the hands of the federal government . Relations between Quebec City and Ottawa were brought to the breaking point in 1971 when Bourassa vetoed the Victoria charter for patriating the British North America Act to give Canada its own constitution on the grounds that if the British North American Act was going to be changed , then the federal government should cede more powers to the provinces . The willingness of the Trudeau government to intervene on the side of the Cree and Inuit against the Quebec government was at least in part caused by the feud between Bourassa and Trudeau . In a speech championing the Cree , Chrétien said Bourassa `` could go to hell '' , charging that he did not have the right to build on or flood the land claimed by the Cree . In 1973 , the federal government 's lawyers won a court injunction ordering the James Bay project stopped until a treaty could be signed with the Cree and Inuit , but an appeals court overturned the ruling days later . However , Bourassa agreed to negotiate with the First Nations as the federal government announced it was willing to take the matter to the Supreme Court . In later years , the Cree and Inuit were given a settlement of $150 million , negotiated by Cree chief Billy Diamond . In November 1975 , the governments of Canada and Quebec signed the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement with the Cree of the James Bay region and the Inuit of northern Quebec , granting exclusive hunting and fishing rights to about 170,000 km of territory and about $250 million in financial compensation in return for the right to develop the hydroelectric resources of Northern Quebec . The planned La Grande - 1 power station would be built about 50 km further away from the Cree village of Chisasibi than originally planned . The Agreement also provided for an extensive environmental follow - up of all aspects of the hydroelectric development on the La Grande and Eastmain rivers and the establishment of a joint environmental assessment process for any future hydroelectric project involving other rivers of Northern Quebec . The project ( edit ) Phase I ( edit ) The period of construction of the first phase of the project covered about 14 years . By 1986 , the largest power stations and reservoirs on the La Grande River were mostly completed , including the Robert - Bourassa ( originally named La Grande - 2 ) , La Grande - 3 and La Grande - 4 generating stations , with an installed capacity of 10,800 MW , and five reservoirs covering an area of 11,300 km . The Eastmain and Caniapiscau river diversions each added about 800 m / s of water to the La Grande River . The power plants of the first phase of the James Bay Project produce about 65 TWh of power each year , operating at about 60 % of their maximum rated generating capacity . During this first phase of construction , over 155,000,000 cubic metres ( 203,000,000 cu yd ) of fill , 138,000 tons of steel , 550,000 tons of cement , and nearly 70,000 tons of explosives were used . Concurrent employment by the project reached 18,000 . Of the 215 dikes and dams , many surpassed the height of skyscrapers , with one reaching 56 stories . The terraced diversion channel at Robert - Bourassa generating station was carved 30 m ( one hundred feet ) deep into the side of a mountain . Water tumbles from the reservoir to the river below at a height greater than that of Niagara Falls . A 4,800 km ( 3,000 mi ) network of transmission lines was necessary to bring generated power to consumers in southern Quebec . The network contains several 735 - kilovolt lines and one 450 - kilovolt DC line directly linked to the U.S. power grid . Phase II ( edit ) During the late 1980s and early 1990s , construction of the second phase of the James Bay project centred on the construction of five secondary power plants on the La Grande River and its tributaries ( La Grande - 1 , La Grande - 2A , Laforge - 1 , Laforge - 2 and Brisay ) , adding a further 5,200 MW of generating capacity by the end of 1996 . Three new reservoirs covering an area of 1,600 km were created , including the Laforge - 1 Reservoir covering 1,288 km . The generating plants of this second phase of the project produce about 18.9 TWh of power per year , operating at between 60 % and 70 % of their maximum rated generating capacity . On March 13 , 1989 , a massive solar storm caused a failure of the La Grande complex which plunged most of Quebec into darkness for nine hours . Great Whale River project ( edit ) During the construction of the second phase of the James Bay Project , Hydro - Québec proposed an additional project on the Great Whale River ( French : Grande rivière de la Baleine ) , just to the north of the La Grande River watershed . Opposition among the Cree was even more vocal this time than in the early 1970s . In 1990 , Grand Chief Matthew Coon Come organized a canoe trip from Hudson Bay to the Hudson River , in Albany , New York , and this very effective public relations stunt brought international pressure to bear on the government of Quebec . The Cree had experienced considerable culture shock with the introduction of permanent transportation routes to the south and very few Cree were employed on the construction site . Poverty and social problems remained important in the isolated Cree and Inuit villages of Northern Quebec , even in areas where there were no hydroelectric or mining activities . By the 1980s , the natural ebb and flow of the La Grande , Eastmain and Caniapiscau rivers had been severely modified , notably delaying the formation of a solid ice cover near the Cree village of Chisasibi , and about 4 % of the traditional hunting and trapping territories of the Cree had been lost to the rising waters of the reservoirs , including about 10 % of the territories of the Cree village of Chisasibi . At the same time , new roads , snowmobiles and bush airlines facilitated access to distant hunting territories of the interior . While highly motivated , the Cree 's opposition to the Great Whale River Project was mainly ineffective until 1992 when the State of New York withdrew from a multibillion - dollar power purchasing agreement due to public outcry and a decrease in energy requirements . In 1994 , the Government of Quebec and Hydro - Québec suspended the project indefinitely . Rupert River diversion ( edit ) In 2002 , the Quebec government and the Grand Council of the Crees signed a landmark agreement , `` La Paix des Braves '' ( literally `` The Peace of the Braves '' ) , ensuring the completion of the last phase of the original James Bay Project : construction of the Eastmain - 1 generating station , with a capacity of 480 MW , and the Eastmain Reservoir with a surface area of about 600 km ( 230 sq mi ) . A subsequent agreement in April 2004 put an end to all litigation between the two parties and opened the way to a joint environmental assessment of the projected diversion of the Rupert River , to the south of the Eastmain River . The project entails the diversion of about 50 % of the total water flow of the Rupert River ( and 70 % of the flow at the diversion point ) towards the Eastmain Reservoir and into the La Grande Complex , and the construction of two additional generating stations : Eastmain - 1A and Sarcelle , with a combined capacity of 888 MW . The Rupert diversion would generate a total of 8.5 TWh of electricity at the new and existing power stations . Former Grand Chief of the Crees ( Eeyou Istchee ) Matthew Mukash ( elected in late 2005 and served until 2009 ) opposed the Rupert River diversion and favoured the construction of wind turbines . Hydro - electric installations ( edit ) The hydro - electric stations in the La Grande watershed are : La Grande - 1 generating station Robert - Bourassa generating station ( formerly La Grande - 2 ) La Grande - 2 - A generating station La Grande - 3 generating station La Grande - 4 generating station Laforge - 1 generating station Laforge - 2 generating station Brisay generating station Eastmain - 1 generating station Eastmain - 1 - A generating station Sarcelle generating station Environmental impacts ( edit ) Although there was no environmental impact assessment legislation before the James Bay Project 's initial construction phase in the 1970s , a major environmental research program was conducted before Phase I began . The environmental impacts of the James Bay Project largely stem from the creation of a complex chain reservoir through the integration of all the watersheds of the eastern shores of the Hudson Bay , from the southern tip of James Bay to Ungava Bay in the north . This has had the consequence of diverting the flow of water from four major rivers into a large body of water , ultimately changing the dynamics of the land , an environmental political phenomenon often regarded as a `` first build , then paint green , '' policy . Mercury pollution ( edit ) Two of these main diverted rivers are the Caniapiscau River and the Eastmain River into which the James Bay Project submerged about 11,000 km2 of boreal forest ( taiga ) . Consequently , the flooded vegetation 's stored mercury ( Hg ) was released into the aquatic ecosystem , and due to the diversion of the water flow to contained reservoirs , the sudden abundance of mercury in the James Bay area in 1979 was unable to be dispersed and diluted as would have been the case in natural waters . Because the James Bay Cree ( East Cree ) live a mostly traditional lifestyle including a diet rich in fish and sea mammals , there is a possibility that the damming project has contributed to northern Quebec 's Cree having the highest measured methyl - mercury concentration of all Canadian First Nations . Because of the simultaneous mercury contamination in James Bay from other activities in the area , including paper milling , the direct effect of the project on mercury levels has been difficult to ascertain . A clear correlation is , however , evident . From 1981 - 1982 , a few years after the flooding of La Grande River , mercury levels in lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) increased up to fourfold their pre-flooding levels , while those in northern pike ( Esox lucius ) rose up to sevenfold during the same period . In natural lakes , these concentrations are five to six times less than in the James Bay area . This rapid spike of mercury levels in two of the fish species used extensively by the area 's Cree is attributed to the processes of bioaccumulation and biomagnification . Biaccumulation is the initial consequence of mercury pollution , as the toxin is first incorporated into the given ecosystem 's producers . In the James Bay area ecosystem , mercury being released from the decaying flooded trees would be incorporated in trace amounts in zooplankton . Benthic organisms ( benthos ) , the whitefish 's primary prey , consume a great deal of zooplankton , causing the mercury concentration in a single organism to magnify due to accumulation of mercury and its inability to be excreted . In turn , whitefish , due to their greater size , consume large numbers of benthic invertebrates , thus incorporating the individual mercury accumulations of each organism and creating their own store of mercury . The effect is further exacerbated by humans consuming this built up store of mercury . The James Bay Mercury Agreement , signed in 1986 between the Grand Council of the Crees ( of Québec ) , the Cree Regional Authority , the Cree Bands , the Government of Québec , Hydro - Québec and the Société d'énergie de la Baie James ( James Bay Energy ) , aims `` to restore and strengthen Cree fisheries ( ... ) but ( ... ) also adequately take into account the health risks associated with human exposure to mercury . '' Local climate changes ( edit ) The establishment of reservoirs containing large amounts of standing water has the ability to produce local climate changes . Alteration of annual precipitation patterns , increased abundance of low stratus clouds and fog , and warmer autumns and cooler springs , leading to a delay in the beginning and end of the growing season , have all been observed in the vicinity of the project 's major reservoirs . The doubling of the freshwater input into James Bay during the winter decreases the salinity of the seawater , thereby increasing the freezing point of the bay . The resultant increased ice content at the northern section of the project in the winter has cooled warm air currents more than usual , bringing harsher Arctic weather , including strong winds and less precipitation , to south - central Quebec . The tree line at the southern edge of the development has shifted noticeably southward since the project 's construction . Water flow modifications ( edit ) Following construction of the project , the area 's water flow was substantially modified . In the James Bay area in general , the average monthly surface runoff rate in the winter increased by 52 % , doubling the total freshwater input , while that of the summer months decreased by 6 % . The James Bay area 's water flow is most affected by the hydroelectric project from January to April because rivers have their lowest runoff rates in the winter months when freezing occurs . Additionally , runoff rates in the damming system can be altered to meet power needs , which are highest in the winter and lowest in the summer , thereby more completely reversing the natural water flow cycle . As evidenced by the 500 % increase in its winter runoff , the La Grande River is the pillar of the James Bay project 's hydroelectric capacity , with the runoff increasing from an average yearly amount of 1,700 m / s to 3,400 m / s , and from 500 m / s to 5,000 m / s in the winter . This immense harnessing of the area 's energy at La Grande was made possible by reducing the Eastmain River 's water flow at its mouth by 90 % and by reducing that of the Caniaspiscau River 's by 45 % , and then by diverting these rivers into La Grande . Not only does this alter the runoff amount of the Eastmain and the Caniaspiscau Rivers , but also their drainage location , since prior to having been directly merged with La Grande , these rivers ' drainage locations were separate from the La Grande River . The summer runoff rate of La Grande increased by 40 % , making the average annual runoff rate 91 % greater than its natural rate . Because of the change in the runoff rates of James Bay , massively increasing in the winter months , and increasing considerably in the summer as well , there has been more extreme fluctuation in the water levels . This has killed many trees along the shoreline , which are not equipped with deep enough root systems and tolerance of prolonged exposure to seawater to withstand these fluctuations . As well , the increased riverbank erosion downstream of the dams has washed the flora 's habitat down the river . The result has been considerable decay ( decomposition ) of dead trees along the shoreline , consequently releasing stored mercury into the area 's terrestrial ecosystem through bioaccumulation in decomposers and detritovores and eventual biomagnification up the food web . This has left the area 's Cree susceptible to mercury poisoning from both land and sea . Any shoreline plants that could potentially provide vegetation growth to replace any of the lost wetland habitats in these zones of periodic fluctuations are destroyed . Possibility of increased seismic activity ( edit ) The James Bay Project is subject to earth tremors near the hydroelectric dams . This phenomenon is caused by the colossal weight of the artificial river , resulting in the shift of layers of rock , and although officials state that the reservoirs are only shallow lakes and the occurrence of such disaster is remote at best , these geological tremors could potentially fatally harm Quebec 's local population and surrounding environment , as the region is typically dominated by slump - sensitive clays , and fault lines present in the St. Lawrence Valley . Changes in migration routes ( edit ) Other changes in the delicate balance of the James Bay ecosystem can be illustrated through the animal migration patterns , salmon spawning , and destruction of wildlife habitats . The significant loss of wetlands and the blocking of passageways to those wetlands that remain has inhibited salmon spawning and migration in the James Bay area . Additionally , diverting rivers towards the James Bay could cause changes in the geographical pattern of river water discharge into the sea. ( 36 ) Caribou populations , which have been expanding since the 1950s , have adopted migration routes throughout much of the Quebec - Labrador Peninsula and have thus been increasingly abundant in the James Bay area , the valley of the Caniapiscau , and around George River ( Quebec ). ( 37 ) Variations in the water flow of the Caniapiscau River from 1981 to 1984 , during the period when the Caniapiscau Reservoir was being filled , may have contributed to the death by drowning of 10,000 migratory woodland caribou in September 1984 , representing about 1.5 % of the herd at that time . On the other hand , the reduced flow of the Caniapiscau River and the Koksoak River has permanently reduced the risk of natural floods on the lower Caniapiscau during the period of caribou migrations , giving hunters greater access to caribou than ever before . About 30,000 caribou are killed each year by Inuit , Cree and American and European hunters . Seasonal reversal in the flow of rivers can potentially rob the rich nutrients that thrive in various mudflats and coastal marshes , affecting millions of migratory birds such as waterfowl , Canada geese , and various inland birds that use the coastlines of both the James and Hudson Bays during their spring and fall migrations. ( 38 ) Operational environmental cost ( edit ) The potential for massive greenhouse gas emissions in large hydroelectric reservoirs has also generated considerable debate since the Kyoto Protocol on climate change of 1997 . However , greenhouse gas emissions from the northern reservoirs of the La Grande complex are between 2 % and 8 % of the emissions associated with any conventional ( fossil fuel ) power generation ( and from 1 % to 4 % of the greenhouse emissions of the typical coal - fired power generation plant of Canada or the United States ) . Social impact ( edit ) See also : James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement provided considerable financial and administrative resources for the Cree and Inuit communities to deal with the environmental and social consequences of the project and provide for future economic development , such as the creation of the local airline Air Creebec . The James Bay Project also was an impetus for the forging of a collective identity among the Cree of Quebec and for the establishment of the Grand Council of the Crees ( Eeyou Istchee ) . The Agreement notably provided for major institutional structures for local government , economic development , schools and health services , mostly under the control of the Grand Council of the Crees and the Kativik Regional Government , in Nunavik . Yet , the social consequences of the hydroelectric project itself pale in comparison to the social impact of the Cree coming into direct contact with the society and economic forces of francophone Quebec . The greatest impact stems from the construction in the early 1970s of the James Bay Road ( Route de la Baie James ) from Matagami to the new town of Radisson , near the Robert - Bourassa generating station ( La Grande - 2 ) , and on to the nearby Cree village of Chisasibi . During the main construction period of the late 1970s , Radisson housed a population several times greater than the Cree population of Chisasibi , although it currently has a population of about 500 . Nevertheless , the Cree communities have themselves continued the push to build additional roads from the James Bay Road westward to the Cree coastal villages of Wemindji , Eastmain and Waskaganish . These roads , opened between 1995 and 2001 , have further facilitated access to hunting areas of the interior and encouraged commercial and social exchanges between the Cree villages and with southern Quebec . A separate road ( Route du Nord ) also links the James Bay Road to Chibougamau , via the Cree village of Nemaska . The building of these newer roads was largely the work of Cree construction companies . The James Bay Road also opened the region to further mineral exploration and clear - cut logging in the southern James Bay area and substantially reduced the cost of transport . These activities have put further strains on the traditional hunting and trapping activities of the Cree in the southern James Bay region , notably the villages of Waskaganish and Nemaska . Such activities , however , only accounted for about half the economic activity of the Cree communities in 1970 and less than 20 % by the late 1990s . Hunting and fishing in the Cree villages mostly involves young adults and older Cree with few professional qualifications . Such activities are furthermore sustained by an income replacement program financed by the government of Quebec that offers the equivalent of a modest annual salary for hunters and their families who live in the bush for at least several weeks of the year . See also ( edit ) Canada portal Water portal Renewable energy portal Baie - James Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict List of generating stations in Quebec Quebec -- New England Transmission Robert A. Boyd Site C dam Kinzua dam Alta controversy Environmental racism Environmental racism in Europe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Société d'énergie de la Baie James 1987 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Government of Quebec 2006 , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Société d'énergie de la Baie James 1987 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Société d'énergie de la Baie James 1987 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Société d'énergie de la Baie James 1987 , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` La Grande Riviere Airport '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Statistics : La Grande Iv A , Quebec , Canadaada , accessed 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacasse 1983 , pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ Bellavance 1994 , p. 181 Jump up ^ Bourassa 1985 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Bolduc , Hogue & Larouche 1989 , pp. 257 -- 258 Jump up ^ Bolduc 2000 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Lacasse 1983 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Bourassa 1985 , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Lacasse 1983 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Lacasse 1983 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Bourassa 1985 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Bourassa 1985 , pp. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Gravel & Vennat 1979b , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Gravel & Vennat 1979a , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Bothwell 1988 , pp. 332 -- 339 . Jump up ^ Lacasse 1983 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Bolduc 2000 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Bourassa 1985 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Bolduc 2000 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Denis 2006 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Bolduc , Hogue & Larouche 1989 , p. 263 Jump up ^ Bolduc 2000 , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : Morton , Desmond ( 1998 ) . Working People . Montreal : McGill University Press . p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Cedilot , André ; Noel , André ( 2012 ) . Mafia Inc : The Long , Bloody Reign of Canada 's Sicilian Clan . Toronto : Random House . p. 431 . ^ Jump up to : Curran , Peggy ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Trip back in corruption time machine '' . The Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Lawrence ( 1995 ) . Chrétien : The Will to Win . Toronto : Lester Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Billy Diamond '' . Power To Change . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . I became chief of our Cree community when I was 21 ... Four years later I became the first Grand Chief of the Cree Grand Council . I used this position to help my people develop . We modernized the villages , built housing and schools and encouraged health and economic development . I was very successful in this position . But like all successes , it had its drawbacks , especially in my personal life . Jump up ^ Froschauer 1999 , p. 77 Jump up ^ `` Les Cris devant de nouveaux choix énergétiques '' ( The Cree are in Front of New Energy Choices ) . Dimanche Magazine ( in French ) . CBC. 30 October 2005 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 -- via radio-canada.ca . Jump up ^ Senécal & Égré 1999 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon 1991 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Roebuck 1999 , p. 79 , 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Trudel et al. 2001 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ `` Mercury Agreement '' . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Baxter 1977 , p. 275 . ^ Jump up to : Prinsenberg 1980 , p. 1101 -- 1102 . Jump up ^ Whiteman 2004 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Environment Canada . `` Second Report on James Bay environmental studies : status of projects as of December 1972 '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Schetagne & Verdon 1999 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Comité pour la défense de la Baie James . `` James Bay development : progress or disaster ? '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sarkar & Karagoz 1995 , p. 979 . Literature ( edit ) Richardson , Boyce ( 1976 ) . Strangers devour the Land -- A chronicle of the Assault upon the last coherent Hunting Culture in North America , the Cree Indians of Northern Quebec , and their vast primeval Homelands . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . Further reading ( edit ) Books Bélanger , Yves ; Comeau ( Ed . ) , Robert ( 1995 ) . Hydro - Québec : Autres temps , autres défis ( in French ) . Sainte - Foy : Presses de l'Université du Québec . ISBN 2 - 7605 - 0809 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Bellavance , Claude ( 1994 ) . Shawinigan Water and Power , 1898 - 1963 : formation et déclin d'un groupe industriel au Québec . Montreal : Boréal . ISBN 2 - 89052 - 586 - 4 ... Bolduc , André ( 2000 ) . Du génie au pouvoir : Robert A. Boyd , à la gouverne d'Hydro - Québec aux années glorieuses ( in French ) . Montreal : Libre Expression . ISBN 2 - 89111 - 829 - 4 ... Bolduc , André ; Hogue , Clarence ; Larouche , Daniel ( 1989 ) . Hydro - Québec , l'hértitage d'un siècle d'électricité ( in French ) ( third ed . ) . Montreal : Libre - Expression / Forces . ISBN 2 - 89111 - 388 - 8 . ( also available in English , under the title Hydro - Québec After 100 Years of Electricity ) Bothwell , Robert ( 1988 ) . Nucleus , the history of Atomic Energy of Canada . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2670 - 2 . Bourassa , Robert ( 1973 ) . La Baie James ( in French ) . Montreal : Éditions du Jour . Bourassa , Robert ( 1981 ) . Deux fois la Baie James ( in French ) . Montreal : Éditions La Presse . ISBN 2 - 89043 - 068 - 5 . Bourassa , Robert ( 1985 ) . L'énergie du Nord : La force du Québec ( in French ) . Montreal : Libre Expression . ISBN 2 - 89037 - 252 - 9 ... Denis , Charles ( 2006 ) . Robert Bourassa ( in French ) . 1 : La passion de la politique . Montreal : Fides . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7621 - 2160 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Froschauer , Karl ( 1999 ) . White Gold : Hydroelectric Power in Canada . Vancouver : UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0708 - 3 . Gravel , Pierre ; Vennat , Pierre ( 1979a ) . `` Robert Bourassa : `` Il ne sera pas dit que nous vivrons pauvrement sur une terre aussi riche '' `` . In Leroux , Roger . La Baie James : projet du siècle ( in French ) . Montreal : La Presse . pp. 5 -- 6 . Gravel , Pierre ; Vennat , Pierre ( 1979b ) . `` Sept mois après la crise d'Octobre : un projet qu'il fallait lancer en 1971 ! '' . In Leroux , Roger . La Baie James : projet du siècle ( in French ) . Montreal : La Presse . pp. 7 -- 9 . Hogue , Clarence ; Bolduc , André ; Larouche , Daniel ( 1979 ) . Québec : un siècle d'électricité ( in French ) . Montreal : Libre Expression . ISBN 2 - 89111 - 022 - 6 ... Hornig , James F. , ed. ( 1999 ) . Social and Environmental Impacts of the James Bay Hydroelectric Project . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1837 - 1 . Lacasse , Roger ( 1983 ) . Baie James , une épopée . Montreal : Libre Expression . ISBN 2 - 89111 - 109 - 5 ... Linteau , Paul - André ( 1989 ) . Histoire du Québec contemporain -- Volume 2 : Le Québec depuis 1930 . Boréal Compact ( in French ) . Montreal : Boréal . ISBN 2 - 89052 - 298 - 9 . McCutcheon , Sean ( 1991 ) . Electric Rivers : The Story of the James Bay Project . New York : Black Rose Books . Schetagne , R. ; Verdon , R. ( 1999 ) . `` Post-impoundment evolution of fish mercury levels at the La Grande complex . Quebec , Canada ( from 1978 to 1996 ) '' . In M. Lucotte et al. Mercury in the Biogeochemical Cycle : Natural Environments and Hydroelectric Reservoirs of Northern Quebec ( Canada ) . Berlin / New York : Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 65755 - X . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Simard , Jean - Jacques ( 1996 ) . Tendances nordiques , les changements sociaux 1970 - 1990 chez les Cris et les Inuits du Québec ( in French ) . Québec : Université Laval . ISBN 2 - 921438 - 12 - 7 ... Turgeon , Pierre ( 1992 ) . La Radissonie , le pays de la baie James ( in French ) . Montreal : Libre expression . ISBN 2 - 89111 - 502 - 3 ... Tremblay , Alain ; Varfalvy , Louis ; Roehm , Charlotte ; Garneau , Michel ( 2005 ) . Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- Fluxes and Processes . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 23455 - 1 . Journals Baxter , R.M. ( 1977 ) . `` Environmental effects of dams and impoundments '' . Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution , and Systematics. 8 : 255 -- 283 ( 275 ) . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. es. 08.110177. 001351 . Mercier , Guy ; Ritchot , Gilles ( September 1997 ) . `` La Baie James : les dessous d'une rencontre que la bureaucratie n'avait pas prévue '' . Les Cahiers de géographie du Québec. 41 ( 113 ) : 137 -- 169 . doi : 10.7202 / 022639ar . ISSN 0007 - 9766 . Prinsenberg , S.J. ( 1980 ) . `` Man - made changes in the freshwater input rates of Hudson and James Bays '' . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences . 37 ( 7 ) : 1101 -- 1110 . doi : 10.1139 / f80 - 143 . Roebuck , B.D. ( 1999 ) . `` Elevated Mercury in Fish as a Result of the James Bay Hydroelectric Development : Perception and Reality '' . In Hornig , James . Social and Environmental Impacts of the James Bay Hydroelectric Project . McGill - Queen 's UP . pp. 73 -- 92 . ISBN 0773518371 . Sarkar , Amin U. ; Karagoz , Serkan ( 2 February 1995 ) . `` Sustainable development of hydroelectric power '' ( PDF ) . Energy . 20 ( 10 ) : 977 -- 981 ( 979 ) . doi : 10.1016 / 0360 - 5442 ( 95 ) 00059 - P. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Senécal , Pierre ; Égré , Dominique ( 1999 ) . `` Human impacts of the La Grande hydroelectric complex on Cree communities in Québec '' . Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 17 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 329 ( 321 ) . doi : 10.3152 / 147154699781767648 . Trudel , Marc ; Tremblay , Alain ; Schetagne , Roger ; Rasmussen , Joseph B. ( 2001 ) . `` Why are dwarf fish so small ? An energetic analysis of polymorphism in lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) '' . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences . 58 ( 2 ) : 394 -- 405 ( 395 ) . doi : 10.1139 / cjfas - 58 - 2 - 394 . Whiteman , Gail ( 2004 ) . `` The impact of economic development in James Bay , Canada : The Cree tallymen speak out '' . Organization and Environment. 17 ( 4 ) : 425 -- 449 ( 431 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 1086026604270636 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Hydro - Québec publications Hayeur , Gaëtan ( 2001 ) . Summary of Knowledge Acquired in Northern Environments from 1970 to 2000 ( PDF ) . Montreal : Hydro - Québec . ISBN 2 - 550 - 36964 - 5 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 24 . Hydro - Québec ( May 1972 ) . Baie - James , Nottaway - Broadback - Rupert et Eastmain , description sommaire ( in French ) . Montreal : Hydro - Québec . Hydro - Québec ( 1990 ) . Complexe NBR , ( in French ) . Montreal : Hydro - Québec . Société d'énergie de la Baie James ( 1987 ) . Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande - Rivière . Réalisation de la première phase ( in French ) . Montreal : Société d'énergie de la Baie James / Éditions de la Chenelière . ISBN 2 - 89310 - 010 - 4 ... Official reports Government of Quebec ( 2006 ) . Using energy to build the Québec of tomorrow ( PDF ) . Quebec City : Quebec Department of Natural Resources and Wildlife . ISBN 2 - 550 - 46952 - 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Complexe La Grande . The La Grande Complex and commission dates ( Hydro - Québec ) Hydro - Québec Transmission lines Human Environment of the James Bay region ( Detailed map of the James Bay region ) James Bay Municipality ( English , French ) Grand Council of the Crees ( of Quebec ) ( English , French , Cree ) Société d'énergie de la Baie - James ( English , French ) Public Information Office on the Rupert River Diversion Project ( English , French , Cree ) Coordinates : 53 ° 46 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 27 ′ 53 '' W / 53.777123 ° N 77.464600 ° W / 53.777123 ; - 77.464600 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Bay_Project&oldid=860668023 '' Categories : Hydro - Québec First Nations history in Quebec James Bay Project 1974 establishments in Quebec Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using web citations with no URL Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2018 , at 07 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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3922158668264717449	Shot clock	Shot clock - wikipedia Shot clock This article may contain too much repetition or redundant language . Please help improve it by merging similar text or removing repeated statements . ( August 2018 ) After Mitch McGary attempts a finger roll layup late in the first half of the 2012 -- 13 Big Ten Conference men 's basketball season opener on January 3 ( left ) , the Michigan Wolverines and Northwestern Wildcats anticipate ( center ) and pursue ( right ) the rebound . The possession demonstrates the end - of - half intricacies of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's former 35 - second shot clock ( red LED ) when possession changes and the game clock ( white LED ; note the decimal point ) is below 35 seconds . A shot clock is used in some sports to quicken the pace of the game . It is normally associated with basketball , but is also used in snooker , pro lacrosse , water polo , korfball , and ten - pin bowling . It is analogous with the play clock used in American and Canadian football . In basketball , the shot clock is a timer designed to increase the game 's pace and scoring . The offensive team must attempt to get the ball into the basket by the ball leaving the player 's hand before the shot clock expires , and the shot must either touch the rim or enter the basket . If the offensive team fails to register a field goal attempt within the time limit , they are assessed a violation resulting in a turnover to their opponents ; if the ball hits or enters the rim after the clock expires , it is not a violation so long as it left the player 's hand before expiration . The maximum time limit of the shot clock varies by level of play and league : The National Basketball Association has had a 24 - second limit since first introducing the clock in the 1950s ; and college basketball for both men and women has a 30 - second limit . The WNBA had a 30 - second clock originally ; since 2006 the limit is 24 seconds , just like in the NBA . Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Creation 1.3 Use and reaction 1.4 Adoption by other leagues 2 Operation 3 Similar rules in basketball 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Stall tactics to limit big man George Mikan ( # 99 ) led to the shot clock 's creation by the NBA . The NBA ( National Basketball Association ) had problems attracting fans ( and positive media coverage ) before the shot clock 's inception . This was due to teams running out the clock once they were leading in a game ; without the shot clock , teams passed the ball nearly endlessly without penalty . If one team chose to stall , the other team ( especially if behind ) would often commit fouls to get the ball back following the free throw . Very low - scoring games with many fouls were common , which bored fans . The most extreme case occurred on November 22 , 1950 , when the Fort Wayne Pistons defeated the Minneapolis Lakers by a record - low score of 19 -- 18 , including 3 -- 1 in the fourth quarter . The Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting ( they attempted 13 shots for the game ) in order to limit the impact of the Lakers ' dominant George Mikan . The Pistons ' performance led the St. Paul Dispatch to write `` ( The Pistons ) gave pro basketball a great black eye . '' NBA President Maurice Podoloff said , `` In our game , with the number of stars we have , we of necessity run up big scores . '' A few weeks after the Pistons / Lakers game , the Rochester Royals and Indianapolis Olympians played a six - overtime game with only one shot in each overtime - in each overtime period , the team who had the ball first held the ball for the entirety of the period before attempting a last - second shot . The NBA tried several rule changes in the early 1950s to speed up the game and reduce fouls before eventually adopting the shot clock . Creation ( edit ) The shot clock first came to use in 1954 in Syracuse , New York , where Syracuse Nationals ( now the Philadelphia 76ers ) owner Danny Biasone and general manager Leo Ferris experimented using a 24 - second version during a scrimmage game . According to Biasone , `` I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed , games where they did n't screw around and stall . I noticed each team took about 60 shots . That meant 120 shots per game . So I took 2,880 seconds ( 48 minutes ) and divided that by 120 shots . The result was 24 seconds per shot . '' Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the 1954 -- 55 season , a season in which the Nationals won the NBA Championship . Syracuse Nationals General Manager Leo Ferris has emerged in the discussion as one of those involved in the creation and development of the shot clock . Along with Danny Biasone and Emil Barboni , a scout for the Nats , Leo Ferris was a key figure in developing the 24 - second clock . Jack Andrews , longtime basketball writer for The Syracuse Post-Standard , often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone 's Eastwood bowling alley , scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin . Ferris , who loved mathematics , ended up dividing the number of seconds in a 48 - minute game ( 2,880 ) by the average number of shots taken in a game ( 120 ) to get to the 24 - second time limit per possession . While he and Biasone often share in the credit for the shot clock , it was Ferris who was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule . Use and reaction ( edit ) The Shot Clock Monument in Syracuse , New York . Close - up of Syracuse 's Shot Clock Monument . When it was first introduced by the NBA , the 24 - second shot clock made players so nervous that it hardly came into play , as players were taking fewer than 20 seconds to shoot . According to Syracuse star Dolph Schayes , `` We thought we had to take quick shots -- a pass and a shot was it -- maybe 8 -- 10 seconds ... But as the game went on , we saw the inherent genius in Danny 's 24 seconds -- you could work the ball around ( the offensive zone ) for a good shot . '' The shot clock , together with some rule changes concerning fouls , revolutionized NBA basketball . In the last pre-clock season ( 1953 -- 54 ) , teams averaged 79 points per game ; in the first year with the clock ( 1954 -- 55 ) , the average was 93 points , which went up to 107 points by its fourth year in use ( 1957 -- 58 ) . The advent of the shot clock ( and the resulting increase in scoring ) coincided with an increase in attendance , which increased 40 % within a few years to an average of 4,800 per game . The shot clock received near - universal praise for its role in improving the style of play in the NBA . Coach and referee Charley Eckman said , `` Danny Biasone saved the NBA with the 24 - second rule . '' Boston Celtic all - star Bob Cousy said , `` Before the new rule , the last quarter could be deadly . The team in front would hold the ball indefinitely , and the only way you could get it was by fouling somebody . In the meantime , nobody dared take a shot and the whole game slowed up . With the clock , we have constant action . I think it saved the NBA at that time . It allowed the game to breathe and progress . '' League president Maurice Podoloff called the adoption of the shot clock `` the most important event in the NBA . '' The league itself states , `` Biasone 's invention rescue ( d ) the league . '' Adoption by other leagues ( edit ) Two later pro leagues that rivaled the NBA adopted a modified version of the shot clock . The American Basketball League used a 30 - second shot clock for its two years in existence ( 1961 -- 1963 ) . The American Basketball Association also adopted a 30 - second clock when it launched in 1967 -- 68 , switching to the NBA 's 24 - second length for its final season ( 1975 -- 76 ) . In the 1969 -- 70 season , women 's collegiate basketball ( at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ) used a 30 - second shot clock on an experimental basis , officially adopting it for the 1970 -- 71 season . Unlike the women 's side , there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men 's NCAA basketball , due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game . However , after extreme results like an 11 -- 6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973 , support for a men 's shot clock began to build . The NCAA introduced a 45 - second shot clock for the men 's game in the 1985 -- 86 season , reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993 -- 94 season and 30 seconds in the 2015 -- 16 season . The NAIA also reduced the shot clock to 30 seconds for men 's basketball starting in 2015 -- 16 . From its inception in 1975 , the Philippine Basketball Association adopted a 25 - second shot clock . This was because the shot clocks then installed at the league 's main venues , the Araneta Coliseum and Rizal Memorial Coliseum ( the latter no longer used by the league ) , could only be set at 5 - second intervals . The league later adopted a 24 - second clock starting from the 1995 season . The Metropolitan Basketball Association in the Philippines used the 23 - second clock from its maiden season in 1998 . In Filipino college basketball , the NCAA Basketball Championship ( Philippines ) and the UAAP Basketball Championship adopted a 30 - second clock ; they switched to 24 seconds starting with the 2001 -- 02 season , the first season to start after the FIBA rule change in 2001 . Operation ( edit ) In the NBA ( since 1954 ) , Women 's National Basketball Association ( since 2006 ) , and FIBA play ( since 2000 ; 30 - second from 1956 to 2000 ) , the shot clock counts down 24 seconds , thus often being called the `` 24 - second clock . '' If a shot is attempted and hits or enters the rim , or if the defensive team gains possession via a rebound , steal , or out - of - bounds play , the shot clock resets . Failure by the offense to attempt a shot that hits the rim within the prescribed time results in a `` shot clock violation '' and a loss of possession to the other team . Three signals indicate when the shot clock expires -- a shot clock signal , illuminated lights on the shot clock ( NBA , FIBA , Euroleague , and many venues using an NBA - style transparent shot clock ) , and in the NBA and FIBA play ( starting in July 2018 ) , a yellow LED light strip on the backboard . In the 2011 -- 12 NBA season and 2014 -- 15 Euroleague , the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second , allowing offensive players to see precisely how much time they have to shoot and officials to determine any last - second shots easily . The rule has been adopted by FIBA starting in 2018 . In the 2016 - 17 NBA season , a new ' official timekeeper ' deal for the NBA with Swiss watch manufacturer Tissot introduced a new united official game clock / shot clock system , putting both timing systems under the same system for the first time . Tissot also became official timekeeper for the WNBA in the 2017 season . Furthermore , the shot clock is not reset on a foul in the frontcourt . Rule changes in the NBA since 1998 , and in FIBA after 2010 state the shot clock will be reset only if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock , after which it is reset to 14 seconds . The NBA and Euroleague have different rules on the shot clock reset on jump balls ; while both leagues have jump balls retained by the offense are reset to 14 seconds ( if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock ) , in the NBA , if the defense causes the jump ball , the shot clock is not reset if the offense keeps control of the ball unless under 5.0 seconds of time remain , where it is reset to 5.0 seconds . Also in FIBA / WNBA play , if the offence retains control of a ball following a rebound , the shot clock is reset to 14 seconds . Since the 2015 -- 16 season , all American college basketball uses a 30 - second shot clock , while Canadian university basketball uses a 24 - second clock . The American women 's game has used a 30 - second clock since the 1970s , but the men 's game did not adopt a shot clock until 1985 . The men 's limit was originally 45 seconds , and was shortened to 35 seconds in 1993 before going to 30 seconds in 2015 . The National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) , which sets rules for high school basketball in the U.S. , does not mandate the use of a shot clock , instead leaving the choice to use a clock and its duration up to each individual state association . Proposals to adopt a national shot clock for high school basketball have been voted down by the NFHS as recently as 2011 . Currently , eight U.S. states require the use of a shot clock of 30 / 35 seconds in high school competition : California , Maryland , Massachusetts , New York , North Dakota , Rhode Island , South Dakota , and Washington . Shot clock length in basketball Organization Duration NBA 24 seconds 14 seconds ( offensive retains control after fouls ) WNBA U Sports ( Canadian universities ) NCAA , NAIA 30 seconds United States high school basketball 30 / 35 seconds ( some states only ) FIBA 24 seconds ( full - court game ) 14 seconds ( reset when offense retains ball ) 12 seconds ( 3x3 half - court ) Shot clock length in other sports Sport Organization Duration Lacrosse MLL 60 seconds NLL 30 seconds Ringette N / A 30 seconds Water polo FINA 30 seconds Canoe polo ICF 60 seconds Ten - pin bowling PBA 25 seconds Korfball IKF 25 seconds Snooker Snooker Shoot - Out 15 seconds ( first five minutes ) 10 seconds ( last five minutes ) Carom billiards ( Three - cushion billiards ) World Championship European Championship World Cup 40 seconds ( 3 time - outs ( 40 sec . ) possible ) Similar rules in basketball ( edit ) The shot clock and its enforcement is used in concert with the rule that requires an offensive team to advance the ball across half - court and into the offensive zone ( or front court ) within a referee 's count ( this rule was first introduced in 1933 , predating the shot clock by over 2 decades ) . In men 's college basketball , the offense must advance the ball to the front court within 10 seconds , the same length used by FIBA and the NBA until they adopted an 8 - second limit in 2000 and 2001 , respectively . Failure by the offense to advance the ball to the front court within the time limit results in a turnover to the other team . Generally , the 10 - second ( or 8 - second ) count is independent from the shot clock 's operation ; in fact , a referee may count the 8 or 10 seconds through a visible motion of his hand or arm . Women 's college basketball introduced the 10 - second limit in 2013 -- 2014 , and provided that officials will not count the ten seconds but `` will use the shot clock to determine if a 10 - second violation has occurred . '' As a general reference , it refers to the shot clock reaching 15 ( FIBA / ( W ) NBA ; because the NBA shot clock registers tenths in the final five seconds , the violation occurs once the clock registers 15.9 seconds on the console , which is posted as 15 on the clock ) or 20 ( college ) before a violation can be called . See also ( edit ) Pitch clock , used in baseball Play clock , used in American and Canadian football . Four corners offense , offensive stall strategy in basketball Stall Count , used in the sport of Ultimate . Time limit , the same concept applied to video games . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , the Boston Celtics scored an average of 79.7 points per game from 1946 -- 47 to 1953 -- 54 ; from 1954 -- 55 to 1961 -- 62 , after the introduction of the shot clock , they scored an average of 113.1 points per game . See databaseBasketball.com entry Archived 2006 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Tall Tales : The Glory Years of the NBA , in the Words of the Men Who Played , Coached , and Built Pro Basketball , by Terry Pluto ( 1992 ) , pgs. 23 -- 31 ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Shot Clock Archived 2012 - 01 - 28 at WebCite '' NBA . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Gary M. ( 2005 ) . Wilt , 1962 : The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era . New York : Crown . pp. 31 -- 2 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5160 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : 24 - Second Shot Clock Rescues League '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Pluto , pg. 29 Jump up ^ `` National efforts to honor Syracuse hoops pioneers : Good day to remember Earl Lloyd , Leo Ferris '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` A question for a Hall of Fame dinner in Syracuse : When will Leo Ferris make it in ? '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Long - forgotten Leo Ferris helped devise NBA 's 24 - second clock , first used 61 years ago today '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pluto , pg. 28 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 33 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : `` 1954 -- 55 SEASON OVERVIEW '' NBA . Jump up ^ `` History of the Shot Clock '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Archived from the original on 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Official 2008 NCAA Women 's Basketball Records Book , p. 245 Jump up ^ Strange , Mike ( 2007 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Temple set stage for shot clock '' . The Knoxville News - Sentinel. Scripps Interactive Newspaper Group . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Official 2008 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records Book , p. 278 Jump up ^ `` Shorter shot clock , fewer timeouts among changes coming in 2015 - 16 '' . ESPN.com . June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule changes for NAIA , too '' . The Salina Journal . Associated Press . June 10 , 2015 -- via News OK . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` New points of emphasis in NBA officiating '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , watchmaker Tissot announce multiyear partnership '' . ESPN . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Halley , Jim ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Focus on high school shot clock heats up as states make move -- USATODAY.com '' . USA Today . ISSN 0734 - 7456 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Article 8 Stalling '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 13 , 2012 . p. 2 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Official Tournament Rules , p. 4 Union Mondiale de Billard ( UMB ) . Retrieved 30 April 2017 Jump up ^ Johnson , Greg ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Women 's basketball puts 10 - second backcourt rule in effect for first time '' . NCAA . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 18 . External links ( edit ) 24 Seconds to Shoot snopes.com Basketball Outline of basketball General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_clock&oldid=854648791 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball equipment Rules of basketball Timers Basketball in Syracuse , New York Snooker terminology Time measurement systems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2018 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 21 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happens when you get a shot clock violation	[ "In basketball, the shot clock is a timer designed to increase the game's pace and scoring.[1] The offensive team must attempt to get the ball into the basket by the ball leaving the player's hand before the shot clock expires, and the shot must either touch the rim or enter the basket. If the offensive team fails to register a field goal attempt within the time limit, they are assessed a violation resulting in a turnover to their opponents; if the ball hits or enters the rim after the clock expires, it is not a violation so long as it left the player's hand before expiration. The maximum time limit of the shot clock varies by level of play and league: The National Basketball Association has had a 24-second limit since first introducing the clock in the 1950s; and college basketball for both men and women has a 30-second limit. The WNBA had a 30-second clock originally; since 2006 the limit is 24 seconds, just like in the NBA.\n" ]	[ "turnover to their opponents" ]
4093779351437170280	Into the Woods	Into the Woods - Wikipedia Into the Woods Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical play . For other uses , see Into the Woods ( disambiguation ) . Into the Woods Poster for the original Broadway production Music Stephen Sondheim Lyrics Stephen Sondheim Book James Lapine Basis The Uses of Enchantment by Bruno Bettelheim Productions 1986 San Diego 1987 Broadway 1988 US Tour 1990 West End 1998 West End revival 2002 Broadway revival 2010 West End revival 2014 Film adaptation 2015 Off - Broadway Awards Tony Award for Best Score Tony Award for Best Book Drama Desk Outstanding Musical 2002 Tony Award for Best Revival 2011 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival Into the Woods is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by James Lapine . The musical intertwines the plots of several Brothers Grimm and Charles Perrault fairy tales , exploring the consequences of the characters ' wishes and quests . The main characters are taken from `` Little Red Riding Hood '' , `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' , `` Rapunzel '' , and `` Cinderella '' , as well as several others . The musical is tied together by a story involving a childless baker and his wife and their quest to begin a family ( the original beginning of The Grimm Brothers ' Rapunzel ) , their interaction with a witch who has placed a curse on them , and their interaction with other storybook characters during their journey . The musical debuted in San Diego at the Old Globe Theatre in 1986 and premiered on Broadway on November 5 , 1987 , where it won several Tony Awards , including Best Score , Best Book , and Best Actress in a Musical ( Joanna Gleason ) , in a year dominated by The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) . The musical has since been produced many times , with a 1988 US national tour , a 1990 West End production , a 1997 tenth anniversary concert , a 2002 Broadway revival , a 2010 London revival and in 2012 as part of New York City 's outdoor Shakespeare in the Park series . A Disney film adaptation directed by Rob Marshall and starring Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski and Johnny Depp was released in 2014 . The film grossed over $213 million worldwide and received three Academy Award nominations and three Golden Globe Award nominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Act I 1.2 Act II 2 Productions 2.1 Pre-Broadway San Diego production 2.2 Original Broadway production 2.3 1988 US tour production 2.4 Original London production 2.5 1998 London revival production 2.6 2002 Broadway revival production 2.7 London Royal Opera House , 2007 2.8 Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre production , 2010 2.9 Central Park Delacorte Theater production , 2012 2.10 Other productions 2.10. 1 2016 Tel Aviv production 3 Casting history 4 Adaptations 4.1 Junior version 4.2 Film 5 Musical numbers 6 Analysis of book and music 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original Broadway production 7.2 Original London production 7.3 1999 London revival 7.4 2002 Broadway revival 7.5 2010 London revival 7.6 2012 New York revival 7.7 2014 Australian production 7.8 2015 Off - Broadway production 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Act I ( edit ) Starting with the words `` Once Upon a Time , '' the Narrator introduces four characters who each have a wish : Cinderella , the daughter of a wealthy man who has been reduced by her wicked stepmother and stepsisters into becoming their skivvy , wishes to attend the King 's festival ; Jack , a simple poor boy , wishes that his cow , Milky White , would give milk ; and a Baker and his Wife wish they could have a child . While Little Red Ridinghood wishes for bread from the Baker to take to her grandmother 's house , which they give while she steals a few sweets , Jack 's weary mother , who wishes for gold , nags him into selling the cow , and Cinderella 's stepmother and stepsisters Florinda and Lucinda tease her about wanting to attend the King 's festival . The Baker 's neighbor , an ugly old witch , reveals that the source of the couple 's infertility is a curse she placed on the Baker 's line after catching the Baker 's father in her garden stealing vegetables , including six `` magic '' beans . In addition to the curse , the Witch took the Baker 's father 's newborn child Rapunzel . She explains the curse will be lifted if the Baker and his Wife can find the four ingredients that the Witch needs for a certain potion ; `` the cow as white as milk , the cape as red as blood , the hair as yellow as corn , and the slipper as pure as gold , '' all before the chime of midnight in three days ' time . All begin their journeys into the woods -- Jack goes to the market to sell his beloved pet Milky White , Cinderella 's family goes to the Festival while Cinderella goes to her mother 's grave to ask for guidance , Little Red goes to her grandmother 's house , and the Baker , refusing his wife 's help , goes to find the ingredients ( `` Prologue '' ) . Cinderella visits her mother 's grave and receives a beautiful gown and golden slippers from her mother 's spirit ( `` Cinderella at the Grave '' ) . Jack encounters a Mysterious Man who mocks him for trying to sell his cow for more than a `` sack of beans '' and then vanishes . Little Red Ridinghood meets a hungry Wolf who convinces her to take a detour on her way to Granny 's ( `` Hello , Little Girl '' ) . The Baker sees Little Red Ridinghood in the woods , and when the Witch appears , screaming at him to get the red cape , he is so frightened that he forgets the ingredients he needs . Luckily his wife , who followed him into the forest , reminds him . They are squabbling over her presence when they come across Jack with Milky White . Not having the money necessary to buy the cow , they convince Jack that the beans the Baker has found in his father 's old hunting jacket are magic beans and buy the cow for five of them . Jack bids a tearful goodbye to his cow ( `` I Guess This Is Goodbye '' ) , and the Baker orders his wife to return to the village with the cow . He has qualms about being so dishonest , but his wife reasons that the chance to have a child justifies their trickery ( `` Maybe They 're Magic '' ) . The Witch has raised Rapunzel as her own daughter , keeping her locked away from the world in a tall tower in the middle of the woods , accessible only by climbing Rapunzel 's long , golden hair ( `` Our Little World '' ) . However , on this day a handsome prince spies the beautiful Rapunzel and resolves to climb the tower himself . In another part of the wood , the Baker has tracked down Little Red Ridinghood . Following the Witch 's advice , he attempts to simply steal the red cape , but her ensuing temper tantrum guilts him into returning it . When Little Red Ridinghood arrives at her grandmother 's house , she is swallowed by the Wolf . The Baker , in pursuit of the cape , slays the Wolf , pulling Little Red Ridinghood and her grandmother from the beast 's innards . Little Red Riding hood rewards him with the red cape , reflecting on her new experiences ( `` I Know Things Now '' ) . Meanwhile , Jack 's mother angrily tosses the beans aside , which end up growing into an enormous stalk overnight , and sends her son to bed without supper . As Cinderella flees the Festival , pursued by another handsome prince and his steward , the Wife helps her hide and quizzes Cinderella about the ball . Cinderella explains that it was a nice ball ( `` A Very Nice Prince '' ) but seems fairly ambivalent about the experience . As a giant beanstalk begins to sprout from the ground next to Jack 's cottage , the Baker 's Wife spots Cinderella 's pure gold slippers . She tries to chase after Cinderella but inadvertently allows Milky White to run off , leaving the Baker 's Wife without the slippers or the cow . The characters each state morals and credos as the first midnight chimes ( `` First Midnight '' ) and they continue their journeys through the woods . The next morning , Jack describes his thrilling adventure after he returns from climbing the beanstalk and finding a castle of two married giants , whom he robbed unnoticed ( `` Giants in the Sky '' ) . He gives the Baker five gold pieces he stole from the giants to buy back his cow . When the Baker hesitates , Jack climbs back up the beanstalk to find more . The Mysterious Man emerges and taunts the Baker , stealing the money . The Baker 's Wife confesses she has lost the cow , and she and the Baker split up to look for it . Cinderella 's Prince and Rapunzel 's Prince , who are brothers , meet and compare the misery of their newfound and unobtainable loves ( `` Agony '' ) . The Baker 's Wife , who is eavesdropping , takes note when Rapunzel 's prince mentions that he is in love with a girl in a tower with hair `` as yellow as corn . '' The Baker 's Wife fools Rapunzel into letting down her hair by telling her that she is her prince and pulls out a piece of it . Meanwhile , The Mysterious Man gives Milky White back to the Baker . The Baker 's Wife and Cinderella meet again , and the Baker 's Wife makes a desperate grab for her shoes , almost succeeding before Cinderella flees . The Baker and his wife reunite , now with three of the four items . The Baker admits that they will have to work together to fulfill the quest ( `` It Takes Two '' ) . Jack arrives with a hen that lays golden eggs and attempts to buy Milky White back , but the cow suddenly keels over dead as midnight chimes . Again , the characters exchange morals ( `` Second Midnight '' ) . The Witch discovers that the Prince has been visiting Rapunzel and begs Rapunzel to stay with her so she can protect her from the outside world ( `` Stay with Me '' ) . When Rapunzel refuses , the Witch angrily cuts off Rapunzel 's hair and banishes her to a desert . The Mysterious Man gives the Baker the money to buy another cow . Jack encounters Little Red Ridinghood , who is now sporting a wolf skin cape and a knife for protection , and tries to impress her by telling her about the kingdom of the Giant . When she refuses to believe him , he is goaded into returning once again to the Giant 's home to steal a magic harp . Cinderella , returning from the last night of the festival , describes how the Prince had spread pitch on the stairs to prevent her from escaping . Caught between wanting to escape and wanting to stay , she eventually resolves to let the Prince decide , leaving him one of her slippers as a clue to her identity ( `` On the Steps of the Palace '' ) . The Baker 's Wife frantically tries to convince her to give up her other shoe , offering her the sixth magic bean in exchange for it . Cinderella throws the bean aside , but trades shoes with the Baker 's Wife and flees , while unbeknownst to anyone a second beanstalk starts to grow . The Baker arrives with another cow ; they now have all four items . The Prince 's Steward grabs the slipper from the Baker 's Wife , and they are fighting over it when a great crash is heard and Jack 's mother runs in to report that a Giant seeking revenge from Jack for stealing his magic harp has fallen from the first beanstalk when Jack chopped it and is dead in her backyard . The Prince , more concerned with finding Cinderella , waves her off and departs with one of the slippers , giving the other to the Baker and his wife . Jack , to the relief of his mother , returns with the magic harp . The Witch discovers that the new cow is not pure white ; it is covered with flour . However , the Witch is able to bring Milky White back to life and instructs the Baker and his Wife to feed the items to her . Jack tries to milk her , but no milk comes . The Baker 's Wife admits that the hair is Rapunzel 's , and the Witch furiously explains that the magic will not work because the Witch has already touched Rapunzel 's hair , which is also why she had asked the Baker and his Wife to get the objects for her : she 's not allowed to touch any of the objects . The Mysterious Man tells the Baker to feed the hair - like corn silk to the cow . Now Milky White gives milk which is the potion . The Witch reveals that the Mysterious Man is the Baker 's father . The Witch drinks the potion , and suddenly the Mysterious Man falls dead , his reparation complete , the curse is broken , and the Witch is transformed into a beautiful young woman , reversing the effects of the curse of ugliness by which she was punished by her mother , because the Baker 's father stole the beans from her , regaining her youth and beauty . Cinderella 's Prince searches for the girl whose foot fits the slipper ; the stepsisters try but can only get it on by cutting off parts of their feet ( `` Careful My Toe '' ) . Cinderella appears , her foot fits the slipper , and she becomes the Prince 's bride . Rapunzel has twins in the desert where her Prince finds her . The Witch attempts to curse the couple , only to find that though she gained her youth and beauty , her powers have been lost . At Cinderella 's wedding to the Prince , Florinda and Lucinda are blinded by birds as they try to win Cinderella 's favor . The Baker 's Wife , very pregnant , thanks Cinderella for the slipper . Everyone is at the wedding . Everyone but the Witch and the stepsisters congratulate themselves on being able to live happily `` Ever After , '' though they fail to notice another beanstalk growing sky - high ... Act II ( edit ) The Narrator introduces the action again : `` Once Upon a Time ... Later . '' All the characters seem happy but are still wishing : The Baker and his Wife have their precious baby boy , but wish for more room and bicker over the Baker 's unwillingness to hold his child ; Jack and his mother are rich and well - fed , but Jack misses his kingdom in the sky ; Cinderella is living with her Prince Charming in the Palace , but is getting bored . ( `` So Happy '' ) . Suddenly , everyone is knocked over by a loud crash , and enormous footprints from a Giant have destroyed the Witch 's garden , sparing only a few beans . The Baker and his Wife decide that they must tell the Royal Family , and the Baker travels to the palace . His news is ignored by the Prince 's Steward , and also by Jack 's Mother when he stops at her house to ask for Jack 's aid . When he returns home , Little Red Ridinghood arrives on her way to Granny 's : her house has been destroyed and her mother is missing . The Baker and his Wife decide to escort her . Meanwhile , Jack decides that he must slay the Giant and Cinderella learns from her bird friends that her mother 's grave was disturbed and decides to investigate , dressed in her old clothes . Once again , everyone heads Into the Woods , but this time the mood is somber and the birds have stopped singing ( `` Into the Woods '' Reprise ) . While everyone else is drawn back into the woods , Rapunzel has fled there in a hysterical fit , her treatment at the hands of the Witch having driven her into madness . Her Prince has followed her , but when he encounters his brother they each confess they have another reason for their presence in the woods . They have grown bored and frustrated with their marriages and now lust after two beautiful women asleep in the woods - Snow White and Sleeping Beauty ( `` Agony '' Reprise ) . The Baker , his Wife , and Little Red Ridinghood get lost in the woods and find Cinderella 's family and the Steward , who reveal that the castle was set upon by the Giant . The Witch arrives as well , bringing news that the Giant has destroyed the village and the Baker 's house . Suddenly , thunderous footsteps are heard and the Giant appears . To the shock of all , this Giant is a woman who has come from the second beanstalk and is the widow of the Giant that Jack killed by chopping down the beanstalk . Her booming voice proclaims that she wants Jack 's blood in revenge . To satisfy the Giantess , the group realizes they must give her someone , but are unable to decide on whom until they realize that the Narrator is still commenting on the actions from the sidelines . Everyone offers her the narrator as a sacrifice , but he convinces them how lost they would be without him . Nevertheless , the Witch throws him into the Giantess 's arms and he is killed upon being dropped . Jack 's mother finds the group and aggressively defends her son , angering the Giantess , and the Steward clubs Jack 's mother to quiet her , inadvertently killing her . As the Giantess leaves to search for Jack , Rapunzel runs into her path and is trampled , to the horror of the Witch and her Prince ( `` Witch 's Lament '' ) . The Royal Family continue on their way , fleeing to a hidden Kingdom despite the Baker 's pleas for them to stay and fight the Giant . The Witch declares she will find Jack and sacrifice him to the Giant , and the Baker and his Wife decide they must find him first and split up to search . The Baker 's Wife meets Cinderella 's Prince , and he easily seduces the Wife ( `` Any Moment '' ) . Meanwhile , the Baker discovers Cinderella at her mother 's destroyed grave and convinces her to join their group for safety . The Prince , satisfied , leaves the Baker 's Wife with a few platitudes , and she realizes her error and decides to return to her happy life with the Baker and their son ( `` Moments in the Woods '' ) . However , she has lost her way , stumbles into the path of the Giant , and is consequently killed by a falling tree . The Baker , Little Red , and Cinderella await the return of the Baker 's Wife when the Witch drags in Jack , whom she found weeping over the Baker 's Wife 's body . The Baker , grief - stricken when he learns of his wife 's death , unwittingly agrees to give Jack to the Giantess , causing an argument . The characters first blame each other for their predicament , until finally they all decide to blame the Witch for growing the beans in the first place ( `` Your Fault '' ) . Disgusted and fed up , the Witch curses and scolds them for their inability to accept their own individual responsibility and throws away the rest of her magic beans , reactivating her mother 's curse and making her vanish ( `` Last Midnight '' ) . The grieving Baker flees , but is visited by his father 's spirit who convinces him to face his responsibilities ( `` No More '' ) . The Baker returns and helps plan killing the Giantess , using Cinderella 's bird friends to peck out the Giant 's eyes at an area smeared with pitch , where Jack and the Baker can finally deliver a fatal blow . Cinderella stays behind to protect the Baker 's child and when her Prince passes by , he nearly fails to recognize her . She confronts him , having learned of his infidelity from her birds and he explains his feelings of unfulfillment and his reasons for seducing another woman . She asks him to go , and he sorrowfully leaves . Little Red returns with the news that her grandmother has been killed by the Giantess . Meanwhile , the Baker tells Jack that his mother is dead . Jack vows to kill the steward in revenge until the Baker convinces him that killing the steward will not benefit anyone . Cinderella comforts Little Red and tries to answer her qualms that killing the Giant makes them no better than she is , while the Baker explains to Jack that everyone is responsible for the choices they make , good or bad ( `` No One Is Alone '' ) . The four remaining characters slay the Giant and the deceased characters now including the Royal Family ( who have lost their way and starved to death in the woods ) and the Princes ( who have their new paramours , Snow White and Sleeping Beauty , on their arms ) return to share one last set of morals with the audience . The survivors resolve to band together and rebuild . The spirit of the Baker 's Wife appears to comfort her mourning husband advising her husband to tell their child their story . The Baker begins to tell the story using the same words as the narrator did at the beginning of the play as the Witch appears with the final moral : `` Careful the things you say , Children Will Listen . '' All join in on a last reprise of the title song , surmising that we all must venture into the woods while remembering the choices we 've made and learning from each endeavor we come across ( `` Finale '' ) . As the characters conclude the song singing , `` Into the woods , and out of the woods and happily ever after '' , Cinderella closes the show with one last `` I wish ... '' Productions ( edit ) Pre-broadway San Diego production ( edit ) Into the Woods premiered at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , California , on December 4 , 1986 and ran for 50 performances under the direction of James Lapine . Many of the performers from that production appeared in the Broadway cast but John Cunningham , who played the Narrator , Wolf and Steward and George Coe , as the Mysterious Man and Cinderella 's Father were replaced by Tom Aldredge , who played the Narrator and Mysterious Man . Kenneth Marshall as Cinderella 's Prince was replaced by Robert Westenberg ( who also played the Wolf ) , LuAnne Ponce , who played Little Red Ridinghood , was replaced by Danielle Ferland , Ellen Foley , the Witch , was replaced by Bernadette Peters . Kay McClelland , who played both Rapunzel and the Stepsister Florinda , stayed with the cast but only played Florinda , Rapunzel being played by Pamela Winslow . The show underwent much evolution , but the most notable change was the addition of the song `` No One Is Alone '' in the middle of the run . Original Broadway production ( edit ) Into The Woods opened on Broadway at the Martin Beck Theatre on November 5 , 1987 , and closed on September 3 , 1989 after 765 performances . It starred Bernadette Peters , Joanna Gleason , Chip Zien , Kim Crosby , Ben Wright , Danielle Ferland , Chuck Wagner , Merle Louise , Tom Aldredge , and Robert Westenberg . The musical was directed by James Lapine , with musical staging by Lar Lubovitch , settings by Tony Straiges , lighting by Richard Nelson , costumes by Ann Hould - Ward ( based on original concepts by Patricia Zipprodt and Ann Hould - Ward ) , and makeup by Jeff Raum . The original production won the 1988 New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award and the Drama Desk Award for Best Musical , and the original cast recording won a Grammy Award . The show was nominated for ten Tony Awards , and won three : Best Score ( Stephen Sondheim ) , Best Book ( James Lapine ) and Best Actress in a Musical ( Joanna Gleason ) . Peters left the show after almost five months due to a prior commitment to film the movie Slaves of New York . The Witch was then played by : Betsy Joslyn ( from March 30 , 1988 ) ; Phylicia Rashad ( from April 14 , 1988 ) ; Betsy Joslyn ( from July 5 , 1988 ) ; Nancy Dussault ( from December 13 , 1988 ) ; and Ellen Foley ( from August 1 , 1989 until the closing ) . Other cast replacements included Dick Cavett as the Narrator ( as of July 19 , 1988 ) ( for a temporary engagement after which Tom Aldredge returned ) , Edmund Lyndeck as the Mysterious Man , Patricia Ben Peterson as Cinderella , LuAnne Ponce returning to the role of Little Red Ridinghood , Jeff Blumenkrantz as Jack , Marin Mazzie as Rapunzel ( as of March 7 , 1989 ) and Kay McClelland , Lauren Mitchell , Cynthia Sikes and Mary Gordon Murray as the Baker 's Wife . In 1989 , from May 23 to May 25 the full original cast ( with the exception of Cindy Robinson as Snow White instead of Jean Kelly ) reunited for three performances to tape the musical in its entirety for the Season 10 premiere episode of PBS 's American Playhouse , which first aired on March 15 , 1991 . The show was filmed professionally with seven cameras on the set of the Martin Beck Theater in front of an audience with certain elements changed from its standard production only slightly for the recording in order to better fit the screen rather than the stage such as the lighting , minor costume differences , and others . There were also pick up shots not filmed in front of an audience for various purposes . This video has since been released on Tape and DVD and on occasion , remastered and re-released . Tenth Anniversary benefit performances were held on November 9 , 1997 at The Broadway Theatre ( New York ) , with most of original cast . Original cast understudies Chuck Wagner and Jeff Blumenkrantz played Cinderella 's Prince / Wolf and The Steward in place of Robert Westenburg and Philip Hoffmann and Jonathan Dokuchitz ( who joined the broadway production as an understudy in 1989 ) played Rapunzel 's Prince in place of Wagner . This concert featured the duet `` Our Little World , '' written for the first London production of the show . On November 9 , 2014 , most of the original cast reunited for two reunion concerts and discussion in Costa Mesa , California . Mo Rocca hosted the reunion and interviewed Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine as well as each cast member . Appearing were Bernadette Peters , Joanna Gleason , Chip Zien , Danielle Ferland , Ben Wright and real life husband and wife , Robert Westenberg and Kim Crosby . The same group presented this discussion / concert on June 21 , 2015 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music , New York City . 1988 US tour production ( edit ) A United States tour began on November 22 , 1988 with Cleo Laine playing the Witch , replaced by Betsy Joslyn in May 1989 . Rex Robbins played the Narrator and Mysterious Man , Charlotte Rae played Jack 's Mother , and the Princes were played by Chuck Wagner and Douglas Sills . The set was almost completely reconstructed , and there were certain changes to the script , changing certain story elements . The 10 - month tour played cities around the country , such as Fort Lauderdale , Florida , Los Angeles , and Atlanta . The tour ran at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts from June 1989 to July 16 , 1989 , with the reviewer for The Washington Post writing : `` his lovely score -- poised between melody and dissonance -- is the perfect measure of our tenuous condition . The songs invariably follow the characters ' thinking patterns , as they weigh their options and digest their experience . Needless to say , that does n't make for traditional show - stoppers . But it does make for vivacity of another kind . And Sondheim 's lyrics ... are brilliant ... I think you 'll find these cast members alert and engaging . '' Original London production ( edit ) The album cover of the London cast recording . The original West End production opened on September 25 , 1990 at the Phoenix Theatre and closed on February 23 , 1991 after 197 performances . It was directed by Richard Jones , and produced by David Mirvish , with choreography by Anthony Van Laast , costumes by Sue Blane and orchestrations by Jonathan Tunick . The cast featured Julia McKenzie as the Witch , Ian Bartholomew as the Baker , Imelda Staunton as the Baker 's Wife and Clive Carter as the Wolf / Cinderella 's Prince . The show received seven Olivier Award nominations in 1991 , winning for Best Actress in a Musical ( Staunton ) and Best Director of a Musical ( Jones ) . The song `` Our Little World '' was added . This song was a duet sung between the Witch and Rapunzel giving further insight into the care the Witch has for her self - proclaimed daughter and the desire Rapunzel has to see the world outside of her tower . The overall feel of the show was a lot darker than that of the original Broadway production . Critic Michael Billington wrote `` But the evening 's triumph belongs also to director Richard Jones , set designer Richard Hudson and costume designer Sue Blane who evoke exactly the right mood of haunted theatricality. Old - fashioned footlights give the faces a sinister glow . The woods themselves are a semi-circular , black - and - silver screen punctuated with nine doors and a crazy clock : they achieve exactly the ' agreeable terror ' of Gustave Dore 's children 's illustrations . And the effects are terrific : doors open to reveal the rotating magnified eyeball or the admonitory finger of the predatory giant . '' 1998 London revival production ( edit ) A new intimate production of the show opened ( billed as the first London revival ) at the Donmar Warehouse on 16 November 1998 , closing on 13 February 1999 . This revival was directed by John Crowley and designed by his brother , Bob Crowley . The cast included Clare Burt as the Witch , Nick Holder as the Baker , Sophie Thompson as the Baker 's Wife , Jenna Russell as Cinderella , Sheridan Smith as Little Red Ridinghood and Frank Middlemass as the Narrator / Mysterious Man . Russell later appeared as the Baker 's Wife in the 2010 Regent 's Park production . Thompson won the 1999 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance , while the production itself was nominated for Outstanding Musical Production . 2002 Broadway revival production ( edit ) A poster for the 2002 Broadway revival . A revival opened at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles , running from February 1 , 2002 to March 24 , 2002 . This production was directed and choreographed with the same principal cast that later ran on Broadway . The 2002 Broadway revival , directed by James Lapine and choreographed by John Carrafa , began previews on April 13 , 2002 and opened April 30 , 2002 at the Broadhurst Theatre , closing on December 29 after a run of 18 previews and 279 regular performances . It starred Vanessa L. Williams as the Witch , John McMartin as the Narrator , Stephen DeRosa as the Baker , Kerry O'Malley as the Baker 's Wife , Gregg Edelman as Cinderella 's Prince / Wolf , Christopher Sieber as Rapunzel 's Prince / Wolf , Molly Ephraim as Little Red Ridinghood , Adam Wylie as Jack and Laura Benanti as Cinderella . Judi Dench provided the pre-recorded voice of the Giant . Lapine revised the script slightly for this production , with a cameo appearance of the Three Little Pigs restored from the earlier San Diego production . Other changes , apart from numerous small dialogue changes , included the addition of the song `` Our Little World , '' a duet for the Witch and Rapunzel written for the first London production , the addition of a second wolf in the song `` Hello Little Girl '' who competes for Little Red 's attention with the first Wolf , the portrayal of Jack 's cow by a live performer ( Chad Kimball ) in an intricate costume and new lyrics were written for `` The Last Midnight , '' now sung by the Witch as a menacing lullaby to the Baker 's baby . This production featured Scenic design by Douglas W. Schmidt , Costume design by Susan Hilferty , Lighting design by Brian MacDevitt , Sound design by Dan Moses Schreier and Projection design by Elaine J. McCarthy . The revival won the Tony Awards for the Best Revival of a Musical and Best Lighting Design . This Broadway revival wardrobe is on display at the Costume World in South Florida . London Royal Opera house , 2007 ( edit ) A revival at the Royal Opera House 's Linbury Studio in Covent Garden had a limited run from June 14 through June 30 , 2007 followed by a short stint at The Lowry theatre , Salford Quays , Manchester between 4 -- 7 July . The production mixed Opera singers , Musical Theatre actors as well as Film and television actors ; including Anne Reid as Jack 's Mother and Gary Waldhorn as the Narrator . The production itself , directed by Will Tuckett , was met with mixed reviews ; although there were clear stand out performances . The production completely sold out three weeks before opening . As this was an ' Opera ' production , the show and its performers were overlooked for the ' Musical ' nominations in the 2008 Olivier Awards . This production featured Suzie Toase ( Little Red ) , Peter Caulfield ( Jack ) , Beverley Klein ( Witch ) , Anna Francolini ( Baker 's Wife ) , Clive Rowe ( Baker ) , Nicholas Garrett ( wolf ) and Lara Pulver ( Lucinda ) . This was the second Sondheim musical to be staged by the Opera House , following 2003 's Sweeney Todd . Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre production , 2010 ( edit ) The Olivier Award winning Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre production , directed by Timothy Sheader and choreographed by Liam Steel , ran for a six - week limited season from 6 August to 11 September 2010 . The cast included Hannah Waddingham as the Witch , Mark Hadfield as the Baker , Jenna Russell as the Baker 's wife , Helen Dallimore as Cinderella , and Judi Dench as the recorded voice of the Giant . Gareth Valentine was the Musical Director . The musical was performed outdoors in a wooded area . Whilst the book remained mostly unchanged , the subtext of the plot was dramatically altered by casting the role of the Narrator as a young school boy lost in the woods following a family argument -- a device used to further illustrate the musical 's themes of parenting and adolescence . The Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre Production , with Beverly Rudd as Little Red Ridinghood The production opened to wide critical acclaim , much of the press commenting on the effectiveness of the open air setting . The Telegraph reviewer , for example , wrote : `` It is an inspired idea to stage this show in the magical , sylvan surroundings of Regent 's Park , and designer Soutra Gilmour has come up with a marvellously rickety , adventure playground of a set , all ladders , stairs and elevated walkways , with Rapunzel discovered high up in a tree . '' The New York Times reviewer commented : `` The natural environment makes for something genuinely haunting and mysterious as night falls on the audience ... '' Stephen Sondheim attended twice , reportedly extremely pleased with the production . The production also won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival and Michael Xavier , who played Cinderella 's Prince and the Wolf , was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical . The production was recorded in its entirety . Central Park Delacorte Theater production , 2012 ( edit ) The Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre production transferred to the Public Theater 's 2012 summer series of free performances Shakespeare in the Park at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park , New York , with an American cast as well as new designers . Sheader again was the director and Steel served as co-director and choreographer . Performances were originally to run from July 24 ( delayed from July 23 due to the weather ) to August 25 , 2012 , but the show was extended till September 1 , 2012 . The cast included Amy Adams as The Baker 's Wife , Donna Murphy as The Witch , Denis O'Hare as The Baker , Chip Zien as the Mysterious Man / Cinderella 's Father , Jack Broderick as the young Narrator , Gideon Glick as Jack , Cooper Grodin as Rapunzel 's Prince , Ivan Hernandez as Cinderella 's Prince / Wolf , Tina Johnson as Granny , Josh Lamon as the Steward , Jessie Mueller as Cinderella , Laura Shoop as Cinderella 's Mother , Tess Soltau as Rapunzel and Glenn Close as the Voice of the Giant . The set was a `` collaboration between original Open Air Theatre designer Soutra Gilmour and ... John Lee Beatty , ( and ) rises over 50 feet in the air , with a series of tree - covered catwalks and pathways . '' The production was dedicated to Nora Ephron , who died earlier in 2012 . In February 2012 and in May 2012 , reports of a possible Broadway transfer surfaced with the production 's principal actors in negotiations to reprise their roles . In January 2013 , it was announced that the production will not transfer to Broadway due to scheduling conflicts . Other productions ( edit ) 1993 Sydney Theatre Company production A production played in Sydney from 19 March 1993 to 5 June 1993 at the Drama Theatre , Sydney Opera House . It starred Judi Connelli , Geraldine Turner , Tony Sheldon , Philip Quast , Pippa Grandison , and DJ Foster . A Melbourne Theatre Company played from 17 January 1998 to 21 February 1998 at the Playhouse , Victorian Arts Centre . It starred Rhonda Burchmore , John McTernan , Gina Riley , Lisa McCune , Peter Carroll , Tamsin Carroll and Robert Grubb . The first professional Spanish language production , `` Dentro del Bosque '' , was produced by University of Puerto Rico Repertory Theatre and premiered in San Juan at Teatro de la Universidad ( University Theatre ) on March 14 , 2013 The cast included Víctor Santiago as Baker , Ana Isabelle as Baker 's Wife and Lourdes Robles as the Witch The Roundabout Theatre production , directed by Noah Brody and Ben Steinfeld , began performances Off - Broadway on December 19 , 2014 and officially opened on January 22 , 2015 , at the Laura Pels Theatre . Like the original Broadway production 28 years prior , this production had a try - out run at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , California from July 12 , 2014 -- August 17 , 2014 with the opening night taking place on July 17 . This new version is completely minimalistically reimagined by the Fiasco Theater Company , featuring only ten actors playing multiple parts , and one piano accompanist . The DreamCatcher Theatre production opened in January 2015 and played a sold out run at the Adrienne Arsht Center in Miami , Florida . Tituss Burgess starred as The Witch , the first male actor to do so . The cast also included Arielle Jacobs as The Bakers Wife . The musical had a production at The Muny in Forest Park , St. Louis , Missouri running from July 21 through 28 2015 . The cast included Heather Headley ( Witch ) , Erin Dilly ( Baker 's Wife ) , Rob McClure ( Baker ) , Ken Page ( Narrator ) , Elena Shaddow ( Cinderella ) . The Hart House Theatre production in Toronto , Ontario from January 15 , 2016 to January 30 , 2016 . A production ran at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in a collaboration with Opera North from 2 June 2016 to 25 June 2016 . 2016 Tel Aviv production ( edit ) The Israeli premiere , אל תוך היער ( El Toch Ha - ya - ar ) , opened in Tel Aviv on August 2016 for a limited run produced by The Tramp Productions and Stuff Like That , starring Roi Dolev as The Witch , the second male actor to do so . Casting history ( edit ) The principal original casts of notable stage productions of Into the Woods Role Broadway First National Tour West End Broadway Revival West End Revival DagollDagom Catalan Production `` Boscos endins '' Regent 's Park Production Central Park Production Roundabout Theatre Production Australian Production Fiasco National tour * 1988 1990 2002 2007 2007 2012 2014 2014 2016 Narrator Tom Aldredge Rex Robbins Nicholas Parsons John McMartin Gary Waldhorn Jordi Estadella / Ferran Frauca Eddie Manning Ethan Beer Joshua Swinney Jack Broderick Ensemble John Diedrich Evan Rees Cinderella Kim Crosby Kathleen Rowe McAllen Jacqui Dankworth Laura Benanti Gillian Kirkpatrick Gisela Helen Dallimore Jessie Mueller Claire Karpen Lucy Maunder Laurie Veldheer Jack Ben Wright Robert Duncan McNeill Richard Dempsey Adam Wylie Peter Caulfield Marc Pujol Ben Stott Gideon Glick Patrick Mulryan Rowan Witt Phillipe arroyo Baker Chip Zien Ray Gill Ian Bartholomew Stephen DeRosa Clive Rowe Josep Ma Gimeno Mark Hadfield Denis O'Hare Ben Steinfeld David Harris Evan Harrington Baker 's Wife Joanna Gleason Mary Gordon Murray Imelda Staunton Kerry O'Malley Anna Francolini Annabel Totusaus Jenna Russell Amy Adams Jessie Austrian Christina O'Neil Eleasha Gamble Stepmother Joy Franz Jo Ann Cunningham Ann Howard Pamela Myers Elizabeth Brice Clara del Ruste Gaye Brown Ellen Harvey Liz Hayes Antoinette Halloran Bonne Kramer Florinda Kay McClelland Susan Gordon - Clark Elizabeth Brice Tracy Nicole Chapman Louise Bowden Anna Ventura Amy Ellen Richardson Bethany Moore Andy Grotelueschen Elise McCann Darick Pead Lucinda Lauren Mitchell Danette Cuming Liza Sadovy Amanda Naughton Lara Pulver Laura Ventura Amy Griffiths Jennifer Rias Noah Brody Angela Scundi Anthony Chatmon Jack 's Mother Barbara Bryne Charlotte Rae Patsy Rowlands Marylouise Burke Anne Reid Teresa Vallicrosa Marilyn Cutts Kristine Zbornik Liz Hayes Melissa Langton Bonne Kramer Little Red Ridinghood Danielle Ferland Tracy Katz Tessa Burbridge Molly Ephraim Suzie Toase Anna Moliner Beverly Rudd Sarah Stiles Emily Young Josie Lane Lisa Helmi Johansan Witch Bernadette Peters Cleo Laine Julia McKenzie Vanessa Williams Beverly Klein Mone Hannah Waddingham Donna Murphy Jennifer Mudge Queenie van de Zandt Vanessa Reseland Cinderella 's Father Edmund Lyndeck Don Crosby John Rogan Dennis Kelly Martin Nelson Sergi Albert N / A Chip Zien David Rogers - Smith Cinderella 's Mother Merle Louise Nora Mae Lyng Eunice Gayson Laura Benanti Gemma Wardle Maria del Mar Maestu Gemma Wardle Laura Shoop Ensemble Noni McCallum N / A Mysterious Man / Baker 's Father Tom Aldredge Rex Robbins John Rogan John McMartin Martin Nelson Ferran Castells Billy Boyle Chip Zien Paul L. Coffey John Diedrich Fred Rose Big Bad Wolf Robert Westenberg Chuck Wagner Clive Carter Gregg Edelman Christopher Sieber Nicholas Garrett Carlos Gramaje Michael Xavier Ivan Hernandez Noah Brody Matthew McFarlane Anthony Chatmon Rapunzel Pamela Winslow Marguerite Lowell Mary Lincoln Melissa Dye Christina Haldane Maria del Mar Maestu Alice Fearn Tess Soltau Emily Young Olivia Cranwell Lisa Helmi Johansan Rapunzel 's Prince Chuck Wagner Douglas Sills Mark Tinkler Christopher Sieber Nic Greenshields Sergi Albert Simon Thomas Cooper Grodin Andy Groutelueschen Jeremy Kleeman Darick Pead Granny Merle Louise Nora Mae Lyng Eunice Gayson Pamela Myers Linda Hibberd Clara del Ruste Valda Aviks Tina Johnson Claire Karpen Noni McCallum Laurie Veldheer Cinderella 's Prince Robert Westenberg Chuck Wagner Clive Carter Gregg Edelman Nicholas Garrett Carlos Gramaje Michael Xavier Ivan Hernandez Noah Brody Matthew McFarlane Anthony Chatmon Steward Philip Hoffman Marcus Olson Peter Ledbury Trent Armand Kendall Byron Watson Ferran Castells Mark Goldthorp Josh Lamon Patrick Mulryan David Rogers - Smith Phillipe Arroyo Sleeping Beauty Maureen Davis N / A Kate Arneil N / A N / A Unknown Alice Fearn Tess Soltau N / A N / A N / A Snow White Jean Kelly ( Cindy Robinson in the video ) N / A Megan Kelly N / A N / A Unknown Sophie Caton Victoria Cook N / A N / A N / A Giant ( voice ) Merle Louise Nora Mae Lyng Eunice Gayson Judi Dench ( Pre-recorded ) Linda Hibberd Unknown Judi Dench ( Pre-recorded ) Glenn Close ( Pre-recorded ) Ensemble Noni McCallum * In the 2016 national tour , the show was minimalistic with only 11 cast members ( Including one musician ) therefore , some actors were cast in multiple roles . Adaptations ( edit ) Junior version ( edit ) The musical has been adapted into a child - friendly version for use by schools and young companies , with the second act completely removed , as well as almost half the material from the first . The show is shortened from the original 2 and a half hours to fit in a 50 - minute range , and the music transposed into keys that more easily fit young voices . Film ( edit ) Main article : Into the Woods ( film ) A theatrical film adaptation of the musical was produced by Walt Disney Pictures , directed by Rob Marshall , and starring Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski , Lilla Crawford , Daniel Huttlestone , MacKenzie Mauzy , Billy Magnussen , and Johnny Depp . The film was released on December 25 , 2014 . It was a critical and commercial hit , grossing over $213 million worldwide . Streep was nominated for many accolades for her performance as the Witch , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Act I Prologue : Into the Woods '' -- Narrator , Cinderella , Jack , Baker , Baker 's Wife , Stepmother , Florinda , Lucinda , Jack 's Mother , Little Red Ridinghood , Witch , Cinderella 's Father `` Cinderella at the Grave '' -- Cinderella , Cinderella 's Mother `` Hello , Little Girl '' -- Wolf and Little Red Ridinghood `` The Spell is on My House ( Reprise ) '' -- Baker and Baker 's Wife `` I Guess This is Goodbye '' -- Jack `` Maybe They 're Magic '' -- Baker 's Wife , Baker `` Our Little World '' -- Rapunzel and Witch `` Maybe They 're Magic ( Reprise ) '' -- Baker `` I Know Things Now '' -- Little Red Ridinghood `` A Very Nice Prince '' -- Cinderella and Baker 's Wife `` First Midnight / Into the Woods ( Reprise ) '' -- Company `` Giants in the Sky '' -- Jack `` Agony '' -- Cinderella 's Prince and Rapunzel 's Prince `` A Very Nice Prince ( Reprise ) '' -- Cinderella and Baker 's Wife `` It Takes Two '' -- Baker and Baker 's Wife `` Second Midnight '' -- Witch , Cinderella , Cinderella 's Prince , Rapunzel 's Prince , Stepmother , Florinda , Lucinda , Granny `` Stay with Me '' -- Witch , Rapunzel `` On the Steps of the Palace '' -- Cinderella `` Careful , My Toe / The True Bride '' - Cinderella 's Stepmother , Florinda , Lucinda , Cinderella 's Mother `` Act I Finale : Ever After '' -- Narrator , Cinderella , Cinderella 's Prince , Baker , Baker 's Wife and Company Act I Prologue parts : Once Upon a Time / I Wish Birds in the Sky There Are Bugs on Her Dugs Into the Woods ( Little Red ) Fly Birds , Back to the Sky Witch 's Entrance / Witch 's Rap Jack , Jack , Jack , Head in a Sack / Into the Woods ( Jack 's Mother and Jack ) You Wish to Have the Curse Reversed ? Ladies , Our Carriage Awaits The Spell is on My House Into the Woods ( Company ) Act I Finale parts : So Happy - short version Happy Ever After Unhappy Ever After Into the Woods ( Reprise ) Act II `` Act II Prologue : So Happy '' -- Company `` Agony '' ( Reprise ) -- Cinderella 's Prince and Rapunzel 's Prince `` Witch 's Lament '' ( Reprise of Stay with Me ) -- Witch `` Any Moment '' -- Cinderella 's Prince and Baker 's Wife `` Moments in the Woods '' -- Baker 's Wife `` Your Fault '' -- Jack , Baker , Little Red Ridinghood , Witch and Cinderella `` Last Midnight '' -- Witch `` No More '' -- Baker and Mysterious Man `` No One is Alone '' -- Cinderella , Baker , Little Red Ridinghood and Jack `` Act II Finale : Children Will Listen '' -- Company Act II Prologue parts : Once Upon a Time - later / I Wish So Happy Witch 's Rap ( Reprise ) Into the Woods ( Reprise ) Act II Finale : Reprise of First and Second Midnight Maybe I Just Was n't Meant to Have Children ? No One is Alone ( Reprise ) Children Will Listen ( Reprise of Stay with Me and Witch 's Lament ) Into the Woods ( Finale Reprise ) Analysis of book and music ( edit ) In most productions of Into the Woods , including the original Broadway production , several parts are doubled . Cinderella 's Prince and the Wolf , who share the characteristic of being unable to control their appetites , are usually played by the same actor . Similarly , the Narrator and the Mysterious Man , who share the characteristic of commenting on the story while avoiding any personal involvement or responsibility . Granny and Cinderella 's Mother , who are both matriarchal characters in the story , are also typically played by the same person , who also gives voice to the nurturing but later murderous Giant 's Wife . The show covers multiple themes : growing up , parents and children , accepting responsibility , morality , and finally , wish fulfillment and its consequences . The Time Magazine reviewers wrote that the play 's `` basic insight ... is at heart , most fairy tales are about the loving yet embattled relationship between parents and children . Almost everything that goes wrong -- which is to say , almost everything that can -- arises from a failure of parental or filial duty , despite the best intentions . '' Stephen Holden wrote that the themes of the show include parent - child relationships and the individual 's responsibility to the community . The witch is n't just a scowling old hag , but a key symbol of moral ambivalence . James Lapine said that the most unpleasant person ( the Witch ) would have the truest things to say and the `` nicer '' people would be less honest . In the Witch 's words : `` I 'm not good ; I 'm not nice ; I 'm just right . '' Given the show 's debut during the 1980s , the height of the US AIDS crisis , the work has been interpreted to be a parable about AIDS . In this interpretation , the Giant 's Wife serves as a metaphor for HIV / AIDS , killing good and bad characters indiscriminately and forcing the survivors to band together to stop the threat and move on from the devastation , reflecting the devastation to many communities during the AIDS crisis . When asked about the thematic connection , Sondheim acknowledged that initial audiences interpreted it as an AIDS metaphor , but stated that the work was not intended to be specific . The score is also notable in Sondheim 's output , because of its intricate reworking and development of small musical motifs . In particular , the opening words , `` I wish '' , are set to the interval of a rising major second and this small unit is both repeated and developed throughout the show , just as Lapine 's book explores the consequences of self - interest and `` wishing . '' The dialogue in the show is characterized by the heavy use of syncopated speech . In many instances , the characters ' lines are delivered with a fixed beat that follows natural speech rhythms , but is also purposely composed in eighth , sixteenth , and quarter note rhythms as part of a spoken song . Like many Sondheim / Lapine productions , the songs contain thought - process narrative , where characters converse or think aloud . Sondheim drew on parts of his troubled childhood when writing the show . In 1987 , he told Time Magazine that the `` father uncomfortable with babies ( was ) his father , and ( the ) mother who regrets having had children ( was ) his mother . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1988 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Original Score Stephen Sondheim Won Best Book of a Musical James Lapine Won Best Direction of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Joanna Gleason Won Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Robert Westenberg Nominated Best Choreography Lar Lubovitch Nominated Best Scenic Design Tony Straiges Nominated Best Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Nominated Best Lighting Design Richard Nelson Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Music Stephen Sondheim Nominated Outstanding Lyrics Won Outstanding Book of a Musical James Lapine Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Bernadette Peters Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Robert Westenberg Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Joanna Gleason Won Danielle Ferland Nominated Outstanding Set Design Tony Straiges Nominated Outstanding Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design Richard Nelson Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Jonathan Tunick Nominated Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1991 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Nominated Best Director of a Musical Richard Jones Won Best Actor in a Musical Ian Bartholomew Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Imelda Staunton Won Julia McKenzie Nominated Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Clive Carter Nominated Best Costume Design Sue Blane Nominated 1999 London revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1999 Laurence Olivier Award Outstanding Musical Production Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Sophie Thompson Won 2002 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2002 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical John McMartin Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Vanessa L. Williams Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Gregg Edelman Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Laura Benanti Nominated Best Direction of a Musical James Lapine Nominated Best Choreography John Carrafa Nominated Best Scenic Design Douglas W. Schmidt Nominated Best Costume Design Susan Hilferty Nominated Best Lighting Design Brian MacDevitt Won Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Laura Benanti Nominated Vanessa L. Williams Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gregg Edelman Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Kerry O'Malley Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical James Lapine Nominated Outstanding Set Design Douglas W. Schmidt Won Outstanding Costume Design Susan Hilferty Nominated Outstanding Sound Design Dan Moses Schreier Won 2010 London revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2011 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Won Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Michael Xavier Nominated 2012 New York revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2013 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Musical Donna Murphy Nominated 2014 Australian production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2015 Helpmann Award Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Lucy Maunder Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Stuart Maunder Nominated 2015 Off - Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2015 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated Drama League Award Outstanding Revival of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hutchins , Michael H. ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Piccalo , Gina ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Record - breaking ' Into the Woods ' is a surprise hit '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Sondheim score and Lapine book differ from the Brothers Grimm tale by rendering `` Riding Hood '' as `` Ridinghood '' . Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods ' listing , Old Globe Theatre , 1986 SondheimGuide.com , retrieved April 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Bernadette Peters is leaving Into the Woods as of March 30 to make the movie ' Slaves of New York ' ... '' Nemy , Enid . `` On Stage '' , The New York Times , March 11 , 1988 , Section C ; Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Phylicia Rashad is to replace Bernadette Peters in the role of the Witch ... ( Rashad ) will take over the Broadway role in mid-April . Until then , the Witch is being played by Betsy Joslyn . '' `` Phylicia Rashad Joining Cast of ' Into the Woods ' '' , The New York Times , p. C18 , March 30 , 1988 ( no author ) Jump up ^ Guernsey , Otis L. `` ' Into the Woods ' Listing '' , The Best Plays of 1988 - 1989 , Hal Leonard Corporation , 1989 , ISBN 1557830568 , p. 462 ^ Jump up to : `` Cast Replacements - Witch '' , SondheimGuide.com , accessed August 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 1991 Television Version '' SondheimGuide.com , accessed March 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Concert , Tenth Anniversary '' SondheimGuide.com Jump up ^ Henerson , Evan . `` Bernadette Peters , Joanna Gleason , Stephen Sondheim and More Return to The Woods '' playbill.com , November 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Learn How ' Into the Woods ' Began '' playbill.com , June 22 , 2015 Jump up ^ Green , Stanley and Green , Kay . `` ' Into the Woods ' '' , Broadway Musicals , Show by Show ( 5ed ) , Hal Leonard Corporation , 1996 , ISBN 0793577500 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Hutchins , Michael H. ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Into the Woods , 1988 National Touring Company '' . The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stearns , David Patrick . USA Today , January 26 , 1989 , p. 4D Jump up ^ Richards , David . `` Woods ' of enchantment ; At the Opera House , Sondlheim 's Bittersweet Turn on Happily Ever After '' , The Washington Post , June 24 , 1989 , p. B1 Jump up ^ `` 1990 London Production '' SondheimGuide.com , accessed March 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Arts : In the thickets of thought - Michael Billington sings the praises of Sondheim and Lapine 's fairy tale attempt to push the musical into new and daring directions '' , The Guardian ( London ) , September 27 , 1990 ( no page number ) Jump up ^ `` Archive Page for ' Into the Woods ' '' , Albemarle of London Jump up ^ `` 2002 Los Angeles Production '' sondheimguide.com , accessed July 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Reviving the Woods ( 2002 ) '' sondheim.com , accessed March 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ O'Haire , Patricia. `` ' Woods ' Path Takes New Twists '' New York Daily News , January 9 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Pressley , Nelson . `` A Spruced - Up ' Into the Woods ' Grows on Broadway '' , The Washington Post , May 1 , 2002 , p . C1 Jump up ^ `` 2002 revival production information '' sondheimguide.com Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( June 21 , 2007 ) . `` Beyond the happy - ever - after '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , George ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . The Stage . London . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Waddingham , Russel Lead Open Air Theatre 's INTO THE WOODS , 8 / 6 - 9 / 11 Broadway World , Retrieved July 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark. `` New London Production of Into the Woods Opens at Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park Aug. 16 '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , August 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles. `` ' Into the Woods ' , Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park , review '' telegraph.co.uk , 17 August 2010 Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt. `` Playing Sondheim in the Woods '' The New York Times , August 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Official : ' Into the Woods ' & ' As You Like It ' Set for Shakespeare in the Park ; Lily Rabe Set for ' Rosalind ' '' broadwayworld.com , January 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Into The Woods , Starring Amy Adams , Denis O'Hare & Donna Murphy , Extends Central Park Run '' broadway.com , August 7 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` '' Once Upon a Time `` : Into the Woods , With Chip Zien , Donna Murphy , Denis O'Hare and Amy Adams , Begins July 23 in Central Park '' . playbill.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central Park ' Into The Woods ' Already Considering Broadway ? '' , Broadwayworld.com , February 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Public ' plays ' it safe '' New York Post Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Is Public Theater Considering Broadway Run of ' Into the Woods ? ' '' , Playbill.com , May 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ INTO THE WOODS Will Not Transfer to Broadway ; THE SUNSHINE BOYS Delayed to 2013 - 14 Season Broadway World , January 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Healey , Ken ( and others ) . `` Reviews , Sydney Theatre Company , Drama Theatre , Sydney Opera House '' The Sun - Herald , ( and others ) March 28 , 1993 Jump up ^ Kemp , Peter . Roger Hodgman Unveils His Final Season at Melbourne Theatre Company `` , Playbill , September 30 , 1997 Jump up ^ Burchmore , Rhonda and Howson , Frank . Into the Woods Legs 11 , New Holland Publishers ( AU ) , 2010 , ISBN 1742570119 , ( page numbers unknown ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) vocero.com Jump up ^ `` Fiasco Theater 's Ten - Person ' Into the Woods ' Will Venture Off - Broadway for Roundabout 's 2014 - 15 Season '' playbill.com , Retrieved March 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Into the Woods at Laura Pels Theatre Internet Off - Broadway Database , accessed March 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ Into the Woods Press Page theoldglobe.org , Retrieved August 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` A New Path ! Re-Imagined , Ten - Person ' Into the Woods ' Begins Off - Broadway Tonight '' playbill.com , December 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods - Adrienne Arsht Center '' . www.arshtcenter.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ BWW TV : Watch Highlights of INTO THE WOODS at The Muny - Heather Headley , Erin Dilly , Rob McClure and More ! Broadway World , Retrieved July 29 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods Hart House '' . harthouse.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Into The Woods - West Yorkshire Playhouse '' . West Yorkshire Playhouse . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` הכירו את הצעיר שהקים לבד תיאטרון '' . mako. 2016 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` First Hebrew Production of INTO THE WOODS to Feature Male Witch , Female Narrator '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods '' Victorian Opera `` . www.victorianopera.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 London Production Cast '' . The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide . pp. Into the Woods . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Playbill News : Cinderella and Her Mother : Benanti Does Double Duty in Into the Woods ; Prepares Solo CD Archived 2009 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stenton , Mark . `` Judi Dench to Provide Voice of Giant in New London Production of ' Into the Woods ' '' , Archived 2010 - 07 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , June 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Glenn Close Will Voice Giant for Shakespeare in the Park 's Into the Woods '' , Archived 2012 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , July 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods Junior '' . www.mtishows.com . Music Theatre International . Jump up ^ Ng , David ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` Sam Mendes , Rob Marshall will revive their revival of ' Cabaret ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Cerasoro , Pat ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` INTO THE WOODS Rehearsals Begin ! Complete Confirmed Cast , With Stars Already Tweeting Pics & More '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ; Pamela McClintock ( 13 June 2013 ) . `` Disney Dates Musical ' Into the Woods ' Opposite ' Annie ' in December 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Oscars 2015 : Full list of nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flatow , Sheryl . Liner Notes , Into the Woods CD , 1988 , RCA Victor 6796 - 2 - RC Jump up ^ Henry , William A. and Bland , Elizabeth A. `` Theater : Some Enchanted Evening ' Into The Woods ' '' . Time Magazine ( abstract , subscription required ) , November 16 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen. `` A Fairy - Tale Musical Grows Up '' . The New York Times , November 1 , 1987 Jump up ^ Schulman , Michael ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Why `` Into the Woods '' Matters `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Dana ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . Slate . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sondheim 's Into the Woods Comes to Suffolk '' . Suffolk.edu . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Ester ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Before Into The Woods Was A Disney Movie , It Was An AIDS Parable '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benton , Nicholas F. ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' is An AIDS Parable '' . Falls Church News - Press . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , William A , III ; Bland , Elizabeth L. ( December 7 , 1987 ) . `` Master of the Musical ( subscription required , abstract ) '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Into the Woods Into the Woods at the Internet Broadway Database Into the Woods 2012 lortel.org Into the Woods 2015 lortel.org Libretto for Into the Woods Into the Woods on The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide Illustrated Book of Into the Woods article , Sondheim.com ( 2004 ) Into the Woods at the Music Theatre International website Into the Woods JR . at the Music Theatre International website `` Profile : Into the Woods '' , Ovrtur : International Database of Musicals `` Rapunzel '' by the Brothers Grimm Literature Grimms ' Fairy Tales ( 1812 ) Rapunzel ( 1998 ) Related myths and tales Danaë Rudaba Petrosinella Adaptations Film Barbie as Rapunzel ( 2002 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Literary adaptations Rapunzel ( 1998 ) Cress ( 2014 ) Television The Mind Robber ( 1968 ) `` The Tower '' ( 2014 ) Tangled : The Series ( 2017 ) Video games Tangled : The Video Game Kingdom Hearts III See also Märchenbilder Golem in the Gears Rapunzel ( Disney ) Rapunzel syndrome Into the Woods ( stage ) Into the Woods ( film ) Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Cookie Carnival ( 1935 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ( 1960 ) More Than a Miracle ( 1967 ) Tři oříšky pro Popelku ( 1973 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) Cinderella ' 80 ( 1984 ) Maid to Order ( 1987 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) Cinderella ( 2006 ) Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale ( 2010 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) A Cinderella Story series A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Animation Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) Swing Shift Cinderella ( 1945 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Señorella and the Glass Huarache ( 1964 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin ( 1981 ) The Magic Riddle ( 1991 ) Cinderella ( 1994 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Year of the Fish ( 2008 ) Cinderella the Cat ( 2017 ) Charming ( 2018 ) Sequels Princess Cinderella ( 1941 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) Television Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1968 ) Cindy ( 1978 ) Cinderella Monogatari ( 1996 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) La Cenicienta ( 2003 ) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( 2004 ) Floricienta ( 2004 ) Floribella ( 2005 Brazil ) Floribella ( 2006 Portugal ) Grazilda ( 2010 ) Rags ( 2012 ) Aik Nayee Cinderella ( 2012 ) Literary adaptations Celestina ( 1791 ) Cinderella , or the Little Glass Slipper ( 1954 ) Nine Coaches Waiting ( 1958 ) Carrie ( 1974 ) The Coachman Rat ( 1989 ) Witches Abroad ( 1991 ) Ella Enchanted ( 1997 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister ( 1999 ) Chinese Cinderella ( 1999 ) The Fairy Godmother ( 2004 ) Phoenix and Ashes ( 2004 ) Bella at Midnight ( 2006 ) Ash ( 2009 ) Princess of Glass ( 2010 ) Cinder ( 2012 ) Opera Cendrillon ( 1810 Isouard ) La Cenerentola ( 1817 Rossini ) Cendrillon ( 1899 Massenet ) Cendrillon ( 1904 Viardot ) La Cenicienta ( 1966 Hen ) Ballet Cinderella ( 1893 Fitinhof - Schell ) Aschenbrödel ( 1900 Strauss - Bayer ) Cinderella ( 1945 Prokofiev ) Cinderella ( 1948 Ashton ) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince , or The Castle of Heart 's Desire ( 1904 ) Stubborn Cinderella ( 1909 ) Mr. Cinders ( 1929 ) Cinderella ( 1957 ) Cindy ( 1964 ) The Penny Friend ( 1966 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Soho Cinders ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( 2013 ) Other Plays A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1916 ) Comics Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Games Cinders Songs `` Spread a Little Happiness '' ( 1929 ) `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' ( 1949 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 1950 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 1987 ) `` Hey Cinderella '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' ( 1996 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2002 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2003 ) `` Stealing Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` C \ C ( Cinderella \ Complex ) '' ( 2008 ) Albums A Cinderella Story ( 2004 soundtrack ) Disney 's Princess Favorites ( 2002 ) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella ( 1977 ) Naughty Cinderella National variation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( Malay and Indonesian ) Beauty and Pock Face ( Chinese ) Chūjō - hime ( Japanese ) Fair , Brown and Trembling ( Irish ) Finette Cendron ( French ) The Green Knight ( Danish ) Katie Woodencloak ( Norwegian ) Kongji and Patzzi ( Korean ) Ochikubo Monogatari ( Japanese ) `` Rhodopis '' ( Greek ) Rushen Coatie ( Scottish ) The Sharp Grey Sheep ( Scottish ) The Story of Tam and Cam ( Vietnamese ) Sumiyoshi Monogatari ( Japanese ) The True Bride ( German ) The Wonderful Birch ( Russian ) Ye Xian ( Chinese ) Related Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney 's characters Stop ! Look ! and Laugh Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella Monogatari Cinderella 's Sister Cinderella ( sports ) Lying to Be Perfect Cinderella 's Eyes ( 2011 ) Jack Jack and the Beanstalk Film Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1902 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1952 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1974 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 2009 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Television `` Beanstalks and Bad Eggs '' ( 1997 episode ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 miniseries ) Once Upon a Time : `` Tallahassee '' ( 2012 ) `` Tiny '' ( 2013 ) Cartoon Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1931 ) Giantland ( 1933 ) Jack - Wabbit and the Beanstalk ( 1943 ) Beanstalk Bunny ( 1955 ) Tweety and the Beanstalk ( 1957 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Video games Jumpin ' Kid : Jack to Mame no Ki Monogatari The Simpsons : Bart & the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : Buster and the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : The Great Beanstalk Related articles Fee - fi - fo - fum Fun and Fancy Free Into the Woods The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Jack the Giant Killer Characters Blunderbore Cormoran Thunderdell Film Jack the Giant Killer ( 1962 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Jack the Giant Killer ( 2013 ) Novel Jack , the Giant Killer Video games Jack the Giantkiller Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Saturday Night West Side Story Gypsy A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Anyone Can Whistle Do I Hear a Waltz ? Evening Primrose The Race to Urga Company Follies A Little Night Music The Frogs Pacific Overtures Side by Side by Sondheim Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Marry Me a Little Merrily We Roll Along Sunday in the Park with George Into the Woods Assassins Putting It Together Passion Road Show Sondheim on Sondheim Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical The Wiz ( 1975 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) Les Miserables ( 1987 ) Into the Woods ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) The Life ( 1997 ) Ragtime ( 1998 ) Parade ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Wicked ( 2004 ) Spamalot ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) Passing Strange ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) Come from Away ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical She Loves Me ( 1994 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Follies ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) She Loves Me ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival Show Boat ( 1991 ) The Boys from Syracuse ( 1992 ) Carousel ( 1993 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1994 ) She Loves Me ( 1995 ) The Who 's Tommy ( 1997 ) Chicago ( 1998 ) Oklahoma ! ( 1999 ) Candide ( 2000 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 2001 ) My Fair Lady ( 2002 ) Anything Goes ( 2003 ) Pacific Overtures ( 2004 ) Grand Hotel ( 2005 ) Guys and Dolls ( 2006 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 2007 ) The Magic Flute ( 2008 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2009 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2010 ) Into the Woods ( 2011 ) Crazy for You ( 2012 ) Sweeney Todd ( 2013 ) Merrily We Roll Along ( 2014 ) City of Angels ( 2015 ) Gypsy ( 2016 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 2017 ) Follies ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical 1990s Carousel ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1999 ) 2000s Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) The Pajama Game ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) 2010s La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Porgy and Bess ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) The Color Purple ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical 1950 -- 1975 South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) Cats by T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) No Award ( 1989 ) City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty ( 2004 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Steven Sater ( 2007 ) Passing Strange by Stew ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall ( 2009 ) Memphis by Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Once by Enda Walsh ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score 1947 - 1975 Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) Kiss Me , Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) Oliver ! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! by Jule Styne , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman ( 1984 ) Big River by Roger Miller ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who 's Tommy by Pete Townshend ( 1993 ) Passion by Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black , and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Maury Yeston ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) Parade by Jason Robert Brown ( 1999 ) Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers by Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx ( 2004 ) The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater ( 2007 ) In the Heights by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2008 ) Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey ( 2009 ) Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper ( 2013 ) The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Woods&oldid=833811141 '' Categories : 1987 musicals Broadway musicals Drama Desk Award - winning musicals Musicals based on secular traditions Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Musicals by Stephen Sondheim West End musicals Plays based on fairy tales Brothers Grimm Works based on European myths and legends Musicals based on novels Musicals based on works by Charles Perrault Fantasy theatre Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 15 : 09 . 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-8554231325216834319	History of France	History of France - wikipedia History of France Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of France Prehistory ( show ) Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Copper Age Bronze Age Iron Age Ancient ( show ) Greek colonies Celtic Gaul until 50 BC Roman Gaul 50 BC -- 486 AD Early Middle Ages ( show ) Franks Merovingians 481 -- 751 Carolingians 751 -- 987 Middle Ages ( show ) Direct Capetians 987 -- 1328 Valois 1328 -- 1498 Early modern ( show ) Ancien Régime Valois - Orléans 1498 -- 1515 Valois - Angoulême 1515 -- 89 Bourbon 1589 -- 1792 Long 19th century ( show ) French Revolution 1789 -- 1799 Kingdom of France 1791 -- 92 First Republic 1792 -- 1804 First Empire 1804 -- 14 Restoration 1814 -- 30 July Monarchy 1830 -- 1848 Second Republic 1848 -- 52 Second Empire 1852 -- 70 Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 20th century ( show ) Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 Free France Vichy France 1940 -- 44 Provisional Republic 1944 -- 46 Fourth Republic 1946 -- 58 Fifth Republic 1958 -- present Timeline France portal The first written records for the history of France appear in the Iron Age . What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul . Roman writers noted the presence of three main ethno - linguistic groups in the area : the Gauls , the Aquitani , and the Belgae . The Gauls , the largest and best attested group , were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language . Over the course of the 1st millennium BC the Greeks , Romans and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands . The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC , and Roman forces under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58 -- 51 BC . Afterwards a Gallo - Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman Empire . In the later stages of the Roman Empire , Gaul was subject to barbarian raids and migration , most importantly by the Germanic Franks . The Frankish king Clovis I united most of Gaul under his rule in the late 5th century , setting the stage for Frankish dominance in the region for hundreds of years . Frankish power reached its fullest extent under Charlemagne . The medieval Kingdom of France emerged from the western part of Charlemagne 's Carolingian Empire , known as West Francia , and achieved increasing prominence under the rule of the House of Capet , founded by Hugh Capet in 987 . A succession crisis following the death of the last direct Capetian monarch in 1328 led to the series of conflicts known as the Hundred Years ' War between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet . The war formally began in 1337 following Philip VI 's attempt to seize the Duchy of Aquitaine from its hereditary holder , Edward III of England , the Plantagenet claimant to the French throne . Despite early Plantagenet victories , including the capture and ransom of John II of France , fortunes turned in favor of the Valois later in the war . Among the notable figures of the war was Joan of Arc , a French peasant girl who led French forces against the English , establishing herself as a national heroine . The war ended with a Valois victory in 1453 . Victory in the Hundred Years ' War had the effect of strengthening French nationalism and vastly increasing the power and reach of the French monarchy . During the period known as the Ancien Régime , France transformed into a centralized absolute monarchy . During the next centuries , France experienced the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation . At the height of the French Wars of Religion , France became embroiled in another succession crisis , as the last Valois king , Henry III , fought against rival factions the House of Bourbon and the House of Guise . Henry , King of Navarre , scion of the Bourbon family , would be victorious in the conflict and establish the French Bourbon dynasty . A burgeoning worldwide colonial empire was established in the 16th century . French political power reached a zenith under the rule of Louis XIV , `` The Sun King '' , builder of Versailles Palace . In the late 18th century the monarchy and associated institutions were overthrown in the French Revolution . The country was governed for a period as a Republic , until the French Empire was declared by Napoleon Bonaparte . Following Napoleon 's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars , France went through several further regime changes , being ruled as a monarchy , then briefly as a Second Republic , and then as a Second Empire , until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870 . France was one of the Triple Entente powers in World War I , fighting alongside the United Kingdom , Russia , Italy , Japan , the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers . France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II , but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940 . The Third Republic was dismantled , and most of the country was controlled directly by Germany while the south was controlled until 1942 by the collaborationist Vichy government . Living conditions were harsh as Germany drained away food and manpower , and many Jews were killed . Charles de Gaulle led the Free France movement that one - by - one took over the colonial empire , and coordinated the wartime Resistance . Following liberation in summer 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established . France slowly recovered economically , and enjoyed a baby boom that reversed its very low fertility rate . Long wars in Indochina and Algeria drained French resources and ended in political defeat . In the wake of the Algerian Crisis of 1958 , Charles de Gaulle set up the French Fifth Republic . Into the 1960s decolonization saw most of the French colonial empire become independent , while smaller parts were incorporated into the French state as overseas departments and collectivities . Since World War II France has been a permanent member in the UN Security Council and NATO . It played a central role in the unification process after 1945 that led to the European Union . Despite slow economic growth in recent years and issues with Muslim minorities , it remains a strong economic , cultural , military and political factor in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 Ancient history 2.1 Greek colonies 2.2 Gaul 2.3 Roman Gaul 3 Frankish kingdoms ( 486 -- 987 ) 4 State building into the Kingdom of France ( 987 -- 1453 ) 4.1 Kings during this period 4.2 Strong princes 4.3 Rise of the monarchy 4.4 The late Capetians ( 1165 -- 1328 ) 4.4. 1 Philip II Augustus 4.4. 2 Saint Louis ( 1226 -- 70 ) 4.4. 3 Philip III and Philip IV ( 1270 -- 1314 ) 4.5 The early Valois Kings and the Hundred Years ' War ( 1328 -- 1453 ) 5 Early Modern France ( 1453 -- 1789 ) 5.1 Kings during this period 5.2 Life in the Early Modern period 5.2. 1 French identity 5.2. 2 Estates and power 5.2. 3 Language 5.3 Consolidation ( 15th and 16th centuries ) 5.3. 1 `` Beautiful 16th century '' 5.4 Protestant Huguenots and wars of religion ( 1562 -- 1629 ) 5.5 Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 48 ) 5.6 Colonies ( 16th and 17th centuries ) 5.7 Louis XIV ( 1643 -- 1715 ) 5.8 Major changes in France , Europe , and North America ( 1718 -- 83 ) 5.9 The Enlightenment 6 Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) 6.1 Background of The French Revolution 6.2 National Assembly , Paris anarchy , storming the Bastille ( Jan. -- 14 July 1789 ) 6.3 Violence against aristocracy , abolition of feudalism ( 15 July -- August 1789 ) 6.4 Curtailment of Church powers ( Oct. 1789 -- Dec. 1790 ) 6.5 Making a constitutional monarchy ( June -- Sept. 1791 ) 6.6 War and internal uprisings ( Oct. 1791 -- Aug. 1792 ) 6.7 Bloodbath in Paris , Republic established ( Sept. 1792 ) 6.8 War and civil war ( Nov. 1792 -- spring 1793 ) 6.9 Showdown in the Convention ( May -- June 1793 ) 6.10 Counter-revolution subdued ( July 1793 -- April 1794 ) 6.11 Death - sentencing politicians ( Feb. -- July 1794 ) 6.12 Disregarding the working classes ( Aug. 1794 -- Oct. 1795 ) 6.13 Fighting Catholicism and royalism ( Oct. 1795 -- Nov. 1799 ) 7 Napoleonic France ( 1799 -- 1815 ) 7.1 Coalitions formed against Napoleon 7.2 Napoleon 's impact on France 7.2. 1 The Napoleonic Code 8 Long 19th century , 1815 -- 1914 8.1 Permanent changes in French society 8.2 Religion 8.3 Economy 8.4 The Bourbon restoration : ( 1814 -- 30 ) 8.5 July Monarchy ( 1830 -- 48 ) 8.6 Second Republic ( 1848 -- 52 ) 8.7 Second Empire , 1852 -- 71 8.7. 1 Foreign wars 8.7. 2 Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 71 ) 8.8 Modernisation and railways ( 1870 to 1914 ) 8.9 The Third Republic and the Belle Epoque : 1871 -- 1914 8.9. 1 Third Republic and the Paris Commune 8.9. 2 Political battles 8.9. 3 Foreign policy 8.9. 4 Dreyfus Affair 8.9. 5 Religion 1870 -- 1940 8.9. 6 The belle époque 9 Since 1914 9.1 Population trends 9.2 World War I 9.3 Wartime losses 9.4 Postwar settlement 9.5 Interwar years 9.5. 1 Great Depression 9.5. 2 Foreign policy 9.6 World War II 9.6. 1 Resistance 9.6. 2 Women in Vichy France 9.7 Postwar 9.7. 1 Economic recovery 9.7. 2 Vietnam and Algeria 9.7. 3 Suez crisis ( 1956 ) 9.7. 4 President de Gaulle , 1958 -- 69 9.8 Late twentieth century 9.9 Muslim tensions 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 12.1 Surveys and reference 12.2 Social , economic and cultural history 12.3 Middle Ages 12.4 Early Modern 12.5 Old Regime 12.5. 1 Enlightenment 12.6 Revolution 12.6. 1 Long - term impact 12.7 Napoleon 12.8 Restoration : 1815 -- 70 12.9 Third Republic : 1871 -- 1940 12.9. 1 World War I 12.9. 2 Vichy ( 1940 -- 44 ) 12.10 Fourth and Fifth Republics ( 1944 to present ) 12.11 Historiography 12.12 Primary sources 13 External links Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : Prehistory of France Cave painting in Lascaux Stone tools discovered at Chilhac ( 1968 ) and Lézignan - la - Cèbe in 2009 indicate that early humans were present in France at least 1.6 million years ago . Neanderthals were present in Europe from about 400,000 BC , but died out about 30,000 years ago , possibly out - competed by the modern humans during a period of cold weather . The earliest modern humans -- Homo sapiens -- entered Europe by 43,000 years ago ( the Upper Palaeolithic ) . The cave paintings of Lascaux and Gargas ( Gargas in the Hautes - Pyrénées ) as well as the Carnac stones are remains of the local prehistoric activity . The first written records for the history of France appear in the Iron Age . What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul . Roman writers noted the presence of three main ethno - linguistic groups in the area : the Gauls , the Aquitani , and the Belgae . The Gauls , the largest and best attested group , were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language . Over the course of the 1st millennium BC the Greeks , Romans , and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands . The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC , and Roman forces under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58 -- 51 BC . Afterwards a Gallo - Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman empire . Ancient History ( edit ) Greek colonies ( edit ) Main article : Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul Massalia ( modern Marseille ) silver coin with Greek legend , a testimony to Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul , 5th -- 1st century BC In 600 BC Ionian Greeks from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia ( present - day Marseille ) on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea , making it the oldest city of France . At the same time , some Celtic tribes penetrated the eastern parts ( Germania superior ) of the current territory of France , but this occupation spread in the rest of France only between the 5th and 3rd century BC . Gaul ( edit ) Main article : Gaul Covering large parts of modern - day France , Belgium , northwest Germany and northern Italy , Gaul was inhabited by many Celtic and Belgae tribes whom the Romans referred to as Gauls and who spoke the Gaulish language roughly between the Oise and the Garonne ( Gallia Celtica ) , according to Julius Caesar . On the lower Garonne the people spoke Aquitanian , a Pre-Indo - European language related to ( or a direct ancestor of ) Basque whereas a Belgian language was spoken north of Lutecia but north of the Loire according to other authors like Strabo . The Celts founded cities such as Lutetia Parisiorum ( Paris ) and Burdigala ( Bordeaux ) while the Aquitanians founded Tolosa ( Toulouse ) . Long before any Roman settlements , Greek navigators settled in what would become Provence . The Phoceans founded important cities such as Massalia ( Marseille ) and Nikaia ( Nice ) , bringing them into conflict with the neighboring Celts and Ligurians . Some Phocean great navigators , such as Pytheas , were born in Marseille . The Celts themselves often fought with Aquitanians and Germans , and a Gaulish war band led by Brennus invaded Rome c. 393 or 388 BC following the Battle of the Allia . However , the tribal society of the Gauls did not change fast enough for the centralized Roman state , who would learn to counter them . The Gaulish tribal confederacies were then defeated by the Romans in battles such as Sentinum and Telamon during the 3rd century BC . In the early 3rd century BC , some Belgae ( Germani cisrhenani ) conquered the surrounding territories of the Somme in northern Gaul after battles supposedly against the Armoricani ( Gauls ) near Ribemont - sur - Ancre and Gournay - sur - Aronde , where sanctuaries were found . When Carthaginian commander Hannibal Barca fought the Romans , he recruited several Gaulish mercenaries who fought on his side at Cannae . It was this Gaulish participation that caused Provence to be annexed in 122 BC by the Roman Republic . Later , the Consul of Gaul -- Julius Caesar -- conquered all of Gaul . Despite Gaulish opposition led by Vercingetorix , the Gauls succumbed to the Roman onslaught . The Gauls had some success at first at Gergovia , but were ultimately defeated at Alesia in 52 BC . The Romans founded cities such as Lugdunum ( Lyon ) , Narbonensis ( Narbonne ) and allow in a correspondence between Lucius Munatius Plancus and Cicero to formalize the existence of Cularo ( Grenoble ) . Roman Gaul ( edit ) Main article : Roman Gaul Vercingetorix throws down his arms at the feet of Julius Caesar after the Battle of Alesia . Painting by Lionel - Noël Royer , 1899 . Gaul was divided into several different provinces . The Romans displaced populations to prevent local identities from becoming a threat to Roman control . Thus , many Celts were displaced in Aquitania or were enslaved and moved out of Gaul . There was a strong cultural evolution in Gaul under the Roman Empire , the most obvious one being the replacement of the Gaulish language by Vulgar Latin . It has been argued the similarities between the Gaulish and Latin languages favoured the transition . Gaul remained under Roman control for centuries and Celtic culture was then gradually replaced by Gallo - Roman culture . The Gauls became better integrated with the Empire with the passage of time . For instance , generals Marcus Antonius Primus and Gnaeus Julius Agricola were both born in Gaul , as were emperors Claudius and Caracalla . Emperor Antoninus Pius also came from a Gaulish family . In the decade following Valerian 's capture by the Persians in 260 , Postumus established a short - lived Gallic Empire , which included the Iberian Peninsula and Britannia , in addition to Gaul itself . Germanic tribes , the Franks and the Alamanni , entered Gaul at this time . The Gallic Empire ended with Emperor Aurelian 's victory at Châlons in 274 . A migration of Celts appeared in the 4th century in Armorica . They were led by the legendary king Conan Meriadoc and came from Britain . They spoke the now extinct British language , which evolved into the Breton , Cornish , and Welsh languages . In 418 the Aquitanian province was given to the Goths in exchange for their support against the Vandals . Those same Goths had sacked Rome in 410 and established a capital in Toulouse . Gaulish soldiers The Roman Empire had difficulty responding to all the barbarian raids , and Flavius Aëtius had to use these tribes against each other in order to maintain some Roman control . He first used the Huns against the Burgundians , and these mercenaries destroyed Worms , killed king Gunther , and pushed the Burgundians westward . The Burgundians were resettled by Aëtius near Lugdunum in 443 . The Huns , united by Attila , became a greater threat , and Aëtius used the Visigoths against the Huns . The conflict climaxed in 451 at the Battle of Châlons , in which the Romans and Goths defeated Attila . The Roman Empire was on the verge of collapsing . Aquitania was definitely abandoned to the Visigoths , who would soon conquer a significant part of southern Gaul as well as most of the Iberian Peninsula . The Burgundians claimed their own kingdom , and northern Gaul was practically abandoned to the Franks . Aside from the Germanic peoples , the Vascones entered Wasconia from the Pyrenees and the Bretons formed three kingdoms in Armorica : Domnonia , Cornouaille and Broërec . Frankish kingdoms ( 486 -- 987 ) ( edit ) Main article : Francia See also : List of Frankish kings , Merovingian , Carolingian Renaissance , and Early Middle Ages Victory over the Muslims at the Battle of Tours ( 732 ) marked the furthest Muslim advance and enabled Frankish domination of Europe for the next century . In 486 , Clovis I , leader of the Salian Franks , defeated Syagrius at Soissons and subsequently united most of northern and central Gaul under his rule . Clovis then recorded a succession of victories against other Germanic tribes such as the Alamanni at Tolbiac . In 496 , pagan Clovis adopted Catholicism . This gave him greater legitimacy and power over his Christian subjects and granted him clerical support against the Arian Visigoths . He defeated Alaric II at Vouillé in 507 and annexed Aquitaine , and thus Toulouse , into his Frankish kingdom . The Goths retired to Toledo in what would become Spain . Clovis made Paris his capital and established the Merovingian Dynasty but his kingdom would not survive his death in 511 . Under Frankish inheritance traditions , all sons inherit part of the land , so four kingdoms emerged : centered on Paris , Orléans , Soissons , and Rheims . Over time , the borders and numbers of Frankish kingdoms were fluid and changed frequently . Also during this time , the Mayors of the Palace , originally the chief advisor to the kings , would become the real power in the Frankish lands ; the Merovingian kings themselves would be reduced to little more than figureheads . By this time Muslim invaders had conquered Hispania and were threatening the Frankish kingdoms . Duke Odo the Great defeated a major invading force at Toulouse in 721 but failed to repel a raiding party in 732 . The mayor of the palace , Charles Martel , defeated that raiding party at the Battle of Tours and earned respect and power within the Frankish Kingdom . The assumption of the crown in 751 by Pepin the Short ( son of Charles Martel ) established the Carolingian dynasty as the Kings of the Franks . The coronation of Charlemagne Carolingian power reached its fullest extent under Pepin 's son , Charlemagne . In 771 , Charlemagne reunited the Frankish domains after a further period of division , subsequently conquering the Lombards under Desiderius in what is now northern Italy ( 774 ) , incorporating Bavaria ( 788 ) into his realm , defeating the Avars of the Danubian plain ( 796 ) , advancing the frontier with Islamic Spain as far south as Barcelona ( 801 ) , and subjugating Lower Saxony after a prolonged campaign ( 804 ) . In recognition of his successes and his political support for the Papacy , Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans , or Roman Emperor in the West , by Pope Leo III in 800 . Charlemagne 's son Louis the Pious ( emperor 814 -- 840 ) kept the empire united ; however , this Carolingian Empire would not survive Louis I 's death . Two of his sons -- Charles the Bald and Louis the German -- swore allegiance to each other against their brother -- Lothair I -- in the Oaths of Strasbourg , and the empire was divided among Louis 's three sons ( Treaty of Verdun , 843 ) . After a last brief reunification ( 884 -- 887 ) , the imperial title ceased to be held in the western realm , which was to form the basis of the future French kingdom . The eastern realm , which would become Germany , elected the Saxon dynasty of Henry the Fowler . Under the Carolingians , the kingdom was ravaged by Viking raiders . In this struggle some important figures such as Count Odo of Paris and his brother King Robert rose to fame and became kings . This emerging dynasty , whose members were called the Robertines , were the predecessors of the Capetian Dynasty . Led by Rollo , some Vikings had settled in Normandy and were granted the land , first as counts and then as dukes , by King Charles the Simple , in order to protect the land from other raiders . The people that emerged from the interactions between the new Viking aristocracy and the already mixed Franks and Gallo - Romans became known as the Normans . State building into the kingdom of France ( 987 -- 1453 ) ( edit ) Main article : France in the Middle Ages Kings during this period ( edit ) Capetian Dynasty ( House of Capet ) : Hugh Capet , 940 -- 996 Robert the Pious , 996 -- 1027 Henry I , 1027 -- 60 Philip I , 1060 -- 1108 Louis VI the Fat , 1108 -- 37 Louis VII the Young , 1137 -- 80 Philip II Augustus , 1180 -- 1223 Louis VIII the Lion , 1223 -- 26 Saint Louis IX , 1226 -- 70 Philip III the Bold , 1270 -- 85 Philip IV the Fair , 1285 -- 1314 Louis X the Quarreller , 1314 -- 16 John I the Posthumous , five days in 1316 Philip V the Tall , 1316 -- 22 Charles IV the Fair , 1322 -- 28 House of Valois : Philip VI of Valois , 1328 -- 50 John II the Good , 1350 -- 64 Charles V the Wise , 1364 -- 80 Charles VI the Mad , 1380 -- 1422 English interlude ( between Charles VI and VII ) : Henry V of England Henry VI of England and France Charles VII the Well Served , 1422 -- 61 Strong princes ( edit ) France was a very decentralised state during the Middle Ages . The authority of the king was more religious than administrative . The 11th century in France marked the apogee of princely power at the expense of the king when states like Normandy , Flanders or Languedoc enjoyed a local authority comparable to kingdoms in all but name . The Capetians , as they were descended from the Robertians , were formerly powerful princes themselves who had successfully unseated the weak and unfortunate Carolingian kings . The Carolingian kings had nothing more than a royal title when the Capetian kings added their principality to that title . The Capetians , in a way , held a dual status of King and Prince ; as king they held the Crown of Charlemagne and as Count of Paris they held their personal fiefdom , best known as Île - de-France . The fact that the Capetians held lands as both Prince and King gave them a complicated status . They were involved in the struggle for power within France as princes , but they also had a religious authority over Roman Catholicism in France as King . The Capetian kings treated other princes more as enemies and allies than as subordinates : their royal title was recognised yet frequently disrespected . Capetian authority was so weak in some remote places that bandits were the effective power . Some of the king 's vassals would grow sufficiently powerful that they would become some of the strongest rulers of western Europe . The Normans , the Plantagenets , the Lusignans , the Hautevilles , the Ramnulfids , and the House of Toulouse successfully carved lands outside France for themselves . The most important of these conquests for French history was the Norman Conquest of England by William the Conqueror , following the Battle of Hastings and immortalised in the Bayeux Tapestry , because it linked England to France through Normandy . Although the Normans were now both vassals of the French kings and their equals as kings of England , their zone of political activity remained centered in France . An important part of the French aristocracy also involved itself in the crusades , and French knights founded and ruled the Crusader states . An example of the legacy left in the Middle East by these nobles is the Krak des Chevaliers ' enlargement by the Counts of Tripoli and Toulouse . Rise of the monarchy ( edit ) The monarchy overcame the powerful barons over ensuing centuries , and established absolute sovereignty over France in the 16th century . A number of factors contributed to the rise of the French monarchy . The dynasty established by Hugh Capet continued uninterrupted until 1328 , and the laws of primogeniture ensured orderly successions of power . Secondly , the successors of Capet came to be recognised as members of an illustrious and ancient royal house and therefore socially superior to their politically and economically superior rivals . Thirdly , the Capetians had the support of the Church , which favoured a strong central government in France . This alliance with the Church was one of the great enduring legacies of the Capetians . The First Crusade was composed almost entirely of Frankish Princes . As time went on the power of the King was expanded by conquests , seizures and successful feudal political battles . The history of France starts with the election of Hugh Capet ( 940 -- 996 ) by an assembly summoned in Reims in 987 . Capet had been `` Duke of the Franks '' and then became `` King of the Franks '' ( Rex Francorum ) . Hugh 's lands extended little beyond the Paris basin ; his political unimportance weighed against the powerful barons who elected him . Many of the king 's vassals ( who included for a long time the kings of England ) ruled over territories far greater than his own . He was recorded to be recognised king by the Gauls , Bretons , Danes , Aquitanians , Goths , Spanish and Gascons . Count Borell of Barcelona called for Hugh 's help against Islamic raids , but even if Hugh intended to help Borell , he was otherwise occupied in fighting Charles of Lorraine . The loss of other Spanish principalities then followed , as the Spanish marches grew more and more independent . Hugh Capet , the first Capetian king , is not a well documented figure , his greatest achievement being certainly to survive as king and defeating the Carolingian claimant , thus allowing him to establish what would become one of Europe 's most powerful house of kings . A view of the remains of the Abbey of Cluny , a Benedictine monastery that was the centre of monastic life revival in the Middle Ages and marked an important step in the cultural rebirth following the Dark Ages . Hugh 's son -- Robert the Pious -- was crowned King of the Franks before Capet 's demise . Hugh Capet decided so in order to have his succession secured . Robert II , as King of the Franks , met Emperor Henry II in 1023 on the borderline . They agreed to end all claims over each other 's realm , setting a new stage of Capetian and Ottonian relationships . Although a king weak in power , Robert II 's efforts were considerable . His surviving charters imply he relied heavily on the Church to rule France , much like his father did . Although he lived with a mistress -- Bertha of Burgundy -- and was excommunicated because of this , he was regarded as a model of piety for monks ( hence his nickname , Robert the Pious ) . The reign of Robert II was quite important because it involved the Peace and Truce of God ( beginning in 989 ) and the Cluniac Reforms . Godefroy de Bouillon , a French knight , leader of the First Crusade and founder of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Under King Philip I , the kingdom enjoyed a modest recovery during his extraordinarily long reign ( 1060 -- 1108 ) . His reign also saw the launch of the First Crusade to regain the Holy Land , which heavily involved his family although he personally did not support the expedition . It is from Louis VI ( reigned 1108 -- 37 ) onward that royal authority became more accepted . Louis VI was more a soldier and warmongering king than a scholar . The way the king raised money from his vassals made him quite unpopular ; he was described as greedy and ambitious and that is corroborated by records of the time . His regular attacks on his vassals , although damaging the royal image , reinforced the royal power . From 1127 onward Louis had the assistance of a skilled religious statesman , Abbot Suger . The abbot was the son of a minor family of knights , but his political advice was extremely valuable to the king . Louis VI successfully defeated , both military and politically , many of the robber barons . Louis VI frequently summoned his vassals to the court , and those who did not show up often had their land possessions confiscated and military campaigns mounted against them . This drastic policy clearly imposed some royal authority on Paris and its surrounding areas . When Louis VI died in 1137 , much progress had been made towards strengthening Capetian authority . Thanks to Abbot Suger 's political advice , King Louis VII ( junior king 1131 -- 37 , senior king 1137 -- 80 ) enjoyed greater moral authority over France than his predecessors . Powerful vassals paid homage to the French king . Abbot Suger arranged the 1137 marriage between Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine in Bordeaux , which made Louis VII Duke of Aquitaine and gave him considerable power . However , the couple disagreed over the burning of more than a thousand people in Vitry during the conflict against the Count of Champagne . King Louis VII was deeply horrified by the event and sought penitence by going to the Holy Land . He later involved the Kingdom of France in the Second Crusade but his relationship with Eleanor did not improve . The marriage was ultimately annulled by the pope and Eleanor soon married the Duke of Normandy -- Henry Fitzempress , who would become King of England as Henry II two years later . Louis VII was once a very powerful monarch and was now facing a much stronger vassal , who was his equal as King of England and his strongest prince as Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine . Abbot Suger 's vision of construction became what is now known as Gothic architecture . This style became standard for most European cathedrals built in the late Middle Ages . The late Capetians ( 1165 -- 1328 ) ( edit ) The late direct Capetian kings were considerably more powerful and influential than the earliest ones . While Philip I could hardly control his Parisian barons , Philip IV could dictate popes and emperors . The late Capetians , although they often ruled for a shorter time than their earlier peers , were often much more influential . This period also saw the rise of a complex system of international alliances and conflicts opposing , through dynasties , Kings of France and England and Holy Roman Emperor . Philip II Augustus ( edit ) The reign of Philip II Augustus ( junior king 1179 -- 80 , senior king 1180 -- 1223 ) marked an important step in the history of French monarchy . His reign saw the French royal domain and influence greatly expanded . He set the context for the rise of power to much more powerful monarchs like Saint Louis and Philip the Fair . Philip II victorious at Bouvines thus annexing Normandy and Anjou into his royal domains . This battle involved a complex set of alliances from three important states , the Kingdoms of France and England and the Holy Roman Empire . Philip II spent an important part of his reign fighting the so - called Angevin Empire , which was probably the greatest threat to the King of France since the rise of the Capetian dynasty . During the first part of his reign Philip II tried using Henry II of England 's son against him . He allied himself with the Duke of Aquitaine and son of Henry II -- Richard Lionheart -- and together they launched a decisive attack on Henry 's castle and home of Chinon and removed him from power . Richard replaced his father as King of England afterward . The two kings then went crusading during the Third Crusade ; however , their alliance and friendship broke down during the crusade . The two men were once again at odds and fought each other in France until Richard was on the verge of totally defeating Philip II . Adding to their battles in France , the Kings of France and England were trying to install their respective allies at the head of the Holy Roman Empire . If Philip II Augustus supported Philip of Swabia , member of the House of Hohenstaufen , then Richard Lionheart supported Otto IV , member of the House of Welf . Otto IV had the upper hand and became the Holy Roman Emperor at the expense of Philip of Swabia . The crown of France was saved by Richard 's demise after a wound he received fighting his own vassals in Limousin . John Lackland , Richard 's successor , refused to come to the French court for a trial against the Lusignans and , as Louis VI had done often to his rebellious vassals , Philip II confiscated John 's possessions in France . John 's defeat was swift and his attempts to reconquer his French possession at the decisive Battle of Bouvines ( 1214 ) resulted in complete failure . Philip II had annexed Normandy and Anjou , plus capturing the Counts of Boulogne and Flanders , although Aquitaine and Gascony remained loyal to the Plantagenet King . In an additional aftermath of the Battle of Bouvines , John 's ally Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV was overthrown by Frederick II , member of the House of Hohenstaufen and ally of Philip . Philip II of France was crucial in ordering Western European politics in both England and France . Philip Augustus founded the Sorbonne and made Paris a city for scholars . Prince Louis ( the future Louis VIII , reigned 1223 -- 26 ) was involved in the subsequent English civil war as French and English ( or rather Anglo - Norman ) aristocracies were once one and were now split between allegiances . While the French kings were struggling against the Plantagenets , the Church called for the Albigensian Crusade . Southern France was then largely absorbed in the royal domains . Saint Louis ( 1226 -- 70 ) ( edit ) France became a truly centralised kingdom under Louis IX ( reigned 1226 -- 70 ) . Saint Louis has often been portrayed as a one - dimensional character , a flawless representant of the faith and an administrative reformer who cared for the governed ones . However , his reign was far from perfect for everyone : he made unsuccessful crusades , his expanding administrations raised opposition , and he burned Jewish books at the Pope 's urging . His judgments were not often practical , although they seemed fair by the standards of the time . It appears Louis had a strong sense of justice and always wanted to judge people himself before applying any sentence . This was said about Louis and French clergy asking for excommunications of Louis ' vassals : For it would be against God and contrary to right and justice if he compelled any man to seek absolution when the clergy were doing him wrong . Louis IX was only twelve years old when he became King of France . His mother -- Blanche of Castile -- was the effective power as regent ( although she did not formally use the title ) . Blanche 's authority was strongly opposed by the French barons yet she maintained her position until Louis was old enough to rule by himself . In 1229 the King had to struggle with a long lasting strike at the University of Paris . The Quartier Latin was strongly hit by these strikes . The kingdom was vulnerable : war was still going on in the County of Toulouse , and the royal army was occupied fighting resistance in Languedoc . Count Raymond VII of Toulouse finally signed the Treaty of Paris in 1229 , in which he retained much of his lands for life , but his daughter , married to Count Alfonso of Poitou , produced him no heir and so the County of Toulouse went to the King of France . King Henry III of England had not yet recognized the Capetian overlordship over Aquitaine and still hoped to recover Normandy and Anjou and reform the Angevin Empire . He landed in 1230 at Saint - Malo with a massive force . Henry III 's allies in Brittany and Normandy fell down because they did not dare fight their king , who led the counterstrike himself . This evolved into the Saintonge War ( 1242 ) . Ultimately , Henry III was defeated and had to recognise Louis IX 's overlordship , although the King of France did not seize Aquitaine from Henry III . Louis IX was now the most important landowner of France , adding to his royal title . There were some opposition to his rule in Normandy , yet it proved remarkably easy to rule , especially compared to the County of Toulouse which had been brutally conquered . The Conseil du Roi , which would evolve into the Parlement , was founded in these times . After his conflict with King Henry III of England , Louis established a cordial relation with the Plantagenet King . Saint Louis also supported new forms of art such as Gothic architecture ; his Sainte - Chapelle became a very famous gothic building , and he is also credited for the Morgan Bible . The Kingdom was involved in two crusades under Saint Louis : the Seventh Crusade and the Eighth Crusade . Both proved to be complete failures for the French King . Philip III and Philip IV ( 1270 -- 1314 ) ( edit ) Philip III became king when Saint Louis died in 1270 during the Eighth Crusade . Philip III was called `` the Bold '' on the basis of his abilities in combat and on horseback , and not because of his character or ruling abilities . Philip III took part in another crusading disaster : the Aragonese Crusade , which cost him his life in 1285 . More administrative reforms were made by Philip IV , also called Philip the Fair ( reigned 1285 -- 1314 ) . This king was responsible for the end of the Knights Templar , signed the Auld Alliance , and established the Parlement of Paris . Philip IV was so powerful that he could name popes and emperors , unlike the early Capetians . The papacy was moved to Avignon and all the contemporary popes were French , such as Philip IV 's puppet Bertrand de Goth , Pope Clement V . The early Valois kings and the Hundred years ' war ( 1328 -- 1453 ) ( edit ) The capture of the French king John II at Poitiers in 1356 The tensions between the Houses of Plantagenet and Capet climaxed during the so - called Hundred Years ' War ( actually several distinct wars over the period 1337 to 1453 ) when the Plantagenets claimed the throne of France from the Valois . This was also the time of the Black Death , as well as several civil wars . The French population suffered much from these wars . In 1420 by the Treaty of Troyes Henry V was made heir to Charles VI . Henry V failed to outlive Charles so it was Henry VI of England and France who consolidated the Dual - Monarchy of England and France . It has been argued that the difficult conditions the French population suffered during the Hundred Years ' War awakened French nationalism , a nationalism represented by Joan of Arc ( 1412 -- 1431 ) . Although this is debatable , the Hundred Years ' War is remembered more as a Franco - English war than as a succession of feudal struggles . During this war , France evolved politically and militarily . Although a Franco - Scottish army was successful at the Battle of Baugé ( 1421 ) , the humiliating defeats of Poitiers ( 1356 ) and Agincourt ( 1415 ) forced the French nobility to realise they could not stand just as armoured knights without an organised army . Charles VII ( reigned 1422 -- 61 ) established the first French standing army , the Compagnies d'ordonnance , and defeated the Plantagenets once at Patay ( 1429 ) and again , using cannons , at Formigny ( 1450 ) . The Battle of Castillon ( 1453 ) was regarded as the last engagement of this `` war '' , yet Calais and the Channel Islands remained ruled by the Plantagenets . Early modern France ( 1453 -- 1789 ) ( edit ) France in the late 15th century : a mosaic of feudal territories Main article : Early Modern France Kings during this period ( edit ) The Early Modern period in French history spans the following reigns , from 1461 to the Revolution , breaking in 1789 : House of Valois Louis XI the Prudent , 1461 -- 83 Charles VIII the Affable , 1483 -- 98 Louis XII , 1498 -- 1515 Francis I , 1515 -- 47 Henry II , 1547 -- 59 Francis II , 1559 -- 60 Charles IX , 1560 -- 74 ( 1560 -- 63 under regency of Catherine de ' Medici ) Henry III , 1574 -- 89 House of Bourbon Henry IV the Great , 1589 -- 1610 the Regency of Marie de Medici , 1610 -- 17 Louis XIII the Just and his minister Cardinal Richelieu , 1610 -- 43 the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin , 1643 -- 51 Louis XIV the Sun King and his minister Jean - Baptiste Colbert , 1643 -- 1715 the Régence , a period of regency under Philip II of Orléans , 1715 -- 23 Louis XV the Beloved and his minister Cardinal André - Hercule de Fleury , 1715 -- 74 Louis XVI , 1774 -- 92 Life in the early modern period ( edit ) Main article : Ancien Régime French identity ( edit ) France in the Ancien Régime covered a territory of around 520,000 square kilometres ( 200,000 sq mi ) . This land supported 13 million people in 1484 and 20 million people in 1700 . France had the second largest population in Europe around 1700 . Britain had 5 or 6 million , Spain had 8 million , and the Austrian Habsburgs had around 8 million . Russia was the most populated European country at the time . France 's lead slowly faded after 1700 , as other countries grew faster . The sense of `` being French '' was uncommon in 1500 , as people clung to their local identities . By 1600 , however , people were starting to call themselves `` bon françois . '' Estates and power ( edit ) Political power was widely dispersed . The law courts ( `` Parlements '' ) were powerful , especially that of France . However , the king had only about 10,000 officials in royal service -- very few indeed for such a large country , and with very slow internal communications over an inadequate road system . Travel was usually faster by ocean ship or river boat . The different estates of the realm -- the clergy , the nobility , and commoners -- occasionally met together in the `` Estates General '' , but in practice the Estates General had no power , for it could petition the king but could not pass laws . The Catholic Church controlled about 40 % of the wealth , tied up in long - term endowments that could be added to but not reduced . The king ( not the pope ) nominated bishops , but typically had to negotiate with noble families that had close ties to local monasteries and church establishments . The nobility came second in terms of wealth , but there was no unity . Each noble had his own lands , his own network of regional connections , and his own military force . The cities had a quasi-independent status , and were largely controlled by the leading merchants and guilds . Paris was by far the largest city with 220,000 people in 1547 and a history of steady growth . Lyon and Rouen each had about 40,000 population , but Lyon had a powerful banking community and a vibrant culture . Bordeaux was next with only 20,000 population in 1500 . Peasants made up the vast majority of population , who in many cases had well - established rights that the authorities had to respect . In 1484 , about 97 % of France 's 13 million people lived in rural villages ; in 1700 , at least 80 % of the 20 million people population were peasants . In the 17th century peasants had ties to the market economy , provided much of the capital investment necessary for agricultural growth , and frequently moved from village to village ( or town ) . Geographic mobility , directly tied to the market and the need for investment capital , was the main path to social mobility . The `` stable '' core of French society , town guildspeople and village labourers , included cases of staggering social and geographic continuity , but even this core required regular renewal . Accepting the existence of these two societies , the constant tension between them , and extensive geographic and social mobility tied to a market economy holds the key to a clearer understanding of the evolution of the social structure , economy , and even political system of early modern France . Collins ( 1991 ) argues that the Annales School paradigm underestimated the role of the market economy ; failed to explain the nature of capital investment in the rural economy ; and grossly exaggerated social stability . Language ( edit ) Main article : History of French Although most peasants in France spoke local dialects , an official language emerged in Paris and the French language became the preferred language of Europe 's aristocracy . Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ( born in 1500 ) quipped , `` I speak Spanish to God , Italian to women , French to men , and German to my horse . '' Because of its international status , there was a desire to regulate the French language . Several reforms of the French language worked to make it more uniform . The Renaissance writer François Rabelais ( born 1494 ) helped to shape French as a literary language , Rabelais ' French is characterised by the re-introduction of Greek and Latin words . Jacques Peletier du Mans ( born 1517 ) was one of the scholars who reformed the French language . He improved Nicolas Chuquet 's long scale system by adding names for intermediate numbers ( `` milliards '' instead of `` thousand million '' , etc . ) . Consolidation ( 15th and 16th centuries ) ( edit ) Charles the Bold , the last Valois Duke of Burgundy . His death at the Battle of Nancy ( 1477 ) marked the division of his lands between the Kings of France and Habsburg Dynasty . With the death in 1477 of Charles the Bold , France and the Habsburgs began a long process of dividing his rich Burgundian lands , leading to numerous wars . In 1532 , Brittany was incorporated into the Kingdom of France . France engaged in the long Italian Wars ( 1494 -- 1559 ) , which marked the beginning of early modern France . Francis I faced powerful foes , and he was captured at Pavia . The French monarchy then sought for allies and found one in the Ottoman Empire . The Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa captured Nice in 1543 and handed it down to Francis I . During the 16th century , the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs were the dominant power in Europe . The many domains of Charles V encircled France . The Spanish Tercio was used with great success against French knights . Finally , on 7 January 1558 , the Duke of Guise seized Calais from the English . `` Beautiful 16th century '' ( edit ) Economic historians call the era from about 1475 to 1630 the `` beautiful 16th century '' because of the return of peace , prosperity and optimism across the nation , and the steady growth of population . Paris , for example , flourished as never before , as its population rose to 200,000 by 1550 . In Toulouse the Renaissance of the 16th century brought wealth that transformed the architecture of the town , such as building of the great aristocratic houses . Protestant Huguenots and wars of religion ( 1562 -- 1629 ) ( edit ) Main article : French Wars of Religion Henry IV of France was the first French Bourbon king . The Protestant Reformation , inspired in France mainly by John Calvin , began to challenge the legitimacy and rituals of the Catholic Church . It reached an elite audience . Calvin , based securely in Geneva Switzerland , was a Frenchman deeply committed to reforming his homeland . The Protestant movement had been energetic , but lacked central organizational direction . With financial support from the church in Geneva , Calvin turned his enormous energies toward uplifting the French Protestant cause . As one historian explains : He supplied the dogma , the liturgy , and the moral ideas of the new religion , and he also created ecclesiastical , political , and social institutions in harmony with it . A born leader , he followed up his work with personal appeals . His vast correspondence with French Protestants shows not only much zeal but infinite pains and considerable tact and driving home the lessons of his printed treatises . Between 1555 and 1562 , more than 100 ministers were sent to France . Nevertheless , French King Henry II severely persecuted Protestants under the Edict of Chateaubriand and when the French authorities complained about the missionary activities , the city fathers of Geneva disclaimed official responsibility . The two main Calvinist strongholds were southwest France and Normandy , but even in these districts the Catholics were a majority . Renewed Catholic reaction -- headed by the powerful Francis , Duke of Guise -- led to a massacre of Huguenots at Vassy in 1562 , starting the first of the French Wars of Religion , during which English , German , and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant ( `` Huguenot '' ) and Catholic forces . King Henry II died in 1559 in a jousting tournament ; he was succeeded in turn by his three sons , each of which assumed the throne as minors or were weak , ineffectual rulers . In the power vacuum entered Henry 's widow , Catherine de ' Medici , who became a central figure in the early years of the Wars of Religion . She is often blamed for the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre of 1572 , when thousands of Huguenots were murdered in Paris and the provinces of France . The Wars of Religion culminated in the War of the Three Henrys ( 1584 -- 98 ) , at the height of which bodyguards of the King Henry III assassinated Henry de Guise , leader of the Spanish - backed Catholic league . In revenge , a priest assassinated Henry III . This led to the ascension of the Huguenot Henry IV ; in order to bring peace to a country beset by religious and succession wars , he converted to Catholicism . `` Paris is worth a Mass , '' he reputedly said . He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 , which guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants , thereby effectively ending the civil war . The main provisions of the Edict of Nantes were as follows : a ) Huguenots were allowed to hold religious services in certain towns in each province , b ) They were allowed to control and fortify eight cities ( including La Rochelle and Montauban ) , c ) Special courts were established to try Huguenot offenders , d ) Huguenots were to have equal civil rights with the Catholics . When in 1620 the Huguenots proclaimed a constitution for the ' Republic of the Reformed Churches of France ' , the chief minister Cardinal Richelieu ( 1585 -- 1642 ) invoked the entire powers of the state to stop it . Religious conflicts therefore resumed under Louis XIII when Richelieu forced Protestants to disarm their army and fortresses . This conflict ended in the Siege of La Rochelle ( 1627 -- 28 ) , in which Protestants and their English supporters were defeated . The following Peace of Alais ( 1629 ) confirmed religious freedom yet dismantled the Protestant military defences . In the face of persecution , Huguenots dispersed widely throughout Protestant kingdoms in Europe and America . Thirty years ' war ( 1618 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thirty Years ' War The religious conflicts that plagued France also ravaged the Habsburg - led Holy Roman Empire . The Thirty Years ' War eroded the power of the Catholic Habsburgs . Although Cardinal Richelieu , the powerful chief minister of France , had mauled the Protestants , he joined this war on their side in 1636 because it was in the raison d'État ( national interest ) . Imperial Habsburg forces invaded France , ravaged Champagne , and nearly threatened Paris . Richelieu died in 1642 and was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin , while Louis XIII died one year later and was succeeded by Louis XIV . France was served by some very efficient commanders such as Louis II de Bourbon ( Condé ) and Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne ( Turenne ) . The French forces won a decisive victory at Rocroi ( 1643 ) , and the Spanish army was decimated ; the Tercio was broken . The Truce of Ulm ( 1647 ) and the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) brought an end to the war . Some challenges remained . France was hit by civil unrest known as the Fronde which in turn evolved into the Franco - Spanish War in 1653 . Louis II de Bourbon joined the Spanish army this time , but suffered a severe defeat at Dunkirk ( 1658 ) by Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne . The terms for the peace inflicted upon the Spanish kingdoms in the Treaty of the Pyrenees ( 1659 ) were harsh , as France annexed Northern Catalonia . Amidst this turmoil , René Descartes sought answers to philosophical questions through the use of logic and reason and formulated what would be called Cartesian Dualism in 1641 . Colonies ( 16th and 17th centuries ) ( edit ) Main article : French colonial empire During the 16th century , the king began to claim North American territories and established several colonies . Jacques Cartier was one of the great explorers who ventured deep into American territories during the 16th century . The early 17th century saw the first successful French settlements in the New World with the voyages of Samuel de Champlain . The largest settlement was New France , with the towns of Quebec City ( 1608 ) and Montreal ( fur trading post in 1611 , Roman Catholic mission established in 1639 , and colony founded in 1642 ) . Louis XIV ( 1643 -- 1715 ) ( edit ) Main article : Louis XIV of France Louis XIV of France , the `` Sun King '' Louis XIV , known as the `` Sun King '' , reigned over France from 1643 until 1715 although his strongest period of personal rule did not begin until 1661 after the death of his Italian chief minister Cardinal Mazarin . Louis believed in the divine right of kings , which asserts that a monarch is above everyone except God , and is therefore not answerable to the will of his people , the aristocracy , or the Church . Louis continued his predecessors ' work of creating a centralized state governed from Paris , sought to eliminate remnants of feudalism in France , and subjugated and weakened the aristocracy . By these means he consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution . However , Louis XIV 's long reign saw France involved in many wars that drained its treasury . His reign began during the Thirty Years ' War and during the Franco - Spanish war . His military architect , Vauban , became famous for his pentagonal fortresses , and Jean - Baptiste Colbert supported the royal spending as much as possible . French dominated League of the Rhine fought against the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Saint Gotthard in 1664 . The battle was won by the Christians , chiefly through the brave attack of 6,000 French troops led by La Feuillade and Coligny . France fought the War of Devolution against Spain in 1667 . France 's defeat of Spain and invasion of the Spanish Netherlands alarmed England and Sweden . With the Dutch Republic they formed the Triple Alliance to check Louis XIV 's expansion . Louis II de Bourbon had captured Franche - Comté , but in face of an indefensible position , Louis XIV agreed to a peace at Aachen . Under its terms , Louis XIV did not annex Franche - Comté but did gain Lille . Peace was fragile , and war broke out again between France and the Dutch Republic in the Franco - Dutch War ( 1672 -- 78 ) . Louis XIV asked for the Dutch Republic to resume war against the Spanish Netherlands , but the republic refused . France attacked the Dutch Republic and was joined by England in this conflict . Through targeted inundations of polders by breaking dykes , the French invasion of the Dutch Republic was brought to a halt . The Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyter inflicted a few strategic defeats on the Anglo - French naval alliance and forced England to retire from the war in 1674 . Because the Netherlands could not resist indefinitely , it agreed to peace in the Treaties of Nijmegen , according to which France would annex France - Comté and acquire further concessions in the Spanish Netherlands . On 6 May 1682 , the royal court moved to the lavish Palace of Versailles , which Louis XIV had greatly expanded . Over time , Louis XIV compelled many members of the nobility , especially the noble elite , to inhabit Versailles . He controlled the nobility with an elaborate system of pensions and privileges , and replaced their power with himself . Peace did not last , and war between France and Spain again resumed . The War of the Reunions broke out ( 1683 -- 84 ) , and again Spain , with its ally the Holy Roman Empire , was easily defeated . Meanwhile , in October 1685 Louis signed the Edict of Fontainebleau ordering the destruction of all Protestant churches and schools in France . Its immediate consequence was a large Protestant exodus from France . Over two million people died in two famines in 1693 and 1710 . France would soon be involved in another war , the War of the Grand Alliance . This time the theatre was not only in Europe but also in North America . Although the war was long and difficult ( it was also called the Nine Years ' War ) , its results were inconclusive . The Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 confirmed French sovereignty over Alsace , yet rejected its claims to Luxembourg . Louis also had to evacuate Catalonia and the Palatinate . This peace was considered a truce by all sides , thus war was to start again . In 1701 the War of the Spanish Succession began . The Bourbon Philip of Anjou was designated heir to the throne of Spain as Philip V . The Habsburg Emperor Leopold opposed a Bourbon succession , because the power that such a succession would bring to the Bourbon rulers of France would disturb the delicate balance of power in Europe . Therefore , he claimed the Spanish thrones for himself . England and the Dutch Republic joined Leopold against Louis XIV and Philip of Anjou . The allied forces were led by John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough , and by Prince Eugene of Savoy . They inflicted a few resounding defeats on the French army ; the Battle of Blenheim in 1704 was the first major land battle lost by France since its victory at Rocroi in 1643 . Yet , the extremely bloody battles of Ramillies ( 1706 ) and Malplaquet ( 1709 ) proved to be Pyrrhic victories for the allies , as they had lost too many men to continue the war . Led by Villars , French forces recovered much of the lost ground in battles such as Denain ( 1712 ) . Finally , a compromise was achieved with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 . Philip of Anjou was confirmed as Philip V , king of Spain ; Emperor Leopold did not get the throne , but Philip V was barred from inheriting France . Louis XIV wanted to be remembered as a patron of the arts , like his ancestor Louis IX . He invited Jean - Baptiste Lully to establish the French opera , and a tumultuous friendship was established between Lully and playwright and actor Molière . Jules Hardouin Mansart became France 's most important architect of the period , bringing the pinnacle of French Baroque architecture . The wars were so expensive , and so inconclusive , that although France gained some territory to the east , it 's enemies gained more strength than it did , Vauban , France 's leading military strategist , warned that king in 1689 that a hostile `` Alliance '' was too powerful at sea . He recommended the best way for France to fight back was to license French merchants ships to privateer and seize enemy merchant ships , while avoiding its navies : France has its declared enemies Germany and all the states that it embraces ; Spain with all its dependencies in Europe , Asia , Africa and America ; the Duke of Savoy ( in Italy ) , England , Scotland , Ireland , and all their colonies in the East and West Indies ; and Holland with all its possessions in the four corners of the world where it has great establishments . France has ... undeclared enemies , indirectly hostile hostile and envious of its greatness , Denmark , Sweden , Poland , Portugal , Venice , Genoa , and part of the Swiss Confederation , all of which states secretly aid France 's enemies by the troops that they hire to them , the money they lend them and by protecting and covering their trade . Vauban was pessimistic about France 's so - called friends and allies and recommended against expensive land wars , or hopeless naval wars : For lukewarm , useless , or impotent friends , France has the Pope , who is indifferent ; the King of England ( James II ) expelled from his country ( And living in exile in Paris ) ; the grand Duke of Tuscany ; the Dukes of Mantua , Mokena , and Parma ( all in Italy ) ; and the other faction of the Swiss . Some of these are sunk in the softness that comes of years of peace , the others are cool in their affections ... The English and Dutch are the main pillars of the Alliance ; they support it by making war against us in concert with the other powers , and they keep it going by means of the money that they pay every year to ... Allies ... We must therefore fall back on privateering as the method of conducting war which is most feasible , simple , cheap , and safe , and which will cost least to the state , the more so since any losses will not be felt by the King , who risks virtually nothing ... It will enrich the country , train many good officers for the King , and in a short time force his enemies to sue for peace . Major changes in France , Europe , and North America ( 1718 -- 83 ) ( edit ) Main article : Seven Years ' War See also : French colonization of the Americas and Age of Enlightenment The Battle of Fontenoy , 11 May 1745 Louis XIV died in 1715 and was succeeded by his five - year - old great grandson who reigned as Louis XV until his death in 1774 . In 1718 , France was once again at war , as Philip II of Orléans 's regency joined the War of the Quadruple Alliance against Spain . King Philip V of Spain had to withdraw from the conflict , confronted with the reality that Spain was no longer a great power of Europe . Under Cardinal Fleury 's administration , peace was maintained as long as possible . However , in 1733 another war broke in central Europe , this time about the Polish succession , and France joined the war against the Austrian Empire . This time there was no invasion of the Netherlands , and Britain remained neutral . As a consequence , Austria was left alone against a Franco - Spanish alliance and faced a military disaster . Peace was settled in the Treaty of Vienna ( 1738 ) , according to which France would annex , through inheritance , the Duchy of Lorraine . Two years later , in 1740 , war broke out over the Austrian succession , and France seized the opportunity to join the conflict . The war played out in North America and India as well as Europe , and inconclusive terms were agreed to in the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle ( 1748 ) . Once again , no one regarded this as a peace , but rather as a mere truce . Prussia was then becoming a new threat , as it had gained substantial territory from Austria . This led to the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 , in which the alliances seen during the previous war were mostly inverted . France was now allied to Austria and Russia , while Britain was now allied to Prussia . In the North American theatre , France was allied with various Native American peoples during the Seven Years ' War and , despite a temporary success at the battles of the Great Meadows and Monongahela , French forces were defeated at the disastrous Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec . In Europe , repeated French attempts to overwhelm Hanover failed . In 1762 Russia , France , and Austria were on the verge of crushing Prussia , when the Anglo - Prussian Alliance was saved by the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg . At sea , naval defeats against British fleets at Lagos and Quiberon Bay in 1759 and a crippling blockade forced France to keep its ships in port . Finally peace was concluded in the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , and France lost its North American empire . Britain 's success in the Seven Years ' War had allowed them to eclipse France as the leading colonial power . France sought revenge for this defeat , and under Choiseul France started to rebuild . In 1766 the French Kingdom annexed Lorraine and the following year bought Corsica from Genoa . Lord Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown to American and French allies . Having lost its colonial empire , France saw a good opportunity for revenge against Britain in signing an alliance with the Americans in 1778 , and sending an army and navy that turned the American Revolution into a world war . Spain , allied to France by the Family Compact , and the Dutch Republic also joined the war on the French side . Admiral de Grasse defeated a British fleet at Chesapeake Bay while Jean - Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur , comte de Rochambeau and Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette joined American forces in defeating the British at Yorktown . The war was concluded by the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) ; the United States became independent . The British Royal Navy scored a major victory over France in 1782 at the Battle of the Saintes and France finished the war with huge debts and the minor gain of the island of Tobago . While the state expanded , new Enlightenment ideas flourished . Montesquieu proposed the separation of powers . Many other French philosophes ( intellectuals ) exerted philosophical influence on a continental scale , including Voltaire , Denis Diderot and Jean - Jacques Rousseau , whose essay The Social Contract , Or Principles of Political Right was a catalyst for governmental and societal reform throughout Europe . Diderot 's great Encyclopédie reshaped the European world view . Astronomy , chemistry , mathematics and technology flourished . French scientists such as Antoine Lavoisier worked to replace the archaic units of weights and measures by a coherent scientific system . Lavoisier also formulated the law of Conservation of mass and discovered oxygen and hydrogen . The Enlightenment ( edit ) Main article : Age of Enlightenment Cover of the Encyclopédie The `` Philosophes '' were 18th - century French intellectuals who dominated the French Enlightenment and were influential across Europe . Their interests were diverse , with experts in scientific , literary , philosophical and sociological matters . The ultimate goal of the philosophers was human progress ; by concentrating on social and material sciences , they believed that a rational society was the only logical outcome of a freethinking and reasoned populace . They also advocated Deism and religious tolerance . Many believed religion had been used as a source of conflict since time eternal , and that logical , rational thought was the way forward for mankind . The philosopher Denis Diderot was editor in chief of the famous Enlightenment accomplishment , the 72,000 - article Encyclopédie ( 1751 -- 72 ) . It sparked a revolution in learning throughout the enlightened world . In the early part of the 18th century the movement was dominated by Voltaire and Montesquieu , but the movement grew in momentum as the century moved on . Overall the philosophers were inspired by the thoughts of René Descartes , the skepticism of the Libertins and the popularization of science by Bernard de Fontenelle . Sectarian dissensions within the church , the gradual weakening of the absolute monarch and the numerous wars of Louis XIV allowed their influence to spread . Between 1748 and 1751 the Philosophes reached their most influential period , as Montesquieu published Spirit of Laws ( 1748 ) and Jean Jacques Rousseau published Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences ( 1750 ) . The leader of the French Enlightenment and a writer of enormous influence across Europe , was Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1778 ) . His many books included poems and plays ; works of satire ( Candide ( 1759 ) ) ; books on history , science , and philosophy , including numerous ( anonymous ) contributions to the Encyclopédie ; and an extensive correspondence . A witty , tireless antagonist to the alliance between the French state and the church , he was exiled from France on a number of occasions . In exile in England he came to appreciate British thought and he popularized Isaac Newton in Europe . Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) ( edit ) Main article : French Revolution Background of the French Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Causes of the French Revolution Day of the Tiles in 1788 at Grenoble was the first riot . ( Musée de la Révolution française ) . When king Louis XV died in 1774 he left his grandson , Louis XVI , `` A heavy legacy , with ruined finances , unhappy subjects , and a faulty and incompetent government . '' Regardless , `` the people , meanwhile , still had confidence in royalty , and the accession of Louis XVI was welcomed with enthusiasm . '' A decade later , recent wars , especially the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) and the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) , had effectively bankrupted the state . The taxation system was highly inefficient . Several years of bad harvests and an inadequate transportation system had caused rising food prices , hunger , and malnutrition ; the country was further destabilized by the lower classes ' increased feeling that the royal court was isolated from , and indifferent to , their hardships . In February 1787 , the king 's finance minister , Charles Alexandre de Calonne , convened an Assembly of Notables , a group of nobles , clergy , bourgeoisie , and bureaucrats selected in order to bypass the local parliaments . This group was asked to approve a new land tax that would , for the first time , include a tax on the property of nobles and clergy . The assembly did not approve the tax , and instead demanded that Louis XVI call the Estates - General . The Tennis Court Oath of 20 June 1789 was a pivotal event during the first days of the Revolution . It signified the first time that French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI . National Assembly , Paris anarchy , storming the Bastille ( Jan. -- 14 July 1789 ) ( edit ) In August 1788 the King agreed to convene the Estates - General in May 1789 . While the Third Estate demanded and was granted `` double representation '' so as to balance the First and Second Estate , voting was to occur `` by orders '' -- votes of the Third Estate were to be weighted -- effectively canceling double representation . This eventually led to the Third Estate breaking away from the Estates - General and , joined by members of the other estates , proclaiming the creation of the National Assembly , an assembly not of the Estates but of `` the People . '' In an attempt to keep control of the process and prevent the Assembly from convening , Louis XVI ordered the closure of the Salle des États where the Assembly met . After finding the door to their chamber locked and guarded , the Assembly met nearby on a tennis court and pledged the Tennis Court Oath on 20 June 1789 , binding them `` never to separate , and to meet wherever circumstances demand , until the constitution of the kingdom is established and affirmed on solid foundations . '' They were joined by some sympathetic members of the Second and First estates . After the king fired his finance minister , Jacques Necker , for giving his support and guidance to the Third Estate , worries surfaced that the legitimacy of the newly formed National Assembly might be threatened by royalists . The Storming of the Bastille , 14 July 1789 . Paris was soon in a state of anarchy . It was consumed with riots and widespread looting . Because the royal leadership essentially abandoned the city , the mobs soon had the support of the French Guard , including arms and trained soldiers . On 14 July 1789 , the insurgents set their eyes on the large weapons and ammunition cache inside the Bastille fortress , which also served as a symbol of royal tyranny . Insurgents seized the Bastille prison , killing the governor and several of his guards . The French now celebrate 14 July each year as ' Bastille day ' or , as the French say : Quatorze Juillet ( the Fourteenth of July ) , as a symbol of the shift away from the Ancien Régime to a more modern , democratic state . Violence against aristocracy , abolition of feudalism ( 15 July -- August 1789 ) ( edit ) Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , a hero of the American War of Independence , on 15 July took command of the National Guard , and the king on 17 July accepted to wear the two - colour cockade ( blue and red ) , later adapted into the tricolour cockade , as the new symbol of revolutionary France . Although peace was made , several nobles did not regard the new order as acceptable and emigrated in order to push the neighboring , aristocratic kingdoms to war against the new regime . The state was now struck for several weeks in July and August 1789 by violence against aristocracy , also called ' the Great Fear ' . The signing of the August 1789 Decrees -- in bas relief , Place de la République . On 4 and 11 August 1789 , the National Constituent Assembly abolished privileges and feudalism , sweeping away personal serfdom , exclusive hunting rights and other seigneurial rights of the Second Estate ( nobility ) . Also the tithe was abolished which had been the main source of income for many clergymen . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted by the National Assembly on 27 August 1789 , as a first step in their effort to write a constitution . Considered to be a precursor to modern international rights instruments and using the U.S. Declaration of Independence as a model , it defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of all of the estates as one . Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights , these rights were deemed universal and valid in all times and places , pertaining to human nature itself . The Assembly also replaced France 's historic provinces with eighty - three departments , uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in extent and population . Curtailment of Church powers ( Oct. 1789 -- Dec. 1790 ) ( edit ) An illustration of the Women 's March on Versailles , 5 October 1789 . When a mob from Paris attacked the royal palace at Versailles in October 1789 seeking redress for their severe poverty , the royal family was forced to move to the Tuileries Palace in Paris . Under the Ancien Régime , the Roman Catholic Church had been the largest landowner in the country . In November ' 89 , the Assembly decided to nationalize and sell all church property , thus in part addressing the financial crisis . In July 1790 , the Assembly adopted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy . This law reorganized the French Catholic Church , arranged that henceforth the salaries of the priests would be paid by the state , abolished the Church 's authority to levy a tax on crops and again cancelled some privileges for the clergy . In October a group of 30 bishops wrote a declaration saying they could not accept the law , and this fueled civilian opposition against it . The Assembly then in late November 1790 decreed that all clergy should take an oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy . This stiffened the resistance , especially in the west of France including Normandy , Brittany and the Vendée , where few priests took the oath and the civilian population turned against the revolution . Priests swearing the oath were designated ' constitutional ' , and those not taking the oath as ' non-juring ' or ' refractory ' clergy . Making a constitutional monarchy ( June -- Sept. 1791 ) ( edit ) In June 1791 , the royal family secretly fled Paris in disguise for Varennes near France 's northeastern border in order to seek royalist support the king believed he could trust , but they were soon discovered en route . They were brought back to Paris , after which they were essentially kept under house arrest at the Tuileries . In August 1791 , Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia in the Declaration of Pillnitz declared their intention to bring the French king in a position `` to consolidate the basis of a monarchical government '' , and that they were preparing their own troops for action . Instead of cowing the French , this infuriated them , and they militarised the borders . With most of the Assembly still favoring a constitutional monarchy rather than a republic , the various groups reached a compromise . Under the Constitution of 3 September 1791 , France would function as a constitutional monarchy with Louis XVI as little more than a figurehead . The King had to share power with the elected Legislative Assembly , although he still retained his royal veto and the ability to select ministers . He had perforce to swear an oath to the constitution , and a decree declared that retracting the oath , heading an army for the purpose of making war upon the nation or permitting anyone to do so in his name would amount to de facto abdication . War and internal uprisings ( Oct. 1791 -- Aug. 1792 ) ( edit ) Further information : 10 August ( French Revolution ) On 1 October 1791 , the Legislative Assembly was formed , elected by those 4 million men -- out of a population of 25 million -- who paid a certain minimum amount of taxes . A group of Assembly members who propagated war against Austria and Prussia was , after a remark by politician Maximilien Robespierre , henceforth designated the ' Girondins ' , although not all of them really came from the southern province of Gironde . A group around Robespierre -- later called ' Montagnards ' or ' Jacobins ' -- pleaded against war ; this opposition between those groups would harden and become bitter in the next 11⁄2 years . The storming of the Tuileries Palace , 10 August 1792 , ( Musée de la Révolution française ) . In response to the threat of war of August 1791 from Austria and Prussia , leaders of the Assembly saw such a war as a means to strengthen support for their revolutionary government , and the French people as well as the Assembly thought that they would win a war against Austria and Prussia . On 20 April 1792 , France declared war on Austria . Late April 1792 , France invaded and conquered the Austrian Netherlands ( roughly present - day Belgium and Luxembourg ) . Nevertheless , in the summer of 1792 , all of Paris was against the king , and hoped that the Assembly would depose the king , but the Assembly hesitated . At dawn of 10 August 1792 , a large , angry crowd of Parisians and soldiers from all over France marched on the Tuileries Palace where the king resided . Around 8 : 00am the king decided to leave his palace and seek safety with his wife and children in the Assembly that was gathered in permanent session in Salle du Manège opposite to the Tuileries . After 11 : 00am , the Assembly ' temporarily relieved the king from his task ' . In reaction , on 19 August an army under Prussian general Duke of Brunswick invaded France and besieged Longwy . Late August 1792 , elections were held , now under male universal suffrage , for the new National Convention . 26 August , the Assembly decreed the deportation of refractory priests in the west of France , as `` causes of danger to the fatherland '' , to destinations like French Guiana . In reaction , peasants in the Vendée took over a town , in another step toward civil war . Bloodbath in Paris , Republic established ( Sept. 1792 ) ( edit ) Further information : National Convention On 2 , 3 and 4 September 1792 , hundreds of Parisians , supporters of the revolution , infuriated by Verdun being captured by the Prussian enemy , the uprisings in the west of France , and rumours that the incarcerated prisoners in Paris were conspiring with the foreign enemy , raided the Parisian prisons and murdered between 1,000 and 1,500 prisoners , many of them Catholic priests but also common criminals . Jean - Paul Marat , a political ally of Robespierre , in an open letter on 3 September incited the rest of France to follow the Parisian example ; Robespierre kept a low profile in regard to the murder orgy ; the Assembly and the city council of Paris ( la Commune ) seemed inapt and hardly motivated to call a halt to the unleashed bloodshed . On 20 September 1792 , the French won a battle against Prussian troops near Valmy and the new National Convention replaced the Legislative Assembly . From the start the Convention suffered from the bitter division between a group around Robespierre , Danton and Marat referred to as ' Montagnards ' or ' Jacobins ' or ' left ' and a group referred to as ' Girondins ' or ' right ' . But the majority of the representatives , referred to as ' la Plaine ' , were member of neither of those two antagonistic groups and managed to preserve some speed in the Convention 's debates . Right away on 21 September the Convention abolished the monarchy , making France the French First Republic . A new French Republican Calendar was introduced to replace the Christian Gregorian calendar , renaming the year 1792 as year 1 of the Republic . War and civil war ( Nov. 1792 -- spring 1793 ) ( edit ) The Execution of Louis XVI on 21 January 1793 in what is now the Place de la Concorde , facing the empty pedestal where the statue of his grandfather , Louis XV , had stood . With wars against Prussia and Austria having started earlier in 1792 , in November France also declared war on the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic . Ex-king Louis XVI was tried , convicted , and guillotined in January 1793 . Introduction of a nationwide conscription for the army in February 1793 was the spark that in March made the Vendée , already rebellious since 1790 because of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy , ignite into civil war against Paris . Meanwhile , France in March also declared war on Spain . That month , the Vendée rebels won some victories against Paris and the French army was defeated in Belgium by Austria with the French general Dumouriez defecting to the Austrians : the French Republic 's survival was now in real danger . Mass shootings at Nantes , War in the Vendée , 1793 . On 6 April 1793 , to prevent the Convention from losing itself in abstract debate and to streamline government decisions , the Comité de salut public ( Committee of Public Prosperity ) was created of nine , later twelve members , as executive government which was accountable to the Convention . That month the ' Girondins ' group indicted Jean - Paul Marat before the Revolutionary Tribunal for ' attempting to destroy the sovereignty of the people ' and ' preaching plunder and massacre ' , referring to his behaviour during the September 1792 Paris massacres . Marat was quickly acquitted but the incident further acerbated the ' Girondins ' versus ' Montagnards ' party strife in the Convention . In the spring of 1793 , Austrian , British , Dutch and Spanish troops invaded France . Showdown in the Convention ( May -- June 1793 ) ( edit ) See also : Insurrection of 31 May -- 2 June 1793 With rivalry , even enmity , in the National Convention and its predecessors between so - called ' Montagnards ' and ' Girondins ' smouldering ever since late 1791 , Jacques Hébert , Convention member leaning to the ' Montagnards ' group , on 24 May 1793 called on the sans - culottes -- the idealized simple , non-aristocratic , hard - working , upright , patriotic , republican , Paris labourers -- to rise in revolt against the `` henchmen of Capet ( = the killed ex-king ) and Dumouriez ( = the defected general ) '' . Hébert was arrested immediately by a Convention committee investigating Paris rebelliousness . While that committee consisted only of members from la Plaine and the Girondins , the anger of the sans - culottes was directed towards the Girondins. 25 May , a delegation of la Commune ( the Paris city council ) protested against Hébert 's arrest . The Convention 's President Isnard , a Girondin , answered them : `` Members of la Commune ( ... ) If by your incessant rebellions something befalls to the representatives of the nation , I declare , in the name of France , that Paris will be totally obliterated '' . On 29 May 1793 , in Lyon an uprising overthrew a group of Montagnards ruling the city ; Marseille , Toulon and more cities saw similar events . On 2 June 1793 , the Convention 's session in Tuileries Palace -- since early May their venue -- not for the first time degenerated into chaos and pandemonium . This time crowds of people including 80,000 armed soldiers swarmed in and around the palace . Incessant screaming from the public galeries , always in favour of the Montagnards , suggested that all of Paris was against the Girondins , which was not really the case . Petitions circulated , indicting and condemning 22 Girondins . Barère , member of the Committee of Public Safety , suggested : to end this division which is harming the Republic , the Girondin leaders should lay down their offices voluntarily . A decree was adopted that day by the Convention , after much tumultuous debate , expelling 22 leading Girondins from the Convention . Late that night , indeed dozens of Girondins had resigned and left the Convention . In the course of 1793 , the Holy Roman Empire , the kings of Portugal and Naples and the Grand - Duke of Tuscany declared war against France . Counter-revolution subdued ( July 1793 -- April 1794 ) ( edit ) By the summer of 1793 , most French departments in one way or another opposed the central Paris government , and in many cases ' Girondins ' , fled from Paris after 2 June , led those revolts . In Brittany 's countryside , the people rejecting the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 1790 had taken to a guerrilla warfare known as Chouannerie . But generally , the French opposition against ' Paris ' had now evolved into a plain struggle for power over the country against the ' Montagnards ' around Robespierre and Marat now dominating Paris . In June -- July 1793 , Bordeaux , Marseilles , Brittany , Caen and the rest of Normandy gathered armies to march on Paris and against ' the revolution ' . In July , Lyon guillotined the deposed ' Montagnard ' head of the city council . Barère , member of the Committee of Public Safety , on 1 August incited the Convention to tougher measures against the Vendée , at war with Paris since March : `` We 'll have peace only when no Vendée remains ... we 'll have to exterminate that rebellious people '' . In August , Convention troops besieged Lyon . In August -- September 1793 , militants urged the Convention to do more to quell the counter-revolution . A delegation of the Commune ( Paris city council ) suggested to form revolutionary armies to arrest hoarders and conspirators . Bertrand Barère , member of the Committee of Public Safety -- the de facto executive government -- ever since April 1793 , among others on 5 September reacted favorably , saying : let 's `` make terror the order of the day ! '' On 17 September , the National Convention passed the Law of Suspects , a decree ordering the arrest of all declared opponents of the current form of government and suspected `` enemies of freedom '' . This decree was one of the causes for 17,000 death sentences until the end of July 1794 , reason for historians to label those 101⁄2 months ' the ( Reign of ) Terror ' . On 19 September the Vendée rebels again defeated a Republican Convention army . On 1 October Barère repeated his plea to subdue the Vendée : `` refuge of fanaticism , where priests have raised their altars ... '' . In October the Convention troops captured Lyon and reinstated a Montagnard government there . Criteria for bringing someone before the Revolutionary Tribunal , created March 1793 , had always been vast and vague . By August , political disagreement seemed enough to be summoned before the Tribunal ; appeal against a Tribunal verdict was impossible . Late August 1793 , an army general had been guillotined on the accusation of choosing too timid strategies on the battlefield . Mid-October , the widowed former queen Marie Antoinette was on trial for a long list of charges such as `` teaching ( her husband ) Louis Capet the art of dissimulation '' and incest with her son , she too was guillotined . In October , 21 former ' Girondins ' Convention members who had n't left Paris after June were convicted to death and executed , on the charge of verbally supporting the preparation of an insurrection in Caen by fellow - Girondins . 17 October 1793 , the ' blue ' Republican army near Cholet defeated the ' white ' Vendéan insubordinate army and all surviving Vendée residents , counting in tens of thousands , fled over the river Loire north into Brittany . A Convention 's representative on mission in Nantes commissioned in October to pacify the region did so by simply drowning prisoners in the river Loire : until February 1794 he drowned at least 4,000 . By November 1793 , the revolts in Normandy , Bordeaux and Lyon were overcome , in December also that in Toulon . Two representatives on mission sent to punish Lyon between November 1793 and April 1794 executed 2,000 people to death by guillotine or firing - squad . The Vendéan army since October roaming through Brittany on 12 December 1793 again ran up against Republican troops and saw 10,000 of its rebels perish , meaning the end of this once threatening army . Some historians claim that after that defeat Convention Republic armies in 1794 massacred 117,000 Vendéan civilians to obliterate the Vendéan people , but others contest that claim . Some historians consider the civil war to have lasted until 1796 with a toll of 450,000 lives . Death - sentencing politicians ( Feb. -- July 1794 ) ( edit ) The execution of Robespierre , 28 July 1794 . Maximilien Robespierre , since July 1793 member of the Committee of Public Prosperity , on 5 February 1794 in a speech in the Convention identified Jacques Hébert and his faction as `` internal enemies '' working toward the triumph of tyranny . After a dubious trial Hébert and some allies were guillotined in March . On 5 April , again at the instigation of Robespierre , Danton and 13 associated politicians were executed . A week later again 19 politicians . This hushed the Convention deputies : if henceforth they disagreed with Robespierre they hardly dared to speak out . A law enacted on 10 June 1794 ( 22 Prairial II ) further streamlined criminal procedures : if the Revolutionary Tribunal saw sufficient proof of someone being an `` enemy of the people '' a counsel for defence would not be allowed . The frequency of guillotine executions in Paris now rose from on average three a day to an average of 29 a day . Meanwhile , France 's external wars were going well , with victories over Austrian and British troops in May and June 1794 opening up Belgium for French conquest . But cooperation within the Committee of Public Safety , since April 1793 the de facto executive government , started to break down . On 29 June 1794 , three colleagues of Robespierre at ' the Committee ' called him a dictator in his face -- Robespierre baffled left the meeting . This encouraged other Convention members to also defy Robespierre . On 26 July , a long and vague speech of Robespierre was n't met with thunderous applause as usual but with hostility ; some deputies yelled that Robespierre should have the courage to say which deputies he deemed necessary to be killed next , what Robespierre refused to do . In the Convention session of 27 July 1794 , Robespierre and his allies hardly managed to say a word as they were constantly interrupted by a row of critics such as Tallien , Billaud - Varenne , Vadier , Barère and acting president Thuriot . Finally , even Robespierre 's own voice failed on him : it faltered at his last attempt to beg permission to speak . A decree was adopted to arrest Robespierre , Saint - Just and Couthon. 28 July , they and 19 others were beheaded. 29 July , again 70 Parisians were guillotined . Subsequently , the Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 June 1794 ) was repealed , and the ' Girondins ' expelled from the Convention in June 1793 , if not dead yet , were reinstated as Convention deputies . Disregarding the working classes ( Aug. 1794 -- Oct. 1795 ) ( edit ) After July 1794 , most civilians henceforth ignored the Republican calendar and returned to the traditional seven - day weeks . The government in a law of 21 February 1795 set steps of return to freedom of religion and reconciliation with the since 1790 refractory Catholic priests , but any religious signs outside churches or private homes , such as crosses , clerical garb , bell ringing , remained prohibited . When the people 's enthousiasm for attending church grew to unexpected levels the government backed out and in October 1795 again , like in 1790 , required all priests to swear oaths on the Republic . In the very cold winter of 1794 -- 95 , with the French army demanding more and more bread , same was getting scarce in Paris as was wood to keep houses warm , and in an echo of the October 1789 March on Versailles , on 1 April 1795 ( 12 Germinal III ) a mostly female crowd marched on the Convention calling for bread . But no Convention member sympathized , they just told the women to return home . Again in May a crowd of 20,000 men and 40,000 women invaded the Convention and even killed a deputy in the halls , but again they failed to make the Convention take notice of the needs of the lower classes . Instead , the Convention banned women from all political assemblies , and deputies who had solidarized with this insurrection were sentenced to death : such allegiance between parliament and street fighting was no longer tolerated . Late 1794 , France conquered present - day Belgium . In January 1795 they subdued the Dutch Republic with full consent and cooperation of the influential Dutch patriottenbeweging ( ' patriots movement ' ) , resulting in the Batavian Republic , a satellite and puppet state of France . In April 1795 , France concluded a peace agreement with Prussia , later that year peace was agreed with Spain . Fighting Catholicism and royalism ( Oct. 1795 -- Nov. 1799 ) ( edit ) In October 1795 , the Republic was reorganised , replacing the one - chamber parliament ( the National Convention ) by a bi-cameral system : the first chamber called the ' Council of 500 ' initiating the laws , the second the ' Council of Elders ' reviewing and approving or not the passed laws . Each year , one - third of the chambers was to be renewed . The executive power lay with five directors -- hence the name ' Directory ' for this form of government -- with a five - year mandate , each year one of them being replaced . The early directors did not much understand the nation they were governing ; they especially had an innate inability to see Catholicism as anything else than counter-revolutionary and royalist . Local administrators had a better sense of people 's priorities , and one of them wrote to the minister of the interior : `` Give back the crosses , the church bells , the Sundays , and everyone will cry : ' vive la République ! ' '' French armies in 1796 advanced into Germany , Austria and Italy . In 1797 , France conquered Rhineland , Belgium and much of Italy , and unsuccessfully attacked Wales . Parliamentary elections in the spring of 1797 resulted in considerable gains for the royalists . This frightened the republican directors and they staged a coup d'état on 4 September 1797 ( Coup of 18 Fructidor V ) to remove two supposedly pro-royalist directors and some prominent royalists from both Councils . The new , ' corrected ' government , still strongly convinced that Catholicism and royalism were equally dangerous to the Republic , started a fresh campaign to promote the Republican calendar officially introduced in 1792 , with its ten - day week , and tried to hallow the tenth day , décadi , as substitute for the Christian Sunday . Not only citizens opposed and even mocked such decrees , also local government officials refused to enforce such laws . France was still waging wars , in 1798 in Egypt , Switzerland , Rome , Ireland , Belgium and against the U.S.A. , in 1799 in Baden - Württemberg . In 1799 , when the French armies abroad experienced some setbacks , the newly chosen director Sieyes considered a new overhaul necessary for the Directory 's form of government because in his opinion it needed a stronger executive . Together with successful general Napoleon Bonaparte who had just returned to France , Sieyes began preparing another coup d'état , which took place on 9 -- 10 November 1799 ( 18 -- 19 Brumaire VIII ) , replacing the five directors now with three `` consuls '' : Napoleon , Sieyes , and Roger Ducos . Napoleonic France ( 1799 -- 1815 ) ( edit ) See also : Napoleonic wars Napoleon on his Imperial throne , by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres . During the War of the First Coalition ( 1792 -- 97 ) , the Directoire had replaced the National Convention . Five directors then ruled France . As Great Britain was still at war with France , a plan was made to take Egypt from the Ottoman Empire , a British ally . This was Napoleon 's idea and the Directoire agreed to the plan in order to send the popular general away from the mainland . Napoleon defeated the Ottoman forces during the Battle of the Pyramids ( 21 July 1798 ) and sent hundreds of scientists and linguists out to thoroughly explore modern and ancient Egypt . Only a few weeks later the British fleet under Admiral Horatio Nelson unexpectedly destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile ( 1 -- 3 August 1798 ) . Napoleon planned to move into Syria but was defeated and he returned to France without his army , which surrendered . The Directoire was threatened by the Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) . Royalists and their allies still dreamed of restoring the monarchy to power , while the Prussian and Austrian crowns did not accept their territorial losses during the previous war . In 1799 the Russian army expelled the French from Italy in battles such as Cassano , while the Austrian army defeated the French in Switzerland at Stockach and Zurich . Napoleon then seized power through a coup and established the Consulate in 1799 . The Austrian army was defeated at the Battle of Marengo ( 1800 ) and again at the Battle of Hohenlinden ( 1800 ) . While at sea the French had some success at Boulogne but Nelson 's Royal Navy destroyed an anchored Danish and Norwegian fleet at the Battle of Copenhagen ( 1801 ) because the Scandinavian kingdoms were against the British blockade of France . The Second Coalition was beaten and peace was settled in two distinct treaties : the Treaty of Lunéville and the Treaty of Amiens . A brief interlude of peace ensued in 1802 - 3 , during which Napoleon sold French Louisiana to the United States because it was indefensible . In 1801 Napoleon concluded a `` Concordat '' with Pope Pius VII that opened peaceful relations between church and state in France . The policies of the Revolution were reversed , except the Church did not get its lands back . Bishops and clergy were to receive state salaries , and the government would pay for the building and maintenance of churches . Napoleon reorganized higher learning by dividing the Institut National into four ( later five ) academies . Napoléon at the Battle of Austerlitz , by François Gérard In 1804 Napoleon was titled Emperor by the senate , thus founding the First French Empire . Napoleon 's rule was constitutional , and although autocratic , it was much more advanced than traditional European monarchies of the time . The proclamation of the French Empire was met by the Third Coalition . The French army was renamed La Grande Armée in 1805 and Napoleon used propaganda and nationalism to control the French population . The French army achieved a resounding victory at Ulm ( 16 -- 19 October 1805 ) , where an entire Austrian army was captured . A Franco - Spanish fleet was defeated at Trafalgar ( 21 October 1805 ) and all plans to invade Britain were then made impossible . Despite this naval defeat , it was on the ground that this war would be won ; Napoleon inflicted on the Austrian and Russian Empires one of their greatest defeats at Austerlitz ( also known as the `` Battle of the Three Emperors '' on 2 December 1805 ) , destroying the Third Coalition . Peace was settled in the Treaty of Pressburg ; the Austrian Empire lost the title of Holy Roman Emperor and the Confederation of the Rhine was created by Napoleon over former Austrian territories . Coalitions formed against Napoleon ( edit ) Prussia joined Britain and Russia , thus forming the Fourth Coalition . Although the Coalition was joined by other allies , the French Empire was also not alone since it now had a complex network of allies and subject states . The largely outnumbered French army crushed the Prussian army at Jena - Auerstedt in 1806 ; Napoleon captured Berlin and went as far as Eastern Prussia . There the Russian Empire was defeated at the Battle of Friedland ( 14 June 1807 ) . Peace was dictated in the Treaties of Tilsit , in which Russia had to join the Continental System , and Prussia handed half of its territories to France . The Duchy of Warsaw was formed over these territorial losses , and Polish troops entered the Grande Armée in significant numbers . In order to ruin the British economy , Napoleon set up the Continental System in 1807 , and tried to prevent merchants across Europe from trading with British . The large amount of smuggling frustrated Napoleon , and did more harm to his economy than to his enemies . The height of the First Empire Freed from his obligation in the east , Napoleon then went back to the west , as the French Empire was still at war with Britain . Only two countries remained neutral in the war : Sweden and Portugal , and Napoleon then looked toward the latter . In the Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1807 ) , a Franco - Spanish alliance against Portugal was sealed as Spain eyed Portuguese territories . French armies entered Spain in order to attack Portugal , but then seized Spanish fortresses and took over the kingdom by surprise . Joseph Bonaparte , Napoleon 's brother , was made King of Spain after Charles IV abdicated . This occupation of the Iberian peninsula fueled local nationalism , and soon the Spanish and Portuguese fought the French using guerilla tactics , defeating the French forces at the Battle of Bailén ( June and July 1808 ) . Britain sent a short - lived ground support force to Portugal , and French forces evacuated Portugal as defined in the Convention of Sintra following the Allied victory at Vimeiro ( 21 August 1808 ) . France only controlled Catalonia and Navarre and could have been definitely expelled from the Iberian peninsula had the Spanish armies attacked again , but the Spanish did not . Another French attack was launched on Spain , led by Napoleon himself , and was described as `` an avalanche of fire and steel . '' However , the French Empire was no longer regarded as invincible by European powers . In 1808 Austria formed the War of the Fifth Coalition in order to break down the French Empire . The Austrian Empire defeated the French at Aspern - Essling , yet was beaten at Wagram while the Polish allies defeated the Austrian Empire at Raszyn ( April 1809 ) . Although not as decisive as the previous Austrian defeats , the peace treaty in October 1809 stripped Austria of a large amount of territories , reducing it even more . Napoleon Bonaparte retreating from Moscow , by Adolf Northern . In 1812 war broke out with Russia , engaging Napoleon in the disastrous French invasion of Russia ( 1812 ) . Napoleon assembled the largest army Europe had ever seen , including troops from all subject states , to invade Russia , which had just left the continental system and was gathering an army on the Polish frontier . Following an exhausting march and the bloody but inconclusive Battle of Borodino , near Moscow , the Grande Armée entered and captured Moscow , only to find it burning as part of the Russian scorched earth tactics . Although there still were battles , the Napoleonic army left Russia in late 1812 annihilated , most of all by the Russian winter , exhaustion , and scorched earth warfare . On the Spanish front the French troops were defeated at Vitoria ( June 1813 ) and then at the Battle of the Pyrenees ( July -- August 1813 ) . Since the Spanish guerrillas seemed to be uncontrollable , the French troops eventually evacuated Spain . Since France had been defeated on these two fronts , states that had been conquered and controlled by Napoleon saw a good opportunity to strike back . The Sixth Coalition was formed under British leadership . The German states of the Confederation of the Rhine switched sides , finally opposing Napoleon . Napoleon was largely defeated in the Battle of the Nations outside Leipzig in October 1813 , his forces heavily outnumbered by the Allied coalition armies and was overwhelmed by much larger armies during the Six Days Campaign ( February 1814 ) , although , the Six Days Campaign is often considered a tactical masterpiece because the allies suffered much higher casualties . Napoleon abdicated on 6 April 1814 , and was exiled to Elba . The conservative Congress of Vienna reversed the political changes that had occurred during the wars . Napoleon suddenly returned , seized control of France , raised an army , and marched on his enemies in the Hundred Days . It ended with his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 , and his exile to a remote island . The monarchy was subsequently restored and Louis XVIII , Younger brother of Louis XVI became king , and the exiles returned . However many of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic reforms were kept in place . Napoleon 's impact on France ( edit ) Napoleon centralized power in Paris , with all the provinces governed by all - powerful prefects whom he selected . They were more powerful than royal intendants of the ancien régime and had a long - term impact in unifying the nation , minimizing regional differences , and shifting all decisions to Paris . Religion had been a major issue during the Revolution , and Napoleon resolved most of the outstanding problems . Thereby he moved the clergy and large numbers of devout Catholics from hostility to the government to support for him . The Catholic system was reestablished by the Concordat of 1801 ( signed with Pope Pius VII ) , so that church life returned to normal ; the church lands were not restored , but the Jesuits were allowed back in and the bitter fights between the government and Church ended . Protestant , Jews and atheists were tolerated . The French taxation system had collapsed in the 1780s . In the 1790s the government seized and sold church lands and lands of exiles aristocrats . Napoleon instituted a modern , efficient tax system that guaranteed a steady flow of revenues and made long - term financing possible . Napoleon kept the system of conscription that had been created in the 1790s , so that every young man served in the army , which could be rapidly expanded even as it was based on a core of careerists and talented officers . Before the Revolution the aristocracy formed the officer corps . Now promotion was by merit and achievement -- every private carried a marshal 's baton , it was said . The modern era of French education began in the 1790s . The Revolution in the 1790s abolished the traditional universities . Napoleon sought to replace them with new institutions , the École Polytechnique , focused on technology . The elementary schools received little attention . The Napoleonic Code ( edit ) Of permanent importance was the Napoleonic Code created by eminent jurists under Napoleon 's supervision . Praised for its Gallic clarity , it spread rapidly throughout Europe and the world in general , and marked the end of feudalism and the liberation of serfs where it took effect . The Code recognized the principles of civil liberty , equality before the law , and the secular character of the state . It discarded the old right of primogeniture ( where only the eldest son inherited ) and required that inheritances be divided equally among all the children . The court system was standardized ; all judges were appointed by the national government in Paris . Long 19th century , 1815 -- 1914 ( edit ) Main article : France in the long 19th century The century after the fall of Napoleon I was politically unstable . As Tombs points out : Every head of state from 1814 to 1873 spent part of his life in exile . Every regime was the target of assassination attempts of a frequency that put Spanish and Russian politics in the shade . Even in peaceful times governments changed every few months . In less peaceful times , political deaths , imprisonments and deportations are literally incalculable . France was no longer the dominant power it had been before 1814 , but it played a major role in European economics , culture , diplomacy and military affairs . The Bourbons were restored , but left a weak record and one branch was overthrown in 1830 and the other branch in 1848 as Napoleon 's nephew was elected president . He made himself emperor as Napoleon III , but was overthrown when he was defeated and captured by Prussians in 1870 a war that humiliated France and made the new nation of Germany dominant in the continent . The Third Republic was established , but the possibility of a return to monarchy remained into the 1880s . The French built up an empire , especially in Africa and Indochina . The economy was strong , with a good railway system . The arrival of the Rothschild banking family of France in 1812 guaranteed the role of Paris alongside London as a major center of international finance . Permanent changes in French society ( edit ) The French Revolution and Napoleonic eras brought a series of major changes to France which the Bourbon restoration did not reverse . First of all , France became highly centralized , with all decisions made in Paris . The political geography was completely reorganized and made uniform . France was divided into 80 + departments , which have endured into the 21st century . Each department had the identical administrative structure , and was tightly controlled by a prefect appointed by Paris . The complex multiple overlapping legal jurisdictions of the old regime had all been abolished , and there was now one standardized legal code , administered by judges appointed by Paris , and supported by police under national control . Education was centralized , with the Grande Master of the University of France controlling every element of the entire educational system from Paris . Newly technical universities were opened in Paris which to this day have a critical role in training the elite . The old aristocracy had returned , and recovered much of the land they owned directly . However they completely lost all their old seigneurial rights to the rest of the farmland , and the peasants no longer were under their control . The old aristocracy had dallied with the ideas of the Enlightenment and rationalism . Now the aristocracy was much more conservative , and much more supportive of the Catholic Church . For the best jobs meritocracy was the new policy , and aristocrats had to compete directly with the growing business and professional class . Anti-clerical sentiment became much stronger than ever before , but was now based in certain elements of the middle class and indeed the peasantry as well . The great masses of the French people were peasants in the countryside , or impoverished workers in the cities . They gained new rights , and a new sense of possibilities . Although relieved of many of the old burdens , controls , and taxes , the peasantry was still highly traditional in its social and economic behavior . Many eagerly took on mortgages to buy as much land as possible for their children , so debt was an important factor in their calculations . The working class in the cities was a small element , and had been freed of many restrictions imposed by medieval guilds . However France was very slow to industrialize , and much of the work remained drudgery without machinery or technology to help . France was still localized , especially in terms of language , but now there was an emerging French nationalism that showed its national pride in the Army , and foreign affairs . Religion ( edit ) The Catholic Church lost all its lands and buildings during the Revolution , and these were sold off or came under the control of local governments . The bishop still ruled his diocese ( which was aligned with the new department boundaries ) , but could only communicate with the pope through the government in Paris . Bishops , priests , nuns and other religious people were paid salaries by the state . All the old religious rites and ceremonies were retained , and the government maintained the religious buildings . The Church was allowed to operate its own seminaries and to some extent local schools as well , although this became a central political issue into the 20th century . Bishops were much less powerful than before , and had no political voice . However , the Catholic Church reinvented itself and put a new emphasis on personal religiosity that gave it a hold on the psychology of the faithful . France remained basically Catholic . The 1872 census counted 36 million people , of whom 35.4 million were listed as Catholics , 600,000 as Protestants , 50,000 as Jews and 80,000 as freethinkers . The Revolution failed to destroy the Catholic Church , and Napoleon 's concordat of 1801 restored its status . The return of the Bourbons in 1814 brought back many rich nobles and landowners who supported the Church , seeing it as a bastion of conservatism and monarchism . However the monasteries with their vast land holdings and political power were gone ; much of the land had been sold to urban entrepreneurs who lacked historic connections to the land and the peasants . Few new priests were trained in the 1790 -- 1814 period , and many left the church . The result was that the number of parish clergy plunged from 60,000 in 1790 to 25,000 in 1815 , many of them elderly . Entire regions , especially around Paris , were left with few priests . On the other hand , some traditional regions held fast to the faith , led by local nobles and historic families . The comeback was very slow in the larger cities and industrial areas . With systematic missionary work and a new emphasis on liturgy and devotions to the Virgin Mary , plus support from Napoleon III , there was a comeback . In 1870 there were 56,500 priests , representing a much younger and more dynamic force in the villages and towns , with a thick network of schools , charities and lay organizations . Conservative Catholics held control of the national government , 1820 -- 30 , but most often played secondary political roles or had to fight the assault from republicans , liberals , socialists and seculars . Economy ( edit ) Further information : Economic history of France French economic history since its late - 18th century Revolution was tied to three major events and trends : the Napoleonic Era , the competition with Britain and its other neighbors in regards to ' industrialization ' , and the ' total wars ' of the late - 19th and early 20th centuries . Quantitative analysis of output data shows the French per capita growth rates were slightly smaller than Britain . However the British population tripled in size , while France grew by only third -- so the overall British economy grew much faster . François Crouzet has succinctly summarized the ups and downs of French per capita economic growth in 1815 -- 1913 as follows : 1815 -- 1840 : irregular , but sometimes fast growth 1840 -- 1860 : fast growth ; 1860 -- 1882 : slowing down ; 1882 -- 1896 : stagnation ; 1896 -- 1913 : fast growth For the 1870 -- 1913 era , the growth rates for 12 Western advanced countries -- 10 in Europe plus the United States and Canada show that in terms of per capita growth , France was about average . However its population growth was very slow , so as far as the growth rate in total size of the economy France was in next to the last place , just ahead of Italy . The 12 countries averaged 2.7 % per year in total output , but France only averaged 1.6 % . Crouzet concludes that the : average size of industrial undertakings was smaller in France than in other advanced countries ; that machinery was generally less up to date , productivity lower , costs higher . The domestic system and handicraft production long persisted , while big modern factories were for long exceptional . Large lumps of the Ancien Régime economy survived ... On the whole , the qualitative lag between the British and French economy ... persisted during the whole period under consideration , and later on a similar lag developed between France and some other countries -- Belgium , Germany , the United States . France did not succeed in catching up with Britain , but was overtaken by several of her rivals . The Bourbon restoration : ( 1814 -- 30 ) ( edit ) Louis XVIII makes a return at the Hôtel de Ville de Paris on August 29th , 1814 . This period of time is called the Bourbon Restoration and was marked by conflicts between reactionary Ultra-royalists , who wanted to restore the pre-1789 system of absolute monarchy , and liberals , who wanted to strengthen constitutional monarchy . Louis XVIII was the younger brother of Louis XVI , and reigned from 1814 to 1824 . On becoming king , Louis issued a constitution known as the Charter which preserved many of the liberties won during the French Revolution and provided for a parliament composed of an elected Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Peers that was nominated by the king . The right to vote in elections to the Chamber of Deputies was restricted to only the wealthiest men . Louis was succeeded in turn by a younger brother , Charles X , who reigned from 1824 to 1830 . On 12 June 1830 Polignac , King Charles X 's minister , exploited the weakness of the Algerian Dey by invading Algeria and establishing French rule in Algeria . The news of the fall of Algiers had barely reached Paris when a new revolution broke out and quickly resulted in a change of regime . July monarchy ( 1830 -- 48 ) ( edit ) The taking of the Hôtel de Ville -- the seat of Paris 's government -- during the July Revolution of 1830 . Protest against the absolute monarchy was in the air . The elections of deputies to 16 May 1830 had gone very badly for King Charles X . In response , he tried repression but that only aggravated the crisis as suppressed deputies , gagged journalists , students from the University and many working men of Paris poured into the streets and erected barricades during the `` three glorious days '' ( French Les Trois Glorieuses ) of 26 -- 29 July 1830 . Charles X was deposed and replaced by King Louis - Philippe in the July Revolution . It is traditionally regarded as a rising of the bourgeoisie against the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons . Participants in the July Revolution included Marie Joseph Paul Ives Roch Gilbert du Motier , marquis de Lafayette . Working behind the scenes on behalf of the bourgeois propertied interests was Louis Adolphe Thiers . Louis - Philippe 's `` July Monarchy '' ( 1830 -- 48 ) was dominated by the haute bourgeoisie ( high bourgeoisie ) of bankers , financiers , industrialists and merchants . During the reign of the July Monarchy , the Romantic Era was starting to bloom . Driven by the Romantic Era , an atmosphere of protest and revolt was all around in France . On 22 November 1831 in Lyon ( the second largest city in France ) the silk workers revolted and took over the town hall in protest of recent salary reductions and working conditions . This was one of the first instances of a workers revolt in the entire world . Because of the constant threats to the throne , the July Monarchy began to rule with a stronger and stronger hand . Soon political meetings were outlawed . However , `` banquets '' were still legal and all through 1847 , there was a nationwide campaign of republican banquets demanding more democracy . The climaxing banquet was scheduled for 22 February 1848 in Paris but the government banned it . In response citizens of all classes poured out onto the streets of Paris in a revolt against the July Monarchy . Demands were made for abdication of `` Citizen King '' Louis - Philippe and for establishment of a representative democracy in France . The king abdicated , and the French Second Republic was proclaimed . Alphonse Marie Louis de Lamartine , who had been a leader of the moderate republicans in France during the 1840s , became the Minister of Foreign Affairs and in effect the premier in the new Provisional government . In reality Lamartine was the virtual head of government in 1848 . Second Republic ( 1848 -- 52 ) ( edit ) See also : French Revolution of 1848 and June Days Uprising Napoleon III , Emperor of the French . His very widespread popularity came from being the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte . Frustration among the laboring classes arose when the Constituent Assembly did not address the concerns of the workers . Strikes and worker demonstrations became more common as the workers gave vent to these frustrations . These demonstrations reached a climax when on 15 May 1848 , workers from the secret societies broke out in armed uprising against the anti-labor and anti-democratic policies being pursued by the Constituent Assembly and the Provisional Government . Fearful of a total breakdown of law and order , the Provisional Government invited General Louis Eugene Cavaignac back from Algeria , in June 1848 , to put down the worker 's armed revolt . From June 1848 until December 1848 General Cavaignac became head of the executive of the Provisional Government . Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president on 10 December 1848 by a landslide . His support came from a wide section of the French public . Various classes of French society voted for Louis Napoleon for very different and often contradictory reasons . Louis Napoleon , himself encouraged this contradiction by `` being all things to all people . '' One of his major promises to the peasantry and other groups was that there would be no new taxes . The new National Constituent Assembly was heavily composed of royalist sympathizers of both the Legitimist ( Bourbon ) wing and the Orleanist ( Citizen King Louis Philippe ) wing . Because of the ambiguity surrounding Louis Napoleon 's political positions , his agenda as president was very much in doubt . For prime minister , he selected Odilon Barrot , an unobjectionable middle - road parliamentarian , who had led the `` loyal opposition '' under Louis Philippe . Other appointees represented various royalist factions . The Pope had been forced out of Rome as part of the Revolutions of 1848 , and Louis Napoleon sent a 14,000 man expeditionary force of troops to the Papal State under General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot to restore him . In late April 1849 , it was defeated and pushed back from Rome by Giuseppi Garibaldi 's volunteer corps , then recovered and recaptured Rome . In June 1849 , demonstrations against the government broke out and were suppressed . Leaders were arrested , including prominent politicians . The government banned several democratic and socialist newspapers in France ; the editors were arrested . Karl Marx was at risk so he moved to London in August . The government sought ways to balance its budget and reduce its debts . Toward this end , Hippolyte Passy was appointed Finance Minister . When the Legislative Assembly met at the beginning of October 1849 , Passy proposed an income tax to help balance the finances of France . The bourgeoisie , who would pay most of the tax , protested . The furor over the income tax caused the resignation of Barrot as prime minister , but a new wine tax also caused protests . The 1850 elections resulted in a conservative body . It passed the Falloux Laws , putting education into the hands of the Catholic clergy . It opened an era of cooperation between Church and state that lasted until the Jules Ferry laws reversed course in 1879 . The Falloux Laws provided universal primary schooling in France and expanded opportunities for secondary schooling . In practice , the curricula were similar in Catholic and state schools . Catholic schools were especially useful in schooling for girls , which had long been neglected . Although a new electoral law was passed that respected the principle of universal ( male ) suffrage , the stricter residential requirement of the new law actually had the effect of disenfranchising 3,000,000 of 10,000,000 voters . Second Empire , 1852 -- 71 ( edit ) As 1851 opened , Louis Napoleon was not allowed by the Constitution of 1848 to seek re-election as President of France . Instead he proclaimed himself President for Life following a coup in December that was confirmed and accepted in a dubious referendum . Napoleon III of France took the imperial title in 1852 and held it until his downfall in 1870 . The era saw great industrialization , urbanization ( including the massive rebuilding of Paris by Baron Haussmann ) and economic growth . Despite his promises in 1852 of a peaceful reign , the Emperor could not resist the temptations of glory in foreign affairs . He was visionary , mysterious and secretive ; he had a poor staff , and kept running afoul of his domestic supporters . In the end he was incompetent as a diplomat . Napoleon did have some successes : he strengthened French control over Algeria , established bases in Africa , began the takeover of Indochina , and opened trade with China . He facilitated a French company building the Suez Canal , which Britain could not stop . In Europe , however , Napoleon failed again and again . The Crimean war of 1854 -- 56 produced no gains . Napoleon had long been an admirer of Italy and wanted to see it unified , although that might create a rival power . He plotted with Cavour of the Italian kingdom of Piedmont to expel Austria and set up an Italian confederation of four new states headed by the pope . Events in 1859 ran out of his control . Austria was quickly defeated , but instead of four new states a popular uprising united all of Italy under Piedmont . The pope held onto Rome only because Napoleon sent troops to protect him . His reward was the County of Nice ( which included the city of Nice and the rugged Alpine territory to its north and east ) and the Duchy of Savoy . He angered Catholics when the pope lost most of his domains . Napoleon then reversed himself and angered both the anticlerical liberals at home and his erstwhile Italian allies when he protected the pope in Rome . The British grew annoyed at Napoleon 's humanitarian intervention in Syria in 1860 -- 61 . Napoleon lowered the tariffs , which helped in the long run but in the short run angered owners of large estates and the textile and iron industrialists , while leading worried workers to organize . Matters grew worse in the 1860s as Napoleon nearly blundered into war with the United States in 1862 , while his takeover of Mexico in 1861 -- 67 was a total disaster . The puppet emperor he put on the Mexican throne was overthrown and executed . Finally in the end he went to war with the Germans in 1870 when it was too late to stop German unification . Napoleon had alienated everyone ; after failing to obtain an alliance with Austria and Italy , France had no allies and was bitterly divided at home . It was disastrously defeated on the battlefield , losing Alsace and Lorraine . A.J.P. Taylor is blunt : `` he ruined France as a great power . '' Foreign wars ( edit ) In 1854 , The Second Empire joined the Crimean War , which saw France and Britain opposed to the Russian Empire , which was decisively defeated at Sevastopol in 1854 -- 55 and at Inkerman in 1854 . In 1856 France joined the Second Opium War on the British side against China ; a missionary 's murder was used as a pretext to take interests in southwest Asia in the Treaty of Tientsin . When France was negotiating with the Netherlands about purchasing Luxembourg in 1867 , the Prussian Kingdom threatened the French government with war . This `` Luxembourg Crisis '' came as a shock to French diplomats as there had been an agreement between the Prussian and French governments about Luxembourg . Napoleon III suffered stronger and stronger criticism from Republicans like Jules Favre , and his position seemed more fragile with the passage of time . France was looking for more interests in Asia . When French imperial ambitions revived , Africa and Indochina would be the main targets , and commercial incentives , which had driven the creation of the pre-revolutionary empire , were secondary . The country interfered in Korea in 1866 taking , once again , missionaries ' murders as a pretext . The French finally withdrew from the war with little gain but war 's booty . The next year a French expedition to Japan was formed to help the Tokugawa shogunate to modernize its army . However , Tokugawa was defeated during the Boshin War at the Battle of Toba - Fushimi by large Imperial armies . Franco - Prussian war ( 1870 -- 71 ) ( edit ) Shaded areas : Occupied France after the Franco - Prussian War until war reparations were paid . Rising tensions in 1869 about the possible candidacy of Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen to the throne of Spain caused a rise in the scale of animosity between France and Germany . Prince Leopold was a part of the Prussian royal family . He had been asked by the Spanish Cortes to accept the vacant throne of Spain . Such an event was more than France could possibly accept . Relations between France and Germany deteriorated , and finally the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 71 ) broke out . German nationalism united the German states , with the exception of Austria , against Napoleon III . The French Empire was defeated decisively at Metz and Sedan . Emperor Louis Napoleon III surrendered himself and 100,000 French troops to the German troops at Sedan on 1 -- 2 September 1870 . Two days later , on 4 September 1870 , Léon Gambetta proclaimed a new republic in France . Later , when Paris was encircled by German troops , Gambetta fled Paris by means of a hot air balloon and he became the virtual dictator of the war effort which was carried on from the rural provinces . Metz remained under siege until 27 October 1870 , when 173,000 French troops there finally surrendered . Surrounded , Paris was forced to surrender on 28 January 1871 . The Treaty of Frankfurt allowed the newly formed German Empire to annex the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine . Modernisation and railways ( 1870 to 1914 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in France The seemingly timeless world of the French peasantry swiftly changed from 1870 to 1914 . French peasants had been poor and locked into old traditions until railroads , republican schools , and universal military conscription modernized rural France . The centralized government in Paris had the goal of creating a unified nation - state , so it required all students be taught standardized French . In the process , a new national identity was forged . Railways became a national medium for the modernization of traditionalistic regions , and a leading advocate of this approach was the poet - politician Alphonse de Lamartine . In 1857 an army colonel hoped that railways might improve the lot of `` populations two or three centuries behind their fellows '' and eliminate `` the savage instincts born of isolation and misery . '' Consequently , France built a centralized system that radiated from Paris ( plus in the south some lines that cut east to west ) . This design was intended to achieve political and cultural goals rather than maximize efficiency . After some consolidation , six companies controlled monopolies of their regions , subject to close control by the government in terms of fares , finances , and even minute technical details . The central government department of Ponts et Chaussées ( bridges and roads ) brought in British engineers , handled much of the construction work , provided engineering expertise and planning , land acquisition , and construction of permanent infrastructure such as the track bed , bridges and tunnels . It also subsidized militarily necessary lines along the German border . Private operating companies provided management , hired labor , laid the tracks , and built and operated stations . They purchased and maintained the rolling stock -- 6,000 locomotives were in operation in 1880 , which averaged 51,600 passengers a year or 21,200 tons of freight . Much of the equipment was imported from Britain and therefore did not stimulate machinery makers . Although starting the whole system at once was politically expedient , it delayed completion , and forced even more reliance on temporary experts brought in from Britain . Financing was also a problem . The solution was a narrow base of funding through the Rothschilds and the closed circles of the Paris Bourse , so France did not develop the same kind of national stock exchange that flourished in London and New York . The system did help modernize the parts of rural France it reached , but it did not help create local industrial centers . Critics such as Émile Zola complained that it never overcame the corruption of the political system , but rather contributed to it . The railways probably helped the industrial revolution in France by facilitating a national market for raw materials , wines , cheeses , and imported manufactured products . Yet the goals set by the French for their railway system were moralistic , political , and military rather than economic . As a result , the freight trains were shorter and less heavily loaded than those in such rapidly industrializing nations such as Britain , Belgium or Germany . Other infrastructure needs in rural France , such as better roads and canals , were neglected because of the expense of the railways , so it seems likely that there were net negative effects in areas not served by the trains . The Third Republic and the Belle Époque : 1871 -- 1914 ( edit ) Main article : French Third Republic Third Republic and the Paris Commune ( edit ) Following the defeat of France in the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 71 ) , German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck proposed harsh terms for peace -- including the German occupation of the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine . A new French National Assembly was elected to consider the German terms for peace . Elected on 8 February 1871 , this new National Assembly was composed of 650 deputies . Sitting in Bourdeaux , the French National Assembly established the Third Republic . However , 400 members of the new Assembly were monarchists . ( Léon Gambetta was one of the `` non-monarchist '' Republicans that were elected to the new National Assembly from Paris . ) On 16 February 1871 , Adolphe Thiers was elected as the chief executive of the new Republic . Because of the revolutionary unrest in Paris , the centre of the Thiers government was located at Versailles . A barricade in the Paris Commune , 18 March 1871 . In late 1870 to early 1871 , the workers of Paris rose up in premature and unsuccessful small - scale uprisings . The National Guard within Paris had become increasingly restive and defiant of the police , the army chief of staff , and even their own National Guard commanders . Thiers immediately recognized a revolutionary situation and , on 18 March 1871 , sent regular army units to take control of artillery that belonged to the National Guard of Paris . Some soldiers of the regular army units fraternized with the rebels and the revolt escalated . The barricades went up just as in 1830 and 1848 . The Paris Commune was born . Once again the Hôtel de Ville , or Town Hall , became the center of attention for the people in revolt ; this time the Hôtel de Ville became the seat of the revolutionary government . Other cities in France followed the example of the Paris Commune , as in Lyon , Marseille , and Toulouse . All of the Communes outside Paris were promptly crushed by the Thiers government . An election on 26 March 1871 in Paris produced a government based on the working class . Louis Auguste Blanqui was in prison but a majority of delegates were his followers , called `` Blanquists . '' The minority comprised anarchists and followers of Pierre Joseph Proudhon ( 1809 -- 1855 ) ; as anarchists , the `` Proudhonists '' were supporters of limited or no government and wanted the revolution to follow an ad hoc course with little or no planning . Analysis of arrests records indicate the typical communard was opposed to the military , the clerics , the rural aristocrats . He saw the bourgeoisie as the enemy . After two months the French army moved in to retake Paris , with pitched battles fought in working - class neighbourhoods . Hundreds were executed in front of the Communards ' Wall , while thousands of others were marched to Versailles for trials . The number killed during La Semaine Sanglante ( `` The Bloody Week '' of 21 -- 28 May 1871 ) was perhaps 30,000 , with as many as 50,000 later executed or imprisoned ; 7,000 were exiled to New Caledonia ; thousands more escaped to exile . The government won approval for its actions in a national referendum with 321,000 in favor and only 54,000 opposed . Political battles ( edit ) The Republican government next had to confront counterrevolutionaries who rejected the legacy of the 1789 Revolution . Both the Legitimists ( embodied in the person of Henri , Count of Chambord , grandson of Charles X ) and the Orleanist royalists rejected republicanism , which they saw as an extension of modernity and atheism , breaking with France 's traditions . This conflict became increasingly sharp in 1873 , when Thiers himself was censured by the National Assembly as not being `` sufficiently conservative '' and resigned to make way for Marshal Patrice MacMahon as the new president . Amidst the rumors of right - wing intrigue and / or coups by the Bonapartists or Bourbons in 1874 , the National Assembly set about drawing up a new constitution that would be acceptable to all parties . The new constitution provided for universal male suffrage and called for a bi-cameral legislature , consisting of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies . The initial republic was in effect led by pro-royalists , but republicans ( the `` Radicals '' ) and Bonapartists scrambled for power . The first election under this new constitution -- held in early 1876 -- resulted in a republican victory , with 363 republicans elected as opposed to 180 monarchists . However , 75 of the monarchists elected to the new Chamber of Deputies were Bonapartists . The possibility of a coup d'état was an ever - present factor . Léon Gambetta chose moderate Armand Dufaure as premier but he failed to form a government . MacMahon next chose conservative Jules Simon . He too failed , setting the stage for the 16 May 1877 crisis , which led to the resignation of MacMahon . A restoration of the king now seemed likely , and royalists agreed on Henri , comte de Chambord , the grandson of Charles X . He insisted on an impossible demand and ruined the royalist cause . Its turn never came again as the Orleanist faction rallied themselves to the Republic , behind Adolphe Thiers . The new President of the Republic in 1879 was Jules Grevy . In January 1886 , Georges Boulanger became Minister of War . Georges Clemanceau was instrumental in obtaining this appointment for Boulanger . This was the start of the Boulanger era and another time of threats of a coup . The Legitimist ( Bourbon ) faction mostly left politics but one segment founded L'Action Française in 1898 , during the Dreyfus Affair ; it became an influential movement throughout the 1930s , in particular among the conservative Catholic intellectuals . The period from 1879 to 1899 saw power in the hands of moderate republicans and former `` radicals '' ( around Léon Gambetta ) ; these were called the `` Opportunists '' . Foreign policy ( edit ) French foreign policy from 1871 to 1914 showed a dramatic transformation from a humiliated power with no friends and not much of an empire in 1871 , to the centerpiece of the European alliance system in 1914 , with a flourishing empire that was second in size only to Great Britain . Although religion was a hotly contested matter and domestic politics , the Catholic Church made missionary work and church building a specialty in the colonies . Most Frenchman ignored foreign policy ; its issues were a low priority in politics . French foreign policy was based on a fear of Germany -- whose larger size and fast - growing economy could not be matched -- combined with a revanchism that demanded the return of Alsace and Lorraine . At the same time , in the midst of the Scramble for Africa , French and British interest in Africa came into conflict . The most dangerous episode was the Fashoda Incident of 1898 when French troops tried to claim an area in the Southern Sudan , and a British force purporting to be acting in the interests of the Khedive of Egypt arrived . Under heavy pressure the French withdrew securing Anglo - Egyptian control over the area . The status quo was recognised by an agreement between the two states acknowledging British control over Egypt , while France became the dominant power in Morocco , but France suffered a humiliating defeat overall . The Suez Canal , initially built by the French , became a joint British - French project in 1875 , as both saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia . In 1882 , ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt prompted Britain to intervene , extending a hand to France . France 's leading expansionist Jules Ferry was out of office , and the government allowed Britain to take effective control of Egypt . France had colonies in Asia and looked for alliances and found in Japan a possible ally . During his visit to France , Iwakura Tomomi asked for French assistance in reforming Japan . French military missions were sent to Japan in 1872 -- 80 , in 1884 -- 89 and the last one much later in 1918 -- 19 to help modernize the Japanese army . Conflicts between the Chinese Emperor and the French Republic over Indochina climaxed during the Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) . Admiral Courbet destroyed the Chinese fleet anchored at Foochow . The treaty ending the war , put France in a protectorate over northern and central Vietnam , which it divided into Tonkin and Annam . In an effort to isolate Germany , France went to great pains to woo Russia and Great Britain , first by means of the Franco - Russian Alliance of 1894 , then the 1904 Entente Cordiale with Great Britain , and finally the Anglo - Russian Entente in 1907 , which became the Triple Entente . This alliance with Britain and Russia against Germany and Austria eventually led Russia and Britain to enter World War I as France 's Allies . Dreyfus Affair ( edit ) Distrust of Germany , faith in the army , and native French anti-semitism combined to make the Dreyfus Affair ( the unjust trial and condemnation of a Jewish military officer for `` treason '' in 1894 ) a political scandal of the utmost gravity . For a decade , the nation was divided between `` dreyfusards '' and `` anti-dreyfusards '' , and far - right Catholic agitators inflamed the situation even when proofs of Dreyfus 's innocence came to light . The writer Émile Zola published an impassioned editorial on the injustice ( J'accuse ) and was himself condemned by the government for libel . Dreyfus was finally pardoned in 1906 . The upshot was a weakening of the conservative element in politics . Moderates were deeply divided over the Dreyfus Affair , and this allowed the Radicals to hold power from 1899 until World War I. During this period , crises like the threatened `` Boulangist '' coup d'état ( 1889 ) showed the fragility of the republic . The Eiffel Tower under construction in July 1888 . Religion 1870 -- 1940 ( edit ) Throughout the lifetime of the Third Republic there were battles over the status of the Catholic Church . The French clergy and bishops were closely associated with the Monarchists and many of its hierarchy were from noble families . Republicans were based in the anticlerical middle class who saw the Church 's alliance with the monarchists as a political threat to republicanism , and a threat to the modern spirit of progress . The Republicans detested the church for its political and class affiliations ; for them , the church represented outmoded traditions , superstition and monarchism . The Republicans were strengthened by Protestant and Jewish support . Numerous laws were passed to weaken the Catholic Church . In 1879 , priests were excluded from the administrative committees of hospitals and of boards of charity . In 1880 , new measures were directed against the religious congregations . From 1880 to 1890 came the substitution of lay women for nuns in many hospitals . Napoleon 's 1801 Concordat continued in operation but in 1881 , the government cut off salaries to priests it disliked . The 1882 school laws of Republican Jules Ferry set up a national system of public schools that taught strict puritanical morality but no religion . For a while privately funded Catholic schools were tolerated . Civil marriage became compulsory , divorce was introduced and chaplains were removed from the army . When Leo XIII became pope in 1878 he tried to calm Church - State relations . In 1884 he told French bishops not to act in a hostile manner to the State . In 1892 he issued an encyclical advising French Catholics to rally to the Republic and defend the Church by participating in Republican politics . This attempt at improving the relationship failed . Deep - rooted suspicions remained on both sides and were inflamed by the Dreyfus Affair . Catholics were for the most part anti-dreyfusard . The Assumptionists published anti-Semitic and anti-republican articles in their journal La Croix . This infuriated Republican politicians , who were eager to take revenge . Often they worked in alliance with Masonic lodges . The Waldeck - Rousseau Ministry ( 1899 -- 1902 ) and the Combes Ministry ( 1902 -- 05 ) fought with the Vatican over the appointment of bishops . Chaplains were removed from naval and military hospitals ( 1903 -- 04 ) , and soldiers were ordered not to frequent Catholic clubs ( 1904 ) . Combes as Prime Minister in 1902 , was determined to thoroughly defeat Catholicism . He closed down all parochial schools in France . Then he had parliament reject authorisation of all religious orders . This meant that all fifty four orders were dissolved and about 20,000 members immediately left France , many for Spain . In 1905 the 1801 Concordat was abrogated ; Church and State were separated . All Church property was confiscated . Public worship was given over to associations of Catholic laymen who controlled access to churches . In practise , Masses and rituals continued . The Church was badly hurt and lost half its priests . In the long run , however , it gained autonomy -- for the State no longer had a voice in choosing bishops and Gallicanism was dead . The Belle Époque ( edit ) The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century was the Belle Époque because of peace , prosperity and the cultural innovations of Monet , Bernhardt , and Debussy , and popular amusements -- cabaret , can - can , the cinema , new art forms such as Impressionism and Art Nouveau . In 1889 the Exposition Universelle showed off newly modernised Paris to the world , which could look over it all from atop the new Eiffel Tower . Meant to last only a few decades , the tower was never removed and became France 's most iconic landmark . France was nevertheless a nation divided internally on notions of ideology , religion , class , regionalisms , and money . On the international front , France came repeatedly to the brink of war with the other imperial powers , such as the 1898 Fashoda Incident with Great Britain over East Africa . Since 1914 ( edit ) Main article : France in the 20th century Population trends ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of France The population held steady from 40.7 million in 1911 , to 41.5 million in 1936 . The sense that the population was too small , especially in regard to the rapid growth of more powerful Germany , was a common theme in the early twentieth century . Natalist policies were proposed in the 1930s , and implemented in the 1940s . France experienced a baby boom after 1945 ; it reversed a long - term record of low birth rates . In addition , there was a steady immigration , especially from former French colonies in North Africa . The population grew from 41 million in 1946 , to 50 million in 1966 , and 60 million by 1990 . The farm population decline sharply , from 35 % of the workforce in 1945 to under 5 % by 2000 . By 2004 , France had the second highest birthrate in Europe , behind only Ireland . World war I ( edit ) See also : French Army in World War I and Home front during World War I § France A French bayonet charge in World War I The 114th infantry in Paris , 14 July 1917 . Preoccupied with internal problems , France paid little attention to foreign policy in the 1911 -- 14 period , although it did extend military service to three years from two over strong Socialist objections in 1913 . The rapidly escalating Balkan crisis of 1914 caught France unawares , and it played only a small role in the coming of World War I . The Serbian crisis triggered a complex set of formal and secret military alliances between European states , causing most of the continent , including France , to be drawn into war within a few short weeks . Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia in late July , triggering Russian mobilization . On 1 August both Germany and France ordered mobilization . Germany was much better prepared militarily than any of the other countries involved , including France . The German Empire , as an ally of Austria , declared war on Russia . France was allied with Russia and so was ready to commit to war against the German Empire . On 3 August Germany declared war on France , and sent its armies through neutral Belgium . Britain entered the war on 4 August , and started sending in troops on 7 August . Germany 's plan was to quickly defeat the French . They captured Brussels by 20 August and soon had captured a large portion of northern France . The original plan was to continue southwest and attack Paris from the west . By early September they were within 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) of Paris , and the French government had relocated to Bordeaux . The Allies finally stopped the advance northeast of Paris at the Marne River ( 5 -- 12 September 1914 ) . The war now became a stalemate -- the famous `` Western Front '' was fought largely in France and was characterized by very little movement despite extremely large and violent battles , often with new and more destructive military technology . On the Western Front the small improvised trenches of the first few months rapidly grew deeper and more complex , gradually becoming vast areas of interlocking defensive works . The land war quickly became dominated by the muddy , bloody stalemate of Trench warfare , a form of war in which both opposing armies had static lines of defense . The war of movement quickly turned into a war of position . Neither side advanced much , but both sides suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties . German and Allied armies produced essentially a matched pair of trench lines from the Swiss border in the south to the North Sea coast of Belgium . Meanwhile , large swaths of northeastern France came under the brutal control of German occupiers . Trench warfare prevailed on the Western Front from September 1914 until March 1918 . Famous battles in France include Battle of Verdun ( spanning 10 months from 21 February to 18 December 1916 ) , Battle of the Somme ( 1 July to 18 November 1916 ) , and five separate conflicts called the Battle of Ypres ( from 1914 to 1918 ) . After Socialist leader Jean Jaurès . a pacifist , was assassinated at the start of the war , the French socialist movement abandoned its antimilitarist positions and joined the national war effort . Prime Minister Rene Viviani called for unity -- for a `` Union sacrée '' ( `` Sacred Union '' ) -- Which was a wartime truce between the right and left factions that had been fighting bitterly . France had few dissenters . However , war - weariness was a major factor by 1917 , even reaching the army . The soldiers were reluctant to attack ; Mutiny was a factor as soldiers said it was best to wait for the arrival of millions of Americans . The soldiers were protesting not just the futility of frontal assaults in the face of German machine guns but also degraded conditions at the front lines and at home , especially infrequent leaves , poor food , the use of African and Asian colonials on the home front , and concerns about the welfare of their wives and children . After defeating Russia in 1917 , Germany now could concentrate on the Western Front , and planned an all - out assault in the spring of 1918 , but had to do it before the very rapidly growing American army played a role . In March 1918 Germany launched its offensive and by May had reached the Marne and was again close to Paris . However , in the Second Battle of the Marne ( 15 July to 6 August 1918 ) , the Allied line held . The Allies then shifted to the offensive . The Germans , out of reinforcements , were overwhelmed day after day and the high command saw it was hopeless . Austria and Turkey collapsed , and the Kaiser 's government fell . Germany signed `` The Armistice '' that ended the fighting effective 11 November 1918 , `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month . '' Wartime losses ( edit ) The war was fought in large part on French soil , with 1.4 million French dead including civilians , and four times as many military casualties . The economy was hurt by the German invasion of major industrial areas in the northeast . While the occupied area in 1913 contained only 14 % of France 's industrial workers , it produced 58 % of the steel , and 40 % of the coal . In 1914 the government implemented a war economy with controls and rationing . By 1915 the war economy went into high gear , as millions of French women and colonial men replaced the civilian roles of many of the 3 million soldiers . Considerable assistance came with the influx of American food , money and raw materials in 1917 . This war economy would have important reverberations after the war , as it would be a first breach of liberal theories of non-interventionism . The damages caused by the war amounted to about 113 % of the GDP of 1913 , chiefly the destruction of productive capital and housing . The national debt rose from 66 % of GDP in 1913 to 170 % in 1919 , reflecting the heavy use of bond issues to pay for the war . Inflation was severe , with the franc losing over half its value against the British pound . Postwar settlement ( edit ) The Council of Four ( from left to right ) : David Lloyd George , Vittorio Emanuele Orlando , Georges Clemenceau , and Woodrow Wilson in Versailles Peace terms were imposed by the Big Four , meeting in Paris in 1919 : David Lloyd George of Britain , Vittorio Orlando of Italy , Georges Clemenceau of France , and Woodrow Wilson of the United States . Clemenceau demanded the harshest terms and won most of them in the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 . Germany was forced to admit its guilt for starting the war , and was permanently weakened militarily . Germany had to pay huge sums in war reparations to the Allies ( who in turn had large loans from the U.S. to pay off ) . France regained Alsace - Lorraine and occupied the German industrial Saar Basin , a coal and steel region . The German African colonies were put under League of Nations mandates , and were administered by France and other victors . From the remains of the Ottoman Empire , France acquired the Mandate of Syria and the Mandate of Lebanon . French Marshal Ferdinand Foch wanted a peace that would never allow Germany to be a threat to France again , but after the Treaty of Versailles was signed he said , `` This is not a peace . It is an armistice for 20 years . '' Interwar years ( edit ) French cavalry entering Essen during the Occupation of the Ruhr . France was part of the Allied force that occupied the Rhineland following the Armistice . Foch supported Poland in the Greater Poland Uprising and in the Polish -- Soviet War and France also joined Spain during the Rif War . From 1925 until his death in 1932 , Aristide Briand , as prime minister during five short intervals , directed French foreign policy , using his diplomatic skills and sense of timing to forge friendly relations with Weimar Germany as the basis of a genuine peace within the framework of the League of Nations . He realized France could neither contain the much larger Germany by itself nor secure effective support from Britain or the League . As a response to the failure of the Weimar Republic to pay reparations in the aftermath of World War I , France occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr as a means of ensuring repayments from Germany . The intervention was a failure , and France accepted the American solution to the reparations issues , as expressed in the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan . In the 1920s , France established an elaborate system of border defences called the Maginot Line , designed to fight off any German attack . ( Unfortunately , the Maginot Line did not extend into Belgium , where Germany attacked in 1940 . ) Military alliances were signed with weak powers in 1920 -- 21 , called the `` Little Entente '' . Great depression ( edit ) Main articles : Great Depression in France and Popular Front ( France ) The crisis affected France a bit later than other countries , hitting around 1931 . While the GDP in the 1920s grew at the very strong rate of 4.43 % per year , the 1930s rate fell to only 0.63 % . The depression was relatively mild : unemployment peaked under 5 % , the fall in production was at most 20 % below the 1929 output ; there was no banking crisis . By contrast to the mild economic upheaval , the political upheaval was enormous . Socialist Leon Blum , leading the Popular Front , brought together Socialists and Radicals to become Prime Minister from 1936 to 1937 ; he was the first Jew and the first Socialist to lead France . The Communists in the Chamber of Deputies ( parliament ) voted to keep the government in power , and generally supported the government 's economic policies , but rejected its foreign policies . The Popular Front passed numerous labor reforms , which increased wages , cut working hours to 40 hours with overtime illegal , And provided many lesser benefits to the working class , such as mandatory two - week paid vacations . However , renewed inflation canceled the gains in wage rates , unemployment did not fall , and economic recovery was very slow . Historians agree that the Popular Front was a failure in terms of economics , foreign policy , and long - term stability . `` Disappointment and failure , '' says Jackson , `` was the legacy of the Popular Front . '' There is general agreement that at first the Popular Front created enormous excitement and expectations on the left -- including very large scale sitdown strikes -- but in the end it failed to live up to its promise . In the long run , however , later Socialists took some inspiration from the attempts of the Popular Front to set up a welfare state . Foreign policy ( edit ) The government joined Britain in establishing an arms embargo during the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) . Blum rejected support for the Spanish Republicans because of his fear that civil war might spread to deeply divided France . Financial support in military cooperation with Poland was also a policy . The government nationalized arms suppliers , and dramatically increased its program of rearming the French military in a last - minute catch up with the Germans . Appeasement of Germany , in cooperation with Britain , was the policy after 1936 , as France sought peace even in the face of Hitler 's escalating demands . Édouard Daladier refused to go to war against Germany and Italy without British support as Neville Chamberlain wanted to save peace at Munich in 1938 . World war II ( edit ) Main articles : Vichy France , Diplomacy of World War II , Military history of France during World War II , and German occupation of France during World War II German soldiers on parade marching past the Arc de Triomphe Germany 's Invasion of Poland in 1939 finally caused France and Britain to declare war against Germany . But the Allies did not launch massive assaults and instead kept a defensive stance : this was called the Phoney War in Britain or Drôle de guerre -- the funny sort of war -- in France . It did not prevent the German army from conquering Poland in a matter of weeks with its innovative Blitzkrieg tactics , also helped by the Soviet Union 's attack on Poland . When Germany had its hands free for an attack in the west , the Battle of France began in May 1940 , and the same Blitzkrieg tactics proved just as devastating there . The Wehrmacht bypassed the Maginot Line by marching through the Ardennes forest . A second German force was sent into Belgium and the Netherlands to act as a diversion to this main thrust . In six weeks of savage fighting the French lost 90,000 men . Many civilians sought refuge by taking to the roads of France : some 2 million refugees from Belgium and the Netherlands were joined by between 8 and 10 million French civilians , representing a quarter of the French population , all heading south and west . This movement may well have been the largest single movement of civilians in history prior to 1947 . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June 1940 , but not before the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk , along with many French soldiers . Vichy France was established on 10 July 1940 to govern the unoccupied part of France and its colonies . It was led by Philippe Pétain , the aging war hero of the First World War . Petain 's representatives signed a harsh Armistice on 22 June 1940 whereby Germany kept most of the French army in camps in Germany , France had to pay out large sums in gold and food supplies . Germany occupied three - fifths of France 's territory , leaving the rest in the southeast to the new Vichy government . However , in practice , most local government was handled by the traditional French officialdom . In November 1942 all of Vichy France was finally occupied by German forces . Vichy continued in existence but it was closely supervised by the Germans . The Vichy regime sought to collaborate with Germany , keeping peace in France to avoid further occupation although at the expense of personal freedom and individual safety . Some 76,000 Jews were deported during the German occupation , often with the help of the Vichy authorities , and murdered in the Nazis ' extermination camps . Resistance ( edit ) General Charles de Gaulle in London declared himself on BBC radio to be the head of a rival government in exile , and gathered the Free French Forces around him , finding support in some French colonies and recognition from Britain but not the United States . After the Attack on Mers - el - Kébir in 1940 , where the British fleet destroyed a large part of the French navy , still under command of Vichy France , that killed about 1,100 sailors , there was nationwide indignation and a feeling of distrust in the French forces , leading to the events of the Battle of Dakar . Eventually , several important French ships joined the Free French Forces . The United States maintained diplomatic relations with Vichy and avoided recognition of de Gaulle 's claim to be the one and only government of France . Churchill , caught between the U.S. and de Gaulle , tried to find a compromise . Within France proper , the organized underground grew as the Vichy regime resorted to more strident policies in order to fulfill the enormous demands of the Nazis and the eventual decline of Nazi Germany became more obvious . They formed the Resistance . The most famous figure of the French resistance was Jean Moulin , sent in France by de Gaulle in order to link all resistance movements ; he was captured and tortured by Klaus Barbie ( the `` butcher of Lyon '' ) . Increasing repression culminated in the complete destruction and extermination of the village of Oradour - sur - Glane , at the height of the Battle of Normandy ( June 1944 ) . On 6 June 1944 the Allies landed in Normandy ( without a French component ) ; on 15 August Allied forces landing in Provence , this time they included 260,000 men of the French First Army . The German lines finally broke , and they fled back to Germany while keeping control of the major ports . Allied forces liberated France and the Free French were given the honor of liberating Paris in late August 1944 . The French army recruited French Forces of the Interior ( de Gaulle 's formal name for resistance fighters ) to continue the war until the final defeat of Germany ; this army numbered 300,000 men by September 1944 and 370,000 by spring 1945 . The Vichy regime disintegrated . An interim Provisional Government of the French Republic was quickly put into place by de Gaulle . The gouvernement provisoire de la République française , or GPRF , operated under a tripartisme alliance of communists , socialists , and democratic republicans . The GPRF governed France from 1944 to 1946 , when it was replaced by the French Fourth Republic . Tens of thousands of collaborators were executed without trial . The new government declared the Vichy laws unconstitutional and illegal , and elected new local governments . Women gained the right to vote . Women in Vichy France ( edit ) See also : Women in the French Resistance The 2 million French soldiers held as POWs and forced laborers in Germany throughout the war were not at risk of death in combat , but the anxieties of separation for their 800,000 wives were high . The government provided a modest allowance , but one in ten became prostitutes to support their families . It gave women a key symbolic role to carry out the national regeneration . It used propaganda , women 's organizations , and legislation to promote maternity , patriotic duty , and female submission to marriage , home , and children 's education . Conditions were very difficult for housewives , as food was short as well as most necessities . Divorce laws were made much more stringent , and restrictions were placed on the employment of married women . Family allowances that had begun in the 1930s were continued , and became a vital lifeline for many families ; it was a monthly cash bonus for having more children . In 1942 the birth rate started to rise , and by 1945 it was higher than it had been for a century . Postwar ( edit ) See also : French Fourth Republic and French Fifth Republic The political scene in 1944 -- 45 was controlled by the Resistance , but it had numerous factions . Charles de Gaulle and the Free France element had been based outside France , but now came to dominate , in alliance with the Socialists , the Christian Democrats ( MRP ) , and what remained of the Radical party . The Communists had largely dominated the Resistance inside France , but cooperated closely with the government in 1944 -- 45 , on orders from the Kremlin . There was a general consensus that important powers that had been an open collaboration with the Germans should be nationalized , such as Renault automobiles and the major newspapers . A new Social Security system was called for , as well as important new concessions to the labor unions . Unions themselves were divided among communist , Socialist , and Christian Democrat factions . Frustrated by his inability to control all the dominant forces , de Gaulle resigned early in 1946 . On 13 October 1946 , a new constitution established the Fourth Republic . The Fourth Republic consisted of a parliamentary government controlled by a series of coalitions . France attempted to regain control of French Indochina but was defeated by the Viet Minh in 1954 . Only months later , France faced another anti-colonialist conflict in Algeria and the debate over whether or not to keep control of Algeria , then home to over one million European settlers , wracked the country and nearly led to a coup and civil war . Charles de Gaulle managed to keep the country together while taking steps to end the war . The Algerian War was concluded with the Évian Accords in 1962 that led to Algerian independence . Economic recovery ( edit ) Although the economic situation in France was grim in 1945 , resources did exist and the economy regained normal growth by the 1950s . The US government had planned a major aid program , but it unexpectedly ended Lend Lease in late summer 1945 , and additional aid was stymied by Congress in 1945 - 46 . France managed to regain its international status thanks to a successful production strategy , a demographic spurt , and technical and political innovations . Conditions varied from firm to firm . Some had been destroyed or damaged , nationalized or requisitioned , but the majority carried on , sometimes working harder and more efficiently than before the war . Industries were reorganized on a basis that ranged from consensual ( electricity ) to conflictual ( machine tools ) , therefore producing uneven results . Despite strong American pressure through the ERP , there was little change in the organization and content of the training for French industrial managers . This was mainly due to the reticence of the existing institutions and the struggle among different economic and political interest groups for control over efforts to improve the further training of practitioners . The Monnet Plan provided a coherent framework for economic policy , and it was strongly supported by the Marshall Plan . It was inspired by moderate , Keynesian free - trade ideas rather than state control . Although relaunched in an original way , the French economy was about as productive as comparable West European countries . Claude Fohlen argues that : in all then , France received 7000 million dollars , which were used either to finance the imports needed to get the economy off the ground again or to implement the Monnet Plan ... Without the Marshall Plan , however , the economic recovery would have been a much slower process -- particularly in France , where American aid provided funds for the Monnet Plan and thereby restored equilibrium in the equipment industries , which govern the recovery of consumption , and opened the way ... To continuing further growth . This growth was affected by a third factor ... decolonization . Vietnam and Algeria ( edit ) Pierre Mendès France , was a Radical party leader who was Prime Minister for eight months in 1954 -- 55 , working with the support of the Socialist and Communist parties . His top priority was ending the war in Indochina , which had already cost 92,000 dead 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured in the wake of the humiliating defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . The United States had paid most of the costs of the war , but its support inside France had collapsed . Public opinion polls showed that in February 1954 , only 7 % of the French people wanted to continue the fight to keep Indochina out of the hands of the Communists , led by Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh movement . At the Geneva Conference in July 1954 Mendès France made a deal that gave the Viet Minh control of Vietnam north of the seventeenth parallel , and allowed France to pull out all its forces . That left South Vietnam standing alone . However , the United States moved in and provided large scale financial military and economic support for South Vietnam . Mendès - France next came to an agreement with Habib Bourguiba , the nationalist leader in Tunisia , for the independence of that colony by 1956 , and began discussions with the nationalist leaders in Morocco for a French withdrawal . Algeria was no mere colony . With over a million European residents in Algeria ( the Pied - Noir ) , France refused to grant independence until a bloody colonial war ( the Algerian War of Independence ) had turned into a French political and civil crisis . Algeria was given its independence in 1962 , unleashing a massive wave of immigration from the former colony back to France of both Pied - Noir and Algerians who had supported France ... Suez crisis ( 1956 ) ( edit ) Main article : Suez crisis In 1956 another crisis struck French colonies , this time in Egypt . The Suez Canal , having been built by the French government , belonged to the French Republic and was operated by the Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez . Great Britain had bought the Egyptian share from Isma'il Pasha and was the second largest owner of the canal before the crisis . The Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal despite French and British opposition ; he determined that a European response was unlikely . Great Britain and France attacked Egypt and built an alliance with Israel against Nasser . Israel attacked from the east , Britain from Cyprus and France from Algeria . Egypt , the most powerful Arab state of the time , was defeated in a mere few days . The Suez crisis caused an outcry of indignation in the entire Arab world and Saudi Arabia set an embargo on oil on France and Britain . The US President Dwight D. Eisenhower forced a ceasefire ; Britain and Israel soon withdrew , leaving France alone in Egypt . Under strong international pressures , the French government ultimately evacuated its troops from Suez and largely disengaged from the Middle East . President de Gaulle , 1958 -- 69 ( edit ) The May 1958 seizure of power in Algiers by French army units and French settlers opposed to concessions in the face of Arab nationalist insurrection ripped apart the unstable Fourth Republic . The National Assembly brought De Gaulle back to power during the May 1958 crisis . He founded the Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency , and he was elected in the latter role . He managed to keep France together while taking steps to end the war , much to the anger of the Pieds - Noirs ( Frenchmen settled in Algeria ) and the military ; both had supported his return to power to maintain colonial rule . He granted independence to Algeria in 1962 and progressively to other French colonies . Proclaiming that grandeur was the essential to the nature of France , de Gaulle initiated his `` Politics of Grandeur . '' He demanded complete autonomy for France in world affairs , which meant that major decisions could not be forced upon it by NATO , the European Community or anyone else . De Gaulle pursued a policy of `` national independence . '' He vetoed Britain 's entry into the Common Market , fearing it might gain too great a voice on French affairs . While not officially abandoning NATO , he withdrew from its military integrated command , fearing that the United States had too much control over NATO . He launched an independent nuclear development program that made France the fourth nuclear power. France then adopted the dissuasion du faible au fort doctrine which meant a Soviet attack on France would only bring total destruction to both sides . De Gaulle and Germany 's Konrad Adenauer in 1961 . He restored cordial Franco - German relations in order to create a European counterweight between the `` Anglo - Saxon '' ( American and British ) and Soviet spheres of influence . De Gaulle openly criticised the U.S. intervention in Vietnam . He was angry at American economic power , especially what his Finance minister called the `` exorbitant privilege '' of the U.S. dollar . He went to Canada and proclaimed `` Vive le Québec libre '' , The catchphrase for an independent Quebec . In May 1968 , he appeared likely to lose power amidst widespread protests by students and workers , but survived the crisis with backing from the army . His party , denouncing radicalism , won the 1968 election with an increased majority in the Assembly . Nonetheless , de Gaulle resigned in 1969 after losing a referendum in which he proposed more decentralization . His War Memoirs became a classic of modern French literature and many French political parties and figures claim the gaullist heritage . Late twentieth century ( edit ) After the fall of the USSR and the end of the Cold War potential menaces to mainland France appeared considerably reduced . France began reducing its nuclear capacities and conscription was abolished in 2001 . In 1990 France , led by François Mitterrand , joined the short successful Gulf War against Iraq ; the French participation to this war was called the Opération Daguet . Terrorism grew worse . In 1994 Air France Flight 8969 was hijacked by Islamic terrorists ; they were captured . Conservative Jacques Chirac assumed office as president on 17 May 1995 , after a campaign focused on the need to combat France 's stubbornly high unemployment rate . While France continues to revere its rich history and independence , French leaders increasingly tie the future of France to the continued development of the European Union . In 1992 France ratified the Maastricht Treaty establishing the European Union . In 1999 , the Euro was introduced to replace the French franc . Beyond membership in the European Union , France is also involved in many joint European projects such as Airbus , the Galileo positioning system and the Eurocorps . The French have stood among the strongest supporters of NATO and EU policy in the Balkans to prevent genocide in Yugoslavia . French troops joined the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . France has also been actively involved against international terrorism . In 2002 Alliance Base , an international Counterterrorist Intelligence Center , was secretly established in Paris . The same year France contributed to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan , but it strongly rejected the 2003 invasion of Iraq , even threatening to veto in central coners in the US proposed resolution . Jacques Chirac was reelected in 2002 , mainly because his socialist rival Lionel Jospin was removed from the runoff by the right wing candidate Jean - Marie Le Pen . Conservative Nicolas Sarkozy was elected and took office on 16 May 2007 . The problem of high unemployment has yet to be resolved . In 2008 , France was one of the first states to recognise Kosovo as an independent nation . In 2012 , Sarkozy ran for re-election but was defeated by Socialist François Hollande who advocated a growth policy in contrast to the austerity policy advocated by Germany 's Angela Merkel as a way of tackling the European sovereign debt crisis . In 2014 Hollande stood with Merkel and US President Obama in imposing sanctions on Russia for its actions against Ukraine . Muslim tensions ( edit ) Main articles : 2005 civil unrest in France , 2009 French riots , Toulouse and Montauban shootings , Charlie Hebdo shooting , and November 2015 Paris attacks At the close of the Algerian war , hundreds of thousands of Muslims , including some who had supported France ( Harkis ) , settled permanently to France , especially to the larger cities where they lived in subsidized public housing , and suffered very high unemployment rates . In October 2005 , the predominantly Arab - immigrant suburbs of Paris , Lyons , Lille , and other French cities erupted in riots by socially alienated teenagers , many of them second - or third - generation immigrants . Schneider says : For the next three convulsive weeks , riots spread from suburb to suburb , affecting more than three hundred towns ... Nine thousand vehicles were torched , hundreds of public and commercial buildings destroyed , four thousand rioters arrested , and 125 police officers wounded . Traditional interpretations say these race riots were spurred by radical Muslims or unemployed youth . Another view states that the riots reflected broader problem of racism and police violence in France . On 11 January 2015 , over 1 million demonstrators , plus dozens of foreign leaders , gather at the Place de la Republique to pledge solidarity to liberal French values , after the Charlie Hebdo shooting In March 2012 , a Muslim radical named Mohammed Merah shot three French soldiers and four Jewish citizens , including children in Toulouse and Montauban . In January 2015 , the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo that had ridiculed the Islamic prophet , Muhammad , and a neighborhood Jewish grocery store came under attack from radicalized Muslims who had been born and raised in the Paris region . World leaders rally to Paris to show their support for free speech . Analysts agree that the episode had a profound impact on France . The New York Times summarized the ongoing debate : So as France grieves , it is also faced with profound questions about its future : How large is the radicalized part of the country 's Muslim population , the largest in Europe ? How deep is the rift between France 's values of secularism , of individual , sexual and religious freedom , of freedom of the press and the freedom to shock , and a growing Muslim conservatism that rejects many of these values in the name of religion ? See also ( edit ) Annales School , historiography Demographics of France , For population history Economic history of France French colonial empire Foreign relations of France , Since 1950s Historiography of the French Revolution History of French foreign relations , To 1954 History of French journalism History of Paris International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Judicial system of post-Napoleonic France List of French monarchs List of Presidents of France List of Prime Ministers of France Military history of France Politics of France Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine Territorial evolution of France Timeline of French history Women in France Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Tim . `` Lithic Assemblage Dated to 1.57 Million Years Found at Lézignan - la - Cébe , Southern France `` '' . Anthropology.net . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient skulls trace Neanderthal evolution '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/science/fossil-teeth-put-humans-in-europe-earlier-than-thought.html?scp=1&sq=kents%20cavern&st=cse Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards , ed. ( 1970 ) . The Cambridge Ancient History . Cambridge U.P. p. 754 . ISBN 9780521086912 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Claude Orrieux ; Pauline Schmitt Pantel ( 1999 ) . A History of Ancient Greece . Blackwell . p. 62 . ISBN 9780631203094 . Jump up ^ Carpentier et al. 2000 , p. 29 Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Provence '' . www.britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ad Familiares , 10 , 23 read on line lettre 876 Jump up ^ P.J. Heather , The Fall of the Roman Empire : A New History of Rome and the Barbarians ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Edward James , The Franks ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Derek Wilson , Charlemagne ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elisabeth M.C. Van Houts ( 2000 ) . The Normans in Europe . Manchester U.P. p. 23 . ISBN 9780719047510 . ^ Jump up to : Georges Duby , France in the Middle Ages 987 -- 1460 : From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc ( 1993 ) , Jump up ^ David Carpenter The Struggle for Mastery . The Penguin history of Britain 1066 -- 1284 p. 91 : `` In the first place , after 1072 William was largely an absentee . Of the 170 months remaining of his reign he spent around 130 in France , returning to England only on four occasions . This was no passing phase . Absentee kings continued to spend at best half their time in England until the loss of Normandy in 1204 ... But this absenteeism solidified rather than sapped royal government since it engendered structures both to maintain peace and extract money on the king 's absence , money which was above all needed across the channel '' . ^ Jump up to : Marvin Perry ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Western Civilization : Ideas , Politics , and Society : To 1789 . Cengage Learning . p. 235 . ISBN 0547147422 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : William W. Kibler , ed . Medieval France : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Capetian France 937 -- 1328 p. 64 : `` Then , in 1151 , Henry Plantagenet paid homage for the duchy to Louis VII in Paris , homage he repeated as king of England in 1156 . '' ^ Jump up to : Paul Frankl , Gothic Architecture ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Gigot , Francis E. ( 1910 ) . `` Judaism '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . VIII . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Capetian France p. 265 . Jump up ^ Capetian France p. 264 . Jump up ^ Pierre Goubert , The Ancien Régime ( 1973 ) pp. 2 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Frederick J. Baumgartner , France in the Sixteenth Century ( 1995 ) pp 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ James B. Collins , `` Geographic and Social Mobility in Early - modern France . '' Journal of Social History 1991 24 ( 3 ) : 563 -- 577 . ISSN 0022 - 4529 Fulltext : Ebsco . For the Annales interpretation see Pierre Goubert , The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century ( 1986 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ James B. Collins , `` Geographic and Social Mobility in Early - Modern France , '' Journal of Social History ( 1991 ) 24 # 3 pp 563 -- 577 in JSTOR For the Annales interpretation see Pierre Goubert , The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century ( 1986 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ George Santayana ; William G. Holzberger ( 31 July 2008 ) . The letters of George Santayana : 1948 -- 1952 , Book 8 . MIT Press , 2008 . p. 299 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 19571 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pierre Goubert , The Course of French History ( 1988 ) pp. 127 -- 34 Jump up ^ R.B. Wernham ( 1968 ) . The New Cambridge Modern History : vol. 3 . Cambridge U.P. pp. 91 -- 3 . ISBN 9780521045438 . Jump up ^ Preserved Smith ( 1920 ) . The Age of the Reformation . H. Holt . p. 201 . Jump up ^ T.H.L. Parker , John Calvin : A Biography ( 2006 ) pp 161 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Mack P. Holt , The French Wars of Religion , 1562 -- 1629 ( 2nd ed. 2005 Jump up ^ S. Annette Finley - Croswhite ( 1999 - 08 - 19 ) . Henry IV and the Towns : The Pursuit of Legitimacy in French Urban Society , 1589 -- 1610 . Cambridge University Press . p. 105 . ISBN 9781139425599 . Jump up ^ J.H. Elliott ( 1991 ) . Richelieu and Olivares . Cambridge U.P. pp. 100 -- . ISBN 9780521406741 . Jump up ^ Randy J. Sparks and Bertrand Van Ruymbeke , Memory and Identity : The Huguenots in France and the Atlantic Diaspora ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Peter H. Wilson , Europe 's Tragedy : A History of the Thirty Years ' War ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth , `` Absolutely Atlantic : Colonialism and the Early Modern French State in Recent Historiography , '' History Compass , ( January 2010 ) 8 # 1 pp 101 -- 117 , Jump up ^ Allan Greer , `` National , Transnational , and Hypernational Historiographies : New France Meets Early American History , '' Canadian Historical Review , ( 2010 ) 91 # 4 pp 695 -- 724 , in Project MUSE ^ Jump up to : Count Miklós Zrínyi , the Poet - Warlord Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John B. Wolf , Louis XIV ( 1968 ) , the standard scholarly biography online edition ^ Jump up to : Ó Gráda , Cormac ; Chevet , Jean - Michel ( 2002 ) . `` Famine And Market In Ancient Régime France '' . The Journal of Economic History . 62 ( 3 ) : 706 -- 733 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050702001055 . PMID 17494233 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Louis XIV ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Quoted in Geoffrey Simcox , ed. , War , Diplomacy , and Imperialism , 1618 -- 1763 ( 1974 ) , pp. 236 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Simcox , pp. 237 , 242 . ^ Jump up to : Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie , The Ancien Régime : A History of France 1610 -- 1774 ( 1999 ) ^ Jump up to : Daniel Marston , The Seven Years ' War ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of American Revolution ( 1985 ) ^ Jump up to : Daniel Roche , France in the Enlightenment ( 1998 ) ch 15 Jump up ^ Peter Hanns Reill and Ellen Judy Wilson , Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Wilson , Diderot , the Appeal to Posterity , 1759 -- 1784 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas Cronk , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ William J Roberts , France : A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present ( 2004 ) p. 34 ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Niek Pas -- De geschiedenis van Frankrijk in een notendop ( The history of France in a nutshell ) . Bert Bakker , Amsterdam , 2008 . Chapter 4 ( pages 49 -- 62 ) : Revolutie en Keizerrijk ( Revolution and Empire ) . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 3 ( p. 95 -- 139 ) : The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( summer 1790 -- spring 1791 ) . Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 3 ( p. 55 -- 87 ) : The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( summer 1790 -- spring 1791 ) ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 4 ( p. 141 -- 186 ) : The flight of the king and the decline of the French monarchy ( summer 1791 -- summer 1792 ) . Jump up ^ ( German ) ' Die Französische Revolution von 1789 bis 1794 ' ( The French Revolution from 1789 until 1794 ) . Glasnost archiv . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The present - day state of Austria did not exist as such , its territory was part of the Habsburg Monarchy which also comprised the present - day states of Hungary , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Belgium , Slovenia and Croatia : that Habsburg Monarchy was usually called ' Austria ' . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 5 ( p. 187 -- 221 ) : The end of the monarchy and the September Murders ( 1792 ) . Jump up ^ ' French Revolutionary Wars Timeline , 1792 ' . Emerson Kent.com , `` History for the relaxed historian '' . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 5 ( p. 119 -- 142 ) : The end of the monarchy and the September Massacres ( summer -- fall 1792 ) ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 5 ( p. 187 -- 221 ) : The end of the monarchy and the September Murders ( summer -- fall 1792 ) . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 6 ( p. 223 -- 269 ) : The new French republic and its enemies ( fall 1792 -- summer 1793 ) . Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 6 ( p. 143 -- 174 ) : The new French republic and its rivalries ( fall 1792 -- summer 1793 ) . ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 7 ( p. 175 -- 203 ) : The federalist revolt , the Vendée , and the start of the Terror ( summer -- fall 1793 ) . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 7 ( p. 271 -- 312 ) : The federalist revolts , the Vendée and the beginning of the Terror ( summer -- fall 1793 ) . Jump up ^ Arthur William Holland -- `` The French Revolution '' . In : Encyclopædia Britannica , Eleventh Edition ( 1910 -- 1911 ) , Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 8 ( p. 204 -- 234 ) : The Reign of Terror ( fall 1793 -- summer 1794 ) . Jump up ^ `` Reign of Terror '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2015 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Principal Dates and Time Line of the French Revolution '. marxists.org . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' State and Counterrevolution in France ' -- Charles Tilly . In : The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity , edited by Ferenc Fehér . University of California Press ; Berkeley -- Los Angeles -- Oxford , 1990 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dr Linton , Marisa . `` The Terror in the French Revolution '' ( PDF ) . Kingston University . Jump up ^ Jacques Hussenet ( dir . ) , `` Détruisez la Vendée ! '' Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée , La Roche - sur - Yon , Centre vendéen de recherches historiques , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 9 ( p. 235 -- 254 ) : After the Terror ( fall 1794 -- 1799 ) Jump up ^ William Doyle -- The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) Oxford University Press , Oxford -- New York , 1990 . ( pp. 206 -- 207 . ) Jump up ^ Simon Schama -- Patriots and Liberators . Revolution in the Netherlands 1780 -- 1813 . New York : Vintage Books , 1977 . ( pp. 178 -- 192 ) Jump up ^ J.C.H. Blom and E. Lamberts ( editors ) -- Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden ( History of the Low Countries ) ( 3rd ed . ) HB uitgevers , Baarn , ( 2001 ) 2003 . ( pp. 227 -- 228 ) Jump up ^ Ernst August Richard Engels -- Friedrich Nicolais `` Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek '' und der Friede von Basel 1795 . Published : Würzburg , Buchdruckerei R. Mayr , 1936 . Jump up ^ Paul Strathern , Napoleon in Egypt ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : George F. Nafziger , Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Nigel Aston , Religion and revolution in France , 1780 -- 1804 ( 2000 ) p. 324 ^ Jump up to : Robert P. Goetz , 1805 : Austerlitz : Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition , ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Frederick Kagan , The End of the Old Order : Napoleon and Europe , 1801 -- 1805 ( 2007 ) . pp. 141ff . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre , Napoleon : From Tilsit to Waterloo , 1807 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) pp 1 -- 32 , 205 -- 262 Jump up ^ Michael Glover , Legacy of glory : the Bonaparte kingdom of Spain , 1808 -- 1813 ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Henry Lachouque , et al. Napoleon 's War in Spain : The French Peninsular Campaigns , 1807 -- 1814 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Napoleon : From Tilsit to Waterloo , 1807 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) pp 309 -- 52 Jump up ^ Rory Muir , Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon , 1807 -- 1815 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts , Napoleon : A Life ( 2014 ) pp 662 -- 712 Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Napoleon : From Tilsit to Waterloo , 1807 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) pp 353 -- 72 Jump up ^ John Hall Stewart , The restoration era in France , 1814 -- 1830 ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Pierre Goubert , The Course of French History ( 1991 ) ch 14 Jump up ^ D.M.G. Sutherland , The French Revolution and Empire : The Quest for a Civic Order ( 2003 ) pp 329 -- 33 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre , Napoleon : From Tilsit to Waterloo 1807 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) pp 171 -- 79 Jump up ^ Sutherland , The French Revolution and Empire : The Quest for a Civic Order ( 2003 ) pp. 336 -- 72 Jump up ^ Howard Clive Barnard , Education and the French Revolution ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Margaret Bradley , `` Scientific Education for a New Society The Ecole Polytechnique 1795 -- 1830 . '' History of Education ( 1976 ) 5 # 1 ( 1976 ) , pp. 11 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Alexander Grab , Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Goubert ( 1991 ) ch 14 Jump up ^ Robert Tombs ( 2014 ) . France 1814 -- 1914 . Routledge . p. 15 . Jump up ^ John B. Wolf , France : 1814 -- 1919 : The Rise Of A Liberal Democratic Society ( 2nd ed. 1962 pp 4 -- 27 Jump up ^ Peter McPhee , A social history of France 1780 -- 1880 ( 1992 ) pp 93 -- 173 Jump up ^ James McMillan , `` Catholic Christianity in France from the Restoration to the separation of church and state , 1815 -- 1905 . '' in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley , eds . The Cambridge history of Christianity ( 2014 ) 8 : 217 -- 232 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Gildea , Children of the Revolution : The French , 1799 -- 1914 ( 2008 ) p. 120 Jump up ^ Roger Price , A Social History of Nineteenth - Century France ( 1987 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette , Christianity in a Revolutionary Age . Vol . I : The 19th Century in Europe ; Background and the Roman Catholic Phase ( 1958 ) pp 400 -- 412 Jump up ^ Theodore Zeldin , France , 1848 -- 1945 ( 1977 ) vol 2 pp 983 -- 1040 Jump up ^ François Crouzet `` French Economic Growth in the 19th century reconsidered '' , History 59 # 196 , ( 1974 ) pp 167 -- 179 at p 171 . Jump up ^ Angus Maddison , Economic Growth in the West ( 1964 ) pp 28 , 30 , 37 . Jump up ^ Crouzet , `` French Economic Growth in the 19th century reconsidered '' , p 169 . Jump up ^ Crouzet , `` French Economic Growth in the 19th century reconsidered '' , p 172 . ^ Jump up to : Albert Guerard , France : A Modern History ( 1959 ) p. 293 . Jump up ^ Guérard , France : A Modern History ( 1959 ) p. 287 . Jump up ^ James Rule and Charles Tilly. `` 1830 and the Unnatural History of Revolution1 . '' Journal of Social Issues ( 1972 ) 28 # 1 pp. 49 -- 76 . online Jump up ^ Paul Beik , Louis Philippe and the July Monarchy ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Donald G. Charlton , ed. , The French Romantics ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Mary Lynn McDougall , `` Consciousness and Community : The Workers of Lyon , 1830 -- 1850 . '' Journal of Social History ( 1978 ) 12 # 1 pp. 129 -- 145 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Maurice Agulhon ( 1983 ) . The Republican Experiment , 1848 -- 1852 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 23 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer , France in the nineteenth century , 1830 -- 1890 ( 1892 ) ch 7 pp 125 -- 49 online Jump up ^ William Fortescue , Alphonse de Lamartine . A Political Biography ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ William Fortescue , France and 1848 : the end of monarchy ( 2005 ) p. 130 Jump up ^ Fortescue , France and 1848 : the end of monarchy ( 2005 ) p. 135 ^ Jump up to : T.A.B. Corley , Democratic Despot : A Life of Napoleon III ( 1961 ) pp. 74 -- 77 Jump up ^ Guérard , France : A Modern History , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Maurice Agulhon ( 1983 ) . The Republican Experiment , 1848 -- 1852 . Cambridge U.P. pp. 78 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Maurice Agulhon ( 1983 ) . The Republican Experiment , 1848 -- 1852 . Cambridge U.P. pp. 117 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Patrick J. Harrigan , `` Church , State , and Education in France From the Falloux to the Ferry Laws : A Reassessment , '' Canadian Journal of History , ( 2001 ) 36 # 1 pp 51 -- 83 Jump up ^ Albert Guérard , France : A Modern History , pp. 305 -- 306 . Jump up ^ Philip Guedalla , The Second Empire p. 203 . Jump up ^ Theodore Zeldin , France , 1848 -- 1945 : Ambition , love and politics ( 1973 ) pp 558 -- 60 Jump up ^ John B. Wolf , France : 1814 -- 1919 ( 2nd ed. 1963 ) 302 -- 348 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp 171 -- 227 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , Europe : Grandeur and Decline 1967 ) p. 64 for quote . Jump up ^ William Doyle ( 23 August 2001 ) . The French Revolution : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 157837 - 3 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : H.W. Koch , A History of Prussia ( Dorset Press , New York , 1978 ) pp. 265 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Guérard , p. 324 . Jump up ^ William L. Shirer , The Collapse of the Third Republic ( Simon & Schuster : New York , 1969 ) p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Guérard , p. 325 . ^ Jump up to : Guérard , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Eugen Weber , Peasants into Frenchmen : The Modernization of Rural France , 1890 -- 1914 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Eugen Weber ( 1976 ) . Peasants into Frenchmen : The Modernization of Rural France , 1870 -- 1914 . Stanford University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Patrick O'Brien , Railways and the Economic Development of Western Europe , 1830 -- 1914 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ William L. Shirer , The Collapse of the Third Republic Simon and Schuster : New York , 1969 ) p. 35 . Jump up ^ Guerard , France : A Modern History ( 1959 ) p. 326 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Schulkind , ed . The Paris Commune 1871 pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Hendriks , Frank ( 2010 - 04 - 08 ) . Vital Democracy : A Theory of Democracy in Action . OUP Oxford . ISBN 9780191614392 . Jump up ^ Patrick H. Hutton et al. , eds . Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic , 1870 -- 1940 ( Greenwood , 1986 ) p. 215 . Jump up ^ Guerard , France : A Modern History ( 1959 ) , pp. 328 -- 329 ^ Jump up to : William L. Shirer , The Collapse of the Third Republic p. 39 . Jump up ^ William Fortescue ( 2000 ) . The Third Republic in France , 1870 -- 1940 : Conflicts and Continuities . Psychology Press . Jump up ^ Arthur Augustus Tilley ( 1967 ) . Modern France : A Companion to French Studies . CUP Archive . p. 170 . GGKEY : KFSQL2KCR5A . Jump up ^ Eugen Weber , Action Française : Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth Century France ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Gordon right , France in Modern Times ( 5th ed 1995 ) pp 288 -- 99 . Jump up ^ D.W. Brogan , France under the Republic : The Development of Modern France ( 1870 -- 1930 ) ( 1940 ) pp 321 -- 26 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp 286 -- 92 Jump up ^ Frederic Wakeman , Jr. , The Fall of Imperial China ( Free Press : New York , 1975 ) pp. 189 -- 191 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp 345 , 403 -- 26 Jump up ^ Piers Paul Read , The Dreyfus Affair : The Scandal That Tore France in Two ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Philippe Rigoulot , `` Protestants and the French nation under the Third Republic : Between recognition and assimilation , '' National Identities , March 2009 , Vol. 11 Issue 1 , pp 45 -- 57 Jump up ^ Barnett B. Singer , `` Minoritarian Religion and the Creation of a Secular School System in France , '' Third Republic ( 1976 ) # 2 pp 228 -- 259 Jump up ^ Patrick J. Harrigan , `` Church , State , and Education in France From the Falloux to the Ferry Laws : A Reassessment , '' Canadian Journal of History , April 2001 , 36 # 1 pp 51 -- 83 Jump up ^ Frank Tallett and Nicholas Atkin , Religion , society , and politics in France since 1789 ( 1991 ) p. 152 Jump up ^ Tallett and Atkin , Religion , society , and politics in France since 1789 ( 1991 ) pp 152ff Jump up ^ Robert Gildea , Children of the Revolution : The French , 1799 -- 1914 ( 2010 ) ch 12 Jump up ^ Charles Rearick , Pleasures of the Belle Epoque : Entertainment and Festivity in Turn - of - the - Century France ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Mary McAuliffe , Dawn of the Belle Epoque : The Paris of Monet , Zola , Bernhardt , Eiffel , Debussy , Clemenceau , and Their Friends ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Lucien Hervé ; Barry Bergdoll ( 2003 ) . The Eiffel Tower . Princeton Architectural Press . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Spengler , France Faces Depopulation ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Marie - Monique Huss , `` Pronatalism in the inter-war period in France . '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1990 ) 25 # 1 pp. 39 -- 68.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Leslie King , `` ' France needs children ' '' Sociological Quarterly ( 1998 ) 39 # 1 pp. 33 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Colin L. Dyer , Population and Society in 20th Century France ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Colin Jones , Paris : Biography of a City ( 2004 ) p. 438 Jump up ^ Gilles Pison , `` La population de la France en 2005 , '' Population et Sociétés ( March 2006 ) # 421 Online Jump up ^ Holger H. Herwig ( 2011 ) . The Marne , 1914 : The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World . Random House . pp. 266 -- 306 . Jump up ^ Helen McPhail , The Long Silence : The Tragedy of Occupied France in World War I ( IB Tauris , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Leonard V. Smith , `` War and ' Politics ' : The French Army Mutinies of 1917 , '' War in History , ( April 1995 ) 2 # 2 pp 180 -- 201 Jump up ^ Michael S. Neiberg , The Second Battle of the Marne ( Indiana UP , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Harry Rudin , Armistice , 1918 ( Yale UP , 1944 ) . Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach , The First World War : 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) pp 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ McPhail , The Long Silence : The Tragedy of Occupied France in World War I ( IB Tauris , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Pierre - Cyrille Hautcoeur , `` Was the Great War a watershed ? The economics of World War I in France , '' in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 6 Jump up ^ Paul Beaudry and Franck Portier , `` The French depression in the 1930s . '' Review of Economic Dynamics ( 2002 ) 5 # 1 pp. 73 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick O. Cohrs ( 2006 ) . The Unfinished Peace After World War I : America , Britain And the Stabilisation of Europe , 1919 -- 1932 . Cambridge U.P. p. 50 . Jump up ^ Ruth Beatrice Henig ( 1995 ) . Versailles and After , 1919 -- 1933 . Psychology Press . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Eugen Weber , The Hollow Years : France in the 1930s ( 1996 ) p. 125 Jump up ^ Henry Laufenburger , `` France and the Depression , '' International Affairs ( 1936 ) 15 # 2 pp. 202 -- 224 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Dormois , The French Economy in the Twentieth Century ( 2004 ) p. 31 Jump up ^ Paul Beaudry and Franck Portier , `` The French Depression in the 1930s , '' Review of Economic Dynamics ( 2002 ) 5 : 73 -- 99 doi : 10.1006 / redy. 2001.0143 Jump up ^ Pierre Birnbaum , Léon Blum : Prime Minister , Socialist , Zionist ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Julian Jackson , Popular Front in France : Defending Democracy 1934 -- 1938 ( 1988 ) , pp 172 , 215 , 278 -- 87 , quotation on page 287 . Jump up ^ Douglas Johnson , `` Léon Blum and the Popular Front , '' History ( 1970 ) 55 # 184 pp 199 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Philippe Bernard ; Henri Dubief ( 1988 ) . The Decline of the Third Republic , 1914 -- 1938 . Cambridge UP . p. 328 . Jump up ^ Wall , Irwin M. ( 1987 ) . `` Teaching the Popular Front '' . History Teacher. 20 ( 3 ) : 361 -- 378 . JSTOR 493125 . Jump up ^ Maurice Larkin , France since the Popular Front : Government and People , 1936 -- 1986 ( 1988 ) pp 45 -- 62 Jump up ^ Martin Thomas ( 1996 ) . Britain , France and Appeasement : Anglo - French Relations in the Popular Front Era . Berg . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Maurice Larkin , France since the Popular Front : Government and People , 1936 -- 1986 ( 1988 ) pp 63 -- 81 Jump up ^ Joel Blatt ( ed ) , The French Defeat of 1940 ( Oxford , 1998 ) Jump up ^ Robert A. Doughty , The Breaking Point : Sedan and the Fall of France , 1940 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Robert O. Paxton , Vichy France , Old Guard and New Order ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Julian Jackson , France : The Dark Years , 1940 -- 1944 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Michael Marrus , Vichy France and the Jews ( Stanford University Press , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Martin , `` After Mers - el - Kébir : The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy , 1940 -- 43 . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) : 643 -- 670 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Milton Viorst , Hostile allies : FDR and Charles de Gaulle ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ David G. Haglund , `` Roosevelt as ' Friend of France ' -- But Which One ? . '' Diplomatic history ( 2007 ) 31 # 5 pp. 883 -- 908 . Jump up ^ H.R. Kedward , In Search of the Maquis ( Oxford , 1993 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Funk , Charles de Gaulle : the crucial years , 1943 -- 1944 ( 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Hanna Diamond , Women and the Second World War in France 1939 -- 1948 : Choices and Constraints ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Muel - Dreyfus , Francine ; Johnson , Kathleen A. ( 2001 ) . Vichy and the Eternal Feminine : A Contribution to a Political - Sociology of Gender . Durham : Duke University Press . ISBN 0822327775 . Jump up ^ George Ross , Workers and Communists in France : From Popular Front to Eurocommunism ( 1982 ) pp 20 -- 25 Jump up ^ Jonathan Fenby , The General : Charles de Gaulle and The France He Saved ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kimmelman , Michael ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` In France , a War of Memories Over Memories of War '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Crozier , Brian ; Mansell , Gerard ( July 1960 ) . `` France and Algeria '' . International Affairs . Blackwell Publishing . 36 ( 3 ) : 310 . doi : 10.2307 / 2610008 . JSTOR 2610008 . Jump up ^ Claude Fohlen , `` France , 1920 - 1970 '' in Carlo M. Cipolla , ed . The Fontana Economic History of Europe : Vol. 6 Part 1 : Contemporary Economies , part 1 ( 1976 ) pp 72 - 127 . Jump up ^ John S. Hill , `` American Efforts to Aid French Reconstruction Between Lend - Lease and the Marshall Plan . '' Journal of Modern History 1992 64 ( 3 ) : 500 - 524 . in jstor Jump up ^ Philippe Mioche , `` Le Demarrage de l'economie Française au lendemain de la Guerre , '' ( Restarting the French Economy after the War ) . Historiens et Géographes 1998 89 ( 361 ) : 143 - 156 . Issn : 0046 - 757x Jump up ^ Claude Fohlen , `` France '' pp 102 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin Windrow , The French Indochina War 1946 -- 54 ( Osprey Publishing , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Maurice Larkin , France since the Popular Front : Government and People 1936 -- 1996 ( 1997 ) pp 240 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Kenneth T. Young , The 1954 Geneva Conference : Indo - China and Korea ( Greenwood Press , 1968 ) Jump up ^ Thomas J. Christensen ( 2011 ) . Worse Than a Monolith : Alliance Politics and Problems of Coercive Diplomacy in Asia . Princeton UP . pp. 123 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Alexander Werth , The Strange History of Pierre Mendès France and the Great Conflict over French North Africa ( London , 1957 ) Jump up ^ Martin Evans , Algeria : France 's Undeclared War ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ James McDougall , `` The Impossible Republic : The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France , 1945 -- 1962 , '' The Journal of Modern History 89 # 4 ( December 2017 ) pp 772 - 811 excerpt Jump up ^ Todd Shepard , The Invention of Decolonization : The Algerian War and the Remaking of France ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Anthony Gorst and Lewis Johnman , The Suez Crisis ( Routledge , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Alistair Horne , A Savage War of Peace : Algeria 1954 -- 1962 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Edward A. Kolodziej , French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou : The Politics of Grandeur ( 1974 ) p. 618 Jump up ^ On his presidency , see Jonathan Fenby ( 2010 ) . The General : Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved . Simon & Schuster . pp. 380 -- 626 . Jump up ^ W.W. Kulski ( 1966 ) . De Gaulle and the World : The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic . Syracuse UP . p. 239ff . Jump up ^ Kulski . De Gaulle and the World : The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic . p. 176 . Jump up ^ Gabrielle Hecht and Michel Callon , eds. ( 2009 ) . The Radiance of France : Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II . MIT Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` De Gaulle urges the United States to get out of Vietnam '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Barry Eichengreen ( 2011 ) . Exorbitant Privilege : The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System . Oxford UP . p. 4 . Jump up ^ See Wayne C. Thompson , Canada 2014 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Seidman , The Imaginary Revolution : Parisian Students and Workers in 1968 ( Berghahn , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Philip Short , A Taste for Intrigue : The Multiple Lives of François Mitterrand ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz , `` The October Riots in France : A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back ? '' International Migration ( 2006 ) 44 # 2 pp 23 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report : Riots in France '' . BBC News . 9 November 2005 . Retrieved 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Laurent Mucchielli , `` Autumn 2005 : A review of the most important riot in the history of French contemporary society . '' Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies ( 2009 ) 35 # 5 pp. 731 -- 751 . ^ Jump up to : Cathy Lisa Schneider , `` Police Power and Race Riots in Paris , '' Politics & Society ( 2008 ) 36 # 1 pp 133 -- 159 on p. 136 Jump up ^ Steven Erlangerjan , `` Days of Sirens , Fear and Blood : ' France Is Turned Upside Down ' '' , New York Times Jan 9 , 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Surveys and reference ( edit ) Fenby , Jonathan France : A Modern History from the Revolution to the War with Terror ( 2016 ) excerpt Fierro , Alfred . Historical Dictionary of Paris ( 1998 ) 392pp , an abridged translation of his Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris ( 1996 ) , 1580pp Goubert , Pierre . The Course of French History ( 1991 ) , standard French textbook excerpt and text search ; also complete text online Haine , W. Scott . The History of France ( 2000 ) , 280 pp. textbook. and text search ; also online edition Jones , Colin , and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie . The Cambridge Illustrated History of France ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Jones , Colin . Paris : Biography of a City ( 2004 ) , 592pp ; comprehensive history by a leading British scholar excerpt and text search McMillan , James F. Twentieth - Century France : Politics and Society in France 1898 -- 1991 ( 2009 ) Popkin , Jeremy D. A History of Modern France ( 2005 ) , 384pp ; textbook coverage from the 1750s ; excerpt and text search Price , Roger . A Concise History of France ( 1993 ) excerpt and text search Raymond , Gino . Historical Dictionary of France ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) 528pp Social , economic and cultural History ( edit ) See also : Economic history of France § Further reading , and Annales School Ariès , Philippe . Centuries of Childhood : A Social History of Family Life ( 1965 ) Beik , William . A Social and Cultural History of Early Modern France ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Cameron , Rondo . France and the Economic Development of Europe , 1800 -- 1914 : Conquests of Peace and Seeds of War ( 1961 ) , awide - ranging economic and business history Caron , François . An Economic History of Modern France ( 1979 ) online edition Charle , Christophe . A Social History of France in the 19th century ( 1994 ) . Clapham , H.G. Economic Development of France and Germany , 1824 -- 1914 ( 1921 ) . Clough , S.B. France , A History of National Economics , 1789 -- 1939 ( 1939 ) . Dormois , Jean - Pierre . The French Economy in the Twentieth Century ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Dunham , Arthur L. The Industrial Revolution in France , 1815 -- 1848 ( 1955 ) online edition Hafter , Daryl M. and Nina Kushner , eds . Women and Work in Eighteenth - Century France ( Louisiana State University Press ; 2014 ) 250 pages ; Scholarly essays on female artists , `` printer widows , '' women in manufacturing , women and contracts , and elite prostitution . Hewitt , Nicholas , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Modern French Culture ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Heywood , Colin . The Development of the French Economy 1750 -- 1914 ( 1995 ) excerpt and text search McMillan , James F. France and Women 1789 -- 1914 : Gender , Society and Politics ( Routledge , 2000 ) 286 pp . McPhee , Peter . A Social History of France , 1789 -- 1914 ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) Middle Ages ( edit ) Duby , Georges . France in the Middle Ages 987 -- 1460 : From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc ( 1993 ) , survey by a leader of the Annales School excerpt and text search Bloch , Marc . Feudal Society : Vol 1 : The Growth and Ties of Dependence ( 1989 ) ; Feudal Society : Vol 2 : Social Classes and Political Organisation ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Bloch , Marc . French Rural History an Essay on Its Basic Characteristics ( 1972 ) Le Roy Ladurie , Emmanuel . Montaillou : Cathars and Catholics in a French Village , 1294 -- 1324 ( 1978 ) excerpt and text search Le Roy Ladurie , Emmanuel . The Peasants of Languedoc ( 1966 ; English translation 1974 ) text search Potter , David . France in the Later Middle Ages 1200 -- 1500 , ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Early Modern ( edit ) Collins , James B . The state in early modern France ( 2nd ed. 2009 ) excerpt and text search Davis , Natalie Zemon . Society and culture in early modern France ( 1975 ) Diefendorf , Barbara B. ( 2010 ) . The Reformation and Wars of Religion in France : Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide . Oxford U.P. ISBN 9780199809295 . , historiography Holt , Mack P. Renaissance and Reformation France : 1500 -- 1648 ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Holt , Mack P. , ed . Society and Institutions in Early Modern France ( 1991 ) , articles by scholars Potter , David . A History of France , 1460 -- 1560 : The Emergence of a Nation - State ( 1995 ) Old regime ( edit ) Doyle , William . Old Regime France : 1648 -- 1788 ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Doyle , William , ed . The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime ( 2012 ) 656pp excerpt and text search ; 32 topical chapters by experts Goubert , Pierre . Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen ( 1972 ) , social history from Annales School Jones , Colin . The Great Nation : France from Louis XV to Napoleon ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search LeRoy Ladurie , Emmanuel . The Ancien Régime : A History of France 1610 -- 1774 ( 1999 ) , survey by leader of the Annales School excerpt and text search Lynn , John A . The Wars of Louis XIV , 1667 -- 1714 ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Roche , Daniel . France in the Enlightenment ( 1998 ) , wide - ranging history 1700 -- 89 excerpt and text search Wolf , John B. Louis XIV ( 1968 ) , the standard scholarly biography online edition Enlightenment ( edit ) Baker , Keith Michael . Inventing the French Revolution : Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century . 1990 . excerpt and text search Blom , Philipp . Enlightening the World : Encyclopédie , the Book That Changed the Course of History . 2005 . 416 pp. excerpt and text search Chisick , Harvey . Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. 2005 . 512 pp Davidson , Ian . Voltaire . A Life ( 2010 ) . ISBN 9781846682261 Delon , Michel . Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment ( 2001 ) 1480pp Goodman , Dena . The Republic of Letters : A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment ( 1994 ) 338 pp online edition Hazard , Paul . European thought in the eighteenth century : From Montesquieu to Lessing ( 1965 ) Kaiser , Thomas E . `` This Strange Offspring of Philosophie : Recent Historiographical Problems in Relating the Enlightenment to the French Revolution . '' French Historical Studies 15 ( Spring 1988 ) : 549 -- 62 . in JSTOR Kors , Alan Charles . Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment ( 4 vol. 1990 ; 2nd ed. 2003 ) , 1984pp excerpt and tyext search Roche , Daniel . France in the Enlightenment. 1998 . 736 pp . Spencer , Samia I. , ed. French Women and the Age of Enlightenment. 1984 . Vovelle , Michel and Cochrane , Lydia G. , eds . Enlightenment Portraits. 1997 . 456 pp . Wilson , Arthur . Diderot. 1972 . Revolution ( edit ) Andress , David . French Society in Revolution , 1789 -- 1799 ( 1999 ) Doyle , William . The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) . online complete edition ; also excerpt and text search Doyle , William . The French Revolution : A Very Short Introduction . ( 2001 ) , 120pp ; online edition Forrest , Alan . The French Revolution and the Poor ( 1981 ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory . ed . The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History ( ABC - CLIO : 3 vol 2006 ) Frey , Linda S. and Marsha L. Frey . The French Revolution . ( 2004 ) 190pp online edition Furet , François . The French Revolution , 1770 -- 1814 ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Furet , François and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , 1120pp ; long essays by scholars ; conservative perspective ; stress on history of ideas excerpt and online search from Amazon.com Hampson , Norman . Social History of the French Revolution ( 2006 ) Jones , Colin . The Longman Companion to the French Revolution ( 1989 ) Jones , Colin . The Great Nation : France from Louis XV to Napoleon ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Jones , Peter . The Peasantry in the French Revolution ( 1988 ) Lefebvre , Georges . The French Revolution ( 1962 ) Lucas , Colin . ed. , The Political Culture of the French Revolution ( 1988 ) Neely , Sylvia . A Concise History of the French Revolution ( 2008 ) Paxton , John . Companion to the French Revolution ( 1987 ) , hundreds of short entries . Schwab , Gail M. , and John R. Jeanneney , eds . The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact ( 1995 ) online edition Scott , Samuel F. and Barry Rothaus . Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution , 1789 -- 1799 ( 2 vol 1984 ) , short essays by scholars Schama , Simon . Citizens . A Chronicle of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , highly readable narrative by scholar excerpt and text search Sutherland , D.M.G. France 1789 -- 1815 . Revolution and Counter-Revolution ( 2nd ed. 2003 , 430pp ) excerpts and online search from Amazon.com Long - term impact ( edit ) Berenson , Edward , and Vincent Duclert , eds . The French Republic : History , Values , Debates ( 2011 ) , 38 short essays by leading scholars on the political values of the French Republic excerpt Englund , Steven . `` Church and state in France since the Revolution , '' Journal of Church & State ( 1992 ) 34 # 2 pp 325 -- 61 Furet , François . Revolutionary France 1770 -- 1880 ( 1995 ) excerpt and text search Gildea , Robert . The Past in French History ( 1994 ) Gildea , Robert . Children of the Revolution : The French , 1799 -- 1814 ( 2008 ) Harison , Casey . `` Teaching the French Revolution : Lessons and Imagery from Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Textbooks , '' History Teacher ( 2002 ) 35 # 2 pp 137 -- 62 in JSTOR O'Rourke , Kevin H. `` The Worldwide Economic Impact of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , 1793 -- 1815 , '' Journal of Global History ( 2006 ) , 1 # 1 pp 123 -- 149 . Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . ( 2 vol 1959 ) , highly influential comparative history ; vol 1 online Stromberg , Roland N. `` Reevaluating the French Revolution , '' History Teacher ( 1986 ) 20 # 1 pp 87 -- 108 . in JSTOR Napoleon ( edit ) Bergeron , Louis ( 1981 ) . France Under Napoleon . Princeton U.P. ISBN 0691007896 . Emsley , Clive . Napoleon 2003 , succinct coverage of life , France and empire ; little on warfare Englund , Steven . Napoleon : A Political Life . ( 2004 ) . the best political biography excerpt and text search Fisher , Herbert . Napoleon ( 1913 ) old classic online edition free Fremont - Barnes , Gregory . ed . The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History ( ABC - CLIO : 3 vol 2006 ) Grab , Alexander . Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe . ( 2003 ) , maps ; excellent synthesis Harold , J. Christopher . The Age of Napoleon ( 1963 ) popular history stressing empire and diplomacy Markham , Felix . Napoleon 1963 . online edition McLynn , Frank . Napoleon : A Biography ( 2003 ) stress on military Messenger , Charles , ed. ( 2013 ) . Reader 's Guide to Military History . Routledge . pp. 391 -- 427 . ISBN 9781135959708 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ; evaluation of major books on Napoleon & his wars Nafziger , George F. Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era . 2002 . Nicholls , David . Napoleon : A Biographical Companion. 1999 . Richardson , Hubert N.B. A Dictionary of Napoleon and His Times ( 1920 ) online free 489pp Roberts , Andrew . Napoleon : A Life ( 2014 ) , major scholarly biography , 926 pages ; favourable to Napoleon Thompson , J.M. Napoleon Bonaparte : His Rise and Fall ( 1954 ) , scholarly , well - balanced in topics , but pro-Britain Tulard , Jean . Napoleon : The Myth of the Saviour ( 1984 ) Restoration : 1815 -- 70 ( edit ) Agulhon , Maurice . The Republican Experiment , 1848 -- 1852 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1983 ) excerpt and text search Artz , Frederick . France Under the Bourbon Restoration , 1814 -- 1830 ( Harvard University Press , 1931 ) online Campbell , Stuart L. The Second Empire Revisited : A Study in French Historiography ( 1978 ) Charle , Christophe . A Social History of France in the Nineteenth Century ( 1994 ) Echard , William E. Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire , 1852 -- 1870 ( 1985 ) online edition Fortescue , William . Revolution and Counter-revolution in France , 1815 -- 1852 ( Blackwell , 1988 ) . Gildea , Robert . Children of the Revolution : The French , 1799 -- 1914 ( 2008 ) Jardin , André , and Andre - Jean Tudesq . Restoration and Reaction 1815 -- 1848 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1988 ) Plessis , Alain . The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire , 1852 -- 1871 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search Price , Roger . A Social History of Nineteenth - Century France ( 1987 ) 403pp. 403 pgs . online edition Spitzer , Alan B . `` The Good Napoleon III , '' French Historical Studies ( 1962 ) 2 # 3 pp. 308 -- 329 in JSTOR ; historiography ; praises his domestic policies Wolf , John B. France : 1815 to the Present ( 1940 ) online free pp 1 -- 348 . Third Republic : 1871 -- 1940 ( edit ) Bernard , Philippe , and Henri Dubief . The Decline of the Third Republic , 1914 -- 1938 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search Bury , J.P.T. France , 1814 -- 1940 ( 2003 ) ch 9 -- 16 Kedward , Rod . France and the French : A Modern History ( 2007 ) pp 1 -- 245 Lehning , James R. ; To Be a Citizen : The Political Culture of the Early French Third Republic ( 2001 ) online edition McMillan , James F. Twentieth - Century France : Politics and Society in France 1898 -- 1991 ( 1992 ) Mayeur , Jean - Marie , and Madeleine Rebirioux . The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War , 1871 -- 1914 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search Price , Roger . A Social History of Nineteenth - Century France ( 1987 ) 403pp. 403 pgs. complete text online at Questia Robb , Graham . The Discovery of France : A Historical Geography , from the Revolution to the First World War ( 2007 ) Sowerwine , Charles . France since 1870 : Culture , Society and the Making of the Republic ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Tombs , Robert ( 2014 ) . France 1814 -- 1914 . Routledge . Weber , Eugen . Peasants into Frenchmen : The Modernization of Rural France , 1870 -- 1914 ( 1976 ) excerpt and text search Wolf , John B. France : 1815 to the Present ( 1940 ) online free pp 349 -- 501 . Zeldin , Theodore . France , 1848 -- 1945 ( 2 vol. 1979 ) , topical approach World War I ( edit ) Greenhalgh , Elizabeth . Victory through Coalition : Britain and France during the First World War ( Cambridge University Press , 2005 ) 304pp Tucker , Spencer , ed . European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1999 ) Winter , J.M. Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin , 1914 -- 1919 ( 1999 ) Vichy ( 1940 -- 44 ) ( edit ) Azema , Jean - Pierre . From Munich to Liberation 1938 -- 1944 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1985 ) Berthon , Simon . Allies at War : The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill , Roosevelt , and de Gaulle. ( 2001 ) . 356 pp . Funk , Arthur Layton . Charles de Gaulle : The Crucial Years , 1943 -- 1944 ( 1959 ) online edition Gildea , Robert . Marianne in Chains : Daily Life in the Heart of France During the German Occupation ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Jackson , Julian . France : The Dark Years , 1940 -- 1944 ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Kersaudy , Francois . Churchill and De Gaulle ( 2nd ed 1990 482pp Lacouture , Jean . De Gaulle : The Rebel 1890 -- 1944 ( 1984 ; English ed. 1991 ) , 640pp ; excerpt and text search Paxton , Robert O. Vichy France 2nd ed. ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Fourth and Fifth republics ( 1944 to present ) ( edit ) Berstein , Serge , and Peter Morris . The Republic of de Gaulle 1958 -- 1969 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Berstein , Serge , Jean - Pierre Rioux , and Christopher Woodall . The Pompidou Years , 1969 -- 1974 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Bourg , Julian ed . After the Deluge : New Perspectives on the Intellectual and Cultural History of Postwar France ( 2004 ) 426 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0792 - 8 . Cerny , Philip G . The Politics of Grandeur : Ideological Aspects of de Gaulle 's Foreign Policy . ( 1980 ) . 319 pp . Chabal , Emile , ed . France since the 1970s : History , Politics and Memory in an Age of Uncertainty ( 2015 ) Excerpt Fenby , Jonathan The General : Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved ( 2010 ) excerpt Hauss , Charles . Politics in Gaullist France : Coping with Chaos ( 1991 ) online edition Kedward , Rod . France and the French : A Modern History ( 2007 ) pp 310 -- 648 Kolodziej , Edward A. French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou : The Politics of Grandeur ( 1974 ) online edition Lacouture , Jean . De Gaulle : The Ruler 1945 -- 1970 ( 1993 ) McMillan , James F. Twentieth - Century France : Politics and Society in France 1898 -- 1991 ( 1992 ) Northcutt , Wayne . Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics , 1946 -- 1991 ( 1992 ) Rioux , Jean - Pierre , and Godfrey Rogers . The Fourth Republic , 1944 -- 1958 ( 1989 ) ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) Sowerwine , Charles . France since 1870 : Culture , Society and the Making of the Republic ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Williams , Charles . The Last Great Frenchman : A Life of General De Gaulle ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Williams , Philip M. and Martin Harrison . De Gaulle 's Republic ( 1965 ) online edition Historiography ( edit ) Further information : Annales School Daileader , Philip , and Philip Whalen , eds. French Historians 1900 -- 2000 : New Historical Writing in Twentieth - Century France ( 2010 ) , 640pp ; excerpt Gildea , Robert . The Past in French History ( 1996 ) Nora , Pierre , ed . Realms of Memory : Rethinking the French Past ( 3 vol , 1996 ) , essays by scholars ; excerpt and text search ; vol 2 excerpts ; vol 3 excerpts Pinkney , David H. `` Two Thousand Years of Paris , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1951 ) 23 # 3 pp. 262 -- 264 in JSTOR Offen , Karen . `` French Women 's History : Retrospect ( 1789 -- 1940 ) and Prospect , '' French Historical Studies ( 2003 ) 26 # 4 pp 757 + Revel , Jacques , and Lynn Hunt , eds . Histories : French Constructions of the Past ( 1995 ) . 654pp , 64 essays ; emphasis on Annales School Symes , Carol . `` The Middle Ages between Nationalism and Colonialism , '' French Historical Studies ( Winter 2011 ) 34 # 1 pp 37 -- 46 Thébaud , Françoise . `` Writing Women 's and Gender History in France : A National Narrative ? '' Journal of Women 's History ( 2007 ) 19 # 1 pp. 167 -- 172 in Project Muse Primary sources ( edit ) Anderson , F.M. ( 1904 ) . The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France , 1789 -- 1901 . , complete text online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of France . 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-2364534256940205690	List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits	List of cities in the European Union by Population within City limits - wikipedia List of cities in the European Union by Population within City limits Below is a list of the largest cities in the European Union according to the population within their city limits . The cities listed all have populations over 300,000 . The list deals exclusively with the areas within city administrative boundaries as opposed to urban areas or larger urban zones ( metropolitan areas ) , which are generally larger in terms of population than the main city . As some cities have very narrow city limits and others very wide , the list may not give an accurate view of the comparative magnitude of different places , and the figures in the list should be treated with caution . Paris is the most populous urban area in the European Union , but the strict definition of the administrative limits of the City of Paris results in a far lower population shown in the table . Contents 1 Cities by population within city limits 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Cities by Population within City limits ( edit ) Cities in bold are capital cities of their respective countries ; Brussels ( italics ) is the capital of both Belgium and de facto the European Union . City Country Official population Date of census Reference Photography London United Kingdom 7006878789200000000 ♠ 8,787,892 30 June 2017 Berlin Germany 7006371193000000000 ♠ 3,711,930 31 December 2017 Madrid Spain 7006318298100000000 ♠ 3,182,981 1 January 2017 Rome Italy 7006287921500000000 ♠ 2,879,215 31 December 2016 Paris France 7006222840900000000 ♠ 2,228,409 1 January 2015 Bucharest Romania 7006210614400000000 ♠ 2,106,144 1 January 2016 Vienna Austria 7006188908300000000 ♠ 1,889,083 1 January 2018 Hamburg Germany 7006178740800000000 ♠ 1,787,408 30 December 2015 Warsaw Poland 7006176461500000000 ♠ 1,764,615 31 December 2017 Budapest Hungary 7006175270400000000 ♠ 1,752,704 1 January 2017 Barcelona Spain 7006162080900000000 ♠ 1,620,809 1 January 2017 Munich Germany 7006146430100000000 ♠ 1,464,301 31 December 2016 Milan Italy 7006136859000000000 ♠ 1,368,590 31 December 2016 Prague Czech Republic 7006128050800000000 ♠ 1,280,508 1 January 2017 Sofia Bulgaria 7006130737600000000 ♠ 1,307,376 31 December 2016 Brussels Belgium 7006119160400000000 ♠ 1,191,604 1 January 2017 Birmingham United Kingdom 7006112456900000000 ♠ 1,124,569 30 June 2017 Cologne Germany 7006107593500000000 ♠ 1,075,935 31 December 2016 Naples Italy 7005970185000000000 ♠ 970,185 31 December 2016 Stockholm Sweden 7005949164000000000 ♠ 949,164 1 November 2017 Turin Italy 7005886837000000000 ♠ 886,837 31 December 2016 Marseille France 7005869815000000000 ♠ 869,815 1 January 2015 Amsterdam Netherlands 7005856928000000000 ♠ 856,928 31 January 2018 Zagreb Croatia 7005803647000000000 ♠ 803,647 31 December 2016 Valencia Spain 7005787808000000000 ♠ 787,808 1 January 2017 Leeds United Kingdom 7005781743000000000 ♠ 781,743 30 June 2017 Kraków Poland 7005765320000000000 ♠ 765,320 1 January 2017 Frankfurt Germany 7005736414000000000 ♠ 736,414 31 December 2016 Riga Latvia 7005700518000000000 ♠ 700,518 1 July 2017 Łódź Poland 7005690422000000000 ♠ 690,422 31 December 2017 Seville Spain 7005689434000000000 ♠ 689,434 1 January 2017 Palermo Italy 7005673735000000000 ♠ 673,735 31 December 2016 Zaragoza Spain 7005664938000000000 ♠ 664,938 1 January 2017 Athens Greece 7005655780000000000 ♠ 655,780 24 May 2011 Helsinki Finland 7005642045000000000 ♠ 642,045 31 August 2017 Wrocław Poland 7005638586000000000 ♠ 638,586 31 December 2017 Rotterdam Netherlands 7005635389000000000 ♠ 635,389 August 2017 Stuttgart Germany 7005628032000000000 ♠ 628,032 31 December 2016 Glasgow United Kingdom 7005615070000000000 ♠ 615,070 30 June 2017 Düsseldorf Germany 7005613230000000000 ♠ 613,230 31 December 2016 Copenhagen Denmark 7005602481000000000 ♠ 602,481 31 December 2016 Dortmund Germany 7005585813000000000 ♠ 585,813 31 December 2016 Genoa Italy 7005583601000000000 ♠ 583,601 31 December 2016 Essen Germany 7005583084000000000 ♠ 583,084 31 December 2016 Vilnius Lithuania 7005577484000000000 ♠ 577,484 3 March 2018 Sheffield United Kingdom 7005575424000000000 ♠ 575,424 30 June 2017 Leipzig Germany 7005571088000000000 ♠ 571,088 31 December 2016 Málaga Spain 7005569002000000000 ♠ 569,002 1 January 2017 Gothenburg Sweden 7005563439000000000 ♠ 563,439 1 November 2017 Bremen Germany 7005557464000000000 ♠ 557,464 31 December 2015 Dublin Ireland 7005553165000000000 ♠ 553,165 24 April 2016 Lisbon Portugal 7005547733000000000 ♠ 547,733 1 January 2011 Dresden Germany 7005547172000000000 ♠ 547,172 31 December 2016 Manchester United Kingdom 7005541263000000000 ♠ 541,263 30 June 2017 Poznań Poland 7005540372000000000 ♠ 540,372 1 January 2017 Bradford United Kingdom 7005534279000000000 ♠ 534,279 30 June 2017 Hanover Germany 7005532163000000000 ♠ 532,163 31 December 2015 The Hague Netherlands 7005532111000000000 ♠ 532,111 31 January 2018 Antwerp Belgium 7005521946000000000 ♠ 521,946 14 June 2017 Lyon France 7005521098000000000 ♠ 521,098 1 January 2015 Nuremberg Germany 7005511628000000000 ♠ 511,628 31 December 2016 Edinburgh United Kingdom 7005507170000000000 ♠ 507,170 30 June 2017 Duisburg Germany 7005499845000000000 ♠ 499,845 31 December 2016 Liverpool United Kingdom 7005484578000000000 ♠ 484,578 30 June 2017 Las Palmas Spain 7005479655000000000 ♠ 479,655 1 January 2017 Toulouse France 7005479638000000000 ♠ 479,638 1 January 2015 Gdańsk Poland 7005463754000000000 ♠ 463,754 1 January 2017 Bristol United Kingdom 7005454213000000000 ♠ 454,213 30 June 2017 Tallinn Estonia 7005449160000000000 ♠ 449,160 1 February 2018 Murcia Spain 7005443243000000000 ♠ 443,243 1 January 2017 Bratislava Slovak Republic 7005429564000000000 ♠ 429,564 31 December 2017 Szczecin Poland 7005404878000000000 ♠ 404,878 1 January 2017 Palma de Mallorca Spain 7005400578000000000 ♠ 400,578 1 January 2015 Bologna Italy 7005388367000000000 ♠ 388,367 31 December 2016 Florence Italy 7005382258000000000 ♠ 382,258 31 December 2016 Brno Czech Republic 7005377973000000000 ♠ 377,973 1 January 2017 Bochum Germany 7005364920000000000 ♠ 364,920 31 December 2016 Iași Romania 7005332142000000000 ♠ 332,142 1 January 2016 Cardiff United Kingdom 7005361468000000000 ♠ 361,468 30 June 2017 Bydgoszcz Poland 7005353938000000000 ♠ 353,938 1 January 2017 Coventry United Kingdom 7005352911000000000 ♠ 352,911 30 June 2017 Wuppertal Germany 7005352390000000000 ♠ 352,390 31 December 2016 Leicester United Kingdom 7005348343000000000 ♠ 348,343 30 June 2017 Utrecht Netherlands 7005347644000000000 ♠ 347,644 31 January 2018 Nice France 7005346055000000000 ♠ 346,055 1 January 2015 Bilbao Spain 7005345141000000000 ♠ 345,141 1 January 2015 Plovdiv Bulgaria 7005341625000000000 ♠ 341,625 31 December 2015 Lublin Poland 7005340466000000000 ♠ 340,466 1 January 2017 Belfast United Kingdom 7005339579000000000 ♠ 339,579 30 June 2017 Wakefield United Kingdom 7005336834000000000 ♠ 336,834 30 June 2017 Aarhus Denmark 7005335684000000000 ♠ 335,684 31 December 2016 Varna Bulgaria 7005334466000000000 ♠ 334,466 31 December 2015 Bielefeld Germany 7005333451000000000 ♠ 333,451 31 December 2016 Timișoara Romania 7005352983000000000 ♠ 352,983 1 January 2016 Malmö Sweden 7005332855000000000 ♠ 332,855 1 November 2017 Alicante Spain 7005329988000000000 ♠ 329,988 1 January 2017 Córdoba Spain 7005325916000000000 ♠ 325,916 1 January 2017 Nottingham United Kingdom 7005325282000000000 ♠ 325,282 30 June 2017 Bari Italy 7005324198000000000 ♠ 324,198 31 December 2016 Wigan United Kingdom 7005323060000000000 ♠ 323,060 30 June 2017 Thessaloniki Greece 7005322240000000000 ♠ 322,240 24 May 2011 Bonn Germany 7005322125000000000 ♠ 322,125 31 December 2016 Cluj - Napoca Romania 7005501282000000000 ♠ 501,282 1 January 2016 Constanța Romania 7005317832000000000 ♠ 317,832 1 January 2016 Catania Italy 7005313396000000000 ♠ 313,396 31 December 2016 Münster Germany 7005311846000000000 ♠ 311,846 31 December 2016 Karlsruhe Germany 7005309999000000000 ♠ 309,999 31 December 2016 Craiova Romania 7005305689000000000 ♠ 305,689 1 January 2016 Mannheim Germany 7005304781000000000 ♠ 304,781 31 December 2016 Galați Romania 7005304340000000000 ♠ 304,340 1 January 2016 See also ( edit ) European Union portal List of urban areas in the European Union List of larger urban zones ( metropolitan area ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Currently there are two significant exceptions : London lists the population of Greater London ; Brussels lists the population of Brussels Capital Region Jump up ^ Refers to Greater London which is composed of the Greater London Authority , 32 borough councils and the City of London . Jump up ^ Refers to Brussels Capital Region . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates for UK , England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland '' . Office for National Statistics . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Einwohner am Ort der Hauptwohnung am 31.12. 2017 '' ( Residents at the place of the main residence on 31 December 2017 ) ( in German ) . Amt für Statistik Berlin - Brandenburg ( Office of Statistics Berlin - Brandenburg ) . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Population Figures referring to revision of Municipal Register 1 January '' . INEbase . Instituto Nacional de Estadística . ( National Statistics Institute ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bilancio Demografico della Popolazione Residente per Mese -- Dicembre 2016 '' ( in Italian ) . Istat.it . ^ Jump up to : `` Populations légales 2015 -- Ces données sont disponibles sur toutes les communes de France '' ( Legal populations 2015 -- This data is available for all the communes of France ) ( in French ) . INSEE. 2017 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Populations légales 2015 -- Commune de Paris ( 75056 ) '' ( Legal populations 2015 -- Municipality of Paris ( 75056 ) ) ( in French ) . Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. 2017 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Populația României pe localitate la 1 ianuarie 2016 ( după domiciliu ) '' ( Population of Romania by locality on 1 January 2016 ( by residence ) ) ( PDF ) ( in Romanian ) . Institutul Naţional de Statistică. 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bevölkerung zu Quartalsbeginn seit 2002 nach Bundesland '' ( Population at the beginning of the quarter since 2002 by state ( Vienna is a city - state ) ) ( in German ) . Statistik Austria . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Agency of Hamburg and Schleswig - Holstein '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Area and Population in the Territorial Profile in 2017 '' (. XLS ) . Statistics Poland . Główny Urząd Statystyczny ( Central Statistical Office ) . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 1.2 . Population by type of settlement , 1 January ( 1980 -- ) * '' . Tables ( STADAT ) -- Time series of annual data -- Population , vital events . Hungarian Central Statistical Office . 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bevölkerung : Gemeinden , Stichtage ( letzten 6 ) '' ( Population : Municipalities , Dates ( last 6 ) ) ( in German ) . Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . ( Need to ( Display entire Table ) to see data for all cities . ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population of Municipalities - 1 January 2017 '' . Czech Statistical Office . 28 April 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . `` Population of municipalities of the Czech republic , 1 January 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population by towns and sex '' . National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Structure of the Population '' . STATBEL . Belgian Federal Government . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bevölkerungszahlen auf Basis des Zensus vom 9 . Mai 2011 '' ( Population figures based on the census of 9 May 2011 ) . IT. NRW ( in German ) . Information und Technik Nordrhein - Westfalen . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Einwohnerzahlen im Regierungsbezirk Köln '' ( Population figures in the administrative district of Cologne ) . IT. NRW ( in German ) . Information und Technik Nordrhein - Westfalen . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population 1 November by region , sex and year '' . scb.se . Statistics Sweden . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . ( Numbers vary depending on report selected . ) Jump up ^ `` Populations légales 2015 -- Commune de Marseille ( 13055 ) '' ( Legal populations 2015 -- City of Marseille ( 13055 ) ) ( in French ) . Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. 2017 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bevolkingsontwikkeling ; regio per maand '' ( Population development ; region per month ) . CBS StatLine ( in Dutch ) . CBS.nl. 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Databases → Population → Population → Population estimates → Population estimate by sex , by towns / municipalities , 31 December ( Spatial Units = '' CITY OF ZAGREB `` , Sex = '' All `` , Year = '' 2016 `` ) ( Continue ) '' . Croatian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bevölkerung in Hessen nach Gemeinden am 31.12. 2016 '' ( Population in Hessen by municipalities on 31.12. 2016 ) (. xlsx ) . Statistik. Hessen ( in German ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Iedzīvotāju skaits pašvaldībās pa dzimumiem '' ( Population in municipalities by gender ) ( PDF ) . Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde ( in Latvian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ανακοίνωση προσωρινών αποτελεσμάτων Απογραφής Πληθυσμού 2011 '' ( Publication of provisional results of the 2011 Population Census ) ( PDF ) ( in Greek ) . National Statistical Service of Greece . 22 July 2011 . `` Publication of provisional results of the 2011 Population Census '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Hellenic Statistical Authority . 22 July 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ennakkoväkiluku sukupuolen mukaan alueittain , elokuu 2017 '' ( Prior Population by gender and by region , August 2017 ) . Tilastokeskuksen PX - Web - tietokannat ( Finland 's Statistics PX - Web databases ) ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` CSV - Datei ( Semikolon - getrennt ) für alle Gemeinden : Gemeindegebiet , Bevölkerung und Bevölkerungsdichte '' ( CSV file ( semicolon - separated ) for all municipalities : municipal area , population and population density ) (. csv ) ( in German ) . Statistisches Landesamt Baden ‐ Württemberg ( Statistical Agency Baden - Wuerttemberg ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Einwohnerzahlen im Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf '' ( Population figures in the administrative district of Dusseldorf ) . IT. NRW ( in German ) . Information und Technik Nordrhein - Westfalen . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` BEV107 : Befolkningens udvikling efter kommune , bevægelsesart og køn Befolkningen ultimo forrige år 2017 '' ( BEV107 : Population development by municipality , type of movement and gender Population at the end of last year 2017 ) ( in Danish ) . Danmarks Statistik ( Statistics Denmark ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Einwohnerzahlen im Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg '' ( Population figures in the administrative district of Arnsberg ) . IT. NRW ( in German ) . Information und Technik Nordrhein - Westfalen . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Šiuolaikinė Lietuva ( 1991 -- dabar ) Nuolatinių gyventojų skaičius liepos 1 d '' ( Contemporary Lithuania 1991 - present Permanent population as of July 1 ) ( in Lithuanian ) . 2017 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen jeweils am Monatsende ausgewählter Berichtsmonate nach Gemeinden '' ( Population of the Free State of Saxony at the end of selected reporting months by municipality ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen ( Statistical Agency of the Free State of Saxony ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bevölkerungsstand und Bevölkerungsbewegung '' ( Population and population movement ) ( in German ) . Statistisches Landesamt Bremen ( Statistical Office Bremen ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Actual and Percentage Change 2011 to 2016 by Sex , Province County or City , CensusYear and Statistic '' . Central Statistics Office ( Ireland ) . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Place of residence ( at the date of Census 2011 ) '' . Instituto Nadional de Estatistica ( Statistics Portugal ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` die kostenfreie Regionaldatenbank für Niedersachsen '' ( the free regional database for Lower Saxony ) . LSN - Online ( in German ) . Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen ( State Statistical Office of Lower Saxony ) . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Hoofdstuk 2 Bevolking en socio - economische situatie '' ( Chapter 2 Population and socio - economic situation ) ( PDF ) . Gezondheidsmonitor stad Antwerpen 2017 ( Health monitor city of Antwerp 2017 ) . Stad in cijfers ( in Dutch ) . Stad Antwerpen. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Populations légales 2015 -- Commune de Lyon ( 69123 ) '' ( Legal populations 2015 -- City of Lyon ( 69123 ) ) ( in French ) . Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. 2017 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Populations légales 2015 -- Commune de Toulouse ( 31555 ) '' ( Legal populations 2015 -- City of Toulouse ( 31555 ) ) ( in French ) . Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. 2017 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tallinna elanike arv 1 . veebruari ( 2018 ) seisuga on 449 160 '' ( The number of Tallinn residents as of 1 February ( 2018 ) is 449,160 ) ( in Estonian ) . Tallinn City Government . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Štatistika v Súvislostiach -- Hlavné trendy populačného vývoja v Bratislave , hl . meste SR , v roku 2015 '' ( Statistics in the Background - Major Trends in Population Development in Bratislava , town of SR , in 2015 ) ( in Slovak ) . Štatistický úrad Slovenskej republiky ( Statistical office of the Slovak Republic ) . October 2016 . ISBN 978 - 80 - 8121 - 523 - 0 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Populations légales 2015 -- Commune de Nice ( 06088 ) '' ( Legal populations 2015 -- City of Nice ( 06088 ) ) ( in French ) . Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. 2017 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Einwohnerzahlen im Regierungsbezirk Detmold '' ( Population figures in the administrative district Detmold ) . IT. NRW ( in German ) . Information und Technik Nordrhein - Westfalen . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Einwohnerzahlen im Regierungsbezirk Münster '' ( Population figures in the administrative district of Münster ) . IT. NRW ( in German ) . Information und Technik Nordrhein - Westfalen . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . 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-5536662257943263322	Ancient Egyptian funerary practices	Ancient Egyptian funerary practices - wikipedia Ancient Egyptian funerary practices Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Ancient Egyptian religion Beliefs ( show ) Duat Ma'at Mythology Numerology Philosophy Soul Practices ( show ) Funerals Offering formula Temples Deities ( show ) Amun Amunet Anhur Anubis Anuket Apep Apis Aten Atum Bastet Bat Bes Four sons of Horus Geb Hapy Hathor Heka Hemsut Heqet Horus Isis Kek Khepri Khnum Khonsu Maahes Ma'at Mafdet Mehit Menhit Meretseger Meskhenet Monthu Min Mnevis Mut Neith Nekhbet Nephthys Nu Nut Osiris Pakhet Ptah Qebui Ra Ra - Horakhty Raet - Tawy Reshep Satis Sekhmet Seker Selket Sobek Sopdu Set Seshat Shu Tatenen Taweret Tefnut Thoth Wadjet Wadj - wer Wepwawet Wosret Texts ( show ) Amduat Books of Breathing Book of Caverns Book of the Dead Book of the Earth Book of Gates Book of the Netherworld Related religions ( show ) Atenism Hermeticism Kemeticism ( Kemetic Orthodoxy Church of the Most High Goddess ) Ancient Egypt portal The ancient Egyptians had an elaborate set of funerary practices that they believed were necessary to ensure their immortality after death ( the afterlife ) . These rituals and protocols included mummifying the body , casting magic spells , and burial with specific grave goods thought to be needed in the Egyptian afterlife . The ancient Egyptian burial process evolved over time as old customs were discarded and new ones adopted , but several important elements of the process persisted . Though specific details changed over time , the preparation of the body , the magic rituals , and grave goods were all essential parts of a proper Egyptian funeral . There were many different gods to prepare for . The ancient Egyptians believed that each god would separately judge the deceased before he could enter the afterlife . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Prehistory , earliest burials 1.2 Predynastic period , development of customs 1.3 Early Dynastic Period , tombs and coffins 1.4 Old Kingdom , pyramids and mummification 1.5 First Intermediate Period , regional variation 1.6 Middle Kingdom , new tomb contents 1.7 Second Intermediate Period , foreigner burials 1.8 New Kingdom , new object purposes 1.9 Third Intermediate Period 1.10 Late Period , monumentality and return to traditions 1.11 Ptolemaic period , Hellenistic influences 1.12 Roman period , Roman influences 2 Tombs 3 Mummification 4 Burial rituals 5 Damnation 6 Coffins 7 Funerary texts 8 Burial goods 9 Funerary Boats 10 Role of Animals 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Professional mourners in an eloquent gesture of mourning . Dynasties of Ancient Egypt Predynastic Protodynastic Early Period Old Kingdom First Intermediate Period Middle Kingdom Second Intermediate Period New Kingdom Third Intermediate Period First Persian Period Late Period Second Persian Period Ptolemaic Period Though no writing survives from Predynastic Egypt , scholars believe the importance of the physical body and its preservation originated there . This would explain why people of that time did not follow the common practice of cremation , but rather buried the dead . Some also believe they may have feared the bodies would rise again if mistreated after death . Early bodies were buried in simple , shallow oval pits , with a few burial goods . Sometimes multiple people and animals were placed in the same grave . Over time , graves became more complex , with the body placed in a wicker basket , then later in wooden or terracotta coffins . The latest tombs Egyptians made were sarcophaguses . These graves contained burial goods like jewelry , food , games and sharpened splint . This demonstrates that this ancient period had a sense of the afterlife , though archaeological evidence may show the average person had little chance of getting into it . This may be because admission required that the deceased must be able to serve a purpose there . The pharaoh was allowed in because of his role in life , and others needed to have some role there . Human sacrifices found in early royal tombs reinforce this view . These people were probably meant to serve the pharaoh during his eternal life . Eventually , figurines and wall paintings begin to replace human victims . Some of these figurines may have been created to resemble certain people , so they could follow the pharaoh after their lives ended . Note that not only the lower classes had to rely on the pharaoh 's favor , but also the noble classes . They believed that when he died , the pharaoh became a type of god , who could bestow upon certain individuals the ability to have an afterlife . This belief existed from the predynastic period through the Old Kingdom . Though many spells from the predeceasing texts were carried over , the new coffin texts also had additional new spells added , along with slight changes made to make this new funerary text more relatable to the nobility . In the First Intermediate Period , however , the importance of the pharaoh declined . Funerary texts , previously restricted to royal use , became more widely available . The pharaoh was no longer a god - king in the sense that only he was allowed in the next life due to his status here , now he was merely the ruler of the population who upon his death would be leveled down towards the plane of the mortals . Prehistory , earliest burials ( edit ) The first funerals in Egypt are known from the villages of Omari and Maadi in the north . The people of these villages buried their dead in a simple , round graves with one pot . The body was neither treated nor arranged in a regular way as would be the case later in the historical period . Without any written evidence , there is little to provide information about contemporary beliefs concerning the afterlife except for the regular inclusion of a single pot in the grave . In view of later customs , the pot was probably intended to hold food for the deceased . Predynastic period , development of customs ( edit ) Funerary customs developed during the Predynastic period from those of the Prehistoric Period . At first people excavated round graves with one pot in the Badarian Period ( 4400 - 3800 B.C.E. ) , continuing the tradition of Omari and Maadi cultures . By the end of the Predynastic period , there were increasing numbers of objects deposited with the body in rectangular graves , and there is growing evidence of rituals practiced by Egyptians of the Naquada II Period ( 3650 - 3300 B.C.E ) . At this point , bodies were regularly arranged in a crouched or fetal position with the face toward either the east the rising sun or the west ( which in this historical period was the land of the dead ) . Artists painted jars with funeral processions and perhaps ritual dancing . Figures of bare breasted women with birdlike faces and their legs concealed under skirts also appeared in some graves . Some graves were much richer in goods than others , demonstrating the beginnings of social stratification . Gender differences in burial emerged with the inclusion of weapons in men 's graves and cosmetics palettes in women 's graves . Early Dynastic period , tombs and coffins ( edit ) By the First Dynasty , some Egyptians were wealthy enough to build tombs over their burials rather than placing their bodies in simple pit graves dug into the sand . The rectangular , mud - brick tomb with an underground burial chamber , called a mastaba , developed in this period . These tombs had niched walls , a style of building called the palace - façade motif because the walls imitated those surrounding the palace of the king . Since commoners as well as kings , however , had such tombs , the architecture suggests that in death , some wealthy people did achieve an elevated status . Later in the historical period , it is certain that the deceased was associated with the god of the dead , Osiris . Grave goods expanded to include furniture , jewelry , and games as well as the weapons , cosmetic palettes , and food supplies in decorated jars known earlier , in the Predynastic period . Now , however , in the richest tombs , grave goods numbered in the thousands . Only the newly invented coffins for the body were made specifically for the tomb . There is also some inconclusive evidence for mummification . Other objects in the tombs that had been used during daily life suggests that Egyptians already in the First Dynasty anticipated needing in the next life . Further continuity from this life into the next can be found in the positioning of tombs : those persons who served the king during their lifetimes chose burials in close proximity to their lord . The use of stela in front of the tomb began in the First Dynasty , indicating a desire to individualize the tomb with the deceased 's name . Old Kingdom , pyramids and mummification ( edit ) In the Old Kingdom , kings first built pyramids for their own tombs surrounded by stone mastaba tombs for their high officials . The fact that most high officials were also royal relatives suggests another motivation for such placement : these complexes were also family cemeteries . Among the elite , bodies were now mummified , wrapped in linen bandages , sometimes covered with molded plaster , and placed in stone sarcophagi or plain wooden coffins . At the end of the Old Kingdom , mummy masks in cartonnage ( linen soaked in plaster , modeled and painted ) also appeared . Canopic containers now held their internal organs . Amulets of gold , faience , and carnelian first appeared in various shapes to protect different parts of the body . There is also first evidence of inscriptions inside the coffins of the elite during the Old Kingdom . Often , reliefs of every day items were etched onto the walls supplemented grave goods , which made them available through their representation . The new false door was a non-functioning stone sculpture of a door into the tomb , found either inside the chapel or on the outside of the mastaba ; it served as a place to make offerings and recite prayers for the deceased . Statues of the deceased were now included in tombs and used for ritual purposes . Burial chambers of some private people received their first decorations in addition to the decoration of the chapels . At the end of the Old Kingdom , the burial chamber decorations depicted offerings , but not people . First Intermediate period , regional variation ( edit ) The political situation in the First Intermediate Period , with many centers of power , is clearly reflected in the many local styles of art and burial at this time . The many regional styles for decorating coffins make their origins easy to distinguish from each other . For example , some coffins have one - line inscriptions , and many styles include the depiction of wadjet eyes ( the human eye with the markings of a falcon ) . There are also regional variations in the hieroglyphs used to decorate coffins . Occasionally men had tools and weapons in their graves , while some women had jewelry and cosmetic objects such as mirrors . Grindstones were sometimes included in women 's tombs , perhaps to be considered a tool for food preparation in the next world , just as the weapons in men 's tombs imply men 's assignment to a role in fighting . Middle Kingdom , new tomb contents ( edit ) Mask from a coffin . Cartonnage , 37.1387 E , Brooklyn Museum Burial customs in the Middle Kingdom reflect some of the political trends of this period . During the Eleventh Dynasty , tombs were cut into the mountains of Thebes surrounding the king 's tomb or in local cemeteries in Upper and Middle Egypt ; Thebes was the native city of the Eleventh Dynasty kings , and they preferred to be buried there . But the Twelfth Dynasty , high officials served the kings of a new family now ruling from the north in Lisht ; these kings and their high officials preferred burial in a mastaba near the pyramids belonging to their masters . Moreover , the difference in topography between Thebes and Lisht led to a difference tomb type : in the north , nobles build mastaba tombs on the flat desert plains , while in the south , local dignitaries continued to excavate tombs in the mountain . For those of ranks lower than royal courtiers during the Eleventh Dynasty , tombs were simpler . Coffins could be simple wooded boxes with the body either mummified and wrapped in linen or simply wrapped without mummification , and the addition of a cartonnage mummy mask . Some tombs included wooded shoes and a simple statue near the body . In one burial there were only twelve loaves of bread , a leg of beef , and a jar of beer for food offerings . Jewelry could be included but only rarely were objects of great value found in non-elite graves . Some burials continued to include the wooden models that were popular during the First Intermediate Period . Wooden models of boats , scenes of food production , craftsmen and workshops , and professions such as scribes or soldiers have been found in the tombs of this period . Some rectangular coffins of the Twelfth Dynasty have short inscriptions and representations of the most important offerings the deceased required . For men the objects depicted were weapons and symbols of office as well as food . Women 's coffins depicted mirrors , sandals , and jars containing food and drink . Some coffins included texts that were later versions of the royal Pyramid Texts . Another kind of faience model of the deceased as a mummy seems to anticipate the use of shabty figurines ( also called shawabty or an ushabty ) later in the Twelfth Dynasty . These early figurines do not have the text directing the figure to work in the place of the deceased that is found in later figurines . The richest people had stone figurines that seem to anticipate shabties , though some scholars have seen them as mummy substitutes rather than servant figures . In the later Twelfth Dynasty , significant changes occurred in burials , perhaps reflecting administrative changes enacted by King Senwosret III ( 1836 - 1818 B.C.E. ) . The body was now regularly placed on its back , rather than its side as had been done for thousands of years . Coffin texts and wooden models disappeared from new tombs of the period while heart scarabs and figurines shaped like mummies were now often included in burials , as they would be for the remainder of Egyptian history . Coffin decoration was simplified . The Thirteenth Dynasty saw another change in decoration . Different motifs were found in the north and south , a reflection of decentralized government power at the time . There were also a marked increase in the number of burials in one tomb , a rare occurrence in earlier periods . The reuse of one tomb by a family over generations seems to have occurred when wealth was more equitably spread . Second Intermediate period , foreigner burials ( edit ) Known graves from the Second Intermediate Period reveal the presence of non-Egyptians buried in the country . In the north , graves associated with the Hyksos , a western Semitic people ruling the north from the northeast delta , include small mud brick structures containing the body , pottery vessels , a dagger in a men 's graves and often a nearby donkey burial . Simple pan-shaped graves in various parts of the country are thought to belong to Nubian soldiers . Such graves reflect very ancient customs and feature shallow , round pits , bodies contracted and minimal food offerings in pots . The occasional inclusion of identifiable Egyptian materials from the Second Intermediate Period provides the only marks distinguishing these burials from those of Predynastic and even earlier periods . New Kingdom , new object purposes ( edit ) Deir - El - Bahari The majority of elite tombs in the New Kingdom were rock - cut chambers . Kings were buried in multi-roomed , rock - cut tombs in the Valley of the Kings and no longer in pyramids . Priests conducted funerary rituals for them in stone temples built on the west bank of the Nile opposite of Thebes . From the current evidence , the Eighteenth Dynasty appears to be the last period in which Egyptians regularly included multiple objects from their daily lives in their tombs ; beginning in the Nineteenth Dynasty , tombs contained fewer items from daily life and included objects made especially for the next world . Thus the change from the Eighteenth to the Nineteenth Dynasties formed a dividing line in burial traditions : The Eighteenth Dynasty more closely remembered the immediate past in its customs whereas the Nineteenth Dynasty anticipated the customs of the Late Period . People of the elite ranks in the Eighteenth Dynasty placed furniture as well as clothing and other items in their tombs , objects they undoubtedly used during life on earth . Beds , headrests , chairs , stools , leather sandals , jewelry , musical instruments , and wooden storage chests were present in these tombs . While all of the objects listed were for the elite , many poor people did not put anything beyond weapons and cosmetics into their tombs . No elite tombs survive unplundered from the Ramesside period . In this period , artists decorated tombs belonging to the elite with more scene of religious events , rather than the everyday scene that had been popular since the Old Kingdom . The funeral itself , the funerary meal with multiple relatives , the worshipping of the gods , even figures in the underworld were subjects in elite tomb decorations . The majority of objects found in Ramesside period tombs were made for the afterlife . Aside from the jewelry , which could have been used also during life , objects in Ramesside tombs were manufactured for the next world . Third Intermediate period ( edit ) Shabties of King Pinudjem I , ca . 1025 - 1007 B.C.E. , 16.190 , Brooklyn Museum Though the political structure of the New Kingdom collapsed at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty , the majority of burials in the Twenty - first Dynasty directly reflect developments from the earlier period . At the beginning of this time , reliefs resembled those from the Ramesside period . Only at the very end of the Third Intermediate Period did new funerary practices of the Late Period begin to be seen . Little is known of tombs from this period . The very lack of decorations in tombs seem to have led to much more elaborate decoration of coffins . The remaining grave goods of the period show fairly cheaply made shabties , even when the owner was a queen or a princess . Late period , monumentality and return to traditions ( edit ) Burials in the Late Period could make use of large - scale , temple like tombs built for the non-royal elite for the first time . But the majority of tombs in this period were in shafts sunk into the desert floor . In addition to fine statuary and reliefs reflecting the style of the Old Kingdom , the majority of grave goods were specially made for the tomb . Coffins continued to bear religious texts and scenes . Some shafts were personalized by the use of stela with the deceased prayers and name on it . Shabties in faience for all classes are known . Canopic jars , though often nonfunctional , continued to be included . Staves and scepters representing the deceased 's office in life were often present as well . A figure of either the god Osiris or of the composite deity Ptah - Soker - Osiris could be found , along with heart scarabs , both gold and faience examples of djed - columns , Eye of Horus amulets , figures of gods , and images of the deceased 's ba . Tools for the tombs ritual called the `` opening of the mouth '' as well as `` magical bricks '' at the four compass points could be included . Ptolemaic period , Hellenistic influences ( edit ) Following Egypt 's conquest by Alexander the Great , the country was ruled by the descendants of Ptolemy , one of his generals . The Macedonian Greek family fostered a culture that promoted both Hellenistic and ancient Egyptian ways of life : while many Greek - speaking people living in Alexandria followed the customs of mainland Greece , others adopted Egyptian customs , while Egyptians continued to follow their own already ancient customs . Very few Ptolemaic tombs are known . Fine temple statuary of the period suggests the possibility of tomb sculpture and offering tables . Egyptian elite burials still made use of stone sarcophagi . Books of the Dead and amulets were also still popular . Roman period , Roman influences ( edit ) The Mummy of Demetrios , 95 - 100 C.E. , 11.600 , Brooklyn Museum The Romans conquered Egypt in 30 B.C. , ending the rule of the last and most famous member of the Ptolemaic dynasty , Cleopatra VII . During Roman rule , an elite hybrid burial style developed incorporating both Egyptian and Roman elements . Some people were mummified and wrapped in linen bandages . The front of the mummy was often painted with a selection of traditional Egyptian symbols . Mummy masks in either traditional Egyptian style or in Roman style could be added to the mummies . Another possibility was a Roman - style mummy portrait , executed in encaustic ( pigment suspended in wax ) on a wooden panel . Sometimes the feet of the mummy were covered . An alternative to this was a complete shroud with Egyptian motifs but a portrait in the Roman style . Tombs of the elite could also include fine jewelry . Tombs ( edit ) Example of a mastaba In the Prehistoric Egypt , bodies were buried in deserts because they would naturally be preserved by dehydration . The `` graves '' were small oval or rectangular pits dug in the sand . They could give the body of the deceased in a tight position on its left side alongside a few jars of food and drink and slate palettes with magical religious spells . The size of graves eventually increased but according to status and wealth . The dry , desert conditions were a benefit in ancient Egypt for burials of the poor , who could not afford the complex burial preparations that the wealthy had . The simple graves evolved into mudbrick structures called mastabas . Royal mastabas later developed into `` step pyramids '' and then `` true pyramids . '' As soon as a king took the throne he would start to build his pyramid . Rituals of the burial , including the `` Opening of the mouth ceremony '' took place at the Valley Temple . While a pyramid 's large size was made to protect against robbery , it may also be connected to a religious belief about the sun god , Ra . Mummification ( edit ) Main articles : Mummy § Mummification and rank , and List of Egyptian mummies Painted mummy bandage Mummy of pharaoh Seti I . In orders to live for all eternity and be presented in front of Osiris , the body of the deceased had to be preserved by mummification , so that the soul could reunite with it , and take pleasure in the afterlife . The main process of mummification was preserving the body by dehydrating it using natron , a natural material found in Wadi Natrun which is like a combination of baking soda and salt . The body is drained of any liquids and left with the skin , hair and muscles preserved . This process was available for anyone who could afford it . It was believed that even those who could not afford this process could still enjoy the afterlife with the right reciting of spells . The most classic and common method of mummification dates back to the 18th Dynasty . The first step was to remove the internal organs and liquid so that the body would not decay . The embalmers took out the brain through a process named excerebration by inserting a sharp object in the nostril , breaking through it into the brain and then liquefying it . They threw out the brain because they thought that the heart did all the thinking . The next step was to remove the internal organs , the lungs , liver , stomach , and intestines , and place them in canopic jars with lids shaped like the heads of the protective deities , the four sons of Horus : Imsety , Hapy , Duamutef , and Qebhseneuf . Imsety was human - headed , and guarded the liver ; Hapy was ape - headed , and guarded the lungs ; Duamutef was jackel - headed , and guarded the stomach ; Qebhseneuf was hawk - headed , and guarded the small and large intestines . Sometimes the four canopic jars were placed into a canopic chest , and buried with the mummified body . A canopic chest resembled a `` miniature coffin '' and was intricately painted . The Ancient Egyptians believed that by burying the deceased with their organs , they may rejoin with them in the afterlife . The heart stayed in the body , because in the hall of judgment it would be weighed against the feather of Ma'at . After the body was washed with wine , it was stuffed with bags of natron . The dehydration process took 40 days . The second part of the process took 30 days . This was the time where the deceased turned into a semi divine being , and all that was left in the body from the first part was removed , followed by applying first wine and then oils . The oils were for ritual purposes , as well as preventing the limbs and bones from breaking while being wrapped . The body was sometimes colored with a golden resin . This protected the body from bacteria and insects . This was also based on the belief that divine beings had flesh of gold . The body was wrapped in bandages with amulets while a priest recited prayers and burned incense . The dressing provided physical protection and the wealthier even had a burial mask of their head . The 70 days process are connected to Osiris and the length the star Sothis was absent from the sky . Burial rituals ( edit ) Relief of Men Presenting Oxen , ca . 2500 -- 2350 B.C.E. Limestone . In this relief , three men bring cattle to the tomb owner , `` from the towns of the estate , '' as the inscription says . Two of these balding , rustic laborers wear kilts of coarse material and the other wears nothing at all . A fragmentary scene below shows men bringing cranes , which Egyptians penned and raised for food . Artisans carved images of live food animals in tombs to supply the deceased with an eternal source of provisions . Brooklyn Museum Ay performing the opening of the mouth for Tutankhamun . After the mummy was prepared , it would need to be re-animated , symbolically , by a priest . The opening of the mouth ceremony was conducted by a priest who would utter a spell and touch the mummy or sarcophagus with a ceremonial adze -- a copper or stone blade . This ceremony ensured that the mummy could breathe and speak in the afterlife . In a similar fashion , the priest could utter spells to reanimate the mummy 's arms , legs , and other body parts . The priests , maybe even the king 's successor , move the body through the causeway to the mortuary temple . This is where prayers were recited , incense was burned , and more rituals were performed to help prepare the king for his final journey . The king 's mummy was then placed inside the pyramid along with enormous amount of food , drink , furniture , clothes , and jewelry which were to be used in the afterlife . The pyramid was sealed so that no one would ever enter it again . However the king 's soul could move through the burial chamber as it wished . After the funeral the king becomes a god and could be worshipped in the temples beside his pyramid . In ancient times Egyptians were buried directly in the ground . Since the weather was so hot and dry , it was easy for the bodies to remain preserved . Usually the bodies would be buried in the fetal position . Ancient Egyptians believed the burial process to be an important part in sending humans to a comfortable afterlife . The Egyptians believed that , after death , the deceased could still have such feelings of anger , or hold a grudge as the living . The deceased were also expected to support and help their living family . They believed that the Ba and Ka are what enabled the dead to support their family . The Ba made it possible for an invisible twin to be released from the body to support the family , while the Ka would recognize the twin when it would come back to the body . With the ideas of the dead being so valuable , it is clear why the Egyptians treated the deceased with respect . The less fortunate Egyptians still wanted their family members to be given a proper burial . A typical burial would be held in the desert where the family would wrap the body in a cloth and bury it with everyday objects for the dead to be comfortable . Although some could afford mummification , most commoners were not mummified due to the expense . Oftentimes , the poor are found in mass graves where their bodies are not mummified and only with minimal household objects . If you were to find the bodies of the poor in Egypt they would be spread out throughout the desert , often in areas that are now populated . Damnation ( edit ) One of the funerary practices followed by the Egyptians was preparing properly for the afterlife . If the proper precautions were not taken , damnation would occur . Damnation meant that Egyptians would not experience the glories of the afterlife where they became a deified figure and would be welcomed by the Gods . Instead , damnation was depicted in the books of the underworld . It was a place of opposites ; chaos , fire , and struggle . Different pages of the books of the underworld depict different perspectives of what happens during damnation . It discusses cutting out humanity and individuality from the person and reversing the cosmic order . Coffins ( edit ) Having been preserved , the mummy was placed in a brightly painted wooden coffin . The decorations on the coffin usually fit the deceased 's status . A central band contained symbols of rebirth bordered by panels with images of god and goddesses . The large djed pillar painted on the back of the coffin represented a backbone . This provided symbolic support for the mummy and was a place to write the deceased 's ancestry . Next , the first coffin was placed in another wooden coffin . Like the first coffin , it was in the shape of the mummy , but was more simply ornamented . The inside of the bottom was painted with a figure of a goddess . The lid again showed the deceased 's face , wig and sophisticated collar . There was an image of a scarab beetle with outstretched wings hovering over the mummy . Lastly , the mummy and coffins were placed in a rectangular outermost coffin mostly made of wood . Sometimes the wealthy had ones of stone , inscribed with religious texts . On the top of the coffin would sit a jackal , most likely Anubis , with various burial goods nearby . Funerary texts ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Egyptian funerary texts The Book of the Dead was a collection of spells designed to guide the deceased in the afterlife . Many mummies were provided with some form of funerary literature to take with them to the afterlife . Most funerary literature consists of lists of spells and instructions for navigating the afterlife . During the Old Kingdom , only the pharaoh had access to this material , which scholars refer to as the Pyramid Texts . The Pyramid Texts are a collection of spells to assure the royal resurrection and protect the pharaoh from various malignant influences . The Pharaoh Unas was the first to use this collection of spells , as he and a few subsequent pharaohs had them carved on the walls of their pyramids . These texts were individually chosen from a larger bank of spells . In the First Intermediate Period and in the Middle Kingdom , some of the Pyramid Text spells also are found in burial chambers of high officials and on many coffins , where they begin to evolve into what scholars call the Coffin Texts . In this period , the nobles and many non-royal Egyptians began to have access to funerary literature . Though many spells from the earlier texts were carried over , the new coffin texts also had additional spells , along with slight changes made to make this new funerary text more fit for the nobility . In The New Kingdom , the Coffin texts became the Book of the Dead , or the Funeral Papyri , and would last through the Late Kingdom . The text in these books was divided according to chapters / spells , which were almost two - hundred in number . Each one of these texts was individualized for the deceased , though to varying degrees . If the person was rich enough , then they could commission their own personal version of the text that would include only the spells that they wanted . However , if one was not so wealthy , then one had to make do with the pre-made versions that had spaces left for the name of the deceased . If the scribe ran out of room while doing the transcription , he would just stop the spell wherever he was and would not continue . It is not until the Twenty - sixth Dynasty that there began to be any regulation of the order or even the number of spells that were to be included in the Book of the Dead . At this time , the regulation is set at 192 spells to be placed in the book , with certain ones holding the same place at all times . This makes it seem as if the order of the texts was not what was important , so the person could place them in an order that he was comfortable with , but rather that it was what was written that mattered . Burial goods ( edit ) A selection of shabti statues . Although the types of burial goods changed throughout ancient Egyptian history , their purpose to protect the deceased and provide sustenance the afterlife remained . From the earliest periods of Egyptian history , all Egyptians were buried with at least some goods that they thought were necessary after death . At a minimum , these consisted of everyday objects such as bowls , combs , and other trinkets , along with food . Wealthier Egyptians could afford to be buried with jewelry , furniture , and other valuables , which made them targets of tomb robbers . In the early Dynastic Period , tombs were filled with daily life objects , such as furniture , jewelry and other valuables . They also contained many pottery and stone vessels . As burial customs developed in the Old Kingdom , wealthy citizens were buried in wooden or stone coffins . However , the number of burial goods declined . They were often just a set of copper model copper tools and some vessels . Starting in the First Intermediate period , wooden models became very popular burial goods . These wooden models often depict everyday activities that the deceased expected to continue doing in the afterlife . Also , a type of rectangular coffin became the standard , being brightly painted and often including an offering formula . Objects of daily use were not often included in the tombs during this period . The ancient Egyptians put green stone scarab beetles into the coffins of important people , along with the mummified bodies . At the end of the Middle Kingdom , new object types were introduced into burials , such as the first shabtis and the first heart scarabs . Shabtis were little clay statues made to perform tasks on command for the pharaoh . Now objects of daily use appear in tombs again , often magical items already employed for protecting the living . Scarabs ( beetles ) collect animal dung and roll it into little balls . To the Egyptians , these balls looked like the life - giving Sun , so they hoped that scarabs would bring them long life . Scarabs have been found in tombs and graves . In the New Kingdom , some of the old burial customs changed . For example , an anthropoid coffin shape became standardized , and the deceased were provided with a small shabti statue , which the Egyptians believed would perform work for them in the afterlife . Elite burials were often filled with objects of daily use . Under Ramses II and later all daily life objects disappear from tombs . They most often only contained a selection of items especially made for the burial . Also , in later burials , the numbers of shabti statues increased ; in some burials , numbering more than four hundred statues . In addition to these shabti statues , the deceased could be buried with many different types of magical figurines to protect them from harm . Funerary boats ( edit ) Funerary boats are a part of some ancient Egyptian burials . Boats played a major role in religion because they were conceived as the main means by which the gods traveled across the sky and through the netherworld . One type of boat used at funerals was for making pilgrimages to holy sites such as Abydos . A large funerary boat , for example , was found near the pyramid of the Old Kingdom Pharaoh Cheops . The funerary boats are called Felucca and they are usually made of wood and the Egyptians used a collection of papyrus reeds and tie them together with the wood very tightly . The most common route for funerary boats is the River Nile to the afterlife . The boat carries the coffin and they have a dog in the boat because they usually lead the deceased to the afterlife . The boats are measured around 20 feet or larger in length but it does n't match the quality of great pharaohs like Pharaoh Khufu the one that built the Great Pyramid . His funerary boat size was around 144 foot long with 12 oars . Common funerary boats are small sized and new oars . Role of animals ( edit ) Several kinds of animal remains have been discovered in tombs all around Dayr al - Barsha , a Coptic village in Middle Egypt . The remains found in the shafts and burial chambers included dogs , foxes , eagle owls , bats , rodents , and snakes . These were determined to be individuals that had entered the deposits by accident . Other animal remains that were found were more common and recurred more than those individuals that wound up accidentally trapped in these tombs . These remains included numerous gazelle and cattle bones , as well as calves and goats which were believed to have been in result of human behavior . This was due to finding that some remains had fragments altered , missing , or separated from their original skeletons . These remains also had traces of paint and cut marks on them , seen especially with cattle skulls and feet . Based on this , the natural environment of the Dayr al - Barsha tombs , and the fact that only some parts of these animals were found , the possibility of natural deposition can be ruled out , and the cause of these remains in fact are most likely caused by animal sacrifices , as only the head , foreleg , and feet were apparently selected for deposition within the tombs . According to a study by Christopher Eyre , cattle meat was actually not a part of the daily diet in Ancient Egypt , as the consumption of meat only took place during celebrations including funerary and mortuary rituals , and the practice of providing the deceased with offerings of cattle going back to the Predynastic Period . See also ( edit ) Death and afterlife in Ancient Egypt Egyptian mummies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Digital Egypt , Burial customs Jump up ^ Ancient Egyptian Mummies : A Web Quest for 4th - 6th Grade ( Social Studies ) , Lee Anne Brandt . Retrieved from the Wayback Machine internet archive on May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Françoise Dunand and Roger Lichtenberg , Mummies and Death in Egypt , ( London : Cornell University Press , 2006 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ Françoise Dunand and Roger Lichtenberg , Mummies and Death in Egypt , ( London : Cornell University Press , 2006 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ Sergio Donadoni , The Egyptians , ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1997 ) p. 262 ^ Jump up to : Erik Hornung , The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Afterlife , ( Cornell : Cornell University Press , 1999 ) p. 7 Jump up ^ John A. Wilson , The Culture of Ancient Egypt , ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1965 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . pp. 74 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . pp. 77 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , New York : Brooklyn Museum . pp. 86 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , New York : Brooklyn Museum . pp. 89 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . pp. 100 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , New York : Brooklyn Museum . p. 103 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . p. 103 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Edward ( 2008 ) . To Live Forever : Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . pp. 103 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : Janice Kamrin and Salima Ikram , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Leonard Lesko , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ John Taylor , pp. 187 -- 193 Jump up ^ Leonard Lesko pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Salima Ikram , Ancient Egypt , pp. 275 -- 282 Jump up ^ Sluglett , Joseph ( December 1990 ) . `` Mummification in Ancient Egypt '' . West of England Medical Journal . 105 ( 4 ) : 117 -- 119 . ISSN 0960 - 6440 . PMC 5114957 . PMID 1369542 . Jump up ^ David , Ann Rosalie ( 1999 ) . Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . p. 152 . ISBN 9780195132151 . Jump up ^ Salima Ikram , Ancient Egypt , p. 276 Jump up ^ Salima Ikram , Ancient Egypt , pp. 282 Jump up ^ Burial Practices , Afterlife , & Mummies -- Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum in San Jose Houses the Largest Collection of Egyptian Artifacts on Exhibit in Western North America . Web . 02 Dec. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Dead and The Living . '' reshafim.org . N.p. , n.d. Web . 24 Nov. 2013 < http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/religion/ancestorworship.htm > Jump up ^ `` How Were Other Ancient Egyptians Buried . '' Ancient Egypt.co.uk . Trustees of the British Museum , n.d. Web . 27 Nov. 2013. < http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/ pyramids / about / otheregy. html > Jump up ^ British Museum , n.d. Web . 27 Nov. 2013 . < http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/ pyramids / about / otheregy. html > Jump up ^ `` How did ancient Egyptian embalmers work on the lower classes ? '' Courtasy. Discovery . Discovery Channel , n.d. Web . 23 Nov. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Joshusa Aaron Roberson : A season in Hell , in : Expedition 57 , no . 2 ( Fall 20152015 ) : 17 - 23 . Academic Search Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed September 20 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Digital Egypt , Pyramid texts Jump up ^ Raymond O. Faulkner , The Ancient Egyptian Book of The Dead , ( New York , British Museum Publications , 1985 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ Raymond O. Faulkner , The Ancient Egyptian Book of The Dead , ( New York , British Museum Publications , 1985 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ Grajetzki , Burial Customs , pp. 7 -- 14 Jump up ^ Grajetzki , Burial Customs , pp. 15 -- 26 Jump up ^ Starry Dog ( 2003 ) . `` History : Ancient Egypt '' . Biggest Ever Book of Questions & Answers . WS PACIFIC PUBLICATIONS , INC. p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4454 - 8792 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mary Ann Sullivan , Solar Boat / Funerary Boat of Cheops ( Khufu ) , © 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DK Find Out ! Fun Facts for Kids on Animals , Earth , History and more ! '' . DK Find Out ! . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Egyptian model funerary boat - Australian Museum '' . australianmuseum.net.au . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Facts of Ancient Egypt Funeral Boats Synonym '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ De Meyer , Marleen ; Van Neer , Wim ; Peeters , Christoph ; Willems , Harco ( 2005 ) . `` The Role of Animals in the Funerary Rites at Dayr al - Barshā '' . Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt . 42 : 45 -- 71 . JSTOR 27651798 . Allen , James P. ( 2000 ) . Middle Egyptian : An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs . Cambridge University Press . pp. 315 . ISBN 0521774837 . David , Rosalie ( 2002 ) . Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt . Penguin . p. 93 . ISBN 0140262520 . David , Rosalie . `` Journey through the afterlife '' . Elsevier Ltd. 377.9759 ( 2011 ) : pp. 20 . Web . 10 May . 2012 . Egypt . British Museum . Web . 7 May 2012. < http://www.historyplace.com/specials/slideshows/mummies/index.html > . `` Egyptian Afterlife '' . Egyptian Afterlife . Web . 7 May 2012 . < https://web.archive.org/web/20130718105902/http://king/ tut.org.uk/Egyptian mummies / Egyptian - afterlife. htm > Hornung , Erik ( 1999 ) . The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801485150 . James , T.G.H. ( 2005 ) . The British Museum Concise Introduction to Ancient Egypt . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Press . pp 122 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 03137 - 6 . Kamrin , Janice ; Ikram , Salima . `` The Ancient Egyptian View Of The AFTERLIFE . '' Calliope 17.1 ( 2006 ) : pp. 10 11 . MasterFILE Premier . Web . 7 May 2012 . Lesko , Leonard H. `` Religion And The Afterlife . '' Calliope 12.1 ( 2001 ) : pp. 4 -- 5 . MasterFILE Premier . Web . 8 May 2012. `` Mummies -- Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt . '' Mummies -- Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Taylor , John ( 2001 ) . Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt . University of Chicago Press. pp. 187 -- 193 . ISBN 0226791645 . Wolfram Grajetzki : Burial Customs in Ancient Egypt : Life in Death for Rich and Poor . Duckworth : London 2003 ISBN 0 - 7156 - 3217 - 5 ROBERSON , JOSHUA AARON . `` A SEASON IN HELL . '' Expedition 57 , no . 2 ( Fall 20152015 ) : 17 - 23 . 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-1672340712645887446	Downforce	Downforce - wikipedia Downforce Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Three different styles of front wings from three different Formula One eras , all designed to produce downforce at the front end of the respective race cars . Top to bottom : Ferrari 312 ( 1979 ) , Lotus 79 ( 1978 ) , McLaren MP4 - 11 ( 1996 ) Downforce is a downwards thrust created by the aerodynamic characteristics of a car . The purpose of downforce is to allow a car to travel faster through a corner by increasing the vertical force on the tires , thus creating more grip . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fundamental principles 2 Body 3 Airfoils 3.1 Front 3.2 Rear 3.3 Wings in unusual places 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 External links Fundamental principles ( edit ) The same principle that allows an airplane to rise off the ground by creating lift from its wings is used in reverse to apply force that presses the race car against the surface of the track . This effect is referred to as `` aerodynamic grip '' and is distinguished from `` mechanical grip '' , which is a function of the car 's mass , tires , and suspension . The creation of downforce by passive devices can be achieved only at the cost of increased aerodynamic drag ( or friction ) , and the optimum setup is almost always a compromise between the two . The aerodynamic setup for a car can vary considerably between race tracks , depending on the length of the straights and the types of corners . Because it is a function of the flow of air over and under the car , downforce increases with the square of the car 's speed and requires a certain minimum speed in order to produce a significant effect . Some cars have had rather unstable aerodynamics , such that a minor change in angle of attack or height of the vehicle can cause large changes in downforce . In the very worst cases this can cause the car to experience lift , not downforce ; for example , by passing over a bump on a track or slipstreaming over a crest : this could have some disastrous consequences , such as Peter Dumbreck 's Mercedes - Benz CLR in the 1999 24 Hours of Le Mans , which flipped spectacularly after closely following a competitor car over a hump . Two primary components of a racing car can be used to create downforce when the car is travelling at racing speed : the shape of the body , and the use of airfoils . Most racing formulae have a ban on aerodynamic devices that can be adjusted during a race , except during pit stops . The CFRP floor of the Panoz DP01 ChampCar exhibiting complex aerodynamic design . The underside curves of the Panoz DP01 ChampCar . The downforce exerted by a wing is usually expressed as a function of its lift coefficient : D = 1 2 W H F ρ v 2 ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) WHF \ rho v ^ ( 2 ) ) Where : D is downforce in newtons W is wingspan in meters H is the thickness of the section in meters F is lift coefficient ρ is air density in kg / m3 v is velocity in m / s In certain ranges of operating conditions and when the wing is not stalled , the lift coefficient has a constant value : the downforce is then proportional to the square of airspeed . In aerodynamics , it is usual to use the top - view projected area of the wing , instead of its frontal area , as a reference surface to define the lift coefficient . This results in different values for F , although the calculated downforce stays the same . Body ( edit ) The rounded and tapered shape of the top of the car is designed to slice through the air and minimize wind resistance . Detailed pieces of bodywork on top of the car can be added to allow a smooth flow of air to reach the downforce - creating elements ( i.e. , wings or spoilers , and underbody tunnels ) . The overall shape of a street car resembles an airplane wing . Almost all street cars have aerodynamic lift as a result of this shape . There are many techniques that are used to counterbalance a street car . Looking at the profile of most street cars , the front bumper has the lowest ground clearance followed by the section between the front and rear tires , and followed yet by a rear bumper usually with the highest clearance . Using this method , the air flowing under the front bumper will be constricted to a lower cross sectional area , and thus achieve a lower pressure . Additional downforce comes from the rake ( or angle ) of the vehicles ' body , which directs the underside air up and creates a downward force , and increases the pressure on top of the car because the airflow direction comes closer to perpendicular to the surface . Volume does not affect the air pressure because it is not an enclosed volume , despite the common misconception . Race cars will exemplify this effect by adding a rear diffuser to accelerate air under the car in front of the diffuser , and raise the air pressure behind it to lessen the car 's wake . Other aerodynamic components that can be found on the underside to improve downforce and / or reduce drag , include splitters and vortex generators . Some cars , such as the DeltaWing , do not have wings , and generate all of their downforce through their body . Airfoils ( edit ) The amount of downforce created by the wings or spoilers on a car is dependent primarily on two things : The shape , including surface area , aspect ratio and cross-section of the device , and The device 's orientation ( or angle of attack ) . A larger surface area creates greater downforce and greater drag ( also known as air resistance ) . The aspect ratio is the width of the airfoil divided by its depth . The aspect ratio formula is written like AR = b squared / s , where AR = aspect ratio , b = spand squared , and s = wing area . Also , a greater angle of attack ( or tilt ) of the wing or spoiler , creates more downforce , which puts more pressure on the rear wheels and more drag . The rear wing of a 1998 Formula One car , with three aerodynamic elements ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) . The rows of holes for adjustment of the angle of attack ( 4 ) and installation of another element ( 5 ) are visible on the wing 's endplate . Front ( edit ) The function of the airfoils at the front of the car is twofold . They create downforce that enhances the grip of the front tires , while also optimizing ( or minimizing disturbance to ) the flow of air to the rest of the car . The front wings on an open - wheeled car undergo constant modification as data is gathered from race to race , and are customized for every characteristic of a particular circuit ( see top photos ) . In most series , the wings are even designed for adjustment during the race itself when the car is serviced . Rear ( edit ) The flow of air at the rear of the car is affected by the front wings , front wheels , mirrors , driver 's helmet , side pods and exhaust . This causes the rear wing to be less aerodynamically efficient than the front wing , Yet , because it must generate more than twice as much downforce as the front wings in order to maintain the handling to balance the car , the rear wing typically has a much larger aspect ratio , and often uses two or more elements to compound the amount of downforce created ( see photo at left ) . Like the front wings , each of these elements can often be adjusted when the car is serviced , before or even during a race , and are the object of constant attention and modification . Wings in unusual places ( edit ) Partly as a consequence of rules aimed at reducing downforce from the front and rear wings of F1 cars , several teams have sought to find other places to position wings . Small wings mounted on the rear of the cars ' sidepods began to appear in mid-1994 , and were virtually standard on all F1 cars in one form or another , until all such devices were outlawed in 2009 . Other wings have sprung up in various other places about the car , but these modifications are usually only used at circuits where downforce is most sought , particularly the twisty Hungary and Monaco racetracks . The 1995 McLaren Mercedes MP4 / 10 was one of the first cars to feature a `` midwing '' , using a loophole in the regulations to mount a wing on top of the engine cover . This arrangement has since been used by every team on the grid at one time or another , and in the 2007 Monaco Grand Prix all but two teams used them . These midwings are not to be confused either with the roll - hoop mounted cameras which each car carries as standard in all races , or with the bull - horn shaped flow controllers first used by McLaren and since by BMW Sauber , whose primary function is to smooth and redirect the airflow in order to make the rear wing more effective rather than to generate downforce themselves . A variation on this theme was `` X-wings '' , high wings mounted on the front of the sidepods which used a similar loophole to midwings . These were first used by Tyrrell in 1997 , and were last used in the 1998 San Marino Grand Prix , by which time Ferrari , Sauber , Jordan and others had used such an arrangement . However it was decided they would have to be banned in view of the obstruction they caused during refueling and the risk they posed to the driver should a car roll over . ( It is rumored that Bernie Ecclestone saw them as being too ugly on television and therefore had them banned ) . Various other extra wings have been tried from time to time , but nowadays it is more common for teams to seek to improve the performance of the front and rear wings by the use of various flow controllers such as the afore - mentioned `` bull - horns '' used by McLaren . See also ( edit ) Bernoulli 's principle Body kit Formula One car Grip ( auto racing ) Ground effect in cars Lift ( force ) Wind tunnel Further reading ( edit ) Simon McBeath , Competition Car Downforce : A Practical Handbook , SAE International , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 85960 - 662 - 8 Simon McBeath , Competition Car Aerodynamics , Sparkford , Haynes , 2006 Enrico Benzing , Ali / Wings . Progettazione e applicazione su auto da corsa . Their design and application to racing car , Milano , Nada , 2012 . Bilingual ( Italian - English ) External links ( edit ) Aerodynamics In Car Racing ( hide ) Automotive handling Main topics Car handling Center of mass Downforce Drifting Electronic Stability Control Fishtailing Inboard brake Oversteer Steering Suspension Tire / Tyre Transaxle Understeer Unsprung mass Vehicle dynamics Weight transfer Spring types Coil Leaf Pneumatic Torsion Suspension types Dependent Beam axle De Dion tube Multi-link Semi-independent Twist beam Independent Double wishbone ( Jaguar IRS ) Dubonnet MacPherson strut ( Chapman strut ) Multi-link Sliding pillar Swing axle Trailing arm ( Semi-trailing arm ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downforce&oldid=809774822 '' Categories : Aerodynamics Motorsport terminology Vehicle dynamics Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Hrvatski Italiano 日本語 Português Suomi தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 09 : 11 . About Wikipedia	how many components does it take to create f1 car	[]	[]
-2322860254341102618	The Voice (U.S. TV series)	The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other versions of the series , see The Voice ( TV series ) . The Voice Genre Reality competition Created by John de Mol Directed by Alan Carter Presented by Carson Daly Alison Haislip Christina Milian Judges Christina Aguilera CeeLo Green Adam Levine Blake Shelton Shakira Usher Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Miley Cyrus Alicia Keys Jennifer Hudson Composer ( s ) Martijn Schimmer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 315 Production Executive producer ( s ) John de Mol Mark Burnett Audrey Morrissey Stijn Bakkers Marc Jansen Jay Bienstock Lee Metzger Producer ( s ) Ashley Baumann Amanda Borden Carson Daly Keith Dinielli May Johnson Bart Kimball Michael Matsumoto David Offenheiser Dan Paschen Kyley Tucker Teddy Valenti Location ( s ) Universal Studios Hollywood , Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 44 -- 104 minutes Production company ( s ) Mark Burnett Productions ( 2011 -- 12 ) One Three Media ( 2012 -- 14 ) United Artists Media Group ( 2014 -- 15 ) MGM Television ( 2016 -- ) Talpa Media Warner Horizon Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 26 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Voice ( franchise ) External links Official website www.nbc.com/the-voice The Voice is an American reality television singing competition broadcast on NBC . Based on the original The Voice of Holland , the concept of the series is to find currently unsigned singing talent ( solo or duets , professional and amateur ) contested by aspiring singers , age 15 or over ( reduced to 13 since season 12 ) , drawn from public auditions . The winner is determined by television viewers voting by telephone , Internet , SMS text , and iTunes Store purchases of the audio - recorded artists ' vocal performances . They receive US $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Music Group for winning the competition . The winners of the twelve seasons have been : Javier Colon , Jermaine Paul , Cassadee Pope , Danielle Bradbery , Tessanne Chin , Josh Kaufman , Craig Wayne Boyd , Sawyer Fredericks , Jordan Smith , Alisan Porter , Sundance Head , and Chris Blue . The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists ' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the season . They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition , thus making them the winning coach . Members of the coaching panel include Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , Christina Aguilera ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 , 8 , 10 ) , CeeLo Green ( seasons 1 -- 3 , and 5 ) , Shakira ( seasons 4 and 6 ) , Usher ( seasons 4 and 6 ) , Gwen Stefani ( seasons 7 , 9 , and 12 ) , Pharrell Williams ( seasons 7 -- 10 ) , Miley Cyrus ( seasons 11 and 13 ) , Alicia Keys ( seasons 11 -- 12 ) , and Jennifer Hudson ( season 13 ) . The Voice began airing on April 26 , 2011 , as a spring TV season program . The show proved to be a hit for NBC and was subsequently expanded into the fall cycle when season three premiered on September 10 , 2012 . The series premiered its twelfth season on February 27 , 2017 . On October 18 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series through its thirteenth season . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a fourteenth series , along with announcing Jennifer Hudson as a new coach in the thirteenth season . The following day , it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a new coach in the fourteenth season . The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception 2 Selection process and format 2.1 Voting system 3 Coaches and hosts 3.1 Coaches 3.2 Hosts 4 Coaches ' advisors 5 Series overview 6 Season synopses 6.1 Season 1 6.2 Season 2 6.3 Season 3 6.4 Season 4 6.5 Season 5 6.6 Season 6 6.7 Season 7 6.8 Season 8 6.9 Season 9 6.10 Season 10 6.11 Season 11 6.12 Season 12 6.13 Season 13 7 La Voz Kids 7.1 Series overview 8 Reception 8.1 Awards and nominations 8.2 Ratings 9 The Voice Live on Tour 10 Video game 11 Broadcast 12 References 13 External links Conception An adaptation of the Dutch show The Voice of Holland , NBC announced the show under the name The Voice of America in December 2010 ; its name was soon shortened to The Voice . In each season , the winner receives $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Republic Records ( seasons 1 & 2 ) or later Universal Music Group ( season 3 -- present ) . Selection process and Format Each season begins with the `` Blind Auditions , '' where coaches form their team of artists ( 8 in season 1 , 12 in season 2 and seasons 4 - 12 , and 16 in season 3 ) whom they mentor through the remainder of the season . The coaches ' chairs are faced towards the audience during artists ' performances ; those interested in an artist press their button , which turns their chair towards the artist and illuminates the bottom of the chair to read `` I want you . '' At the conclusion of the performance , an artist either defaults to the only coach who turned around , or selects his or her coach if more than one coach expresses interest . In the `` Battle Rounds , '' each coach pairs two of his or her team members to perform together , then chooses one to advance in the competition . In each season , coaches are assisted by celebrity advisors that are different each season . In the first season , coaches sit alongside their respective advisors in the battle stage . However , starting with the second season , the advisors no longer join the coaches in the battle stage . A new element was added in season three ; coaches were given two `` steals '' , allowing each coach to select two individuals who were eliminated during a battle round by another coach . The Knockout Rounds were also introduced in season three . A pair of artists within a team are selected to sing individual performances in succession . They are not told until a few minutes prior to their performances who their partner is . The artists get to choose their own songs in this round , although they continue to get help and advice from their respective coaches . At the conclusion of the performances , coaches would decide which one of each pair gets to advance to the next round . Just like in the battle rounds , the coaches can steal one eliminated artist from another coach starting with season five . The `` Battles , Round 2 '' were introduced to replace the Knockout Rounds in season six . Similar to the Knockout Rounds , each singer is paired randomly within their team . One celebrity key adviser also assists all four of the coaches and their teams in preparation of these rounds . Coaches give each Battle pairing a list of songs and each pair must agree on which song to sing . Each coach can still decide which of their singers in each pair will advance to the next round . The coaches are also allowed one steal . However , the Knockouts were brought back in season seven . In the final live performance phase of the competition , artists perform in weekly shows , where public voting narrows to a final group of artists and eventually declares a winner . The coaches have the power to save one artist that had not received the public 's vote that week . As of season two , these artists would give a last chance performance to win their coach 's save . However , in deciding who moves on to the final four phase , the television audience and the coaches have equal say . With one team member remaining for each coach , the contestants compete against each other in the finale , where the outcome is decided solely by public vote . In the first two seasons , one contestant from each team would advance to the final four . Due to the possibility of having multiple potential winners on the same team , eliminations were adjusted in season three to eliminate contestants who earned the lowest number of votes , thus not guaranteeing a coach and a contestant in the ( reduced ) final three ( having reverted to four since season seven ) . Voting system See also : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) discography In a first for a music competition series , NBC and Universal Republic Records offered fans of the show the ability to vote for their favorite artists by purchasing the studio versions of the songs that they perform on the live show each week via the iTunes Store . Alternative methods of voting can be done through toll - free phone calls ( until season 8 ) , text messaging , the show 's app , and through online votes via NBC.com and Facebook . Each method is limited to ten votes per user . Voting lasts until noon EST the next day . As of the top 12 results show of season three , producers made changes in the voting system with regards to iTunes singles purchases . Previous voting via iTunes purchases of contestant performances had previously only counted singly during the official voting window and only accredited to the live show in concern . If a competitor 's performance charts within the Top 10 of the iTunes `` Top 200 Singles Chart '' during this window , it will be given an iTunes bonus that multiplies iTunes votes made by ten . Starting in season five , the iTunes bonus multiplier is now five for the studio versions of the songs performed by the competitors . The finale 's vote count will include a ' Cumulative iTunes Vote Total ' of all singles ( from top 12 onwards ) purchased during and outside of the various voting windows , with iTunes bonuses previously earned . Only the studio recording of the contestants ' performances , not the live performance , are available on iTunes . In the first season , the battle rounds were recorded in the studio with both artists in the pairing . However , from season two on , only the winner 's version of the song from the battle round is released . Season seven reverted to the old style of both artists . With the introduction of the Knockout Rounds in season three , where each contestant sang a separate song , only the winner 's single is released . The `` Instant Save '' was introduced in season five . During the live elimination episodes , viewers are given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the Top 12 . Home viewers can only vote once per account for one contestant of their choice . Coaches and hosts Coaches First Lady Michelle Obama and Dr. Jill Biden record social media videos with Adam Levine and Blake Shelton prior to the kick - off of the 5th anniversary of their Joining Forces initiative , May 2016 CeeLo Green of Gnarls Barkley and Adam Levine of Maroon 5 became the first confirmed coaches in February 2011 , followed by Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton in March . Aguilera and Green did not return for season four and were replaced by Shakira and Usher as substitute coaches . Aguilera and Green then returned for season five , while Shakira and Usher returned for season six . In an interview with Ellen DeGeneres in February 2014 , Green revealed that he would not be returning to The Voice . On March 31 , 2014 , it was announced that Pharrell Williams would become Green 's replacement . On April 19 , 2014 , it was announced that No Doubt 's Gwen Stefani would replace Aguilera in season seven due to her pregnancy . On May 20 , 2014 , Shakira and Usher confirmed that after season six , they would focus on their music . On March 25 , 2016 , Miley Cyrus confirmed that following her role as key advisor during the tenth season that she would be joining the series once again in its eleventh season as a coach , replacing Christina Aguilera . That same day , Alicia Keys was also announced to be joining the series as a coach for the eleventh season . On October 18 , 2016 , it was announced that Stefani would re-join the coaches ' panel for the series ' twelfth season , alongside returning coaches Keys , Levine and Shelton ; it was also confirmed that Cyrus would return for the thirteenth season . On April 27 , 2017 , in an interview published by TV Insider , Keys confirmed that the twelfth season would be her last . She stated , `` Who knows what the future holds , but I know this one is my final season . '' On May 10 , 2017 , NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join the coaches lineup for the series ' thirteenth season . On May 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a coach in season fourteen in 2018 . Adam Levine CeeLo Green ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Christina Aguilera ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Blake Shelton Shakira ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Usher ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2014 -- 2015 , 2017 ) Pharrell Williams ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Miley Cyrus ( 2016 -- ) Alicia Keys ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2017 ) Hosts Carson Daly has hosted the series since the inaugural season . Alison Haislip served as the original `` backstage , online and social media correspondent '' and was replaced by Christina Milian . Milian did not return for season five , at which point Daly assumed her duties as the social media correspondent . Carson Daly Alison Haislip ( 2011 ) Christina Milian ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Coaches ' advisors Battle round advisors are first listed ; additional advisors and their roles are denoted by superscripts . Season 1 Team Adam -- Adam Blackstone Team Blake -- Reba McEntire Team CeeLo -- Monica Team Christina -- Sia Season 2 Team Adam -- Alanis Morissette , Robin Thicke Team Blake -- Kelly Clarkson , Miranda Lambert Team CeeLo -- Babyface , Ne - Yo Team Christina -- Jewel , Lionel Richie Season 3 Team Adam -- Mary J. Blige Team Blake -- Michael Bublé , Scott Hendricks Team CeeLo -- Rob Thomas , Jennifer Hudson , Bill Withers , Pat Monahan Team Christina -- Billie Joe Armstrong , Ron Fair Season 4 Team Adam -- Hillary Scott Team Blake -- Sheryl Crow Team Shakira -- Joel Madden , CeeLo Green Team Usher -- Pharrell Williams , Aakomon Jones , Taylor Swift Season 5 Team Adam -- Ryan Tedder Team Blake -- Cher Team CeeLo -- Miguel Team Christina -- Ed Sheeran Season 6 Team Adam -- Aloe Blacc , Graham Nash , James Valentine Team Blake -- The Band Perry , Scott Hendricks , Gwen Sebastian Team Shakira -- Miranda Lambert Team Usher -- Jill Scott Chris Martin ( all coaches ) Season 7 Team Adam -- Stevie Nicks , Patrick Stump Team Blake -- Little Big Town , Colbie Caillat Team Gwen -- Gavin Rossdale , Christina Aguilera Team Pharrell -- Alicia Keys , Diana Ross Taylor Swift ( all coaches ) Season 8 Team Adam -- Ellie Goulding , Dave Stewart , Usher Team Blake -- Meghan Trainor , Scott Hendricks , CeeLo Green Team Pharrell -- Lionel Richie , Ryan Tedder , Gwen Stefani Team Christina -- Nick Jonas , Mark Ronson , Gwen Stefani Nate Ruess ( all coaches ) Reba McEntire ( all coaches ) Season 9 Team Adam -- John Fogerty Team Blake -- Brad Paisley Team Gwen -- Selena Gomez Team Pharrell -- Missy Elliott Rihanna ( all coaches ) Dolly Parton ( all coaches ) Season 10 Team Adam -- Tori Kelly Team Blake -- Gwen Stefani Team Pharrell -- Diddy Team Christina -- Patti LaBelle Miley Cyrus ( all coaches ) Pink ( all coaches ) Season 11 Team Adam -- Sammy Hagar Team Blake -- Bette Midler Team Miley -- Joan Jett Team Alicia -- Charlie Puth Tim McGraw and Faith Hill ( all coaches ) Garth Brooks ( all coaches ) Season 12 Team Adam -- John Legend Team Blake -- Luke Bryan Team Gwen -- Celine Dion Team Alicia -- DJ Khaled Shania Twain ( all coaches ) Season 13 Team Adam -- Joe Jonas Team Blake -- Rascal Flatts Team Miley -- Billy Ray Cyrus Team Jennifer -- Kelly Rowland ( show ) Notes ^ 1 During the week of the Top 10 performances , Cee Lo Green , Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton brought in Jennifer Hudson , Ron Fair and Scott Hendricks respectively to help them coach their teams . ^ 2 During the week of the Top 8 performances , Cee Lo Green brought in Bill Withers to help coach his contestant Nicholas David on his performance of `` Lean on Me '' . ^ 3 Due to being sick during the rehearsals of the Top 6 , Cee Lo Green brought in Pat Monahan to coach his team for the week . Green did however pick the songs which his team members would sing that week and kept in touch with them by phone . ^ 4 The mentors of the Battle Rounds reprised their roles during the week of the Top 10 performances except Joel Madden who was working on The Voice in Australia . Shakira instead brought in Cee Lo Green to help coach her team that week . ^ 5 During the week of the Top 12 performances , Usher brought in his choreographer Aakomon Jones to help coach his team . ^ 6 During the week of the Top 6 performances , Taylor Swift attended Michelle Chamuel 's rehearsal of `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' . ^ 7 With the replacement of the Knockout Rounds with the `` Battles , Round 2 '' in season 6 , Coldplay frontman Chris Martin served as the sole advisor for every team . ^ 8 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Graham Nash helped Team Adam , busbee helped Team Shakira , Natural helped Team Usher , and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake . ^ 9 During the week of the Top 8 performances , Adam Levine brought in fellow band member James Valentine and Blake Shelton brought in former season two contestant Gwen Sebastian to help coach their teams . ^ 10 With the return of the Knockout Rounds in season seven , Taylor Swift served as the sole advisor for every team . ^ 11 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . ^ 12 During the week of the Top 12 performances , Reba McEntire help all four coaches coaching the teams . ^ 13 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Dave Stewart helped Team Adam , Ryan Tedder helped Team Pharrell , Mark Ronson helped Team Christina , and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake . Series overview Team Adam Team Blake Team Christina Team CeeLo Team Shakira Team Usher Team Pharrell Team Gwen Team Miley Team Alicia Team Jennifer Season First aired Last aired Winner Runner - up Other finalist ( s ) Winning coach Host ( s ) Coaches Main Correspondent April 26 , 2011 June 29 , 2011 Javier Colon Dia Frampton Vicci Martinez Adam Levine Carson Daly Alison Haislip ( backstage ) Adam CeeLo Christina Blake Beverly McClellan February 5 , 2012 May 8 , 2012 Jermaine Paul Juliet Simms Tony Lucca Blake Shelton Christina Milian ( backstage ) Chris Mann September 10 , 2012 December 18 , 2012 Cassadee Pope Terry McDermott Nicholas David March 25 , 2013 June 18 , 2013 Danielle Bradbery Michelle Chamuel The Swon Brothers Shakira Usher 5 September 23 , 2013 December 17 , 2013 Tessanne Chin Jacquie Lee Will Champlin Adam Levine Carson Daly CeeLo Christina 6 February 24 , 2014 May 20 , 2014 Josh Kaufman Jake Worthington Christina Grimmie Usher Shakira Usher 7 September 22 , 2014 December 16 , 2014 Craig Wayne Boyd Matt McAndrew Chris Jamison Blake Shelton Gwen Pharrell Damien 8 February 23 , 2015 May 19 , 2015 Sawyer Fredericks Meghan Linsey Joshua Davis Pharrell Williams Pharrell Christina Koryn Hawthorne 9 September 21 , 2015 December 15 , 2015 Jordan Smith Emily Ann Roberts Barrett Baber Adam Levine Gwen Pharrell Jeffery Austin 10 February 29 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 Alisan Porter Adam Wakefield Hannah Huston Christina Aguilera Pharrell Christina Laith Al - Saadi 11 September 19 , 2016 December 13 , 2016 Sundance Head Billy Gilman Wé McDonald Blake Shelton Miley Alicia Josh Gallagher 12 February 27 , 2017 May 23 , 2017 Chris Blue Lauren Duski Aliyah Moulden Alicia Keys Gwen Jesse Larson 13 September 25 , 2017 December 19 , 2017 Miley Jennifer Season synopses Names in bold type indicate the winner of the season . Season 1 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 1 ) The first season of The Voice premiered on April 26 , 2011 , and concluded on June 29 . The coaching panel consisted of Christina Aguilera , Cee Lo Green , Adam Levine , and Blake Shelton . Carson Daly and Alison Haislip respectively appeared as the host and social media correspondent . Contestant auditions were held in Chicago , New York , Miami , Nashville , Minneapolis , Austin , Los Angeles , and Seattle during January and February . It delivered the highest 18 -- 49 rating for a series premiere on a major broadcast network since Undercover Boss debuted after the Super Bowl in February 2010 . It became the first new primetime series of the season ( from ABC , CBS , NBC , or Fox ) to increase in adults 18 -- 49 and total viewers from its first week to its second . Owing to the strong performance of the show , NBC offered expanded two - hour live episodes beginning June 7 , following America 's Got Talent , with an additional results show . Each coach was allowed to advance four top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Javier Colon Vicci Martinez Beverly McClellan Dia Frampton Casey Weston Nakia Frenchie Davis Xenia Jeff Jenkins Curtis Grimes Lily Elise Jared Blake Devon Barley The Thompson Sisters Raquel Castro Patrick Thomas Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Javier Colon was announced as the winner of the season , while Dia Frampton was declared the runner - up . Third and fourth places were a draw between Vicci Martinez and Beverly McClellan . Season 2 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 2 ) Season two premiered on February 5 , 2012 as the lead - out program after Super Bowl XLVI ; it concluded on May 8 . The original coaching panel remained intact , while Haislip was replaced by Christina Milian as the social media correspondent . Its regular time slot held a 6.7 rating , 17 share in adults 18 -- 49 , 17.8 million viewers overall and winning every half - hour in adults 18 -- 49 , adults 18 -- 34 , adults 25 -- 54 and total viewers versus first - run competition on ABC , CBS , Fox and CW . The shows ' continued premiere on Monday delivered NBC 's highest 18 -- 49 rating in this time period , excluding Olympics , in nearly eight years ( since February 16 , 2004 ) and the network 's biggest overall non-Olympic viewership in the slot since January 15 , 2007 . That season , Kia Motors , Sprint and Starbucks became the official sponsors of The Voice . Each coach was allowed to advance six top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Tony Lucca Juliet Simms Chris Mann Jermaine Paul Katrina Parker Jamar Rogers Lindsey Pavao Erin Willett Mathai Cheesa Ashley de La Rosa RaeLynn Pip James Massone Jesse Campbell Jordis Unga Karla Davis Erin Martin Moses Stone Charlotte Sometimes Kim Yarbrough Tony Vincent Sera Hill Naia Kete Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Jermaine Paul was announced as the winner of the season , while Juliet Simms , Tony Lucca , and Chris Mann placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 3 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 3 ) Season three premiered on September 10 , 2012 , and concluded on December 18 . All personnel returned from the previous season . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Amanda Brown Nicholas David Dez Duron Cassadee Pope Melanie Martinez Trevin Hunte Sylvia Yacoub Terry McDermott Bryan Keith Cody Belew Adriana Louise Michaela Paige Loren Allred MacKenzie Bourg De'Borah Julio Cesar Castillo Joselyn Rivera Diego Val Devyn DeLoera Liz Davis Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Cassadee Pope was announced as the winner of the season , while Terry McDermott and Nicholas David placed second and third , respectively . Season 4 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 4 ) Season four premiered on March 25 , 2013 , and concluded on June 18 . The coaching panel was modified for the first time in the series ' history , with Shakira and Usher replacing Aguilera and Green during their hiatuses from the program . Daly and Milian continued appearing for their respective positions . 13.64 million viewers tuned in , up from last season by 1.36 million viewers . Each coach was allowed to advance four top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Shakira Team Usher Team Blake Amber Carrington Sasha Allen Michelle Chamuel Danielle Bradbery Judith Hill Kris Thomas Josiah Hawley The Swon Brothers Sarah Simmons Garrett Gardner VEDO Holly Tucker Caroline Glaser Karina Iglesias Cáthia Justin Rivers Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Danielle Bradbery was announced as the winner of the season , while Michelle Chamuel and The Swon Brothers placed second and third , respectively . Season 5 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 5 ) Season five premiered on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on December 18 . The original coaching panel was reinstated with the returns of Green and Aguilera which was promoted with an advertisement featuring the coaches ' cover version of `` Reunited '' by Peaches & Herb . However , Milian left her position as the social media correspondent before production began , at which point Daly assumed her former duties . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Tessanne Chin Caroline Pennell Jacquie Lee Cole Vosbury Will Champlin Kat Robichaud Matthew Schuler Ray Boundreaux James Wolpert Jonny Gray Josh Logan Austin Jenckes Grey Tamara Chauniece Olivia Henken Nic Hawk Preston Pohl Amber Nicole Stephanie Anne Johnson Shelbie Z Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Tessanne Chin was announced as the winner of the season , while Jacquie Lee and Will Champlin placed second and third , respectively . This is also the first series in which Shelton did not have an act in the final . Season 6 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 6 ) Season six premiered on February 24 , 2014 , and concluded on May 20 , 2014 . After four seasons , Green departed the show and Aguilera took a hiatus . Shakira and Usher then returned to join Levine and Shelton as coaches , and Daly returned as host . Each coach was allowed to advance three top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Shakira Team Usher Team Blake Christina Grimmie Kristen Merlin Josh Kaufman Jake Worthington Kat Perkins Tess Boyer Bria Kelly Sisaundra Lewis Delvin Choice Dani Moz T.J. Wilkins Audra McLaughlin Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Josh Kaufman was announced as the winner of the season , while Jake Worthington and Christina Grimmie placed second and third , respectively . Season 7 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 7 ) Season seven premiered on September 22 , 2014 , and concluded on December 16 , 2014 . Levine and Shelton returned as coaches , with Pharrell Williams and Gwen Stefani completing the panel . Later that season Nissan became the official sponsor of The Voice , replacing Kia Motors . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Gwen Team Pharrell Team Blake Matt McAndrew Taylor John Williams DaNica Shirey Craig Wayne Boyd Chris Jamison Ryan Sill Luke Wade Reagan James Damien Anita Antoinette Sugar Joans Jessie Pitts Mia Pfirrman Ricky Manning Jean Kelley Taylor Brashears Taylor Phelan Bryana Salaz Elyjuh René James David Carter Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Craig Wayne Boyd was announced as the winner of the season , while Matt McAndrew , Chris Jamison , and Damien placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 8 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 8 ) Season eight premiered on February 23 , 2015 and concluded on May 19 , 2015 . Levine and Shelton return as coaches for their eighth season , along with Williams and Aguilera who returns after a two - season break . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Pharrell Team Christina Team Blake Joshua Davis Sawyer Fredericks India Carney Meghan Linsey Deanna Johnson Koryn Hawthorne Kimberly Nichole Hannah Kirby Brian Johnson Mia Z Rob Taylor Corey Kent White Tonya Boyd - Cannon Caitlin Caporale Lexi Dávila Brooke Adee Nathan Hermida Lowell Oakley Sonic Sarah Potenza Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Sawyer Fredericks was announced as the winner of the season , while Meghan Linsey , Joshua Davis , and Koryn Hawthorne placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 9 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 9 ) Season nine premiered on September 21 , 2015 and concluded on December 15 , 2015 , with coaches Levine , Shelton , Williams and Stefani . Each coach was allowed to advance five artists to the live shows . For the first time in the show history , the coaches had the chance to bring back four artists who were previously eliminated in the battles or the knockouts rounds . The four bring back artists performed in the live playoffs with the top 20 and had a chance to move on to the live shows along with the top 12 : Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Gwen Team Pharrell Team Blake Jordan Smith Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Emily Ann Roberts Shelby Brown Braiden Sunshine Evan McKeel Barrett Baber Amy Vachal Korin Bukowski Mark Hood Zach Seabaugh Blaine Mitchell Viktor Király Celeste Betton Ivonne Acero Chance Peña Ellie Lawrence Riley Biederer Morgan Frazier Keith Semple Regina Love Darius Scott Nadjah Nicole Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Jordan Smith was announced as the winner of the season , while Emily Ann Roberts , Barrett Baber , and Jeffery Austin placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 10 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 10 ) Season ten premiered on February 29 , 2016 and concluded on May 24 , 2016 , with coaches Levine , Shelton , Williams and Aguilera . Each coach was allowed to advance five artists to the live shows . Like the previous season , the coaches had the chance to bring back four artists who were previously eliminated in the battles or the knockouts rounds . The four bring back artists performed in the live playoffs with the top 20 and had a chance to move on to the live shows along with the top 12 . Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Pharrell Team Christina Team Blake Laith Al - Saadi Hannah Huston Alisan Porter Adam Wakefield Shalyah Fearing Daniel Passino Bryan Bautista Mary Sarah Owen Danoff Emily Keener Nick Hagelin Paxton Ingram Caroline Burns Lacy Mandigo Ryan Quinn Katie Basden Nate Butler Moushumi Kata Hay Joe Maye Brian Nhira Caity Peters Tamar Davis Justin Whisnant Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Alisan Porter was announced as the winner of the season , while Adam Wakefield , Hannah Huston , and Laith Al - Saadi placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 11 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 11 ) Season eleven premiered on September 19 , 2016 and concluded on December 13 , 2016 with coaches Levine , Shelton , and new coaches Miley Cyrus and Alicia Keys . Each coach was allowed to advance five to the live shows : Team Adam Team Miley Team Alicia Team Blake Billy Gilman Ali Caldwell Wé McDonald Sundance Head Josh Gallagher Aaron Gibson Christian Cuevas Austin Allsup Brendan Fletcher Darby Walker Sa'Rayah Courtney Harrell Riley Elmore Sophia Urista Kylie Rothfield Dana Harper Simone Gundy Belle Jewel Josh Halverson Jason Warrior Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Sundance Head was announced as the winner of the season , while Billy Gilman , Wé McDonald , and Josh Gallagher placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 12 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 12 ) Season twelve premiered on February 27 , 2017 and concluded on May 23 , with Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys returning as coaches alongside Levine and Shelton . Cyrus will be taking a break from the show ; however , she will return as coach on the show 's thirteenth season . Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Gwen Team Alicia Team Blake Jesse Larson Brennley Brown Chris Blue Lauren Duski Mark Isaiah Hunter Plake Vanessa Ferguson Aliyah Moulden Lilli Passero Troy Ramey Stephanie Rice TSoul Hanna Eyre Johnny Gates Jack Cassidy Casi Joy Johnny Hayes JChosen Ashley Levin Aaliyah Rose Josh West Quizz Swanigan Anatalia Villaranda Felicia Temple Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Chris Blue was announced as the winner of the season , while Lauren Duski , Aliyah Moulden , and Jesse Larson placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 13 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 13 ) The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 , with new coach Jennifer Hudson , alongside Levine and Shelton , and returning coach Cyrus . La Voz Kids In 2013 , American Spanish - language network Telemundo ( a subsidiary of NBCUniversal Television Group ) introduced a children 's version of The Voice in Spanish called La Voz Kids . It featured Spanish - speaking American children from 7 to 15 years of age . Prizes include $50,000 cash for their education and a recording contract with Universal Music Group . The show debuted on May 5 , 2013 , and is hosted by Jorge Bernal ( from ¡ Suelta La Sopa ! ) and Daisy Fuentes . The coaches in season one were Prince Royce , Paulina Rubio , and Roberto Tapia . The first season aired 13 episodes with the season finale airing on July 28 , 2013 . Season two saw Natalia Jiménez replace Paulina Rubio as one of the coaches . The other coaches and hosts remained the same . For the show 's third season , Daddy Yankee and Pedro Fernandez took Tapia and Royce 's place as the new coaches along with season two veteran Natalia Jiménez . At their 2015 Upfronts , Telemundo announced that La Voz Kids would return for a fourth season , with all three Season 3 coaches returning . Series overview Team Royce Team Paulina Team Tapia Team Natalia Team Yankee Team Pedro Reception In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that The Voice `` is most popular in North Dakota and least popular in New York . It was behind only Duck Dynasty and Fast N ' Loud in its correlation with Trump voters '' . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) Ratings The first season premiered strong at 11.78 million viewers , and actually grew upon that audience through its first season . In the 18 -- 49 demographic , the show constantly found itself in the top 5 . For its average season rating , the show landed itself as No. 20 with total viewers at nearly 12 million viewers . In the 18 -- 49 rankings , the show was No. 4 at a 5.4 ranking . The second season premiered on Super Bowl Sunday , February 5 , 2012 , and for a while managed to keep a 6.0 in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic and 17 million viewers . Partnering The Voice with Smash ( NBC 's musical drama ) helped NBC win the Monday night ratings . However , by Monday , April 9 , the ratings had fallen to a 4.0 rating in the adult 18 -- 49 demographic . The third season premiered on Monday , September 10 , 2012 to 12.28 million viewers and a 4.2 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic and has since then grown to a season high 4.8 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic on October 8 , October 15 and 29 , 2012 and a 4.9 rating in the finale . The Voice , along with NBC 's new drama , Revolution has once again led NBC to win every Monday night of the season so far , just like it did last season . On Tuesdays , comedies Go On and The New Normal have been successful thanks to The Voice , leading NBC to be the only network of the Big 5 to grow in ratings from last season . The fourth season premiered on Monday , March 25 , 2013 to a 13.64 million viewer audience , scoring a 4.8 in the 18 -- 49 demographic but fell back to a 12.41 million viewer audience . In the 18 -- 49 demographic , this first episode had a 4.1 score . The fifth season premiered on Monday , September 23 , 2013 scoring 14.98 million viewers and a 5.1 in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The sixth season premiered on February 24 , 2014 and was watched by 15.74 million viewers with a 4.7 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 76 million viewers . The seventh season premiered on September 22 , 2014 and was watched by 12.95 million viewers with a 3.9 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was down from last season 's premiere by 2.91 million viewers . The eighth season premiered on February 23 , 2015 , and was watched by 13.97 million viewers with a 4.1 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by 1.02 million viewers . The ninth season premiered on September 21 , 2015 , and was watched by 12.37 million viewers with a 3.5 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was down from last falls premiere by . 48 million viewers . The tenth season premiered on February 29 , 2016 , and was watched by 13.33 million viewers with a 3.4 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 96 million viewers . The eleventh season premiered on September 19 , 2016 , and was watched by 12.10 million viewers with a 3.3 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It is down from last season 's premiere by 1.23 million viewers . The twelfth season premiered on February 27 , 2017 , and was watched by 13.03 million viewers with a 3.1 in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 93 million viewers . The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 , and was watched by 10.57 million viewers with a 2.6 in the 18 - 49 demographic . It is down from last season 's premiere by 2.46 million viewers . Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . Series Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Winning coach Hosts Coaches ( chair 's order ) May 5 , 2013 July 28 , 2013 Paola Guanche Alanis Gonzáles Prince Royce Jorge Bernal Daisy Fuentes Prince Royce Paulina Tapia Alan Ponce March 16 , 2014 June 8 , 2014 Amanda Mena Leslie Mendoza Natalia Natalia Loya March 15 , 2015 June 7 , 2015 Jonael Santiago Shanty Zumaya Natalia Jiménez Yankee Pedro Franser Pazos April 17 , 2016 July 10 , 2016 Christopher Rivera Alejandra Gallardo Axel Cabrera 5 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Season Timeslot ( ET ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV season Season ranking Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( eps. 1 -- 2 , 7 -- 9 , 11 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( eps. 3 -- 6 ) Wednesday 8 : 15 pm ( ep. 10 ) Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( finale ) 12 April 26 , 2011 11.78 June 29 , 2011 11.05 2010 -- 11 20 12.33 Sunday 10 : 21 pm Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 21 February 5 , 2012 37.61 May 8 , 2012 11.90 2011 -- 12 9 15.76 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( ep. 20 ) 32 September 10 , 2012 12.28 December 18 , 2012 14.13 2012 -- 13 10 14.24 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 28 March 25 , 2013 13.64 June 18 , 2013 15.59 5 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( ep. 15 ) 27 September 23 , 2013 14.98 December 17 , 2013 14.01 2013 -- 14 7 14.57 6 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 26 February 24 , 2014 15.86 May 20 , 2014 11.69 7 27 September 22 , 2014 12.95 December 16 , 2014 12.88 2014 -- 15 12 13.80 8 28 February 23 , 2015 13.97 May 19 , 2015 11.56 9 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( eps. 2 , 4 , 6 , 16 -- 27 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( eps. 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 ) 27 September 21 , 2015 12.37 December 15 , 2015 12.69 2015 -- 16 9 13.33 10 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 28 February 29 , 2016 13.33 May 24 , 2016 10.59 11 26 September 19 , 2016 12.10 December 13 , 2016 12.14 2016 -- 17 13 12.40 12 28 February 27 , 2017 13.03 May 23 , 2017 9.35 13 TBA September 25 , 2017 10.57 TBA 2017 -- 18 TBA TBA † Including an episode that aired after a live broadcast of the Super Bowl : 10 : 19 -- 10 : 30 = 46.786 million viewers ( retention : 76.68 % -- football game itself reached a peak of 118.355 million viewers ) 10 : 30 -- 10 : 45 = 39.494 million viewers 10 : 45 -- 11 : 00 = 36.310 million viewers 11 : 00 -- 11 : 15 = 32.630 million viewers 11 : 15 -- 11 : 21 = 31.792 million viewers The Voice live on tour This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the final episode of the first season , Carson Daly announced a summer concert tour . This tour had six stops across the United States , including Los Angeles , Las Vegas , Chicago , Boston , Wallingford , and New York . The tour featured the top two finalists from each team , including Javier Colon , Dia Frampton , Vicci Martinez , Beverly McClellan , Xenia , Frenchie Davis , Nakia , and Casey Weston . Out of the six dates , the New York show was a sell - out . However , as overall ticket sales were lackluster , the tour was canceled in subsequent seasons . In 2014 , the tour was resumed from June 21 , 2014 to August 2 , 2014 , including the contestants of seasons five and six , and season one contestant Dia Frampton . Video game The Voice : I Want You is a video game based on the television show releasing on PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii and Wii U on October 21 , 2014 published by Activision . The game includes a microphone and it has songs from the show including songs performed by the coaches . Broadcast The show premiered in Canada on April 26 , 2011 on CTV . In Asia , the series aired on August 21 , 2011 on AXN , but later moves in Star World starting Season 11 . It premiered in New Zealand on July 16 , 2011 on TV2 , in Australia on August 9 , 2011 on Go ! , in South Africa on October 5 , 2011 on SABC 3 , and on March 31 , 2012 in the Philippines on Studio 23 ( now S + A ) . References ^ Jump up to : `` About ' The Voice ' '' . NBC . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to Audition for ' The Voice ' '' . NBC . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for 2016 - 17 Season '' . Variety . June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Rejoins The Voice As Coach For Season 12 , Miley Cyrus Will Be Back In Season 13 '' . United States : Deadline.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WPTV Webteam ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson , Jennifer Hudson join ' The Voice ' as coaches for upcoming seasons '' . Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 -- 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Teams With Leading Reality Show Pioneers John de Mol & Mark Burnett and Warner Horizon Television to Bring ' The Voice of America ' -- Based on Holland 's New Blockbuster Vocal Talent Discovery Show -- to American Viewers '' . The Futon Critic . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's New Singing Competition Series ' The Voice ' ( Working Title ) Announces Open Auditions in Cities Across America in 2011 '' ( Press release ) . 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Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Blake Shelton Joins NBC 's ' The Voice ' as Fourth Judge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Shake - Up : Find Out Who 's Replacing Christina & Cee Lo Next Season '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Gil Kaufmann ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Returning To ' The Voice , ' Cee Lo Green Near Deal '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Voice ' : Shakira , Usher , Cee Lo ALL coming back '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cee Lo Green : I 'm Not Returning to ' The Voice ' ( Video ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Pharrell Williams Named Coach for Season 7 of ' The Voice ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Enriquez , Justin . `` Gwen Stefani To Join The Voice as a Judge While a Pregnant Christina Aguilera Sits Out the Next Season '' . London : MailOnline . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris . `` Are Usher and Shakira Done With The Voice ? Get the Latest Scoop ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/music/news/exclusive-shakira-opens-up-about-why-she-wouldnt-return-to-the-voice-again/ar-BBBz7p7 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Joining The Voice as a Coach '' . Billboard . United States . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iannucci , Rebecca ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` The Voice : Miley Cyrus , Alicia Keys Confirmed as Season 11 Coaches '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Voice Coaches on Their Soaring Season 12 : ' They 're Killing Right Now ! ' '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson Joins The Voice as Coach for Season 13 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Joins The Voice Season 14 as Coach ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carson Daly to Host NBC 's ' The Voice ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Names Alison Haislip , G4 's `` Attack of the Show ! '' , As Backstage Online and Social Media Correspondent for New Musical Competition Series `` The Voice '' `` . The Futon Critic . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Milian Not Returning to ' The Voice ' '' . Extra. 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Sam ( 26 July 2013 ) . `` Christina Milian No Longer on ' The Voice ' '' . KTLA . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's ' The Voice ' enlists Monica , Reba McEntire , Sia and Adam Blackstone as advisors '' . The L.A. Times Music Blog . Los Angeles Times . April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley . `` ' The Voice ' Nabs Ne - Yo , Robin Thicke , Miranda Lambert , 5 More As Advisers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kimberly Nordyke ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Green Day 's Billie Joe Armstrong to Mentor on ' The Voice ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Recap : Top 10 Perform , Jennifer Hudson Mentors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gustaf , Amy Carlson ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' : St. Paul singer finds making Top 4 a ' surreal ' experience ( w / video ) '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bueno , Antoinette . `` The ' Voice ' Mentors Prepare for Battle '' . ET Online . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Recap : Top 12 Feel the Heat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( 20 May 2013 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Recap : Rock and ReligPUMPKINTen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Fierce competitor ! Usher likens hopeful Sasha Allen to Beyoncé on The Voice '' . Daily Mail . London . 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Voice '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Voice recap : top eight take some risks '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` The Voice : Shakira Bringing On Miranda Lambert To Advise Her Contestants '' . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Blake Shelton 's Voice Advisors Revealed ! '' . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice ' : Jill Scott Joins Team Usher as Guest Mentor ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / NBCTheVoice : Drumroll please ... @ adamlevine 's '' . Twitter.com. 2014 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' Voice ' brings Chris Martin aboard via Snapchat reveal '' . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Nicks Joins ' The Voice ' as Season 7 Advisor for Adam Levine 's Team : Trending News '' . Fashion Times . 2014 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lyndsey ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Exclusive ! Gavin Rossdale to Mentor Team Gwen on ' The Voice ' Reality Rocks - Yahoo Music '' . Music.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Voice Scoop : Pharrell Williams Taps Alicia Keys as Season 7 Adviser '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele . `` Little Big Town Joins The Voice as Blake Shelton 's Adviser ( PHOTO ) - Little Big Town , The Voice , TV News , Blake Shelton '' . People.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Joins ' The Voice ' As Season 7 Adviser '' . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice ' Season 8 Mentors Revealed : Nick Jonas , Meghan Trainor & More '' . Hollywood Life . 2015 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Nate Ruess Of Fun To Join `` The Voice '' As A Key Adviser `` . 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ SHERROW , Rita . `` TVtype : Oklahoma 's Reba McEntire set to advise ' The Voice ' Top 12 '' . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil . `` Mark Ronson & Ryan Tedder to Advise ' The Voice ' Singers '' . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil . `` The Voice Stages Major Reunion '' . Jump up ^ `` New Blood ! Taylor Swift Joins The Voice as a Season Seven Advisor '' . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's New Singing Competition Series ' The Voice ' ( Working Title ) Announces Open Auditions In Cities Across America In 2011 '' ( Press release ) . NBCUniversal . December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Emma Greenberg ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Coaches Get ' Reunited ' for Season Five '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media , LLC . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - voice , the on nbc '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` NBC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for ' The Blacklist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' Constantine ' & More '' . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` Rihanna Set as Key Advisor for ' The Voice ' Season 9 '' . Variety . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica . `` 2016 Midseason Premiere Schedule : Dates For New And Returning Shows '' . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' TheVoice ' : Miley Cyrus & Alicia Keys Join As Judges For Season 11 , Pharrell Williams Departs '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` The Voice : Season 12 Start Date Announced by NBC '' . TVSeriesFinale.com . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandalit del Barco ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Telemundo 's ' La Voz ' Hands Latino Kids The Mic '' . npr.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Mandalit del Barco ( 2013 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Paola Guanche , 12 - Year - Old Cuban Singer , Wins ' La Voz Kids ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cristina Arreola ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Paulina Rubio Sues Telemundo Over ' La Voz Kids ' '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Leila Cobo ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Ranchera Star Pedro Fernandez to Coach ' La Voz Kids ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO Announces Over 900 Hours of New Original Programming '' . Broadway World . 2015 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily . `` NBC 's ' Idol ' rival ' The Voice ' debuts huge ; highest rated premiere of the season Inside TV EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Zap2it . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2010 -- 11 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : The ' Super Bowl , ' ' The Voice ' & All The Repeats '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 - 12 Season TV Show Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voice Ratings Down '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Voice Sets Season 3 Finale Date , Paired With 1600 Penn Sneak Peek in December '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' The Voice ' Finale , ' Happy Endings ' , or ' Do n't Trust the B ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Television - TV Ratings for Primetime : 2012 - 13 Season - to - Date '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' The Voice ' Up From Last Fall 's Premiere , ' Revolution ' Dips , + ' Dancing With The Stars ' Falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up + Final Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Hostages ' or ' The Blacklist ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. 2013 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deadline Team , The ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 - 14 Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Almost Human ' or ' Star Crossed ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final TV Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars : Road to the Finals ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Forever ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scorpion ' & ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Person of Interest ' or ' MasterChef Junior ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2014 - 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up , ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjusts up , ' Voice ' finale holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts down , ' Voice ' finale holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV By The Numbers '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` AXN hits the high note with The Voice '' . The Philippine Star . August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hear ' The Voice ' on Studio 23 '' . Lopez Group of Companies . March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who were the judges last year on the voice	[]	[]
-7106148347954810113	Computer animation	Computer animation - wikipedia Computer animation Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An example of computer animation which is produced in the `` motion capture '' technique Computer animation is the process used for generating animated images . The more general term computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images , while computer animation only refers to the moving images . Modern computer animation usually uses 3D computer graphics , although 2D computer graphics are still used for stylistic , low bandwidth , and faster real - time renderings . Sometimes , the target of the animation is the computer itself , but sometimes film as well . Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to the stop motion techniques using 3D models , and traditional animation techniques using frame - by - frame animation of 2D illustrations . Computer - generated animations are more controllable than other more physically based processes , constructing miniatures for effects shots or hiring extras for crowd scenes , and because it allows the creation of images that would not be feasible using any other technology . It can also allow a single graphic artist to produce such content without the use of actors , expensive set pieces , or props . To create the illusion of movement , an image is displayed on the computer monitor and repeatedly replaced by a new image that is similar to it , but advanced slightly in time ( usually at a rate of 24 , 25 or 30 frames / second ) . This technique is identical to how the illusion of movement is achieved with television and motion pictures . For 3D animations , objects ( models ) are built on the computer monitor ( modeled ) and 3D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton . For 2D figure animations , separate objects ( illustrations ) and separate transparent layers are used with or without that virtual skeleton . Then the limbs , eyes , mouth , clothes , etc. of the figure are moved by the animator on key frames . The differences in appearance between key frames are automatically calculated by the computer in a process known as tweening or morphing . Finally , the animation is rendered . For 3D animations , all frames must be rendered after the modeling is complete . For 2D vector animations , the rendering process is the key frame illustration process , while tweened frames are rendered as needed . For pre-recorded presentations , the rendered frames are transferred to a different format or medium , like digital video . The frames may also be rendered in real time as they are presented to the end - user audience . Low bandwidth animations transmitted via the internet ( e.g. Adobe Flash , X3D ) often use software on the end - users computer to render in real time as an alternative to streaming or pre-loaded high bandwidth animations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation 2 History 3 Animation methods 4 Modeling 5 Equipment 6 Facial animation 7 Realism 8 Films 9 Animation studios 10 Web animations 11 Detailed examples and pseudocode 12 Computer - assisted vs. computer - generated 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Citations 14.2 Works cited 15 External links Explanation ( edit ) To trick the eye and the brain into thinking they are seeing a smoothly moving object , the pictures should be drawn at around 12 frames per second or faster . ( A frame is one complete image . ) With rates above 75 - 120 frames per second , no improvement in realism or smoothness is perceivable due to the way the eye and the brain both process images . At rates below 12 frames per second , most people can detect jerkiness associated with the drawing of new images that detracts from the illusion of realistic movement . Conventional hand - drawn cartoon animation often uses 15 frames per second in order to save on the number of drawings needed , but this is usually accepted because of the stylized nature of cartoons . To produce more realistic imagery , computer animation demands higher frame rates . Films seen in theaters in the United States run at 24 frames per second , which is sufficient to create the illusion of continuous movement . For high resolution , adapters are used . History ( edit ) Main article : History of computer animation See also : Timeline of computer animation in film and television Early digital computer animation was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1960s by Edward E. Zajac , Frank W. Sinden , Kenneth C. Knowlton , and A. Michael Noll . Other digital animation was also practiced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . In 1967 , a computer animation named `` Hummingbird '' was created by Charles Csuri and James Shaffer . In 1968 , a computer animation was created , depicting a cat moving around . In 1971 , a computer animation called `` Metadata '' was created , showing various shapes . An early step in the history of computer animation was the sequel to the 1973 film Westworld , a science - fiction film about a society in which robots live and work among humans . The sequel , Futureworld ( 1976 ) , used the 3D wire - frame imagery , which featured a computer - animated hand and face both created by University of Utah graduates Edwin Catmull and Fred Parke . This imagery originally appeared in their student film A Computer Animated Hand , which they completed in 1972 . Developments in CGI technologies are reported each year at SIGGRAPH , an annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques that is attended by thousands of computer professionals each year . Developers of computer games and 3D video cards strive to achieve the same visual quality on personal computers in real - time as is possible for CGI films and animation . With the rapid advancement of real - time rendering quality , artists began to use game engines to render non-interactive movies , which led to the art form Machinima . The very first full length computer animated television series was ReBoot , which debuted in September 1994 ; the series followed the adventures of characters who lived inside a computer . The first feature - length computer animated film was Toy Story ( 1995 ) , which was made by Pixar . It followed an adventure centered around toys and their owners . This groundbreaking film was also the first of many fully computer - animated movies . Animation methods ( edit ) In this . gif of a 2D Flash animation , each ' stick ' of the figure is keyframed over time to create motion . In most 3D computer animation systems , an animator creates a simplified representation of a character 's anatomy , which is analogous to a skeleton or stick figure . The position of each segment of the skeletal model is defined by animation variables , or Avars for short . In human and animal characters , many parts of the skeletal model correspond to the actual bones , but skeletal animation is also used to animate other things , with facial features ( though other methods for facial animation exist ) . The character `` Woody '' in Toy Story , for example , uses 700 Avars ( 100 in the face alone ) . The computer does n't usually render the skeletal model directly ( it is invisible ) , but it does use the skeletal model to compute the exact position and orientation of that certain character , which is eventually rendered into an image . Thus by changing the values of Avars over time , the animator creates motion by making the character move from frame to frame . There are several methods for generating the Avar values to obtain realistic motion . Traditionally , animators manipulate the Avars directly . Rather than set Avars for every frame , they usually set Avars at strategic points ( frames ) in time and let the computer interpolate or tween between them in a process called keyframing . Keyframing puts control in the hands of the animator and has roots in hand - drawn traditional animation . In contrast , a newer method called motion capture makes use of live action footage . When computer animation is driven by motion capture , a real performer acts out the scene as if they were the character to be animated . His / her motion is recorded to a computer using video cameras and markers and that performance is then applied to the animated character . Each method has its advantages and as of 2007 , games and films are using either or both of these methods in productions . Keyframe animation can produce motions that would be difficult or impossible to act out , while motion capture can reproduce the subtleties of a particular actor . For example , in the 2006 film Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Bill Nighy provided the performance for the character Davy Jones . Even though Nighy does n't appear in the movie himself , the movie benefited from his performance by recording the nuances of his body language , posture , facial expressions , etc . Thus motion capture is appropriate in situations where believable , realistic behavior and action is required , but the types of characters required exceed what can be done throughout the conventional costuming . Modeling ( edit ) 3D computer animation combines 3D models of objects and programmed or hand `` keyframed '' movement . These models are constructed out of geometrical vertices , faces , and edges in a 3D coordinate system . Objects are sculpted much like real clay or plaster , working from general forms to specific details with various sculpting tools . Unless a 3D model is intended to be a solid color , it must be painted with `` textures '' for realism . A bone / joint animation system is set up to deform the CGI model ( e.g. , to make a humanoid model walk ) . In a process known as rigging , the virtual marionette is given various controllers and handles for controlling movement . Animation data can be created using motion capture , or keyframing by a human animator , or a combination of the two . 3D models rigged for animation may contain thousands of control points -- for example , `` Woody '' from Toy Story uses 700 specialized animation controllers . Rhythm and Hues Studios labored for two years to create Aslan in the movie The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , which had about 1,851 controllers ( 742 in the face alone ) . In the 2004 film The Day After Tomorrow , designers had to design forces of extreme weather with the help of video references and accurate meteorological facts . For the 2005 remake of King Kong , actor Andy Serkis was used to help designers pinpoint the gorilla 's prime location in the shots and used his expressions to model `` human '' characteristics onto the creature . Serkis had earlier provided the voice and performance for Gollum in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings trilogy . Equipment ( edit ) A ray - traced 3 - D model of a jack inside a cube , and the jack alone below . Computer animation can be created with a computer and an animation software . Some impressive animation can be achieved even with basic programs ; however , the rendering can take a lot of time on an ordinary home computer . Professional animators of movies , television and video games could make photorealistic animation with high detail . This level of quality for movie animation would take hundreds of years to create on a home computer . Instead , many powerful workstation computers are used . Graphics workstation computers use two to four processors , and they are a lot more powerful than an actual home computer and are specialized for rendering . A large number of workstations ( known as a `` render farm '' ) are networked together to effectively act as a giant computer . The result is a computer - animated movie that can be completed in about one to five years ( however , this process is not composed solely of rendering ) . A workstation typically costs $2,000 - 16,000 with the more expensive stations being able to render much faster due to the more technologically - advanced hardware that they contain . Professionals also use digital movie cameras , motion / performance capture , bluescreens , film editing software , props , and other tools used for movie animation . Facial animation ( edit ) Main article : Computer facial animation The realistic modeling of human facial features is both one of the most challenging and sought after elements in computer - generated imagery . Computer facial animation is a highly complex field where models typically include a very large number of animation variables . Historically speaking , the first SIGGRAPH tutorials on State of the art in Facial Animation in 1989 and 1990 proved to be a turning point in the field by bringing together and consolidating multiple research elements and sparked interest among a number of researchers . The Facial Action Coding System ( with 46 `` action units '' , `` lip bite '' or `` squint '' ) , which had been developed in 1976 , became a popular basis for many systems . As early as 2001 , MPEG - 4 included 68 Face Animation Parameters ( FAPs ) for lips , jaws , etc. , and the field has made significant progress since then and the use of facial microexpression has increased . In some cases , an affective space , the PAD emotional state model , can be used to assign specific emotions to the faces of avatars . In this approach , the PAD model is used as a high level emotional space and the lower level space is the MPEG - 4 Facial Animation Parameters ( FAP ) . A mid-level Partial Expression Parameters ( PEP ) space is then used to in a two - level structure -- the PAD - PEP mapping and the PEP - FAP translation model . Realism ( edit ) Realism in computer animation can mean making each frame look photorealistic , in the sense that the scene is rendered to resemble a photograph or make the characters ' animation believable and lifelike . Computer animation can also be realistic with or without the photorealistic rendering . One of the greatest challenges in computer animation has been creating human characters that look and move with the highest degree of realism . Part of the difficulty in making pleasing , realistic human characters is the uncanny valley , the concept where the human audience ( up to a point ) tends to have an increasingly negative , emotional response as a human replica looks and acts more and more human . Films that have attempted photorealistic human characters , such as The Polar Express , Beowulf , and A Christmas Carol have been criticized as `` creepy '' and `` disconcerting '' . The goal of computer animation is not always to emulate live action as closely as possible , so many animated films instead feature characters who are anthropomorphic animals , fantasy creatures and characters , superheroes , or otherwise have non-realistic , cartoon - like proportions . Computer animation can also be tailored to mimic or substitute for other kinds of animation , traditional stop - motion animation ( as shown in Flushed Away or The Lego Movie ) . Some of the long - standing basic principles of animation , like squash & stretch , call for movement that is not strictly realistic , and such principles still see widespread application in computer animation . Films ( edit ) Play media CGI film made using Machinima CGI short films have been produced as independent animation since 1976 . An early example of an animated feature film to incorporate CGI animation was the 1983 Japanese anime film Golgo 13 : The Professional . The popularity of computer animation ( especially in the field of special effects ) skyrocketed during the modern era of U.S. animation . The first completely computer - animated movie was Toy Story ( 1995 ) , but VeggieTales is the first American fully 3D computer animated series sold directly ( made in 1993 ) ; its success inspired other animation series , such as ReBoot in 1994 . Animation Studios ( edit ) Main article : List of animation studios The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some notable producers of computer - animated feature films include : Animal Logic -- Films include Happy Feet ( 2006 ) , Walking with Dinosaurs ( 2013 ) and The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Blue Sky Studios -- Films include Ice Age ( 2002 ) , Rio ( 2011 ) , The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) DreamWorks Animation -- Films include Shrek ( 2001 ) , Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) , How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Illumination Entertainment -- Films include Despicable Me ( 2010 ) , Minions ( 2015 ) , The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) , Sing ( 2016 ) Industrial Light & Magic -- Films include Rango ( 2011 ) and Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Pacific Data Images -- Films include Antz ( 1998 ) , Shrek ( 2001 ) * Pixar Animation Studios -- Films include Toy Story ( 1995 ) , A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) , Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) Reel FX Animation Studios -- Films include Free Birds ( 2013 ) and The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Sony Pictures Animation -- Films include Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) , The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Sony Pictures Imageworks -- Films include The Angry Birds Movie ( 2016 ) Walt Disney Animation Studios -- Films include Tangled ( 2010 ) , Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) , Frozen ( 2013 ) Warner Animation Group -- Films include The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) , and Storks ( 2016 ) Triggerfish Animation Studios -- Films include Zambezia ( film ) ( 2013 ) , Khumba ( 2014 ) Web animations ( edit ) The popularity of websites that allow members to upload their own movies for others to view has created a growing community of amateur computer animators . With utilities and programs often included free with modern operating systems , many users can make their own animated movies and shorts . Several free and open source animation software applications exist as well . The ease at which these animations can be distributed has attracted professional animation talent also . Companies such as PowToon and GoAnimate attempt to bridged the gap by giving amateurs access to professional animations as clip art . The oldest ( most backward compatible ) web - based animations are in the animated GIF format , which can be uploaded and seen on the web easily . However , the raster graphics format of GIF animations slows the download and frame rate , especially with larger screen sizes . The growing demand for higher quality web - based animations was met by a vector graphics alternative that relied on the use of a plugin . For decades , Flash animations were the most popular format , until the web development community abandoned support for the Flash player plugin . Web browsers on mobile devices and mobile operating systems never fully supported the Flash plugin . By this time , internet bandwidth and download speeds increased , making raster graphic animations more convenient . Some of the more complex vector graphic animations had a slower frame rate due to complex rendering than some of the raster graphic alternatives . Many of the GIF and Flash animations were already converted to digital video formats , which were compatible with mobile devices and reduced file sizes via video compression technology . However , compatibility was still problematic as some of the popular video formats such as Apple 's QuickTime and Microsoft Silverlight required plugins . YouTube , the most popular video viewing website , was also relying on the Flash plugin to deliver digital video in the Flash Video format . The latest alternatives are HTML5 compatible animations . Technologies such as JavaScript and CSS animations made sequencing the movement of images in HTML5 web pages more convenient . SVG animations offered a vector graphic alternative to the original Flash graphic format , SmartSketch . YouTube offers an HTML5 alternative for digital video . APNG ( Animated PNG ) offered a raster graphic alternative to animated GIF files that enables multi-level transparency not available in GIFs See also : Comparison of HTML5 and Flash Detailed examples and pseudocode ( edit ) In 2D computer animation , moving objects are often referred to as `` sprites . '' A sprite is an image that has a location associated with it . The location of the sprite is changed slightly , between each displayed frame , to make the sprite appear to move . The following pseudocode makes a sprite move from left to right : var int x : = 0 , y : = screenHeight / 2 ; while x < screenWidth drawBackground ( ) drawSpriteAtXY ( x , y ) / / draw on top of the background x : = x + 5 / / move to the right Computer animation uses different techniques to produce animations . Most frequently , sophisticated mathematics is used to manipulate complex three - dimensional polygons , apply `` textures '' , lighting and other effects to the polygons and finally rendering the complete image . A sophisticated graphical user interface may be used to create the animation and arrange its choreography . Another technique called constructive solid geometry defines objects by conducting boolean operations on regular shapes , and has the advantage that animations may be accurately produced at any resolution . Computer - assisted vs. computer - generated ( edit ) To animate means , figuratively , to `` give life to '' . There are two basic methods that animators commonly use to accomplish this . Computer - assisted animation is usually classed as two - dimensional ( 2D ) animation . Drawings either hand drawn ( pencil to paper ) or interactively drawn ( on the computer ) using different assisting appliances and are positioned into specific software packages . Within the software package , the creator places drawings into different key frames which fundamentally create an outline of the most important movements . The computer then fills in the `` in - between frames '' , a process commonly known as Tweening . Computer - assisted animation employs new technologies to produce content faster than is possible with traditional animation , while still retaining the stylistic elements of traditionally drawn characters or objects . Three examples of films produced using computer - assisted animation are Beauty and the Beast , The Road to El Dorado and Tarzan . Computer - generated animation is known as three - dimensional ( 3D ) animation . Creators design an object or character with an X , a Y and a Z axis . No pencil - to - paper drawings create the way computer generated animation works . The object or character created will then be taken into a software , key framing and tweening are also carried out in computer generated animation but are also a lot of techniques used that do not relate to traditional animation . Animators can break physical laws by using mathematical algorithms to cheat , mass , force and gravity rulings . Fundamentally , time scale and quality could be said to be a preferred way to produce animation as they are two major things that are enhanced by using computer generated animation . Another positive aspect of CGA is the fact one can create a flock of creatures to act independently when created as a group . An animal 's fur can be programmed to wave in the wind and lie flat when it rains instead of programming each strand of hair separately . A few examples of computer - generated animation movies are Toy Story , Frozen , and Shrek . See also ( edit ) Animation portal Computer graphics portal Animation Animation database Autodesk Avar ( animation variable ) Computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab Computer representation of surfaces Hand - Over Humanoid animation List of animation studios List of computer - animated films List of computer - animated television series Medical animation Morph target animation Machinima ( recording video from games and virtual worlds ) Motion capture Procedural animation Ray tracing Rich Representation Language Skeletal animation Timeline of computer animation in film and television Virtual artifact Wire - frame model 12 basic principles of animation References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , pp. 100 -- 101 , 255 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , pp. 390 -- 394 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , pp. 69 -- 75 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , pp. 282 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Means 2011 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , pp. 95 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 432 . ^ Jump up to : Masson 1999 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ `` Our Story '' , Pixar , 1986 - 2013 . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 15 . `` The Pixar Timeline , 1979 to Present '' . Pixar . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , pp. 193 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , pp. 324 -- 326 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , pp. 111 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , pp. 94 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Beane 2012 , p. 2 - 15 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , pp. 110 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Parke & Waters 2008 , p. xi . ^ Jump up to : Magnenat Thalmann & Thalmann 2004 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Pereira & Ebrahimi 2002 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Pereira & Ebrahimi 2002 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Paiva , Prada & Picard 2007 , pp. 24 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , pp. 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , pp. 14 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) . `` The Polar Express '' . Salon . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Herman , Barbara ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) . `` The 10 Scariest Movies and Why They Creep Us Out '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Paul ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Review : ' Polar Express ' a creepy ride '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Digital Actors in ' Beowulf ' Are Just Uncanny -- New York Times , November 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Blah , humbug ! ' A Christmas Carol 's 3 - D spin on Dickens well done in parts but lacks spirit '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mary Elizabeth ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Disney 's ' A Christmas Carol ' : Bah , humbug ! '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . p. 216 . ISBN 1569762228 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , pp. 82 , 89 . Jump up ^ Kuperberg 2002 , pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Roos , Dave ( 2013 ) . `` How Computer Animation Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Works cited ( edit ) Library resources about Computer animation Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Beane , Andy ( 2012 ) . 3D Animation Essentials . Indianapolis , Indiana : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 14748 - 1 . Kuperberg , Marcia ( 2002 ) . A Guide to Computer Animation : For TV , Games , Multimedia and Web . Focal Press . ISBN 0 - 240 - 51671 - 0 . Magnenat Thalmann , Nadia ; Thalmann , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Handbook of Virtual Humans . Wiley Publishing . ISBN 0 - 470 - 02316 - 3 . Masson , Terrence ( 1999 ) . CG 101 : A Computer Graphics Industry Reference . Digital Fauxtography Inc . ISBN 0 - 7357 - 0046 - X . Means , Sean P. ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Pixar founder 's Utah - made Hand added to National Film Registry '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Paiva , Ana ; Prada , Rui ; Picard , Rosalind W. ( 2007 ) . `` Facial Expression Synthesis using PAD Emotional Parameters for a Chinese Expressive Avatar '' . Affective computing and intelligent interaction . Springer Science + Business Media . ISBN 3 - 540 - 74888 - 1 . Parent , Rick ( 2012 ) . Computer Animation : Algorithms and Techniques . Ohio : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 415842 - 9 . Pereira , Fernando C.N. ; Ebrahimi , Touradj ( 2002 ) . The MPEG - 4 Book . New Jersey : IMSC Press . ISBN 0 - 13 - 061621 - 4 . Parke , Frederic I. ; Waters , Keith ( 2008 ) . Computer Facial Animation ( 2nd ed . ) . Massachusetts : A.K. Peters , Ltd . ISBN 1 - 56881 - 448 - 8 . Sito , Tom ( 2013 ) . Moving Innovation : A History of Computer Animation . Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01909 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer animation . 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-7158486153335081857	Maslow's hierarchy of needs	Maslow 's hierarchy of needs - wikipedia Maslow 's hierarchy of needs Maslow 's hierarchy of needs , represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper `` A Theory of Human Motivation '' in Psychological Review . Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans ' innate curiosity . His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology , some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans . Maslow used the terms `` physiological , '' `` safety , '' `` belonging and love , '' `` esteem , '' and `` self - actualization '' to describe the pattern through which human motivations generally move . The goal of Maslow 's Theory is to attain the fifth level or stage : self - actualization needs . Maslow 's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality . The hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research , management training and secondary and higher psychology instruction . Contents 1 Hierarchy 1.1 Physiological needs 1.2 Safety needs 1.3 Social belonging 1.4 Esteem 1.5 Self - actualization 1.6 Self - transcendence 2 Research 3 Criticism 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Ranking 3.2. 1 Global ranking 3.2. 2 Ranking of sex 3.2. 3 Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance 3.3 Definition of terms 3.3. 1 Self - actualization 3.4 Human or non-human needs 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Hierarchy ( edit ) Alternative illustration as dynamic hierarchy of needs with overlaps of different needs at same time Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest , most fundamental needs at the bottom and the need for self - actualization and self - transcendence at the top . The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called `` deficiency needs '' or `` d - needs '' : esteem , friendship and love , security , and physical needs . If these `` deficiency needs '' are not met -- with the exception of the most fundamental ( physiological ) need -- there may not be a physical indication , but the individual will feel anxious and tense . Maslow 's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire ( or focus motivation upon ) the secondary or higher level needs . Maslow also coined the term `` metamotivation '' to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment . The human brain is a complex system and has parallel processes running at the same time , thus many different motivations from various levels of Maslow 's hierarchy can occur at the same time . Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such as `` relative '' , `` general '' , and `` primarily '' . Instead of stating that the individual focuses on a certain need at any given time , Maslow stated that a certain need `` dominates '' the human organism . Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the different levels of motivation could occur at any time in the human mind , but he focused on identifying the basic types of motivation and the order in which they would tend to be met . Physiological needs ( edit ) Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival . If these requirements are not met , the human body can not function properly and will ultimately fail . Physiological needs are thought to be the most important ; they should be met first . This is the first and basic need on the hierarchy of needs . Without them , the other needs can not follow up . Physiological needs include : Breathing Water Food Sleep Clothing Shelter Safety needs ( edit ) Once a person 's physiological needs are relatively satisfied , their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior . In the absence of physical safety -- due to war , natural disaster , family violence , childhood abuse , etc. -- people may ( re - ) experience post-traumatic stress disorder or transgenerational trauma . In the absence of economic safety -- due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities -- these safety needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for job security , grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority , savings accounts , insurance policies , disability accommodations , etc . This level is more likely to predominate in children as they generally have a greater need to feel safe . Safety and security needs are about keeping us safe from harm . These include shelter , job security , health , and safe environments . If a person does not feel safe in an environment , they will seek to find safety before they attempt to meet any higher level of survival , but the need for safety is not as important as basic physiological needs . Safety and Security needs include : Personal security Emotional security Financial security Health and well - being Safety needs against accidents / illness and their adverse impacts Social belonging ( edit ) After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled , the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness . This need is especially strong in childhood and it can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents . Deficiencies within this level of Maslow 's hierarchy -- due to hospitalism , neglect , shunning , ostracism , etc. -- can adversely affect the individual 's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general . Social Belonging needs include : Friendships Intimacy Family According to Maslow , humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among social groups , regardless whether these groups are large or small . For example , some large social groups may include clubs , co-workers , religious groups , professional organizations , sports teams , gangs , and online communities . Some examples of small social connections include family members , intimate partners , mentors , colleagues , and confidants . Humans need to love and be loved -- both sexually and non-sexually -- by others . Many people become susceptible to loneliness , social anxiety , and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element . This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs , depending on the strength of the peer pressure . Esteem ( edit ) Esteem needs are ego needs or status needs develop a concern with getting recognition , status , importance , and respect from others . All humans have a need to feel respected ; this includes the need to have self - esteem and self - respect . Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others . People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition . These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value . Low self - esteem or an inferiority complex may result from imbalances during this level in the hierarchy . People with low self - esteem often need respect from others ; they may feel the need to seek fame or glory . However , fame or glory will not help the person to build their self - esteem until they accept who they are internally . Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self - esteem or self - respect . Most people have a need for stable self - respect and self - esteem . Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs : a `` lower '' version and a `` higher '' version . The `` lower '' version of esteem is the need for respect from others . This may include a need for status , recognition , fame , prestige , and attention . The `` higher '' version manifests itself as the need for self - respect . For example , the person may have a need for strength , competence , mastery , self - confidence , independence , and freedom . This `` higher '' version takes guidelines , the `` hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated '' . This means that esteem and the subsequent levels are not strictly separated ; instead , the levels are closely related . Self - actualization ( edit ) Main article : Self - actualization `` What a man can be , he must be . '' This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self - actualization . This level of need refers to what a person 's full potential is and the realization of that potential . Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can , to become the most that one can be . Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically . For example , one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent . In another , the desire may be expressed athletically . For others , it may be expressed in paintings , pictures , or inventions . As previously mentioned , Maslow believed that to understand this level of need , the person must not only achieve the previous needs , but master them . Self - Actualization - A person 's motivation to reach his or her full potential . As shown in Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs , a person 's basic needs must be met before self - actualization can be achieved . Self - transcendence ( edit ) Main article : Self - transcendence In his later years , Abraham Maslow explored a further dimension of needs , while criticizing his own vision on self - actualization . By this later theory , the self only finds its actualization in giving itself to some higher outside goal , in altruism and spirituality . He equated this with the desire to reach the infinite . `` Transcendence refers to the very highest and most inclusive or holistic levels of human consciousness , behaving and relating , as ends rather than means , to oneself , to significant others , to human beings in general , to other species , to nature , and to the cosmos '' ( Farther Reaches of Human Nature , New York 1971 , p. 269 ) . Research ( edit ) Recent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs , although the hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question . Following World War II , the unmet needs of homeless and orphaned children presented difficulties that were often addressed with the help of attachment theory , which was initially based on Maslow and others ' developmental psychology work by John Bowlby . Originally dealing primarily with maternal deprivation and concordant losses of essential and primal needs , attachment theory has since been extended to provide explanations of nearly all the human needs in Maslow 's hierarchy , from sustenance and mating to group membership and justice . Criticism ( edit ) Unlike most scientific theories , Maslow 's hierarchy of needs has widespread influence outside academia . As Uriel Abulof argues , `` The continued resonance of Maslow 's theory in popular imagination , however unscientific it may seem , is possibly the single most telling evidence of its significance : it explains human nature as something that most humans immediately recognize in themselves and others . '' Still , academically , Maslow 's theory is heavily contested . Methodology ( edit ) Maslow studied what he called the master race of people such as Albert Einstein , Jane Addams , Eleanor Roosevelt , and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people , writing that `` the study of crippled , stunted , immature , and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy . '' Maslow studied the healthiest 1 % of the college student population . Ranking ( edit ) Global ranking ( edit ) In their extensive review of research based on Maslow 's theory , Wahba and Bridwell found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all . The order in which the hierarchy is arranged has been criticized as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede . Maslow 's hierarchy of needs fails to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies . The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self - centered than those in collectivist societies , focusing on improvement of the self , with self - actualization being the apex of self - improvement . In collectivist societies , the needs of acceptance and community will outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality . Ranking of sex ( edit ) The position and value of sex on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism regarding Maslow 's hierarchy . Maslow 's hierarchy places sex in the physiological needs category along with food and breathing ; it lists sex solely from an individualistic perspective . For example , sex is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a person considers `` higher '' levels of motivation . Some critics feel this placement of sex neglects the emotional , familial , and evolutionary implications of sex within the community , although others point out that this is true of all of the basic needs . Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance ( edit ) The higher - order ( self - esteem and self - actualization ) and lower - order ( physiological , safety , and love ) needs classification of Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is not universal and may vary across cultures due to individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity / country . In one study , exploratory factor analysis ( EFA ) of a thirteen item scale showed there were two particularly important levels of needs in the US during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994 : survival ( physiological and safety ) and psychological ( love , self - esteem , and self - actualization ) . In 1991 , a retrospective peacetime measure was established and collected during the Persian Gulf War and US citizens were asked to recall the importance of needs from the previous year . Once again , only two levels of needs were identified ; therefore , people have the ability and competence to recall and estimate the importance of needs . For citizens in the Middle East ( Egypt and Saudi Arabia ) , three levels of needs regarding importance and satisfaction surfaced during the 1990 retrospective peacetime . These three levels were completely different from those of the US citizens . Changes regarding the importance and satisfaction of needs from the retrospective peacetime to the wartime due to stress varied significantly across cultures ( the US vs. the Middle East ) . For the US citizens , there was only one level of needs since all needs were considered equally important . With regards to satisfaction of needs during the war , in the US there were three levels : physiological needs , safety needs , and psychological needs ( social , self - esteem , and self - actualization ) . During the war , the satisfaction of physiological needs and safety needs were separated into two independent needs while during peacetime , they were combined as one . For the people of the Middle East , the satisfaction of needs changed from three levels to two during wartime . A 1981 study looked at how Maslow 's hierarchy might vary across age groups . A survey asked participants of varying ages to rate a set number of statements from most important to least important . The researchers found that children had higher physical need scores than the other groups , the love need emerged from childhood to young adulthood , the esteem need was highest among the adolescent group , young adults had the highest self - actualization level , and old age had the highest level of security , it was needed across all levels comparably . The authors argued that this suggested Maslow 's hierarchy may be limited as a theory for developmental sequence since the sequence of the love need and the self - esteem need should be reversed according to age . Definition of terms ( edit ) Self - actualization ( edit ) The term `` self - actualization '' may not universally convey Maslow 's observations ; this motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possibly strive for in the service of both the self and others . Maslow 's term of self - actualization might not properly portray the full extent of this level ; quite often , when a person is at the level of self - actualization , much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others , or `` the greater good '' . Human or non-human needs ( edit ) Abulof argues that while Maslow stresses that `` motivation theory must be anthropocentric rather than animalcentric , '' his theory erects a largely animalistic pyramid , crowned with a human edge : `` Man 's higher nature rests upon man 's lower nature , needing it as a foundation and collapsing without this foundation ... Our godlike qualities rest upon and need our animal qualities . '' Abulof notes that `` all animals seek survival and safety , and many animals , especially mammals , also invest efforts to belong and gain esteem ... The first four of Maslow 's classical five rungs feature nothing exceptionally human . '' Even when it comes to `` self - actualization , '' Abulof argues , it is unclear how distinctively human is the actualizing `` self . '' After all , the latter , according to Maslow , constitutes `` an inner , more biological , more instinctoid core of human nature , '' thus `` the search for one 's own intrinsic , authentic values '' checks the human freedom of choice : `` A musician must make music , '' so freedom is limited to merely the choice of instrument . See also ( edit ) ERG theory , which further expands and explains Maslow 's theory Fundamental human needs , Manfred Max - Neef 's model Human givens defines a set of innate physical and emotional needs common to all human beings and a set of natural capabilities for getting these needs met . It suggests that mental illness is impossible when innate human needs are met in a balanced way . Need theory Positive disintegration References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs ^ Jump up to : Maslow , A.H. ( 1943 ) . `` A theory of human motivation '' . Psychological Review . 50 ( 4 ) : 370 -- 96 . doi : 10.1037 / h0054346 -- via psychclassics.yorku.ca . Jump up ^ M. , , Wills , Evelyn . Theoretical basis for nursing . ISBN 9781451190311 . OCLC 857664345 . ^ Jump up to : Maslow , A ( 1954 ) . Motivation and personality . New York , NY : Harper . ISBN 0 - 06 - 041987 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kremer , William Kremer ; Hammond , Claudia ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Abraham Maslow and the pyramid that beguiled business '' . BBC news magazine . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Steere , B.F. ( 1988 ) . Becoming an effective classroom manager : A resource for teachers . Albany , NY : SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 620 - 8 . Jump up ^ Goble , F. ( 1970 ) . The third force : The psychology of Abraham Maslow . Richmond , CA : Maurice Bassett Publishing . pp. 62 . Jump up ^ What is Maslow 's hierarchy of needs Jump up ^ Physiological Needs Jump up ^ A.H. Maslow , `` Critique of self - actualization theory '' , in : E. Hoffman ( Ed . ) , Future visions : The unpublished papers of Abraham Maslow ( Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage , 1996 ) , pp. 26 -- 32 Jump up ^ Cfr . A.H. Maslow , `` The farther reaches of human nature '' , in : Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 1 ( 1969 ) 1 , pp. 1 - 9 ; A. Maslow , The farther reaches of human nature ( New York : The Viking Press , 1971 ) ; Mark E. Koltko - Rivera , `` Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs : Self - Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory , Research , and Unification '' , in : Review of General Psychology 10 ( 2006 ) 4 , pp. 302 - 317 ( PDF ) ; Albert Garcia - Romeu , `` Self - transcendence as a measurable transpersonal construct '' , in : Journal of Transpersonal Psychology , 42 ( 2010 ) 1 , p. 26 - 47 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Villarica , H. ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Maslow 2.0 : A new and improved recipe for happiness '' . theatlantic.com . Jump up ^ Tay , L. ; Diener , E. ( 2011 ) . `` Needs and subjective well - being around the world '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 101 ( 2 ) : 354 -- 365 . doi : 10.1037 / a0023779 . Jump up ^ Bretherton , I. ( 1992 ) . `` The Origins of Attachment Theory : John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth '' . Developmental Psychology . 28 ( 5 ) : 759 -- 775 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.28. 5.759 . Jump up ^ Bugental DB ( 2000 ) . `` Acquisition of the Algorithms of Social Life : A Domain - Based Approach '' . Psychological Bulletin . 126 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 219 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.126. 2.187 . PMID 10748640 . Jump up ^ Abulof , Uriel ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Introduction : Why We Need Maslow in the Twenty - First Century '' . Society . 54 ( 6 ) : 508 . doi : 10.1007 / s12115 - 017 - 0198 - 6 . ISSN 0147 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Mittelman , W. ( 1991 ) . `` Maslow 's study of self - actualization : A reinterpretation '' . Journal of Humanistic Psychology . 31 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 135 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022167891311010 . Jump up ^ Wahba , M.A. ; Bridwell , L.G. ( 1976 ) . `` Maslow reconsidered : A review of research on the need hierarchy theory '' . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 15 ( 2 ) : 212 -- 240 . doi : 10.1016 / 0030 - 5073 ( 76 ) 90038 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hofstede , G. ( 1984 ) . `` The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Management Review . 9 ( 3 ) : 389 -- 398 . doi : 10.5465 / amr. 1984.4279653 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cianci , R. ; Gambrel , P.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Maslow 's hierarchy of needs : Does it apply in a collectivist culture '' . Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship. 8 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Kenrick , D. ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Rebuilding Maslow 's pyramid on an evolutionary foundation '' . psychologytoday.com/ . Jump up ^ Kenrick , D.T. ; Griskevicius , V. ; Neuberg , S.L. ; Schaller , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Renovating the pyramid of needs : Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations '' . Perspectives on Psychological Science . 5 : 292 . doi : 10.1177 / 1745691610369469 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; West , W.B. ( 1997 ) . `` The importance of human needs during peacetime , retrospective peacetime , and the Persian Gulf War '' . International Journal of Stress Management . 4 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; Ibrahim , A.H. ( 1998 ) . `` Importance of human needs during retrospective peacetime and the Persian Gulf War : Mid-eastern employees '' . International Journal of Stress Management . 5 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; Ibrahim , A.H. ; West , W.B. ( 2002 ) . `` Effects of war - related stress on the satisfaction of human needs : The United States and the Middle East '' . International Journal of Management Theory and Practices. 3 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Goebel , B.L. ; Brown , D.R. ( 1981 ) . `` Age differences in motivation related to Maslow 's need hierarchy '' . Developmental Psychology . 17 : 809 -- 815 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.17. 6.809 . Jump up ^ Abulof , Uriel ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Be Yourself ! How Am I Not myself ? '' . Society . 54 ( 6 ) : 530 . doi : 10.1007 / s12115 - 017 - 0183 - 0 . ISSN 0147 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Abulof , Uriel ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Be Yourself ! How Am I Not myself ? '' . Society . 54 ( 6 ) : 532 . doi : 10.1007 / s12115 - 017 - 0183 - 0 . ISSN 0147 - 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Heylighen , Francis ( 1992 ) . `` A cognitive - systemic reconstruction of maslow 's theory of self - actualization '' ( PDF ) . Behavioral Science . 37 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 58 . doi : 10.1002 / bs. 3830370105 . Kress , Oliver ( 1993 ) . `` A new approach to cognitive development : ontogenesis and the process of initiation '' . Evolution and Cognition . 2 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 332 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maslow 's hierarchy of needs . A Theory of Human Motivation , original 1943 article by Maslow . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs&oldid=856583980 '' Categories : Human development Interpersonal relationships Organizational behavior Personal development Personal life Developmental psychology Motivational theories Happiness Stage theories 1943 introductions Psychological concepts Positive psychology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2018 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 07 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following is not one of the five needs in the hierarchy of needs theory of motivation	[]	[]
-2884656004052100810	Navaratnas	Navaratnas - wikipedia Navaratnas For other uses , see Navaratna ( disambiguation ) . Navaratnas ( Sanskrit dvigu nava - ratna - or `` nine gems '' ) or Nauratan was a term applied to a group of nine extraordinary people in an emperor 's court in India . The well - known Navaratnas include the ones in the courts of the legendary emperor Vikramaditya , the Mughal emperor Akbar , and the feudal lord Raja Krishnachandra . Contents ( hide ) 1 Vikramaditya 's Navaratnas 2 Akbar 's Nine Gems or Navaratnas 3 Raja Krishnachandra 's Navaratnas 4 Similar groups 5 Modern usage 6 References Vikramaditya 's Navaratnas ( edit ) Vikramaditya is a legendary emperor , who is said to have ruled from Ujjain ; he is generally identified with the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II . According to folk tradition , his court had 9 famous scholars . The earliest source that mentions this legend is Jyotirvidabharana ( 22.10 ) , a treatise attributed to Kalidasa . According to this text , the following 9 scholars ( including Kalidasa himself ) attended Vikramaditya 's court : Amarasimha Dhanvantari Ghatakarapara Kalidasa Kshapanaka Shanku Varahamihira Vararuchi Vetala - Bhatta However , Jyotirvidabharana is considered a literary forgery of a date later than Kalidasa by multiple scholars . V.V. Mirashi dates the work to 12th century , and points out that it could not have been composed by Kalidasa , because it contains grammatical faults . There is no mention of such `` Navaratnas '' in earlier literature . D.C. Sircar calls this tradition `` absolutely worthless for historical purposes '' . There is no historical evidence to show that these nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king . Vararuchi is believed to have lived around 3rd or 4th century CE . The period of Kalidasa is debated , but most historians place him around 5th century CE . Varahamihira is known to have lived in 6th century CE . Dhanavantari was the author of a medical glossary ( Nighantu ) ; his period is uncertain . Amarasimha can not be dated with certainty either , but his lexicon utilizes the works of Dhanavantari and Kalidasa ; therefore , he can not be dated to 1st century BCE , when the legendary Vikramaditya is said to have established the Vikrama Samvat in 57 BCE . Not much is known about Shanku , Vetalabhatta , Kshapanaka and Ghatakarpara . Some Jain writers identify Siddhasena Divakara as Kshapanaka , but this claim is not accepted by historians . Kalidasa is the only figure whose association with Vikramaditya is mentioned in works earlier than Jyotirvidabharana . Rajasekhara 's Kāvyamimāṃsa ( 10th century ) , Bhoja 's Sringara Prakasa ( 11th century ) and Kshemendra 's Auchitya - Vichara - Charcha ( 11th century ) mention that Vikramaditya sent Kalidasa as his ambassador to the Kuntala country ( identified with present - day Uttara Kannada ) . The historicity of these legends is doubtful . Akbar 's nine gems or Navaratnas ( edit ) Birbal The Mughal ruler Akbar , despite his illiteracy , was a great lover of the artists and intellectuals . His passion for knowledge and interest in learning from great minds attracted him to men of genius to his court . Nine of these courtiers were known as Akbar 's navaratnas ( or nine jewels ) . Abu'l - Fazl Raja Todar Mal Abdul Rahim Khan - I - Khana Birbal Mulla Do - Piyaza Faizi Fakir Aziao - Din Tansen Raja Man Singh I Raja Krishnachandra 's Navaratnas ( edit ) Raja Krishnachandra was a ruler of Bengal , who ruled over Nadia from 1727 to 1772 . According to legend , his court had 9 famous scholars , who are mentioned as ' Navaratnas ' . These included : Gopal Bhar Bharatchandra Ray Ramprasad Sen Similar groups ( edit ) Many famous emperors in India had courtiers labeled in similar ways . For example , the valuable members of the court of Krishna Deva Raya were termed Astadiggajas , the eight giants . Lakshmana Sena the ruler of the Sena Empire had Pancharatnas ( meaning 5 gems ) in his court ; one of whom is believed to be Jayadeva , the famous Sanskrit poet and author of Gita Govinda . Ashtapradhan was the title given to the council of Shivaji . Modern usage ( edit ) Main article : Navratnas A number of institutions in modern India are popularly named for this historic group , particularly public - sector units that perform well . As of June 25 , 2007 , the list included the following PSUs : Coal India Limited ( CIL ) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited ( BHEL ) National Thermal Power Corporation ( NTPC ) Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited ( ONGC ) Gas Authority of India Limited ( GAIL ) Indian Oil Corporation ( IOC ) PowerGrid Corporation of India Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ( BPCL ) Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited ( HPCL ) Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited ( MTNL ) Bharat Electronics Limited ( BEL ) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ( HAL ) Power Finance Corporation ( PFC ) Steel Authority of India Limited ( SAIL ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : M. Srinivasachariar ( 1974 ) . History of Classical Sanskrit Literature . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 94 -- 111 . ISBN 9788120802841 . ^ Jump up to : Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi ; Narayan Raghunath Navlekar ( 1969 ) . Kalidasa : Date , Life And Works . Popular . pp. 8 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 468 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : D.C. Sircar ( 1969 ) . Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition . Munshiram Manoharlal . pp. 120 -- 123 . ISBN 978 - 8121503488 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kailash Chand Jain ( 1972 ) . Malwa Through the Ages , from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 156 -- 165 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0824 - 9 . Jump up ^ Singh , Vipul ( 2006 ) . The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination . Pearson Education India . ISBN 8131717534 . p. 140 . Jump up ^ `` www.historyofbengal.com : Shivniwas '' . www.historyofbengal.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lee ( 1987 ) . ( ( 2 ) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1qZhZz5RuEC Laughing Matters : Comic Tradition in India ) . University of Chicago Press , United States . ISBN 0 - 226 - 75691 - 2 . pp. 314 - 318 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Subodh Chandra and Bose , Anjali ( editors ) , ( 1976 / 1998 ) , Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan ( Biographical dictionary ) Vol I , ( in Bengali ) , p 377 , ISBN 81 - 85626 - 65 - 0 Jump up ^ Harding 1998 , p. 220 Jump up ^ Official List of Navratnas and miniratnas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navaratnas&oldid=841223626 '' Categories : Mughal Court Indian royalty Hidden categories : Articles with Bengali - language external links Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی മലയാളം తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 17 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	find out the names of the nine jewels of akbar court and why they were famous	[]	[]
-8144055393692805554	List of state universities in the United States	List of state universities in the United States - wikipedia List of state universities in the United States This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United States , a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government . In some cases , these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system , while in other cases they are not . Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities . The U.S. federal government does not run colleges or universities except for the service academies , the Community College of the Air Force , the Naval Postgraduate School , the Air Force Institute of Technology , the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , military war colleges and staff colleges , and Haskell Indian Nations University . Additionally , Georgetown University , Gallaudet University , Howard University , and American University are private universities that are federally chartered . However , the federal government does make grants to state universities . These state , as well as private , universities are accredited by different regional , not national , accreditation agencies , including the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities , the Higher Learning Commission , the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , depending on which region of the United States the university is located in . These accreditation agencies ' approvals are critical to a university 's operations and public reputation . If a university loses accreditation or is not accredited in the first place , students will be reluctant to either continue or enroll at the school because the degree will be seen as being worthless . In a worst - case scenario , a university can shut down completely . The aforementioned agencies are all recognized by the United States Department of Education . Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state , although many have substantial income from tuition and fees , endowment proceeds , donations ( such as from alumni or philanthropists ) , and revenue from royalties . State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in - state residents . According to the College Board , public four - year colleges charge on average $7,605 per year in tuition and fees for full - time in - state students and $11,990 for out - of - state students . In some states , e.g. Maryland , Tennessee , Indiana , and Washington , there is a campus designated as the `` flagship '' campus in the state 's university system , which generally is the most prestigious campus and the largest campus in student population , e.g. the University of Maryland College Park campus in the University System of Maryland , the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System , the University of Tennessee Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System , and the University of Washington 's Seattle campus in the University of Washington System . However , in some other states , the state universities are treated as equal partners ; therefore there is no officially recognized flagship campus in the state 's university system . There are a number of states that have more than one university system , e.g. California with 2 ; Colorado with 2 ; New York with 2 ; and Texas with 6 ( the most ) . Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal Notes : As a general rule , schools are not alphabetized by their complete names , but rather by the names by which they are normally called . For example , in a list alphabetized by normal rules , `` Auburn University '' would precede `` University of Alabama , '' but the schools are virtually always referred to in popular conversation as `` Auburn '' and `` Alabama '' ( followed by a campus identifier if required by the context ) . Therefore , in this article , `` Alabama '' precedes `` Auburn '' . The list includes some of the more common academic nicknames or acronyms used for certain colleges or universities , e.g. `` Ole Miss '' for the University of Mississippi , `` Idaho State '' for Idaho State University , or `` UNF '' for the University of North Florida , not the `` Rebels '' , `` Bengals '' , or `` Ospreys '' , respectively . To minimize any confusion regarding acronyms , either the first school listed or the school that is more nationally known having an acronym the same as another has the acronym provided , e.g. San Diego State University has the acronym `` SDSU '' included because it is listed before South Dakota State University , and Arizona State University has the acronym `` ASU '' given because it is better known nationally than Alabama State . In addition , only acronyms that are unique are given , e.g. `` UW Tacoma '' for the University of Washington 's Tacoma campus or `` UNH '' for the University of New Hampshire . The list also includes schools that grant first - professional doctorates only ( e.g. , medical schools , law schools , or veterinary schools ) that are independent of any other school in a state system . To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate 's degrees , visit the community colleges list . To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States , visit the tribal colleges and universities list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Alabama 2 Alaska 3 Arizona 4 Arkansas 5 California 6 Colorado 7 Connecticut 8 Delaware 9 District of Columbia 10 Florida 11 Georgia 12 Guam 13 Hawaii 14 Idaho 15 Illinois 16 Indiana 17 Iowa 18 Kansas 19 Kentucky 20 Louisiana 21 Maine 22 Maryland 23 Massachusetts 24 Michigan 25 Minnesota 26 Mississippi 27 Missouri 28 Montana 29 Nebraska 30 Nevada 31 New Hampshire 32 New Jersey 33 New Mexico 34 New York 35 North Carolina 36 North Dakota 37 Northern Mariana Islands 38 Ohio 39 Oklahoma 40 Oregon 41 Pennsylvania 42 Puerto Rico 43 Rhode Island 44 South Carolina 45 South Dakota 46 Tennessee 47 Texas 48 Utah 49 Vermont 50 Virginia 51 Virgin Islands 52 Washington 53 West Virginia 54 Wisconsin 55 Wyoming 56 Notes Alabama ( edit ) University of Alabama System University of Alabama ( Alabama ) ( Tuscaloosa -- flagship / main campus ) University of Alabama at Birmingham ( UAB ) University of Alabama in Huntsville ( UAH ) Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University ( Alabama A&M ) Alabama State University ( Alabama State ) Athens State University Auburn University system Auburn University ( Auburn ) ( Auburn -- flagship / main campus ) Auburn University at Montgomery Jacksonville State University University of Montevallo University of North Alabama ( UNA ) University of South Alabama ( USA ) Troy University system Troy University ( Troy ) ( Troy -- flagship / main campus ) Troy University at Dothan Troy University at Montgomery University of West Alabama ( UWA ) Alaska ( edit ) University of Alaska System University of Alaska Fairbanks ( UAF ) ( Fairbanks -- flagship / main campus ) University of Alaska Anchorage ( UAA ) University of Alaska Southeast ( UAS ) Arizona ( edit ) Arizona State University ( ASU ) Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus Arizona State University Polytechnic campus Arizona State University Tempe campus Arizona State University West campus ASU Colleges at Lake Havasu City Thunderbird School of Global Management Northern Arizona University ( NAU ) University of Arizona University of Arizona ( UA ) ( Tucson -- main campus ) University of Arizona , South ( UA South ) ( Sierra Vista ) Arkansas ( edit ) University of Arkansas System University of Arkansas ( Arkansas ) ( Fayetteville -- flagship / main campus ) University of Arkansas -- Fort Smith University of Arkansas at Little Rock University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences University of Arkansas at Monticello University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Arkansas State University Arkansas Tech University University of Central Arkansas ( UCA , Central Arkansas ) Henderson State University Southern Arkansas University ( SAU ) California ( edit ) University of California system University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley ) University of California , Davis ( UC Davis ) University of California , Irvine ( UC Irvine ) University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) University of California , Merced ( UC Merced ) University of California , Riverside ( UC Riverside ) University of California , San Diego ( UC San Diego ) University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) University of California , Santa Barbara ( UC Santa Barbara ) University of California , Santa Cruz ( UC Santa Cruz ) University of California , Hastings College of the Law ( law school ; administered separately from the other UC campuses ) California State University system California State University , Bakersfield ( CSUB ) California State University , Channel Islands ( CSUCI or CI ) California State University , Chico ( Chico State ) California State University , Dominguez Hills ( CSUDH ) California State University , East Bay ( CSUEB ) California State University , Fresno ( Fresno State ) California State University , Fullerton ( Fullerton , CSUF , Cal State Fullerton ) Humboldt State University ( HSU ) California State University , Long Beach ( Long Beach State or Cal State Long Beach ) California State University , Los Angeles ( CSULA ) California Maritime Academy ( Cal Maritime , The Academy ) California State University , Monterey Bay ( CSUMB ) California State University , Northridge ( CSUN , pronounced `` C Sun '' , Cal State Northridge ) California State Polytechnic University , Pomona ( Cal Poly Pomona ) California State University , Sacramento ( Sacramento State ) California State University , San Bernardino ( CSUSB ) San Diego State University ( SDSU , San Diego State ) San Francisco State University ( SFSU ) San Jose State University ( SJSU , San Jose State ) California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo ( Cal Poly San Luis Obispo or Cal Poly SLO ) California State University , San Marcos ( CSUSM ) Sonoma State University ( SSU ) California State University , Stanislaus ( Stan State ) Colorado ( edit ) Adams State University University of Colorado system University of Colorado Boulder ( Colorado or CU ) ( Boulder -- flagship / main campus ) University of Colorado Colorado Springs ( CU - Colorado Springs ) University of Colorado Denver ( CU - Denver ) Colorado Mesa University Colorado School of Mines Colorado State University system Colorado State University ( Colorado State ) ( Fort Collins -- flagship / main campus ) Colorado State University -- Pueblo ( CSU - Pueblo ) CSU -- Global Campus ( CSU -- Global ) -- online only Fort Lewis College Metropolitan State University of Denver University of Northern Colorado Western State Colorado University ( WSCU ) Connecticut ( edit ) Charter Oak State College ( COSC ) Connecticut State University System Central Connecticut State University ( CCSU ) Eastern Connecticut State University ( ECSU ) Southern Connecticut State University ( SCSU ) Western Connecticut State University ( WCSU ) University of Connecticut system University of Connecticut ( UConn ) ( Storrs -- flagship / main campus ) UConn Avery Point Campus in Groton UConn Graduate Business Campus in Hartford UConn Hartford Campus in Hartford ( The campus moved to downtown Hartford in the fall of 2017 from West Hartford . ) UConn Stamford Campus in Stamford UConn Torrington Campus in Torrington UConn Waterbury Campus in Waterbury Delaware ( edit ) University of Delaware ( UD ) Delaware State University King 's International University of Science and Technology District of Columbia ( edit ) University of the District of Columbia ( UDC ) Note that the District of Columbia provides tuition grants to its residents toward the difference between in - state and out - of - state tuition at public four - year colleges and universities throughout the US , Guam , and Puerto Rico . Florida ( edit ) State University System of Florida Florida A&M University ( Florida A&M ) Florida Atlantic University ( FAU ) Florida Gulf Coast University ( FGCU ) Florida International University ( FIU ) ( includes Intercontinental , Hult , Crown , and Richmond Universities abroad ) Florida Polytechnic University ( Florida Poly or FPU ) Florida State University ( FSU ) New College of Florida University of Central Florida ( UCF ) University of Florida ( UF ) ( Gainesville -- flagship / main campus ) University of North Florida ( UNF ) University of South Florida ( USF ) University of West Florida ( UWF ) Georgia ( edit ) University System of Georgia Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College Albany State University Armstrong State University Atlanta Metropolitan State College Augusta University Bainbridge State College Clayton State University College of Coastal Georgia Columbus State University Dalton State College East Georgia State College Fort Valley State University University of Georgia ( UGA ) Georgia College and State University Georgia Gwinnett College Georgia Highlands College Georgia Institute of Technology ( Georgia Tech ) Georgia Southern University Georgia Southwestern State University ( GSW ) Georgia State University ( GSU ) Gordon State College Kennesaw State University Middle Georgia State University University of North Georgia ( UNG ) Savannah State University South Georgia State College ( SGSC ) Valdosta State University ( VSU ) University of West Georgia ( UWG ) Guam ( edit ) University of Guam Hawaii ( edit ) University of Hawaii system University of Hawaii at Manoa ( Hawaii or UH ) ( Manoa -- flagship / main campus ) University of Hawaii at Hilo University of Hawaii at West Oahu Idaho ( edit ) Boise State University ( Boise State or BSU ) University of Idaho ( U of I or UI ) Idaho State University ( Idaho State or ISU ) Lewis -- Clark State College Illinois ( edit ) Chicago State University ( Chicago State ) Eastern Illinois University ( EIU ) Governors State University Illinois State University ( Illinois State ) University of Illinois system University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign ( Illinois ) ( Urbana and Champaign -- flagship / main campus ) University of Illinois at Chicago ( UIC ) University of Illinois at Springfield ( UI - Springfield ) Northeastern Illinois University Northern Illinois University ( NIU ) Southern Illinois University system Southern Illinois University Carbondale ( SIU ) ( Carbondale -- flagship / main campus ) Southern Illinois University Edwardsville ( SIUE , pronounced `` SIU E '' ) Western Illinois University ( WIU ) Western Illinois University - Quad Cities ( WIU - QC ) Indiana ( edit ) Ball State University Indiana University System Indiana University Bloomington ( Indiana or IU ) ( Bloomington -- flagship / main campus ) Indiana University East Indiana University Kokomo ( IUK ) Indiana University Northwest Indiana University South Bend ( IUSB ) Indiana University Southeast Indiana University -- Purdue University Indianapolis ( IUPUI ) ( IU appoints chancellor ; joint academics with Purdue ) Indiana University -- Purdue University Columbus ( IUPUC ) Indiana State University ( ISU ) Purdue University system Purdue University ( West Lafayette -- flagship / main campus ) Indiana University -- Purdue University Fort Wayne ( IPFW ) -- ( Purdue appoints chancellor ; joint academics with IU ) Purdue University Northwest -- ( 2016 Merger of Purdue University Calumet and Purdue University North Central ) University of Southern Indiana ( USI ) Vincennes University ( VU ) Iowa ( edit ) University of Iowa ( Iowa ) Iowa State University ( ISU ) University of Northern Iowa ( UNI ) Kansas ( edit ) Emporia State University Fort Hays State University University of Kansas ( Kansas or KU ) Kansas State University ( K - State or KSU ) Pittsburg State University Wichita State University Note : Washburn University in Topeka is the only remaining municipally chartered university in the United States . Kentucky ( edit ) Eastern Kentucky University ( EKU ) University of Kentucky ( Kentucky or UK ) Kentucky State University University of Louisville ( Louisville , U of L , or UL ) Morehead State University Murray State University Northern Kentucky University ( NKU ) Western Kentucky University ( WKU ) Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana State University System Louisiana State University and A&M College ( LSU ) ( Baton Rouge -- flagship / main campus ) Louisiana State University at Alexandria ( LSU - Alexandria ) Louisiana State University at Eunice ( LSU - Eunice ) Louisiana State University in Shreveport ( LSU - Shreveport ) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans Paul M. Hebert Law Center ( law school on the main Baton Rouge campus ) University of Louisiana System Grambling State University ( GSU ) Louisiana Tech University ( Louisiana Tech or La Tech ) McNeese State University ( MSU ) Nicholls State University Northwestern State University ( NSULA ) Southeastern Louisiana University ( SELU ) University of Louisiana at Lafayette ( UL Lafayette ) University of Louisiana at Monroe ( ULM ) University of New Orleans ( UNO ) Southern University System Southern University ( Baton Rouge -- flagship / main campus ) Southern University at New Orleans ( SUNO ) Southern University at Shreveport ( SUSLA ) Maine ( edit ) Maine Maritime Academy University of Maine System University of Maine ( Maine ) ( Orono -- flagship university ) University of Maine Law School University of Maine at Augusta ( UMaine Augusta , UM - Augusta , or UMA ) University of Maine at Farmington ( UMaine Farmington , UM - Farmington , or UMF ) University of Maine at Fort Kent ( UMaine Fort Kent , UM - Fort Kent , or UMFK ) University of Maine at Machias ( UMaine Machias , UM - Machias , or UMM , pronounced `` UM M '' ) University of Maine at Presque Isle ( UMaine Presque Isle , UM - Presque Isle , or UMPI , pronounced `` UM PI '' ) University of Southern Maine ( Southern Maine or USM ) Maryland ( edit ) Morgan State University St. Mary 's College of Maryland University System of Maryland University of Maryland , College Park ( Maryland , UMCP , or UMD ) ( College Park -- flagship / main campus ) Virginia -- Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine ( VMRCVM ) ( constituent college of both the University of Maryland , College Park and Virginia Tech ; independent of the University System of Maryland ) Bowie State University Coppin State University Frostburg State University Salisbury University Towson University ( Towson ) University of Baltimore ( UB ) University of Maryland , Baltimore ( UM Baltimore or UMB ) University of Maryland , Baltimore County ( UMBC ) University of Maryland Eastern Shore ( UMES ) University of Maryland University College ( UMUC ) University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute Massachusetts ( edit ) University of Massachusetts system University of Massachusetts Amherst ( Massachusetts , UMass , UMass Amherst ) ( Amherst -- flagship / main campus ) University of Massachusetts Boston ( UMass Boston ) University of Massachusetts Dartmouth ( UMass Dartmouth ) University of Massachusetts Lowell ( UMass Lowell ) University of Massachusetts Medical School State University system Bridgewater State University Fitchburg State University Framingham State University Salem State University Westfield State University Worcester State University Massachusetts College of Art and Design ( MassArt ) Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts Massachusetts Maritime Academy Michigan ( edit ) Central Michigan University ( CMU ) Eastern Michigan University ( EMU ) Ferris State University ( Ferris State ) Grand Valley State University ( Grand Valley State or GVSU ) Lake Superior State University University of Michigan system University of Michigan ( Michigan ) ( Ann Arbor -- flagship / main campus ) University of Michigan -- Dearborn University of Michigan -- Flint Michigan State University ( Michigan State ) Michigan Technological University ( Michigan Tech ) Northern Michigan University ( NMU ) Oakland University ( OU ) Saginaw Valley State University Wayne State University ( Wayne State or WSU ) Western Michigan University ( WMU ) Minnesota ( edit ) Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system ( Listed below are the state universities . The Minnesota State system also includes the state 's community and technical colleges . ) Bemidji State University Minnesota State University , Mankato ( flagship campus ) Minnesota State University Moorhead Metropolitan State University Southwest Minnesota State University St. Cloud State University Winona State University University of Minnesota system University of Minnesota Twin Cities ( Minnesota ) ( Minneapolis -- flagship / main campus ) University of Minnesota Crookston University of Minnesota Duluth University of Minnesota Morris University of Minnesota Rochester Mississippi ( edit ) Alcorn State University Delta State University ( Delta State ) Jackson State University ( Jackson State ) Mississippi State University ( Mississippi State ) Mississippi University for Women ( MUW ) Mississippi Valley State University University of Mississippi ( Ole Miss ) University of Southern Mississippi ( Southern Miss or USM ) Missouri ( edit ) University of Central Missouri ( UCM ) Harris -- Stowe State University Lincoln University of Missouri University of Missouri System University of Missouri ( Missouri or Mizzou ) ( Columbia -- flagship / main campus ) University of Missouri -- Kansas City ( UMKC ) Missouri University of Science and Technology ( S&T ) University of Missouri -- St. Louis ( UMSL ) Missouri Southern State University Missouri State University Missouri Western State University Northwest Missouri State University Southeast Missouri State University Truman State University Montana ( edit ) Montana University System ( Listed below are the state universities . The MUS also includes the state 's community , technical , and tribal colleges . ) Montana State University System Montana State University ( Montana State ) ( Bozeman -- flagship / main campus ) Montana State University Billings ( Billings ) Montana State University -- Northern ( Havre ) University of Montana System University of Montana ( Montana ) ( Missoula -- flagship / main campus ) Montana Tech of The University of Montana ( Butte ) University of Montana Western ( Dillon ) Nebraska ( edit ) Nebraska State College System Chadron State College Peru State College Wayne State College University of Nebraska system University of Nebraska -- Lincoln ( Nebraska ) ( Lincoln -- flagship / main campus ) University of Nebraska at Kearney University of Nebraska Omaha University of Nebraska Medical Center Nevada ( edit ) Nevada System of Higher Education University of Nevada , Reno ( UNR ) ( Reno -- flagship / main campus ) College of Southern Nevada ( community college ; in addition to associate 's degrees , offers a bachelor 's degree program ) Great Basin College ( community college ; in addition to associate degrees , offers a few bachelor 's degrees ) Nevada State College University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) Western Nevada College ( community college ; in addition to associate degrees , offers a bachelor 's degree program ) Truckee Meadows Community College ( Community college located in Northern Reno . Offers a variety of Associates degree programs , as well as Bachelor 's degrees , which are provided through a partnership with Sierra Nevada College ) New Hampshire ( edit ) University System of New Hampshire Granite State College Keene State College Plymouth State University University of New Hampshire ( UNH ) ( flagship / main campus ) New Jersey ( edit ) The College of New Jersey Kean University Montclair State University New Jersey City University New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) Ramapo College of New Jersey Rowan University Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine ( from dissolved University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey ( UMDNJ ) ) Cooper Medical School of Rowan University ( established in partnership with Cooper Health System in 2009 ) Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey system Rutgers University ( Rutgers ) ( New Brunswick and Piscataway -- flagship / main campus ) Rutgers -- Newark Rutgers -- Camden Rutgers Schools of Biomedical and Health Sciences ( from dissolved University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey ( UMDNJ ) ) Stockton University Thomas Edison State University William Paterson University of New Jersey New Mexico ( edit ) University of New Mexico ( New Mexico or UNM ) New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology ( New Mexico Tech ) New Mexico State University ( NMSU ) New Mexico Highlands University Eastern New Mexico University ( ENMU ) Western New Mexico University ( WNMU ) New York ( edit ) State University of New York ( SUNY ) system University centers The State University of New York at Buffalo ( University at Buffalo , UBuffalo ) ( Buffalo -- flagship / main campus ) University at Albany ( Albany , UAlbany ) Binghamton University ( Binghamton ) Stony Brook University ( Stony Brook ) Other doctoral - granting institutions Health Science Center Brooklyn State University of New York Upstate Medical University State University of New York Polytechnic Institute ( SUNY Poly ) New York State College of Ceramics ( contract college at Alfred University ) College of Agriculture and Life Sciences ( contract college at Cornell University ) College of Human Ecology ( contract college at Cornell University ) College of Veterinary Medicine ( contract college at Cornell University ) School of Industrial and Labor Relations ( contract college at Cornell University ) State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry State University of New York State College of Optometry Comprehensive colleges Buffalo State College Empire State College State University of New York at Brockport ( SUNY Brockport ) State University of New York at Cortland ( SUNY Cortland ) State University of New York at Fredonia ( SUNY Fredonia ) State University of New York at Geneseo ( SUNY Geneseo ) State University of New York at New Paltz ( SUNY New Paltz ) State University of New York at Old Westbury ( SUNY Old Westbury ) State University of New York at Oneonta ( SUNY Oneonta ) State University of New York at Oswego ( SUNY Oswego ) State University of New York at Plattsburgh ( SUNY Plattsburgh ) State University of New York at Potsdam ( SUNY Potsdam ) State University of New York at Purchase ( SUNY Purchase ) Technology colleges Alfred State College Fashion Institute of Technology ( FIT ) ( a SUNY community college ; in addition to associate 's degrees , also offers bachelor 's and master 's degrees ) State University of New York at Canton ( SUNY Canton ) State University of New York at Cobleskill ( SUNY Cobleskill ) State University of New York at Delhi ( SUNY Delhi ) State University of New York at Farmingdale ( SUNY Farmingdale ) Morrisville State College State University of New York Maritime College ( SUNY Maritime ) City University of New York ( CUNY ) system Colleges Baruch College Brooklyn College City College of New York College of Staten Island Hunter College John Jay College of Criminal Justice Lehman College Medgar Evers College New York City College of Technology Queens College York College Graduate and professional schools CUNY Graduate Center CUNY Graduate School of Journalism CUNY School of Law CUNY School of Medicine CUNY School of Professional Studies CUNY School of Public Health William E. Macaulay Honors College North Carolina ( edit ) University of North Carolina system Appalachian State University ( Appalachian State or App State ) East Carolina University ( ECU ) Elizabeth City State University ( ECSU ) Fayetteville State University ( FSU ) North Carolina A&T State University ( North Carolina A&T ) North Carolina Central University ( North Carolina Central or NCCU ) North Carolina State University ( North Carolina State , NC State , NCSU ) University of North Carolina at Asheville ( UNC Asheville or UNCA ) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC Chapel Hill or UNC ) University of North Carolina at Charlotte ( UNC Charlotte or Charlotte ) University of North Carolina at Greensboro ( UNC Greensboro or UNCG ) University of North Carolina at Pembroke ( UNC Pembroke ) University of North Carolina at Wilmington ( UNC Wilmington or UNCW ) University of North Carolina School of the Arts ( UNC School of the Arts ) Western Carolina University ( WCU ) Winston - Salem State University ( WSSU ) North Dakota ( edit ) North Dakota University System ( Listed below are the state universities . The NDUS also includes the state 's community colleges . ) Dickinson State University Mayville State University Minot State University University of North Dakota ( UND ) ( Grand Forks ) North Dakota State University ( North Dakota State or NDSU ) Valley City State University Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) Northern Marianas College ( community college ; offers associate 's degrees , Bachelor of Science degrees in Education and Business Management ) Ohio ( edit ) University System of Ohio University of Akron ( Akron ) Bowling Green State University ( BGSU ) BGSU Firelands ( Huron ) Central State University University of Cincinnati system University of Cincinnati ( Cincinnati , Cincy , or UC ) ( Cincinnati -- flagship / main campus ) University of Cincinnati , Clermont College ( Batavia ) University of Cincinnati , Raymond Walters College ( Blue Ash ) Cleveland State University Kent State University system Kent State University at Ashtabula Kent State University at East Liverpool Kent State University at Geauga Kent State University ( Kent Campus ) ( main campus ) Kent State University at Salem Kent State University at Stark Kent State University at Trumbull Kent State University at Tuscarawas Miami University system Miami University ( Oxford -- flagship / main campus ) Miami University Hamilton Miami University Middletown Miami University Dolibois European Center ( Differdange , Luxembourg ) The Ohio State University system The Ohio State University ( Ohio State or OSU ) ( Columbus -- flagship / main campus ) The Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Institute ( Wooster ) The Ohio State University , Lima Campus The Ohio State University , Mansfield Campus The Ohio State University , Marion Campus The Ohio State University , Newark Campus Ohio University system Ohio University ( Ohio ) ( Athens -- flagship / main campus ) Ohio University Chillicothe Ohio University Cleveland Ohio University Dublin Ohio University Eastern ( St. Clairsville ) Ohio University Lancaster Ohio University Pickerington ( part of Lancaster Campus ) Ohio University Proctorville ( part of Southern Campus ) Ohio University Southern ( Ironton ) Ohio University Zanesville Shawnee State University University of Toledo Wright State University Youngstown State University Oklahoma ( edit ) Cameron University University of Central Oklahoma ( Central Oklahoma or UCO ) East Central University Langston University Northeastern State University Northwestern Oklahoma State University University of Oklahoma system University of Oklahoma ( Oklahoma ) ( Norman -- flagship / main campus ) University of Oklahoma Tulsa University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma Panhandle State University Oklahoma State University System Oklahoma State University -- Stillwater ( Oklahoma State ) ( Stillwater -- flagship / main campus ) Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology Oklahoma State University -- Oklahoma City Oklahoma State University -- Tulsa Rogers State University University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma Southeastern Oklahoma State University Southwestern Oklahoma State University Oregon ( edit ) University of Oregon ( Oregon or UO ) Oregon Health and Science University ( Oregon Health or OHSU ) Oregon State University ( Oregon State or OSU ) Portland State University ( Portland State or PSU ) Eastern Oregon University ( EOU ) Oregon Institute of Technology ( Oregon Tech or OIT ) Southern Oregon University ( SOU ) Western Oregon University ( WOU ) Pennsylvania ( edit ) Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ( PaSSHE ) The 14 universities in PaSSHE are state - owned . They are directly governed by gubernatorial appointees sitting on the PaSSHE Board of Governors . Each university also has an independent Council of Trustees appointed by the Commonwealth 's governor . State - owned universities : Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania California University of Pennsylvania Cheyney University of Pennsylvania Clarion University of Pennsylvania Clarion University of Pennsylvania , Venango East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania Edinboro University of Pennsylvania Indiana University of Pennsylvania ( IUP ) Indiana University of Pennsylvania , Academy of Culinary Arts Indiana University of Pennsylvania , Armstrong ( IUP - Armstrong ) Indiana University of Pennsylvania , Northpointe ( IUP - Northpointe ) Indiana University of Pennsylvania , Punxsutawney ( IUP - Punxsutawney ) Kutztown University of Pennsylvania Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania , Clearfield Mansfield University of Pennsylvania Millersville University of Pennsylvania Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania West Chester University of Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education Universities of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education receive public funds and reduce tuition for residents of Pennsylvania . Gubernatorial appointees are always a minority of their respective governing boards . State - related institutions : Lincoln University Pennsylvania State University ( Penn State or PSU ) ( a multi-college campus administered at University Park ) ( University Park -- flagship / main campus ) Penn State Abington ( PSU - Abingdon ) Penn State Altoona ( PSU - Altoona ) Penn State Berks ( PSU - Berks ) Penn State Beaver ( PSU - Beaver ) Penn State Brandywine ( PSU - Brandywine ) Penn State DuBois ( PSU - DuBois ) Penn State Fayette , The Eberly Campus ( PSU - Fayette ) Penn State Erie , The Behrend College ( PSU - Erie or Behrend ) Penn State Greater Allegheny ( PSU - Greater Allegheny ) Penn State Harrisburg ( PSU - Harrisburg ) Penn State Hazleton ( PSU - Hazleton ) Penn State Lehigh Valley ( PSU - Lehigh Valley ) Penn State Mont Alto ( PSU - Mont Alto ) Penn State New Kensington ( PSU - New Kensington ) Penn State Schuylkill ( PSU - Schuylkill ) Penn State Shenango ( PSU - Shenango ) Penn State Wilkes - Barre ( PSU - Wilkes - Barre ) Penn State Worthington Scranton ( PSU - Worthington / Scranton ) Penn State York ( PSU - York ) Pennsylvania State University 's special mission colleges Penn State College of Medicine Penn State Dickinson School of Law Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies Penn State World Campus Temple University ( Temple or TU ) Temple University Ambler ( TU - Ambler ) University of Pittsburgh ( Pittsburgh or Pitt ) University of Pittsburgh at Bradford ( Pitt - Bradford or UPB ) University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg ( Pitt - Greensburg ) University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown ( UPJ or Pitt - Johnstown ) University of Pittsburgh at Titusville ( Pitt - Titusville or UPB ) Puerto Rico ( edit ) University of Puerto Rico system University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras ( UPR - RP ) ( Rio Piedras -- flagship / main campus ) University of Puerto Rico at Aguadilla ( UPRAG ) University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo ( UPRA ) University of Puerto Rico at Bayamón ( UPRB ) University of Puerto Rico at Carolina ( UPRC ) University of Puerto Rico at Cayey ( UPR - Cayey ) University of Puerto Rico at Humacao ( UPRH ) University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez ( UPRM ) University of Puerto Rico at Ponce ( UPRP ) University of Puerto Rico at Utuado ( UPRU ) University of Puerto Rico , Medical Sciences Campus ( UPR - CM ) Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico Rhode Island ( edit ) Rhode Island College ( RIC ) University of Rhode Island system University of Rhode Island ( Rhode Island or URI ) ( Kingston -- flagship / main campus ) URI Feinstein Campus , Providence URI Narragansett Bay Campus , Narragansett URI W. Alton Jones Campus , West Greenwich South Carolina ( edit ) The Citadel Clemson University Coastal Carolina University ( Coastal Carolina or CCU ) College of Charleston ( Charleston or CofC ) Francis Marion University Lander University Medical University of South Carolina University of South Carolina System University of South Carolina ( Carolina , USC , or SCar ) ( Columbia -- flagship / main campus ) University of South Carolina Aiken ( USC - Aiken ) University of South Carolina Beaufort ( USC - Beaufort ) University of South Carolina Lancaster ( USC - Lancaster ) University of South Carolina Salkehatchie ( USC - Salkehatchie ) University of South Carolina Sumter ( USC - Sumter ) University of South Carolina Union ( USC - Union ) University of South Carolina Upstate ( USC - Upstate or Upstate ) South Carolina State University ( SCSU ) Winthrop University ( WU ) South Dakota ( edit ) Black Hills State University Dakota State University Northern State University University of South Dakota ( South Dakota or USD ) South Dakota School of Mines & Technology ( South Dakota School of Mines , South Dakota Tech , or SDSM&T , pronounced `` SDSM and T '' ) South Dakota State University ( South Dakota State ) Tennessee ( edit ) Austin Peay State University ( Austin Peay or APSU ) East Tennessee State University ( ETSU ) Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) Tennessee State University ( TSU ) Tennessee Technological University ( Tennessee Tech or TTU ) University of Memphis ( U of M ) ( Memphis -- flagship / main campus ) University of Memphis Park Avenue Campus - Memphis ( located about a mile south of the main campus ) University of Memphis Downtown Law School - located in downtown Memphis University of Memphis Lambuth Campus - Jackson University of Tennessee System ( UT , UTC , and UT Martin are primary campuses of the UT System , whereas the UTHSC and the Space Institute are two other educational campuses . ) University of Tennessee at Knoxville ( UT Knoxville , UTK , or UT ) ( Knoxville -- flagship / main campus ) University of Tennessee at Chattanooga ( UT Chattanooga or UTC ) University of Tennessee at Martin ( UT Martin ) University of Tennessee Health Science Center ( UTHSC or UT Medical School ) ( Memphis ) University of Tennessee Space Institute ( UT Space Institute ) ( Tullahoma ) Texas ( edit ) University of Houston System University of Houston University of Houston -- Clear Lake University of Houston -- Downtown University of Houston -- Victoria Midwestern State University University of North Texas System University of North Texas University of North Texas at Dallas University of North Texas Health Science Center Stephen F. Austin State University The University of Texas System Academic institutions The University of Texas at Arlington The University of Texas at Austin ( flagship / main campus ) The University of Texas at Dallas The University of Texas at El Paso The University of Texas of the Permian Basin The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley The University of Texas at San Antonio The University of Texas at Tyler Health institutions University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Medical Branch University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ( UTHealth ) University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler Texas A&M University System Texas A&M University ( College Station , Galveston , Doha - flagship / main campus ) Prairie View A&M University Tarleton State University Texas A&M International University Texas A&M University -- Central Texas Texas A&M University -- Commerce Texas A&M University -- Corpus Christi Texas A&M University -- Kingsville Texas A&M University -- San Antonio Texas A&M University -- Texarkana West Texas A&M University Texas Southern University Texas State University System Lamar University Sam Houston State University Sul Ross State University Texas State University Texas Tech University System Angelo State University Texas Tech University - ( flagship / main campus ) Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at Lubbock Texas Woman 's University Utah ( edit ) Utah System of Higher Education Dixie State University ( Dixie State ) Southern Utah University ( Southern Utah or SUU ) University of Utah ( Utah , U of U , or UU ) Utah State University ( Utah State or USU ) Utah Valley University ( Utah Valley or UVU ) Weber State University ( Weber State ) Vermont ( edit ) Vermont State Colleges ( Listed below are the state universities . The VSC also includes the state 's community college and technical college . ) Castleton University ( Castleton State or Castleton ) Johnson State College Lyndon State College University of Vermont ( UVM ) Virginia ( edit ) Christopher Newport University ( CNU ) Eastern Virginia Medical School ( EVMS ) George Mason University ( GMU ) James Madison University ( JMU ) Longwood University University of Mary Washington ( Mary Washington , Mary Wash , or UMW ) Norfolk State University Old Dominion University ( Old Dominion or ODU ) Radford University University of Virginia ( UVA ) University of Virginia 's College at Wise ( UVA at Wise or UVA-Wise ) Virginia Commonwealth University ( VCU ) Virginia Military Institute ( VMI ) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ( Virginia Tech ) Virginia -- Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine ( a constituent of both Virginia Tech and the University of Maryland , College Park ) Virginia State University The College of William & Mary ( William and Mary , W&M ) Virgin Islands ( edit ) University of the Virgin Islands system University of the Virgin Islands -- St. Croix campus ( UVI - St. Croix ) University of the Virgin Islands -- St. Thomas campus ( UVI - St. Thomas ) Washington ( edit ) Central Washington University ( CWU ) Eastern Washington University ( EWU ) The Evergreen State College University of Washington system University of Washington ( Washington or UW ) ( Seattle -- flagship / main campus ) UW Tacoma campus ( see University of Washington Tacoma ) UW Bothell campus Washington State University system Washington State University ( Wazzu or WSU ) ( Pullman -- flagship / main campus ) WSU Spokane campus ( WSU - Spokane or Spokane ) WSU Tri-Cities campus ( WSU - Tri-Cities or Tri-Cities ) WSU Vancouver campus ( WSU - Vancouver or Vancouver ) Western Washington University ( WWU ) West Virginia ( edit ) Bluefield State College Concord University Fairmont State University Glenville State College Marshall University Marshall University Graduate College Shepherd University West Liberty University West Virginia University system West Virginia University ( WVU ) ( Morgantown -- flagship / main campus ) Potomac State College of West Virginia University ( Potomac State College or Potomac State ) ( community college ; in addition to associate 's degrees , offers a bachelor 's degree program ) West Virginia University Institute of Technology ( WVU Tech or West Virginia Tech ) West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine West Virginia State University ( WVSU ) Wisconsin ( edit ) University of Wisconsin System University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( Wisconsin ) ( Madison -- flagship / main campus ) University of Wisconsin -- Eau Claire University of Wisconsin -- Green Bay University of Wisconsin -- La Crosse University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee University of Wisconsin -- Oshkosh University of Wisconsin -- Parkside University of Wisconsin -- Platteville University of Wisconsin -- River Falls University of Wisconsin -- Stevens Point University of Wisconsin -- Stout University of Wisconsin -- Superior University of Wisconsin -- Whitewater Wyoming ( edit ) University of Wyoming Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Idaho Archived 2013 - 04 - 11 at Archive.is Jump up ^ http://osse.dc.gov/service/dctag-get-funding-college Jump up ^ https://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-fees-flagship-universities-over-time Jump up ^ `` Cleveland '' . www.ohio.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin '' . www.ohio.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_state_universities_in_the_United_States&oldid=849982988 '' Categories : Public universities and colleges in the United States Lists of universities and colleges in the United States Public universities in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 19 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7943366651978348648	Yamaha YZ450F	Yamaha YZ450F - wikipedia Yamaha YZ450F Yamaha YZ450F Manufacturer Yamaha Motor Company Class Motocross Engine DOHC , multivalve , water - cooled , four - stroke , single The Yamaha YZ450F is a four - stroke racing motocross bike built by Yamaha Motor Corporation . It was the successor to the previous YZ426F which was discontinued in 2003 . It is credited by Cycle World and Dirt Rider magazines as the bike that started the four - stroke dirt bike revolution . It is a replacement for the YZ250 , which is slowly being phased out . The 2006 YZ250F and YZ450F were the first production motorcycles equipped with titanium suspension springs . The WR450F is the enduro version of the YZ450F . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 First generation : YZ400F 1998 -- 2000 3 Second generation : YZ426F 2001 -- 2002 4 Third generation YZ450F 2003 -- 2005 5 Fourth generation YZ450F 2006 -- 2009 6 Fifth generation YZ450F 2010 - 2013 7 References 8 External links Introduction ( edit ) For many years , the motocross world almost exclusively used two - stroke engines . AMA racing classes had two classes : 125 cc and 250 cc two - strokes , with no provision for four strokes . Most riders considered four - stroke engine technology to be largely utilitarian and uncompetitive , relegated solely for trail riding . In 1996 , the AMA changed racing rules to allow 450 cc four strokes to compete in the same racing class as 250 cc two - strokes . Yamaha engineer Yoshiharu Nakayama first came up with the idea of creating the first competitive four - stroke race motocross bike . The Yamaha YZ400F was developed to fit into this category . It solved the power dilemma by borrowing superbike technology and giving the YZ a five - valve head , liquid cooling and a 12.5 - 1 compression ratio . In 1997 , Yamaha rocked the motocross world with the introduction of the YZ400M prototype , a concept motorcycle which borrowed much technology from road racing . The YZM was far ahead of all competition among four - stroke motocross bikes . Doug Henry piloted the YZ400M to its first victory in 1997 at the Las Vegas Supercross . This was the first time any four - stroke had won an AMA event . The YZ400M was the predecessor of the production YZ400F , which was released the next year . First Generation YZ400F Production 1998 - 2000 Predecessor YZ250 2 - stroke Successor YZ426F Engine Five - valve , 400 cc , compression ratio 12.5 : 1 Transmission 5 - speed Weight 250 lb ( 110 kg ) ( dry ) First generation : YZ400F 1998 -- 2000 ( edit ) Yamaha introduced the YZ400F in production in 1998 after a successful AMA season in 1997 . It was `` the first modern production four - stroke motocrosser that was directly competitive against two - strokes . '' Initially , Yamaha targeted a dry weight of 233 pounds ( 106 kg ) ( on par with the 250 two - strokes of the time ) , but by production , the bike weighed 250 pounds . The bike had an 11,600 rpm redline power and torque close to its 250 cc two - stroke rivals . It benefited from engine compression braking , which allowed the engine to slow the bike down during deceleration , giving the brakes a rest . The 1998 YZ400F was the first bike to come stock with a Keihin FCR carburetor . In 1998 , Doug Henry won the AMA National Motocross Championship aboard the YZF , becoming the first rider to win a championship on a four - stroke motorcycle . This victory is considered by some to be the major turning point in the motocross world -- for the first time , four strokes were considered a competitive racing machine . Second generation YZ426F Production 2000 - 2003 Predecessor YZ400F Successor YZ450F Engine Titanium five - valve , 426 cc , 95mm x 60.1 mm stroke , compression ratio 12.5 : 1 Transmission 5 - speed Suspension Kayaba Brakes Disks Wheelbase 58.7 in Fuel capacity 2.1 gallons ( 7.95 L ) Second generation : YZ426F 2001 -- 2002 ( edit ) In 2000 , Yamaha updated the YZ400F , increasing the displacement to 426 cc for greater power and throttle response . In addition , the carburetor and jets were updated to ease the YZ400F 's starting woes . The next year , in 2001 , Yamaha replaced the previous steel valves with titanium ones . The new valves were more than forty percent lighter than the previous valves , allowing for lighter and softer valve springs , in turn allowing a quicker revving engine , improved throttle response , higher rev ceilings , and more power . The crankshaft was also reshaped and the whole assembly was redesigned for quicker throttle response and , Yamaha claimed , `` less high - end horsepower loss . '' In addition to motor modifications , a few changes were made to the transmission to help contain the power and ensure longevity . The suspension also received a bit of an overhaul with the goal being reduced weight and smoother action throughout the stroke . Yamaha also designed a new exhaust pipe design so that exhaust header removal would no longer be required when replacing the oil filter . Carburetor tuning was modified to deal with starting and off - idle take off difficulties . Also in 2001 the subframe was changed from a steel to a blue painted aluminum style . In 2002 the blue painting was stopped and left to a bare aluminum look . Motorcycle.com says that `` The gas tank is reasonably thin and allows good forward and backward movement while providing something nicely shaped to hold onto with your knees . In fact , the entire ergonomic package on this YZF is well thought out . The handlebars have a nice bend to them and are well - placed for good rider control and legroom . The footpegs are well - made units with a wide platform and sit in a position that keeps them from dragging in ruts without cramping a rider 's legs . '' In 2002 Yamaha remapped the digital CD ignition system which delivers a more precise spark and optimal timing for faster , stronger response during hard acceleration , and less kickback during starting . Also an all - new swingarm which is lighter and stronger for reduced weight , greater rigidity and more compliant rear suspension action . While an anodized finish gives the bike a tricked out look . The 426 also includes a larger pivot shift for increased durability . A larger rear brake disc was also added which means greater stopping power . Third Generation YZ450F Production 2003 - 2005 Predecessor YZ426F Engine Titanium five - valve , 449 cc , 95.0 x 63.4 mm , compression ratio 12.3 : 1 Transmission 2003 - 2004 : 4 - speed 2005 : 5 - speed Frame type Steel Related YZ250F , WR450F Third generation YZ450F 2003 -- 2005 ( edit ) For 2003 , the YZF received the biggest update in its history . First , the engine displacement was increased with 449 cc in compliance to the new AMA Motocross maximum displacement rule , the engine now produced over 52 hp ( 39 kW ) . Next , the frame and plastic were updated for a new , sleeker look . Additionally , the YZF 's weight was decreased from its original 250 lb ( 110 kg ) to 233 lb ( 106 kg ) . The bike made tremendous power ; however , many thought that the bike had too much power for a motocross track . The 2005 YZ450F was the first YZ450F to feature KYB twin chamber cartridge forks . Fourth generation YZ450F 2006 -- 2009 ( edit ) Fourth Generation YZ450F Production 2006 - 2009 Predecessor YZ450F Engine Titanium five - valve , 449 cc , 95.0 x 63.4 mm , compression ratio 12.3 : 1 Transmission 5 - speed Frame type Aluminum Fuel capacity 1.9 gal Related YZ250F , WR450F The YZ450F received a major update in 2006 , with over 300 parts changed and improved . The power was smoothed out , and the bike was made easier to ride , putting to rest the complaint that the YZ had too much power . The transmission was returned to a more traditional five - speed . An all - new aluminum single backbone frame shaved another 10 pounds off the weight . The 2006 saw KYB SSS forks . 2007 saw camshaft and exhaust changes , moving power from low - RPMs to mid-RPMs. 2008 - 2009 furthered pushed the powerband to mid-RPMs . Fifth generation YZ450F 2010 - 2013 ( edit ) Fifth Generation YZ450F Production 2010 - Present Engine Rear slant , titanium four - valve , 449 cc , 97.0 mm x 60.8 mm stroke , compression ratio 12.5 : 1 Transmission 5 - speed Related WR450F , YZ450FX September 8 , 2009 , Yamaha introduced its all - new YZ450F with fuel injection . The engine cylinder is rearward slanted , the crank rod angle has been changed to provide a more complete combustion , the 5 - valve head is now a 4 - valve head , the gas tank is located under the seat , the exhaust pipe exits the rear of the cylinder , and the air intake is now in the front of the bike . They have a new bi-lateral frame which allows for new improved steering and the new engine components . The entire package comes together to create a bike that is mass - centralized . The bike was introduced by Yamaha Factory Motocross rider James Stewart. The top speed has been recorded at 80 mph stock . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Jimmy ( January 2002 ) , `` The Main Event : Honda CRF450R lines up against KTM 520 SX and Yamaha YZ426F '' , Cycle World , 41 ( 1 ) , pp. 70 ff ( 8 ) Jump up ^ Hoffman , Scott ( February 2002 ) , `` Concept 2003 YZ450F imminent future '' , Dirt Rider , Primedia Enterprises , pp. 28ff ( 3 ) , It was less than a year ago that innuendos regarding ' an all - new Yamaha YZ450F ' circumnavigated the motocross world . The gossip was far less shocking compared to when Yamaha first unveiled its works YZ400M in ' 97 and its plans to build a competitive motocross four - stroke , although it still held merit . This was also mixed in with Honda 's breaking news of its project four - stroke motocross bike , the CRF45OR . Nevertheless , Yamaha forged its name into the hooks five years ago and its revolutionary machine will forever be remembered as the catalyst that sparked the fire under the smoldering world of four - stroke motocrossers . Jump up ^ `` Titanium spring improves motocross motorcycles '' , Advanced Materials & Processes , 164 ( 7 ) , p. 9 , July 2006 , For model year 2006 , the Yamaha YZ125 and YZ250 two - stroke and the YZ250F and YZ450F four - stroke motocross motorcycles all carry titanium shock springs , marking the first time production motorcycles from any manufacturer have been fitted with titanium suspension springs as original equipment , reports Timet Automotive , Morgantown , Pa . Yamaha claims the new springs offer `` outstanding strength and fatigue tolerance '' and reduce unsprung weight for improved suspension performance . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 Yamaha YZ426F : MD Ride Review '' . motorcycledaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Page not found ! '' ( PDF ) . www.amaproracing.com . Jump up ^ `` YZ426F : Miracle Machine ? -- Motocross News , Race Reports , Videos , Photos , Interviews , How - Tos '' . transworldmotocross.com . ^ Jump up to : Motorcycle Hall of Fame : Doug Henry Archived 2010 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ GT Thunder Test Bench Jump up ^ `` Year 2001 Yamaha YZ426F '' . Motorcycle.com. 2000 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year 2001 Yamaha YZ426F '' . motorcycle.com . Jump up ^ `` New Yamaha Dirt Bikes For 2002 : Off-Road.com '' . Dirtbike.off-road.com. 2005 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` First Impression : 2004 Yamaha YZ450F -- Motocross News , Race Reports , Videos , Photos , Interviews , How - Tos '' . transworldmotocross.com . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Yamaha YZ450F - First Ride - MotorcycleUSA.com '' . motorcycle-usa.com . External links ( edit ) The Long History of Reverse - Cylinder Engine Designs - motocrossactionmag.com Yamaha motorcycles Standard XS400 XS500 XS650 XS750 XS850 XS1100 Yamaha XSR900 SR500 SRX 400 / 600 FZX250 FZX750 XJ600 / FJ600 XJ600 Diversion XJ900 XJ900 Diversion XJR400 XJR1200 Yamaha XZ550 XJR1300 YX600 Radian YBR125 FZ150i FZ16 FZ8 & FAZER8 FZ1 MT - 125 MT - 25 MT - 03 MT - 07 MT - 09 MT - 10 Sport TZR50 TZR125 TZR250 FZ700 FZ750 Fazer FZ400R RD250LC RD350 RD350LC RD500LC FZ750 FZR250 FZR400 FZR600 FZR750 FZR1000 YSR50 YZF600R YZF750 YZF1000R YZF - R6 YZF - R7 YZF - R1 YZF - R125 YZF - R15 YZF - R25 YZF - R3 SZR660 TRX850 FZS600 Fazer FZ6 M - Slaz MotoGP YZR500 YZR - M1 Touring / Sport touring Venture Royale FJ1100 FJ1200 FJR1300 GTS1000 Tracer 700 Tracer 900 Power cruiser V - Max / VMAX BT1100 Bulldog MT - 01 MT - 03 Cruisers XS Special 400 650 750 850 1100 XJ Maxim 400 550 650 700 750 1100 XV Virago 125 250 400 500 535 750 920 1100 XV Road Star / Wildstar 1600A 1600ALE 1600AS 1600AT ( Silverado ) 1600ATLE ( Silverado ) 1700A 1700AM 1700AT ( Silverado ) 1700ATM ( Silverado ) XV1900 XVS Drag Star / V Star 125 250 400 650 950 1100 1300 ( Midnight Star ) XVZ Royal Star 13A ( Royal Star / Boulevard ) 13AT ( Tour Classic ) 13LT ( Tour Deluxe ) 13TF ( Venture ) Supermoto XT660X Dual - sport / Enduro / Off - road XT125R XT125X XTZ 125 XT 225 TDR250 XT250 WR250F XT350 WR400F WR426F WR450F XT600E XT660R XT660Z Ténéré XTZ660 Ténéré XTZ750 Super Ténéré TDM850 XT1200Z Super Ténéré YZE750 YZE850T Agricultural TW200 AG100 AG175 AG200 Motocross YZ85 YZ125 YZ250 YZ250F YZ400F YZ426F YZ450F Scooter TMAX Aerox Lagenda Majesty Mio Nouvo QT50 Vino Classic Vino 125 X-City XF50X Zuma Zuma 125 V50M Tricycle Tricity First models Yamaha YA - 1 Yamaha DT - 1 Commons hide Yamaha motorcycle timeline , 1990s -- present Type 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Standard \ Naked FZX250 FZX750 XJ600 / FJ600 XJ600 Diversion XJ900 XJ900 XJR400 XJR400 XJR1200 XJR1300 YX600 Radian Sport TZR250 FZR250 FZR400 FZR600 Both FZR600 and YZF600R Both YZF600R and YZF - R6 YZF - R6 FZ750 FZR750 YZF750 YZF - R7 FZR1000 YZF1000R Both YZF1000R and YZF - R1 YZF - R1 SZR660 TRX850 FZ6 FZ1 MotoGP YZR500 YZR - M1 Touring \ Sport touring FJ1200 FJR1300 GTS1000 Power Cruiser V - Max VMAX BT1100 Bulldog MT - 01 MT - 03 Cruisers XV125 / Virago 125 XV250 / Virago 250 XV400 / Virago 400 XV500 / Virago 500 XV535 / Virago 535 ( US sales ended in 2000 ) XV750 / Virago 750 XV1100 / Virago 1100 XV1600 / Road Star / Wildstar XV1700 / Road Star Warrior XV1900 / Midnight Star / Roadliner XVS125 / Drag Star 125 / V Star 125 XVS250 / Drag Star 250 / V Star 250 XVS400 / Drag Star 400 / V Star 400 XVS650 / Drag Star 650 / V Star 650 V Star 950 XVS1100 / Drag Star 1100 / V Star 1100 XVS1300 / Midnight Star XVZ 1300 / Royal Star XVZ 1300 / Venture Royale XVZ 1300 / Royal Star Venture XVZ 1300 / Royal Star Tour Deluxe Supermoto XT660 X Dual - sport \ Off - road TDM850 TDR250 XT125 R XT125 X XT600 E XT660 R XTZ660 Ténéré XT660Z Ténéré XTZ750 Super Ténéré XT1200Z Super Ténéré Motocross YZ125 YZ250F YZ400F YZ426F YZ450F Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamaha_YZ450F&oldid=841876975 '' Categories : Yamaha motorcycles Off - road motorcycles Motorcycles introduced in 1998 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 17 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many gears does a 2003 yz450f have	[ "\nThird Generation YZ450F\n\nProduction\n2003-2005\n\n\nPredecessor\nYZ426F\n\n\nEngine\nTitanium five-valve, 449 cc, 95.0 x 63.4mm, compression ratio 12.3:1\n\n\nTransmission\n2003-2004: 4-speed 2005: 5-speed\n\n\nFrame type\nSteel\n\n\nRelated\nYZ250F, WR450F\n\n" ]	[ "4" ]
8710437038175697634	Baby Now That I've Found You	Baby Now That I 've Found You - wikipedia Baby Now That I 've Found You `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' Single by The Foundations from the album From the Foundations B - side `` Come on Back to Me '' Released Summer 1967 ( UK ) December 1967 ( North America ) Format 7 '' Genre Pop Length 2 : 44 Label Pye , Uni Songwriter ( s ) Tony Macaulay , John MacLeod Producer ( s ) Tony Macaulay The Foundations singles chronology `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1967 ) `` Back on My Feet Again '' ( 1968 ) `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1967 ) `` Back on My Feet Again '' ( 1968 ) `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' is a song written by Tony Macaulay and John MacLeod . Part of the song was written in the same bar of a Soho tavern where Karl Marx is supposed to have written Das Kapital . The lyrics are a plea that an unnamed subject not break up with the singer . Contents 1 Original recording and The Foundations 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Other versions 4 Use in film 5 Singles released 6 References 7 External links Original recording and the Foundations ( edit ) In 1967 , The Foundations released it as their début single . After receiving airplay on the newly - launched BBC Radio 1 , it took off and by November it was number one in the British charts . It met with great success , becoming a number 11 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and topping the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in November 1967 . The song also reached number 1 on the Canadian RPM magazine charts 10 February 1968 . Another version of the song was recorded by The Foundations in 1968 that featured Colin Young , Clem Curtis ' replacement . This was on a Marble Arch album that featured newer stereo versions of their previous hits . Original lead singer of the Foundations , Clem Curtis recorded his own version of it and it was released on the Opium label OPIN 001 as a 7 '' single and a 12 '' version OPINT001 in 1987 . In the late 1980s , Clem Curtis and Alan Warner teamed up to recut `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' and `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' as well as other hits of The Foundations . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 - 68 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set 21 Belgium 19 Canada RPM Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands 13 New Zealand 16 Norway 6 South Africa 10 UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 11 U.S. Record World 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank UK 13 Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 46 U.S. Billboard 83 U.S. Cash Box 47 Other versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by a number of other artists . One of the earlier versions was a rocksteady version was recorded by Alton Ellis for his 1967 album Sings Rock and Soul . Lana Cantrell recorded it for her 1968 Lana album . The same year The Marble Arch Orchestra recorded an instrumental version of the song for their album Tomorrow 's Standards . In 1978 Donny and Marie Osmond recorded it for the soundtrack album for their film Goin ' Coconuts . The song was also recorded by Dan Schafer , in 1977 on Tortoise International Records , an RCA Records subsidiary . Dan Schafer 1977 Tortoise International / RCA 45 single In March 2012 , this version was included on the compilation album , Perhaps ... the Very Best of Dan Schafer . The song was a 1995 country hit for Alison Krauss from the album Now That I 've Found You : A Collection . Her version appeared in the Australian comedy film , The Castle . It peaked at number 49 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . In the Philippines the song was recorded by MYMP for their album MYMP Live at the Music Museum . South American artist Daniel Boaventura has also recorded a version which appears on his Songs 4 U album . Use in film ( edit ) The Foundations ' recording of the song appeared on the soundtrack to the film Shallow Hal . The Alison Krauss version was featured in the 1997 Australian comedy , The Castle . Her rendition was also featured in the end credits of the 2001 film Delivering Milo . Singles released ( edit ) The Foundations -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Come On Back to Me '' , PYE 7N 17366 ( UK ) , 1967 The Foundations -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' , Flashbacks FBS6 ( UK ) The Foundations -- `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' / `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' , Eric 192 Big Ben ( Ben Atkins ) -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Would I Better Gone ? '' , Enterprise ENA - 9061 , 1972 Vicki Sue Robinson -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Thanks A Million '' , RCA 10282 , 1975 Dan Schafer -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' , RCA / Tortoise International , Inc VB 11292 , 1977 Clem Curtis & The Foundations -- `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( Extended Version ) / `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( 7 '' Version ) , Baby Now That I 've Found You ( Busk Mix ) Opium Records OPINT 001 , 1987 Any Trouble -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Bricks & Mortar '' , EMI America EA 166 , ( US ) 1984 Alison Krauss & Union Station -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Oh , Atlanta '' / `` Every Time You Say Goodbye '' , CRCDS 4 ( Holland ) , 1995 ( CD single ) Lauren Waterworth -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rockasteria : The Foundations - Baby , Now That I Found You ( 1967 - 76 uk , excellent multi blended solid soul , with tight grooves and bluesy feeling , double disc set ) '' . Rockasteria.blogspot.com. 2012 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Dopson , Roger . Baby , Now That I 've Found You , Sequel Records NEECD 300 ( 1st ed . ) . UK : Sequel REcords . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart UK Top 100 - 22nd February 2014 The UK Charts Top 40 '' . Theofficialcharts.com . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clem Curtis & The Foundations - Baby Now That I 've Found You ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs from the Year 1967 '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Baby Now That I 've Found You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Springbok Radio SA Top 20 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1967 '' . top-source.info . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 2 / 17 / 68 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1968 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1967 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1968 / Top 100 Songs of 1968 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 3 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale - Versions - Martin 's Collection - M '' . Awsop-versions.com . Archived from the original on 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . Osmondmania.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Schafer ( 2 ) - Baby , Now That I 've Found You ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com. 2011 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record label '' . Timashley.tripod.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Perhaps ... the Very Best of ' '' . Cdbaby.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Castle ( 1997 ) : Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Big Ben Atkins Single Discography '' . Geocities.jp . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Sue Robinson : Baby , Now That I 've Found You b / w Thanks a Million ( 7 '' ) `` . DiscoMusic.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Foundations Eric Allandale Steve Bingham Pat Burke Tony Gomez Tim Harris Alan Warner Colin Young Arthur Brown Clem Curtis Mike Elliot Peter MacBeth Singles `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' `` Back on My Feet Again '' `` Any Old Time ( You 're Lonely and Sad ) '' `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' `` In the Bad Bad Old Days ( Before You Loved Me ) '' `` Born to Live , Born to Die '' `` My Little Chickadee '' `` Take a Girl Like You '' Other songs `` I Can Take or Leave Your Loving '' `` Solomon Grundy '' `` That Same Old Feeling '' `` We Are Happy People '' Related articles Tony Macaulay John Macleod Hue Montgomery The Ramong Sound Book Alison Krauss & Union Station Alison Krauss Barry Bales Ron Block Jerry Douglas Dan Tyminski John Pennell Jeff White Brent Truitt Mike Harman Adam Steffey Tim Stafford Studio albums Different Strokes Too Late to Cry Two Highways I 've Got That Old Feeling Every Time You Say Goodbye I Know Who Holds Tomorrow So Long So Wrong Forget About It New Favorite Lonely Runs Both Ways Paper Airplane Windy City Compilation albums Now That I 've Found You : A Collection Live A Hundred Miles or More : A Collection Essential Alison Krauss With Robert Plant Raising Sand Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' `` Baby Mine '' `` The Lucky One '' `` Missing You '' `` Please Read the Letter '' `` Rich Woman '' Featured singles `` Teach Your Children '' `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' `` Whiskey Lullaby '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Alison Brown Robert Plant Viktor Krauss Up ! Close and Personal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Now_That_I%27ve_Found_You&oldid=850168364 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1995 singles The Foundations songs Pye Records singles Uni Records singles Debut singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Alison Krauss & Union Station songs Songs written by John Macleod ( songwriter ) Songs written by Tony Macaulay 1967 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 02 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who wrote baby now that i found you	[ "\"Baby, Now That I've Found You\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay and John MacLeod.[2] Part of the song was written in the same bar of a Soho tavern where Karl Marx is supposed to have written Das Kapital.[3] The lyrics are a plea that an unnamed subject not break up with the singer.\n", "\"Baby, Now That I've Found You\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay and John MacLeod.[2] Part of the song was written in the same bar of a Soho tavern where Karl Marx is supposed to have written Das Kapital.[3] The lyrics are a plea that an unnamed subject not break up with the singer.\n" ]	[ "Tony Macaulay", "John MacLeod" ]
3687187521336503860	List of backward compatible games for Xbox One	List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often , or at all times 16x anisotropic filtering Forced V - sync Variable refresh rate compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) There are currently 473 on this list out of 2097 games released for the Xbox 360 . Title Publisher ( s ) Format Xbox One X Enhanced Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Adventures Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Ubisoft 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available as a remastered version on Xbox One . Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Axel & Pixel 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando : Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Brave : The Video Game Disney Interactive 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Remastered as Burnout Paradise Remastered for Xbox One . Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Also released on Xbox One . Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Activision 000000002018 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2018 Also available in a remastered version . Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crackdown Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2018 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darkness II , The The Darkness II 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders II THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : The Game Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Dirt : Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Divinity II Larian Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 : BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Driver : San Francisco Ubisoft Disc Only 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons & Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harms Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hitman : Blood Money Eidos Interactive 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio HD Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Square Enix XBLA 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues LucasArts 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Mafia II 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker HD Edition Konami 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 The Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker disc from the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is also compatible . Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Available digitally only on the Japanese Xbox Marketplace . Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prey 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest : Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 Special Edition : LeChuck 's Revenge Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault - Tenchu - From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic Generations Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2018 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spec Ops : The Line 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Split / Second Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania G. rev XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier Ubisoft 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Ubisoft 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Vanquish Sega 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Virtual On : Cyber Troopers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) There are currently 32 on this list out of 1046 released for the Xbox . All Original Xbox games run at 4 times resolution on Xbox One and Xbox one S consoles , and run at 16 times resolution on Xbox One X Title Publisher ( s ) Date added Notes Ref ( s ) Black Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Blinx : The Time Sweeper Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 BloodRayne 2 Majesco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Breakdown Namco 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Conker : Live & Reloaded Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Dead to Rights Namco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Destroy All Humans ! THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind Bethesda Softworks 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Full Spectrum Warrior THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included in Rare Replay Hunter : The Reckoning White Wolf , Inc . 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Jade Empire Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 MX Unleashed THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Panzer Dragoon Orta Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Panzer Elite Action : Fields of Glory JoWooD Entertainment 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Europe only Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Red Faction II THQ 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 SSX 3 Electronic Arts 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront II LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic II LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Republic Commando LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Remastered Coming March 20 to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/?linkId=16823597 Jump up ^ `` Skydive , Planets Under Attack and CLANNAD ( Japan Only ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 電脳戦機バーチャロン後方互換性 '' . 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.windowscentral.com/original-xbox-games-run-sixteen-times-resolution-xbox-one-x ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tyrrel , Brandin ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Morrowind , Kotor 2 , Jade Empire Headline New Wave Of Original Xbox Backwards Compatible Games '' . IGN . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video gaming products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games Backward - compatible Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows DirectX Games for Windows games GFWL games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Games on Demand games Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA Game Studio ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=837262405 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what xbox 360 games will work on the xbox one x	[]	[]
-540736895565325056	Red Hot Chilli Pipers	Red Hot Chilli Pipers - wikipedia Red Hot Chilli Pipers Not to be confused with Red Hot Chili Peppers . Red Hot Chilli Pipers Red Hot Chilli Pipers logo Background information Origin Scotland Genres Celtic Rock Years active 2002 -- present Labels REL Records Ltd Associated acts Stuart Cassells , The Scott Wood Band , Dougie McCance Website www.redhotchillipipers.co.uk Members Kevin MacDonald Willie Armstrong Deirdre Brennan Chris Judge Steven Black Dougie McCance Grant Cassidy Marco Coffolla Mike Berrich Tyler Fry Gregor Kincaid David Ross Gary O'Hagen Paul Jennings Alan McGeoch Ben Holloway Jay Hepburn Harry Richards Ian Thomson Craig Munro Kyle Howie Andrew Low Past members Scott Wood Steven Graham Gregor James McPhie Nick Hawryliw Stuart Cassells Ryan Butler Kyle Warren Alex Kosak Malcolm McEwan Red Hot Chilli Pipers are an ensemble consisting of pipers , guitarists , keyboards and drummers formed in Scotland in 2002 . They entered and won the BBC talent show When Will I Be Famous ? in 2007 . Their name is a play on the American band the Red Hot Chili Peppers . In 2004 , the group appeared on the main stage at T in the Park with the headline band , the rock group The Darkness . They appeared on BBC Radio 1 on the Greg James show in July 2013 and The Radio 1 Breakfast Show with Nick Grimshaw in 2014 . The band currently has Grant Cassidy -- an 8 time world champion snare drummer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Discography 3 Tours and performances 3.1 When Will I Be Famous 3.2 After TV appearance 4 Musicianship 5 Former members 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 Scottish Live Act of the Year 6.2 BBC 's ' When Will I Be Famous ' 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Since their formation the Red Hot Chilli Pipers have combined guitars , keyboards , drums and their bagpipes to create ' bagrock ' sound . The Red Hot Chilli Pipers perform a fusion of traditional pipe tunes and contemporary pieces . Notable covers performed have included `` We Will Rock You '' by Queen , `` Clocks '' by Coldplay and `` Smoke on the Water '' by Deep Purple as well as `` Chasing Cars '' by Snow Patrol , `` Do n't Stop Believing '' by Journey . Their biggest hit to date is of course the platinum selling and award winning Jazz Badger . The band has released 6 studio albums as of 2016 , of which their first , their 2005 release The Red Hot Chilli Pipers , was the least successful . Their 2007 album Bagrock to the Masses went platinum in Scotland and silver in Great Britain . Their third album and first live album , Blast Live ( 2008 ) , went triple platinum in Scotland . Their fourth release Music for the Kilted Generation , however , is The Red Hot Chilli Pipers ' best International record , reaching Number 2 on the US Amazon Chart. and was only held off of the top spot due to Adele 's record - breaking album , 21 . Their album titled Music for the Kilted Generation , is a parody of Music for the Jilted Generation by The Prodigy . The band signed a contract in December 2012 for a new album to be released in 2013 , including tracks from bands like Coldplay and Journey . Breathe was released in July 2013 on CD and iTunes . The group appears on the soundtrack of How to Train Your Dragon 2 . Discography ( edit ) 2005 -- The Red Hot Chilli Pipers 2007 -- Bagrock to the Masses 2008 -- Blast Live 2010 -- Music for the Kilted Generation 2012 -- Braveheart 2013 -- Breathe 2014 -- Live at the Lake 2014 2016 -- Octane Tours and performances ( edit ) Red Hot Chilli Pipers in Koblenz 2011 Red Hot Chilli Pipers - Wacken Open Air 2016 The group 's highest profile performance 's have been on the Main Stage at T in the Park in 2004 where they performed alongside The Darkness , and in 2014 when they performed on the Main Stage again in their own right . When Will I be Famous ( edit ) In 2007 , the Red Hot Chilli Pipers appeared on the BBC show When Will I be Famous ? hosted by Graham Norton . The band were in the episode and competed against seven others . The eight contestants were paired into a head - to - head showdown in which the winner would be decided by 101 preregistered viewers who were dubbed the `` Armchair Judges '' . The four winners of these head - to - heads would then compete against each other in the second show with the winner being decided by an open public phone vote . In their first head - to - head showdown , The Red Hot Chilli Pipers were pitted against the `` Stringfever '' , a four - member string quartet . The Red Hot Chilli Pipers won the head - to - head 51 - 50 and went on to win the weekly prize of ten thousand pounds . After tv appearance ( edit ) In 2010 , The Red Hot Chilli Pipers completed an 11 - date sold - out tour of Scotland , as well as an 11 - week tour of Germany and a 7 - week tour of America . They also toured Saudi Arabia , Malaysia , India and most of Europe . They performed concerts in New York and Beijing as well as at the Hebridean Celtic Festival in Stornoway . Musicianship ( edit ) With a total of 4 degrees from the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland , many of the band members past & present have competed at the highest level of bagpiping and drumming for many years . Founder and Former Musical Director Cassells received ' BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician of the Year ' in 2005 and became the first person ever to attain a degree in bagpipes from the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland ( Formerly the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama ) . The snare drummer and percussionist , Grant Cassidy is an 8 time Juvenile Solo World Drumming Champion and in 2016 placed 7th in the adult section of the World Solo Drumming Championships held in Glasgow , Scotland . Former members ( edit ) On 23 September 2011 , founder and frontman Stuart Cassells , left the band . Stuart decided that , after almost ten years , it was time to pursue new goals and opportunities . Cassells said , `` I have had some absolutely amazing times in the band and I would never have imagined the success we 've had . I want to thank all the great musicians I 've had the pleasure of performing with and I 'm excited about the new chapter in my life '' . Prior to leaving , Stuart had been struggling with ' focal hand dystonia ' , more commonly known as writer 's cramp since 2008 . Speaking to The Daily Record on the subject , Cassells said , `` My left hand refused to stay on the chanter . It was like my left hand was n't my own , it would n't stay still , like someone else was controlling it . I knew in my head how I wanted to play but I could n't because my hands would curl right up and tense up and move involuntarily . They were n't doing what they were supposed to do . The brain was sending far too many signals to my hands . '' Stuart tried various treatments throughout this period , including surgery to release a trapped nerve , physiotherapy and botox injections into his arm to relax the muscles . In efforts to help him play the bagpipes , he had McCallum Bagpipes manufacture him a custom chanter that uses flute keys to cover the holes instead of requiring the player to cover them . However , he was still unable to play them and left the band . It is hoped that he will recover and rejoin the band . A recent World Pipe Band Championship winner with the Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band , Kyle Warren , replaced him . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Scottish Live Act of the Year ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2007 Red Hot Chilli Pipers Scottish Live Act of the Year Won Red Hot Chilli Pipers Scottish Live Act of the Year Won BBC 's ' When Will I Be Famous ' ( edit ) Winners 2007 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gavin Cumine ( 31 May 2008 ) , `` Bagrock with the Red Hot Chilli Pipers : it 's a total blast '' , The Times Jump up ^ James , Greg ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Here We Go Again ... '' BBC . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers cover Avicii 's Wake Me Up '' . BBC . 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , David ( 7 August 2012 ) . `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers No2 in US chart -- Daily Record '' . Daily Record . Jump up ^ Composer John Powell talks How To Train Your Dragon 2 Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers - Product Categories CDs '' . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon ( March 2007 ) . `` BBC -- When Will I Be Famous ? -- Contestants '' . BBC . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Anon ( 2013 ) . `` Royal Conservatoire Graduates '' . rsamd.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Anon ( 23 September 2011 ) . `` Stuart Cassells leaves Red Hot Chilli Pipers '' . The College of Piping . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Coventry , Laura ( 9 August 2010 ) . `` Medical condition almost cost me my career , says Red Hot Chilli Piper founder Stuart Cassells -- Daily Record '' . Daily Record . Glasgow . ISSN 0956 - 8069 . OCLC 500344244 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website MusicBrainz : 5d341431 - 7002 - 4dcf - 9da8 - 1d25f5bd0ed7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Hot_Chilli_Pipers&oldid=839506666 '' Categories : Great Highland bagpipe players Scottish pipe bands Musical groups established in 2002 2002 establishments in Scotland Scottish rock music groups Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 21 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the red hot chilli pipers form	[ "Red Hot Chilli Pipers are an ensemble consisting of pipers, guitarists, keyboards and drummers formed in Scotland in 2002. They entered and won the BBC talent show When Will I Be Famous?[1] in 2007. Their name is a play on the American band the Red Hot Chili Peppers.\n" ]	[ "2002" ]
3679610869203613910	Yukon	Yukon - Wikipedia Yukon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Canadian territory . For other uses , see Yukon ( disambiguation ) . Yukon Flag Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : ( No official motto ) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Confederation June 13 , 1898 ( 9th ) Capital Whitehorse Largest city Whitehorse Largest metro Whitehorse Government Commissioner Angélique Bernard Premier Sandy Silver ( Liberal ) Legislature Yukon Legislative Assembly Federal representation ( in Canadian Parliament ) House seats 1 of 338 ( 0.3 % ) Senate seats 1 of 105 ( 1 % ) Area Total 482,443 km ( 186,272 sq mi ) Land 474,391 km ( 183,163 sq mi ) Water 8,052 km ( 3,109 sq mi ) 1.7 % Area rank Ranked 9th 4.8 % of Canada Population ( 2016 ) Total 35,874 Estimate ( 2018 Q1 ) 38,825 Rank Ranked 13th Density 0.08 / km ( 0.2 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Yukoner FR : Yukonnais ( e ) Official languages English , French GDP Rank 12th Total ( 2011 ) C $2.660 billion Per capita C $75,141 ( 3rd ) Time zone UTC - 8 Postal abbr . YT Postal code prefix Y ISO 3166 code CA - YT Flower Fireweed Tree Subalpine fir Bird Common raven Website www.gov.yk.ca Rankings include all provinces and territories Downtown Whitehorse along the Yukon River Yukon ( / ˈjuːkɒn / ; French : ( jykɔ̃ ) ; also commonly called the Yukon ) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada 's three federal territories ( the other two are the Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) . The territory has the smallest population of any province or territory in Canada , with 35,874 people . Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukon 's only city . The territory was split from the Northwest Territories in 1898 and was named the Yukon Territory . The federal government 's Yukon Act , which received royal assent on March 27 , 2002 , established Yukon as the territory 's official name , though Yukon Territory is also still popular in usage and Canada Post continues to use the territory 's internationally approved postal abbreviation of YT . Though officially bilingual ( English and French ) , the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages . At 5,959 m ( 19,551 ft ) , Yukon 's Mount Logan , in Kluane National Park and Reserve , is the highest mountain in Canada and the second - highest on the North American continent ( after Denali in the U.S. state of Alaska ) . Most of Yukon has a subarctic climate , characterized by long cold winters and brief warm summers . The Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate . Notable rivers include the Yukon River , after which the territory was named , as well as the Pelly , Stewart , Peel , White and Tatshenshini rivers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Adjacent territory / province / state 3.2 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Municipalities by population 4.2 Ethnicity 4.3 Language 4.4 Religion 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 6 Culture 6.1 Ethnic groups 6.2 Languages 6.3 Music 6.4 Popular media 6.5 Events and festivals 7 Government 7.1 Federal representation 7.2 First Nations 8 Infrastructure 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The territory is named after the Yukon River , the longest river in Yukon . The name itself is from a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han , which means white water river and refers to `` the pale colour '' of glacial runoff in the Yukon River . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Yukon Long before the arrival of Europeans , central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people , and the area escaped glaciation . Sites of archeological significance in Yukon hold some of the earliest evidence of the presence of human occupation in North America . The sites safeguard the history of the first people and the earliest First Nations of the Yukon . The volcanic eruption of Mount Churchill in approximately 800 AD in what is now the U.S. state of Alaska blanketed southern Yukon with a layer of ash which can still be seen along the Klondike Highway , and which forms part of the oral tradition of First Nations peoples in Yukon and further south in Canada . Coastal and inland First Nations had extensive trading networks . European incursions into the area only began early in the 19th century with the fur trade , followed by missionaries . By the 1870s and 1880s gold miners began to arrive . This drove a population increase that justified the establishment of a police force , just in time for the start of the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897 . The increased population coming with the gold rush led to the separation of the Yukon district from the Northwest Territories and the formation of the separate Yukon Territory in 1898 . Geography ( edit ) Map of Yukon Main article : Geography of Yukon The territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle , bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west and northwest for 1,210 km ( 752 mi ) mostly along longitude 141 ° W , the Northwest Territories to the east and British Columbia to the south . Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea . Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains . Most of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake , the Yukon River . The southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large , long and narrow glacier - fed alpine lakes , most of which flow into the Yukon River system . The larger lakes include Teslin Lake , Atlin Lake , Tagish Lake , Marsh Lake , Lake Laberge , Kusawa Lake and Kluane Lake . Bennett Lake on the Klondike Gold Rush trail is a lake flowing into Nares Lake , with the greater part of its area within Yukon . Canada 's highest point , Mount Logan ( 5,959 m or 19,551 ft ) , is in the territory 's southwest . Mount Logan and a large part of the Yukon 's southwest are in Kluane National Park and Reserve , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Other national parks include Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park in the north . Mount Logan from the southeast Other watersheds include the Mackenzie River , the Peel Watershed and the Alsek -- Tatshenshini , and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea . The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories are the Liard River in the southeast and the Peel River and its tributaries in the northeast . Notable widespread tree species within Yukon are the black spruce and white spruce . Many trees are stunted because of the short growing season and severe climate . The capital , Whitehorse , is also the largest city , with about three - quarters of the population ; the second largest is Dawson City ( pop. 2,016 ) , which was the capital until 1952 . Adjacent territory / province / state ( edit ) British Columbia ( south ) Northwest Territories ( east ) Alaska , United States ( west ) Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate change in the Arctic Köppen climate types in Yukon While the average winter temperature in the Yukon is mild by Canadian arctic standards , no other place in North America gets as cold as the Yukon during extreme cold snaps . The temperature has dropped down to − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ) three times , 1947 , 1954 , and 1968 . The most extreme cold snap occurred in February 1947 when the abandoned town of Snag dropped down to − 63.0 ° C ( − 81.4 ° F ) . Unlike most of Canada where the most extreme heat waves occur in July , August , and even September , The Yukon 's extreme heat tends to occur in June and even May . The Yukon has recorded 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) three times . The first time was in June 1969 when Mayo recorded a temperature of 36.1 ° C ( 97 ° F ) . 14 years later this record was almost beaten when Forty Mile recorded 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) in May 1983 . The old record was finally broken 21 years later in June 2004 when the Mayo Road weather station , located just northwest of Whitehorse , recorded a temperature of 36.5 ° C ( 97.7 ° F ) . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Yukon City July ( ° C ) July ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) Whitehorse 21 / 8 70 / 46 − 11 / − 19 12 / − 2 Dawson City 23 / 8 73 / 46 − 22 / − 30 − 8 / − 22 Old Crow 20 / 9 68 / 48 − 25 / − 34 − 13 / − 29 Demographics ( edit ) Distribution of Yukon 's eight municipalities by type Main article : Demographics of Yukon The 2016 census reported a Yukon population of 35,874 , an increase of 5.8 % from 2011 . With a land area of 474,712.64 km ( 183,287.57 sq mi ) , it had a population density of 0.1 / km ( 0.2 / sq mi ) in 2011 . Municipalities by population ( edit ) Main article : List of municipalities in Yukon Name Status Official name Incorporation date 2016 Census of Population Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change Land area ( km2 ) Population density Carmacks Town Village of Carmacks 000000001984 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1984 493 503 2999801192842942350 ♠ − 2.0 % 7001369500000000000 ♠ 36.95 13.3 / km Dawson Town City of Dawson 000000001902 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1902 1,375 1,319 7000424564063684610 ♠ + 4.2 % 7001324500000000000 ♠ 32.45 42.4 / km Faro Town Town of Faro 000000001969 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1969 348 344 7000116279069767440 ♠ + 1.2 % 7002203570000000000 ♠ 203.57 1.7 / km Haines Junction Town Village of Haines Junction 000000001984 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1984 613 593 7000337268128161890 ♠ + 3.4 % 7001344900000000000 ♠ 34.49 17.8 / km Mayo Town Village of Mayo 000000001984 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1984 200 226 2998884955752212390 ♠ − 11.5 % 7000106000000000000 ♠ 1.06 188.7 / km Teslin Town Village of Teslin 000000001984 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1984 124 122 7000163934426229510 ♠ + 1.6 % 7000192000000000000 ♠ 1.92 64.6 / km Watson Lake Town Town of Watson Lake 000000001984 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1984 790 802 2999850374064837910 ♠ − 1.5 % 7000611000000000000 ♠ 6.11 129.3 / km Whitehorse City City of Whitehorse 000000001950 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1950 25,085 23,276 7000777195394397660 ♠ + 7.8 % 7002416540000000000 ♠ 416.54 60.2 / km Total municipalities -- -- -- 29,028 27,185 7000677947397461840 ♠ + 6.8 % 7002733090000000000 ♠ 733.09 39.6 / km Territory of Yukon -- -- -- 35,874 33,897 7000583237454642000 ♠ + 5.8 % 7005474712680000000 ♠ 474,712.68 0.08 / km Ethnicity ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2017 ) According to the 2006 Canada Census the majority of the territory 's population was of European descent , although it has a significant population of First Nations communities across the territory . The top ten ancestries were : Ranking Ethnic group Population 1 . English 8,795 2 . North American First Nations 7,070 3 . Scottish 7,005 4 . Canadian 6,075 5 . Irish 5,735 6 . German 4,835 7 . French 4,330 8 . Ukrainian 1,620 9 . Dutch ( Netherlands ) 1,475 10 . Norwegian 1,340 The 2011 National Household Survey examined Yukon 's ethnocultural diversity and immigration . At that time , 87.7 % of residents were Canadian - born and 24.2 % were of Aboriginal origin . The most common countries of birth for immigrants were the United Kingdom ( 15.9 % ) , the Philippines ( 15.0 % ) , and the United States ( 13.2 % ) . Among very recent immigrants ( between 2006 and 2011 ) living in Yukon , 63.5 % were born in Asia . Language ( edit ) First Nations linguistic groups by tribes / clans Linguistic group Tribe / clan Gwich'in Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation , Old Crow Hän Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in First Nation , Dawson City Upper Tanana White River First Nation , Beaver Creek Small communities near Tok ( Alaska ) Northern Tutchone Selkirk First Nation Little Salmon / Carmacks First Nation First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun , Mayo Southern Tutchone Champagne and Aishihik First Nations , Haines Junction Kluane First Nation , Burwash Landing Ta'an Kwach'an Council , Lake Laberge Kwanlin Dün First Nation , Whitehorse Kaska Ross River Dena Council , Ross River Liard River First Nation , Watson Lake Inland Tlingit Teslin Tlingit Council Tagish Carcross / Tagish First Nation Mother tongue , 2011 census Rank Language Population Percent 1 . English 28,065 82.9 % 2 . French 1,455 4.3 % 3 . German 805 2.4 % 4 . Tagalog 425 1.3 % 5 . Kaska 265 0.8 % 6 . Northern Tutchone 200 0.6 % 7 . Spanish 180 0.5 % 8 . Southern Tutchone 140 0.4 % 8 . Dutch 130 0.4 % 10 . Chinese 130 0.4 % The most commonly reported mother tongue among the 33,145 single responses to the 2011 Canadian census was English at 28,065 ( 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 % ) . The second-most common was 1,455 ( 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % ) for French . Among 510 multiple respondents , 140 of them ( 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 % ) reported a mother tongue of both English and French , while 335 ( 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 % ) reported English and a ' non-official language ' and 20 ( 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % ) reported French and a ' non-official language ' . The Yukon Language Act `` recognises the significance '' of aboriginal languages in Yukon ; however , only English and French are available for laws , court proceedings , and legislative assembly proceedings . Religion ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2012 ) The 2011 National Household Survey reported that 49.9 % of Yukoners reported having no religious affiliation , the highest percentage in Canada . The most frequently reported religious affiliation was Christianity , reported by 46.2 % of residents . Of these , the most common denominations were the Catholic Church ( 39.6 % ) , the Anglican Church of Canada ( 17.8 % ) and the United Church of Canada ( 9.6 % ) . Economy ( edit ) Yukon 's historical major industry was mining ( lead , zinc , silver , gold , asbestos and copper ) . The government acquired the land from the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1870 and split it from the Northwest Territories in 1898 to fill the need for local government created by the population influx of the gold rush . Thousands of these prospectors flooded the territory , creating a colourful period recorded by authors such as Robert W. Service and Jack London . The memory of this period and the early days of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , as well as the territory 's scenic wonders and outdoor recreation opportunities , makes tourism the second most important industry . Manufacturing , including furniture , clothing , and handicrafts , follows in importance , along with hydroelectricity . The traditional industries of trapping and fishing have declined . Today , the government sector is by far the biggest employer in the territory , directly employing approximately 5,000 out of a labour force of 12,500 , on a population of 36,500 . On 1 May 2015 , Yukon modified its Business Corporations Act , in an effort to attract more benefits and participants to its economy . One amendment to the BCA lets a proxy be given for voting purposes . Another change will allow directors to pursue business opportunities declined by the corporation , a practice off - limits in most other jurisdictions due to the inherent potential for conflicts of interest . One of the changes will allow a corporation to serve as a director of a subsidiary registered in Yukon . The legislation also allows companies to add provisions in their articles of incorporation giving directors blanket approval to sell of all of the company 's assets without requiring a shareholder vote . If provided for by a unanimous shareholders agreement , a corporation is not required to have directors at all . There is increased flexibility regarding the location of corporate records offices , including the ability to maintain a records office outside of the Yukon so long as it is accessible by electronic means . Tourism ( edit ) Yukon welcome sign Yukon 's tourism motto is `` Larger than life '' . Yukon 's major appeal is its nearly pristine nature . Tourism relies heavily on this , and there are many organized outfitters and guides available to hunters and anglers and nature lovers of all sorts . Sports enthusiasts can paddle lakes and rivers with canoes and kayaks , ride or walk trails , ski or snowboard in an organized setting or access the backcountry by air or snowmobile , climb the highest peaks in Canada or take a family hike up smaller mountains , or try ice climbing and dog sledding . There are also various festivals and sporting events such as the Adäka Cultural Festival , Yukon International Storytelling Festival and Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous . There are many opportunities to experience pre-colonial lifestyles by learning about Yukon 's First Nations . Wildlife and nature observation is exceptional and a wide variety of large mammals , birds , and fish are easily accessible , whether or not within Yukon 's many territorial parks ( Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park , Tombstone Territorial Park , Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park , Coal River Springs Territorial Park ) and national parks ( Kluane National Park and Reserve , Vuntut National Park , Ivvavik National Park ) and reserves , or nearby Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park in British Columbia . The latitude enables the view of aurora borealis in Yukon . Culture ( edit ) Ethnic groups ( edit ) As noted above , the `` aboriginal identity population '' makes up a substantial minority , accounting for about 25 percent . Notwithstanding , the aboriginal culture is strongly reflected in such areas as winter sports , as in the Yukon Quest sled dog race . The modern comic - book character Yukon Jack depicts a heroic aboriginal persona . Languages ( edit ) Although English is the main language used in the territory , as evidenced by the census , the Government of Yukon recognizes several aboriginal languages as part of the cultural heritage of the territory : the Tlingit , and the less common Tahltan , as well as seven Athapaskan languages , Upper Tanana , Gwitchin , Hän , Northern Tutchone , Southern Tutchone , Kaska and Tagish , some of which are rare . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Yukon With the Klondike Gold Rush , a number of folk songs from Yukon became popular , including `` Rush to the Klondike '' ( 1897 , written by W.T. Diefenbaker ) , `` The Klondike Gold Rush '' , `` I 've Got the Klondike Fever '' ( 1898 ) and `` La Chanson du Klondyke '' . Popular media ( edit ) By far the strongest cultural and tourism aspect of the Yukon is the legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush ( 1897 -- 1899 ) , which inspired such contemporary writers at the time as Robert W. Service , Jack London and Jules Verne and which continues to inspire films and games from Mae West 's Klondike Annie to The Yukon Trail ( see Cultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush ) . Notable residents have included Leslie Nielsen , Erik Nielsen and Pierre Berton . Events and festivals ( edit ) See also : Category : Festivals in Yukon Yukon also has a wide array of cultural and sporting events and infrastructures that attract artists , participants and tourists from all parts of the world ; Yukon International Storytelling Festival , Dawson City Music Festival , Yukon Quest , Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous , the Adäka Cultural Festival , the Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre , Northern Lights Centre , Klondike Gold Rush memorials and activities , Takhini Hot Springs , and the Whitehorse fish ladder . Government ( edit ) Chief Isaac of the Hän , Yukon Territory , 1898 In the 19th century , Yukon was a segment of North - Western Territory that was administered by the Hudson 's Bay Company , and then of the Northwest Territories administered by the federal Canadian government . It only obtained a recognizable local government in 1895 when it became a separate district of the Northwest Territories . In 1898 , it was made a separate territory with its own commissioner and an appointed Territorial Council . Prior to 1979 , the territory was administered by the commissioner who was appointed by the federal Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development . The commissioner had a role in appointing the territory 's Executive Council , served as chair , and had a day - to - day role in governing the territory . The elected Territorial Council had a purely advisory role . In 1979 , a significant degree of power was devolved from the commissioner and the federal government to the territorial legislature which , in that year , adopted a party system of responsible government . This change was accomplished through a letter from Jake Epp , the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development , rather than through formal legislation . In preparation for responsible government , political parties were organized and ran candidates to the Yukon Legislative Assembly for the first time in 1978 . The Progressive Conservatives won these elections and formed the first party government of Yukon in January 1979 . The Yukon New Democratic Party ( NDP ) formed the government from 1985 to 1992 under Tony Penikett and again from 1996 under Piers McDonald until being defeated in 2000 . The conservatives returned to power in 1992 under John Ostashek after having renamed themselves the Yukon Party . The Liberal government of Pat Duncan was defeated in elections in November 2002 , with Dennis Fentie of the Yukon Party forming the government as Premier . The Yukon Act , passed on April 1 , 2003 , formalized the powers of the Yukon government and devolved additional powers to the territorial government ( e.g. , control over land and natural resources ) . As of 2003 , other than criminal prosecutions , the Yukon government has much of the same powers as provincial governments , and the other two territories are looking to obtaining the same powers . Today the role of commissioner is analogous to that of a provincial lieutenant governor ; however , unlike lieutenant - governors , commissioners are not formal representatives of the Queen but are employees of the federal government . Although there has been discussion in the past about Yukon becoming Canada 's 11th province , it is generally felt that its population base is too sparse for this to occur at present . At the federal level , the territory is represented in the Parliament of Canada by a single Member of Parliament and one senator . Members of Parliament from Canadian territories are full and equal voting representatives and residents of the territory enjoy the same rights as other Canadian citizens . One Yukon Member of Parliament , Erik Nielsen , was the Deputy Prime Minister under the government of Brian Mulroney , while another , Audrey McLaughlin , was the leader of the federal New Democratic Party from 1989 to 1995 . Federal representation ( edit ) Main article : Yukon ( electoral district ) The entire territory is one riding ( electoral district ) in the Canadian House of Commons , also called Yukon . The current holder of the seat is Liberal Member of Parliament Larry Bagnell following his victory in the 2015 federal election . Yukon is allocated one seat in the Senate of Canada and has been represented by three Senators since the position was created in 1975 . The Senate position is held by Conservative senator Daniel Lang , who was appointed on the advice of then - Prime Minister Stephen Harper on December 22 , 2008 . It was previously filled by Ione Christensen , of the Liberal Party . Appointed to the Senate in 1999 by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien , Christensen resigned in December 2006 to help her ailing husband . From 1975 to 1999 , Paul Lucier ( Liberal ) served as Senator for Yukon . Lucier was appointed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . First Nations ( edit ) Much of the population of the territory is First Nations . An umbrella land claim agreement representing 7,000 members of 14 different First Nations was signed with the federal government in 1993 . Eleven of the 14 Yukon First Nations have negotiated and signed comprehensive land claim and self - government agreements . The 14 First Nations speak eight different languages . The territory once had an Inuit settlement , located on Herschel Island off the Arctic coast . This settlement was dismantled in 1987 and its inhabitants relocated to the neighbouring Northwest Territories . As a result of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement , the island is now a territorial park and is known officially as Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park , Qikiqtaruk being the name of the island in Inuvialuktun . Government Seat Chief Carcross / Tagish First Nation Carcross Khà Shâde Héni Andy Carvill Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Haines Junction Steve Smith First Nation of Na - cho Nyak Dun Mayo Simon Mervyn Kluane First Nation Burwash Landing Mathieya Alatini Kwanlin Dün First Nation Whitehorse Doris Bill Liard River First Nation Watson Lake Daniel Morris Little Salmon / Carmacks First Nation Carmacks Eric Fairclough Ross River Dena Council Ross River Jack Caesar Selkirk First Nation Pelly Crossing Kevin McGinty Ta'an Kwach'an Council Whitehorse Kristina Kane Teslin Tlingit Council Teslin Richard Sidney Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in Dawson City Roberta Joseph Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation Old Crow Bruce Charlie White River First Nation Beaver Creek Angela Demit Infrastructure ( edit ) Road sign on Dempster Highway , Eagle Plains Before modern forms of transportation , the rivers and mountain passes were the main transportation routes for the coastal Tlingit people trading with the Athabascans of which the Chilkoot Pass and Dalton Trail , as well as the first Europeans . From the Gold Rush until the 1950s , riverboats plied the Yukon River , mostly between Whitehorse and Dawson City , with some making their way further to Alaska and over to the Bering Sea , and other tributaries of the Yukon River such as the Stewart River . Most of the riverboats were owned by the British - Yukon Navigation Company , an arm of the White Pass and Yukon Route , which also operated a narrow gauge railway between Skagway , Alaska , and Whitehorse . The railway ceased operation in the 1980s with the first closure of the Faro mine . It is now run during the summer months for the tourism season , with operations as far as Carcross . Today , major land routes include the Alaska Highway , the Klondike Highway ( between Skagway and Dawson City ) , the Haines Highway ( between Haines , Alaska , and Haines Junction ) , and the Dempster Highway ( linking Inuvik , Northwest Territories to the Klondike Highway ) , all paved except for the Dempster . Other highways with less traffic include the `` Robert Campbell Highway '' linking Carmacks ( on the Klondike Highway ) to Watson Lake ( Alaska Highway ) via Faro and Ross River , and the `` Silver Trail '' linking the old silver mining communities of Mayo , Elsa and Keno City to the Klondike Highway at the Stewart River bridge . Air travel is the only way to reach the far north community of Old Crow . Whitehorse International Airport serves as the air transport infrastructure hub , with scheduled direct flights to Vancouver , Kelowna , Calgary , Edmonton , Yellowknife , Inuvik , Ottawa , Dawson City , Old Crow and Frankfurt . Whitehorse International Airport is also the headquarters and primary hub for Air North , Yukon 's Airline . Every Yukon community is served by an airport or community aerodrome . The communities of Dawson City and Old Crow have regular scheduled service through Air North . Air charter businesses exist primarily to serve the tourism and mining exploration industries . See also ( edit ) Yukon portal Canada portal Arctic portal Main article : Outline of Yukon Canada Outline of Canada Index of Canada - related articles Bibliography of Canada Canada -- Wikipedia book History of the west coast of North America Bluefish Caves , archeological site Peel Watershed Yukon College Yukon Energy Corporation Yukon Field Force Yukon Members of Parliament Yukon Quest References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mardy Derby ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Whitehorse Legion looking for a Yukon motto '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses '' . Statistics Canada . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories '' . Statistics Canada . September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product , expenditure - based , by province and territory ( 2011 ) '' . Statistics Canada . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Yukon : Emblems and Symbols '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yukon Act , SC 2002 , c 7 '' . CanLII . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Statistics . `` Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables , 2016 Census '' . www12.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Table 8 Abbreviations and codes for provinces and territories , 2011 Census '' . Statistics Canada . December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Sir , I have great pleasure in informing you that I have at length after much trouble and difficulties , succeed ( ed ) in reaching the ' Youcon ' , or white water River , so named by the ( Gwich'in ) natives from the pale colour of its water . ... , I have the honour to Remain Your obt Servt , John Bell '' Hudson 's Bay Company Correspondence to George Simpson from John Bell ( August 1 , 1845 ) , HBC Archives , D. 5 / 14 , fos. 212 - 215d , also quoted in , Coates , Kenneth S. & William R. Morrison ( 1988 ) . Land of the Midnight Sun : A History of the Yukon . Hurtig Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 88830 - 331 - 9 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ In Gwich'in , adjectives , such as choo ( big ) and gąįį ( white ) , follow the nouns that they modify . Thus , white water is chųų gąįį ( water white ) . White water river is chųų gąįį han ( water white river ) . Peter , Katherine ( 1979 ) . Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Tr'iłtsąįį : Gwich'in Junior Dictionary ( PDF ) . Univ. of Alaska . pp. ii ( ą , į , ų are nasalized a , i , u ) , xii ( adjectives follow nouns ) , 19 ( nitsii or choo ( big ) ) , 88 ( ocean = chųų choo ( water big ) ) , 105 ( han ( river ) ) , 142 ( chųų ( water ) ) , 144 ( gąįį ( white ) ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Borkhataria , Cecile ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Did the first humans arrive in North America 10,000 years earlier than thought ? Bones fund in Canada cave show ' indisputable ' marks from stone tools '' . Daily Mail . ^ Jump up to : Services , Cultural . Archaeology Program . Department of Tourism and Culture . ( Online ) March 8th , 2011 . ( Cited : April 7th , 2012 . ) http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/archaeology.html . Jump up ^ `` Boundary Facts '' . International Boundary Commission . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Length of boundary by province -- Yukon - 1,210 km or 752 miles Jump up ^ Carl Duncan , `` The Dempster : Highway to the Arctic Archived May 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' accessed 2009.10. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Life At Minus 80 : The Men Of Snag '' . The Weather Doctor . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Climate Data and Information Archive '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Yukon ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Communities '' . Yukon Government : Department of Community Services . November 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Association of Yukon Communities Incorporation Dates '' . Association of Yukon Communities . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data ( Yukon ) '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada . `` Ethnic origins , 2006 counts , for Canada , provinces and territories '' . Jump up ^ `` Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity , 2011 National Household Survey '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Canada . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Council of Yukon First Nations ^ Jump up to : `` Focus on Geography Series , 2011 Census , Yukon '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Language Act , Statues of the Yukon ( 2002 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity , 2011 National Householder '' ( PDF ) . 2.statcan.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : cbc.ca : `` Go north , not west : Yukon lures businesses with new company rules '' , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT '' Archived October 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` O.I.C. 2015 / 06 BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT '' Archived October 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` O.I.C. 2015 / 07 SOCIETIES ACT '' Archived October 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 ^ Jump up to : theglobeandmail.com : `` Yukon 's move to draw corporations worries shareholders coalition '' , 18 Jun 2015 ^ Jump up to : deallawwire.com : `` Changes of note to the Yukon Business Corporations Act '' , 2 Jun 2015 Jump up ^ Travel Yukon Archived October 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Yukon First Nation Tourist Association '' . Yfnta.org . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Parks '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstone Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coal River Springs Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yukon Territory History and Culture , Pinnacle Travel Jump up ^ `` Dawson Music Festival '' . Dcmf.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre '' . Beringia.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Lights Centre '' . Northernlightscentre.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Whitehorse fish ladder '' . Yukonenergy.ca . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coates and Morrison , p. 74 Jump up ^ Coates and Morrison , p. 103 Jump up ^ `` Senators - Detailed Information '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Former Yukon MLA named to Senate seat '' . Cbc.ca . December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Council '' . Ctfn.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Dän nätthe dä̀tthʼi ( Chief and Council ) '' . Champagne and Aishihik First Nations . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Governance and Administration '' . First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun . 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief and Council '' . Kluane First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Doris Bill elected Kwanlin Dun chief '' . CBC News . 2014 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Liard First Nation '' . Kaska Dena Council . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief & Council '' . Little Salmon Carmacks First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ross River Dena Council elects Jack Caesar as chief '' . CBC News . 2015 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Selkirk First Nation . `` The Council '' . Selkirk First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief and Council '' . Government of the Ta'an Kwäch'än Council . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Sidney elected chief of Teslin Tlingit Council '' . CBC News . 2016 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Roberta Joseph new chief of Dawson 's Tr'ondek Hwech'in '' . CBC News . 2014 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Charlie elected new chief of Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation '' . CBC News . 2016 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief & Council '' . White River First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable , Summer 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Condor Airlines . 2017 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Coates , Kenneth ( 1985 ) , Canada 's colonies : a history of the Yukon and Northwest Territories , Lorimer , ISBN 0 - 88862 - 931 - 1 Coates , Ken S. & Morrison , William R. ( 1988 ) , Land of the Midnight Sun : A History of the Yukon , Edmonton : Hurtig Publishers , ISBN 0 - 88830 - 331 - 9 Cody , William J ( 2000 ) , Flora of the Yukon Territory , National Research Press , ISBN 0 - 660 - 18110 - X Hart , Ann ( 2000 ) , Alaska and the Yukon , JPM Publications , ISBN 2 - 88452 - 051 - 1 Laguna , Frederica De ( 2000 ) , Travels among the Dena : exploring Alaska 's Yukon Valley , Univ. of Washington Press , ISBN 0 - 295 - 97902 - X O'Reilly , Shauna ; Brennan O'Reilly ( 2009 ) , Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition , Arcadia Pub , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 7132 - 4 Webb , Melody ( 1993 ) , Yukon : The Last Frontier , University of British Columbia Press , ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0441 - 6 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutYukonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Yukon Government Yukon at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Yukon Attraction & Service Guides Immigration Yukon William E. Meed Yukon Photography Collection - University of Washington Library Henry M. Sarvant Photography Collection - Images depicting his life in the Yukon from the University of Washington Library `` Territorial Battles : Yukon Elections , 1978 -- 2002 '' , Digital Archives , CBC Mapping the Way - Yukon First Nation Self - government Subdivisions of Yukon Regions Klondike Municipalities Carmacks Dawson City Faro Haines Junction Mayo Teslin Watson Lake Whitehorse Communities Beaver Creek Burwash Landing Carcross Conrad Champagne Landing Destruction Bay Ibex Valley Johnsons Crossing Keno City Lansdowne Marsh Lake Mount Lorne Old Crow Pelly Crossing Ross River Stewart Crossing Tagish Two and One - Half Mile Village Two Mile Village Upper Liard Ghost towns Clinton Creek Elsa Fortymile Paris Snag Parks Ivvavik Kluane Tombstone Vuntut Category : Yukon Portal : Yukon WikiProject : Canadian Territories Current Yukon territorial electoral districts Rural Klondike Kluane Lake Laberge Mayo - Tatchun Mount Lorne - Southern Lakes Pelly - Nisutlin Vuntut Gwitchin Watson Lake Whitehorse Copperbelt North Copperbelt South Mountainview Porter Creek Centre Porter Creek North Porter Creek South Riverdale North Riverdale South Takhini - Kopper King Whitehorse Centre Whitehorse West Former Copperbelt Dawson Faro McIntyre - Takhini Mount Lorne Southern Lakes Tatchun Whitehorse Yukon Electoral District No. 1 Yukon Electoral District No. 2 See also : 2011 election List of elections Legislative Assembly Politics of Yukon Premier Sandy Silver Former premiers Opposition Leader TBD Former Opposition Leaders Legislature Current assembly Cabinet Political parties Elections 2016 election Next election Past elections Yukon electoral districts Other Canadian politics Federal BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Category : Yukon Portal : Yukon WikiProject : Canadian Territories Provinces and territories of Canada Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Historical Former colonies and territories in Canada Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867 Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Related Area Bibliography Extreme points Government spending Gross domestic product Language policies Mountains Museums Name etymologies Population Regions Symbols Topics Unemployment Book Category Portal WikiProject Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Category Portal Coordinates : 64 ° N 135 ° W / 64 ° N 135 ° W / 64 ; 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-2644684953934107465	United Kingdom general election, 2010	United Kingdom general election , 2010 - wikipedia United Kingdom general election , 2010 Jump to : navigation , search United Kingdom general election , 2010 ← 2005 6 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) 2015 → ← outgoing members elected members → All 650 seats in the House of Commons 326 seats needed for a majority Opinion polls Turnout 65.1 % ( 3.7 % ) First party Second party Third party Leader David Cameron Gordon Brown Nick Clegg Party Conservative Labour Liberal Democrat Leader since 6 December 2005 24 June 2007 18 December 2007 Leader 's seat Witney Kirkcaldy & Cowdenbeath Sheffield Hallam Last election 198 seats , 32.4 % 355 seats , 35.2 % 62 seats , 22.0 % Seats before 210 349 62 Seats won 306 258 57 Seat change 96 91 5 Popular vote 10,703,754 8,609,527 6,836,824 Percentage 36.1 % 29.0 % 23.0 % Swing 3.7 % 6.2 % 1.0 % Colours denote the winning party , as shown in the main table of results excluding the Speaker owing to electoral boundaries changing , this figure is notional Prime Minister before election Gordon Brown Labour Appointed Prime Minister David Cameron Conservative 2001 election MPs 2005 election MPs 2010 election MPs 2015 election MPs 2017 election MPs The 2010 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday , 6 May 2010 , with 45,597,461 registered voters entitled to vote to elect members to the House of Commons . The election took place in 650 constituencies across the United Kingdom under the first - past - the - post system . None of the parties achieved the 326 seats needed for an overall majority . The Conservative Party , led by David Cameron , won the largest number of votes and seats , but still fell 20 seats short . This resulted in a hung parliament where no party was able to command a majority in the House of Commons . This was only the second general election since the Second World War to return a hung parliament , the first being the February 1974 election . Unlike in 1974 , the potential for a hung parliament had this time been widely considered and predicted , and both the country and politicians were better prepared for the constitutional process that would follow such a result . The coalition government that was subsequently formed was the first coalition in British history to eventuate directly from an election outcome . The hung parliament came about in spite of the Conservatives managing both a higher vote total and higher share of the vote than the previous Labour government had done in 2005 , when it secured a comfortable majority . Coalition talks began immediately between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats , and lasted for five days . There was an aborted attempt to put together a Labour / Liberal Democrat coalition ( although other smaller parties would have been required to make up the ten seats they lacked for a majority ) . To facilitate this , Gordon Brown announced on the evening of Monday 10 May that he would resign as Leader of the Labour Party . Realising that a deal with the Conservatives was within reach , the next day on Tuesday 11 May , Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister , marking the end of 13 years of Labour government . This was accepted by Queen Elizabeth II , who then invited David Cameron to form a government in her name and become Prime Minister . Just after midnight on 12 May , the Liberal Democrats emerged from a meeting of their Parliamentary party and Federal Executive to announce that the coalition deal had been `` approved overwhelmingly '' , sealing a coalition government of Conservatives and Liberal Democrats . None of the three main party leaders had previously led a general election campaign , a situation which had not occurred since the 1979 election . During the campaign , the three main party leaders engaged in a series of televised debates , the first such debates in a UK general election campaign . The Liberal Democrats achieved a breakthrough in opinion polls after the first debate , in which their leader Nick Clegg was widely seen as the strongest performer . Nonetheless , on polling day their share of the vote increased by only 1 % over the previous general election , and they suffered a net loss of five seats . This was still the Liberal Democrats ' largest popular vote since the party 's creation in 1988 , and they found themselves in a pivotal role in the formation of the new government . The share of votes for parties other than Labour or the Conservatives was 35 % , the largest since the 1918 general election . In terms of votes it was the most `` three - cornered '' election since 1923 , and in terms of seats since 1929 . The Green Party of England and Wales won its first ever seat in the House of Commons , and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland also gained its first elected member . The general election saw a 5.1 % national swing from Labour to the Conservatives , the third - largest since 1945 . The result in one constituency , Oldham East and Saddleworth , was subsequently declared void on petition because of illegal practices during the campaign , the first such instance since 1910 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 MPs declining re-election 1.2 Boundary changes 2 Contesting parties 2.1 Main parties 2.2 Other parties 3 Campaign 3.1 April 3.1. 1 Bigotgate 3.2 May 4 Debates 5 Opinion polls 5.1 Exit poll 6 Endorsements 6.1 Newspaper endorsements 7 Results 7.1 Voting distribution per constituency 7.2 Election petitions 7.2. 1 Fermanagh and South Tyrone 7.2. 2 Oldham East and Saddleworth 8 Analysis 8.1 Notable results 9 Demographics 9.1 Candidate demographics 9.2 Voter demographics 9.3 Northern Ireland 9.4 MPs who lost their seats 9.5 MPs first elected in 2010 10 Effect of the expenses scandal 11 Voting problems 12 Post-election events 13 Party political and administration costs 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Further reading 17 References 18 External links 18.1 Manifestos 18.2 Boundary Commissions Background ( edit ) The Prime Minister , Gordon Brown , went to Buckingham Palace on 6 April and asked the Queen to dissolve Parliament on 12 April , confirming in a live press conference in Downing Street , as had long been speculated , that the election would be held on 6 May , five years since the previous election on 5 May 2005 . The election took place on 6 May in 649 constituencies across the United Kingdom , under the first - past - the - post system , for seats in the House of Commons . Voting in the Thirsk and Malton constituency was postponed for three weeks because of the death of a candidate . The governing Labour Party had campaigned to secure a fourth consecutive term in office and to restore support lost since 2001 . The Conservative Party sought to gain a dominant position in British politics after losses in the 1990s , and to replace Labour as the governing party . The Liberal Democrats hoped to make gains from both sides and hoped to hold the balance of power in a hung parliament . Since the televised debates between the three leaders , their poll ratings had risen to the point where many considered the possibility of a Liberal Democrat role in Government . Polls just before election day saw a slight swing from the Liberal Democrats back to Labour and Conservatives , with the majority of final polls falling within one point of Conservatives 36 % , Labour 29 % , Liberal Democrats 23 % . However , record numbers of undecided voters raised uncertainty about the outcome . The Scottish National Party , encouraged by their victory in the 2007 Scottish parliament elections , set itself a target of 20 MPs and was hoping to find itself holding a balance of power . Equally , Plaid Cymru sought gains in Wales . Smaller parties which had had successes at local elections and the 2009 European elections ( UK Independence Party , Green Party , British National Party ) looked to extend their representation to seats in the House of Commons . The Democratic Unionist Party looked to maintain , if not extend , its number of seats , having been the fourth largest party in the House of Commons . The key dates were : Monday 12 April Dissolution of Parliament ( the 54th ) and campaigning officially began Tuesday 20 April Last day to file nomination papers , to register to vote , and to request a postal vote Thursday 6 May Polling day Tuesday 11 May David Cameron became Prime Minister through a coalition with the Liberal Democrats . Tuesday 18 May New Parliament ( the 55th ) assembled Tuesday 25 May State Opening of Parliament Thursday 27 May Voting took place in the delayed poll in the constituency of Thirsk and Malton Friday 5 November Oldham East and Saddleworth election result voided on petition at an election court , causing a by - election MPs declining re-election ( edit ) Main article : List of MPs who stood down at the United Kingdom general election , 2010 This election had an unusually high number of MPs choosing not to seek re-election with more standing down than did so at the 1945 general election ( which on account of the extraordinary wartime circumstances came ten years after the preceding election ) . This has been attributed to the 2009 expenses scandal and the fact there was talk that redundancy - style payments for departing MPs might be scrapped after the election . In all , 148 MPs ( 100 Labour , 35 Conservatives , 7 Liberal Democrats , 2 Independents , 1 Independent Conservative and 1 member each from the SNP , Plaid Cymru , the DUP , and the SDLP ) decided not to contest the election . Additionally , three seats were vacant at the time of the dissolution of Parliament ; two due to the deaths of Labour MPs and one due to the resignation in January 2010 of a DUP member . Boundary changes ( edit ) The hypothetical results of the 2005 election , if they had taken place with the new boundaries Main articles : Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies and Constituencies in the United Kingdom general election , 2010 Each of the four national Boundary Commissions is required by the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 ( as amended by the Boundary Commissions Act 1992 ) to conduct a general review of all the constituencies in its part of the United Kingdom every eight to twelve years to ensure the size and composition of constituencies are as fair as possible . Based on the Rallings and Thrasher studies using ward by ward data from local elections and the 2005 general election , the new boundaries used in 2010 would have returned nine fewer Labour MPs had they been in place at the previous election ; given that there are to be four more seats in the next parliament this nationally reduces Labour 's majority from 66 to 48 . Pursuant to Boundary Commission for England recommendations , the number of seats in England increased by four , and numerous changes were made to the existing constituency boundaries . Northern Ireland continued to elect 18 MPs , but minor changes were made to the eastern constituencies in accordance with the Northern Ireland Boundary Commission 's recommendations . For the first time , these changes include the splitting of an electoral ward between two constituencies . Following the recommendations of the Boundary Commission for Wales , the total number of seats remained at 40 , although new seats caused by radical redrawing of boundaries in Clwyd and Gwynedd were fought for the first time : Arfon and Dwyfor Meirionnydd replaced Caernarfon and Meirionnydd Nant Conwy respectively ; Aberconwy replaced Conwy . At the time of the election Welsh constituencies had electorates on average around 14,000 smaller than their counterparts in England . Scotland saw its most recent large - scale review completed in 2004 , so its 59 constituencies remained the same as at the 2005 general election . Hypothetical UK General Election 2005 on new 2010 boundaries Party Seats Votes Count Gain Loss Net Of total ( % ) Of total ( % ) Count ± Labour 349 − 7 53.7 35.2 9,552,436 Conservative 210 + 12 32.3 32.4 8,784,915 Liberal Democrat 62 9.5 22.1 5,985,454 Plaid Cymru − 1 0.3 0.6 174,838 Others 27 4.2 9.7 2,650,867 Total 650 27,148,510 Contesting parties ( edit ) Main parties ( edit ) See also : Conservative Party ( UK ) leadership election , 2005 ; Liberal Democrats leadership election , 2006 ; Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election , 2007 ; and Liberal Democrats leadership election , 2007 All three main parties went into the general election having changed leaders since 2005 . David Cameron became Conservative leader in December 2005 , replacing Michael Howard . Gordon Brown succeeded Tony Blair as leader of the Labour Party and Prime Minister in June 2007 . Nick Clegg was elected as leader of the Liberal Democrats in December 2007 , succeeding Menzies Campbell who had replaced Charles Kennedy in January 2006 . The last time all three main parties went into a general election with new leaders was in the 1979 election , when James Callaghan as Labour leader , Margaret Thatcher for the Conservatives , and David Steel with the then - Liberal Party took to the polls . The prospect of a coalition or minority government was being considered well before polling day . Gordon Brown made comments about the possibility of a coalition in January 2010 . In 2009 , it was reported that senior civil servants were to meet with the Liberal Democrats to discuss their policies , an indication of how seriously the prospect of a hung parliament was being taken . Nick Clegg and Menzies Campbell had continued the position of Charles Kennedy of not being prepared to form a coalition with either main party and of voting against any Queen 's Speech unless there was an unambiguous commitment in it to introduce proportional representation . Other parties ( edit ) See also : List of parties contesting the United Kingdom general election , 2010 Other parties with representation at Westminster after the previous general election included the Scottish National Party , with six parliamentary seats , Plaid Cymru from Wales with three seats , and Respect -- The Unity Coalition and Health Concern , each of which held one parliamentary seat in England . Since that election , the SNP won the 2007 Scottish Parliament elections and currently control the Scottish Government , and also won the largest share of the 2009 European Parliament election vote in Scotland . In Wales , the Labour Party remained the largest party in the Welsh Assembly , although Plaid Cymru increased their share of the vote and formed a coalition government with Labour . In 2009 the Ulster Unionist Party and the Conservative Party announced they had formed an electoral alliance whereby the two parties would field joint candidates for future elections under the banner of `` Ulster Conservatives and Unionists -- New Force '' . However this caused the sole UUP MP Lady Sylvia Hermon to resign from the party on 25 March 2010 , leaving them with no representation at Westminster for the first time in their history . Many constituencies were contested by other , smaller parties . Parties that won no representatives at Westminster in 2005 but have seats in the devolved assemblies or European Parliament included the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland , the Progressive Unionist Party of Northern Ireland , the British National Party , the UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) , and the Green parties in the UK : the Green Party of England and Wales , the Scottish Green Party , and the Green Party in Northern Ireland . In 2009 , Nigel Farage announced his intention to resign as UKIP leader to focus on becoming an MP . Farage was replaced in an election by party members by Lord Pearson of Rannoch , whose stated intention was for the electoral support of UKIP to force a hung parliament . The Green Party of England and Wales voted to have a position of leader for the first time ; the first leadership election was won by Caroline Lucas , who successfully contested the constituency of Brighton Pavilion . In addition , a new loose coalition , Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition ( TUSC ) , contested a general election for the first time . TUSC was a grouping of left wing parties that participated in the 2009 European Parliament elections under the name of No2EU ; members included the Socialist Workers Party , the Socialist Party , the Socialist Alliance , Socialist Resistance , and is supported by some members of UNISON , the National Union of Teachers , the University and College Union , the National Union of Rail , Maritime and Transport Workers , and the Public and Commercial Services Union . Several members of these unions ran as candidates under the TUSC banner . However , some former members of NO2EU , such as the Liberal Party and the Communist Party of Britain , chose not to participate in the TUSC campaign . The coalition did not run candidates against left wing Labour or Respect candidates . Campaign ( edit ) April ( edit ) The prospective Labour candidate for Moray , Stuart Maclennan , was sacked after making offensive comments on his Twitter page , referring to elderly voters as `` coffin dodgers '' and voters in the North of Scotland as `` teuchters '' , and insulting politicians such as Cameron , Clegg , John Bercow and Diane Abbott . The UKIP candidate for Thirsk and Malton -- John Boakes -- died , causing the election in the constituency to be postponed until 27 May . Philip Lardner , the Conservative candidate for North Ayrshire and Arran , was suspended from the party for comments he made about homosexuality on his website , describing it as not `` normal behaviour '' . Andrew Fulton , the chairman of the Scottish Conservative Party , called the comments `` deeply offensive and unacceptable '' , adding , `` These views have no place in the modern Conservative party . '' However , he would still appear as a Conservative candidate because it was too late to remove his name from the ballot paper . A total of 2,378 postal voters in Bristol West were wrongly sent ballot papers for Bristol East by mistake . Bristol City Council officials asked people to tear up the wrong papers and said `` Every effort will be made to ensure delivery ( of new ballot papers ) by 30 April . '' The SNP attempted but failed to ban the broadcast of the final party leaders debate in Scotland , in a court action . They had argued that `` the corporation ( the BBC ) had breached its rules on impartiality by excluding the SNP . '' The judge , Lady Smith , ruled that `` the SNP 's case ' lacks the requisite precision and clarity ' '' and added she could not `` conclude the BBC had breached impartiality rules . '' Additionally , broadcasting regulator Ofcom ruled that it had not `` upheld complaints received from the SNP and Plaid Cymru about The First Election Debate broadcast on ITV1 on Thursday 15 April 2010 . '' An election sign in a residential property . The leader of the UK Independence Party , Lord Pearson , wrote an open letter to Somerset newspapers , asking voters to support Conservative candidates , rather than UKIP candidates in the Somerton and Frome , Taunton Deane and Wells constituencies . This action was criticised by UKIP candidates who refused to stand down . The Labour candidate for Bristol East and former MP Kerry McCarthy revealed information about postal votes cast in the constituency on Twitter . Avon and Somerset police said they were `` looking into a possible alleged breach of electoral law . '' Bristol City Council stated that `` This is a criminal matter and ( it ) will be for the police to decide what action to take . '' The former Prime Minister Tony Blair returned to the campaign trail for Labour , visiting a polyclinic in Harrow West , after a troubled Labour campaign . Postal voters in the marginal Vale of Glamorgan constituency had to be issued with new ballot papers after mistakenly being told they did not have to sign applications for postal votes . A group of entrepreneurs warned on the dangers of a Labour - Liberal coalition in an open letter to The Times on 29 April . Bigotgate ( edit ) Gordon Brown , while in his Prime Ministerial Car on 28 April , privately described a 65 - year - old woman and lifelong Labour voter , Gillian Duffy , from Rochdale , Greater Manchester , a Labour - Liberal Democrat marginal seat , as a `` bigoted woman '' . She had asked him about vulnerable people supposedly not receiving benefits because immigrants were receiving them , adding , `` You ca n't say anything about the immigrants because you 're saying that you 're ... but all these eastern Europeans what are coming in , where are they flocking from ? '' He replied `` A million people have come from Europe but a million British people have gone into Europe . '' Brown 's conversation with his communications director Justin Forsyth ( JF ) went : `` GB : That was a disaster . Sue should never have put me with that woman . Whose idea was that ? JF : I do n't know , I did n't see her . GB : Sue 's I think ( Brown 's gatekeeper ) . Just ridiculous ... JF : What did she say ? GB : Everything , she was just a sort of bigoted woman who said she used to be Labour . I mean , it 's just ridiculous . Sue pushed her up towards me . '' Brown 's remarks were recorded by a Sky News microphone he was still wearing , and widely broadcast . It was later said that Brown had misheard Duffy and thought she had asked , `` where are they fucking from ? '' Soon after the incident , Brown talked to Jeremy Vine live on BBC Radio 2 where he publicly apologised to Mrs Duffy . American comedian Jon Stewart commented that the clip showed the moment when Brown 's `` political career leaves his body '' . Subsequently , Brown visited her house for 43 minutes in order to apologise in person . Upon emerging , he described himself as a `` penitent sinner '' , while Duffy refused to speak to the press and would not shake hands with him in front of the cameras . She said the incident had left her feeling more sad than angry and that she would not be voting for Labour or any other party . The incident was subsequently dubbed as `` Bigotgate '' . May ( edit ) In Hornsey and Wood Green constituency 749 postal voters were sent ballot papers which asked voters to pick three candidates instead of one ; Haringey Council had to send correct versions by hand . The Metropolitan Police launched an investigation in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . The Times reported on 2 May that the investigation had revealed some names on the register were fictitious , with a late surge in applications to be added to the electoral register ( before 20 April deadline ) leading to 5,000 additions without time for full checks . In terms of the outcome of the borough 's two seats , the narrower majority in any event exceeded 5,000 votes in Poplar and Limehouse , at 6,030 votes . The Labour candidate for North West Norfolk , Manish Sood , described Gordon Brown as Britain 's worst ever Prime Minister . The comments , which he repeated to a variety of news outlets , took attention away from the previous day 's speech by Brown to Citizens UK , widely described as his best in the campaign . A Conservative Party activist in Peterborough was arrested after alleged postal voting fraud , calling into question 150 postal votes . Nick Griffin , leader of the British National Party , talking to voters in Romford Market . Simon Bennett resigned as the head of the British National Party 's online operation then redirected its website to his own on which he attacked the party 's leadership . Polling station in Camberwell On the morning of polling day , 6 May , the former and later leader of UKIP , Nigel Farage , standing in Buckingham against the Speaker , was injured when a light banner - towing aircraft in which he was a passenger crashed near Brackley , Northamptonshire . Groups of voters waiting in queues at 10 pm were locked out of polling stations in Sheffield Hallam , Manchester and Leeds ; and police said one London polling station was open until 10.30 pm , which triggered a national review of polling station requirements led by the Electoral Commission . The counts for the Foyle and East Londonderry constituencies were suspended because of a security alert around 11 pm after a car was abandoned outside the counting centre , causing a bomb scare . Debates ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom general election debates , 2010 Following a campaign by Sky News and with agreement of the party leaders . it was announced on 21 December 2009 that there would be three leaders ' debates , each broadcast on prime time television , and a subsequent announcement in March 2010 that a debate between the financial spokesmen of the three main parties , Alistair Darling , George Osborne and Vince Cable would be held on 29 March . Date Host Location Moderator Subject 15 April ITV Manchester Alastair Stewart Domestic policy Highlights In instant polling after the event Nick Clegg was judged the clear winner . This first debate caused a large , immediate , and unexpected impact on opinion polls in favour of the Liberal Democrats . 22 April Sky News Bristol Adam Boulton International affairs Highlights Nick Clegg and David Cameron came out best in the instant polls with Gordon Brown very closely behind . Nick Clegg , having received such a surge after the first debate , was judged to have fended off Labour and Conservative Party attacks . Gordon Brown was judged to have drastically improved his performance , and David Cameron was judged to have overcome the nerves that commentators believed affected him in the First Debate . In the build - up , the Liberal Democrats were affected by claims Clegg had received secret donations from businessmen , although he subsequently released his financial statements to show that no improper conduct had occurred . 29 April BBC Birmingham David Dimbleby Economy and taxes Highlights In the third and final poll , David Cameron was widely regarded as the party leader who made the best impression to the audience at home . At the end of the debating night , the Conservatives had gained a 5 % lead over Labour . The SNP insisted that as the leading political party in Scotland in the latest opinion poll , it should be included in any debate broadcast in Scotland . On 22 December 2009 , the UKIP leader , Lord Pearson stated that his party should also be included . Following a decision by the BBC Trust not to uphold a complaint from the SNP and Plaid Cymru over their exclusion from the planned BBC debate , the SNP announced on 25 April that they would proceed with legal action over the debate scheduled for 29 April . The party said it was not trying to stop the broadcast but it wanted an SNP politician included for balance . The SNP lost the case , in a judgement delivered on 28 April . Opinion polls ( edit ) A polling station in Wetherby , West Yorkshire Main article : Opinion polling for the 2010 United Kingdom general election See also : Exit poll and Opinion poll Since each MP is elected separately by the first past the post voting system , it is impossible to precisely project a clear election outcome from overall UK shares of the vote . Not only can individual constituencies vary markedly from overall voting trends , but individual countries and regions within the UK may have a very different electoral contest that is not properly reflected in overall share of the vote figures . Immediately following the previous general election , Labour held a double - digit lead in opinion polls . However , over the course of 2005 , this lead was eroded somewhat . By December 2005 , the Conservative party showed its first small leads in opinion polls following the controversial 90 days detention proposals and the election of David Cameron to the leadership of the Conservative party . In early 2006 , opinion polls were increasingly mixed with small leads given alternately to Labour and Conservative . From the May 2006 local elections , in which Labour suffered significant losses , the Conservatives took a small single - digit lead in opinion polls . Labour regained the lead in June 2007 following the resignation of Tony Blair and the appointment of Gordon Brown as prime minister . From November 2007 , the Conservatives again took the lead and , from then , extended their lead into double digits , particularly in response to the MPs ' expenses scandal , although there was some evidence that the lead narrowed slightly towards the end of 2009 . By the end of February 2010 , Ipsos MORI , ICM , YouGov and ComRes polls had all found a sufficient narrowing of the Conservative lead for media speculation about a hung parliament to return . Conservative ; Labour ; Liberal Democrats ; Other Graph of poll results since 2005 Graph of YouGov poll results from 6 April 2010 From 15 April 2010 , following the first televised debate of the party leaders , polling data changed dramatically , with the Lib Dem vote proportion rising to 28 -- 33 % , and the Conservative vote proportion falling . In some polls , the Liberal Democrats took the lead from the Conservatives . Under UNS projections , this made a hung parliament highly probable , if Lib Dem performance had persisted . The following graph shows ComRes poll results recorded over the period 11 April -- 6 May 2010 , including annotations of the three TV debates : After the second debate on 22 April the polls , on average , placed the Conservatives in the lead on 33 % , the Liberal Democrats in second on 30 % and Labour in third on 28 % . If these polls had reflected the election day results on a uniform swing nationwide , Labour would have had the most seats in a hung Parliament . Exit poll ( edit ) At 22 : 00 on election day , coinciding with the closure of the polls , the results of an exit poll completed by GfK NOP and Ipsos MORI on behalf of the BBC , Sky and ITV news services was announced . Data were gathered from individuals at 130 polling stations around the country . Parties Seats Conservative Party 307 Labour Party 255 Liberal Democrats 59 Others 29 Conservatives 19 Short of Majority The results of the poll initially suggested a hung parliament with the Conservative Party 19 seats from a controlling majority ; this was later adjusted to 21 seats . The distribution of seats amongst the Conservatives , Labour , Liberal Democrats and other parties was initially suggested to be 307 , 255 , 59 and 29 respectively , although the seat numbers were later changed to 303 , 251 , 69 , and 27 respectively . Initial reaction to the exit poll by various commentators was of surprise at the apparent poor prospects for the Liberal Democrats because it was at odds with many opinion polls undertaken in the previous weeks . The actual results showed that the exit poll was a good predictor . A later BBC Exit poll ( 05 : 36 BST ) predicted the Conservatives on 306 , 20 short of an overall majority , Labour on 262 , and Liberal Democrats on 55 . Endorsements ( edit ) Newspaper endorsements ( edit ) Main article : Newspaper endorsements in the United Kingdom general election , 2010 National newspapers in England traditionally endorse political parties before a general election . The following table shows which parties the major papers endorsed . Dailies Sundays Weeklies Newspaper Endorsement Newspaper Endorsement Newspaper Endorsement The Times Conservative Sunday Times Conservative The Economist Conservative The Guardian Liberal Democrat The Observer Liberal Democrat The Daily Telegraph Conservative The Sunday Telegraph Conservative Financial Times Conservative The Independent Undeclared The Independent on Sunday Undeclared Evening Standard Conservative Daily Mail Conservative The Mail on Sunday Conservative Daily Express Conservative Sunday Express Conservative Daily Mirror Labour Sunday Mirror Labour Morning Star Labour The People Any coalition The Sun Conservative News of the World Conservative The Daily Star Undeclared Daily Star Sunday Undeclared The Independent and The Guardian advocated tactical voting to maximise the chance of a Liberal Democrat / Labour coalition to make electoral reform including of the House of Lords and introduction of domestic proportional representation more likely . Results ( edit ) ↓ 306 258 57 29 Conservative Labour LD Oth Party Leader MPs Votes Of total Of total Conservative Party David Cameron 306 47.1 % 306 / 650 10,703,754 36.1 % Labour Party Gordon Brown 258 39.7 % 258 / 650 8,609,527 29.0 % Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg 57 8.8 % 57 / 650 6,836,825 23.0 % Democratic Unionist Party Peter Robinson 8 1.2 % 8 / 650 168,216 0.6 % Scottish National Party Alex Salmond 6 0.9 % 6 / 650 491,386 1.7 % Sinn Féin Gerry Adams 5 0.8 % 5 / 650 171,942 0.6 % Plaid Cymru Ieuan Wyn Jones 0.5 % 3 / 650 165,394 0.6 % Social Democratic & Labour Party Margaret Ritchie 0.5 % 3 / 650 110,970 0.4 % Green Party Caroline Lucas 0.2 % 1 / 650 285,616 1.0 % Alliance David Ford 0.2 % 1 / 650 42,762 0.1 % Speaker John Bercow 0.2 % 1 / 650 22,860 0.08 % Independent Sylvia Hermon 0.2 % 1 / 650 21,181 0.07 % Turnout nationally was 65 % , a rise from the 61 % turnout in the 2005 general election . e d Summary of the May 2010 House of Commons of the United Kingdom election results Political party Leader Candidates Votes Nominated Elected Of total ( % ) Gained Lost Net Count Proportion of total ( % ) Change in proportion ( % ) Conservative David Cameron 631 306 47.1 100 + 97 10,703,754 36.1 + 3.7 Labour Gordon Brown 631 258 39.7 94 − 91 8,609,527 29.0 − 6.2 Liberal Democrat Nick Clegg 631 57 8.8 8 13 − 5 6,836,824 23.0 + 1.0 UKIP Lord Pearson 558 0 0 0 0 0 919,546 3.1 + 0.9 BNP Nick Griffin 338 0 0 0 0 0 564,331 1.9 + 1.2 SNP Alex Salmond 59 6 0.9 0 0 0 491,386 1.7 + 0.1 Green Caroline Lucas 310 0.2 0 + 1 265,247 0.9 − 0.2 Sinn Féin Gerry Adams 17 5 0.8 0 0 0 171,942 0.6 − 0.1 DUP Peter Robinson 16 8 1.2 0 − 1 168,216 0.6 − 0.3 Plaid Cymru Ieuan Wyn Jones 40 0.5 0 + 1 165,394 0.6 − 0.1 SDLP Margaret Ritchie 18 0.5 0 0 0 110,970 0.4 − 0.1 UCU - NF Reg Empey 17 0 0 0 − 1 102,361 0.3 − 0.1 English Democrat Robin Tilbrook 107 0 0 0 0 0 64,826 0.2 0.2 Alliance David Ford 18 0.2 0 + 1 42,762 0.1 0.0 Respect Salma Yaqoob 11 0 0 0 − 1 33,251 0.1 − 0.1 TUV Jim Allister 10 0 0 0 0 0 26,300 0.1 N / A Speaker N / A 0.2 0 0 0 22,860 0.1 0.0 Independent -- Rodney Connor N / A 0 0 0 0 0 21,300 0.1 N / A Independent -- Sylvia Hermon N / A 0.2 0 + 1 21,181 0.1 N / A Christian George Hargreaves 71 0 0 0 0 0 18,623 0.1 + 0.1 Scottish Green Eleanor Scott and Patrick Harvie 20 0 0 0 0 0 16,827 0.1 0.0 Health Concern Richard Taylor 0 0 0 − 1 16,150 0.1 0.0 Independent -- Bob Spink N / A 0 0 0 0 0 12,174 0.0 N / A TUSC Dave Nellist 37 0 0 0 0 0 12,275 0.0 N / A National Front Ian Edward 17 0 0 0 0 0 10,784 0.0 0.0 Buckinghamshire Campaign for Democracy John Stevens 0 0 0 0 0 10,331 0.0 N / A Monster Raving Loony Howling Laud Hope 27 0 0 0 0 0 7,510 0.0 0.0 Socialist Labour Arthur Scargill 23 0 0 0 0 0 7,196 0.0 − 0.1 Liberal Rob Wheway 5 0 0 0 0 0 6,781 0.0 − 0.1 Blaenau Gwent PV Dai Davies 0 0 0 − 1 6,458 0.0 − 0.1 Christian Peoples Alan Craig 17 0 0 0 0 0 6,276 0.0 0.0 Mebyon Kernow Dick Cole 6 0 0 0 0 0 5,379 0.0 0.0 Lincolnshire Independent Marianne Overton 0 0 0 0 0 5,311 0.0 N / A Mansfield Independent Forum 0 0 0 0 0 4,339 0.0 N / A Green ( NI ) Mark Bailey and Karly Greene 0 0 0 0 0 3,542 0.0 0.0 Socialist Alternative Peter Taaffe 0 0 0 0 0 3,298 0.0 0.0 Trust Stuart Wheeler 0 0 0 0 0 3,233 0.0 N / A Scottish Socialist Colin Fox and Frances Curran 10 0 0 0 0 0 3,157 0.0 − 0.1 People Before Profit N / A 0 0 0 0 0 2,936 0.0 N / A Local Liberals People Before Politics 0 0 0 0 0 1,964 0.0 N / A Independent -- Esther Rantzen N / A 0 0 0 0 0 1,872 0.0 N / A Alliance for Green Socialism Mike Davies 6 0 0 0 0 0 1,581 0.0 0.0 SDP Peter Johnson 0 0 0 0 0 1,551 0.0 N / A Pirate Andrew Robinson 9 0 0 0 0 0 1,348 0.0 N / A Common Sense Party Howard Thomas 0 0 0 0 0 1,173 0.0 0.0 Staffordshire Independent Group 0 0 0 0 0 1,208 0.0 0.0 Tendring First 0 0 0 0 0 1,078 0.0 0.0 Solihull and Meriden Residents Association 0 0 0 0 0 977 0.0 0.0 Communist Robert Griffiths 6 0 0 0 0 0 947 0.0 0.0 Democratic Labour Brian Powell 0 0 0 0 0 842 0.0 0.0 English Independence Party 0 0 0 0 0 803 0.0 0.0 Democratic Nationalist Party 0 0 0 0 0 753 0.0 N / A Save King George Hospital 0 0 0 0 0 746 0.0 0.0 Workers Revolutionary Sheila Torrance 7 0 0 0 0 0 738 0.0 0.0 Peace John Morris 0 0 0 0 0 737 0.0 0.0 Animal Protection N / A 0 0 0 0 0 675 0.0 0.0 Christian Movement for Great Britain 0 0 0 0 0 598 0.0 0.0 New Millennium Bean Party Captain Beany 0 0 0 0 0 558 0.0 0.0 Total 7003372000000000000 ♠ 3720 650 100 115 115 0 29,687,604 Turnout : 65.1 Jump up ^ This figure excludes John Bercow ( Buckingham ) On 27 May 2010 the Conservatives won the final seat of Thirsk and Malton , thus giving them 306 seats . The election in that constituency had been delayed because of the death of the UKIP candidate . Vote share Conservative 36.1 % Labour 29.0 % Liberal Democrat 23.0 % UK Independence 3.1 % British National 1.9 % Scottish National 1.7 % Others 5.2 % Parliamentary seats Conservative 47.1 % Labour 39.7 % Liberal Democrat 8.8 % Democratic Unionist 1.2 % Scottish National 0.9 % Sinn Féin 0.8 % Others 1.5 % Voting distribution per constituency ( edit ) Election petitions ( edit ) Two results were also challenged by defeated candidates through election petitions -- Fermanagh and South Tyrone , and Oldham East and Saddleworth . Fermanagh and South Tyrone ( edit ) The defeated Unionist ' Unity ' candidate , Rodney Connor , lodged a petition against the successful Sinn Féin candidate , Michelle Gildernew , in Fermanagh and South Tyrone , alleging irregularities in the counting of the votes had affected the result . Gildernew had won with a plurality of four votes . However the court found that there were only three ballot papers which could not be accounted for , and even if they were all votes for Connor , Gildernew would have had a plurality of one . The election was therefore upheld . Oldham East and Saddleworth ( edit ) See also : Oldham East and Saddleworth by - election , 2011 On 28 May 2010 , the defeated Liberal Democrat candidate Elwyn Watkins lodged a petition against the election of Phil Woolas ( Labour ) in Oldham East and Saddleworth constituency . The petition challenged leaflets issued by Woolas ' campaign as having contained false statements of fact concerning Watkins ' personal character , which is an illegal practice under section 106 of the Representation of the People Act 1983 . The statements attempted to link Watkins with Muslim extremists and death threats to Woolas , accused him of reneging on a promise to live in the constituency , and implied that his campaign was funded by illegal foreign political donations . During the court case a number of emails between Woolas and his campaign team emerged . In one , Woolas ' agent , Joe Fitzpatrick , emailed Woolas and campaign adviser Steven Green , to say : `` Things are not going as well as I had hoped ... we need to think about our first attack leaflet . '' A reply from Fitzpatrick said : `` If we do n't get the white vote angry he 's gone . '' Some have criticised these tactics in light of significant existing racial tensions in the area . The court hearing finished on 17 September 2010 , with the judges reserving their judgement until 5 November 2010 . On that day Woolas was found to have breached section 106 of the Representation of the People Act 1983 in relation to three of the four statements complained about , and the judges ruled that his election was void . Phil Woolas applied for a judicial review into the ruling , stating that `` this election petition raised fundamental issues about the freedom to question and criticise politicians . '' and that it `` will inevitably chill political speech '' . He succeeded in overturning the finding in respect of one of the three statements but the main findings of the election court judgment were upheld . A by - election on 13 January 2011 resulted in the election of Debbie Abrahams ( Labour ) . The disproportionality of the house of parliament in the 2010 election was 15.57 according to the Gallagher Index , with the Liberal Democrats losing out to both the Conservatives and Labour . Analysis ( edit ) For results by county / region and analysis , see Results breakdown of the United Kingdom general election , 2010 . For results by constituency , see Results of the 2010 United Kingdom general election by parliamentary constituency . For details by MP , see MPs elected in the UK general election , 2010 . Wikinews has related news : UK elections : Hung parliament , Cameron to negotiate with Liberal Democrats 2010 UK general election results At 9 : 41 on 7 May , the BBC confirmed a hung parliament . The Conservatives stood at 290 seats , Labour at 247 and Liberal Democrats at 51 . One constituency seat ( Thirsk and Malton ) was contested on 27 May because of the death of the UKIP candidate and was won by the Conservative Party , whilst another seat ( Oldham East and Saddleworth ) later had its result declared void ; Labour won the resulting by - election . Proportion of seats ( outer ring ) shown with proportion of votes ( inner ring ) . The result showed an overall 5.1 % swing from Labour to the Conservatives , the third largest national swing achieved in a General Election since 1945 and similar to the 5.3 % swing achieved by the Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher in 1979 . The 97 net seat gains made by the Conservatives outdid their previous best gains total in 1950 , when they gained 85 . Labour 's loss of 91 seats was worse than their previous greatest loss of seats , when they lost 77 seats in 1970 . Of the 532 seats contested in England ( a final seat , Thirsk and Malton , was contested on 27 May ) , the Conservatives won 298 seats and an absolute majority of 61 seats over all other parties combined , securing an average swing of 5.6 % from Labour . Labour did poorly in many Southern areas , notably in the Eastern Region where they won only two of their 14 seats from 2005 : Luton North and Luton South . Labour did however gain two seats : Bethnal Green and Bow and Chesterfield . The Conservatives made 95 of their gains in England , but they also suffered three losses , all to the Liberal Democrats . For the Liberal Democrats , their eight gains were overshadowed by their 12 losses -- one to Labour and 11 to the Conservatives . None of Scotland 's 59 seats changed hands and all were held by the same party that had won them at the 2005 election , with Labour regaining the two seats they had lost in by - elections since 2005 . There was a swing to Labour from the Conservatives of 0.8 % ( with Labour increasing its share of the vote by 2.5 % and the Conservatives increasing by just 0.9 % ) The Conservatives finished with just a single MP representing a Scottish constituency . Of the 40 seats contested in Wales , the Conservatives more than doubled their seats from three to eight , taking one from the Liberal Democrats and four from Labour . Welsh nationalist party Plaid Cymru 's number of seats was reduced from three to two on the new seat boundaries , but they managed to gain one seat , Arfon , from Labour . Labour did however regain Blaenau Gwent , which had once been Labour 's safest seat in Wales until it had been taken by an Independent , Peter Law , in 2005 . Overall , Labour made a net loss of 4 seats but remained the biggest party , with 26 . There were 18 seats contested in Northern Ireland . Both Irish nationalist parties , Sinn Féin and the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) , held their seats . The unionist Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) and Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP ) ( the latter in an electoral pact with the Conservatives ) , lost one seat each . This left the nationalist parties unchanged with eight seats , the main unionist parties with eight seats ( all DUP ) , the Alliance with one seat and an independent unionist with one seat . It is the first time since the partition of Ireland that unionist parties failed to secure a majority of Northern Ireland 's Westminster seats in a general election , and also the first time Sinn Féin obtained the largest share of the vote in Northern Ireland at a general election . Notable results ( edit ) Secretary of State for Children , Schools and Families Ed Balls held his seat in Morley and Outwood by just 1,101 , despite much anticipation of a `` Portillo moment '' Minister of State for Borders and Immigration Phil Woolas retained Oldham East and Saddleworth by just 103 votes . However , following a legal challenge by his Liberal Democrat opponent , Elwyn Watkins , a new by - election was ordered and held on 13 January 2011 . Woolas was barred from standing in this by - election but Labour held the seat with an increased majority . Minister of State for Health Mike O'Brien unexpectedly lost North Warwickshire , a seat he had held for 18 years , by just 54 votes to Conservative challenger Dan Byles . Green Party leader Caroline Lucas won Brighton Pavilion , becoming their first Westminster MP British National Party leader Nick Griffin finished in third place after a heavy loss in Barking to incumbent Labour MP Margaret Hodge In the wake of job losses at the local steel works , Solicitor General Vera Baird lost her seat of Redcar on a swing of 21.8 % to Ian Swales of the Liberal Democrats . Gisela Stuart held onto her Birmingham Edgbaston seat despite many predictions that she would lose it . This was the only one of the 50 most marginal seats Labour held that was not lost by the party . Demographics ( edit ) Candidate demographics ( edit ) The election resulted in an increase in the number of MPs from ethnic minorities from 14 to 27 , including the first black and Asian female Conservative MPs , Helen Grant and Priti Patel , and the first female Muslim MPs , Rushanara Ali , Shabana Mahmood and Yasmin Qureshi . This means that 4.2 % of MPs are from an ethnic minority -- in the 2001 Census , it was reported that ethnic minorities comprised 7.9 % of the population . The number of female MPs rose to 141 , an increase from 19.5 % to 21.7 % of all MPs , and the highest ever total ; the number of female Conservative MPs rose from 18 ( 8.6 % of all Conservatives ) to 48 ( 15.7 % ) . Voter demographics ( edit ) Polling after the election suggested the following demographic breakdown : The 2010 UK General Election vote in Great Britain Social group Con Lab Lib Dem Others Lead Total vote 37 30 24 19 7 Gender Male 38 28 22 12 10 Female 36 31 26 8 Age 18 -- 24 30 31 30 9 25 -- 34 35 30 29 7 5 35 -- 44 34 31 26 9 45 -- 54 34 28 26 12 6 55 -- 64 38 28 23 12 10 65 + 44 31 16 9 13 Men by Age 18 -- 24 29 34 27 5 25 -- 34 42 23 30 6 12 35 -- 54 36 28 23 13 8 55 + 41 29 16 14 12 Women by Age 18 -- 24 30 28 34 9 25 -- 34 27 38 27 8 11 35 -- 54 33 31 29 8 55 + 42 30 21 7 12 Social class AB 39 26 29 7 10 C1 39 28 24 9 11 C2 37 29 22 12 8 DE 31 40 17 12 9 Men by social class AB 44 23 27 7 17 C1 40 28 22 10 12 C2 33 33 19 10 0 DE 32 35 13 20 Women by social class AB 44 28 6 12 16 C1 34 29 31 6 C2 41 25 25 9 16 DE 29 45 19 7 16 Housing tenure Owned 45 24 21 11 21 Mortgage 36 29 26 9 7 Social renter 24 47 19 11 23 Private renter 35 29 27 9 6 Ethnic group White 38 28 24 8 11 BME 23 65 20 10 40 Northern Ireland ( edit ) Main article : 2010 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland a swing of more than 20 % resulted in DUP First Minister Peter Robinson losing his Belfast East seat to the Alliance Party 's Naomi Long , giving Alliance its first elected MP in Westminster . Sir Reg Empey , leader of the UUP / Conservative alliance ( UCUNF ) , standing for the first time in South Antrim , lost to the DUP incumbent William McCrea . Thus both leaders of the main Unionist parties failed to win seats while the UUP for the first time has no MPs at Westminster . A few days after the election , Empey announced that he would resign before the party conference , triggering a leadership election . Sylvia Hermon , Lady Hermon retained her seat in North Down , significantly increasing her percentage of the vote despite a slightly lower turnout and her defection from the UUP / Conservative alliance to stand as an independent . New SDLP leader Margaret Ritchie , succeeding Eddie McGrady MP , won against Sinn Féin 's Caitriona Ruane in South Down . All of the Sinn Féin and SDLP incumbents held their seats , although Sinn Féin 's Michelle Gildernew retained her seat in Fermanagh & South Tyrone by only four votes over the Independent Unionist Unity candidate , Rodney Connor , after three recounts . MPs who lost their seats ( edit ) Party Name Constituency Office held whilst in power Year elected Defeated by Party Labour Party The Right Honourable Jacqui Smith Redditch Former Home Secretary ( 2007 -- 09 ) 1997 Karen Lumley Conservative Party The Right Honourable Charles Clarke Norwich South Former Home Secretary ( 2004 -- 06 ) 1997 Simon Wright Liberal Democrats The Right Honourable Tony McNulty Harrow East Minister of State for Employment and Welfare Reform 1997 Bob Blackman Conservative Party The Right Honourable Mike O'Brien QC North Warwickshire Minister of State for Health Services 1992 Major Dan Byles Conservative Party The Right Honourable Jim Knight South Dorset Minister of State for Employment and Welfare Reform 2001 Richard Drax Conservative Party Vera Baird QC Redcar Solicitor General for England and Wales 2001 Ian Swales Liberal Democrats Angela Smith Basildon , contesting South Basildon and East Thurrock Minister of State for Third Sector 1997 Stephen Metcalfe Conservative Party Bill Rammell Harlow Minister of State for the Armed Forces 1997 Robert Halfon Conservative Party Gillian Merron Lincoln Minister of State for Public Health 1997 Karl McCartney Conservative Party Phil Hope Corby Minister of State for Health 1997 Louise Mensch Conservative Party Dawn Butler Brent South , contesting Brent Central Minister for Young Citizens and Youth Engagement 2005 Sarah Teather MP Liberal Democrats Sarah McCarthy - Fry Portsmouth North Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury 2005 Penny Mordaunt Conservative Party The Right Honourable Joan Ryan Enfield North Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Nationality , Citizenship and Immigration 1997 Nick de Bois Conservative Party Bob Blizzard Waveney Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury 1997 Peter Aldous Conservative Party Janet Anderson Rossendale and Darwen Vice-Chamberlain of the Household 1992 Jake Berry Conservative Party Shahid Malik Dewsbury Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Department for Communities and Local Government 2005 Simon Reevell Conservative Party David Kidney Stafford Parliamentary Under Secretary of State , Department for Energy and Climate Change 1997 Jeremy Lefroy Conservative Party Michael ( Jabez ) Foster Hastings and Rye Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Home Office ; Minister for Equalities 1997 Amber Rudd Conservative Party Michael Foster Worcester Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Department for International Development 1997 The Honourable Robin Walker Conservative Party Dan Norris Wansdyke , contesting North East Somerset Parliamentary Under Secretary of State , Department for the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs 1997 The Honourable Jacob Rees - Mogg Conservative Party Chris Mole Ipswich Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Department for Transport 2001 The Honourable Ben Gummer Conservative Party Paul Clark Gillingham and Rainham Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Department for Transport 1997 Rehman Chishti Conservative Party Jonathan Shaw Chatham and Aylesford Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Department for Work and Pensions ; Minister for Disabled People 1997 Tracey Crouch Conservative Party Ann Keen Brentford and Isleworth Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State for Health Services 1997 Mary Macleod Conservative Party Claire Ward Watford Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Justice 1997 Richard Harrington Conservative Party Sally Keeble Northampton North Parliamentary Under Secretary of State , Department for International Development 1997 Michael Ellis Conservative Party Parmjit Dhanda Gloucester Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Department of Communities and Local Government 2001 Richard Graham Conservative Party Celia Barlow Hove Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Department for Business , Enterprise and Regulatory Reform 2005 Mike Weatherley Conservative Party Nick Ainger Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Wales Office 1992 Simon Hart Conservative Party Charlotte Atkins Staffordshire Moorlands Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Department for Transport 1997 Karen Bradley Conservative Party James Plaskitt Warwick and Leamington Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State , Department for Work and Pensions 1997 Chris White Conservative Party Phyllis Starkey Milton Keynes South West Chair of the Communities and Local Government Select Committee 1997 Iain Stewart Conservative Party Andrew Dismore Hendon Chair of the Joint Committee on Human Rights 1997 Matthew Offord Conservative Party Lynda Waltho Stourbridge Assistant Regional Minister for the West Midlands 2005 Margot James Conservative Party Ian Cawsey Brigg and Goole Assistant Whip 1997 Andrew Percy Conservative Party Anne Snelgrove Swindon South Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) to the Prime Minister 2005 Robert Buckland Conservative Party Rob Marris Wolverhampton South West PPS to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 2001 Paul Uppal Conservative Party Christine Russell City of Chester PPS to the Minister of State for Children , Young People and Families 1997 Stephen Mosley Conservative Party Andy Reed Loughborough PPS to Treasury Ministers 1997 Nicky Morgan Conservative Party Dari Taylor Stockton South PPS to the Minister of State for Health and Chairman of the North East Regional Select Committee 1997 James Wharton Conservative Party Shona McIsaac Cleethorpes PPS to the Minister of State for Health 1997 Martin Vickers Conservative Party Linda Gilroy Plymouth Sutton , contesting Plymouth Sutton and Devonport PPS to the Minister of State for Housing and Local Government 1997 Oliver Colvile Conservative Party Martin Linton Battersea PPS to the Department for Constitutional Affairs 1997 Jane Ellison Conservative Party Nick Palmer Broxtowe PPS to the Department for Constitutional Affairs 1997 Anna Soubry Conservative Party Terry Rooney Bradford North PPS to the Minister of State for Housing and Planning 1990 David Ward Liberal Democrats David Borrow South Ribble PPS to the Department for Education and Skills 1997 Lorraine Fullbrook Conservative Party Patrick Hall Bedford PPS to the Foreign Office 1997 Richard Fuller Conservative Party David Drew Stroud 1997 Neil Carmichael Conservative Party Dr Roger Berry Kingswood 1992 Chris Skidmore Conservative Party Tony Wright Great Yarmouth 1997 Brandon Lewis Conservative Party Geraldine Smith Morecambe and Lunesdale 1997 David Morris Conservative Party Frank Cook Stockton North Stood as an Independent candidate after being deselected Alex Cunningham Labour Party Gordon Prentice Pendle 1992 Andrew Stephenson Conservative Party Gwyn Prosser Dover 1997 Charlie Elphicke Conservative Party Julie Morgan Cardiff North 1997 Jonathan Evans Conservative Party Brian Jenkins Tamworth 1997 Christopher Pincher Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Lembit Öpik Montgomeryshire Housing Spokesman 1997 Glyn Davies Conservative Party Dr Evan Harris Oxford West and Abingdon Science Spokesman 1997 Nicola Blackwood Conservative Party Julia Goldsworthy Falmouth and Camborne , contesting Camborne and Redruth Communities and Local Government Spokesman 2005 George Eustice Conservative Party Richard Younger - Ross Teignbridge , contesting Newton Abbot Heritage Spokesman 2001 Anne - Marie Morris Conservative Party Sandra Gidley Romsey , contesting Romsey and Southampton North Health Spokesman 2000 Caroline Nokes Conservative Party Paul Holmes Chesterfield Justice Spokesman and Chairman of the Liberal Democrats 2001 Toby Perkins Labour Party Paul Rowen Rochdale Work and Pensions Spokesman 2005 Simon Danczuk Labour Party Willie Rennie Dunfermline and West Fife Chair of the Lib Dem Campaigns Team 2006 Thomas Docherty Labour Party Susan Kramer Richmond Park Transport Spokesman 2005 Zac Goldsmith Conservative Party Conservative The Right Honourable David Heathcoat - Amory Wells Tessa Munt Liberal Democrats Nigel Waterson Eastbourne 1992 Stephen Lloyd Liberal Democrats Democratic Unionist Party The Right Honourable Peter Robinson Belfast East Leader of the DUP and First Minister of Northern Ireland 1979 Naomi Long Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Respect George Galloway Bethnal Green & Bow , contesting Poplar and Limehouse Jim Fitzpatrick Labour Party Scottish National Party John Mason Glasgow East 2008 Margaret Curran Labour Party Independent Dr Richard Taylor Wyre Forest 2001 Mark Garnier Conservative Party Dr Bob Spink Castle Point 2001 Rebecca Harris Conservative Party Andrew Pelling Croydon Central 2005 Gavin Barwell Conservative Party Blaenau Gwent People 's Voice Group Dai Davies Blaenau Gwent 2006 Nick Smith Labour Party MPs first elected in 2010 ( edit ) Main article : MPs first elected in 2010 to the 55th UK Parliament Effect of the expenses scandal ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal Many of the MPs who were most prominently caught up in the scandal decided , or were ordered , not to stand for re-election in 2010 . Among them were Margaret Moran , Elliot Morley , David Chaytor , Nicholas and Ann Winterton , Derek Conway , John Gummer , Douglas Hogg , Anthony Steen , Peter Viggers , Julie Kirkbride and her husband Andrew MacKay . Where sitting MPs did stand for re-election after their expenses claims were criticised , there were some notable losses . Former Home Secretary Jacqui Smith lost her marginal Redditch seat , which showed a large 9.2 % swing to the Conservatives . Smith had claimed expenses on a large family home in Redditch by declaring her house - share with her sister in London as her main home , which had been described as `` near fraudulent '' by the former chairman of the committee on Standards in Public life , although she had only been ordered to apologise rather than repay the money . Former Home Office minister Tony McNulty lost Harrow East to the Conservatives on an 8 % swing , after repaying over £ 13,000 claimed on a second home , occupied by his parents , which was 8 miles away from his primary residence . Ann Keen lost Brentford and Isleworth on a 6 % swing , but her husband Alan Keen retained Feltham and Heston . The couple were criticised for claiming for a second home in central London while rarely staying in their nearby constituency home . Shahid Malik lost his Dewsbury seat on a 5.9 % swing to the Conservatives . Malik had been required to repay some of his expense claims and , at the time of the election , was under investigation for other claims . David Heathcoat - Amory was one of only two sitting Conservatives to be defeated when he lost Wells to the Liberal Democrats by 800 votes . Heathcoat - Amory was criticised for claiming manure on expenses . Phil Hope , who repaid over £ 40,000 in expenses , was defeated in his Corby constituency although the swing was lower than the national average at 3.3 % . Lembit Öpik was defeated in his Montgomeryshire constituency on a 13 % swing . Öpik had claimed a £ 40 summons charge for non-payment of Council Tax , Hazel Blears , who had paid more than £ 13,000 to cover capital gains tax which she had avoided by `` flipping '' the designation of her main residence , suffered a large drop in her vote in Salford and Eccles , but was still comfortably re-elected ; a ' Hazel must go ' candidate won only 1.8 % . Conversely , Brian Jenkins lost his Tamworth seat on a large 9.5 % swing despite being described as a `` saint '' by the Daily Telegraph on account of his low expenses . Predictions of a rise in the number of successful Independents in the election as a result of the 2009 expenses scandal failed to materialise . Independents supported by the Jury Team or the Independent Network , support networks who both attempted to select and promote high quality Independents who had signed up for the so - called Nolan Principles of public life , set out in the Committee on Standards in Public Life , failed to have any significant impact . Broadcaster Esther Rantzen gathered a great deal of publicity for her campaign in Luton South constituency where the former MP Margaret Moran had stood down , but ended up losing her deposit in 4th place with 4.4 % of the vote ; the winner was Moran 's successor as Labour candidate . There was also a high - profile campaign over expenses directed against Speaker John Bercow , who had ' flipped ' his designation of second home . An imperfectly observed convention states that the major parties do not oppose the Speaker seeking re-election ; Bercow faced two main opponents in Buckingham . Independent former Member of the European Parliament John Stevens , standing on the Buckinghamshire Campaign for Democracy ticket , campaigned with a man dressed in a dolphin costume whom he called ' Flipper ' and polled second with 21.4 % . Former leader of the UK Independence Party Nigel Farage also fought the seat but came third in the vote with 17.4 % . Bercow won with 47.3 % . Voting problems ( edit ) Problems occurred with voting at 27 polling places in 16 constituencies , and affected approximately 1,200 people . This situation was condemned by politicians of various parties . Jenny Watson , chair of the Electoral Commission , the independent body that oversees the electoral process , was forced on to television to defend preparations and procedures . The Electoral Commission announced it would be carrying out a `` thorough investigation '' . Under the law in force at the 2010 election , voters had to have been handed their ballots by the 10 pm deadline ; people who were waiting in queues to vote at 10 pm were not allowed to vote . In Chester there were reports that 600 registered voters were unable to vote because the electoral roll had not been updated , while in Hackney , Islington , Leeds , Lewisham , Manchester , Newcastle and Sheffield long queues led to many voters being turned away and unable to vote as the 10 pm deadline arrived . Some dissatisfied voters staged sit - ins to protest against what some of them had called `` disenfranchisement '' . In Liverpool , higher than expected turnout meant several polling stations ran out of ballot papers , with defeated council leader Warren Bradley stating that some residents were unable to cast their votes . In Wyre and Preston North , a 14 - year - old boy cast a vote after being sent a polling card . In parts of Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg 's Sheffield Hallam seat it was reported that students from the city 's two universities were placed in separate queues from ' local ' residents , who were given priority , resulting in many students being unable to cast their votes . Just days after the election Clegg spoke at a Take Back Parliament rally saying the results showed the British system is broken and needs fixing , while vowing the voices of the protesters would be heard . The rally demanded Clegg affirm his promise to push for `` democratic and proportional representation of the British public '' . Because of closure of United Kingdom airspace as a result of the Iceland volcanic eruption , potential expat voters in New Zealand were denied a vote when postal voting papers arrived too late to be returned to the UK , although Australian broadcaster SBS suggested that given the extremely tight timetabling of overseas votes , there is very little chance that voting papers ( for voters outside Europe ) will be received , let alone returned , in time to be counted . Post-election events ( edit ) Main article : 2010 United Kingdom government formation When it became clear that no party would achieve an overall majority the three main party leaders made public statements offering to discuss the options for forming the next government with the other parties . On 11 May 2010 , as coalition talks between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats seemed to be drawing to a successful conclusion , Gordon Brown announced that he was resigning as Prime Minister and also as Labour leader . He then left Downing Street , accompanied by his wife and children , driving to Buckingham Palace where he tendered his resignation to Her Majesty the Queen and advised her to call for David Cameron . Cameron became Prime Minister one hour after the Queen accepted Brown 's resignation . In his first address outside 10 Downing Street , he announced his intention to form a coalition government , the first since the Second World War , with the Liberal Democrats . As one of his first moves , Cameron appointed Nick Clegg as Deputy Prime Minister . Just after midnight on 12 May 2010 , the Liberal Democrats emerged from a meeting of their Parliamentary party and Federal Executive to announce that the coalition deal had been `` approved overwhelmingly '' , meaning that David Cameron would lead a coalition government of Conservatives and Liberal Democrats . Later that day , the two parties jointly published the Conservative -- Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement specifying the terms of the coalition deal . A film of the election was made by candidate and filmmaker John Walsh entitled ToryBoy The Movie , exploring the candidate 's selection process and the work that goes into an election campaign . One of the film 's subjects , the British Labour Party MP Sir Stuart Bell , was later described as `` Britain 's laziest MP '' . The film received cinema releases in 2011 and again ahead of the 2015 General Election . Party political and administration costs ( edit ) UK parties spent £ 31.1 m on the campaign of which Conservatives spent 53 % , the Labour Party spent 25 % and the Liberal Democrats 15 % . Figures from returning officers show that the average administration cost per constituency was £ 173,846 meaning the average cost per vote was £ 3.81 . See also ( edit ) Cameron -- Clegg coalition Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The poll in the constituency of Thirsk and Malton was postponed until 27 May because of the death of the UKIP candidate , John Boakes . UKIP did not name a candidate until after 6 May out of respect for Mr. Boakes Further reading ( edit ) Adonis , Andrew ( 2013 ) . 5 days in May : the coalition and beyond . London : Biteback Publishing . ISBN 9781849545662 . Baldini , Gianfranco ; Hopkin , Jonathan ( 2012 ) . Coalition Britain : the UK election of 2010 . Manchester New York : Manchester University Press . ISBN 9780719083709 . Cowley , Philip ; Kavanagh , Dennis ( 2010 ) . The British General Election of 2010 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9780230521902 . Cutts , David ; Goodwin , Matthew J. ( February 2014 ) . `` Getting out the right - wing extremist vote : extreme right party support and campaign effects at a recent British general election '' . European Political Science Review . Cambridge Journals. 6 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 114 . doi : 10.1017 / S1755773912000288 . Fisher , Justin ; Wlezien , Christopher ( 2012 ) . The UK general election of 2010 : explaining the outcome . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415583015 . Worcester , Robert ; Mortimore , Roger ; Baines , Paul ; Gill , Mark ( 2012 ) . The UK general election of 2010 : explaining the outcome . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415583015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` General elections '' . Electoral Commission . 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Naughton , Philippe ; Watson , Roland ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Britain wakes up to a hung Parliament '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gordon Brown resigns as UK prime minister '' . BBC News . 11 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sparrow , Andrew ( 12 May 2010 ) . `` New government -- live blog '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Lib Dems approve coalition deal '' . BBC News . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ In 1973 Stratton Mills , elected as a Unionist , defected to the Alliance Party but retired from Westminster at the following general election . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Brown calls 6 May general election '' . BBC News . 6 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brown would ' renew ' Labour Party '' . BBC News . 5 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : Lib Dem policies targeted by rivals '' . BBC News . 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anthony ( 6 May 2010 ) . `` Final poll of the campaign '' . UK Polling Report . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Riddell , Peter ; Sherman , Jill ; Watson , Roland ( 6 May 2010 ) . `` Tories scent victory as poll lead widens '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Pickard , Jim ( 5 May 2010 ) . `` UK -- Brown woos undecided voters '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Rodney ; Hutton , Robert ( 27 April 2010 ) . `` Brown Placing Third May Win Most Seats as Undecided Hold Key '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salmond wants Westminster to ' dance to a Scottish jig ' as he targets 20 seats '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh. 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Research Paper 07 / 31 : Election Timetables '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Election delayed after the death of candidate '' . Malton & Pickering Mercury . 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A post-war record for MPs standing down '' . BBC News . 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Winnett , Robert ; Prince , Rosa ( 28 December 2009 ) . `` Quarter of MPs to stand down over expenses '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Colin Rallings , Michael Thrasher , `` The Media Guide to the New Parliamentary Constituencies '' , Local Government Chronicle Elections Centre , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 948858 - 45 - 1 Jump up ^ `` The Parliamentary Constituencies ( England ) Order 2007 ( S.I. 2007 No. 1681 ) '' . Office of Public Sector Information . 13 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Parliamentary Constituencies ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2008 ( S.I. 2008 No. 1486 ) '' . The National Archives . 11 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Electoral Regions ( Wales ) Order 2006 ( S.I. 2006 No. 1041 ) '' . The National Archives . 11 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Morris , Nigel ( 4 January 2010 ) . `` PM paves way for deal with Lib Dems in hung parliament '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Watt , Nicholas ( 1 January 2009 ) . `` Whitehall prepares for hung parliament with Lib Dem talks '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Sparrow , Andrew ( 10 March 2008 ) . `` Clegg 's terms for deal in hung parliament '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Democrats under my leadership would vote against any Queens Speech without a clear and unambiguous commitment for Proportional Representation '' . Ming Campbell Official Website. 15 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Salmond hails ' historic ' Euro win '' . BBC News . 8 June 2009 . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Labour - Plaid coalition is sealed '' . BBC News . 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Hermon under ' no pressure ' '' . BBC News . 27 February 2009 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MP Lady Sylvia Hermon quits Ulster Unionists '' . BBC News . 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trade Unionist and Sociaist Coalition '' . TUSC . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Executive Committee statement on elections Communist Party , 17 January 2010 Jump up ^ TUSC left coalition to stand in general election Socialist Worker , 6 February 2010 Jump up ^ Launch of Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition The Socialist , 12 January 2010 Jump up ^ `` Twitter abuse candidate Stuart MacLennan removed '' . BBC News . 9 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Nicoll , Andrew ( 9 April 2010 ) . `` Twitter ranting Labour hopeful Stuart MacLennan is blasted '' . The Scottish Sun . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Jagger , Suzy ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Death of UKIP candidate John Boakes delays poll in Thirsk & Malton '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Election delayed after the death of candidate '' . Malton & Pickering Mercury . 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Stead , Mark ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Thirsk and Malton election postponed after candidate John Boakes dies '' . The Press . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Lib - Lab coalition would be ' disastrous for British business ' The Times 29 April 2010 : Jump up ^ Watson , Roland Brown 's ' bigot ' blunder plunges Labour campaign into crisis , The Times , 29 April 2010 Jump up ^ Leach , Ben ( 29 April 2010 ) . `` General Election 2010 : Lib - Lab coalition ' would be bad for business ' , say leaders '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Gillian Duffy , the voter PM called ' bigoted ' '' . BBC News . 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Gordon Brown ' bigot ' jibe row unfolded '' . BBC News . 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Minute by minute , in words and pictures , Gordon Brown 's most humiliating day Mail Online , 29 April 2010 Jump up ^ Web Only : the best of the blogs New Statesman , 29 April 2010 Jump up ^ ( waugh.standard.co.uk/2010/04/what-did-gordon-think-mrs-duffy-said.html What did Gordon think Mrs Duffy said ? ) London Evening Standard , 29 April 2010 Jump up ^ Gordon Brown thought Gillian Duffy had said F - word Mirror , 30 April 2010 Jump up ^ Clustershag to 10 Downing - The Daily Show with Jon Stewart - Video Clip Comedy Central , retrieved 30 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Brown apologises to voter for ' bigoted woman ' comment '' . BBC News . 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : Woman in Brown ' bigot ' row not to vote '' . BBC News . 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Error leads to new ballot papers in Haringey '' . BBC News . 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Dominic ( 1 May 2010 ) . `` Late surge in Tower Hamlets postal votes prompts police fraud probe '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manish Sood Turns Against PM '' . PoliticsRAW. 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ General election 2010 : Brown worst prime minister ever -- Labour candidate The Guardian , 4 May 2010 Jump up ^ General election 2010 : Battered Gordon Brown finds his voice The Guardian , 3 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Arrest after alleged voting fraud in Peterborough '' . BBC News . 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona ( 5 May 2010 ) . `` BNP in turmoil after online chief Simon Bennett walks out '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Farage injured in plane crash on election day '' . BBC News . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : Voters turned away as polls close '' . BBC News . 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Norman , Laurence ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` Brown Agrees to U.S. - Style Debates '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brown to face three televised election debates '' . BBC News . 21 December 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Ask the Chancellors Channel 4 Jump up ^ Shirbon , Estelle ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` Outsider Clegg judged winner in first UK TV debate '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Papers divided over verdict on second leaders debate '' . BBC News . 23 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Alex ; Jagger , Suzy ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Nick Clegg left £ 700 out of pocket in unusual financial arrangement '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Instant reactions : The final debate Archived 1 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . YouGov , 29 April 2010 Jump up ^ `` ITV News Instant Debate Poll 29 April 2010 '' . ComRes . Archived from the original on 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Polls Suggest Cameron Wins Final Debate '' . Sky News . 29 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post Debate Poll -- 29 April 2010 '' . Populus Ltd . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Patrick Wintour and Polly Curtis ( 29 April 2010 ) . `` Election debate : David Cameron wins third leg '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Salmond slams rigged election debate proposals Archived 14 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . SNP , 21 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` SNP in legal bid over BBC TV prime ministerial debate '' . BBC News . 25 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion of Lady Smith in the Petition of Scottish National Party and Others for Judicial Review '' . Scottish Courts. 28 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anthony ( 10 December 2005 ) . `` Tories take the Lead '' . UKPollingReport . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ YouGov show Tory lead cut to 7 points UK Polling Report , 29 January 2010 Jump up ^ General election 2010 : All change for new politics The Guardian , 20 April 2010 Jump up ^ `` Election exit poll : Tories to be 19 short of majority '' . BBC News . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live coverage -- General Election 2010 '' . BBC News . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parties surprised by exit poll '' . BBC News . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bremner , Charles ; Robertson , David ( 30 April 2010 ) . `` Vote of Confidence '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bremner , Charles ; Robertson , David ( 2 May 2010 ) . `` Tories deserve a chance to govern '' . Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Economist backs the Conservatives '' . The Guardian . London . 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Election 2010 : The liberal moment has come '' . The Guardian . London . 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Clegg is the candidate of change '' . The Observer . London . 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Election 2010 : Now is the time for character '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspaper Backing '' . Election 2010 : Party leaders step up campaigning . BBC News . 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial The Case for Change '' . Financial Times . 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron : the Prime Minister that London now needs '' . Evening Standard . London . 5 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who can you trust to clear up this mess ? '' . Daily Mail . London . 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Only David Cameron can save Britain '' . Daily Express . 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vote Labour '' . Morning Star . London . 6 May 2010 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Updated , Last ( 30 September 2009 ) . `` The Sun Says : Labour 's lost it '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` News of the World backs Conservatives in election race '' . BBC News . 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Vote for change . Real change The Independent on Sunday , 2 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 Results : Buckingham '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 Results : North Down '' . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Walton , John ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Election 2010 : Turnout mapped '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` BBC Election 2010 Results '' . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Nick ( 28 May 2010 ) . `` Tories win final general election seat in Thirsk and Malton '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Unionist dismay as election case falters '' . News Letter . 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate challenges Woolas win '' . BBC News . 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Petition part 1 Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , part 2 Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , part 3 Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Court examines Labour Muslim slur election leaflet '' . BBC News . 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 13 September 2010 ) . `` Phil Woolas : the ' toxic ' claims that turned tide for former minister '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Camber ( 14 September 2010 ) . `` Labour MP Phil Woolas accused of stirring up race hate to win white vote '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Court reserves judgement over Phil Woolas re-election '' . BBC News . 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Judges order election re-run '' . BBC News . 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Judges order election rerun in ex-minister's seat '' . BBC . 14 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Polly Curtis , Whitehall correspondent ( 5 November 2010 ) . `` Phil Woolas immigration leaflets case : high court orders election rerun in Oldham East guardian.co.uk '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Election 2010 '' . BBC News . 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : England '' . BBC News . 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Labour loses safest seat in Wales '' . BBC News . 6 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Westminster Elections '' . Access Research Knowledge . Northern Ireland Social and Political Archive ( ARK ) . 8 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Gammell , Caroline ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` General Election 2010 : Ed Balls survives Tory challenge '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oldham East by - election to be held on 13 January '' . BBC News . 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : Labour minister Mike O'Brien loses North Warwickshire seat '' . Coventry Telegraph . 7 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynog Dafis had previously represented Ceredigion on a joint Plaid Cymru / Green ticket Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( 8 May 2010 ) . `` One Brighton shining moment as Lucas makes Green history '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Labour 's Margaret Hodge tells BNP : Get out and stay out '' . BBC News . 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Afua ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` UK Election results : Number of minority ethnic MPs almost doubles '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Nation 's first female Muslim MPs rejoice '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Female representation in government increases slightly '' . Women in technology . 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Britain Voted in 2010 '' , Ipsos - MORI , 21 May 2010 `` . Jump up ^ Dennis Kavanagh and Philip Cowley , The British General Election of 2010 ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 ) , p. 341 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 -- Belfast East '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SF 's Gildernew retains her seat '' . BBC News . 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Beckford , Martin ( 29 May 2009 ) . `` MPs ' expenses : Margaret Moran to stand down but insists she did nothing wrong '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Elliot Morley to stand down as MP '' . BBC News . 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Labour MP Chaytor to stand down '' . BBC News . 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Hope , Christopher ; Swaine , Jon ( 15 May 2009 ) . `` Sir Nicholas and Ann Winterton to stand down from parliament : MPs expenses '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 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Jump up ^ `` McNulty defends expenses claims '' . BBC News . 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Barkham , Patrick ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Tories brush off expenses scandal while voters punish Labour in general election '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General election 2010 : Shahid Malik loses in Dewsbury '' . inthenews.co.uk. 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vote 2010 : you win some , you lose some '' . Channel 4 News . 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matthew ( 13 May 2009 ) . `` Phil Hope agrees to return £ 41,000 as MPs retreat on expenses '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Opik to repay tax summons expense '' . BBC News . 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Democrat Lembit Opik loses Montgomeryshire '' . BBC News . 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Chris ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Lembit Opik loses seat to Conservatives '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Porter , Andrew ( 22 May 2009 ) . `` Gordon Brown ' pursuing a political vendetta ' against Hazel Blears -- MPs ' expenses '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` General Election 2010 : Hazel Blears retains Salford and Eccles '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MPs ' expenses : The saints ( Part iii ) '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 19 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Evans , Martin ( 22 April 2010 ) . `` General Election 2010 : MPs ' expenses scandal fires independent challenge '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Seddon , Mark ( 21 April 2010 ) . `` Bercow 's last stand ? '' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ `` 2010 UK Parliamentary general election : Interim report : review of problems at polling stations at close of poll on 6 May 2010 '' ( PDF ) . UK : The Electoral Commission . 20 May 2010 . Section 1.6 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Electoral Commission to investigate thwarted voters '' . Channel 4 News . 6 May 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 -- Live coverage -- General Election 2010 '' . BBC News . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PM 's full resignation statement '' . BBC News . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Cameron is UK 's new prime minister '' . BBC News . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Conservative Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement , Conservative Party , Published 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 May 2010 Jump up ^ Conservative Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement Archived 11 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Liberal Democrats , Published 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Full text of the Conservative - Liberal Democrat coalition deal '' . The Guardian . London . 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-14847291 Jump up ^ https://mmj.tees.ac.uk//~project22/index5d95.html?p=863 Jump up ^ `` 2015 election campaign officially begins on Friday '' . BBC news . 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony Reuben ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` Small Data : How much do by - elections cost ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010 UK General election . 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3170663603137279789	Sherlock Holmes	Sherlock Holmes - wikipedia Sherlock Holmes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sherlock Holmes ( disambiguation ) . Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes character Sherlock Holmes in a 1904 illustration by Sidney Paget . First appearance A Study in Scarlet Created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Information Gender Male Occupation Consulting detective Family Mycroft Holmes ( brother ) Nationality British Sherlock Holmes ( / ˈʃɜːrlɒk ˈhoʊmz / ) is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Known as a `` consulting detective '' in the stories , Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation , forensic science , and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic , which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients , including Scotland Yard . First appearing in print in 1887 ( in A Study in Scarlet ) , the character 's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine , beginning with `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' in 1891 ; additional tales appeared from then until 1927 , eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories . All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras , between about 1880 and 1914 . Most are narrated by the character of Holmes 's friend and biographer Dr. Watson , who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street , London , where many of the stories begin . Though not the first fictional detective , Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known , with Guinness World Records listing him as the `` most portrayed movie character '' in history . Holmes 's popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual ; numerous literary and fan societies have been founded that pretend to operate on this principle . Widely considered a British cultural icon , the character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole , with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays , television , films , video games , and other media for over one hundred years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration for the character 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Family and early life 2.2 Life with Watson 2.3 The Great Hiatus 2.4 Retirement 3 Personality and habits 3.1 Drug use 3.2 Finances 3.3 Attitudes towards women 3.3. 1 Irene Adler 4 Knowledge and skills 4.1 Holmesian deduction 4.2 Disguises 4.3 Agents 4.4 Combat 4.4. 1 Pistols 4.4. 2 Cane and sword 4.4. 3 Riding crop 4.4. 4 Boxing 4.4. 5 Martial arts 4.4. 6 Physical strength 5 Influence 5.1 Forensic science 5.2 The detective story 5.3 Scientific literature 6 Legacy 6.1 `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' 6.2 The Great Game 6.3 Societies 6.4 Museums 6.5 Other honours 7 Adaptations and derived works 7.1 Related and derivative writings 7.2 Adaptations in other media 7.3 Copyright issues 8 Works 8.1 Novels 8.2 Short story collections 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Inspiration for the character Edgar Allan Poe 's C. Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the first detective in fiction and served as the prototype for many that were created later , including Holmes . Conan Doyle once wrote , `` Each ( of Poe 's detective stories ) is a root from which a whole literature has developed ... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it ? '' Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the real - life figure of Joseph Bell , a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , whom Doyle met in 1877 and had worked for as a clerk . Like Holmes , Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations . However , he later wrote to Doyle : `` You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it '' . Sir Henry Littlejohn , Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School , is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes . Littlejohn , who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh , provided Doyle with a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime . Other inspirations have been considered . One is thought to be Francis `` Tanky '' Smith , a policeman and master of disguise who went on to become Leicester 's first private detective . Another might be Maximilien Heller , by French author Henry Cauvain . It is not known if Conan Doyle read Maximilien Heller , but in this 1871 novel ( sixteen years before the first adventure of Sherlock Holmes ) , Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed , anti-social , polymath , cat - loving , and opium - smoking Paris - based detective . Fictional character Biography Family and early life The cover page of Beeton 's Christmas Annual issue which contains Holmes 's first appearance in 1887 ( A Study in Scarlet ) . Details about Sherlock Holmes 's life , except for the adventures in the books , are scarce in Conan Doyle 's original stories . Nevertheless , mentions of his early life and extended family paint a loose biographical picture of the detective . An estimate of Holmes 's age in `` His Last Bow '' places his year of birth at 1854 ; the story , set in August 1914 , describes him as sixty years of age . His parents are not mentioned in the stories , although Holmes mentions that his `` ancestors '' were `` country squires '' . In `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' , he claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist Vernet , without further clarifying whether this was Claude Joseph , Carle , or Horace Vernet . Holmes 's brother Mycroft , seven years his senior , is a government official who appears in `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' , `` The Final Problem '' , and `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' and is mentioned in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' . Mycroft has a unique civil service position as a kind of human database for all aspects of government policy . He lacks Sherlock 's interest in physical investigation , however , preferring to spend his time at the Diogenes Club . Holmes says that he first developed his methods of deduction as an undergraduate ; his earliest cases , which he pursued as an amateur , came from fellow university students . A meeting with a classmate 's father led him to adopt detection as a profession , and he spent six years after university as a consultant before financial difficulties led him to accept John H. Watson as a fellow lodger in 1881 ( when the first published story , A Study in Scarlet , begins ) . The two take lodgings at 221B Baker Street , London , an apartment at the upper ( north ) end of the street , up seventeen steps . Life with Watson Holmes and Watson in a Sidney Paget illustration for `` Silver Blaze '' . Holmes worked as a detective for twenty - three years , with physician John Watson assisting him for seventeen . They were roommates before Watson 's 1887 marriage and again after his wife 's death . Their residence is maintained by their landlady , Mrs. Hudson . Most of the stories are frame narratives , written from Watson 's point of view as summaries of the detective 's most interesting cases . Holmes frequently calls Watson 's writing sensational and populist , suggesting that it fails to accurately and objectively report the `` science '' of his craft : Detection is , or ought to be , an exact science and should be treated in the same cold and unemotional manner . You have attempted to tinge it ( `` A Study in Scarlet '' ) with romanticism , which produces much the same effect as if you worked a love - story ... Some facts should be suppressed , or , at least , a just sense of proportion should be observed in treating them . The only point in the case which deserved mention was the curious analytical reasoning from effects to causes , by which I succeeded in unravelling it . -- Sherlock Holmes on John Watson 's `` pamphlet '' , The Sign of the Four Nevertheless , Holmes 's friendship with Watson is his most significant relationship . When Watson is injured by a bullet , although the wound turns out to be `` quite superficial '' , Watson is moved by Holmes 's reaction : It was worth a wound ; it was worth many wounds ; to know the depth of loyalty and love which lay behind that cold mask . The clear , hard eyes were dimmed for a moment , and the firm lips were shaking . For the one and only time I caught a glimpse of a great heart as well as of a great brain . All my years of humble but single - minded service culminated in that moment of revelation . The Great Hiatus Holmes and Moriarty struggle at the Reichenbach Falls ; drawing by Sidney Paget . The first set of Holmes stories was published between 1887 and 1893 . Wishing to devote more time to his historical novels , Conan Doyle killed off Holmes in a final battle with the criminal mastermind Professor James Moriarty in `` The Final Problem '' ( published 1893 , but set in 1891 ) . After resisting public pressure for eight years , the author wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles ( serialised in 1901 -- 1902 , with an implicit setting before Holmes 's death ) . In 1903 , Conan Doyle wrote `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' , set in 1894 ; Holmes reappears , explaining to a stunned Watson that he had faked his death in `` The Final Problem '' to fool his enemies . `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' marks the beginning of the second set of stories , which Conan Doyle wrote until 1927 . Holmes aficionados refer to the period from 1891 to 1894 -- between his disappearance and presumed death in `` The Final Problem '' and his reappearance in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' -- as the Great Hiatus ( though 1908 's `` The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge '' is described as taking place in 1892 due to an error on Conan Doyle 's part ) . The earliest known use of this expression is in the article `` Sherlock Holmes and the Great Hiatus '' by Edgar W. Smith , published in the July 1946 issue of The Baker Street Journal . Retirement In `` His Last Bow '' , Holmes has retired to a small farm on the Sussex Downs and taken up beekeeping as his primary occupation . The move is not dated precisely , but can be presumed to predate 1904 ( since it is referred to retrospectively in `` The Second Stain '' , first published that year ) . The story features Holmes and Watson coming out of retirement to aid the war effort . Only one other adventure , `` The Adventure of the Lion 's Mane '' ( narrated by Holmes ) , takes place during the detective 's retirement . Personality and habits Sidney Paget illustration from `` The Adventure of the Golden Pince - Nez '' Watson describes Holmes as `` bohemian '' in his habits and lifestyle . Described by Watson in The Hound of the Baskervilles as having a `` cat - like '' love of personal cleanliness , Holmes is an eccentric with no regard for contemporary standards of tidiness or good order . In `` The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual '' , Watson says : Although in his methods of thought he was the neatest and most methodical of mankind ... ( he ) keeps his cigars in the coal - scuttle , his tobacco in the toe end of a Persian slipper , and his unanswered correspondence transfixed by a jack - knife into the very centre of his wooden mantelpiece ... He had a horror of destroying documents ... Thus month after month his papers accumulated , until every corner of the room was stacked with bundles of manuscript which were on no account to be burned , and which could not be put away save by their owner . In many of the stories , Holmes dives into an apparent mess to find an item most relevant to a mystery . The detective starves himself at times of intense intellectual activity , such as during `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' -- wherein , according to Watson : ( Holmes ) had no breakfast for himself , for it was one of his peculiarities that in his more intense moments he would permit himself no food , and I have known him to presume upon his iron strength until he has fainted from pure inanition . Maria Konnikova points out in an interview with D.J. Grothe that Holmes practices what is now called mindfulness , concentrating on one thing at a time , and almost never `` multitasks . '' She adds that in this he predates the science showing how helpful this is to the brain . Sidney Paget , whose illustrations in The Strand Magazine iconicised Holmes and Watson . Although his chronicler does not consider Holmes 's habitual use of a pipe ( or his less frequent use of cigarettes and cigars ) a vice per se , Watson -- a physician -- occasionally criticises the detective for creating a `` poisonous atmosphere '' of tobacco smoke . Holmes acknowledges Watson 's disapproval in `` The Adventure of the Devil 's Foot '' : `` I think , Watson , that I shall resume that course of tobacco - poisoning which you have so often and so justly condemned '' . His companion condones the detective 's willingness to bend the truth ( or break the law ) on behalf of a client -- lying to the police , concealing evidence or breaking into houses -- when he feels it morally justifiable , but condemns Holmes ' manipulation of innocent people in `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' . Holmes derives pleasure from baffling police inspectors with his deductions and has supreme confidence -- bordering on arrogance -- in his intellectual abilities . While the detective does not actively seek fame and is usually content to let the police take public credit for his work , Holmes is pleased when his skills are recognised and responds to flattery . Police outside London ask Holmes for assistance if he is nearby , even during a vacation . Watson 's stories and newspaper articles reveal Holmes 's role in the cases , and he becomes well known as a detective ; so many clients ask for his help instead of ( or in addition to ) that of the police that , Watson writes , by 1895 Holmes has `` an immense practice '' . Government officials and royalty are among those he serves . A Prime Minister and the King of Bohemia visit 221B Baker Street to request Holmes 's assistance ; the government of France awards him its Legion of Honour for solving a case ; Holmes declines a knighthood `` for services which may perhaps some day be described '' ; the King of Scandinavia is a client ; and he aids the Vatican at least twice . The detective acts on behalf of the British government in matters of national security several times . As shooting practice during a period of boredom , Holmes decorates the wall of his Baker Street lodgings with a `` patriotic '' VR ( Victoria Regina ) in `` bullet - pocks '' from his revolver . While the detective is usually dispassionate and cold , during an investigation he is animated and excitable . He has a flair for showmanship , preparing elaborate traps to capture and expose a culprit ( often to impress observers ) . Except for that of Watson , Holmes avoids casual company ; when Watson proposes visiting a friend 's home for rest , Holmes only agrees after learning that `` the establishment was a bachelor one , and that he would be allowed the fullest freedom '' . In `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' , he tells the doctor that during two years at college he made only one friend , Victor Trevor : `` I was never a very sociable fellow , Watson , always rather fond of moping in my rooms and working out my own little methods of thought , so that I never mixed much with the men of my year ; ... my line of study was quite distinct from that of the other fellows , so that we had no points of contact at all '' . The detective is similarly described by Stamford in A Study in Scarlet . Holmes relaxes with music in `` The Red - Headed League '' , taking the evening off from a case to listen to Pablo de Sarasate play violin . His enjoyment of vocal music , particularly Wagner 's , is evident in `` The Adventure of the Red Circle '' . Drug use 1891 Sidney Paget Strand portrait of Holmes for `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' Holmes occasionally uses addictive drugs , especially in the absence of stimulating cases . He uses cocaine , which he injects in a seven - percent solution with a syringe kept in a Morocco leather case . Although Holmes also dabbles in morphine , he expresses strong disapproval when he visits an opium den ; both drugs were legal in late - 19th - century England . Watson and Holmes use tobacco , smoking cigarettes , cigars , and pipes , and the detective is an expert at identifying tobacco - ash residue . As a physician , Watson strongly disapproves of his friend 's cocaine habit , describing it as the detective 's `` only vice '' , and concerned about its effect on Holmes 's mental health and intellect . In `` The Adventure of the Missing Three - Quarter '' , Watson says that although he has `` weaned '' Holmes from drugs , he remains an addict whose habit is `` not dead , but merely sleeping '' . Finances During his career , Holmes works for the most powerful monarchs and governments of Europe ( including his own ) , wealthy aristocrats and industrialists , and impoverished pawnbrokers and governesses . Although when the stories begin Holmes initially needed Watson to share the rent for their residence at 221B Baker Street , by the time of `` The Final Problem '' , he says that his services to the government of France and the royal house of Scandinavia had left him with enough money to retire comfortably . The detective is known to charge clients for his expenses and claim any reward offered for a problem 's solution ; in `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' he says that Helen Stoner may pay any expenses he incurs and asks the bank in `` The Red - Headed League '' to reimburse him for money spent solving the case . Holmes has his wealthy banker client in `` The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet '' pay the costs of recovering the stolen gems , and claims the reward posted for their recovery . In `` The Problem of Thor Bridge '' , the detective says , `` My professional charges are upon a fixed scale . I do not vary them , save when I remit ( omit ) them altogether '' . In this context , a client is offering to double his fee , and it is implied that wealthy clients habitually pay Holmes more than his standard fee . The detective tells Watson , in `` A Case of Identity '' , about a gold snuff box received from the King of Bohemia after `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' and about a valuable ring given to him by the Dutch royal family ; in `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' , he receives an emerald tie pin from Queen Victoria . In `` The Adventure of the Priory School '' , Holmes rubs his hands with glee when the Duke of Holdernesse mentions his ₤ 6,000 fee , the amount of which surprises even Watson ( at a time where annual expenses for a rising young professional were in the area of ₤ 500 ) . However , in `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' , Watson notes that Holmes would refuse to help even the wealthy and powerful if their cases did not interest him . Attitudes towards women 1904 Sidney Paget illustration of `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' As Doyle wrote to Joseph Bell , `` Holmes is as inhuman as a Babbage 's calculating machine and just about as likely to fall in love '' . Holmes says in The Valley of Fear , `` I am not a whole - souled admirer of womankind '' , and in `` The Adventure of the Second Stain '' finds `` the motives of women ... inscrutable ... How can you build on such quicksand ? Their most trivial actions may mean volumes ... their most extraordinary conduct may depend upon a hairpin or a curling tongs '' . In The Sign of the Four , he says , `` I would not tell them too much . Women are never to be entirely trusted -- not the best of them '' . Watson calls him `` an automaton , a calculating machine '' , and the detective replies : `` It is of the first importance not to allow your judgement to be biased by personal qualities . A client is to me a mere unit -- a factor in a problem . The emotional qualities are antagonistic to clear reasoning . I assure you that the most winning woman I ever knew was hanged for poisoning three little children for their insurance - money '' . At the end of The Sign of Four , Watson reveals to Holmes that `` Miss Morstan has done me the honour to accept me as a husband in prospective . '' He gave a most dismal groan . ' I feared as much , ' said he . ' I really can not congratulate you . ' I was a little hurt . ' Have you any reason to be dissatisfied with my choice ? ' I asked . ' Not at all . I think she is one of the most charming young ladies I ever met , and might have been most useful in such work as we have been doing . She had a decided genius that way ; ... But love is an emotional thing , and whatever is emotional is opposed to that true cold reason which I place above all things . I should never marry myself , lest I bias my judgement . ' Watson says in `` The Adventure of the Copper Beeches '' that the detective inevitably `` manifested no further interest in the client when once she had ceased to be the centre of one of his problems '' . In `` The Lion 's Mane '' , Holmes writes , `` Women have seldom been an attraction to me , for my brain has always governed my heart , '' indicating that he has been attracted to women on occasion , but has not been interested in pursuing relationships with them . Ultimately , however , in `` The Adventure of the Devil 's Foot '' , he claims outright that `` I have never loved '' . Despite his overall attitude , Holmes is adept at effortlessly putting his clients at ease , and Watson says that although the detective has an `` aversion to women '' , he has `` a peculiarly ingratiating way with ( them ) '' . Watson notes in `` The Adventure of the Dying Detective '' that Mrs. Hudson is fond of Holmes because of his `` remarkable gentleness and courtesy in his dealings with women . He disliked and distrusted the sex , but he was always a chivalrous opponent '' . In `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' , the detective easily manages to become engaged under false pretenses in order to obtain information about a case , but also abandons the woman once he has the information he requires . Irene Adler Main article : Irene Adler Irene Adler is a retired American opera singer and actress who appears in `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' . Although this is her only appearance , she is one of the most notable female characters in the stories : the only woman who has ever challenged Holmes intellectually , and one of only a handful of people who ever bested him in a battle of wits . For this reason , Adler is the frequent subject of pastiche writing . The beginning of the story describes the high regard in which Holmes holds her : To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman . I have seldom heard him mention her under any other name . In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex . It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler ... yet there was but one woman to him , and that woman was the late Irene Adler , of dubious and questionable memory . Five years before the story 's events , Adler had a brief liaison with Crown Prince of Bohemia Wilhelm von Ormstein while she was prima donna of the Imperial Opera of Warsaw . Recently engaged to the daughter of the King of Scandinavia and fearful that , if his fiancée 's family learned of this impropriety , their marriage would be called off , Ormstein hires Holmes to regain a photograph of Adler and himself . Adler slips away before Holmes can succeed , leaving only a photograph of herself ( alone ) and a note to Holmes that she will not blackmail Ormstein . Her memory is kept alive by the photograph of Adler that Holmes received for his part in the case . Knowledge and skills In the first novel , A Study in Scarlet , Holmes ' background is presented . In early 1881 , he is a chemistry student with a number of eccentric interests , almost all of which make him adept at solving crimes . Shortly after meeting Holmes , Watson assesses the detective 's abilities : Knowledge of Literature -- nil . Knowledge of Philosophy -- nil . Knowledge of Astronomy -- nil . Knowledge of Politics -- Feeble . Knowledge of Botany -- Variable . Well up in belladonna , opium and poisons generally . Knows nothing of practical gardening . Knowledge of Geology -- Practical , but limited . Tells at a glance different soils from each other . After walks , has shown me splashes upon his trousers , and told me by their colour and consistence in what part of London he had received them . Knowledge of Chemistry -- Profound . Knowledge of Anatomy -- Accurate , but unsystematic . Knowledge of Sensational Literature -- Immense . He appears to know every detail of every horror perpetrated in the century . Plays the violin well . Is an expert singlestick player , boxer and swordsman . Has a good practical knowledge of British law . Arthur Conan Doyle , A Study in Scarlet Subsequent stories reveal that Watson 's early assessment was incomplete in places and inaccurate in others . At the end of A Study in Scarlet , Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of Latin . Despite Holmes 's supposed ignorance of politics , in `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' he immediately recognises the true identity of `` Count von Kramm '' . His speech is peppered with references to the Bible , Shakespeare , and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , and the detective quotes a letter from Gustave Flaubert to George Sand in the original French . At the end of `` A Case of Identity '' , Holmes quotes Hafez . In The Hound of the Baskervilles , the detective recognises works by Martin Knoller and Joshua Reynolds : `` Excuse the admiration of a connoisseur ... Watson wo n't allow that I know anything of art , but that is mere jealousy since our views upon the subject differ '' . In `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' , Watson says that in November 1895 , `` Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had undertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus '' , considered `` the last word '' on the subject . Holmes is also a cryptanalyst , telling Watson in `` The Adventure of the Dancing Men '' : `` I am fairly familiar with all forms of secret writing , and am myself the author of a trifling monograph upon the subject , in which I analyse one hundred and sixty separate ciphers '' . In A Study in Scarlet , Holmes claims to be unaware that the earth revolves around the sun since such information is irrelevant to his work ; after hearing that fact from Watson , he says he will immediately try to forget it . The detective believes that the mind has a finite capacity for information storage , and learning useless things reduces one 's ability to learn useful things . The later stories move away from this notion : in the second chapter of The Valley of Fear , he says , `` All knowledge comes useful to the detective '' , and near the end of `` The Adventure of the Lion 's Mane '' , the detective calls himself `` an omnivorous reader with a strangely retentive memory for trifles '' . The detective is particularly skilled in the analysis of physical evidence , including latent prints ( such as footprints , hoof prints , and bicycle tracks ) to identify actions at a crime scene ( A Study in Scarlet , `` The Adventure of Silver Blaze '' , `` The Adventure of the Priory School '' , The Hound of the Baskervilles , `` The Boscombe Valley Mystery '' ) ; using tobacco ashes and cigarette butts to identify criminals ( `` The Adventure of the Resident Patient '' , The Hound of the Baskervilles ) ; comparing typewritten letters to expose a fraud ( `` A Case of Identity '' ) ; using gunpowder residue to expose two murderers ( `` The Adventure of the Reigate Squire '' ) ; comparing bullets from two crime scenes ( `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' ) ; analyzing small pieces of human remains to expose two murders ( `` The Adventure of the Cardboard Box '' ) , and an early use of fingerprints ( `` The Norwood Builder '' ) . Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of psychology in `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , luring Irene Adler into betraying where she hid a photograph based on the premise that an unmarried woman will save her most valued possession from a fire . Another example is in `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' , where Holmes obtains information from a salesman with a wager : `` When you see a man with whiskers of that cut and the ' Pink ' un ' protruding out of his pocket , you can always draw him by a bet ... I daresay that if I had put 100 pounds down in front of him , that man would not have given me such complete information as was drawn from him by the idea that he was doing me on a wager '' . Holmesian deduction Poster for the 1900 play Sherlock Holmes by Conan Doyle and actor William Gillette Holmes 's primary intellectual detection method is abductive reasoning . Holmesian deduction consists primarily of observation - based inferences , such as his study of cigar ashes . `` From a drop of water '' , he writes , `` a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of one or the other '' . In `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , Holmes deduces that Watson had gotten wet lately and had `` a most clumsy and careless servant girl '' . When Watson asks how Holmes knows this , the detective answers : It is simplicity itself ... my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe , just where the firelight strikes it , the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts . Obviously they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scraped round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it . Hence , you see , my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather , and that you had a particularly malignant boot - slitting specimen of the London slavey . In the first Holmes story , A Study in Scarlet , Dr. Watson compares Holmes to C. Auguste Dupin , Edgar Allan Poe 's fictional detective , who employed a similar methodology . To this Holmes replies : `` No doubt you think you are complimenting me ... In my opinion , Dupin was a very inferior fellow ... He had some analytical genius , no doubt ; but he was by no means such a phenomenon as Poe appears to imagine '' . Alluding to an episode in `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' , where Dupin deduces what his friend is thinking despite their having walked together in silence for a quarter of an hour , Holmes remarks : `` That trick of his breaking in on his friend 's thoughts with an apropos remark ... is really very showy and superficial '' . Nevertheless , Holmes later performs the same ' trick ' on Watson in `` The Adventure of the Cardboard Box '' . Deductive reasoning allows Holmes to learn a stranger 's occupation , such as the retired Marine sergeant in A Study in Scarlet ; the ship 's - carpenter - turned - pawnbroker in `` The Red - Headed League '' , and the billiard - marker and retired artillery non-commissioned officer in `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' . By studying inanimate objects , he makes deductions about their owners ( Watson 's pocket watch in The Sign of the Four and a hat , pipe , and walking stick in other stories ) . The detective 's guiding principle , as he says in The Sign of the Four and elsewhere in the stories , is : `` When you have eliminated the impossible , whatever remains , however improbable , must be the truth '' . Conan Doyle does paint Holmes as fallible ( this being a central theme of `` The Adventure of the Yellow Face '' ) . Disguises Holmes displays a strong aptitude for acting and disguise . In several stories ( `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' , `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' , `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' and `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' ) , to gather evidence undercover he uses disguises so convincing that Watson fails to recognise him . In others ( `` The Adventure of the Dying Detective '' and , again , `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' ) , Holmes feigns injury or illness to incriminate the guilty . In the latter story , Watson says , `` The stage lost a fine actor ... when ( Holmes ) became a specialist in crime '' . Agents Until Watson 's arrival at Baker Street Holmes largely worked alone , only occasionally employing agents from the city 's underclass ; these agents included a host of informants , such as Langdale Pike , a `` human book of reference upon all matters of social scandal '' , and Shinwell Johnson , aka `` Porky '' Johnson , who acted as Holmes ' `` agent in the huge criminal underworld of London ... '' . The most well known of Holmes ' agents are a group of street children he called `` the Baker Street Irregulars '' . The Irregulars appear in three stories : A Study in Scarlet , The Sign of the Four , and `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man '' . Combat British Army ( Adams ) Mark III , which differed from the Mark II in its ejector - rod design Webley Bulldog 1868 Webley RIC Pistols Holmes and Watson carry pistols with them -- in Watson 's case , his old service weapon ( probably a Mark III Adams revolver , issued to British troops during the 1870s ) . In the stories , the pistols are used ( or displayed ) on a number of occasions . In `` The Musgrave Ritual '' Holmes is described as decorating the wall of his flat with a patriotic VR ( Victoria Regina ) of bullet holes . Holmes and Watson shoot the eponymous hound in The Hound of the Baskervilles , and in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' Holmes pistol - whips Colonel Sebastian Moran . In `` The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist '' , `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' , and `` The Adventure of the Dancing Men '' , Holmes or Watson use a pistol to capture the criminals , and the detective uses Watson 's revolver to reconstruct a crime in `` The Problem of Thor Bridge '' . A Webley Bulldog ( carried by Holmes ) , Webley RIC , and Webley - Government ( `` WG '' ) army revolver have been associated with Holmes and Watson . Cane and sword As a gentleman , Holmes often carries a stick or cane . He is described by Watson as an expert at singlestick and uses his cane twice as a weapon . In A Study in Scarlet , Watson describes Holmes as an expert swordsman , and in `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' the detective practises fencing . Riding crop In several stories , Holmes carries a riding crop , threatening to thrash a swindler with it in `` A Case of Identity '' . With a `` hunting crop '' , Holmes knocks a pistol from John Clay 's hand in `` The Red - Headed League '' and drives off the adder in `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' . In `` The Six Napoleons '' , he uses his crop ( described as his favourite weapon ) to break open one of the plaster busts . Boxing Holmes is an adept bare - knuckle fighter ; in The Sign of the Four , he introduces himself to McMurdo , a prize fighter , as `` the amateur who fought three rounds with you at Alison 's rooms on the night of your benefit four years back . '' McMurdo remembers : `` Ah , you 're one that has wasted your gifts , you have ! You might have aimed high if you had joined the fancy . '' `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' mentions that Holmes trained as a boxer , and in `` The Yellow Face '' , Watson says : `` He was undoubtedly one of the finest boxers of his weight that I have ever seen '' . The detective occasionally engages in hand - to - hand combat with his adversaries ( in `` The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist '' and `` The Adventure of the Naval Treaty '' ) and is always victorious . Martial arts In `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' , Holmes tells Watson that he used martial arts to fling Moriarty to his death in the Reichenbach Falls : `` I have some knowledge ... of baritsu , or the Japanese system of wrestling , which has more than once been very useful to me '' . `` Baritsu '' is Conan Doyle 's version of bartitsu , which combined jujitsu with boxing and cane fencing . Physical strength The detective is described ( or demonstrated ) as possessing above - average physical strength . In `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' , Dr. Roylott demonstrates his strength by bending a fire poker in half . Watson describes Holmes as laughing , `` ' I am not quite so bulky , but if he had remained I might have shown him that my grip was not much more feeble than his own . ' As he spoke he picked up the steel poker and , with a sudden effort , straightened it out again . '' In `` The Yellow Face '' , Holmes 's chronicler says , `` Few men were capable of greater muscular effort . '' Influence Sidney Paget illustration of Holmes for `` The Adventure of the Abbey Grange '' Forensic science The Sherlock Holmes stories helped marry forensic science , particularly Holmes ' acute observation of small clues , and literature . He uses trace evidence ( such as shoe and tire impressions ) , fingerprints , ballistics , and handwriting analysis to evaluate his theories and those of the police . Some of the detective 's investigative techniques , such as fingerprint and handwriting analysis , were in their infancy when the stories were written ; Holmes frequently laments the contamination of a crime scene , and crime - scene integrity has become standard investigative procedure . Because of the small scale of much of his evidence ( tobacco ash , hair , or fingerprints ) , the detective often uses a magnifying glass at the scene and an optical microscope at his Baker Street lodgings . He uses analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis and toxicology to detect poisons ; Holmes 's home chemistry laboratory is mentioned in `` The Adventure of the Naval Treaty '' . Ballistics feature in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' when spent bullets are recovered and matched with a suspected murder weapon . Holmes observes the dress and attitude of his clients and suspects , noting style and state of wear of their clothes , skin marks ( such as tattoos ) , contamination ( such as ink stains or clay on boots ) , their state of mind , and physical condition in order to deduce their origins and recent history . 19th - century Seibert microscope He also applies this method to walking sticks ( The Hound of the Baskervilles ) and hats ( `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' ) , with details such as medallions , wear , and contamination yielding information about their owners . In 2002 , the Royal Society of Chemistry bestowed an honorary fellowship on Holmes for his use of forensic science and analytical chemistry in popular literature , making him ( as of 2010 ) the only fictional character thus honoured . The detective story Although Holmes is not the original fictional detective ( he was influenced by Edgar Allan Poe 's C. Auguste Dupin and Émile Gaboriau 's Monsieur Lecoq ) , his name has become synonymous with the role . The investigating detective ( such as Agatha Christie 's Hercule Poirot and Dorothy L. Sayers ' Lord Peter Wimsey ) became a popular character for a number of authors . Scientific literature John Radford ( 1999 ) speculated on Holmes 's intelligence . Using Conan Doyle 's stories as data , he applied three methods to estimate the detective 's intelligence quotient and concluded that his IQ was about 190 . Snyder ( 2004 ) examined Holmes 's methods in the context of mid - to late - 19th - century criminology , and Kempster ( 2006 ) compared neurologists ' skills with those demonstrated by the detective . Didierjean and Gobet ( 2008 ) reviewed the literature on the psychology of expertise , using Holmes as a model . Legacy `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' Sherlock Holmes Museum , London Study Drawing room The phrase `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' is never uttered by Holmes in the sixty stories written by Conan Doyle . He often observes that his conclusions are `` elementary '' , however , and occasionally calls Watson `` my dear Watson '' . One of the nearest approximations of the phrase appears in `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man '' when Holmes explains a deduction : `` ' Excellent ! ' I cried . ' Elementary , ' said he . '' William Gillette is widely considered to have originated the phrase with the formulation , `` Oh , this is elementary , my dear fellow '' , allegedly in his 1899 play Sherlock Holmes . However , the script was revised numerous times over the course of some three decades of revivals and publications , and the phrase is present in some versions of the script , but not others . The exact phrase , as well as close variants , can be seen in newspaper and journal articles as early as 1909 ; there is some indication that it was clichéd even then . The phrase `` Elementary , my dear fellow , quite elementary '' appears in P.G. Wodehouse 's novel , Psmith in the City ( 1909 -- 1910 ) , and `` Elementary , my dear Watson , elementary '' in his 1915 novel Psmith , Journalist ( neither spoken by Holmes ) . The exact phrase `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' is used by protagonist Tom Beresford in Agatha Christie 's 1922 novel The Secret Adversary . It also appears at the end of the 1929 film The Return of Sherlock Holmes , the first Holmes sound film . The phrase became familiar with the American public in part due to its use in The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio series , broadcast from 1939 to 1947 . The Great Game Main article : Sherlockian game Russ Stutler 's view of 221B Baker Street Conan Doyle 's 56 short stories and four novels are known as the `` canon '' by Holmes aficionados . Early canonical scholars included Ronald Knox in Britain and Christopher Morley in New York . Morley founded the Baker Street Irregulars -- the first society devoted to the Holmes canon -- in 1934 . The Sherlockian game ( also known as the Holmesian game , the Great Game , or simply the Game ) attempts to resolve anomalies and clarify details about Holmes and Watson from the Conan Doyle canon . The Game , which treats Holmes and Watson as real people ( and Conan Doyle as Watson 's literary agent ) , combines history with aspects of the stories to construct biographies and other scholarly analyses of these aspects . Ronald Knox is credited with inventing the Game . One detail analyzed in the Game is Holmes 's birthdate , with Morley contending that the detective was born on 6 January 1854 . Laurie R. King also speculated about Holmes 's birthdate , based on A Study in Scarlet and `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' ; details in `` Gloria Scott '' indicate that Holmes finished his second ( and final ) year of university in 1880 or 1885 . Watson 's account of his own wounding in the Second Afghan War and return to England in A Study in Scarlet place his moving in with Holmes in early 1881 or 1882 . According to King , this suggests that Holmes left university in 1880 ; if he began university at age 17 , his birth year would probably be 1861 . Another topic of analysis is the university Holmes attended . Dorothy L. Sayers suggested that , given details in two of the Adventures , the detective must have studied at Cambridge rather than Oxford : `` of all the Cambridge colleges , Sidney Sussex ( College ) perhaps offered the greatest number of advantages to a man in Holmes 's position and , in default of more exact information , we may tentatively place him there '' . Holmes 's emotional and mental health have long been subjects of analysis in the Game . At their first meeting , in A Study in Scarlet , the detective warns Watson that he gets `` in the dumps at times '' and does n't open his `` mouth for days on end '' . Leslie S. Klinger ( editor of The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes ) has suggested that Holmes exhibits signs of bipolar disorder , with intense enthusiasm followed by indolent self - absorption . Other modern readers have speculated that Holmes may have Asperger 's syndrome , based on his intense attention to details , lack of interest in interpersonal relationships , and tendency to speak in monologues . The detective 's isolation and distrust of women is said to suggest a desire to escape , with William Baring - Gould ( author of Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street : A Life of the World 's First Consulting Detective ) and others -- including Nicholas Meyer , in his novel The Seven Percent Solution -- implying a family trauma , the murder of Holmes 's mother , as the cause . Societies Statue of Holmes in an Inverness cape and a deerstalker cap on Picardy Place in Edinburgh ( Conan Doyle 's birthplace ) In 1934 , the Sherlock Holmes Society ( in London ) and the Baker Street Irregulars ( in New York ) were founded . Both are still active , although the Sherlock Holmes Society was dissolved in 1937 and revived in 1951 . The London society is one of many worldwide who arrange visits to the scenes of Holmes adventures , such as the Reichenbach Falls in the Swiss Alps . The two societies founded in 1934 were followed by many more Holmesian circles , first in the U.S. ( where they are known as `` scion societies '' -- offshoots -- of the Baker Street Irregulars ) and then in England and Denmark . There are at least 250 Sherlockian societies worldwide , including Australia , India , and Japan ( whose society has 80,000 members ) . Museums For the 1951 Festival of Britain , Holmes 's living room was reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition , with a collection of original material . After the festival , items were transferred to The Sherlock Holmes ( a London pub ) and the Conan Doyle collection housed in Lucens , Switzerland by the author 's son , Adrian . Both exhibitions , each with a Baker Street sitting - room reconstruction , are open to the public . In 1990 , the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened on Baker Street in London , followed the next year by a museum in Meiringen ( near the Reichenbach Falls ) dedicated to the detective . A private Conan Doyle collection is a permanent exhibit at the Portsmouth City Museum , where the author lived and worked as a physician . Other honours Widely considered a British cultural icon , the London Metropolitan Railway named one of its 20 electric locomotives deployed in the 1920s for Sherlock Holmes . He was the only fictional character so honoured , along with eminent Britons such as Lord Byron , Benjamin Disraeli , and Florence Nightingale . A number of London streets are associated with Holmes . York Mews South , off Crawford Street , was renamed Sherlock Mews , and Watson 's Mews is near Crawford Place . Adaptations and derived works The popularity of Sherlock Holmes has meant that many writers other than Arthur Conan Doyle have created tales of the detective in a wide variety of different media , with varying degrees of fidelity to the original characters , stories , and setting . According to The Alternative Sherlock Holmes : Pastiches , Parodies , and Copies by Peter Ridgway Watt and Joseph Green , the first known period pastiche dates from 1893 . Titled `` The Late Sherlock Holmes '' , it came from the pen of Doyle 's close friend , J.M. Barrie , who was to create Peter Pan a decade later . A common take is creating a new story fully detailing an otherwise - passing canonical reference ( such as an aside mentioning the `` giant rat of Sumatra , a story for which the world is not yet prepared '' in `` The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire '' ) . Other adaptations have seen the character taken in radically different directions or placed in different times or even universes . For example , Holmes falls in love and marries in Laurie R. King 's Mary Russell series , is re-animated after his death to fight future crime in the animated series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century , and is meshed with the setting of H.P. Lovecraft 's Cthulhu Mythos in Neil Gaiman 's `` A Study in Emerald '' ( which won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story ) . An especially influential pastiche was Nicholas Meyer 's The Seven - Per - Cent Solution , a 1974 New York Times bestselling novel in which Holmes 's cocaine addiction has progressed to the point of endangering his career . It was made into a film of the same name in 1976 and popularised the pastiche - writing trend of introducing clearly identified and contemporaneous historical figures ( such as Oscar Wilde , Aleister Crowley , or Jack the Ripper ) into tales featuring Holmes , something Conan Doyle himself never did . Related and derivative writings Main article : Sherlock Holmes pastiches Further information : List of authors of new Sherlock Holmes stories In addition to the Holmes canon , Conan Doyle 's 1898 `` The Lost Special '' features an unnamed `` amateur reasoner '' intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers . The author 's explanation of a baffling disappearance argued in Holmesian style , pokes fun at his own creation . Similar Conan Doyle short stories are the early `` The Field Bazaar '' , `` The Man with the Watches '' , and 1924 's `` How Watson Learned the Trick '' , a parody of the Watson -- Holmes breakfast - table scenes . The author wrote other material , especially plays , featuring Holmes . Much of it appears in Sherlock Holmes : The Published Apocrypha , edited by Jack Tracy ; The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes , edited by Peter Haining , and The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes , compiled by Richard Lancelyn Green . In terms of writers other than Doyle , authors as diverse as Anthony Burgess , Neil Gaiman , Dorothy B. Hughes , Stephen King , Tanith Lee , A.A. Milne , and P.G. Wodehouse have all written Sherlock Holmes pastiches . Notably , famed American mystery writer John Dickson Carr collaborated with Arthur Conan Doyle 's son , Adrian Conan Doyle , on The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes , a pastiche collection from 1954 . In 2011 , Anthony Horowitz published a Sherlock Holmes novel , The House of Silk , presented as a continuation of Conan Doyle 's work and with the approval of the Conan Doyle estate . In early 2014 , a sequel , Moriarty , was announced and published . Some authors have written tales centred on characters from the canon other than Holmes . M.J. Trow has written a series of seventeen books using Inspector Lestrade as the central character , beginning with The Adventures of Inspector Lestrade in 1985 . Carole Nelson Douglas ' Irene Adler series is based on `` the woman '' from `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , with the first book ( 1990 's Good Night , Mr. Holmes ) retelling that story from Adler 's point of view . Martin Davies has written three novels where Baker Street housekeeper Mrs. Hudson is the protagonist . Mycroft Holmes has been the subject of several efforts : Enter the Lion by Michael P. Hodel and Sean M. Wright ( 1979 ) , a four - book series by Quinn Fawcett , and 2015 's Mycroft , by former NBA star Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . John Gardner , Michael Kurland , and Kim Newman , amongst many others , have all written tales in which Holmes 's nemesis Professor Moriarty is the main character . Anthologies edited by Michael Kurland and George Mann are entirely devoted to stories told from the perspective of characters other than Holmes and Watson . In the 1980 Italian novel The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco , the central character William of Baskerville alludes to The Hound of the Baskervilles , and his description in the beginning of the book is a tribute to Dr. Watson 's description of Sherlock Holmes when he first makes his acquaintance in A Study in Scarlet . Laurie R. King recreated Holmes in her Mary Russell series ( beginning with 1994 's The Beekeeper 's Apprentice ) , set during the First World War and the 1920s . Her Holmes , semi-retired in Sussex , is stumbled upon by a teenaged American girl . Recognising a kindred spirit , he trains her as his apprentice and subsequently marries her . As of 2016 , the series includes fourteen novels and a novella tied into a book from King 's Kate Martinelli series ( The Art of Detection ) . The Final Solution , a 2004 novella by Michael Chabon , concerns an unnamed but long - retired detective interested in beekeeping who tackles the case of a missing parrot belonging to a Jewish refugee boy . Mitch Cullin 's novel A Slight Trick of the Mind ( 2005 ) takes place two years after the end of the Second World War , and explores an old and frail Sherlock Holmes ( now 93 ) as he comes to terms with a life spent in emotionless logic ; this was also adapted into a film , 2015 's Mr. Holmes . Adaptations in other media Main article : Adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Further information : List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes Basil Rathbone as Holmes Guinness World Records has listed Holmes as the `` most portrayed movie character '' , with more than 70 actors playing the part in over 200 films . His first screen appearance was in the 1900 Mutoscope film , Sherlock Holmes Baffled . The detective has appeared in many foreign - language versions , including a Russian miniseries broadcast in November 2013 . William Gillette 's 1899 play Sherlock Holmes , or The Strange Case of Miss Faulkner was a synthesis of four Conan Doyle stories : `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , `` The Final Problem '' , `` The Adventure of the Copper Beeches '' , and A Study in Scarlet . In addition to its popularity , the play is significant because it , rather than the original stories , introduced the key visual qualities commonly associated with Holmes today : his deerstalker hat and calabash pipe . It also formed the basis for the Gillette 's 1916 film , Sherlock Holmes . In his lifetime , Gillette performed as Holmes some 1,300 times . In the early 1900s , H.A. Saintsbury took over the role from Gillette for a tour of the play . Between this play and Conan Doyle 's own stage adaptation of `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' , Saintsbury portrayed Holmes over 1,000 times . Basil Rathbone played Holmes and Nigel Bruce played Watson in fourteen U.S. films ( two for 20th Century Fox and a dozen for Universal Pictures ) from 1939 to 1946 , and in The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes on the Mutual radio network from 1939 to 1946 ( before the role of Holmes passed to Tom Conway ) . While the Fox films were period pieces , the Universal films were distinctive for abandoning Victorian Britain and moving to a then - contemporary setting in which Holmes occasionally battled Nazis . The 1984 -- 1985 Italian / Japanese anime series Sherlock Hound adapted the Holmes stories for children , with its characters being anthropomorphic dogs . The series was co-directed by Hayao Miyazaki . Between 1979 and 1986 , Soviet television produced a series of five television films , The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson . The series were split into eleven episodes and starred Vasily Livanov as Holmes and Vitaly Solomin as Watson . Livanov was appointed an Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire for a performance ambassador Anthony Brenton described as `` one of the best I 've ever seen '' . Jeremy Brett as Holmes in the Granada series Jeremy Brett is considered the definitive Holmes by critic Julian Wolfreys . Brett played the detective in four series of Sherlock Holmes for Britain 's Granada Television from 1984 to 1994 and appeared as Holmes on stage . Watson was played by David Burke and Edward Hardwicke in the series . Bert Coules penned The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams / Andrew Sachs as Watson , based on throwaway references in Doyle 's short stories and novels . He also produced original scripts for this series , which was also issued on CD . Coules had previously dramatised the entire Holmes canon for Radio Four . Benedict Cumberbatch as Holmes in Sherlock The 2009 film Sherlock Holmes , which earned Robert Downey Jr. a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal of Holmes and which co-starred Jude Law as Watson , focuses on Holmes 's antisocial personality . Downey and Law returned for a 2011 sequel , Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows . As of May 2016 , a script for a third film is ready and the aim is to begin shooting before the end of the year ; further sequels are acknowledged as possible . Benedict Cumberbatch plays a modern version of the detective ( with Martin Freeman as John Watson ) in the BBC One TV series Sherlock , which premiered on 25 July 2010 . In the series , created by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat , the stories ' original Victorian setting is replaced by present - day London . Cumberbatch 's Holmes uses modern technology ( including texting and blogging ) to help solve crimes . Similarly , on 27 September 2012 , Elementary premiered on CBS . Set in contemporary New York , the series features Jonny Lee Miller as Sherlock Holmes and Lucy Liu as a female Dr. Joan Watson . The 2015 film Mr. Holmes starred Ian McKellen as a retired Sherlock Holmes living in Sussex , in 1947 , who grapples with an unsolved case involving a beautiful woman . The film is based on Mitch Cullin 's 2005 novel A Slight Trick of the Mind . Holmes has also appeared in video games , including the Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series of seven titles . The detective is based on Jeremy Brett 's portrayal , with the series 's plot independent of the Conan Doyle stories . Copyright issues The copyright for Conan Doyle 's works expired in the United Kingdom and Canada at the end of 1980 , was revived in 1996 and expired again at the end of 2000 . The author 's works are now in the public domain in those territories . All works published in the United States before 1923 are in the public domain ; this includes all the Sherlock Holmes stories , except for some of the short stories collected in The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes . Conan Doyle 's heirs registered the copyright to The Case - Book in 1981 in accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976 . On 14 February 2013 , Leslie S. Klinger ( lawyer and editor of The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes ) filed a declaratory judgement suit against the Conan Doyle estate in the Northern District of Illinois asking the court to acknowledge that the characters of Holmes and Watson were public domain in the U.S. The court ruled in Klinger 's favour on 23 December , and the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed its decision on 16 June 2014 . The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , which declined to hear the case , letting the appeals court 's ruling stand . This final step resulted in the characters from the Holmes stories , along with all but ten of the Holmes stories , being in the public domain in the U.S. Works Main article : Canon of Sherlock Holmes Novels A Study in Scarlet ( published 1887 in Beeton 's Christmas Annual ) The Sign of the Four ( published 1890 in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( serialised 1901 -- 1902 in The Strand ) The Valley of Fear ( serialised 1914 -- 1915 in The Strand ) Short story collections The short stories , originally published in magazines , were later collected in five anthologies : The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1891 -- 1892 in The Strand ) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1892 -- 1893 in The Strand ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1903 -- 1904 in The Strand ) His Last Bow : Some Later Reminiscences of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1908 -- 1917 ) The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1921 -- 1927 ) See also Sherlock Holmes portal Novels portal Fictional characters portal Victorian era portal Popular culture references to Sherlock Holmes HOLMES 2 ( police computer system ) Inductive reasoning List of detectives , constables , and agents in Sherlock Holmes List of Holmesian studies Giovanni Morelli References ^ Jump up to : Sherlock Holmes : pipe dreams , Daily Telegraph 15 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Rule , Sheila ( 5 November 1989 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes 's Mail : Not Too Mysterious '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Aislinn ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Winston Churchill did n't really exist , say teens '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One in five Britons think Sherlock Holmes , Miss Marple and even Blackadder were genuine historical figures '' . Mail Online . 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z ( Paperback ed . ) . New York : Checkmark Books . pp. 162 -- 163 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Jump up ^ Knowles , Christopher ( 2007 ) . Our Gods Wear Spandex : The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes . San Francisco : Weiser Books . p. 67 . ISBN 1 - 57863 - 406 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lycett , Andrew ( 2007 ) . The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes : The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Free Press . pp. 53 -- 54 , 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7523 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barring - Gould , William S . The Annotated Sherlock Holmes . Clarkson N. Potter , Inc. p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50291 - 7 . Jump up ^ Doyle , A. Conan ( 1961 ) . The Boys ' Sherlock Holmes , New & Enlarged Edition . Harper & Row . p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` Top Hat Terrace ( Leicester ) '' . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter D. O'Neill , foreword to Maximilien Heller '' . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Fue Sherlock Holmes un plagio ? '' . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maximilien Holmes . How Intertextuality Influences Translation , by Sandro Maria Perna , Università degli Studi di Padova 2013 / 14 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Klinger , Leslie ( 2005 ) . The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes . New York : W.W. Norton . p. xlii . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05916 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Arthur Conan ( 1893 ) . The Original illustrated ' Strand ' Sherlock Holmes ( 1989 ed . ) . Ware , England : Wordsworth . pp. 354 -- 355 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85326 - 896 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' Jump up ^ Conan Doyle , Arthur ( 1892 ) , `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 1577 - 2 1661 at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger '' Jump up ^ The Sign of the Four ; Chapter 1 The Science of Deduction ; p. 90 ; Copyright Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle ; Edition published in 1992 -- Barnes & Noble , Inc. `` . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventure of the Three Garridebs '' Jump up ^ Riggs , Ransom ( 2009 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Handbook . The methods and mysteries of the world 's greatest detective . Philadelphia : Quirk Books . pp. 115 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59474 - 429 - 7 . Jump up ^ Conan Doyle , Arthur ( 1903 ) . `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' , Strand Magazine . Jump up ^ Konnikova , Maria . `` How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes '' . Point of Inquiry . Center for Inquiry . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' and `` The Adventure of the Illustrious Client '' Jump up ^ In The Adventure of the Naval Treaty , Holmes remarks that , of his last fifty - three cases , the police have had all the credit in forty - nine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventure of the Reigate Squire '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Reigate Squire '' and `` The Adventure of the Illustrious Client '' are two examples . Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Second Stain '' Jump up ^ `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Golden Pince - Nez '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor '' Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles and `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' , `` The Adventure of the Naval Treaty '' , and after retirement , `` His Last Bow '' . Jump up ^ See , for example , Inspector Lestrade at the end of `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' . Jump up ^ Dalby , J.T. ( 1991 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes 's Cocaine Habit '' . Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine . 8 : 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ `` The Sign of Four '' Jump up ^ `` Wages and Cost of Living in the Victorian Era '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Liebow , Ely ( 1982 ) . Dr. Joe Bell : Model for Sherlock Holmes . Popular Press . p. 173 . ISBN 9780879721985 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes Quotes '' . The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quotes '' . The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Conan Doyle , Arthur ( 1986 ) . The Complete Sherlock Holmes , Volume 2 . Bantam Books . p. 480 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The Complete Illustrated Sherlock Holmes , Omega Books Ltd. , 1986 , ISBN 1 - 85007 - 055 - 5 , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes Adventures '' . Discovering Arthur Conan Doyle . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Klinger , Leslie ( 1999 ) . `` Lost in Lassus : The missing monograph '' . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Rennison , Nicholas ( 2007 ) . Sherlock Holmes : The Unauthorized Biography . New York : Grove Press . p. 70 . ISBN 9781555848736 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Bird ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Abductive Knowledge and Holmesian Inference '' . In Tamar Szabo Gendler and John Hawthorne . Oxford studies in epistemology . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928590 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Sebeok & Umiker - Sebeok 1984 , pp. 19 -- 28 , esp . p. 22 Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson ( 19 October 1994 ) . Encyclopedia Sherlockiana . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 79826 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Smith ( 1994 ) . Fact and feeling : Baconian science and the nineteenth - Century literary imagination . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 14354 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : A Study in Scarlet Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventure of the Yellow Face '' Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes Quotes '' . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Arthur Conan Doyle ( 1891 ) . A Scandal in Bohemia . Jump up ^ Doyle , Arthur Conan . The Complete Sherlock Holmes . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1930 . p 1038 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Arthur Conan . The Complete Sherlock Holmes . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1930 . p 987 . Jump up ^ `` The Guns of Sherlock Holmes '' . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ See `` The Red - Headed League '' and `` The Adventure of the Illustrious Client '' . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of Baritsu '' . The Bartitsu Society . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NI chemist honours Sherlock Holmes '' . BBC News . 16 October 2002 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Radford , John ( 1999 ) . The Intelligence of Sherlock Holmes and Other Three - pipe Problems . Sigma Forlag . ISBN 82 - 7916 - 004 - 3 . Jump up ^ Snyder LJ ( 2004 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes : Scientific detective '' . Endeavour. 28 ( 3 ) : 104 -- 108 . PMID 15350761 . doi : 10.1016 / j. endeavour. 2004.07. 007 . Jump up ^ Kempster PA ( 2006 ) . `` Looking for clues '' . Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 13 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 180 . PMID 16459091 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jocn. 2005.03. 021 . Jump up ^ Didierjean , A & Gobet , F ( 2008 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes -- An expert 's view of expertise '' . British Journal of Psychology . 99 ( Pt 1 ) : 109 -- 125 . PMID 17621416 . doi : 10.1348 / 000712607X224469 . ^ Jump up to : Mikkelson , Barbara and David ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Sherlock Holms ' Elementary , My Dear Watson ' '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Fred ( 30 October 2006 ) . The Yale Book of Quotations . Yale University Press . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0300107982 . Jump up ^ `` Elementary , My Dear Watson '' . Quote Investigator . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , Karl ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes Never Said `` Elementary , My Dear Watson '' `` . todayifoundout.com . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Sher , Aubrey ( 15 August 2013 ) . Those Great Old - Time Radio Years . Xlibris . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Liukkonen , Petri . `` Ronald Arbuthnott Knox '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Morley '' . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlockian.Net : Societies '' . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Montague , Sarah ( 13 January 2011 ) . `` A Study in Sherlock '' . WNYC : New York , New York Public Radio . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The world of Holmes and Watson '' . Sherlockian.Net . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baker Street Irregulars Weekend '' . Bsiweekend.com. 5 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LRK on : Sherlock Holmes : Laurie R. King : Mystery Writer '' . Laurie R. King . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Dorothy L. Sayers , `` Holmes 's College Career '' , for the Baker Street Studies , edited by H.W. Bell , 1934 . In the foreword to Unpopular Opinions , in which her essay appeared , Sayers says that the `` game of applying the methods of the Higher Criticism to the Sherlock Holmes canon ... has become a hobby among a select set of jesters here and in America '' . Jump up ^ Lisa Sanders ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` Hidden Clues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Sherlock Holmes museums in Switzerland ? Elementary ! '' . Swissinfo . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Portsmouth City Museum '' . Portsmouth Museums and Records . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Brian ( 1934 ) . Railway Engines of the World . Oxford University Press . p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` Action & Mystery exhibition inspired by GREAT British icons '' . Gov.uk. 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mews News . Lurot Brand . Published Summer 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanson , Ian . 27 October 2011 . `` The House of Silk by Anthony Horowitz -- Review '' The Guardian . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes returns in new Anthony Horowitz book , Moriarty '' . Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Haft , Adele J. ; White , Jane G. ; White , Robert J ( 1999 ) . The Key to the `` Name of the Rose '' . The University of Michigan Press . Jump up ^ Tuska , Jon ( 1978 ) . The Detective in Hollywood . New York : Doubleday . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 12093 - 7 . Jump up ^ Podolyan , Olga ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` In the new ' Sherlock Holmes ' everything is new '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Allen Eyles ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan ; McCarthy , Helen ( 2006 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( 2nd edition ( Revised & Expanded Edition ) ed . ) . Stone Bridge Press . pp. 580 -- 581 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933330 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ List of Honorary Awards January - June 2006 , Foreign and Commonwealth Office - UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jump up ^ Wolfreys , Julian ( 1996 ) . Adventures of Sherlock Holmes . Ware , England : Wordworth Editions . p. ix . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 033 - 9 . Holmes was reinvented definitively by Jeremy Brett ... It is Brett 's Holmes ... which comes closest to Conan Doyle 's original intentions . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC - Cult Presents : Sherlock Holmes - Bert Coules Interview '' . Jump up ^ `` Bert Coules : writer , director , speaker '' . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bert Coules : Holmes writer and dramatiser for Radio 4 '' . BBC.co.uk . September 2005 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Prepolec . `` BBC Radio - Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes : Reviewed '' . Jump up ^ `` HFPA -- Nominations and Winners '' . Goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sherlock Holmes 3 ' : Producer Joel Silver Confirms Filming May Start This Fall ; Teases More Sequels '' . Collider. 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( 18 July 2010 ) . `` The Guardian . Sherlock Holmes is back ... sending texts and using nicotine patches '' . London . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Holmes '' . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` For the Heirs to Holmes , a Tangled Web '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Litwak , Mark ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Public Domain '' . Independent Filmmaker Project ( IFP ) . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Techdirt article '' . Techdirt article . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elementary My Dear Watson ... It 's Called the Public Domain ... Or is It ? '' . Techdirt.com. 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Holmes belongs to the world '' . Free Sherlock ! . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jonathan ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes belongs to the public , U.S. court rules '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes belongs to us all : Supreme Court declines to hear case '' . LA Times . 3 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Further reading Accardo , Pasquale J. ( 1987 ) . Diagnosis and Detection : Medical Iconography of Sherlock Holmes . Madison , NJ : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50291 - 7 . Baring - Gould , William ( 1967 ) . The Annotated Sherlock Holmes . New York : Clarkson N. Potter . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50291 - 7 . Baring - Gould , William ( 1962 ) . Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street : The Life of the World 's First Consulting Detective . New York : Clarkson N. Potter . OCLC 63103488 . Blakeney , T.S. ( 1994 ) . Sherlock Holmes : Fact or Fiction ? . London : Prentice Hall & IBD . ISBN 1 - 883402 - 10 - 7 . Bradley , Alan ( 2004 ) . Ms Holmes of Baker Street : The Truth About Sherlock . Alberta : University of Alberta Press . ISBN 0 - 88864 - 415 - 9 . Campbell , Mark ( 2007 ) . Sherlock Holmes . London : Pocket Essentials . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12823 - 7 . Dakin , David ( 1972 ) . A Sherlock Holmes Commentary . Newton Abbot : David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5493 - 0 . Duncan , Alistair ( 2008 ) . Eliminate the Impossible : An Examination of the World of Sherlock Holmes on Page and Screen . London : MX Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904312 - 31 - 4 . Duncan , Alistair ( 2009 ) . Close to Holmes : A Look at the Connections Between Historical London , Sherlock Holmes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . London : MX Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904312 - 50 - 5 . Duncan , Alistair ( 2010 ) . The Norwood Author : Arthur Conan Doyle and the Norwood Years ( 1891 -- 1894 ) . London : MX Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904312 - 69 - 7 . Fenoli Marc , Qui a tué Sherlock Holmes ? ( Who shot Sherlock Holmes ? ) , Review L'Alpe 45 , Glénat - Musée Dauphinois , Grenoble - France , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7234 - 6902 - 9 Green , Richard Lancelyn ( 1987 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Letters . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 161 - 3 . Hall , Trevor ( 1969 ) . Sherlock Holmes : Ten Literary Studies . London : Duckworth . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 0469 - 4 . Hall , Trevor ( 1977 ) . Sherlock Holmes and his creator . New York : St Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 71719 - 9 . Hammer , David ( 1995 ) . The Before - Breakfast Pipe of Mr. Sherlock Holmes . London : Wessex Pr . ISBN 0 - 938501 - 21 - 6 . Harrison , Michael ( 1973 ) . The World of Sherlock Holmes . London : Frederick Muller Ltd . Jones , Kelvin ( 1987 ) . Sherlock Holmes and the Kent Railways . Sittingborne , Kent : Meresborough Books . ISBN 0 - 948193 - 25 - 5 . Keating , H.R.F. ( 2006 ) . Sherlock Holmes : The Man and His World . Edison , NJ : Castle . ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2112 - 0 . Kestner , Joseph ( 1997 ) . Sherlock 's Men : Masculinity , Conan Doyle and Cultural History . Farnham : Ashgate . ISBN 1 - 85928 - 394 - 2 . King , Joseph A. ( 1996 ) . Sherlock Holmes : From Victorian Sleuth to Modern Hero . Lanham , US : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3180 - 5 . Klinger , Leslie ( 2005 ) . The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05916 - 2 . Klinger , Leslie ( 1998 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Reference Library . Indianapolis : Gasogene Books . ISBN 0 - 938501 - 26 - 7 . Knowles , Christopher ( 2007 ) . Our Gods Wear Spandex : The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes . San Francisco : Weiser Books . ISBN 1 - 57863 - 406 - 7 . Lester , Paul ( 1992 ) . Sherlock Holmes in the Midlands . Studley , Warwickshire : Brewin Books . ISBN 0 - 947731 - 85 - 7 . Lieboe , Eli . Doctor Joe Bell : Model for Sherlock Holmes . Bowling Green , Ohio : Bowling Green University Popular Press , 1982 ; Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87972 - 198 - 5 Mitchelson , Austin ( 1994 ) . The Baker Street Irregular : Unauthorised Biography of Sherlock Holmes . Romford : Ian Henry Publications Ltd . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 4325 - 3 . Payne , David S. ( 1992 ) . Myth and Modern Man in Sherlock Holmes : Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and the Uses of Nostalgia . Bloomington , Ind : Gaslight 's Publications . ISBN 0 - 934468 - 29 - X . Redmond , Christopher ( 1987 ) . In Bed with Sherlock Holmes : Sexual Elements in Conan Doyle 's Stories . London : Players Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 4325 - 3 . Redmond , Donald ( 1983 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Study in Sources . Quebec : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 0391 - 9 . Rennison , Nick ( 2007 ) . Sherlock Holmes . The Unauthorized Biography . London : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4325 - 9 . Richards , Anthony John ( 1998 ) . Holmes , Chemistry and the Royal Institution : A Survey of the Scientific Works of Sherlock Holmes and His Relationship with the Royal Institution of Great Britain . London : Irregulars Special Press . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7156 - 1 . Riley , Dick ( 2005 ) . The Bedside Companion to Sherlock Holmes . New York : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7156 - 1 . Riley , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Highways and Byways of Sherlock Holmes . London : P. &D . Riley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874712 - 78 - 7 . Roy , Pinaki ( Department of English , Malda College ) ( 2008 ) . The Manichean Investigators : A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories . New Delhi : Sarup and Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 849 - 4 . Sebeok , Thomas ; Umiker - Sebeok , Jean ( 1984 ) . `` ' You Know My Method ' : A Juxtaposition of Charles S. Peirce and Sherlock Holmes '' . In Eco , Umberto ; Sebeok , Thomas . The Sign of Three : Dupin , Holmes , Peirce . Bloomington , IN : History Workshop , Indiana University Press . pp. 11 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35235 - 4 . OCLC 9412985 . Previously published as chapter 2 , pp. 17 -- 52 of Sebeok , Thomas ( 1981 ) . The Play of Musement . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 39994 - 6 . LCCN 80008846 . OCLC 7275523 . Shaw , John B. ( 1995 ) . Encyclopedia of Sherlock Holmes : A Complete Guide to the World of the Great Detective . London : Pavilion Books . ISBN 1 - 85793 - 502 - 0 . Smith , Daniel ( 2009 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Companion : An Elementary Guide . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 458 - 7 . Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z ( Paperback ed . ) . New York : Checkmark Books . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Starrett , Vincent ( 1993 ) . The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes . London : Prentice Hall & IBD . ISBN 978 - 1 - 883402 - 05 - 1 . Tracy , Jack ( 1988 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Encyclopedia : Universal Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes . London : Crescent Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 65444 - X . Tracy , Jack ( 1996 ) . Subcutaneously , My Dear Watson : Sherlock Holmes and the Cocaine Habit . Bloomington , Ind. : Gaslight Publications . ISBN 0 - 934468 - 25 - 7 . Wagner , E.J. ( 2007 ) . La Scienza di Sherlock Holmes . Torino : Bollati Boringheri . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12823 - 7 . Weller , Philip ( 1993 ) . The Life and Times of Sherlock Holmes . Simsbury : Bracken Books . ISBN 1 - 85891 - 106 - 0 . Wexler , Bruce ( 2008 ) . The Mysterious World of Sherlock Holmes . London : Running Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 3252 - 3 . External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Sherlock Holmes Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sherlock Holmes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sherlock Holmes . Library resources about Sherlock Holmes Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` For the Heirs to Holmes , a Tangled Web '' - New York Times article ( 18 January 2010 ) `` The Burden of Holmes '' - Wall Street Journal article The Sherlock Holmes Society of London ( founded 1951 ) Discovering Sherlock Holmes at Stanford University Chess and Sherlock Holmes essay by Edward Winter , Sir Arthur Conan Doyle audio books by Lit2Go from the University of South Florida . Sherlock Holmes plaques on openplaques.org The Sherlock Holmes Collections at the University of Minnesota ( special collections and rare books ) Sherlock Holmes related articles Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes Canon Adaptations Popular culture Novels A Study in Scarlet ( 1887 ) The Sign of the Four ( 1890 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1902 ) The Valley of Fear ( 1915 ) Story collections The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1892 ) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( 1894 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1905 ) His Last Bow ( 1917 ) The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( 1927 ) Characters Sherlock Holmes Dr. Watson Professor Moriarty Sebastian Moran Irene Adler Inspector Lestrade Mycroft Holmes Baker Street Irregulars Uncollected stories `` The Lost Special '' `` How Watson Learned the Trick '' Lists List of cases List of investigators Universe 221B Baker Street Baritsu Diogenes Club The Dynamics of an Asteroid A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem Related Sherlock fandom Sherlockian game Sherlockiana Sherlock Holmes Museum The Sherlock Holmes Holmesian studies The Strand Magazine Naked Is the Best Disguise Undershaw Portal Literature adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Young Sherlock Holmes by Andy Lane Death Cloud ( 2010 ) Red Leech ( 2010 ) Black Ice ( 2011 ) Fire Storm ( 2011 ) The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes by Adrian Conan Doyle and John Dickson Carr `` The Adventure of the Seven Clocks '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Gold Hunter '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Highgate Miracle '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Black Baronet '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Sealed Room '' ( 1954 `` The Adventure of Foulkes Rath '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Abbas Ruby '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Dark Angels '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Two Women '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Deptford Horror '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Red Widow '' ( 1954 ) by Nicholas Meyer The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1974 ) The West End Horror ( 1976 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) Mary Russell series by Laurie R. King The Beekeeper 's Apprentice A Monstrous Regiment of Women A Letter of Mary The Moor O Jerusalem Justice Hall The Game Locked Rooms The Language of Bees The God of the Hive Pirate King Garment of Shadows Dreaming Spies by David Stuart Davies Sherlock Holmes and the Hentzau Affair ( 1991 ) The Tangled Skein ( 1995 ) The Scroll of the Dead ( 1998 ) Shadow of the Rat ( 1999 ) The Veiled Detective ( 2004 ) The Devil 's Promise ( 2014 ) The Ripper Legacy ( 2016 ) by Barrie Roberts Sherlock Holmes and the Man from Hell ( 1997 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Railway Maniac ( 2002 ) by Anthony Horowitz The House of Silk ( 2011 ) Moriarty ( 2014 ) Other works Pursuit of the House - Boat ( 1897 ) A Double Barrelled Detective Story ( 1902 ) The Ultimate Crime ( 1976 ) The Last Sherlock Holmes Story ( 1978 ) `` The Doctor 's Case '' ( 1987 ) The Whitechapel Horrors ( 1993 ) All - Consuming Fire ( 1994 ) The Strange Case of Mrs. Hudson 's Cat ( 1997 ) The Mandala of Sherlock Holmes ( 1999 ) Shadows Over Baker Street ( 2003 ) `` A Study in Emerald '' ( 2003 ) Sherlock Holmes : The Way of All Flesh ( 2004 ) The Final Solution ( 2004 ) A Slight Trick of the Mind ( 2005 ) The Italian Secretary ( 2005 ) Erasing Sherlock ( 2006 ) Sherlock Holmes : The Unauthorized Biography ( 2006 ) Sherlock Holmes Was Wrong ( 2007 ) The Boy Sherlock Holmes ( 2007 -- 12 ) Gaslight series ( 2008 ) Dust and Shadow ( 2009 ) The Devil and Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Sherlock Holmes : The Breath of God ( 2011 ) Dead Man 's Land ( 2013 ) The Albino 's Treasure ( 2015 ) Parody The Enola Holmes Mysteries Everybody 's Favorite Duck The Adventure of the Peerless Peer The Fossil Island Lizzie Newton : Victorian Mysteries Sherlock Bones Solar Pons Stoker and Holmes Thuppariyum Sambu Related Sherlock Holmes : Consulting Detective The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Silent films Sherlock Holmes Baffled ( 1900 ) Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ; or , Held for Ransom ( 1905 ) Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery ( 1908 ) Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes ( 1910 ) Der Hund von Baskerville ( 1914 ) Detektiv Braun ( 1914 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 British film ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 US film ) The Valley of Fear ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1922 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1929 ) Stoll series The Dying Detective ( 1921 ) The Devil 's Foot ( 1921 ) The Man with the Twisted Lip ( 1921 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1921 ) The Sign of Four ( 1923 ) Wontner series The Sleeping Cardinal ( 1931 ) The Missing Rembrandt ( 1932 , lost ) The Sign of Four ( 1932 ) The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes ( 1935 ) Silver Blaze ( 1937 ) Rathbone - Bruce series The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1939 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ) Voice of Terror ( 1942 ) Secret Weapon ( 1942 ) Sherlock Holmes in Washington ( 1943 ) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death ( 1943 ) The Spider Woman ( 1944 ) The Scarlet Claw ( 1944 ) The Pearl of Death ( 1944 ) The House of Fear ( 1945 ) The Woman in Green ( 1945 ) Pursuit to Algiers ( 1945 ) Terror by Night ( 1946 ) Dressed to Kill ( 1946 ) Maslennikov series Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1979 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1980 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1981 ) The Treasures of Agra ( 1983 ) The Twentieth Century Approaches ( 1986 ) By actor Clive Brook The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1929 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1932 ) Peter Cushing The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) The Masks of Death ( 1984 ) Christopher Lee The Deadly Necklace ( 1962 ) The Leading Lady ( 1991 ) Incident at Victoria Falls ( 1991 ) Robert Downey Jr . Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) Television films Christopher Plummer Silver Blaze ( 1977 ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Ian Richardson The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1983 ) Murder Rooms ( 2000 ) Matt Frewer The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2000 ) The Sign of Four ( 2001 ) The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire ( 2002 ) The Royal Scandal ( 2003 ) Ian Hart ( as Watson ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2002 ) The Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) Other films The Speckled Band ( 1931 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1932 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1933 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1937 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1972 ) Sherlock Holmes in New York ( 1976 ) The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1976 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1982 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse ( 1983 ) The Case of Marcel Duchamp ( 1984 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1987 ) Hands of a Murderer ( 1990 ) The Crucifer of Blood ( 1991 ) 1994 Baker Street : Sherlock Holmes Returns ( 1993 ) The Hound of London ( 1993 ) Sherlock : Case of Evil ( 2002 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars ( 2007 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Comedies , pastiches , and parodies The Mystery of the Leaping Fish ( 1916 ) The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather 's Porridge ? ( 1930 ) Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese ( 1932 ) The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes ( 1937 ) The Case of the Screaming Bishop ( 1944 ) Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother ( 1975 ) The Return of the World 's Greatest Detective ( 1976 ) Sherlock Pink ( 1976 ) The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1978 ) The Private Eyes ( 1980 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Without a Clue ( 1988 ) The Adventures of Shirley Holmes ( 1997 ) Zero Effect ( 1998 ) A Samba for Sherlock ( 2001 ) Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler ( 2006 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo ( 2008 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes ( 2009 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Holmes and Watson ( 2018 ) Television series Sherlock Holmes ( 1951 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1954 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1965 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1967 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1968 ) Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson ( 1979 -- 80 ) Young Sherlock : The Mystery of the Manor House ( 1982 ) The Baker Street Boys ( 1983 ) Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 94 ) episodes Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Murder Rooms : The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes ( 2000 ) Sherlock ( 2010 -- present ) Sherlock Yack ( 2011 -- present ) Elementary ( 2012 -- present ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2013 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2014 ) Video game adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Individual games Sherlock Robin of Sherlock Sherlock Holmes : Hakushaku Reijō Yūkai Jiken Young Sherlock : The Legacy of Doyle 221B Baker Street Sherlock : The Riddle of the Crown Jewels Meitantei Holmes : M - Kara no Chousenjou Consulting Detective series Consulting Detective Consulting Detective Vol. II Consulting Detective Vol . III Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series The Mystery of the Mummy The Case of the Silver Earring The Awakened Sherlock Holmes Versus Arsène Lupin Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper The Testament of Sherlock Holmes Crimes & Punishments The Devil 's Daughter Casual games Frogwares The Mystery of Osborne House The Hound of the Baskervilles Other games The Lost Files of Sherlock Holmes series Dai Gyakuten Saiban : Naruhodō Ryūnosuke no Bōken Sherlock Holmes franchise media Authors Stage Sherlock Holmes ( 1899 play ) The Burglar and the Lady ( 1905 play ) Baker Street ( 1965 musical ) Sherlock Holmes : The Musical ( 1988 ) Radio The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 -- 47 ) BBC Radio ( 1989 -- 98 ) The Newly Discovered Casebook of Sherlock Holmes ( 1999 ) The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 2002 -- 10 ) Music `` The Tiger of San Pedro '' The Tale of the Giant Rat of Sumatra ( 1974 parody album ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 soundtrack ) Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 soundtrack ) Art Statue in London Comics Baker Street Victorian Undead Other works 221B Baker Street ( board game ) Arthur Conan Doyle Bibliography Sherlock Holmes A Study in Scarlet ( 1887 ) The Sign of the Four ( 1890 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1892 ) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( 1894 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1902 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1904 ) The Valley of Fear ( 1914 ) His Last Bow ( 1917 ) The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( 1927 ) Professor Challenger The Lost World ( 1912 ) The Poison Belt ( 1913 ) The Land of Mist ( 1926 ) `` When the World Screamed '' ( 1928 ) `` The Disintegration Machine '' ( 1929 ) Other novels The Mystery of Cloomber ( 1889 ) Micah Clarke ( 1889 ) The Firm of Girdlestone ( 1890 ) The White Company ( 1891 ) The Doings of Raffles Haw ( 1892 ) Beyond the City ( 1892 ) The Refugees ( 1893 ) The Parasite ( 1894 ) The Stark Munro Letters ( 1895 ) The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard ( 1896 ) Rodney Stone ( 1896 ) The Tragedy of the Korosko ( 1898 ) A Duet , with an Occasional Chorus ( 1899 ) Adventures of Gerard ( 1903 ) Sir Nigel ( 1906 ) The Maracot Deep ( 1929 ) Short stories `` J. Habakuk Jephson 's Statement '' ( 1884 ) `` Lot No. 249 '' ( 1892 ) `` The Club - Footed Grocer '' ( 1898 ) `` The Brown Hand '' ( 1899 ) `` The Terror of Blue John Gap '' ( 1910 ) `` The Horror of the Heights '' ( 1913 ) Danger ! and Other Stories ( 1918 ) Other `` The Inner Room '' ( 1898 ) The Vital Message ( 1919 ) Related Charles Altamont Doyle James Doyle Richard Doyle John Doyle The Great Wyrley Outrages Undershaw ( home ) VIAF : 173636607 LCCN : no2013039964 ISNI : 0000 0004 1895 3969 GND : 118816322 SELIBR : 382774 SUDOC : 027515362 BNF : cb119538882 ( data ) NLA : 59899753 NKC : jo2016908848 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlock_Holmes&oldid=800640879 '' Categories : Sherlock Holmes Edwardian era Crime film characters Thriller film characters Fictional characters introduced in 1887 Fictional chemists Fictional cocaine users Fictional criminologists Fictional English people Fictional gentleman detectives Martial artists characters in literature Fictional private investigators Fictional smokers Fictional violinists Sherlock Holmes characters Victorian culture Revived fictional characters Hidden categories : Articles with Project Gutenberg links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 20 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first sherlock holmes book published	[ "First appearing in print in 1887 (in A Study in Scarlet), the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine, beginning with \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" in 1891; additional tales appeared from then until 1927, eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras, between about 1880 and 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer Dr. Watson, who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London, where many of the stories begin." ]	[ "1887" ]
8865495147042640009	List of countries by military expenditures	List of countries by Military expenditures - wikipedia List of countries by Military expenditures Jump to : navigation , search Countries by military expenditures ( % of their GDP ) in 2014 , based on data from the World Bank Countries by military expenditures ( absolute ) in 2014 , based on data from the World Bank This article is a list of countries by military expenditure in a given year . Military expenditure figures are presented in United States dollars based on either constant or current exchange rates . These results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of each country 's currency . Such fluctuations may change a country 's ranking from one year to the next . The first list is based on the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) 2017 Fact Sheet , which includes a list on the world 's top 15 military spenders in 2016 , based on current market exchange rates . The second list is based on the 2016 edition of `` The Military Balance '' published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies ( IISS ) using average market exchange rates . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Notes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links List ( edit ) List by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2017 Fact Sheet ( for 2016 ) SIPRI Military Expenditure Database List by the International Institute for Strategic Studies Top 15 Defence Budgets 2015 Rank Country Spending ( $ Bn . ) % of GDP World total 1,686 01 United States 611.2 3.3 02 China 215.7 1.9 03 Russia 69.2 5.3 04 Saudi Arabia 63.7 10 05 India 55.9 2.5 06 France 55.7 2.3 07 United Kingdom 48.3 1.9 08 Japan 46.1 1.0 09 Germany 41.1 1.2 10 South Korea 36.8 2.7 11 Italy 27.9 1.5 12 Australia 24.3 2.0 13 Brazil 22.8 1.3 14 United Arab Emirates 22.8 5.7 15 Israel 17.8 5.8 16 Canada 15.5 1.0 17 Spain 14.9 1.2 18 Turkey 14.9 2.0 19 Iran 12.3 3.0 20 Algeria 10.6 6.7 21 Singapore 9.9 3.4 22 Republic of China 9.9 1.9 23 Pakistan 9.9 3.4 24 Colombia 9.9 3.4 25 Poland 9.7 2.0 26 Netherlands 9.2 1.2 27 Oman 9.0 16.7 28 Indonesia 7.7 0.9 29 Mexico 6.8 0.6 30 Kuwait 6.3 6.5 Rank Country Spending ( $ Bn . ) 01 United States 597.5 02 China 145.8 03 Saudi Arabia 81.9 04 Russia 65.6 05 United Kingdom 56.2 06 India 48.0 07 France 46.8 08 Japan 41.0 09 Germany 36.7 10 South Korea 33.5 11 Brazil 24.3 12 Australia 22.8 13 Italy 21.6 14 Iraq 21.1 15 Israel 18.6 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : SIPRI estimate . Jump up ^ The figures for Saudi Arabia include expenditure for public order and safety and might be slightly overestimated . Jump up ^ Data from 2014 . See also ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Global annual military spending tops $1.2 trillion Arms industry Military budget List of countries by past military expenditure List of countries by military expenditure per capita List of countries by Global Militarization Index Military budget of the United States Military budget of the People 's Republic of China Military budget of the Russian Federation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Trends in World Military Expenditure , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies ( 11 February 2015 ) . The Military Balance 2015 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857437667 . Jump up ^ `` Data for all countries from 1988 -- 2016 in constant ( 2015 ) USD ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . SIPRI . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 15 Defence Budgets 2015 '' . International Institute for Strategic Studies . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) SIPRI military expenditure database ( sipri.org ) ( hide ) Lists of countries by military rankings Strength Military and paramilitary personnel Military equipment Aircraft carriers Nuclear weapons Finance Arms exports Arms imports Military budget ( per capita ) Militarization index Peacekeeping Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index UN peacekeepers List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures&oldid=802541598 '' Categories : Military comparisons lists of countries Government finances Military economics Military budgets Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 20 : 38 . About Wikipedia	who spends the most money on their military	[ "\n\n\n\nRank\nCountry\nSpending\n($ Bn.)\n % of GDP\n\n\n\nWorld total\n1,686\n2.2\n\n\n01\n United States\n611.2\n3.3\n\n\n02\n China[a]\n215.7\n1.9\n\n\n03\n Russia\n69.2\n5.3\n\n\n04\n Saudi Arabia[a][b]\n63.7\n10\n\n\n05\n India\n55.9\n2.5\n\n\n06\n France\n55.7\n2.3\n\n\n07\n United Kingdom\n48.3\n1.9\n\n\n08\n Japan\n46.1\n1.0\n\n\n09\n Germany\n41.1\n1.2\n\n\n10\n South Korea\n36.8\n2.7\n\n\n11\n Italy\n27.9\n1.5\n\n\n12\n Australia\n24.3\n2.0\n\n\n13\n Brazil\n22.8\n1.3\n\n\n14\n United Arab Emirates[c]\n22.8\n5.7\n\n\n15\n Israel\n17.8\n5.8\n\n\n16\n Canada\n15.5\n1.0\n\n\n17\n Spain\n14.9\n1.2\n\n\n18\n Turkey\n14.9\n2.0\n\n\n19\n Iran\n12.3\n3.0\n\n\n20\n Algeria\n10.6\n6.7\n\n\n21\n Singapore\n9.9\n3.4\n\n\n22\n Republic of China\n9.9\n1.9\n\n\n23\n Pakistan\n9.9\n3.4\n\n\n24\n Colombia\n9.9\n3.4\n\n\n25\n Poland\n9.7\n2.0\n\n\n26\n Netherlands\n9.2\n1.2\n\n\n27\n Oman\n9.0\n16.7\n\n\n28\n Indonesia\n7.7\n0.9\n\n\n29\n Mexico\n6.8\n0.6\n\n\n30\n Kuwait\n6.3\n6.5\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRank\nCountry\nSpending\n($ Bn.)\n\n\n01\n United States\n597.5\n\n\n02\n China\n145.8\n\n\n03\n Saudi Arabia\n81.9\n\n\n04\n Russia\n65.6\n\n\n05\n United Kingdom\n56.2\n\n\n06\n India\n48.0\n\n\n07\n France\n46.8\n\n\n08\n Japan\n41.0\n\n\n09\n Germany\n36.7\n\n\n10\n South Korea\n33.5\n\n\n11\n Brazil\n24.3\n\n\n12\n Australia\n22.8\n\n\n13\n Italy\n21.6\n\n\n14\n Iraq\n21.1\n\n\n15\n Israel\n18.6\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "United States" ]
-1106032181081813811	Easton, Maryland	Easton , Maryland - wikipedia Easton , Maryland Jump to : navigation , search Easton , Maryland Town Easton Easton Show map of Maryland Show map of the US Show all Location within the state of Maryland Coordinates : 38 ° 46 ′ 18 '' N 76 ° 4 ′ 14 '' W / 38.77167 ° N 76.07056 ° W / 38.77167 ; - 76.07056 Coordinates : 38 ° 46 ′ 18 '' N 76 ° 4 ′ 14 '' W / 38.77167 ° N 76.07056 ° W / 38.77167 ; - 76.07056 Country United States State Maryland Region Eastern Shore of Maryland County Talbot Incorporated 1790 Area Total 10.67 sq mi ( 27.64 km ) Land 10.56 sq mi ( 27.35 km ) Water 0.11 sq mi ( 0.28 km ) Elevation 23 ft ( 7 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 15,945 Estimate ( 2016 ) 16,550 Density 1,500 / sq mi ( 580 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP Codes 21601 , 21606 Area code 410 FIPS code 24 - 24475 GNIS feature ID 0584235 Website www.town-eastonmd.com Easton , Maryland is an incorporated town and the county seat of Talbot County , Maryland , United States . The population was 15,945 at the 2010 census , with an estimated population in 2015 of 16,617 . The primary ZIP Code is 21601 , and the secondary is 21606 . The primary phone exchange is 822 , the auxiliary exchanges are 820 , 763 , and 770 , and the area code is 410 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Neighborhoods 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Transportation 5.2 Utilities 5.3 Health care 6 Sports 7 Notable people 8 Notable landmarks 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Market House in the town square of Easton during the mid-nineteenth century . Courthouse in Downtown Easton Easton is so named because of its location east of Saint Michaels . Jesse Hughes , a footwear manufacturer and dealer , did business in Easton between 1861 - 1879 . His business records , which are held by the University of Maryland Libraries , provide insight into 19th century town life . In 1916 , the town erected a statue in honor of Confederate soldiers from Talbot County . In 2011 , local officials added a statue of Frederick Douglass , the noted abolitionist , who once worked at nearby Wye House . The town was home to four franchises of the Eastern Shore Baseball League -- the Farmers , Browns , Cubs , and Yankees . The Third Haven Meeting House , the oldest Quaker meeting house and one of the oldest places of worship in Maryland , is in Easton . ArtHouse Live , a resident theatre company , is also based in Easton . In 2008 , a lost painting of a Paris street scene by Édouard Cortès was discovered amongst donated items at a Goodwill Industries store in Easton . After an alert store manager noticed that it was a signed original , the painting was auctioned for $40,600 at Sotheby 's . The town of Easton seems to have received its official beginning from an Act of the Assembly of the Province of Maryland dated November 4 , 1710 . The act was entitled , `` An Act for the Building of a Court House for Talbot County , at Armstrong 's Old Field near Pitt 's Bridge '' . Pitt 's Bridge crossed a stream forming the headwaters of the Tred Avon or Third Haven River . It was located at a point where North Washington Street crosses this stream , now enclosed in culverts , north of the Talbottown Shopping Center , and passes under the Electric Plant property . Prior to this date , the court had met at York , a small settlement north of Dover Bridge . The court decided that this location was not convenient to all sections of the county and , in order to change the location , the above act of the Assembly was passed . As a result of this act , two acres of land were purchased from Philemon Armstrong , at a cost of 5,000 pounds of tobacco . Upon this tract , the same plot upon which the present Talbot County Court House now stands , the court house , a brick building 20 x 30 feet , was erected at a cost of 115,000 pounds of tobacco . The courts of the county were held in this building from 1712 until 1794 . A tavern to accommodate those who attended court was one of the first buildings erected ; stores and dwellings followed . The village was then known as `` Talbot Court House '' . These were not the first buildings in the area . The frame meeting house of the Society of Friends was built between 1682 and 1684 . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 10.67 square miles ( 27.64 km ) , of which 10.56 square miles ( 27.35 km ) is land and 0.11 square miles ( 0.28 km ) is water . Climate ( edit ) The climate in this area is characterized by hot , humid summers and generally mild to cool winters . According to the Köppen climate classification system , Easton has a humid subtropical climate . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 1,413 -- 1860 1,358 − 3.9 % 1870 2,110 55.4 % 1880 3,005 42.4 % 1890 2,939 − 2.2 % 1900 3,074 4.6 % 1910 3,083 0.3 % 1920 3,443 11.7 % 1930 2,092 − 39.2 % 1940 4,528 116.4 % 1950 4,836 6.8 % 1960 6,337 31.0 % 1970 6,809 7.4 % 1980 7,536 10.7 % 9,372 24.4 % 2000 11,708 24.9 % 15,945 36.2 % Est. 2016 16,550 3.8 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2013 , there were 16,687 people , 6,711 households , and 4,079 families residing in the town . The population density was 1,509.9 inhabitants per square mile ( 583.0 / km ) . There were 7,405 housing units at an average density of 701.2 per square mile ( 270.7 / km ) . The racial make - up of the town was 73.1 % White , 17.2 % African American , 0.2 % Native American , 2.1 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 5.1 % from other races , and 2.3 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race constituted 9.8 % of the population . There were 6,711 households , of which 29.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 42.8 % were married couples living together , 13.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.2 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 39.2 % were non-families. 33.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 16.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.92 . The median age in the town was 41.2 years . Of residents 22.3 % were under the age of 18 ; 7.6 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 24.8 % were from 25 to 44 ; 24.1 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 21.2 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender make - up of the town was 46.4 % male and 53.6 % female . The median income for a household in the town was $53,209 . Males had a median income of $31,103 versus $25,411 for females . The per capita income for the town was $31,061 . About 27.0 % of families and 31.8 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 15.0 % of those under age 18 and 12.3 % of those age 65 or over . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Chapel East Crofton Mulberry Station Bretridge St. Aubins Heights Stoney Ridge ( Corbin Parkway ) Matthewstown Run The Hill ( America 's oldest free Black community c. 1790 ) Golton Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) U.S. Route 50 runs north - south through the eastern part of the town along Ocean Gateway , heading northwest toward the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and southeast toward Cambridge , Salisbury , and Ocean City . Maryland Route 322 bypasses Easton to the west along the Easton Parkway . Washington Street serves as the main street of Easton , running north - south , with the southernmost section connecting to MD 322 a part of Maryland Route 565 . Maryland Route 33 heads west from Washington Street on Bay Street , leading to St. Michaels and Tilghman Island . Maryland Route 333 heads southwest from Washington Street on Peachblossom Road , heading west to Oxford . Maryland Route 334 runs along Port Street between MD 322 and Washington Street . Goldsborough Street heads east from downtown Easton and becomes Maryland Route 328 upon crossing US 50 , heading northeast to Denton . Dover Street heads east from downtown Easton and becomes Maryland Route 331 upon crossing US 50 , heading southeast to Preston and Vienna . Maryland Route 309 begins at US 50 north of Easton and heads northeast toward Queen Anne . Maryland Route 662 heads north from Easton , paralleling US 50 . Easton Airport , a general aviation airport , is located to the north of Easton . The nearest airports to Easton with commercial air service are the Salisbury -- Ocean City -- Wicomico Regional Airport near Salisbury and the Baltimore -- Washington International Airport near Baltimore . Delmarva Community Transit provides bus service to Easton , operating multiple routes to towns in Talbot , Queen Anne 's , Kent , Caroline , and Dorchester counties along with a shuttle to Chesapeake College and the local Route C and Route D buses serving points in Easton . Utilities ( edit ) Easton Utilities , which is owned by the town of Easton , provides electricity , natural gas , water , wastewater service , cable , internet , and telephone service to the town . The utility commission was founded in 1914 and had control of all utility services in 1923 , making Easton the first community in the state to own all its utility services . Easton Utilities provides electricity to over 10,000 customers , with most electricity purchased and some also generated by the town during times of high prices . The town owns 18 diesel - powered electric generators with a total capacity of 69 megawatts at two sites , one at a plant built in 1923 located in the center of town on Washington Street and the other located near the Easton Airport . Easton Utilities provides natural gas to over 4,500 customers , with natural gas purchased from the Eastern Shore Natural Gas Company . The town 's natural gas supply is piped from the Gulf of Mexico via an interstate pipeline to Federalsburg , where 100 miles ( 160 km ) of steel and plastic mains then deliver it to customers in Easton . The town , which has owned the natural gas utility since 1923 , formerly delivered gas to customers by burning coal at a plant on West Street , but converted to natural gas in 1966 . Easton Utilities is the only municipal natural gas utility in Maryland . Easton Utilities provides water to 6,800 customers , with 84 miles ( 135 km ) of water mains and over 550 fire hydrants . The town gets its water from six wells that draw from underground aquifers , with the water then treated and stored . Easton Utilities provides wasterwater service to about 6,800 customers , operating more than 90 miles ( 140 km ) of wastewater mains , six pumping stations , and a wastewater treatment plant . Easton Utilities ' cable service , branded as Easton Velocity , is one of a few municipal cable systems in the United States . The cable system in Easton was first built in 1984 and upgraded to a hybrid fiber / coax design in 2001 . Internet service through Easton Utilities is provided under the Easton Velocity brand , utilizing a fiber - optic network . Easton Utilities ' telephone service operates under the Easton Velocity DigitalVoice brand . The town 's Public Works department provides trash and recycling collection to Easton , with trash collection utilizing automated tipper cans . Health care ( edit ) University of Maryland Shore Regional Health operates the University of Maryland Shore Medical Center at Easton in Easton , a hospital with 112 beds , 20 acute care inpatient beds , and an emergency room . Sports ( edit ) Easton is home to the Easton Ice Hawks . They play in the CBHL ( Chesapeake Beltway Hockey League ) . Easton Ice Hawk home games are played at the Talbot County Community Center in Easton . Notable people ( edit ) Leslie Holdridge Famed 20th Century Climatologist David Adkins , actor and playwright Harold Baines , baseball player Birch Bayh , United States senator from Indiana ( 1963 -- 1981 ) J. Harry Covington , U.S. Representative for Maryland 's 1st congressional district Frederick Douglass , author and abolitionist Jeannie Haddaway , member of the Maryland House of Delegates Harry Hughes , Maryland governor ( 1979 -- 1987 ) Chris Moore ( film producer ) , producer for films including American Pie ( film ) and Good Will Hunting William O. Mills , U.S. Representative for Maryland 's 1st congressional district Maggie Rogers , singer , songwriter and producer William Pierce Rogers ( 1913 -- 2001 ) , Cabinet officer in the administrations of presidents Eisenhower and Nixon James W. Rouse , real - estate developer , civic activist , and free enterprise - based philanthropist Philip F. Thomas , Maryland governor ( 1848 -- 1851 ) , United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Buchanan ( 1860 -- 1861 ) Oswald Tilghman , Confederate Army officer Tench Tilghman , aide - de-camp for George Washington Notable landmarks ( edit ) Avalon Theatre Trinity Cathedral All Saints ' Church , The Anchorage , Doncaster Town Site , Easton Historic District , Hope House , Llandaff House , Myrtle Grove , Old Bloomfield , St. John 's Chapel of St. Michael 's Parish , Tidewater Inn , Troth 's Fortune , Wye House , and Wye Town Farm House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Third Haven Friends Meeting , built in 1684 and still in use References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Easton '' . Maryland Manual . State of Maryland . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Easton town , Maryland '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gannett , Henry ( 1905 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . Govt . Print . Off . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Jesse Hughes papers , 1861 - 1879 . 0.25 linear feet . University of Maryland Libraries , State of Maryland and Historical Collections Jump up ^ Joseph Rocco Mitchell , David L. Stebenne . New City Upon a Hill , A History of Columbia of Maryland . p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Home of the Brave '' ( 48 ) . Smithsonian. 2017 : 67 . Jump up ^ `` Easton Team Scores Big ! '' ( II ) . Goodwill Connection. 2008 : 8 . Jump up ^ http://eastonmd.gov/Charter%20and%20Code/THE%20CHARTER%20HISTORY%20OF%20EASTON.pdf Jump up ^ Climate Summary for Easton , Maryland Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maryland State Highway Administration ( 2013 ) . Maryland : Official Highway Map ( Map ) ( 2013 -- 14 ed . ) . Baltimore : Maryland State Highway Administration . Jump up ^ FAA Airport Master Record for ESN ( Form 5010 PDF ) , effective 2008 - 04 - 10 Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Maryland Upper Shore Transit . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Easton Utilities . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Electric '' . Easton Utilities . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rein , Lisa ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Small Town Finds Its Little Utility Quite Empowering '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Gas '' . Easton Utilities . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Water & Wastewater '' . Easton Utilities . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cable '' . Easton Utilities . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet '' . Easton Utilities . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phone '' . Easton Utilities . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Automated Tipper Cans '' . The Town of Easton , Maryland . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling '' . The Town of Easton , Maryland . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Facilities '' . University of Maryland Shore Regional Health . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rousuck , J. Wynn ( 29 September 1999 ) . `` Adkins discovers his home onstage '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ From a report by Amanda Barker ( 1 ) as to the true location of Douglass ' birthplace , and the difficulty of finding it . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . External links ( edit ) Town of Easton official website Freedom and Justice Defended - Delmarva Heritage Series Local information on Easton , Maryland Wye Mills Denton Saint Michaels Easton Preston Oxford Cambridge State of Maryland Annapolis ( capital ) Topics Index Cities Government History Media Newspapers Radio TV People Congressional delegations Congressional maps Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic coastal plain Baltimore -- Washington metro area Blue Ridge Chesapeake Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Piedmont Ridge and Valley Southern Maryland Western Maryland Western Shore Cities Aberdeen Annapolis Baltimore Bowie Brunswick Cambridge College Park Cumberland Frederick Gaithersburg Greenbelt Hagerstown Havre de Grace Laurel Rockville Salisbury Takoma Park Westminster Towns Bel Air Denton Easton Elkton Ocean City Port Deposit CDPs Arbutus Arnold Aspen Hill Baltimore Highlands Bethesda Camp Springs Carney Catonsville Chillum Clinton Cockeysville - Hunt Valley Colesville Columbia Crofton Dundalk Edgewood Eldersburg Elkridge Ellicott City Essex Fairland Ferndale Fort Washington Germantown Glen Burnie Green Haven Hillcrest Heights Landover Langley Park Lanham Lansdowne Lochearn Lutherville Middle River Milford Mill Montgomery Village Odenton Olney Owings Mills Oxon Hill Parkville Perry Hall Pikesville Potomac Randallstown Redland Reisterstown Rosedale St. Charles Severn Severna Park Silver Spring South Gate Suitland Timonium Towson Urbana Waldorf Wheaton - Glenmont White Oak Woodlawn Counties Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince George 's Queen Anne 's St. Mary 's Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester Municipalities and communities of Talbot County , Maryland , United States County seat : Easton Towns Easton Oxford Queen Anne ‡ Saint Michaels Trappe CDPs Cordova Tilghman Island Other communities Bellevue Bozman Claiborne Copperville Doncaster Lewistown Lloyd Landing Matthews McDaniel Neavitt Newcomb Royal Oak Sherwood Tunis Mills Unionville Wittman Wye Mills Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties County seats of Maryland Cities Annapolis Cambridge Cumberland Frederick Hagerstown Rockville Salisbury Westminster Independent municipality City of Baltimore Towns Bel Air Centreville Chestertown Denton Easton Elkton La Plata Leonardtown Oakland Princess Anne Snow Hill Upper Marlboro CDPs Ellicott City Prince Frederick Towson VIAF : 143057264 LCCN : n79115424 GND : 4243026 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easton,_Maryland&oldid=803446702 '' Categories : Easton , Maryland 1710 establishments in Maryland County seats in Maryland Micropolitan areas of Maryland Populated places established in 1710 Towns in Talbot County , Maryland Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français Қазақша Кыргызча Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 16 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how far is easton md from salisbury md	[]	[]
-5078703986937267583	Rani Gaidinliu	Rani Gaidinliu - Wikipedia Rani Gaidinliu Jump to : navigation , search Rani Gaidinliu A painting of Gaidinliu ( 1915 - 01 - 26 ) 26 January 1915 Nungkao , Manipur , British India 17 February 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 17 ) ( aged 78 ) Longkao , Manipur , India Nationality Indian Other names Gaidiliu Occupation Spiritual and political leader of the Zeliangrong Nagas Known for Armed resistance against the British Raj Gaidinliu ( 1915 -- 1993 ) was a Naga spiritual and political leader who led a revolt against British rule in India . At the age of 13 , she joined the Heraka religious movement of her cousin Haipou Jadonang . The movement later turned into a political movement seeking to drive out the British from Manipur and the surrounding Naga areas . Within the Heraka faith , she came to be considered an incarnation of the Goddess Cherachamdinliu . Gaidinliu was arrested in 1932 at the age of 16 , and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the British rulers . Jawaharlal Nehru met her at Shillong Jail in 1937 , and promised to pursue her release . Nehru gave her the title of `` Rani '' ( `` Queen '' ) , and she gained local popularity as Rani Gaidinliu . She was released in 1947 after India 's independence , and continued to work for the upliftment of her people . An advocate of the ancestral Naga religious practices , she staunchly resisted the conversion of Nagas to Christianity . She was honoured as a freedom fighter and was awarded a Padma Bhushan by the Government of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 As Haipou Jadonang 's disciple 3 Rebellion and incarceration 4 Life in independent India 5 Death 6 Legacy 7 References Early life ( edit ) Gaidinliu was born on 26 January 1915 at Nungkao ( or Longkao ) village in the present - day Tousem sub-division of Tamenglong District , Manipur . She was from the Rongmei tribe ( also known as Kabui ) . She was the fifth of eight children , including six sisters and a younger brother , born to Lothonang Pamei and Kachaklenliu . The family belonged to the ruling clan of the village . She did not have a formal education due to the lack of schools in the area . As Haipou Jadonang 's disciple ( edit ) In 1927 , when she was just 13 , Gaidinliu joined the Heraka movement of her cousin Haipou Jadonang , who had emerged as a prominent local leader . Jadonang 's movement was a revival of the Naga tribal religion . It also aimed to end the British rule and establish the self - rule of the Nagas ( Naga Raj ) . It attracted a number of followers from the Zeliangrong tribes ( the Zeme , Liangmai and Rongmei ) . With the arrival of guns from Cachar , it turned into an armed rebellion against the British policies of forced labour and ruthless oppression . Persuaded by Jadonang 's ideology and principles , Gaidinliu became his disciple and a part of his movement against the British . In three years , by the age of 16 , she became a leader of guerrilla forces fighting against the British rulers . Rebellion and incarceration ( edit ) After Jadonang was arrested and hanged by the British in 1931 , Gaidinliu emerged as his spiritual and political heir . She openly rebelled against the British rule , exhorting the Zeliangrong people not to pay taxes . She received donations from the local Nagas , many of whom also joined her as volunteers . The British authorities launched a manhunt for her . She evaded arrest by the police , moving across villages in what are now Assam , Nagaland and Manipur . The Governor of Assam dispatched the 3rd and 4th battalions of the Assam Rifles against her , under the supervision of the Naga Hills Deputy Commissioner JP Mills . Monetary rewards were declared for information leading to her arrest : this included a declaration that any village providing information on her whereabouts will get a 10 - year tax break . Her forces engaged the Assam Rifles in armed conflicts in the North Cachar Hills ( 16 February 1932 ) and the Hangrum village ( 18 March 1932 ) . In October 1932 , Gaidinliu moved to the Pulomi village , where her followers started building a wooden fortress . While the fortress was under construction , an Assam Rifles contingent headed by Captain MacDonald launched a surprise attack on the village on 17 October 1932 . Gaidinliu , along with her followers , was arrested without any resistance near the Kenoma village . Gaidinliu denied that she had any role in the attack on the Hangrum post of the Assam Rifles or the construction of the fort . In December 1932 , her followers from the Leng and the Bopungwemi villages murdered the Kuki chowkidar ( watchman ) of the Lakema Inspection Bungalow in the Naga Hills , suspecting him to be the informer who led to her arrest . Gaidinliu was taken to Imphal , where she was convicted on the charges of murder and abetment of murder after a 10 - month trial . She was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Political Agent 's Court for abetment of murder . Most of her associates were either executed or jailed . From 1933 to 1947 she served time at the Guwahati , Shillong , Aizawl and Tura jails . Many rebels proclaimed her and Jadonang to be their inspiration in refusing to pay taxes to the British . However , her movement declined after the last of her followers , Dikeo and Ramjo , were arrested in 1933 . Jawaharlal Nehru met her at the Shillong Jail in 1937 and he promised to pursue her release . His statement , published in the Hindustan Times , described Gaidinliu as a daughter of the hills and he gave her the title ' Rani ' or Queen of her people . Nehru wrote to the British MP Lady Astor to do something for the release of Rani Gaidinliu but the Secretary of State for India rejected her request stating that trouble may rise again if Rani was released . Life in independent India ( edit ) After the Interim Government of India was set up in 1946 , Rani Gaidinliu was released on Prime Minister Nehru 's orders from Tura jail , having spent 14 years in various prisons . She continued to work for the upliftment of her people after her release . She stayed at Vimrap village of Tuensang with her younger brother Marang till 1952 . In 1952 , she was finally allowed to move back to her native village of Longkao . In 1953 , Prime Minister Nehru visited Imphal where Rani Gaidinliu met and conveyed to him the gratitude and goodwill of her people . Later she met Nehru in Delhi to discuss the development and welfare of Zeliangrong people . Gaidinliu was opposed to the Naga National Council ( NNC ) insurgents , who advocated secessionism from India . Instead , she campaigned for a separate Zeliangrong territory within the Union of India . The rebel Naga leaders criticized Gaidinliu 's movement for the integration of Zeliangrong tribes under one administrative unit . They were also opposed to her working for the revival of the traditional Naga religion of animism or Heraka . The NNC leaders considered her actions an obstacle to their own movement . The Baptist leaders deemed the Heraka revival movement anti-Christian and she was warned of serious consequences if she were not to change her stand . In order to defend the Heraka culture and to strengthen her position , she went underground in 1960 . She organized a private army of about a thousand men equipped rifles to defend and press for her demand for a single Zeliangrong district . In response to Phizo 's declaration of the `` Naga Federal Government '' , she set up her own quasi-administration named the `` Zeliangrong Government of Rani Party '' . In 1964 , the overground Zeliangrong leaders in consultation with underground leaders led by Rani Gaidinliu , demanded `` a separate Zeliangrong Administrative Unit or Political Unit '' within the Union of India . On 29 January 1965 , her followers kidnapped and killed nine Naga rebels from the Ngulong village of the Kohima district , causing great uproar . In 1966 , after six years of hard underground life in old age , under an agreement with the Government of India , Rani Gaidinliu came out from her jungle hideout to work for the betterment of her people through peaceful , democratic and non-violent means . She went to Kohima on 20 January 1966 , and met the Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in Delhi on 21 February 1966 , demanding the creation of a separate Zeliangrong administrative unit . On 24 September 320 of her followers surrendered at Henima . Some of them were absorbed into the Nagaland Armed Police . During her stay at Kohima , she was conferred `` Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award '' in 1972 , the Padma Bhushan ( 1982 ) and the Vivekananda Seva Award ( 1983 ) . Death ( edit ) In 1991 , Gaidinliu returned to her birthplace Longkao , where she died on 17 February 1993 at the age of 78 . The Governor of Manipur , Chintamani Panigrahi , the Home Secretary of Nagaland , officials from Manipur and many people from all parts of the North Eastern region attended her funeral at her native village . In Imphal , the Chief Minister of Manipur R.K. Dorendro Singh , Deputy Chief Minister , Rishang Keishing and others paid floral tributes and a general holiday was declared by the State Government . Rani Gaidinliu was also conferred the Birsa Munda Award posthumously . The Government of India issued a postal stamp in her honour in 1996. The Government of India issued a commemorative coin in her honour in 2015 . Legacy ( edit ) Because of the Heraka movement 's hostility towards Christianity , Gaidinliu 's heroics were not acknowledged highly among the Nagas , most of whom had converted to Christianity by the 1960s . The Naga nationalist groups do n't recognize her either , because she was considered close to the Government of India . When the Hindu nationalist Sangh Parivar aligned with the Heraka movement in the 1970s , the perception that she was a promoter of Hinduism grew stronger among the Christian Nagas . In 2015 , when the Central government and T.R. Zeliang 's state government decided to construct a Gaidinliu memorial hall , several civil society organizations in the Nagaland state opposed the move . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kusumlata Nayyar ( 2002 ) . Rani Gaidinliu . Ocean Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 88322 - 09 - 1 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Arkotong Longkumer ( 4 May 2010 ) . Reform , Identity and Narratives of Belonging : The Heraka Movement in Northeast India . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 162 -- 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 3970 - 3 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Rani Gaidinliu - the true freedom fighter , India-north-east.com Jump up ^ 97th birth anniversary of Rani Gaidinliu observed . Assam Tribune , 30 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Rani Of The Nagas by Pritam Sengupta . Outlook , 22 August 2005 . Jump up ^ S.S. Shashi ( 1996 ) . Encyclopaedia Indica : India , Pakistan , Bangladesh . Anmol Publications . p. 1270 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7041 - 859 - 7 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ History Of the Frontier Areas Bordering On Assam 1883 - 1941 by Sir Robert Reid , page 86 . Jump up ^ Amit Kumar Nag ( 1976 ) . Rani Gaidinliu : A Study of the Jadonang Movement of the Nagas . Tribal Mirror Publications . p. 18 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rani Gaidinliu . Eastern Panorama . Jump up ^ Remembering Rani Gaidinliu and her legacy Jump up ^ Rulers & Royalty on Stamps Jump up ^ Commemorative Coin Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Rani Gaidinliu : A Naga queen and BJP 's spin machine '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ Prasanta Mazumdar ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Nagaland Outfit Joins Chorus Against Rani Memorial '' . Indian Express . ( hide ) Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 1980 -- 1989 ) 1980 Sunil Gavaskar 1981 Vainu Bappu Prafulla Desai A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Gopinath Mohanty Amritlal Nagar Mrinal Sen Avabai Bomanji Wadia 1982 Jasbir Singh Bajaj Sundaram Balachander Gottipati Brahmaiah Rani Gaidinliu Khadim Hussain Khan Stella Kramrisch Jal Minocher Mehta Grace Morley Syed Zahoor Qasim Kamal Ranadive P.N. Pattabhirama Sastri Jhabarmal Sharma Ajit Ram Verma Richard Attenborough Doraiswamy Iyengar V.G. Jog K. Sankaran Nair Prem Nazir Swraj Paul , Baron Paul Rajkumar K.G. Ramanathan Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala Subodh Chandra Sengupta Adi M. Sethna Arun Kumar Sharma Benudhar Sharma Bhalindra Singh Umrao Singh 1984 Horace Alexander Michael Ferreira Sivaji Ganesan Jnan Prakash Ghosh Kotha Satchidananda Murthy Hosur Narasimhaiah Sripada Pinakapani Ishwari Prasad B.C. Sanyal Marie Seton Archana Sharma Obaid Siddiqi Natwar Singh Ganda Singh Vijay Tendulkar Baldev Upadhyaya 1985 Durga Das Basu Shiba P. Chatterjee Virender Lal Chopra Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon Santidev Ghosh Bhimsen Joshi Sadat Abul Masud Kalanidhi Narayanan Bernard Peters Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Gopala Ramanujam S. Ramaseshan Amarjit Singh Tribhuvandas Luhar Gurbachan Singh Talib Bhalchandra Udgaonkar Srinivasan Varadarajan 1986 Pushpa Mittra Bhargava Ela Bhatt Manohar Lal Chibber Aminuddin Dagar V. Krishnamurthy Jean Riboud Sidney Dillon Ripley Rajeev Sethi Martand Singh Badri Nath Tandon Gulshan Lal Tandon R.K. Trivedi Balamani Amma Kishori Amonkar Nikhil Banerjee Roddam Narasimha R.D. Pradhan Annada Shankar Ray Julio Ribeiro Man Mohan Sharma Farokh Udwadia Mohammad Yunus 19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche Ram Prakash Bambah Kartar Singh Duggal Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Abid Hussain Shreyans Prasad Jain Kelucharan Mohapatra Bal Ram Nanda Akkineni Nageswara Rao Pratury Trirumala Rao Renuka Ray B.V. Sreekantan Satya Pal Wahi Fenner Brockway , Baron Brockway Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Girija Devi Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar Girilal Jain Anna Rajam Malhotra M.V. Mathur Ashesh Prosad Mitra Russi Mody Suresh Shankar Nadkarni Narinder Singh Randhawa Yoshio Sakurauchi Lakshman Singh Prakash Narain Tandon # Posthumous conferral 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 VIAF : 3414689 LCCN : n81044316 ISNI : 0000 0003 7420 026X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rani_Gaidinliu&oldid=794699085 '' Categories : 1915 births 1993 deaths Naga people Animists Indian independence activists from Manipur Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Prisoners and detainees of British India People from Tamenglong district 20th - century Indian educators 20th - century Indian women Women from Manipur Women Indian independence activists Indian women social workers Hidden categories : Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া हिन्दी മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 15 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who raised the banner of revolt against the british government in manipur	[ "Gaidinliu (1915–1993) was a Naga spiritual and political leader who led a revolt against British rule in India.[1] At the age of 13, she joined the Heraka religious movement of her cousin Haipou Jadonang. The movement later turned into a political movement seeking to drive out the British from Manipur and the surrounding Naga areas. Within the Heraka faith, she came to be considered an incarnation of the Goddess Cherachamdinliu.[2] Gaidinliu was arrested in 1932 at the age of 16, and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the British rulers. Jawaharlal Nehru met her at Shillong Jail in 1937, and promised to pursue her release. Nehru gave her the title of \"Rani\" (\"Queen\"), and she gained local popularity as Rani Gaidinliu." ]	[ "Gaidinliu" ]
8998849009191648554	Game of Thrones (season 7)	Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Promotion 3.7 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Ratings 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 5.3 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's Greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Ned Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Promotion ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 percent approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , and a 93 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home media ( edit ) The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from by piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=804373108 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 15 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the finale of got season 7	[ "The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss." ]	[ "August 27, 2017" ]
7506651671211183782	Counting coup	Counting coup - wikipedia Counting coup This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( February 2012 ) Ledger drawing of a mounted Cheyenne warrior counting coup with lance on a dismounted Crow warrior , 1880s . Counting coup was the winning of prestige against an enemy by the Plains Indians of North America . Warriors won prestige by acts of bravery in the face of the enemy , which could be recorded in various ways and retold as stories . Any blow struck against the enemy counted as a coup , but the most prestigious acts included touching an enemy warrior with the hand , bow , or coup stick and escaping unharmed . Touching the first enemy to die in battle or touching the enemy 's defensive works also counted as coup . Counting coup could also involve stealing an enemy 's weapons or horses tied up to his lodge in camp . Risk of injury or death was required to count coup . Escaping unharmed while counting coup was considered a higher honor than being wounded in the attempt . A warrior who won coup was permitted to wear an eagle feather in his hair . If he had been wounded in the attempt , however , he was required to paint the feather red to indicate this . After a battle or exploit , the people of a tribe would gather together to recount their acts of bravery and `` count coup . '' Coups were recorded by putting notches in a coup stick . Indians of the Pacific Northwest would tie an eagle feather to their coup stick for each coup counted , but many tribes did not do so . Among the Blackfoot tribe of the upper Missouri River Valley , coup could be recorded by the placement of `` coup bars '' on the sleeves and shoulders of special shirts that bore paintings of the warrior 's exploits in battle . Many shirts of this sort have survived to the present , including some in European museums . Joe Medicine Crow ( 1913 - 2016 ) is credited with achieving the feat while serving with the US Army during World War II , as on one occasion he overpowered and disarmed a German soldier , and later stole horses from an SS unit . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Plenty Coups and Linderman , Plenty - Coups , Chief of the Crows , 2002 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Counting Coup . Counting What ? Jump up ^ http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.war.013 Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians Jump up ^ Brownstone , Arni . `` The Musée de l'Homme's Foureau Robe and Its Moment in the History of Blackfoot Painting '' . Plains Anthropologist 46.177 ( 2001 ) : 249 - 267 : 255 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Medicine Crow '' . PBS . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients '' . White House . July 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Plenty Coups and Linderman , Frank Bird . Plenty - Coups , Chief of the Crows . Lincoln , Neb. : University of Nebraska Press , 2002 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counting_coup&oldid=820260781 '' Categories : Indigenous culture of the Great Plains Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Frysk Nederlands Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 23 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	which of the following would count for more coup	[]	[]
6246461033331346219	(I've Had) The Time of My Life	( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life - wikipedia ( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life Jump to : navigation , search `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Single by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes from the album Dirty Dancing B - side `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia Released September 1987 Format 7 '' single 12 '' maxi cassette CD single Recorded Genre Soft rock , adult contemporary , pop Length 4 : 47 ( LP and single version ) 6 : 46 ( extended version ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) John DeNicola Donald Markowitz Franke Previte Producer ( s ) Michael Lloyd Music video `` ( I 've Had ) The Time Of My Life '' on YouTube Alternative cover 7 '' - U.S. `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte , John DeNicola , and Donald Markowitz . It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing . The song has won a number of awards , including an Academy Award for `` Best Original Song '' , a Golden Globe Award for `` Best Original Song '' , and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 5 Awards 6 Cover versions and samples 7 Formats and track listings 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 See also 10 References History ( edit ) Singer - songwriter Previte was the lead singer of the band Franke and the Knockouts . He had success with the song `` Sweetheart '' in 1981 , but by 1986 was without a recording contract . In late 1986 or early 1987 , producer and head of Millennium Records , Jimmy Ienner , asked Previte about writing some music for `` a little movie called Dirty Dancing '' . Previte initially turned the request down because he was still trying to get a record deal , but Ienner was persistent , and got Previte to write several songs for the film , including `` Hungry Eyes '' , later recorded by singer Eric Carmen , which also became a top 10 hit . Previte wrote the lyrics , and the music was written by John DeNicola and Don Markowitz . After getting further approval , Previte created a demo of the song , performing on it himself , along with singer Rachele Cappelli . The demo showcased how the harmonies were to be used , employing a `` cold open '' , or a slow build - up of the song to its finale . This demo was n't used in the final cut of the film − the more polished version with Warnes and Medley was . However , because the Warnes / Medley track was not ready by the time the finale was filmed ( it was shot first , due to the tight budget ) , Previte and Capelli 's much lighter and more youthful version was used as a backing track , so that the actors , Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey , and the dancers , could have something to dance to ( Swayze had later remarked it was his favorite version , even including all the subsequent remakes ) . The demo version finally appeared on the 1998 CD reissue of Previte 's 1981 album Franke and the Knockouts , but is only listed as `` Bonus Track '' . The song was initially intended for Donna Summer and Joe Esposito , but they turned it down . Bill Medley was approached by Jimmy Ienner repeatedly over two months to do the recording , but he also turned it down because his daughter McKenna was due to be born , and he had promised his wife he would be there . After the birth of his daughter , Medley was approached again , because Jennifer Warnes had indicated she would record the song if she could do the duet with Medley . Medley then agreed to record the track . With the release of the film it became a worldwide hit , and is one of the most frequently played songs on radio . A song by Lionel Richie was initially planned to be used as the finale of Dirty Dancing , but choreographer Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison ( who also played Vivian in the film ) selected `` The Time of My Life '' instead . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced for this song in October 1987 . The video features several couples dancing like in the movie , and it also featured clips from it . Personnel ( edit ) Bill Medley - vocals Jennifer Warnes - vocals Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1987 for one week and also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary for four weeks . In the United Kingdom the song had two chart outings : in November 1987 , after the film 's initial release , the song peaked at No. 6 ; in January 1991 , after the film was shown on mainstream television , the song reached No. 8 . Awards ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Original Song , 1987 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , 1988 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , 1988 ASCAP `` Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures '' and `` ASCAP Songwriter Of The Year '' for its writer . In 2004 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey placed it # 86 among the top tunes in American cinema . Cover versions and samples ( edit ) In 2003 , the top 11 contestants of the first season of Canadian Idol performed it as a group number during the season finale . The song was covered in 2004 by Carmen & Piero and their version features on Best of Mundart and Duets . Taylor Hicks and Katharine McPhee performed a version as their final duet during the fifth - season finale of American Idol in 2006 . The song was covered in 2006 by British glamour model Katie Price and her then - husband , pop singer Peter Andre . The track is included on their 2006 album of duets A Whole New World . In 2007 , the song was performed by British girl group Girls Aloud on their concert The Greatest Hits Tour ( Girls Aloud ) The 2007 compilation Over The Rainbow featured a cover of the song by Jermaine Jackson and R&B / dance music singer Jocelyn Brown . Barry Manilow covered the song on his 2008 album of cover songs , The Greatest Songs of the Eighties . The song appeared on the Fox series Glee in the second - season episode `` Special Education '' . It was sung by Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) & Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) as the opening ballad at Sectionals . It is also featured on the soundtrack Glee : The Music , Volume 4 and charted at # 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga covered this song on their 2009 album Love Duets . In 2009 , Namibian singer Nianell and South African singer Dozi included a version on their duet covers album It Takes Two . In 2010 , The Black Eyed Peas sampled the chorus in their song , `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' ( from the album The Beginning ) , with the line `` Yes , I swear it 's the truth '' changed to `` And I swear this is true '' . The song 's original recording is a regular staple at live shows of the Norwegian electro rock band , Datarock , and is frequently performed as a sing - along by band and audience . In 2011 , Kris Lawrence and Kyla record their version for the show Time of My Life as the show 's theme song . The song has also been used as a commercial jingle for Sandals Resorts . German jazz - metal band Panzerballett covered this song in their 2012 album Tank Goodness . This song was covered by the Strictly Come Dancing band and singers , led by David Arch , in 2012 , as the backing for gymnast Louis Smith and professional dancer Flavia Cacace 's salsa in week 3 and the first part of the final . In the Major Crimes episode `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , a suspect 's alibi was that he was doing the song karaoke . The Major Crimes squad watched his performance for a minute but quickly shut it off when the suspect started dancing . At the end of the episode , the credits were played over a scene of the man singing and dancing to the song with a partner rather than the regular black screen . In 2014 , the song was recorded by Kerry Ellis and Joe McElderry for Ellis ' self - titled album . In 2015 , on the 21th season of U.S reality / competition show Dancing with the Stars wildlife expert Bindi Irwin and her dance partner Derek Hough danced the rumba to it on week 6 and got the highest score of the night . In 2016 , Jodie Sweetin and Macy Gray covered the song in the third episode of Fuller House `` Funner House '' while Candace Cameron Bure and Andrea Barber danced to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' in the same episode . In 2016 , The Netherlands LuckyTV released a video that lip - synched the second Clinton - Trump presidential debate to the song so that it looked like Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton were singing a duet . The video later went viral on YouTube , with approximately 777,000 views in the first day . British rock band The Darkness play the song after their gigs are finished . In 2017 , during the credits of the Bob 's Burgers episode `` Thelma & Louise Except Thelma is Linda '' , Teddy ( Larry Murphy ) and Bob ( H. Jon Benjamin ) sing it . In 2018 , the song was featured in an ad for the NFL during Super Bowl LII , with Eli Manning and Odell Beckham Jr. recreating the dance scene from Dirty Dancing . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 52 ) 12 '' maxi and CD single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Cassette `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 5 Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 48 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 28 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia Gold 1988 35,000 Canada Gold January 12 , 1988 50,000 Netherlands Platinum 1988 60,000 U.S. Gold February 24 , 1989 500,000 See also ( edit ) The Time ( Dirty Bit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1988 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Dye ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Times In His Life : A Q&A With Franke Previte '' . American Songwriter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ Bill Medley ( April 24 , 2014 ) . The Time of My Life : A Righteous Brother 's Memoir . Da Capo Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0306823169 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 359 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` John DeNicola Bio '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Best of Mundart and Duets , track listings and charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved July 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga -- I 've had the time of my life Cover https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRABcfKRnLQ Jump up ^ `` Retrieved 7 January 2014 '' . Kalahari.com. 2011 - 09 - 20 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Ellis by Kerry Ellis on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Spata , Christopher ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton Sing ' Time of My Life ' During the Presidential Debate '' . Complex . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ernst , Douglas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump , Hillary Clinton ' ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life ' debate video goes viral '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 1990 issue ) , UK Singles Chart . Chartstats.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1988 Australian Singles Chart . aria.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1988 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1988 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End Of Year Singles 1988 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 1989 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canada certifications Archived 2009 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... cria.ca . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dutch certifications . nvpi.nl . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. certifications Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... riaa.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Bill Medley Albums Damn Near Righteous Singles `` Statue of a Fool '' `` Do n't Know Much '' `` I Still Do '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Portal : R&B and Soul Music Jennifer Warnes Studio albums Jennifer Jennifer Warnes Shot Through the Heart Famous Blue Raincoat The Hunter The Well Singles `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Right Time of the Night '' `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` It Goes Like It Goes '' `` Up Where We Belong '' `` All the Right Moves '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Compilations Best of Jennifer Warnes Love Lifts Us Up : A Collection 1968 - 83 Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s `` Town Without Pity '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) `` Circus World '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) `` Forget Domani '' Lyrics by Norman Newell , Music by Riz Ortolani ( 1965 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' Lyrics by Charles Singleton , Eddie Snyder , Music by Bert Kaempfert ( 1966 ) `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , Music by Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Michel Legrand ( 1968 ) `` Jean '' Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Whistling Away the Dark '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Henry Mancini ( 1970 ) `` Life Is What You Make It '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1971 ) `` Ben '' Lyrics by Don Black , Music by Walter Scharf ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) `` I Feel Love '' Lyrics by Betty Box , Music by Euel Box ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen '' Lyrics by Paul Williams , Music by Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` The Rose '' Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Fame '' Lyrics by Dean Pitchford , Music by Michael Gore ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen , Burt Bacharach , Christopher Cross , & Carole Bayer Sager ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte - Marie ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Lyrics by Irene Cara , Keith Forsey , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Lyrics by Tom Whitlock , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Lyrics by Franke Previte , Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon / `` Two Hearts '' Lyrics by Phil Collins , Music by Lamont Dozier ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` Until ... '' Music and lyrics by Sting ( 2001 ) `` The Hands That Built America '' Music and lyrics by Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox , Howard Shore & Frances Walsh ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart ( 2004 ) `` A Love That Will Never Grow Old '' Lyrics by Bernie Taupin , Music by Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) `` The Song of the Heart '' Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson ( 2006 ) `` Guaranteed '' Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(I%27ve_Had)_The_Time_of_My_Life&oldid=830449916 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1992 singles Bill Medley songs Jennifer Warnes songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs from Dirty Dancing Vocal duets 1987 songs Songs written by Franke Previte Songs written by John DeNicola Hidden categories : CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 22 : 09 . 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5362437489745313585	Plagues of Egypt	Plagues of Egypt - wikipedia Plagues of Egypt Jump to : navigation , search Sarajevo Haggadah , from Barcelona , c. 1350 The Plagues of Egypt ( Hebrew : מכות מצרים , Makot Mitzrayim ) , also called the ten biblical plagues , were ten calamities that , according to the biblical Book of Exodus , God inflicted upon Egypt as a demonstration of power , after which the Pharaoh conceded Moses ' demands to let the enslaved Israelites go into the wilderness to make sacrifices . God repeatedly hardened the Pharoah 's heart to prevent him consenting until after the tenth plague . The Israelites ' eventual departure began the Exodus of the Hebrew people . The plagues served to contrast the power of the God of Israel with the Egyptian gods , invalidating them . Some commentators have associated several of the plagues with judgment on specific gods associated with the Nile , fertility and natural phenomena . According to Exodus 12 : 12 , all the gods of Egypt would be judged through the tenth and final plague : `` On that same night I will pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn of both people and animals , and I will bring judgment on all the gods of Egypt . I am the LORD . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 Biblical narrative 3 Plagues 3.1 1 . Water into blood ( דָם ) : Ex. 7 : 14 -- 24 3.2 2 . Frogs ( צְּפַרְדֵּעַ ) : Ex. 7 : 25 -- 8 : 15 3.3 3 . Lice ( כִּנִּים ) : Ex. 8 : 16 - 19 3.4 4 . Mixture of wild animals ( עָרוֹב ) : Ex. 8 : 20 - 32 3.5 5 . Diseased livestock ( דֶּבֶר ) : Ex. 9 : 1 -- 7 3.6 6 . Boils ( שְׁחִין ) : Ex. 9 : 8 -- 12 3.7 7 . Thunderstorm of hail and fire ( בָּרָד ) : Ex. 9 : 13 -- 35 3.8 8 . Locusts ( אַרְבֶּה ) : Ex. 10 : 1 -- 20 3.9 9 . Darkness for three days ( חוֹשֶך ) : Ex. 10 : 21 -- 29 3.10 10 . Death of firstborn ( מַכַּת בְּכוֹרוֹת ) : Ex. 11 : 1 -- 12 : 36 4 In the Quran 5 Scholarly interpretation 6 Historicity 6.1 Archaeology 6.2 Natural explanations 7 Artistic representation 7.1 Visual art 7.2 Music 7.3 Literature 7.4 Films 7.5 TV 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Context ( edit ) The reason for the plagues appears to be twofold : to answer Pharaoh 's taunt , `` Who ( is ) the LORD , that I should obey his voice to let Israel go ? '' , and to indelibly impress the Israelites with God 's power as an object lesson for all time , which was also meant to become known `` throughout the world '' . According to the Book of Exodus , God hardened Pharaoh 's heart so he would be strong enough to persist in his unwillingness to release the people , so that God could manifest his great power and cause his power to be declared among the nations , so that other people would discuss it for generations afterward . In this view , the plagues were punishment for the Egyptians ' long abuse of the Israelites , as well as proof that the gods of Egypt were false and powerless . If God triumphed over the gods of Egypt , a world power at that time , then the people of God would be strengthened in their faith , although they were a small people , and would not be tempted to follow the deities that God proved false . Exodus 9 : 15 -- 16 ( JPS Tanakh ) portrays Yahweh explaining why he did not accomplish the freedom of the Israelites immediately : `` I could have stretched forth My hand and stricken you ( Pharaoh ) and your people with pestilence , and you would have been effaced from the earth . Nevertheless I have spared you for this purpose : in order to show you My power and in order that My fame may resound throughout the world . '' Biblical narrative ( edit ) The plagues seemed to affect `` all the land of Egypt '' , but the children of Israel were unaffected . For the last plague , the Torah indicates that they were only spared from the final plague by sacrificing the Paschal lamb , marking their place directly above their doors with the lamb 's blood , and hastily eating the roasted sacrifice together with unleavened bread ( now known as Matzoh ) which they took from their ovens in haste , as they made ready for the Exodus . The Torah describes God as actually passing through Egypt to kill all firstborn children and cattle , but passing over ( hence `` Passover '' ) houses which have the sign of lambs ' blood on the doorpost . It is debated whether it was actually God who came through the streets or one of his angels . Some also think it may be the Holy Spirit . It is most commonly known as the `` Angel of Death '' . The night of this plague , Pharaoh finally relents and sends the Israelites away under their terms . After the Israelites leave en masse , a departure known as The Exodus , God introduces himself by name and makes an exclusive covenant with the Israelites on the basis of this miraculous deliverance . The Ten Commandments encapsulate the terms of this covenant . Joshua , the successor to Moses , reminds the people of their deliverance through the plagues . According to 1 Samuel , the Philistines also knew of the plagues and feared their author . Later , the psalmist sang of these events . The Torah also relates God 's instructions to Moses that the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt must be celebrated yearly on the holiday of Passover ( Pesaḥ פסח ) ; the rituals observed on Passover recall the events surrounding the exodus from Egypt . The Torah additionally cites God 's sparing of the Israelite firstborn as a rationale for the commandment of the redemption of the firstborn . This event is also commemorated by the Fast of the Firstborn on the day preceding Passover but which is traditionally not observed because a siyum celebration is held which obviates the need for a fast . It seems that the celebration of Passover waned from time to time , since other biblical books provide references to revival of the holiday . For example , it was reinstated by Joshua at Gilgal , by Josiah , by Hezekiah and , after the return from the captivity , by Ezra . By the time of the Second Temple it was firmly established in Israel . Plagues ( edit ) The First Plague : Water Is Changed into Blood , James Tissot The plagues as they appear in the 1984 New International Version of the Book of Exodus are : 1 . Water into blood ( דָם ) : Ex. 7 : 14 -- 24 ( edit ) This is what the LORD says : By this you will know that I am the LORD : With the staff that is in my hands I will strike the water of the Nile , and it will be changed into blood . The fish in the Nile will die , and the river will stink and the Egyptians will not be able to drink its water . -- Exodus 7 : 17 -- 18 2 . Frogs ( צְּפַרְדֵּעַ ) : Ex. 7 : 25 -- 8 : 15 ( edit ) The Second Plague : And Aaron stretched out his hand over the Waters of Egypt and the Frogs came up and covered the Sand of Egypt etching See also : Va'eira This is what the great LORD says : Let my people go , so that they may worship me . If you refuse to let them go , I will plague your whole country with frogs . The Nile will teem with frogs . They will come up into your palace and your bedroom and onto your bed , into the houses of your officials and on your people , and into your ovens and kneading troughs . The frogs will go up on you and your people and all your officials . -- Exodus 8 : 1 -- 4 3 . Lice ( כִּנִּים ) : Ex. 8 : 16 - 19 ( edit ) The Third Plague : Moses , horned ( a sign of his encounter with divinity ) , carries the rod , while Aaron , wearing the miter of a priest , stands behind him . The gnats arise en masse out of the dust from which they were made and attack Pharaoh , seated and crowned , and his retinue ( by William de Brailes , collection Walters Art Museum ) `` And the LORD said ( ... ) Stretch out thy rod , and smite the dust of the land , that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt . '' ( ... ) When Aaron stretched out his hand with the rod and struck the dust of the ground , lice came upon men and animals . All the dust throughout the land of Egypt became lice . -- Exodus 8 : 16 -- 17 The Hebrew noun כִּנִּים ( kinim ) could be translated as lice , gnats , or fleas . 4 . Mixture of wild animals ( עָרוֹב ) : Ex. 8 : 20 - 32 ( edit ) The Fourth Plague : The Plague of Flies by James Jacques Joseph Tissot at the Jewish Museum , New York The fourth plague of Egypt was of creatures capable of harming people and livestock . The Torah emphasizes that the ' arob ( עָרוֹב , meaning `` mixture '' or `` swarm '' ) only came against the Egyptians , and that it did not affect the Land of Goshen ( where the Israelites lived ) . Pharaoh asked Moses to remove this plague and promised to allow the Israelites ' freedom . However , after the plague was gone , the LORD `` hardened Pharaoh 's heart '' , and he refused to keep his promise . The word ' arob has caused a difference of opinion among traditional interpreters . The root meaning is ( ע. ר. ב ) , meaning a mixture - implying a diversity , array , or assortment of harmful animals . While Jewish interpreters understand the plague as `` wild animals '' ( most likely scorpions , venomous snakes , and other venomous arthropods and reptiles ) , Gesenius along with many Christian interpreters understand the plague as a swarm of flies . 5 . Diseased livestock ( דֶּבֶר ) : Ex. 9 : 1 -- 7 ( edit ) The Fifth Plague : Livestock Disease ( Ex. 9 : 2 - 3 ) , by Gustave Doré This is what the LORD , the God of the Hebrews , says : Let my people go , so that they may worship me . If you refuse to let them go and continue to hold them back , the hand of the LORD will bring a terrible plague on your livestock in the field -- on your horses and donkeys and camels and on your cattle and sheep and goats . -- Exodus 9 : 1 -- 3 6 . Boils ( שְׁחִין ) : Ex. 9 : 8 -- 12 ( edit ) The Sixth Plague : Miniature out of the Toggenburg Bible ( Switzerland ) of 1411 Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron , `` Take handfuls of soot from a furnace and have Moses toss it into the air in the presence of Pharaoh . It will become fine dust over the whole land of Egypt , and festering boils will break out on men and animals throughout the land . '' -- Exodus 9 : 8 -- 9 7 . Thunderstorm of hail and fire ( בָּרָד ) : Ex. 9 : 13 -- 35 ( edit ) The Seventh Plague : John Martin 's painting of the plague of hail ( 1823 ) . This is what the LORD , the God of the Hebrews , says : Let my people go , so that they may worship me , or this time I will send the full force of my plagues against you and against your officials and your people , so you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth . For by now I could have stretched out my hand and struck you and your people with a plague that would have wiped you off the earth . But I have raised you up for this very purpose , that I might show you my power and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth . You still set yourself against my people and will not let them go . Therefore , at this time tomorrow I will send the worst hailstorm that has ever fallen on Egypt , from the day it was founded till now . Give an order now to bring your livestock and everything you have in the field to a place of shelter , because the hail will fall on every man and animal that has not been brought in and is still out in the field , and they will die . ( ... ) The LORD sent thunder and hail , and lightning flashed down to the ground . So the LORD rained hail on the land of Egypt ; hail fell and lightning flashed back and forth . It was the worst storm in all the land of Egypt since it had become a nation . -- Exodus 9 : 13 -- 24 8 . Locusts ( אַרְבֶּה ) : Ex. 10 : 1 -- 20 ( edit ) The Eighth Plague : The Plague of Locusts , illustration from the 1890 Holman Bible This is what the LORD , the God of the Jews , says : ' How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me ? Let my people go , so that they may worship me . If you refuse to let them go , I will bring locusts into your country tomorrow . They will cover the face of the ground so that it can not be seen . They will devour what little you have left after the hail , including every tree that is growing in your fields . They will fill your houses and those of all your officials and all the Egyptians -- something neither your fathers nor your forefathers have ever seen from the day they settled in this land till now . -- Exodus 10 : 3 -- 6 9 . Darkness for three days ( חוֹשֶך ) : Ex. 10 : 21 -- 29 ( edit ) The Ninth Plague : Darkness by Gustave Doré Then the LORD said to Moses , `` Stretch out your hand toward the sky so that darkness will spread over Egypt -- darkness that can be felt . '' So Moses stretched out his hand toward the sky , and total darkness covered all Egypt for three days . No one could see anyone else or leave his place for three days . -- Exodus 10 : 21 -- 23 10 . Death of firstborn ( מַכַּת בְּכוֹרוֹת ) : Ex. 11 : 1 -- 12 : 36 ( edit ) Lamentations over the Death of the First - Born of Egypt by Charles Sprague Pearce ( 1877 ) , Smithsonian American Art Museum . This is what the LORD says : `` About midnight I will go throughout Egypt . Every firstborn son in Egypt will die , from the firstborn son of Pharaoh , who sits on the throne , to the firstborn of the slave girl , who is at her hand mill , and all the firstborn of the cattle as well . There will be loud wailing throughout Egypt -- worse than there has ever been or ever will be again . '' -- Exodus 11 : 4 -- 6 Before this final plague , God commanded Moses to inform all the Israelites to mark lamb 's blood above their doors on every door in which case the LORD will pass over them and not `` suffer the destroyer to come into your houses and smite you '' ( chapter 12 , v. 23 ) . After this , Pharaoh , furious , saddened , and afraid that he would be killed next , ordered the Israelites to leave , taking whatever they wanted , and asking Moses to bless him in the name of the Lord . The Israelites did not hesitate , believing that soon Pharaoh would once again change his mind , which he did ; and at the end of that night Moses led them out of Egypt with `` arms upraised '' . However , as the Israelites left Egypt , the Pharaoh changed his mind again and sent his army after Moses ' people . The Israelites were trapped by the Red Sea . God split the sea , and they were able to pass safely . As the Egyptian army descended on them , the sea closed before they could reach the Israelites . In the Quran ( edit ) In the view of Islam , the plagues were almost identical . It is mentioned in the Quran , specifically in Surah Al - A'raf verse 133 `` So We sent on them : the Tuwfan ( a calamity causing wholesale death , a flood or a typhoon - Ali , Note 1090 to S. VII. 133 ) , the locusts , the Qummal , the frogs , and the blood ( as a succession of ) manifest signs , yet they remained arrogant , and they were of those people who were criminals '' . The Quran further relates that the plagues included a mighty blast , showers of stones and earthquakes ( Ali , Notes 3462 - 3464 to S. XXIX. 40 ) . Scholarly interpretation ( edit ) The Book of Deuteronomy , in reviewing previous events , mentions the `` diseases of Egypt '' ( Deuteronomy 7 : 15 and 28 : 60 ) , but refers to something that afflicted the Israelites , not the Egyptians ; Deuteronomy 7 : 19 mentions the plagues of the book of Exodus . The Exodus plagues are divine judgments , a series of curses like those in Deuteronomy 28 : 15 -- 68 , verses which mention many of the same afflictions ; they are even closer to the curses in the Holiness code ( Leviticus 26 ) , since like the Holiness Code they leave room for repentance . The theme that divine punishment should lead to repentance is echoed : in the prophets ( Amos 4 : 6 -- 12 , Ezekiel 20 ) in the form of prophetic speech : `` Thus says Yahweh '' in the figure of the prophet as divine messenger echoed in the late prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel and in the Deuteronomistic history . The 6th century prophets refer to the theme of Pharaoh 's obstinacy -- Isaiah 6 : 9 -- 13 , Jeremiah 5 : 3 , and Ezekiel 3 : 7 -- 9 . Historicity ( edit ) While proponents of biblical archaeology argue that the plague stories are true , a large consensus of historians believe them to be allegorical or inspired by passed - down accounts of disconnected disasters . Some scientists claim the plagues can be attributed to a chain of natural phenomena triggered by changes in the climate and environmental disasters hundreds of miles away . The Ipuwer Papyrus , written probably in the late Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt ( c. 1991 - 1803 BCE ) has often put forward in popular literature as confirmation of the Biblical account , most notably because of its statement that `` the river is blood '' and its frequent references to servants running away , but these arguments ignore the many points on which Ipuwer contradicts Exodus , such as the fact that its Asiatics are arriving in Egypt rather than leaving , and the likelihood that the `` river is blood '' phrase may refer to the red sediment colouring the Nile during disastrous floods , or may simply be a poetic image of turmoil . Archaeology ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some archaeologists believe the plagues occurred at the ancient city of Pi - Rameses in the Nile Delta , which was the capital of Egypt during the reign of Ramesses II . There is some archaeological material which such archaeologists , for example William F. Albright , have considered to be historical evidence of the ten plagues ; for example , an ancient water trough found in El Arish bears hieroglyphic markings detailing a period of darkness . Albright and other Christian archaeologists have claimed that such evidence , as well as careful study of the areas ostensibly travelled by the Israelites after the Exodus , make discounting the biblical account untenable . Natural explanations ( edit ) Some historians have suggested that the plagues are passed - down accounts of several natural disasters , some disconnected , others playing part of a chain reaction . Natural explanations have been suggested for most of the phenomena : Plague 1 -- water turned into blood ; fish died Dr. Stephen Pflugmacher , a biologist at the Leibniz Institute for Water Ecology and Inland Fisheries in Berlin believes that rising temperatures could have turned the Nile into a slow - moving , muddy watercourse -- conditions favorable for the spread of toxic fresh water algae . As the alga Planktothrix rubescens dies , it turns the water red in a phenomenon known as `` Burgundy Blood '' . Alternatively , a bloody appearance could be due to an environmental change , such as a drought , which could have contributed to the spread of the Chromatiaceae bacteria which thrive in stagnant , oxygen - deprived water . Plague 2 -- frogs Any blight on the water that killed fish also would have caused frogs to leave the river and probably die . Plagues 3 and 4 -- biting insects and wild animals The lack of frogs in the river would have let insect populations , normally kept in check by the frogs , to increase massively . The rotting corpses of fish and frogs would have attracted significantly more insects to the areas near the Nile . Plagues 5 and 6 -- livestock disease and boils There are biting flies in the region which transmit livestock diseases ; a sudden increase in their number could spark epizootics . Plague 7 -- fiery hail Volcanic eruption , resulting in showers of rock and fire . Plague 8 -- locusts According to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization , when they get hungry , a one - ton horde of locusts can eat the same amount of food in one day as 2,500 humans can . Plague 9 -- darkness The immediate cause of this plague is theorized to be the `` hamsin '' , a south or southwest wind charged with sand and dust , which blows about the spring equinox and at times produces darkness rivaling that of the worst London fogs . Plague 10 -- death of the firstborn If the last plague indeed selectively tended to affect the firstborn , it could be due to food polluted during the time of darkness , either by locusts or by the black mold Cladosporium . When people emerged after the darkness , the firstborn would be given priority , as was usual , and would consequently be more likely to be affected by any toxin or disease carried by the food . Meanwhile , the Israelites ate food prepared and eaten very quickly which would have made it less likely to be contaminated . However , this does not explain how the firstborn cattle alone also would have perished . A volcanic eruption did occur in antiquity and could have caused some of the plagues if it occurred at the right time . The eruption of the Thera volcano was 1,050 kilometres ( 650 mi ) away from the northwest part of Egypt . Controversially dated to about 1628 BC , this eruption is one of the largest on record , rivaling that of Tambora , which resulted in 1816 's Year Without a Summer . The enormous global impact of this eruption has been recorded in an ash layer deposit found in the Nile delta , tree ring frost scars in the bristlecone pines of the western United States , and a layer of ash in the Greenland ice caps , all dated to the same time and with the same chemical fingerprint as the ash from Thera . However , all estimates of the date of this eruption are hundreds of years before the Exodus is believed to have taken place ; thus the eruption can only have caused some of the plagues if one or other of the dates is wrong , or if the plagues did not actually immediately precede the Exodus . Following the assumption that at least some of the details are accurately reported , many modern Jews believe that some of the plagues were indeed natural disasters , but argue for the fact that , since they followed one another with such uncommon rapidity , `` God 's hand was behind them '' . Indeed , several biblical commentators ( Nachmanides and , more recently , Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetzky ) have pointed out that , for the plagues to be a real test of faith , they had to contain an element leading to religious doubt . In his book The Plagues of Egypt : Archaeology , History , and Science Look at the Bible , Siro Igino Trevisanato explores the theory that the plagues were initially caused by the Santorini eruption in Greece . His hypothesis considers a two - stage eruption over a time of a bit less than two years . His studies place the first eruption in 1602 BC , when volcanic ash taints the Nile , causing the first plague and forming a catalyst for many of the subsequent plagues . In 1600 BC , the plume of a Santorini eruption caused the ninth plague , the days of darkness . Trevisanato hypothesizes that the Egyptians ( at that time under the occupation of Hyksos ) , resorted to human sacrifice in an attempt to appease the gods , for they had viewed the ninth plague as a precursor to more . This human sacrifice became known as the tenth plague . In an article published in 1996 , physician - epidemiologist John S. Marr and co-author Curt Malloy integrated biblical , historical and Egyptological sources with modern scientific conjectures in a comprehensive review of natural explanations for the ten plagues , postulating their own specific explanations for the third , fourth , fifth , sixth , and tenth plagues . Their explanation also accounted for the apparent selectiveness of the plagues , as implied in the Bible . The paper served as the basis for a website and documentary aired on the Learning Channel from 1998 to 2005 . Artistic representation ( edit ) Visual art ( edit ) In visual art , the plagues have generally been reserved for works in series , especially engravings . Still , relatively few depictions in art emerged compared to other religious themes until the 19th century , when the plagues became more common subjects , with John Martin and Joseph Turner producing notable canvases . This trend probably reflected a Romantic attraction to landscape and nature painting , for which the plagues were suited , a Gothic attraction to morbid stories , and a rise in Orientalism , wherein exotic Egyptian themes found currency . Given the importance of noble patronage throughout Western art history , the plagues may have found consistent disfavor because the stories emphasize the limits of a monarch 's power , and images of lice , locusts , darkness , and boils were ill - suited for decoration in palaces and churches . Music ( edit ) Taking direct inspiration from the ten plagues , Iced Earth 's eleventh studio album Plagues of Babylon contains many references and allusions to the plagues . Metallica 's song `` Creeping Death '' makes references to a few of the plagues , in addition to the rest of the story of the Exodus . Perhaps the most successful artistic representation of the plagues is Handel 's oratorio Israel in Egypt , which , like his perennial favorite , `` Messiah '' , takes a libretto entirely from scripture . The work was especially popular in the 19th century because of its numerous choruses , generally one for each plague , and its playful musical depiction of the plagues . For example , the plague of frogs is performed as a light aria for alto , depicting frogs jumping in the violins , and the plague of flies and lice is a light chorus with fast scurrying runs in the violins . Literature ( edit ) Children 's books Let My People Go ! by Tilda Balsley The 10 Plagues of Egypt by Shoshana Lepon Films ( edit ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) The Abominable Dr. Phibes ( 1971 ) Moses ( 1995 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) Magnolia ( 1999 ) The Mummy ( 1999 ) The Reaping ( 2007 ) Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) Os Dez Mandamentos ( 2015 ) Tv ( edit ) The Bible ( 2013 miniseries ) - Episode 2 has a scene of these plagues . Haven - In `` A Tale of Two Audreys , '' the town of Haven is afflicted by almost all of the plagues of Egypt . A Rugrats Passover Simpsons Bible Stories `` Family Guy '' - In the second season episode `` If I 'm Dyin ' , I 'm Lyin ' '' , the Griffin family is affected by most of the plagues due to Peter being worshiped like God . See also ( edit ) Aaron 's rod Jochebed Miriam Seti I References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plagues of Egypt , in New Bible Dictionary , second edition . 1987 . Douglas JD , Hillyer N , eds. , Tyndale House Publishers , Inc. , Wheaton , IL , USA ISBN 0 - 8423 - 4667 - 8 Jump up ^ Commentary on Exodus 7 , The Jewish Study Bible , 2004 . Berlin A and Brettler M , eds. , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 529751 - 2 Jump up ^ The Ten Plagues , Dictionary & Concordance Jump up ^ Exodus 5 : 2 Jump up ^ Exodus 9 : 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ The commentary on Exodus 10 : 1 -- 2 , The Jewish Study Bible , 2004 . Berlin A and Brettler M , eds. , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 529751 - 2 Jump up ^ Ex. 9 : 14 , 16 Jump up ^ Joshua 2 : 9 -- 11 ; 9 : 9 ; Isaiah 4 : 8 ; 6 : 6 Jump up ^ Ex. 12 : 12 ; Nu. 33 : 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 7 : 21 , 8 : 2 , 8 : 16 Jump up ^ Ex. 8 : 22 , 9 : 4 , 11 , 26 , 10 : 23 Jump up ^ Passover , New Bible Dictionary , second edition . 1987 . Douglas JD , Hillyer N , eds. , Tyndale House Publishers , Inc. , Wheaton , IL , USA ISBN 0 - 8423 - 4667 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Wigoder G , Paul S ( 1986 ) . Viviano B , Stern E , ed . Passover , Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible . G.G. Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd. and Reader 's Digest Association , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 407 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moses , The World Book Encyclopedia , 1998 . World Book Incorporated ISBN 0 - 7166 - 0098 - 6 Jump up ^ Exodus 20 Jump up ^ Joshua 24 Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 4 : 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ Plagues of Egypt , New Bible Dictionary , second edition . 1987 . Douglas JD , Hillyer N , eds. , Tyndale House Publishers , Inc. , Wheaton , IL , USA ISBN 0 - 8423 - 4667 - 8 Jump up ^ Psalm 78 : 43 -- 51 Jump up ^ Exodus 12 , Leviticus 23 , Numbers 9 , Deuteronomy 16 Jump up ^ Exodus 13 : 11 -- 16 Jump up ^ Joshua 5 : 0 -- 12 Jump up ^ II Kings 23 : 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ II Chronicles 30 : 5 Jump up ^ Ezra 6 : 9 Jump up ^ The Ten Plagues , in Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible , 1986 . Wigoder G , Paul S , Viviano B , Stern E , eds. , G.G. Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd . And Reader 's Digest Association , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 407 - 0 Jump up ^ Blue Letter Bible . `` Dictionary and Word Search for ken ( Strong 's 3654 ) '' . Blue Letter Bible . 1996 -- 2012 . February 4 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Aryeh Kaplan , The Living Torah , note on 8 : 17 , as regards the various Midrashic and Rabbinic traditions here . Jump up ^ Exodus Rabbah 11 : 2 , among others . Jump up ^ Gesenius 's Lexicon , עָרוֹב Jump up ^ Exodus 14 : 8 ^ Jump up to : The Holy Qur - an -- Text , Translation and Commentary , Abdullah Yusuf Ali , SH . Muhammad Ashraf , Kashmiri Bazar -- Lahore ( Pakistan ) , 1969 . Jump up ^ `` Quran - Surah Al - A'raf - Maududi 's Translation , Commentary and Summary '' . Jump up ^ Al - A'raf about `` Fir ` awn and His People suffer Years of Drought '' Qur'an Tafsir Ibn Qathir Jump up ^ John Van Seters , `` The Pentateuch : A Social - Science Commentary '' , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2004 , p. 114 ISBN 0567080889 . Jump up ^ Willems 2010 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Enmarch 2011 , p. 173 - 175 . Jump up ^ William Dever , `` What Remains of the House that Albright Built ? '' The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. 56 , No. 1 ( Mar. 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Pappas , Stephanie . `` End Times ? It is for a blood - red Texas lake '' , NBC News , 1 August 2011 `` . MSNBC . January 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Adam ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Estes , Adam Clark . `` With Passover Approaching , a Plague of Locusts Descends Upon Egypt '' , ' ' The Atlantic Wire ' ' , 3 March 2013 `` . Theatlanticwire.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bechtel , Florentine . `` Plagues of Egypt . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 12 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 13 Jul. 2013 `` . Newadvent.org . June 1 , 1911 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Plagues of Egypt : Archaeology , History , and Science Look at the Bible , by Siro Igino Trevisanato : Georgia Press LLC , 2005 Jump up ^ Marr JS , Malloy CD ( 1996 ) . `` An epidemiologic analysis of the ten plagues of Egypt '' . Caduceus ( Springfield , Ill . ) . 12 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 24 . PMID 8673614 . Jump up ^ Donna Leon ( 2011 ) , Handel 's Bestiary : In Search of Animals in Handel 's Operas , illustrated by Michael Sowa ( illustrated ed . ) , Grove Press , ISBN 978 - 0802195616 Jump up ^ `` The Abominable Dr. Phibes ( 1971 ) -- Did You Know ? '' . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Dr. Phibes murders were inspired by the 10 plagues of Egypt found in the Old Testament Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Egypt '' . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ for Magnolia ( 1999 ) '' . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Stephen ( 1999 - 05 - 07 ) , The Mummy , Brendan Fraser , Rachel Weisz , John Hannah , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 Jump up ^ `` The Reaping '' . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exodus : Gods and Kings '' . imdb.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gomes , Marta ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tudo pronto para a estreia de `` Os Dez Mandamentos '' `` . Notícias do dia ( Grupo RIC ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Enmarch , Roland ( 2011 ) . `` The Reception of a Middle Egyptian Poem : The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All '' . In Collier , M. ; Snape , S. Ramesside Studies in Honour of K.A. Kitchen ( PDF ) . Rutherford . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2011 . Levinson , Hermann and Anna , Zur Biologie der zehn biblischen Plagen , DGaaE Nachrichten 22 ( 2008 ) , 83 -- 102 ( in German ) Willems , Harco ( 2010 ) . `` The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom '' . In Lloyd , Alan B. A Companion to Ancient Egypt . 1 . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781444320060 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Plagues of Egypt at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Passover Seder Seder Afikoman The Exodus Ha Lachma Anya Ma Nishtana `` Outstretched Arm '' Ten Plagues White House Passover Seder Seder Plate Beitzah Charoset Karpas Maror Zeroa Haggadah Songs Adir Hu Chad Gadya Dayenu Echad Mi Yodea L'Shana Haba'ah Illustrations Birds ' Head Haggadah Maxwell House Haggadah Sarajevo Haggadah Szyk Haggadah Passover foods Matzah products Matzo Matzah ball Matzah brei Matzo farfel granola Matzah pizza Matzah companies Streit 's Manischewitz René Neymann Yehuda Matzos Rakusen 's Osem Religious Observances Bedikas Chametz Fast of the Firstborn Eve of Passover on Shabbat Passover sacrifice Chol HaMoed Mimouna Isru Chag Pesach Sheni Seharane Laws / Customs Chametz Challah from Shmurah Matzah Kitniyot Gebrochts Prayers Song of Songs Torah readings Prayer for dew Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagues_of_Egypt&oldid=839242911 '' Categories : Book of Exodus Egypt in the Hebrew Bible Moses Nisan Passover Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 05 : 58 . 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-7501243302097452855	Trinity	Trinity - wikipedia Trinity Jump to : navigation , search `` Father , Son , Holy Ghost '' ; `` Holy Trinity '' ; and `` Trinitarian '' redirect here . For the related liturgical observance , see Trinity Sunday . For the album , see Father , Son , Holy Ghost ( album ) . For other uses , see Holy Trinity ( disambiguation ) , Trinitarian ( disambiguation ) , and Trinity ( disambiguation ) . 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The Christian doctrine of the Trinity ( Latin : Trinitas , lit . ' triad ' , from trinus , `` threefold '' ) holds that God is three consubstantial persons or hypostases -- the Father , the Son ( Jesus Christ ) , and the Holy Spirit -- as `` one God in three Divine Persons '' . The three persons are distinct , yet are one `` substance , essence or nature '' ( homoousios ) . In this context , a `` nature '' is what one is , whereas a `` person '' is who one is . The opposing view is referred to as Nontrinitarianism . According to this central mystery of most Christian faiths , there is only one God in three persons : while distinct from one another in their relations of origin ( as the Fourth Council of the Lateran declared , `` it is the Father who generates , the Son who is begotten , and the Holy Spirit who proceeds '' ) ; and in their relations with one another , they are stated to be one in all else , co-equal , co-eternal and consubstantial , and each is God , whole and entire . Accordingly , the whole work of creation and grace in Christianity is seen as a single operation common to all three divine persons , in which each shows forth what is proper to him in the Trinity , so that all things are `` from the Father '' , `` through the Son '' and `` in the Holy Spirit '' . Christian theologians believe that manifestations of the Trinity are made evident from the very beginning of the Bible . Genesis 1 : 1 - 3 posits God , His Spirit and the `` creative word of God '' together in the initial Genesis creation narrative account . While the Fathers of the Church saw Old Testament elements such as the appearance of three men to Abraham in Book of Genesis , chapter 18 , as foreshadowings of the Trinity , it was the New Testament that they saw as a basis for developing the concept of the Trinity . One of the most influential of the New Testament texts seen as implying the teaching of the Trinity was Matthew 28 : 19 , which mandated baptizing `` in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit '' . Another New Testament text pointing to the Trinity was John 1 : 1 - 14 , in which the inter-relationships of the Triune God are reflected in the gospel author 's description of `` the Word '' , again showing the elements of the Triune God and their eternal ( always was , always is , and always shall be ) existence . ( Revelation 1 : 8 ) Reflection , proclamation , and dialogue led to the formulation of the doctrine that was felt to correspond to the data in the Bible . The simplest outline of the doctrine was formulated in the 4th century , largely in terms of rejection of what was considered not to be consonant with general Christian belief . Further elaboration continued in the succeeding centuries . Scripture does not contain the word Trinity , yet , an indication of three distinct persons can be found in 1 John 5 : 7 for the validity of which exist a controversy known as Comma Johanneum . Early Christian belief in the deity of Jesus Christ existed since the first century , in the writings of John the Apostle . ( John 1 : 1 ) Jesus is also quoted as attesting to being one but not equal with the Father . ( John 10 : 30 ) Subsequently , in the understanding of Trinitarian Christian theology , Scripture `` bears witness to '' the activity of a God who can only be understood in Trinitarian terms . The doctrine did not take its definitive shape until late in the fourth century . During the intervening period , various tentative solutions , some more and some less satisfactory , were proposed . Trinitarianism contrasts with nontrinitarian positions which include Binitarianism ( one deity in two persons , or two deities ) , Unitarianism ( one deity in one person , analogous to Jewish interpretation of the Shema and Muslim belief in Tawhid ) , Oneness Pentecostalism or Modalism ( one deity manifested in three separate aspects ) . Additionally , the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints believes the Father , the Son , and the Holy Ghost are three separate deities , two of which possess separate bodies of flesh and bones , while the Holy Ghost has only a body of spirit ; and that their unity is not physical , but in purpose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Theology 3.1 Trinitarian baptismal formula 3.2 Fundamental monotheism 3.3 One God as Three Persons 3.4 Perichoresis 3.5 Eternal generation and procession 3.6 Economic and immanent Trinity 3.7 Political aspect 4 Biblical background 4.1 Jesus as God 4.2 Holy Spirit as God 4.3 Old Testament parallels 5 Impact of Stoic philosophy 6 Artistic depictions 6.1 Image gallery 7 Nontrinitarianism 8 Islamic views 9 Judaism 10 See also 11 Extended notes 12 Endnotes and references 12.1 Other references 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` trinity '' is derived from Latin trinitas , meaning `` the number three , a triad '' . This abstract noun is formed from the adjective trinus ( three each , threefold , triple ) , as the word unitas is the abstract noun formed from unus ( one ) . The corresponding word in Greek is tριάς , meaning `` a set of three '' or `` the number three '' . The first recorded use of this Greek word in Christian theology was by Theophilus of Antioch in about 170 . He wrote : In like manner also the three days which were before the luminaries , are types of the Trinity ( Τριάδος ) , of God , and His Word , and His wisdom . And the fourth is the type of man , who needs light , that so there may be God , the Word , wisdom , man . Tertullian , a Latin theologian who wrote in the early 3rd century , is credited as being the first to use the Latin words `` Trinity '' , `` person '' and `` substance '' to explain that the Father , Son , and Holy Spirit are `` one in essence -- not one in Person '' . History ( edit ) Further information : Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers The earliest known depiction of the Trinity , Dogmatic Sarcophagus , AD 350 . Vatican Museums The Ante - Nicene Fathers asserted Christ 's deity and spoke of `` Father , Son and Holy Spirit '' , even though their language is not that of the traditional doctrine as formalised in the fourth century . Trinitarians view these as elements of the codified doctrine . Ignatius of Antioch provides early support for the Trinity around 110 , exhorting obedience to `` Christ , and to the Father , and to the Spirit '' . Justin Martyr ( AD 100 -- c. 165 ) also writes , `` in the name of God , the Father and Lord of the universe , and of our Saviour Jesus Christ , and of the Holy Spirit '' . The first of the early church fathers to be recorded using the word `` Trinity '' was Theophilus of Antioch writing in the late 2nd century . He defines the Trinity as God , His Word ( Logos ) and His Wisdom ( Sophia ) in the context of a discussion of the first three days of creation . The first defence of the doctrine of the Trinity was in the early 3rd century by the early church father Tertullian . He explicitly defined the Trinity as Father , Son , and Holy Spirit and defended the Trinitarian theology against the `` Praxean '' heresy . St. Justin and Clement of Alexandra used the Trinity in their doxologies and St. Basil likewise , in the evening lighting of lamps . Origen of Alexandria ( AD 185 - c. 253 ) has often been interpreted as Subordinationist , but many modern researchers have begun to reverse this view , citing that Origen might have actually been anti-Subordinationist . If this is true , it would appear that many concepts of the orthodox Christian Trinity appeared much earlier than had been thought . Another early , and already more philosophic , formulation of the Trinity ( again without usage of that term ) is attributed to the Gnostic teacher Valentinus ( lived c. 100 -- c. 160 ) , who according to the fourth century theologian Marcellus of Ancyra , was `` the first to devise the notion of three subsistent entities ( hypostases ) , in a work that he entitled On the Three Natures . '' The highly allegorical exegesis of the Valentinian school inclined it to interpret the relevant scriptural passages as affirming a Divinity that , in some manner , is threefold . The Valentinian Gospel of Philip , which dates to approximately the time of Tertullian , upholds the Trinitarian formula . Whatever his influence on the later fully formed doctrine may have been , however , Valentinus 's school is rejected as heretical by orthodox Christians . Although there is much debate as to whether the beliefs of the Apostles were merely articulated and explained in the Trinitarian Creeds , or were corrupted and replaced with new beliefs , all scholars recognize that the Creeds themselves were created in reaction to disagreements over the nature of the Father , Son , and Holy Spirit . These controversies took some centuries to be resolved . Of these controversies , the most significant developments were articulated in the first four centuries by the Church Fathers in reaction to Adoptionism , Sabellianism , and Arianism . Adoptionism was the belief that Jesus was an ordinary man , born of Joseph and Mary , who became the Christ and Son of God at his baptism . In 269 , the Synods of Antioch condemned Paul of Samosata for his Adoptionist theology , and also condemned the term homoousios ( ὁμοούσιος , `` of the same being '' ) in the sense he used it . Sabellianism taught that the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit are essentially one and the same , the difference being simply verbal , describing different aspects or roles of a single being . For this view Sabellius was excommunicated for heresy in Rome c. 220 . In the fourth century , Arius , as traditionally understood , taught that the Father existed prior to the Son who was not , by nature , God but rather a changeable creature who was granted the dignity of becoming `` Son of God '' . In 325 , the Council of Nicaea adopted the Nicene Creed which described Christ as `` God of God , Light of Light , very God of very God , begotten , not made , being of one substance with the Father '' . The creed used the term homoousios ( of one substance ) to define the relationship between the Father and the Son . After more than fifty years of debate , homoousios was recognised as the hallmark of orthodoxy , and was further developed into the formula of `` three persons , one being '' . The third Council of Sirmium , in 357 , was the high point of Arianism . The Seventh Arian Confession ( Second Sirmium Confession ) held that both homoousios ( of one substance ) and homoiousios ( of similar substance ) were unbiblical and that the Father is greater than the Son . ( This confession was later known as the Blasphemy of Sirmium ) But since many persons are disturbed by questions concerning what is called in Latin substantia , but in Greek ousia , that is , to make it understood more exactly , as to ' coessential , ' or what is called , ' like - in - essence , ' there ought to be no mention of any of these at all , nor exposition of them in the Church , for this reason and for this consideration , that in divine Scripture nothing is written about them , and that they are above men 's knowledge and above men 's understanding ; Athanasius ( 293 -- 373 ) , who was present at the Council as one of the Bishop of Alexandria 's assistants , stated that the bishops were forced to use this terminology , which is not found in Scripture , because the biblical phrases that they would have preferred to use were claimed by the Arians to be capable of being interpreted in what the bishops considered to be a heretical sense . Moreover , the meanings of `` ousia '' and `` hypostasis '' overlapped then , so that `` hypostasis '' for some meant `` essence '' and for others `` person '' . The Confession of the Council of Nicaea said little about the Holy Spirit . The doctrine of the divinity and personality of the Holy Spirit was developed by Athanasius in the last decades of his life . He defended and refined the Nicene formula . By the end of the 4th century , under the leadership of Basil of Caesarea , Gregory of Nyssa , and Gregory of Nazianzus ( the Cappadocian Fathers ) , the doctrine had reached substantially its current form . Gregory of Nazianzus would say of the Trinity , `` No sooner do I conceive of the One than I am illumined by the splendour of the Three ; no sooner do I distinguish Three than I am carried back into the One . When I think of any of the Three , I think of Him as the Whole , and my eyes are filled , and the greater part of what I am thinking escapes me . I can not grasp the greatness of that One so as to attribute a greater greatness to the rest . When I contemplate the Three together , I see but one torch , and can not divide or measure out the undivided light . '' Devotion to the Trinity centered in the French monasteries at Tours and Aniane where Saint Benedict dedicated the abbey church to the Trinity in 872 . Feast Days were not instituted until 1091 at Cluny and 1162 at Canterbury and papal resistance continued until 1331 . Theology ( edit ) Trinitarian baptismal formula ( edit ) The Baptism of Christ , by Piero della Francesca , 15th century Main article : Trinitarian formula In the synoptic Gospels the baptism of Jesus is often interpreted as a manifestation of all three persons of the Trinity : `` And when Jesus was baptized , he went up immediately from the water , and behold , the heavens were opened and he saw the spirit of God descending like a dove , and alighting on him ; and lo , a voice from heaven , saying , ' This is my beloved Son , with whom I am well pleased . ' '' Baptism is generally conferred with the Trinitarian formula , `` in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit '' . Trinitarians identify this name with the Christian faith into which baptism is an initiation , as seen for example in the statement of Basil the Great ( 330 -- 379 ) : `` We are bound to be baptized in the terms we have received , and to profess faith in the terms in which we have been baptized . '' The First Council of Constantinople ( 381 ) also says , `` This is the Faith of our baptism that teaches us to believe in the Name of the Father , of the Son and of the Holy Spirit . According to this Faith there is one Godhead , Power , and Being of the Father , of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit . '' Matthew 28 : 19 may be taken to indicate that baptism was associated with this formula from the earliest decades of the Church 's existence . Oneness Pentecostals demur from the Trinitarian view of baptism and emphasize baptism ' in the name of Jesus Christ ' as the original apostolic formula . For this reason , they often focus on the baptisms in Acts . Those who place great emphasis on the baptisms in Acts often likewise question the authenticity of Matthew 28 : 19 in its present form . Most scholars of New Testament textual criticism accept the authenticity of the passage , since there are no variant manuscripts regarding the formula , and the extant form of the passage is attested in the Didache and other patristic works of the 1st and 2nd centuries : Ignatius , Tertullian , Hippolytus , Cyprian , and Gregory Thaumaturgus . Commenting on Matthew 28 : 19 , Gerhard Kittel states : This threefold relation ( of Father , Son and Spirit ) soon found fixed expression in the triadic formulae in 2 Cor. 13 : 14 and in 1 Cor. 12 : 4 -- 6 . The form is first found in the baptismal formula in Matthew 28 : 19 ; Did. , 7 . 1 and 3 ... ( I ) t is self - evident that Father , Son and Spirit are here linked in an indissoluble threefold relationship . Fundamental monotheism ( edit ) Main article : Monotheism Christianity , having emerged from Judaism , is a monotheistic religion . Never in the New Testament does the Trinitarian concept become a `` tritheism '' ( three Gods ) nor even two . God is one , and that God is a single being is strongly declared in the Bible : The Shema of the Hebrew Scriptures : `` Hear , O Israel : the LORD our God , the LORD is one . '' The first of the Ten Commandments -- `` Thou shalt have no other gods before me . '' And `` Thus saith the LORD the King of Israel and his redeemer the LORD of hosts : I am the first and I am the last ; and beside me there is no God . '' In the New Testament : `` The LORD our God is one . '' In the Trinitarian view , the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit share the one essence , substance or being . The central and crucial affirmation of Christian faith is that there is one savior , God , and one salvation , manifest in Jesus Christ , to which there is access only because of the Holy Spirit . The God of the Old Testament is still the same as the God of the New . In Christianity , statements about a single God are intended to distinguish the Hebraic understanding from the polytheistic view , which see divine power as shared by several beings , beings which can and do disagree and have conflicts with each other . One God as three persons ( edit ) The Father Son Holy Spirit The `` Shield of the Trinity '' or Scutum Fidei diagram of traditional medieval Western Christian symbolism In Trinitarian doctrine , God exists as three persons or hypostases , but is one being , having a single divine nature . The members of the Trinity are co-equal and co-eternal , one in essence , nature , power , action , and will . As stated in the Athanasian Creed , the Father is uncreated , the Son is uncreated , and the Holy Spirit is uncreated , and all three are eternal without beginning . `` The Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit '' are not names for different parts of God , but one name for God because three persons exist in God as one entity . They can not be separate from one another . Each person is understood as having the identical essence or nature , not merely similar natures . For Trinitarians , emphasis in Genesis 1 : 26 is on the plurality in the Deity , and in 1 : 27 on the unity of the divine Essence . A possible interpretation of Genesis 1 : 26 is that God 's relationships in the Trinity are mirrored in man by the ideal relationship between husband and wife , two persons becoming one flesh , as described in Eve 's creation later in the next chapter . Perichoresis ( edit ) Main article : Perichoresis A depiction of the Council of Nicaea in AD 325 , at which the Deity of Christ was declared orthodox and Arianism condemned Perichoresis ( from Greek , `` going around '' , `` envelopment '' ) is a term used by some theologians to describe the relationship among the members of the Trinity . The Latin equivalent for this term is circumincessio . This concept refers for its basis to John 14 -- 17 , where Jesus is instructing the disciples concerning the meaning of his departure . His going to the Father , he says , is for their sake ; so that he might come to them when the `` other comforter '' is given to them . Then , he says , his disciples will dwell in him , as he dwells in the Father , and the Father dwells in him , and the Father will dwell in them . This is so , according to the theory of perichoresis , because the persons of the Trinity `` reciprocally contain one another , so that one permanently envelopes and is permanently enveloped by , the other whom he yet envelopes '' . ( Hilary of Poitiers , Concerning the Trinity 3 : 1 ) . Perichoresis effectively excludes the idea that God has parts , but rather is a simple being . It also harmonizes well with the doctrine that the Christian 's union with the Son in his humanity brings him into union with one who contains in himself , in the Apostle Paul 's words , `` all the fullness of deity '' and not a part . ( See also : Divinization ( Christian ) ) . Perichoresis provides an intuitive figure of what this might mean . The Son , the eternal Word , is from all eternity the dwelling place of God ; he is the `` Father 's house '' , just as the Son dwells in the Father and the Spirit ; so that , when the Spirit is `` given '' , then it happens as Jesus said , `` I will not leave you as orphans ; for I will come to you . '' According to the words of Jesus , married persons are in some sense no longer two but are joined into one . Therefore , Orthodox theologians also see the marriage relationship between a man and a woman to be an example of this sacred union . `` Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother , and shall cleave unto his wife : and they shall be one flesh . '' Gen. 2 : 24 . `` Wherefore they are no more twain but one flesh . What therefore God hath joined together , let no man put asunder . '' Matt . 19 : 6 . Eternal generation and Procession ( edit ) Further information : Filioque Trinitarianism affirms that the Son is `` begotten '' ( or `` generated '' ) of the Father and that the Spirit `` proceeds '' from the Father , but the Father is `` neither begotten nor proceeds '' . The argument over whether the Spirit proceeds from the Father alone , or from the Father and the Son , was one of the catalysts of the Great Schism , in this case concerning the Western addition of the Filioque clause to the Nicene Creed . The Roman Catholic Church teaches that , in the sense of the Latin verb procedere ( which does not have to indicate ultimate origin and is therefore compatible with proceeding through ) , but not in that of the Greek verb ἐκπορεύεσθαι ( which implies ultimate origin ) , the Spirit `` proceeds '' from the Father and the Son , and the Eastern Orthodox Church , which teaches that the Spirit `` proceeds '' from the Father alone , has made no statement on the claim of a difference in meaning between the two words , one Greek and one Latin , both of which are translated as `` proceeds '' . The Eastern Orthodox Churches object to the Filioque clause on ecclesiological and theological grounds , holding that `` from the Father '' means `` from the Father alone '' . This language is often considered difficult because , if used regarding humans or other created things , it would imply time and change ; when used here , no beginning , change in being , or process within time is intended and is excluded . The Son is generated ( `` born '' or `` begotten '' ) , and the Spirit proceeds , eternally . Augustine of Hippo explains , `` Thy years are one day , and Thy day is not daily , but today ; because Thy today yields not to tomorrow , for neither does it follow yesterday . Thy today is eternity ; therefore Thou begat the Co-eternal , to whom Thou saidst , ' This day have I begotten Thee . ' '' Most Protestant groups that use the creed also include the Filioque clause . Its controversial use is addressed in several confessions : the Westminster Confession 2 : 3 , the London Baptist Confession 2 : 3 , and the Lutheran Augsburg Confession 1 : 1 -- 6 . Economic and immanent Trinity ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The term `` immanent Trinity '' focuses on who God is ; the term `` economic Trinity '' focuses on what God does . According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church , The Fathers of the Church distinguish between theology ( theologia ) and economy ( oikonomia ) . `` Theology '' refers to the mystery of God 's inmost life within the Blessed Trinity and `` economy '' to all the works by which God reveals himself and communicates his life . Through the oikonomia the theologia is revealed to us ; but conversely , the theologia illuminates the whole oikonomia . God 's works reveal who he is in himself ; the mystery of his inmost being enlightens our understanding of all his works . So it is , analogously , among human persons . A person discloses himself in his actions , and the better we know a person , the better we understand his actions . The ancient Nicene theologians argued that everything the Trinity does is done by Father , Son , and Spirit working in unity with one will . The three persons of the Trinity always work inseparably , for their work is always the work of the one God . The Son 's will can not be different from the Father 's because it is the Father 's . They have but one will as they have but one being . Otherwise they would not be one God . According to Phillip Cary , if there were relations of command and obedience between the Father and the Son , there would be no Trinity at all but rather three gods . On this point St. Basil observes `` When then He says , ' I have not spoken of myself ' , and again , ' As the Father said unto me , so I speak ' , and ' The word which ye hear is not mine , but ( the Father 's ) which sent me ' , and in another place , ' As the Father gave me commandment , even so I do ' , it is not because He lacks deliberate purpose or power of initiation , nor yet because He has to wait for the preconcerted key - note , that he employs language of this kind . His object is to make it plain that His own will is connected in indissoluble union with the Father . Do not then let us understand by what is called a ' commandment ' a peremptory mandate delivered by organs of speech , and giving orders to the Son , as to a subordinate , concerning what He ought to do . Let us rather , in a sense befitting the Godhead , perceive a transmission of will , like the reflexion of an object in a mirror , passing without note of time from Father to Son . '' A Greek fresco of Athanasius of Alexandria , the chief architect of the Nicene Creed , formulated at Nicaea . Athanasius of Alexandria explained that the Son is eternally one in being with the Father , temporally and voluntarily subordinate in his incarnate ministry . Such human traits , he argued , were not to be read back into the eternal Trinity . Likewise , the Cappadocian Fathers also insisted there was no economic inequality present within the Trinity . As Basil wrote : `` We perceive the operation of the Father , Son , and Holy Spirit to be one and the same , in no respect showing differences or variation ; from this identity of operation we necessarily infer the unity of nature . '' The traditional theory of `` appropriation '' consists in attributing certain names , qualities , or operations to one of the Persons of the Trinity , not , however , to the exclusion of the others , but in preference to the others . This theory was established by the Latin Fathers of the fourth and fifth centuries , especially by Hilary of Poitiers , Augustine , and Leo the Great . In the Middle Ages , the theory was systematically taught by the Schoolmen such as Bonaventure . Roger E. Olson says that a number of evangelical theologians hold the view that there is a hierarchy of authority in the Trinity with the Son being subordinate to the Father . `` The Gospel of John makes this clear as Jesus repeatedly mentions that he came to do the Father 's will . '' Olsen cautions , however , that the hierarchy in the `` economic Trinity '' should be distinguished from the `` immanent Trinity '' . He cites the Cappadocian Fathers , `` the Father is the source or `` fount '' of divinity within the Godhead ; the Son and the Spirit derive their deity from the Father eternally ( so there is no question of inequality of being ) . Their favorite analogy was the sun and its light and heat . There is no imagining the sun without its light and heat and yet it is the source of them . '' Benjamin B. Warfield saw a principle of subordination in the `` modes of operation '' of the Trinity , but was also hesitant to ascribe the same to the `` modes of subsistence '' in relation of one to another . While noting that it is natural to see a subordination in function as reflecting a similar subordination in substance , he suggests that this might be the result of `` ... an agreement by Persons of the Trinity -- a `` Covenant '' as it is technically called -- by virtue of which a distinct function in the work of redemption is assumed by each `` . Political aspect ( edit ) Richard E. Rubenstein says that Emperor Constantine and his advisor Hosius of Corduba were aware of the usefulness of having a divinely ordained church in which the church authority , and not the individual , was able to determine individual salvation , and threw their support toward the homoousion Nicene formula . According to Eusebius , Constantine suggested the term homoousios at the Council of Nicaea , though most scholars have doubted that Constantine had such knowledge and have thought that most likely Hosius had suggested the term to him . Constantine later changed his view about the Arians , who opposed the Nicene formula , and supported the bishops who rejected the formula , as did several of his successors , the first emperor to be baptized in the Nicene faith being Theodosius the Great , emperor from 379 to 395 . Biblical background ( edit ) From the Old Testament , the early church retained the conviction that God is one . The New Testament does not use the word Τριάς ( Trinity ) nor explicitly teach the Nicene Trinitarian doctrine , but it contains several passages that use twofold and threefold patterns to speak of God . Binitarian passages include Rom. 8 : 11 , 2 Cor. 4 : 14 , Galatians 1 : 1 , Eph. 1 : 20 , 1 Tim . 1 : 2 , 1 Pet. 1 : 21 , and 2 John 1 : 13 . Passages which refer to the Godhead with a threefold pattern include Matt . 28 : 19 , 1 Cor. 6 : 11 and 12 : 4ff. , Gal. 3 : 11 -- 14 , Heb. 10 : 29 , 1 Pet. 1 : 2 and 1 John 5 : 7 . These passages provided the material with which Christians would develop doctrines of the Trinity . Reflection by early Christians on passages such as the Great Commission : `` Go therefore and make disciples of all nations , baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit '' and Paul the Apostle 's blessing : `` The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all '' , while at the same time the Jewish Shema Yisrael : `` Hear , O Israel : the Lord our God , the Lord is one '' led the early Christians to question how the Father , Son , and Holy Spirit are `` one '' . Later , the diverse references to God , Jesus , and the Spirit found in the New Testament were systematized into a Trinity -- one God subsisting in three persons and one substance -- to combat heretical tendencies of how the three are related and to defend the church against charges of worshiping two or three gods . Some scholars dispute the idea that support for the Trinity can be found in the Bible , and argue that the doctrine is the result of theological interpretations rather than sound exegesis of scripture . The concept was expressed in early writings from the beginning of the 2nd century forward , and other scholars hold that the way the New Testament repeatedly speaks of the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit is such as to require one to accept a Trinitarian understanding . The Comma Johanneum , 1 John 5 : 7 , is a disputed text which states : `` For there are three that bear record in heaven , the Father , the Word , and the Holy Ghost : and these three are one . '' However , this passage is not considered to be part of the genuine text , and most scholars agree that the phrase was a gloss . Jesus as God ( edit ) God in the person of the Son confronts Adam and Eve , by Master Bertram ( d.c. 1415 ) The Gospel of John has been seen as especially aimed at emphasizing Jesus ' divinity , presenting Jesus as the Logos , pre-existent and divine , from its first words , `` In the beginning was the Word , and the Word was with God , and the Word was God . '' The Gospel of John ends with Thomas 's declaration that he believed Jesus was God , `` My Lord and my God ! '' There is no significant tendency among modern scholars to deny that John 1 : 1 and John 20 : 28 identify Jesus with God . John also portrays Jesus as the agent of creation of the universe . There are also a few possible biblical supports for the divinity of Jesus found in the Synoptic Gospels . The Gospel of Matthew , for example , quotes Jesus as saying , `` All things have been handed over to me by my Father . '' This is similar to John , who wrote that Jesus said , `` All that the Father has is mine . '' These verses have been quoted to defend the omnipotence of Christ , having all power , as well as the omniscience of Christ , having all wisdom . Expressions also in the Pauline epistles have been interpreted as attributing divinity to Jesus . They include : `` For by him all things were created : things in heaven and on earth , visible and invisible , whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities ; all things were created by him and for him '' and `` For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form '' , and in Paul the Apostle 's claim to have been `` sent not from men nor by man , but by Jesus Christ and God the Father '' . Some have suggested that John presents a hierarchy when he quotes Jesus as saying , `` The Father is greater than I '' , a statement which was appealed to by nontrinitarian groups such as Arianism . However , Church Fathers such as Augustine of Hippo argued this statement was to be understood as Jesus speaking in the form of a man . Holy Spirit as God ( edit ) As the Arian controversy was dissipating , the debate moved from the deity of Jesus Christ to the equality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and Son . On one hand , the Pneumatomachi sect declared that the Holy Spirit was an inferior person to the Father and Son . On the other hand , the Cappadocian Fathers argued that the Holy Spirit was an equal person to the Father and Son . Although the main text used in defense of the deity of the Holy Spirit was Matthew 28 : 19 , Cappadocian Fathers such as Basil the Great argued from other verses such as `` But Peter said , ' Ananias , why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land ? While it remained unsold , did it not remain your own ? And after it was sold , was it not at your disposal ? Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart ? You have not lied to men but to God . ' '' Another passage the Cappadocian Fathers quoted from was `` By the word of the Lord the heavens were made , and by the breath of his mouth all their host . '' According to their understanding , because `` breath '' and `` spirit '' in Hebrew are both `` רוּחַ '' ( `` ruach '' ) , Psalm 33 : 6 is revealing the roles of the Son and Holy Spirit as co-creators . And since , according to them , because only the holy God can create holy beings such as the angels , the Son and Holy Spirit must be God . Yet another argument from the Cappadocian Fathers to prove that the Holy Spirit is of the same nature as the Father and Son comes from `` For who knows a person 's thoughts except the spirit of that person , which is in him ? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God . '' They reasoned that this passage proves that the Holy Spirit has the same relationship to God as the spirit within us has to us . The Cappadocian Fathers also quoted , `` Do you not know that you are God 's temple and that God 's Spirit dwells in you ? '' and reasoned that it would be blasphemous for an inferior being to take up residence in a temple of God , thus proving that the Holy Spirit is equal with the Father and the Son . They also combined `` the servant does not know what his master is doing '' with 1 Corinthians 2 : 11 in an attempt to show that the Holy Spirit is not the slave of God , and therefore his equal . The Pneumatomachi contradicted the Cappadocian Fathers by quoting , `` Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to serve for the sake of those who are to inherit salvation ? '' in effect arguing that the Holy Spirit is no different from other created angelic spirits . The Church Fathers disagreed , saying that the Holy Spirit is greater than the angels , since the Holy Spirit is the one who grants the foreknowledge for prophecy so that the angels could announce events to come . The usage of the word `` paraclete '' ( Greek : parakletos ) for the Holy Spirit in John 14 : 16 , which can be translated as advocate , intercessor , counsellor or protector , and the Holy Spirit 's essence and action characterized by truth , as all three persons of the Trinity are linked with truth ( see v. 17 ) , are seen as arguments that he is a divine person ; especially that Jesus calls him another counsellor , in this way expressing that the Holy Spirit is similar to himself in regard to our counsel . Old Testament parallels ( edit ) Russian icon of the Old Testament Trinity by Andrey Rublev , between 1408 and 1425 In addition , the Old Testament has also been interpreted as foreshadowing the Trinity , by referring to God 's word , his spirit , and Wisdom , as well as narratives such as the appearance of the three men to Abraham . However , it is generally agreed among Trinitarian Christian scholars that it would go beyond the intention and spirit of the Old Testament to correlate these notions directly with later Trinitarian doctrine . Some Church Fathers believed that a knowledge of the mystery was granted to the prophets and saints of the Old Testament , and that they identified the divine messenger of Genesis 16 : 7 , 21 : 17 , 31 : 11 , Exodus 3 : 2 and Wisdom of the sapiential books with the Son , and `` the spirit of the Lord '' with the Holy Spirit . Other Church Fathers , such as Gregory Nazianzen , argued in his Orations that the revelation was gradual , claiming that the Father was proclaimed in the Old Testament openly , but the Son only obscurely , because `` it was not safe , when the Godhead of the Father was not yet acknowledged , plainly to proclaim the Son '' . Genesis 18 -- 19 has been interpreted by Christians as a Trinitarian text . The narrative has the Lord appearing to Abraham , who was visited by three men . Then in Genesis 19 , `` the two angels '' visited Lot at Sodom . The interplay between Abraham on the one hand and the Lord / three men / the two angels on the other was an intriguing text for those who believed in a single God in three persons . Justin Martyr , and John Calvin similarly , interpreted it such that Abraham was visited by God , who was accompanied by two angels . Justin supposed that the God who visited Abraham was distinguishable from the God who remains in the heavens , but was nevertheless identified as the ( monotheistic ) God . Justin appropriated the God who visited Abraham to Jesus , the second person of the Trinity . Augustine , in contrast , held that the three visitors to Abraham were the three persons of the Trinity . He saw no indication that the visitors were unequal , as would be the case in Justin 's reading . Then in Genesis 19 , two of the visitors were addressed by Lot in the singular : `` Lot said to them , ' Not so , my lord . ' '' Augustine saw that Lot could address them as one because they had a single substance , despite the plurality of persons . According to Swedenborg , the three angels which appeared to Abraham do represent the Trinity , but a Trinity of one being : the Divine Itself , the Divine Human and the Divine Proceeding . That one being is represented is indicated by the fact that they are referred to in the singular as Jehovah and Lord . The reason why only two of the angels went to visit Sodom and Gomorrah is that they represent the Divine Human and the Divine Proceeding , and to those aspects of the Divine belongs judgment , as Jesus declared that all judgment was entrusted by the Father to the Son . The three angels did indeed appear to Abraham as three men , but they are only a symbolic representation of the Trinity , which should not be taken literally as three distinct persons . In the Old Testament , Swedenborg finds the earliest direct reference to a Trine in the Divinity in the account of Moses ' encounter with the Lord in Exodus which states , `` And Jehovah passed by upon his face , and called , Jehovah , Jehovah , a God merciful and gracious . '' Some Christians interpret the theophanies or appearances of the Angel of the Lord as revelations of a person distinct from God , who is nonetheless called God . This interpretation is found in Christianity as early as Justin Martyr and Melito of Sardis , and reflects ideas that were already present in Philo . The Old Testament theophanies were thus seen as Christophanies , each a `` preincarnate appearance of the Messiah '' . Impact of Stoic philosophy ( edit ) In his Introduction to the 1964 book Meditations , the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth discussed the profound influence of Stoic philosophy on Christianity . In particular : Again in the doctrine of the Trinity , the ecclesiastical conception of Father , Word , and Spirit finds its germ in the different Stoic names of the Divine Unity . Thus Seneca , writing of the supreme Power which shapes the universe , states , ' This Power we sometimes call the All - ruling God , sometimes the incorporeal Wisdom , sometimes the holy Spirit , sometimes Destiny . ' The Church had only to reject the last of these terms to arrive at its own acceptable definition of the Divine Nature ; while the further assertion ' these three are One ' , which the modern mind finds paradoxical , was no more than commonplace to those familiar with Stoic notions . Artistic depictions ( edit ) Main article : Trinity in art The Trinity is most commonly seen in Christian art with the Spirit represented by a dove , as specified in the Gospel accounts of the Baptism of Christ ; he is nearly always shown with wings outspread . However depictions using three human figures appear occasionally in most periods of art . The Father and the Son are usually differentiated by age , and later by dress , but this too is not always the case . The usual depiction of the Father as an older man with a white beard may derive from the biblical Ancient of Days , which is often cited in defense of this sometimes controversial representation . However , in Eastern Orthodoxy the Ancient of Days is usually understood to be God the Son , not God the Father ( see below ) -- early Byzantine images show Christ as the Ancient of Days , but this iconography became rare . When the Father is depicted in art , he is sometimes shown with a halo shaped like an equilateral triangle , instead of a circle . The Son is often shown at the Father 's right hand . He may be represented by a symbol -- typically the Lamb ( agnus dei ) or a cross -- or on a crucifix , so that the Father is the only human figure shown at full size . In early medieval art , the Father may be represented by a hand appearing from a cloud in a blessing gesture , for example in scenes of the Baptism of Christ . Later , in the West , the Throne of Mercy ( or `` Throne of Grace '' ) became a common depiction . In this style , the Father ( sometimes seated on a throne ) is shown supporting either a crucifix or , later , a slumped crucified Son , similar to the Pietà ( this type is distinguished in German as the Not Gottes ) in his outstretched arms , while the Dove hovers above or in between them . This subject continued to be popular until the 18th century at least . By the end of the 15th century , larger representations , other than the Throne of Mercy , became effectively standardised , showing an older figure in plain robes for the Father , Christ with his torso partly bare to display the wounds of his Passion , and the dove above or around them . In earlier representations both Father , especially , and Son often wear elaborate robes and crowns . Sometimes the Father alone wears a crown , or even a papal tiara . In the later part of the Christian Era , in Renaissance European iconography , the Eye of Providence began to be used as an explicit image of the Christian Trinity and associated with the concept of Divine Providence . Seventeenth - century depictions of the Eye of Providence sometimes show it surrounded by clouds or sunbursts . Image gallery ( edit ) Depiction of Trinity from Saint Denis Basilica in Paris ( 12th century ) Father , The Holy Spirit , and Christ Crucified , depicted in a Welsh manuscript . c. 1390 -- 1400 God the Father , God the Son , and God the Holy Spirit as a dove , by Lucas Cranach the Elder ( d . 1553 ) God the Father ( top ) , and the Holy Spirit ( represented by a dove ) depicted above Jesus . Painting by Francesco Albani ( d . 1660 ) God the Father ( top ) , the Holy Spirit ( a dove ) , and child Jesus , painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo ( d . 1682 ) Pope Clement I prays to the Trinity , in a typical post-Renaissance depiction by Gianbattista Tiepolo ( d . 1770 ) Atypical depiction . The Son is identified by a lamb , the Father an Eye of Providence , and the Spirit a dove , painting by Fridolin Leiber ( d . 1912 ) 13th Century depiction of the Trinity from a Roman de la Rose manuscript A Christian version of the Eye of Providence , emphasizing the triangle representing the Trinity Nontrinitarianism ( edit ) Main article : Nontrinitarianism Nontrinitarianism ( or antitrinitarianism ) refers to Christian belief systems that reject the doctrine of the Trinity as found in the Nicene Creed as not having a scriptural origin . Nontrinitarian views differ widely on the nature of God , Jesus , and the Holy Spirit . Various nontrinitarian views , such as Adoptionism , Monarchianism and Arianism existed prior to the formal definition of the Trinity doctrine in AD 325 , 360 , and 431 , at the Councils of Nicaea , Constantinople , and Ephesus , respectively . Following the final victory of orthodoxy at Constantinople in 381 , Arianism was driven from the Empire , retaining a foothold amongst the Teutonic tribes . When the Franks converted to Catholicism in 496 , however , it gradually faded out . Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries , in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century , and in some groups arising during the Second Great Awakening of the 19th century . Modern nontrinitarian groups or denominations include Christadelphians , Christian Scientists , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , Dawn Bible Students , Friends General Conference , Iglesia ni Cristo , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Living Church of God , Members Church of God International , Oneness Pentecostals , the Seventh Day Church of God , Unitarian Universalist Christians , United Church of God , The Shepherd 's Chapel and Spiritism . Islamic views ( edit ) Main articles : Islamic view of the Trinity and Shirk ( Islam ) Islam considers Jesus to be a prophet , but not divine , and Allah to be absolutely indivisible ( a concept known as tawhid ) . Several verses of the Qur'an state that the doctrine of the Trinity is blasphemous . `` Say : He is God , the One and Only ; God , the Eternal , Absolute ; He begetteth not , nor is He begotten ; And there is none like unto Him . -- Qur'an , sura 112 ( Al - Ikhlas ) , ayat 1 -- 4 Certainly they disbelieve who say : Surely Allah is the third ( person ) of the three ; and there is no god but the one Allah , and if they desist not from what they say , a painful chastisement shall befall those among them who disbelieve . -- Qur'an , sura 5 ( Al - Ma'idah ) , ayat 73 And when Allah will say : O Isa son of Marium ! did you say to men , Take me and my mother for two gods besides Allah he will say : Glory be to Thee , it did not befit me that I should say what I had no right to ( say ) ; if I had said it , Thou wouldst indeed have known it ; Thou knowest what is in my mind , and I do not know what is in Thy mind , surely Thou art the great Knower of the unseen things . -- Qur'an , sura 5 ( Al - Ma'idah ) , ayat 116 Interpretation of these verses by modern scholars has been varied . Verse 5 : 73 has been interpreted as a potential criticism of Syriac literature that references Jesus as `` the third of three '' and thus an attack on the view that Christ was divine . Edward Hulmes writes : `` The Qur'anic interpretation of trinitarian orthodoxy as belief in the Father , the Son , and the Virgin Mary , may owe less to a misunderstanding of the New Testament itself than to a recognition of the role accorded by local Christians ( see Choloridians ) to Mary as mother in a special sense . '' There is also debate about whether this verse should be taken literally . For example , Thomas states that verse 5 : 116 need not be seen as describing actually professed beliefs , but rather , giving examples of shirk ( claiming divinity for beings other than God ) and a `` warning against excessive devotion to Jesus and extravagant veneration of Mary , a reminder linked to the central theme of the Qur'an that there is only one God and He alone is to be worshipped . '' When read in this light , it can be understood as an admonition , `` Against the divinization of Jesus that is given elsewhere in the Qur'an and a warning against the virtual divinization of Mary in the declaration of the fifth - century church councils that she is ' God - bearer ' . '' Judaism ( edit ) See also : God in Judaism , Judaism 's view of Jesus , and Shituf Judaism traditionally maintains a tradition of monotheism to the exclusion of the possibility of a Trinity . In Judaism , God is understood to be the absolute one , indivisible , and incomparable being who is the ultimate cause of all existence . The idea of God as a duality or trinity is heretical -- it is even considered by some polytheistic . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Ahura , the Zoroastrian Trinity Ayyavazhi Trinity Social trinitarianism Thomas F. Torrance , contemporary theologian Trikaya , the three Buddha bodies Trinitarian Order Trinitarian Universalism Trinity Sunday , a day to celebrate the doctrine Triple deity , an associated term in Comparative religion Trimurti Extended notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Very little of Arius ' own writings have survived . We depend largely on quotations made by opponents which reflect what they thought he was saying . Furthermore , there was no single Arian party or agenda but rather various critics of the Nicene formula working from distinct perspectives. ( see Williams , Rowan . Arius SPCK ( 2nd edn , 2001 ) p. 95ff & pp. 247ff ) Jump up ^ Augustine had poor knowledge of the Greek language , and no knowledge of Hebrew . So he trusted the LXX Septuagint , which differentiates between κύριοι ( ' lords ' , vocative plural ) and κύριε ( ' lord ' , vocative singular ) , even if the Hebrew verbal form , נא - אדני ‎ ( na - adoni ) , is exactly the same in both cases . Endnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities on the site of the National Gallery in London . Jump up ^ `` Definition of trinity in English '' . Oxford Dictionaries - English . Jump up ^ The Family Bible Encyclopedia ( 1972 ) . p. 3790 . Jump up ^ See Geddes , Leonard ( 1911 ) . `` Person '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Definition of the Fourth Lateran Council quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church § 253 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Sheed , ' ' Theology and Sanity ' ' '' . Ignatiusinsight.com . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Trinity '' . Credoindeum.org. 16 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 Aug 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Catechism , No. 1 , Lesson 7 '' . Quizlet.com . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ CCC § 254 ; Latin : Est Pater , qui generat , et Filius , qui gignitur , et Spiritus Sanctus , qui procedit ( DS § 804 ) . Jump up ^ Coppens , Charles , S.J. ( 1903 ) . A Systematic Study of the Catholic Religion . St. Louis : B. HERDER . Jump up ^ CCC § 253 -- 267 : `` The dogma of the Holy Trinity '' . Jump up ^ `` Genesis 1 : 1 - 3 '' . Biblia.com . Faithlife . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Younker , Randall W. `` Crucial Questions of Interpretation in Genesis 1 '' ( PDF ) . Biblical Research Institute . Biblical Research Institute General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John 1 : 1 - 4 '' . Biblia.com . Faithlife . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trinity , doctrine of '' in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 192 - 80290 - 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Trinity word not in Scripture '' . carm.org. 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ McGrath Alister E. Christian Theology : An Introduction Blackwell , Oxford ( 2001 ) p. 321 Jump up ^ McGrath , Alister E. Christian Theology : An Introduction Blackwell , Oxford ( 2001 ) p. 324 Jump up ^ Kelly , J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A & G Black ( 1965 ) p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Godhead '' . www.mormon.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis and Short : ' ' trinus ' ' '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Liddell & Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon . entry for Τριάς , retrieved 19 December 2006 Jump up ^ Theophilus of Antioch , To Autolycus , II. XV ( retrieved on 19 December 2006 ) . Jump up ^ W. Fulton in the `` Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics '' Jump up ^ Aboud , Ibrahim ( Fall 2005 ) . Theandros an online Journal of Orthodox Christian Theology and Philosophy. 3 , number 1 . Jump up ^ `` Against Praxeas , chapter 3 '' . Ccel.org. 1 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Against Praxeas , chapter 2 and in other chapters Jump up ^ History of the Doctrine of the Trinity . Accessed 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ See Elizabeth Lev , `` Dimming the Pauline Spotlight ; Jubilee Fruits '' , 2009 Archived 14 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Orthodox Outlet for Dogmatic Enquiries : On God '' . Oodegr.com . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea , Church History iii. 36 Jump up ^ `` St. Ignatius of Antioch to the Magnesians ( Shorter Recension ) , Roberts - Donaldson translation '' . Earlychristianwritings.com . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Apology , LXI '' . Ccel.org. 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Theophilus , Apologia ad Autolycum , Book II , Chapter 15 Jump up ^ Tertullian Against Praxeas Jump up ^ Mulhern , Philip F. ( 1967 ) `` Trinity , Holy , Devotion '' , in New Catholic encyclopedia . Prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America . New York : McGraw - Hill , 14 . 306 Jump up ^ Ramelli , Llaria . `` Origen 's Anti-Subordinationism and Its Heritage in the Nicene and Cappadocian Line '' . jstor.org . Brill . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Shamoun , Sam . `` Origen 's Christology : A Response to the Cults '' . Answering-islam.org . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavao , Paul . `` The Trinity : Doctrine Development and Definition '' . Christian-History.org . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavao , Paul . `` Orthodoxy : An Ironic Side Note on Heresy , and the Trinity '' . Christian-History.org . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ P. `` Holy Trinity and Modern Arians Part 2 '' . BiblicalCatholic.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnard , L.W. `` The Antecedents of Arius '' . jstor.org . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Origen 's Trinitarian Theology , Dr. Marc Cortez ^ Jump up to : Bingham , Jeffrey , `` HT200 Class Notes '' , Dallas Theological Seminary , ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia Americana ( 1956 ) , Vol . XXVII , p. 294L Jump up ^ Nouveau Dictionnaire Universel ( Paris , 1865 -- 1870 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 1467 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : article : ' ' Paul of Samosata ' ' '' . Newadvent.org. 1 February 1911 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , Henry . The Early Church Pelican / Penguin ( 1967 ) p. 87 Jump up ^ `` Arianism '' in Cross , F.L. & Livingstone , E.A. ( eds ) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ `` Creeds of Christendom , with a History and Critical notes . Volume I . The History of Creeds . - Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . www.ccel.org . Jump up ^ Anderson , Michael . `` The Nicaeno - Constantinopolitan Creed '' . www.creeds.net . Jump up ^ `` Second Creed of Sirmium or `` The Blasphemy of Sirmium '' `` . www.fourthcentury.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Athanasius , Bishop of Alexanria , Theologian , Doctor '' . Justus.anglican.org . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Athanasius : De Decretis or Defence of the Nicene Definition , Introduction , 19 '' . Tertullian.org. 6 August 2004 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trinity '' . Britannica Encyclopaedia of World Religions . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006 . Jump up ^ On Athanasius , Oxford Classical Dictionary , Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth . Third edition . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ Gregory of Nazianzus , Orations 40.41 Jump up ^ Mulhern , 306 . Jump up ^ Mulhern , p. 306 Jump up ^ Wolfgang Vondey , Pentecostalism , A Guide for the Perplexed ( London ; New Delhi ; New York ; Sydney : Bloomsbury , 2013 ) , 78 . Jump up ^ 7 : 1 , 3 online Jump up ^ Epistle to the Philippians , 2 : 13 online Jump up ^ On Baptism 8 : 6 online , Against Praxeas , 26 : 2 online Jump up ^ Against Noetus , 1 : 14 online Jump up ^ Seventh Council of Carthage online Jump up ^ A Sectional Confession of Faith , 13 : 2 online Jump up ^ Kittel , 3 : 108 . ^ Jump up to : Stagg , Frank . New Testament Theology . Broadman Press , 1962 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 1613 - 8 , pp. 38 ff . Jump up ^ Grudem , Wayne A. 1994 . Systematic theology an introduction to biblical doctrine . Leicester , England : Inter-Varsity Press . Page 226 . Jump up ^ `` Athanasian Creed '' . Ccel.org . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Barth , Karl , and Geoffrey William Bromiley. 1975 . The doctrine of the word of God prolegomena to church dogmatics , being volume I , 1 . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark . Pages 348 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Thomas , and Anton Charles Pegis. 1997 . Basic writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas . Indianapolis , Indiana : Hackett Pub . Pages 307 -- 9 . Jump up ^ For ' person ' , see Richard De Smet , A Short History of the Person , available in Brahman and Person : Essays by Richard De Smet , ed . Ivo Coelho ( Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` NPNF2 - 09 . Hilary of Poitiers , John of Damascus Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . Ccel.org. 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity : The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit ( scanned image of the English translation on L'Osservatore Romano of 20 September 1995 ) ; also text with Greek letters transliterated and text omitting two sentences at the start of the paragraph that it presents as beginning with `` The Western tradition expresses first ... '' Jump up ^ CCC § 236 . Jump up ^ Phillip Cary , Priscilla Papers Vol. 20 , No. 4 , Autumn 2006 Jump up ^ `` Basil the Great , De Spiritu Sancto , NPNF , Vol 8 '' . Ccel.org. 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Athanasius , 3.29 ( p. 409 ) Jump up ^ Basil `` Letters '' , NPNF , Vol 8 , 189.7 ( p. 32 ) Jump up ^ Sauvage , George . `` Appropriation . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1907 . 20 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : Olsen , Roger E. , `` Is there hierarchy in the Trinity ? '' , Patheos , December 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ Warfield , Benjamin B. , `` Trinity '' , § 20 , The Question of Subordination , The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia , Vol. 5 , ( James Orr , ed . ) , Howard - Severance Company , 1915 , pp. 3020 - 3021 Jump up ^ Rubinstein , Richard . When Jesus Became God , The Struggle to Define Christianity During the Last Days of Rome . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Susan Ashbrook ; Hunter , David G. ( 4 September 2008 ) . `` The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies '' . OUP Oxford -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` What Was Debated at the Council of Nicea ? '' . Jump up ^ Philip Schaff , History of the Christian Church . Volume III . Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity , fifth edition revised , § 27 ^ Jump up to : Rusch , William G. ( 1980 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Rusch , William G . The Trinitarian Controversy . Minneapolis : Fortress Press ( subscription required ) . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Neither the word Trinity nor the explicit doctrine appears in the New Testament ... the New Testament established the basis for the doctrine of the Trinity '' ( Encyclopædia Britannica Online : article Trinity ) . Jump up ^ `` Trinity '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Oxford Companion to the Bible ( ed . Bruce Metzger and Michael Coogan ) 1993 , p. 782 -- 3 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Alister E. Understanding the Trinity . Zondervan , 9789 ISBN 0 - 310 - 29681 - 1 Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. Understanding the Bible . Mayfield Publishing : 2000 . pp. 427 -- 428 Jump up ^ See , for instance , the note in 1 Jn 5 : 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger , The Text of the New Testament : Its Transmission , Corruption , and Restoration , 2d ed . Oxford University , 1968 p. 101 Jump up ^ `` The Presentation of Jesus in John 's Gospel '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond E. The Anchor Bible : The Gospel According to John ( XIII -- XXI ) , pp. 1026 , 1032 Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Edwyn Clement ( ed Davey F.N. ) The Fourth Gospel Faber & Faber , 1947 p. 142 commenting on `` without him was not any thing made that was made . '' Jump up ^ St. Paul helps us understand truths about Jesus Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simonetti , Manlio . `` Matthew 14 -- 28 . '' New Testament Volume 1b , Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture . Intervarsity Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1469 - 5 Jump up ^ St. Augustine of Hippo , De Trinitate , Book I , Chapter 3 . ^ Jump up to : St. Basil the Great , On the Holy Spirit Chapter 16 . Jump up ^ St. Basil the Great , On the Holy Spirit Chapter 19 . Jump up ^ St. Basil the Great , On the Holy Spirit Chapter 21 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : article ' ' Pneumatomachi ' ' '' . Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ New Jerusalem Bible , Standard Edition published 1985 , introductions and notes are a translation of those that appear in La Bible de Jerusalem -- revised edition 1973 , Bombay 2002 ; footnote to Joh 14 : 16 . Jump up ^ Zondervan NIV ( New International Version ) Study Bible , 2002 , Grand Rapids , Michigan , USA ; footnote to Joh 14 : 17 . Jump up ^ Trinity -- see `` 3 The Holy Spirit As a Person '' . Jump up ^ See Book of Wisdom # Messianic interpretation by Christians Jump up ^ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 ) , article Trinity , doctrine of the ^ Jump up to : `` Catholic Encyclopedia : article ' ' The Blessed Trinity ' ' '' . Newadvent.org. 1 October 1912 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Religion '' , Vol. 14 , p. 9360 , on Trinity Jump up ^ Gregory Nazianzen , Orations , 31.26 Jump up ^ For the two chapters as a single text , see Letellier , Robert . Day in Mamre , night in Sodom : Abraham and Lot in Genesis 18 and 19 . Brill Publishers : 1995. ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10250 - 7 pp. 37ff . Web : 9 January 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Francis Watson , Abraham 's Visitors , The Journal of Scriptural Reasoning , Number 2.3 , September 2002 '' . Etext.lib.virginia.edu . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg , Emanuel . Heavenly Arcana , 1749 -- 58 . Rotch Edition . New York : Houghton , Mifflin and Company , 1907 , in the Divine Revelation of the New Jerusalem ( 2012 ) , n . 2149 , 2156 , 2218 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg , n . 2319 -- 2320 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg , n . 10617 . Jump up ^ The Trinity in the Old Testament Archived 4 May 2003 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Larry W. Hurtado , Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2005 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 2 pp. 573 -- 578 Jump up ^ `` Baker 's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology : ' ' Angel of the Lord ' ' '' . Studylight.org . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Aurelius , Marcus ( 1964 ) . Meditations . London : Penguin Books . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 14044140 - 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 44140 - 6 . Jump up ^ See below and G Schiller , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol . I , 1971 , Vol II , 1972 , ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , figs I ; 5 -- 16 & passim , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 and ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 Jump up ^ Cartlidge , David R. , and Elliott , J.K. . Art and the Christian Apocrypha , pp. 69 -- 72 ( illustrating examples ) , Routledge , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 23392 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23392 - 7 , Google books Jump up ^ G Schiller , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol. II , 1972 , ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , figs I ; 5 -- 16 & passim , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 and ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 , pp. 122 -- 124 and figs 409 -- 414 Jump up ^ G Schiller , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol. II , 1972 , ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , figs I ; 5 -- 16 & passim , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 and ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 , pp. 219 -- 224 and figs 768 -- 804 Jump up ^ Potts , Albert M. The World 's Eye . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 68 -- 78 . Jump up ^ von Harnack , Adolf ( 1 March 1894 ) . `` History of Dogma '' . Retrieved 15 June 2007 . ( In the 2nd century , ) Jesus was either regarded as the man whom God hath chosen , in whom the Deity or the Spirit of God dwelt , and who , after being tested , was adopted by God and invested with dominion , ( Adoptionist Christology ) ; or Jesus was regarded as a heavenly spiritual being ( the highest after God ) who took flesh , and again returned to heaven after the completion of his work on earth ( pneumatic Christology ) Jump up ^ Cross , F.L. ( 1958 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . London : OUP , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Glassé , Cyril ; Smith , Huston ( 2003 ) . The New Encyclopedia of Islam . Rowman Altamira . pp. 239 -- 241 . ISBN 0759101906 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Qur'an . Thomas , David . 2006 . Volume V : Trinity . Jump up ^ Quran 3 : 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Quran 112 : 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Quran 112 : 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 73 Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 116 ^ Jump up to : David Thomas , Trinity , Encyclopedia of the Qur'an Jump up ^ Mun'im Sirry ( 1 May 2014 ) . Scriptural Polemics : The Qur'an and Other Religions . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ S. Griffith : Christians and Christianity . Jump up ^ Edward Hulmes : Qur'an and the Bible , The ; entry in the Oxford Companion to the Bible . Jump up ^ Mun'im Sirry ( 1 May 2014 ) . Scriptural Polemics : The Qur'an and Other Religions . Oxford University Press . p. 47 . Jump up ^ The concept of Trinity is incompatible with Judaism : Response - Reference Center - FAQ - Proof Texts - Trinity ( Jews for Judaism ) The Trinity in the Shema ? by Rabbi Singer ( outreachjudaism.org ) The Doctrine of the Trinity ( religionfacts.com ) Other references ( edit ) Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online , Trinity Further reading ( edit ) Emery , Gilles , O.P. ; Levering , Matthew , eds. ( 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of the Trinity . ISBN 978 - 0199557813 . Holmes , Stephen R. ( 2012 ) . The Quest for the Trinity : The Doctrine of God in Scripture , History and Modernity . ISBN 9780830839865 . Dolezal , James . `` Trinity , Simplicity and the Status of God 's Personal Relations '' , International Journal of Systematic Theology 16 ( 1 ) ( 2014 ) : 79 -- 98 . Fiddes , Paul , Participating in God : a pastoral doctrine of the Trinity ( London : Darton , Longman , & Todd , 2000 ) . Johnson , Thomas K. , `` What Difference Does the Trinity Make ? '' ( Bonn : Culture and Science Publ. , 2009 ) . La Due , William J. , The Trinity guide to the Trinity ( Continuum International Publishing Group , 2003 ISBN 1 - 56338 - 395 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56338 - 395 - 3 ) . Letham , Robert ( 2004 ) . The Holy Trinity : In Scripture , History , Theology , and Worship . ISBN 9780875520001 . O'Collins , Gerald ( 1999 ) . The Tripersonal God : Understanding and Interpreting the Trinity . ISBN 9780809138876 . Olson , Roger E. ; Hall , Christopher A. ( 2002 ) . The Trinity . ISBN 9780802848277 . Phan , Peter C. , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Cambridge Companion to the Trinity . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87739 - 8 . So , Damon W.K. , Jesus ' Revelation of His Father : A Narrative - Conceptual Study of the Trinity with Special Reference to Karl Barth . ( Milton Keynes : Paternoster , 2006 ) . ISBN 1 - 84227 - 323 - X . Hillar , Marian , From Logos to Trinity . The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian . ( Cambridge University Press , 2012 ) . Tuggy , Dale ( Summer 2014 ) , `` Trinity ( History of Trinitarian Doctrines ) '' , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Feazell , J. and Morrison , M. ( 2013 ) . You 're Included -- Complete List of Trinitarian Conversations , 108 Interviews With 25 Theologians : Ray S. Anderson , Douglas A. Campbell , Elmer Colyer , Gerrit Scott Dawson , Cathy Deddo , Gary W. Deddo , Gordon Fee , Trevor Hart , George Hunsinger , Christian Kettler , C. Baxter Kruger , John E. McKenna , Jeff McSwain , Steve McVey , Paul Louis Metzger , Paul Molnar , Roger Newell , Cherith Fee Nordling , Robin Parry , Andrew Purves , Andrew Root , Alan Torrance , David Torrance , Robert T. Walker , William Paul Young . 4th ed. ebook Grace Communion International , pp. 1 -- 1279 . Webb , Eugene , In Search of The Triune God : The Christian Paths of East and West ( Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holy Trinity . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Trinity Trinity Entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A Formulation and Defense of the Doctrine of the Trinity A brief historical survey of patristic Trinitarian thought Doctrine of the Trinity Trinity Article at Theopedia Eastern Orthodox Trinitarian Theology Doctrine of the Trinity Reading Room : Extensive collection of on - line sources on the Trinity ( Tyndale Seminary ) Christian theology Systematic Scripture Inspiration Preservation Canonics Biblical studies Exegesis Law and Gospel Hermeneutics God Attributes Patriology Christology Pneumatology Theocentricism Theology proper Immutability Impassibility Trinity Father Son ( Hypostatic union Incarnation Jesus Logos Christocentric ) Holy Spirit Cosmology Creation Angels Angelic hierarchy Humanity Fallen angels Satan Theodicy Soteriology Absolution Adoption Assurance Atonement Baptism Calling Conversion Election Eternal life Faith Forgiveness Glorification Grace Irresistible grace Imputation Justification Lapsarianism Means of grace Monergism Mortification Ordo salutis Perseverance Predestination Recapitulation Reconciliation Redemption Regeneration Repentance Resurrection Salvation Sanctification Synergism Theosis Union with Christ Hamartiology Adam Anthropology The Fall Incurvatus in se Original sin Sin Theodicy Total depravity Ecclesiology Sacrament Eucharist Missiology Polity ( Congregational Episcopal Presbyterian ) Synod Conciliarity Eschatology Summary of differences Historicism Idealism Dispensationalism Futurism Preterism Millenarianism ( Pre - 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-4458193443653287633	Rat rod	Rat rod - wikipedia Rat rod An example of a rat rod 1930 Ford Model A rat rod A rat rod is a style of hot rod or custom car that , in most cases , imitates ( or exaggerates ) the early hot rods of the 1940s , 1950s , and early - 1960s . The style is not to be confused with the somewhat closely related `` traditional '' hot rod , which is an accurate re-creation or period - correct restoration of a hot rod from the same era . Contents 1 Definition 2 Origins 2.1 The Jakelopy 3 General 3.1 Chassis 3.2 Paint and finish 3.3 Interior 3.4 Drive train 3.5 Suspension 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References Definition ( edit ) Originally , rat rods were a counter-reaction to the high - priced `` customs '' and typical hot rods , many of which were seldom driven and served only a decorative purpose . The rat rod 's inception signified a throwback to the hot rods of the earlier days of hot - rod culture -- built according to the owner 's abilities and with the intention of being driven . Rat rods are meant to loosely imitate , in both form and function , the `` traditional '' hot rods of the era . Biker , greaser , rockabilly , psychobilly , and punk sub-cultures are often cited as influences that shaped rat rodding . The typical rat rod is a late - 1920s through to late - 1950s coupe or roadster , but sometimes a truck or sedan . Many early ( pre-World War II ) vehicles were not built with fenders , hoods , running boards , and bumpers . The bodies are frequently channeled over the frame and sectioned , or the roofs are chopped , for a lower profile . Later - era post-war vehicles were rarely constructed without fenders and were often customized in the fashion of kustoms , leadsleds , and lowriders ; Maltese crosses , skulls , and other accessories were often added . The owner of the vehicle was typically responsible for most , or all , of the work present in the vehicle . Recently , using the term `` rat rod '' has been derided as being incorrect when describing any vehicle that appears unfinished or is built simply to be driven . Rodding scribe Pat Ganahl took a broad look at the rat rod trend and had this to say : I see what are referred to as Rat Rods today comprising three elements : First are the traditional rods and customs . Those are cars built the way rods were built in the ' 30s , ' 40s , and early ' 50s , with a primary emphasis on low - buck and home - built , using period - correct components ranging from flathead to nailhead engines , wide whitewall tires to skinny blackwall bias - plies , and black primer to hand - rubbed paint . Second are what I personally call Rat Rods , as a positive term ... They 're artistic , fun , and sensational reinterpretations of late - ' 40s / early - ' 50s hot rodding as a culture that includes music , clothing , hairstyles , and tattoos . The cars are low , loud , chopped ... with giant rear tires , lots of carburetors , open pipes , and tall gearshifts . Origins ( edit ) 1932 Ford coupe rat rod in Sheffield , Vermont . The December 1972 issue of Rod & Custom Magazine was dedicated to the `` beater '' , a low - budget alternative to the early car models that were slick and customized . Due to the beater 's cheap upholstery , primer covering ( instead of paint ) , and lack of chrome or polished metals , it has been considered a progenitor of the rat rod . The origin of the term `` rat rod '' is the subject of dispute , but were coined by one specific person in the Shifters So . Cal . car club . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , Anthony Casteneda thought of the word when they were interviewed in a Rod & Custom magazine article . Anthony stated that to him and his car club , their traditional hot rods were lacking certain elements like paint and / or upholstery , and were similar to rat bikes of their time period , thus the name Rat Rods . The Shifters So. Cal . started a trend of younger guys that were in to Rockabilly music , dressed in a 1950s Greaser style , that were building period correct pre war hot rods . This trend started in southern California . Soon after the Rod & Custom Magazine article featured the Shifters , magazines such as Burn Out , Continental Restyling , Hot Rod , Cal , and Hop Up featured the club and this new phenomena that was hitting not only southern California , but cities all over the nation . Opinions regarding the term 's origins were based in one of the following perspectives : Years later , in 1998 , one of many articles was written in Hot Rod Magazine , this was done by automotive journalist Gray Baskerville , about cars that , at that time , continued to be covered by primer ; or , the first rat rod was owned by artist , Robert Williams , who had a ' 32 Ford Roadster that was painted in primer . However , Hot Rod magazine has verified the latter view . Gray 's use of the term was in relation to `` Rat Bikes , '' motorcycles that were assembled from spare parts , to be enjoyed and ridden , and not necessarily for the display of the builder 's skills . It is believed that the term is likely to have originally been used in a derogatory or pejorative sense , as this remains the case among sections of the hot rod community ; however , the term has also been adopted in a positive light by other parts of the sub-culture . The Jakelopy ( edit ) The origin of the movement itself is a little easier to pin down . In 1987 , after many decades of building hot rods and customs , Jim `` Jake '' Jacobs gathered spare parts from his amassed personal stash and put together a ' 28 Ford Phaeton in 28 days . It sported no fenders , wide - white bias - ply tires , a rusty Model A body on ' 32 Ford frame rails , a chopped windshield and a shortened deuce grille shell with a small - block Chevy 350 and a ' 39 Ford 3 - speed . Jake drove it to Pleasanton , CA and entered the Goodguys ' annual West Coast Nationals with no bodywork , paint or interior ( other than what was needed to be functional and legal ) . He parked in full view of many high - end , top - dollar customs and proceeded to pull out a bucket of paint and some brushes . Many spectators stopped to watch , and a few even joined Jake as he painted the car . The Jakelopy was intended to remind people that hot rods were supposed to be accessible . They were supposed to be a hoot to build and drive . Gray Baskerville described the Jakelopy in the 11 / ' 00 issue of Hot Rod as being `` finished ... two years before the first rat rods appeared . '' General ( edit ) Chassis ( edit ) Custom frame Frames from older cars or light trucks are sometimes preferred for rat rod conversions due to the chassis that is used for these types of vehicles -- the chassis type provides a sturdy base for subsequent alterations . Older cars in poor condition are often advertised as candidates for rat rod conversions and , in some cases , the owner will purchase a custom frame , or design and build it himself / herself . In other cases , a rat rodder may use a small pick - up chassis , such as a Chevy S - 10 or Dodge Dakota , to insert into an older car body , in order to create a vehicle that features the look of a classic rat rod , while also maintaining the reliability of a modern vehicle . Paint and finish ( edit ) Typical `` rough '' finish of rat rods . Rat rods often appear unfinished and , at most , primer - only paint jobs are applied ; satin , or matte , black and other flat colors are also common . `` Natural patina '' ( the original paint job , with rust , blemishes , and sometimes bullet holes , left intact ) ; a patchwork of original paint and primer ; or bare metal , in rusty or oiled varieties , with no finish at all are some of the other finishes that may be used -- such finishes honor the anti-restoration slogan that `` it 's only original once '' . Contrary to the aesthetic of many car builders , rust is often acceptable and appreciated by rat rod owners . Owners with a pinstriping brush will often apply free - hand pinstriping to their rat rods . Early low - budget hot rods were often long term `` works in progress '' and as such final finishing treatments ( such as metal prep , paint , and trim ) remained in the future , and the Rat Rod imitates this aesthetic . Interior ( edit ) Interiors of rat rods can range from spartan to fully finished , though this is typically the final phase of construction . Mexican blankets and bomber seats form the basis of many rat rod interiors , and most are designed to be functional without many comforts ; although , this will vary in accordance with the owner 's taste . Drive train ( edit ) Though a variety of engines may be used , the most common engine type that is used in rat rods are : Flathead V8 engines , early Chrysler Hemi engines , or more modern small block V8 engines from any manufacturer ( Chevrolet is a common choice of small block engine ) . Straight - 8s straight - 6s , straight - 4 , and V6s are also fairly commonly used in the construction of rat rods -- these engines may exhibit varying displacements and modifications . While diesel engines are occasionally used , these engines are rarely fitted with emission controls , as such a feature was not part of the original construction , or the feature was not required under special license . Most rat rods are rear - wheel drive , with an open driveline . The rear - ends and the transmissions are typically passenger vehicle pieces . ( See below ) Suspension ( edit ) A beam axle is the most commonly used type of front suspension , due to its appearance when exposed without fenders on a vehicle with open front suspension . Independent front suspension is rarely used and most rat rods use a 1928 - 1948 Ford I - beam axle , with a transverse leaf spring . Although any rear axle can be used in a rat rod , the Ford rear end has been preferred for years due to the availability of spare parts . `` ... Ford 9 - inchers are the most used rear ends in nearly every form of racing and most high - performance street vehicles ... '' Spring types in the front and rear can be transverse , parallel or coil setups -- parallel is not used as frequently as the more common single - spring transverse setup and coil springs are still occasionally seen even though this spring type is less popular for aesthetic reasons . Rat rods will often be built with airbag suspension , thereby allowing the driver to raise and lower the car ; this can be a useful feature due to the extremely low ground clearance of many rat rods . In many cases , the front suspension is mounted a considerable distance forward of the radiator , a practice that may be derived from the construction of early drag racing cars . Criticism ( edit ) Traditional hot rodders and restorers often regard the rat rod trend movement as `` cheap '' and `` talentless '' . Sentiment among `` critics '' tends to be dismissive and sometimes overtly negative . Hot rodder and freelance journalist Brad Ocock said of the rat rod trend : There 's a huge difference between rat rod and beater . A beater has potential . A rat rod is something someone threw together to make a statement , and usually that statement is , ' I do n't know how to weld . I had a bunch of crap lying around and realized there was enough to put together a car but did n't want to put any effort into it . ' Hot rod journalist and builder Jim Aust put it in his own perspective : I put the majority of it into two categories -- `` Young Guy Bad Style '' and `` Old Guy Bad Style '' . The two different camps are separated by those that do not know better and those that should - yet both produce a high volume of style violations . The young guys that generally do not know any better commit their sins in the name of `` Why not , it gets a ton of attention at the cars shows '' . The problem is a clown on fire gets a lot of attention too , does n't make it a good thing either especially if you are the clown . The young violators like to not only produce a car that in its raw form has no flow or style , but on top of that they `` decorate '' them with such unnecessary items as spikes , bullets , grenades , plastic rats , garden tools , barbed wire , skulls and oversized tools . The young guys into this style are nearly 100 - percent new comers that have no knowledge of hot rod and custom car history and generally do not care . Good news many of them discover the history and quickly out grow the offensive style and leave it behind as they build new vehicles with an eye on style rather than creating unappreciated attention . However , despite such attitudes in many areas of hot rodding , over the last ten to twelve years rat rods have become more and more accepted at car shows and in the custom car culture in general , with many car shows either including sections for rat rods , or beginning events directly devoted to them and aimed at wider audiences than ever before . See also ( edit ) Rat bike Rat fink Pinstriping Volksrod References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Freiburger ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Rat Rod History - Order Rodentia '' . ^ Jump up to : Josh Courter ( Nov 27 , 2012 ) . `` What Exactly Is A Rat Rod And Where Did It All Begin ? '' . Jump up ^ sketchv . `` Robt . Williams Lecture Oakland Museum of CA 2008 Pt. 03 '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE HISTORY OF THE RAT ROD , PART I : The Jakelopy `` Autoculture '' . Jump up ^ Robert Eckhardt ( September 24 , 2001 ) . `` All - New Ford 9 - Inch Upgrade '' . Jump up ^ Jim Aust , ( `` Crosshairs '' ) , Traditional Rod and Kulture Magazine , p. 10 , Issue # 36 Kustom Kulture Key figures Kenneth Anger Joe Bailon George Barris Pete Chapouris Coop Dick Dean Rick Dobbertin Ken Fenical ( Posie ) Chip Foose Blackie Gejeian Norm Grabowski Kenny Howard ( Von Dutch ) Jim `` Jake '' Jacobs Dean Jeffries Dick Megugorac ( Magoo ) Dean Moon Ed Roth Darryl Starbird Larry Watson Robert Williams ( artist ) Indian Larry Vehicles Bobber ( motorcycle ) Café racer Cal Look Chopper ( motorcycle ) Custom car Cutdown Hot rod Leadsled Lowrider Rat rod Rat bike Show car T - bucket Volksrod Woodie Culture DIY ethic Futurism Greaser ( subculture ) Lowbrow art Midnight movies Pin - up girls Pop art Punk subculture Psychobilly Raggare Rockabilly Surf culture Surrealism Media American Graffiti CK Deluxe The Kandy - Kolored Tangerine - Flake Streamline Baby Ol ' Skool Rodz Rat Fink Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rat_rod&oldid=862136530 '' Categories : Vehicle modification Kustom Kulture Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 Articles with unsourced quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 12 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where did the term rat rod come from	[]	[]
694418136768934415	Broccoli	Broccoli - wikipedia Broccoli Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Broccoli ( disambiguation ) . Broccoli Species Brassica oleracea Cultivar group Italica Origin Italy , more than 2,000 years ago Broccoli is an edible green plant in the cabbage family whose large flowering head is eaten as a vegetable . The word broccoli comes from the Italian plural of broccolo , which means `` the flowering crest of a cabbage '' , and is the diminutive form of brocco , meaning `` small nail '' or `` sprout '' . Broccoli is often boiled or steamed but may be eaten raw . Broccoli is classified in the Italica cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea . Broccoli has large flower heads , usually green in color , arranged in a tree - like structure branching out from a thick , edible stalk . The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves . Broccoli resembles cauliflower , which is a different cultivar group of the same species . Broccoli is a result of careful breeding of cultivated Brassica crops in the northern Mediterranean starting in about the 6th century BC . Since the time of the Roman Empire , broccoli has been considered a uniquely valuable food among Italians . Broccoli was brought to England from Antwerp in the mid-18th century by Peter Scheemakers . Broccoli was first introduced to the United States by Southern Italian immigrants , but did not become widely popular until the 1920s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Varieties 2 Production 2.1 Cultivation 2.2 Pests 3 Nutrition 4 Taste 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Varieties Broccoli plants in a nursery There are three commonly grown types of broccoli . The most familiar is Calabrese broccoli , often referred to simply as `` broccoli '' , named after Calabria in Italy . It has large ( 10 to 20 cm ) green heads and thick stalks . It is a cool season annual crop . Sprouting broccoli has a larger number of heads with many thin stalks . Purple cauliflower is a type of broccoli grown in Europe and North America . It has a head shaped like cauliflower , but consisting of tiny flower buds . It sometimes , but not always , has a purple cast to the tips of the flower buds . Other cultivar groups of Brassica oleracea include cabbage ( Capitata Group ) , cauliflower and Romanesco broccoli ( Botrytis Group ) , kale and collard greens ( Acephala Group ) , kohlrabi ( Gongylodes Group ) , Brussels sprouts ( Gemmifera Group ) , and kai - lan ( Alboglabra Group ) . Rapini , sometimes called `` broccoli raab '' among other names , forms similar but smaller heads , and is actually a type of turnip ( Brassica rapa ) . Broccolini or `` Tenderstem broccoli '' is a cross between broccoli and Chinese broccoli . Beneforté is a variety of broccoli containing 2 -- 3 times more glucoraphanin that was produced by crossing broccoli with a wild Brassica variety , Brassica oleracea var villosa . Production Broccoli production -- 2014 includes cauliflower , millions of tonnes Country Production People 's Republic of China 9.3 India 8.6 United States Spain 0.6 Mexico 0.5 Italy 0.4 World 24.2 In 2014 , global production of broccoli ( combined for production reports with cauliflowers ) was 24.2 million tonnes , with China and India together accounting for 74 % of the total ( table ) . Secondary producers , each having one million tonnes or less annually , were the United States , Spain , Mexico and Italy ( table ) . The US Department of Agriculture reported that national production just of broccoli in 2014 was 0.95 million tonnes , nearly all of which was grown in California . Cultivation Broccoli is a cool - weather crop that does poorly in hot summer weather . Broccoli grows best when exposed to an average daily temperature between 18 and 23 ° C ( 64 and 73 ° F ) . When the cluster of flowers , also referred to as a `` head '' of broccoli , appear in the center of the plant , the cluster is green . Garden pruners or shears are used to cut the head about an inch from the tip . Broccoli should be harvested before the flowers on the head bloom bright yellow . While the heading broccoli variety performs poorly in hot weather , mainly due to insect infestation , the sprouting variety is more resistant , though attention must be paid to sucking insects ( such as aphids ) , caterpillars and whiteflies . Spraying of bacillus thuringiensis can control caterpillar attacks , while a citronella vase may ward off whiteflies . Pests Mostly introduced by accident to North America , Australia and New Zealand , `` cabbage worms '' , the larvae of Pieris rapae , the small white butterfly are a common pest in broccoli . Nutrition Broccoli , raw ( edible parts ) Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 141 kJ ( 34 kcal ) Carbohydrates 6.64 g Sugars 1.7 g Dietary fiber 2.6 g Fat 0.37 g Protein 2.82 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin ( 4 % ) 31 μg ( 3 % ) 361 μg 1403 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 6 % ) 0.071 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 10 % ) 0.117 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 4 % ) 0.639 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 11 % ) 0.573 mg Vitamin B6 ( 13 % ) 0.175 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 16 % ) 63 μg Vitamin C ( 107 % ) 89.2 mg Vitamin E ( 5 % ) 0.78 mg Vitamin K ( 97 % ) 101.6 μg Minerals Calcium ( 5 % ) 47 mg Iron ( 6 % ) 0.73 mg Magnesium ( 6 % ) 21 mg Manganese ( 10 % ) 0.21 mg Phosphorus ( 9 % ) 66 mg Potassium ( 7 % ) 316 mg Sodium ( 2 % ) 33 mg Zinc ( 4 % ) 0.41 mg Other constituents Water 89.3 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database As shown on the table , a 100 gram serving of raw broccoli provides 34 kcal and is an excellent source ( 20 % or higher of the Daily Value , DV ) of vitamin C and vitamin K. Raw broccoli also contains moderate amounts ( 10 -- 19 % DV ) of several B vitamins and the dietary mineral manganese , whereas other essential nutrients are in low content . Broccoli has low content of carbohydrates , protein , fat , and dietary fiber . Boiling broccoli reduces the levels of sulforaphane , with losses of 20 -- 30 % after five minutes , 40 -- 50 % after ten minutes , and 77 % after thirty minutes . However , other preparation methods such as steaming , microwaving , and stir frying had no significant effect on the compounds . Broccoli also contains the carotenoid compounds lutein and zeaxanthin in amounts about 6 times lower than in kale . Taste The perceived bitterness of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli varies from person to person , but the functional underpinnings of this variation are not known . Some research reports that the gene TAS2R38 may be responsible for bitter taste perception in broccoli . Other factors , such as isothiocyanates and polyphenols , are also likely involved in bitterness perception . Gallery Close - ups of broccoli florets Sicilian purple broccoli Romanesco broccoli ( actually a cauliflower cultivar ) , showing fractal forms Broccoli in flower See also Agriculture portal Food portal Broccolini References Jump up ^ Buck , P. A ( 1956 ) . `` Origin and taxonomy of broccoli '' ( PDF ) . Economic Botany. 10 ( 3 ) : 250 -- 253 . doi : 10.1007 / bf02899000 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephens , James . `` Broccoli -- Brassica oleracea L. ( Italica group ) '' . University of Florida . p. 1 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` broccoli '' . Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary ( 11th ed . ) . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broccoli Leaves Are Edible '' . Garden Betty . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Maggioni , Lorenzo ; Bothmer , Roland ; Poulsen , Gert ; Branca , Ferdinando ( 2010 ) . `` Origin and Domestication of Cole Crops ( Brassica oleracea L . ) : Linguistic and Literary Considerations '' . Economic Botany. 64 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 123 . doi : 10.1007 / s12231 - 010 - 9115 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nonnecke , Ib ( November 1989 ) . Vegetable Production . Springer - Verlag New York , LLC . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 442 - 26721 - 6 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.T. Nollekins and His Times , 1829 vol. 2 : 101 : `` Scheemakers , on his way to England , visited his birth - place , bringing with him several roots ( sic ) of brocoli , a dish till then little known in perfection at our tables . '' Jump up ^ Denker , Joel ( 2003 ) . The world on a plate . U of Nebraska Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6014 - 6 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dixon , G.R. ( 2007 ) . Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers . Wallingford : CABI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 395 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` About Beneforte '' . superbroccoli.info . ^ Jump up to : `` Production / Crops , Quantities by Country for Cauliflowers and Broccoli for 2014 '' . Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations , Statistics Division ( FAOSTAT ) . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California Drought : Crop Sectors '' . US Department of Agriculture , Economic Research Service -. 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Smith , Powell ( June 1999 ) . `` HGIC 1301 Broccoli '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 25 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptay , Albert ( 1988 ) . Broccoli . World Book , Inc . Jump up ^ Takeguma , Massahiro ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` Cultivo da Couve Brócolis ( Growing Sprouting Broccoli ) '' . Jump up ^ editors , J. Richard and Joan E. Heitzman ; Jim Rathert , principal photographer ; Kathy Love and LuAnne Larsen , ( 1996 ) . Butterflies and moths of Missouri . Jefferson City , MO : Missouri Dept. of Conservation . ISBN 1 - 887247 - 06 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick ( 15 May 2007 ) . `` Research Says Boiling Broccoli Ruins Its Anti Cancer Properties '' . ^ Jump up to : Bongoni , R ; Verkerk , R ; Steenbekkers , B ; Dekker , M ; Stieger , Markus ( 2014 ) . `` Evaluation of Different Cooking Conditions on Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var . italica ) to Improve the Nutritional Value and Consumer Acceptance '' . Plant foods for human nutrition . 69 ( 3 ) : 228 -- 234 . doi : 10.1007 / s11130 - 014 - 0420 - 2 . PMID 24853375 . Jump up ^ `` Maximizing The Anti-Cancer Power of Broccoli '' . Science Daily . 5 April 2005 . Jump up ^ Lipchock SV , Mennella JA , Spielman AI , Reed DR ( 2013 ) . `` Human bitter perception correlates with bitter receptor messenger RNA expression in taste cells '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 98 ( 4 ) : 1136 -- 43 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 113.066688 . PMC 3778862 . PMID 24025627 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Wooding S , Gunn H , Ramos P , Thalmann S , Xing C , Meyerhof W ( 2010 ) . `` Genetics and bitter taste responses to goitrin , a plant toxin found in vegetables '' . Chem Senses. 35 ( 8 ) : 685 -- 92 . doi : 10.1093 / chemse / bjq061 . PMID 20551074 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broccoli . PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea ( cauliflower and broccoli ) List of North American broccoli cultivars , USDA / ARS Vegetable Laboratory Lee , Lisa - Ann ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Creating a broccoli for all seasons to hedge against climate change '' . newatlas.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . ( hide ) Brassica oleracea Brassica oleracea Acephala group Broccoflower Broccoli Broccoli sprouts Broccolini Brussels sprout Cabbage Cauliflower Collard greens Gai lan Kale Kohlrabi Red cabbage Romanesco broccoli Savoy cabbage Spring greens See also List of cabbage dishes Taxon identifiers Wd : Q47722 EoL : 1248606 FOC : 241000001 GBIF : 3042863 GRIN : 105447 ITIS : 530961 NCBI : 36774 PLANTS : BROLI GND : 4222003 - 8 NDL : 01030639 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broccoli&oldid=800728394 '' Categories : Edible plants Food plant cultivars Inflorescence vegetables Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Italian - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 09 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which vegetable gets its name from the latin word small nail	[ "Broccoli is an edible green plant in the cabbage family whose large flowering head is eaten as a vegetable." ]	[ "Broccoli" ]
-7806696094373040773	Expatriate	Expatriate - wikipedia Expatriate For other uses , see Expatriate ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Expatriate French voters queue in Lausanne , Switzerland for the first round of the presidential election of 2007 An expatriate ( often shortened to expat ) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country other than their native country . In common usage , the term often refers to professionals , skilled workers , or artists taking positions outside their home country , either independently or sent abroad by their employers , who can be companies , universities , governments , or non-governmental organisations . Effectively migrant workers , they usually earn more than they would at home , and more than local employees . However , the term ' expatriate ' is also used for retirees and others who have chosen to live outside their native country . Historically , it has also referred to exiles . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Types of expat community 2.2 Worldwide distribution of expats 3 Business expatriates 3.1 Recent trends 4 Literary and screen portrayals 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word expatriate comes from the Latin terms ex ( `` out of '' ) and patria ( `` native country , fatherland '' ) . Dictionary definitions for the current meaning of the word include : Expatriate : ' A person who lives outside their native country ' ( Oxford ) , or ' living in a foreign land ' ( Webster 's ) . These contrast with definitions of other words with a similar meaning , such as : Migrant : ' A person who moves from one place to another in order to find work or better living conditions ' ( Oxford ) , or ' one that migrates : such as a : a person who moves regularly in order to find work especially in harvesting crops ' ( Webster 's ) ; or Immigrant ' A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country ' ( Oxford ) , or ' one that immigrates : such as a : a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence ( Webster 's ) . The varying use of these terms for different groups of foreigners can thus be seen as implying nuances about wealth , intended length of stay , perceived motives for moving , nationality , and even race . This has caused controversy . For example , a British national working in Spain or Portugal is commonly referred to as an ' expatriate ' , whereas a Spanish or Portuguese national working in Britain is referred to as an ' immigrant ' , thus indicating Anglocentrism . An older usage of the word expatriate was to refer to an exile . Alternatively , when used as a verb , expatriation can mean the act of someone renouncing allegiance to their native country , as in the preamble to the United States Expatriation Act of 1868 which says , ' the right of expatriation is a natural and inherent right of all people , indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness . ' Some neologisms have been coined , including : flexpatriate , an employee who often travels internationally for business ( see below ) ; inpatriate , an employee sent from a foreign subsidiary to work in the country where a business is headquartered ; rex - pat , a repeat expatriate , often someone who has chosen to return to a foreign country after completing a work assignment ; sexpat , a sex tourist . History ( edit ) Since antiquity , people have gone to live in foreign countries , whether as diplomats , merchants or missionaries . The numbers of such travellers grew markedly after the 15th century with the dawn of the European colonial period . Types of expat community ( edit ) In the 19th century , travel became easier by way of steamship or train . People could more readily choose to live for several years in a foreign country , or be sent there by employers . The table below aims to show significant examples of expatriate communities which have developed since that time : This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Group Period Country of origin Destination Host country Notes Australians and New Zealanders in London 1960s - now Australia / New Zealand London United Kingdom Beat Generation 1950s United States Tangier Morocco Beat Generation 1960s United States Paris France See Beat Hotel . British retirees 1970s -- now United Kingdom Costa del Sol Spain Arguably immigrants if permanent . British retirees current United Kingdom Dordogne France Arguably immigrants if permanent . British Raj 1721 -- 1949 United Kingdom Princely states India Arguably colonists . Celebrities and artists 1800s -- now various Lake Geneva Switzerland Film - makers 1910s -- now Europe Los Angeles United States `` Hollywood '' Jet set 1950s -- 1970s various various Lost Generation 1920s -- 30s United States Paris France See A Moveable Feast . Modernist artists & writers 1870s -- 1930s various French Riviera France Oligarchs 1990s -- current Russia London United Kingdom Salarymen current Japan various See Japanese diaspora Shanghai French Concession 1849 -- 1943 France Shanghai China Shanghai International Settlement 1863 -- 1945 United Kingdom Shanghai China Preceded by British Concession Shanghai International Settlement 1863 -- 1945 United States Shanghai China Preceded by American Concession . Tax exiles 1860s ( ? ) -- now various Monte Carlo Monaco Third culture kids current various various Includes ' military brats ' and ' diplobrats ' . During the 1930s , Nazi Germany revoked the citizenship of many opponents , such as Albert Einstein , Oskar Maria Graf , Willy Brandt and Thomas Mann , often expatriating entire families . After World War II , decolonisation accelerated . However , lifestyles which had developed among European colonials continued to some degree in expatriate communities . Remnants of the old British Empire , for example , can still be seen in the form of gated communities staffed by domestic workers . Social clubs which have survived include the Hash House Harriers and the Royal Selangor . Homesick palates are catered for by specialist food shops , and drinkers can still order a gin and tonic , a pink gin , or a Singapore Sling . Although pith helmets are mostly confined to military ceremonies , civilians still wear white dinner jackets or even Red Sea rig on occasion . The use of curry powder has long since spread to the metropole . From the 1950s , scheduled flights on jet airliners further increased the speed of international travel . This enabled a hypermobility which led to the jet set , and eventually to global nomads and the concept of a perpetual traveler . Worldwide distribution of expats ( edit ) Further information : List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population and List of countries by foreign - born population In recent years , terrorist attacks against Westerners have at times curtailed the party lifestyle of some expatriate communities , especially in the Middle East . The number of expatriates in the world is difficult to determine , since there is no governmental census . The international market research and consulting company Finaccord estimated the number to be 56.8 million in 2017 . That would resemble the population of Tanzania or Italy . In 2013 , the United Nations estimated that 232 million people , or 3.2 per cent of the world population , lived outside their home country . Business expatriates ( edit ) Long among the complexities of living in foreign countries has been the management of finances , including the payment of taxes ; here , a 32 - page IRS publication from 1965 for Americans living abroad Many multinational corporations send employees to foreign countries to work in branch offices or subsidiaries . Expatriate employees allow a parent company to more closely control its foreign subsidiaries . They can also improve global coordination . However , expatriate professionals and independent expatriate hires are often more expensive than local employees . Expatriate salaries are usually augmented with allowances to compensate for a higher cost of living or hardships associated with a foreign posting . Other expenses may need to be paid , such as health care , housing , or fees at an international school . There is also the cost of moving a family and their belongings . Another problem can be government restrictions in the foreign country . Spouses may have trouble adjusting due to culture shock , loss of their usual social network , interruptions to their own career , and helping children cope with a new school . These are chief reasons given for foreign assignments ending early . However , a spouse can also act as a source of support for an expatriate professional . Families with children help to bridge the language and culture aspect of the host and home country , while the spouse plays a critical role in balancing the families integration into the culture . Some corporations have begun to include spouses earlier when making decisions about a foreign posting , and offer coaching or adjustment training before a family departs . According to the 2012 Global Relocation Trends Survey Report , 88 per cent of spouses resist a proposed move . The most common reasons for refusing an assignment are family concerns and the spouse 's career . Expatriate failure is a term which has been coined for an employee returning prematurely to their home country , or resigning . One study found that the expatriate failure rate is put at 20 to 40 per cent by 69 per cent of executives with multinational corporations . Recent Trends ( edit ) Trends in recent years among business expatriates have included : Reluctance by employees to accept foreign assignments , due to spouses also having a career . Reluctance by multinational corporations to sponsor overseas assignments , due to increased sensitivity both to costs and to local cultures . Short - term assignments becoming more common . These are assignments of several months to a year which rarely require the expatriate family to move . They can include specific projects , technology transfer , or problem - solving tasks . Self - initiated expatriation , where individuals themselves arrange a contract to work overseas , rather than being sent by a parent company to a subsidiary . An ' SIE ' typically does not require as big a compensation package as does a traditional business expatriate . Also , spouses of SIEs are less reluctant to interrupt their own careers , at a time when dual - career issues are arguably shrinking the pool of willing expatriates . Local companies in emerging markets hiring Western managers directly . Commuter assignments which involve employees living in one country but travelling to another for work . This usually occurs on a weekly or biweekly rotation , with weekends spent at home . Flexpatriates , international business travellers who take a plethora of short trips to locations around the globe for negotiations , meetings , training and conferences . These assignments are usually of several weeks duration each . Their irregular nature can cause stress within a family . Increased scholarship and research . For instance , Emerald Group Publishing in 2013 launched The Journal of Global Mobility : The home of expatriate management research . Literary and screen portrayals ( edit ) Expatriate milieus are the setting of many novels and short stories , including works by : James Baldwin ( Giovanni 's Room ) J.G. Ballard ( Cocaine Nights , Super-Cannes ) Paul Bowles Anthony Burgess ( The Malayan Trilogy ) Joseph Conrad Robert Drewe ( A Cry in the Jungle Bar ) Lawrence Durrell F. Scott Fitzgerald ( Tender is the Night ) Ford Madox Ford ( The Good Soldier ) E.M. Forster Graham Greene Ernest Hemingway Patricia Highsmith ( The Talented Mr. Ripley ) Michel Houellebecq ( Platform ) Henry James Christopher Koch ( The Year of Living Dangerously ) Janice Y.K. Lee ( The Expatriates ) Malcolm Lowry ( Under the Volcano ) W. Somerset Maugham George Orwell ( Burmese Days ) Chris Pavone ( The Expats ) Gregory David Roberts ( Shantaram ) Arthur Phillips ( Prague ) Tom Rachman ( The Imperfectionists ) Herman George Scheffauer Paul Scott Evelyn Waugh ( Scoop ) Memoirs of expatriate life include those by authors such as : J.G. Ballard ( Miracles of Life ) Bill Bryson ( Notes from a Small Island ) Stephen Clarke ( A Year in the Merde ) Gerald Durrell ( My Family and Other Animals ) Elizabeth Gilbert ( Eat , Pray , Love ) Laurie Lee ( As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning ) Peter Mayle ( A Year in Provence ) Michael Moorcock ( Letters from Hollywood ) Marco Polo ( The Travels of Marco Polo ) Sayyid Qutb ( The America That I Have Seen ) Films have also been made about the subject , often dealing with issues of culture shock experienced by expatriates . Examples , grouped by host country , include : Austria : The Third Man . Cambodia : City of Ghosts . China : The Painted Veil . France : An American in Paris , Before Sunrise , Charade , Dirty Rotten Scoundrels , A Good Year , Killing Zoe , Midnight in Paris , The Moderns , Ninotchka , To Catch a Thief . Hong Kong : Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing . India : Best Exotic Marigold Hotel , Carry On Up the Khyber , Outsourced , A Passage to India . Indonesia : The Year of Living Dangerously . Italy : Under the Tuscan Sun . Japan : Lost in Translation , Mr. Baseball . Morocco : Casablanca , Naked Lunch , The Sheltering Sky . Spain : Barcelona , Sexy Beast , Vicky Cristina Barcelona . Saudi Arabia : A Hologram for the King . Thailand : The Beach , The King and I . Uganda : The Last King of Scotland . United Kingdom : The Adventures of Barry McKenzie , Straw Dogs . United States : Borat , Coming to America , Crocodile Dundee , How To Lose Friends And Alienate People , Leningrad Cowboys Go America . Unnamed / various : Before Sunrise and sequels , Eat , Pray , Love ; The Ugly American ; The Wages of Fear . Television programmes made about expatriate life include comedies , dramas , documentaries and reality series , such as : Embassy The Embassy Episodes House Hunters International Indian Summers The Jewel in the Crown Meet the Russians No Going Back A Place in the Sun Ramsay 's Costa del Nightmares See also ( edit ) Alien ( law ) Asylum seeker Clientitis Cosmopolitanism Diaspora Domicile ( law ) Economic migrant Emigration Émigré Ethnic enclave Existential migration Foreign born Foreign worker Global mobility Human capital flight International student Migrant worker Permanent residency Refugee Settler Statelessness References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` expatriate Definition of expatriate in English by Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries English . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Castree , Noel ; Rob Kitchen ; Alisdair Rogers . A Dictionary of Human Geography ( 1 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199599868 . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of expatriate in English '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of expatriate '' . Merriam - Webster . Merriam - Webster . 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of migrant in English : '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of migrant '' . Merriam - Webster . Merriam - Webster . 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of immigrant in English '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of immigrant '' . Merriam - Webster . Merriam - Webster . 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Koutonin , Mawuna Remarque ( 13 March 2015 ) . `` Why are white people expats when the rest of us are immigrants ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ DeWolf , Christopher ( 29 December 2014 ) . `` In Hong Kong , Just Who Is an Expat , Anyway ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . News Corp . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Tulshyan , Ruchika ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` ' Expat ' Under Fire : The Word Is Not Racist , Argues A Global Nomad ( subscription required ) '' . The Wall Street Journal . News Corp . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Revised Statutes , Sec. 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of flexpatriate '' . Financial Times : lexicon . The Nikkei . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reiche , Sebastian ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` Inpatriates : On the Term and Academic Findings '' . IESE Business School . University of Navarra . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Drew , Kevin ( 5 October 2004 ) . `` Rex - patriate games : Film takes humorous look at moving - and staying - abroad '' . CNN . Time Warner . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McGeown , Kate ( 14 December 2006 ) . `` Hard lessons in expat paradise '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Rich , Russian and Living in London review : uber - richskis in diamond - encrusted cars '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegfried Grundmann , The Einstein Dossiers : Science and Politics -- Einstein 's Berlin Period , Berlin , Heidelberg , New York : Springer Verlag ( 2004 ) , p. 294 . Translated by Ann M. Hentschel . ISBN 3 - 540 - 25661 - X . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Oskar Maria Graf timeline : expatriated 1934 Archived 1 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Kritikatur -- Die Welt der Literatur . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , Paul ; Pelham , Nick ; Bright , Martin ( 28 July 2002 ) . `` Expat Brits live in fear as Saudis turn on the West '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Dumont , Jean - Christophe ; Lamaitre , Georges ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Counting Immigrants and Expatriates in OECD Countries '' . OECD Economic Studies . 2005 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 83 . doi : 10.1787 / eco_studies - v2005 - art3 - en . ISSN 0255 - 0822 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release_2014_Global Expatriates : Size , Segmentation and Forecast for the Worldwide Market '' . www.finaccord.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` List of countries by population ( United Nations ) '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` More people than ever living outside their home country '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Chew , J ( 2004 ) . Research and Practice in Human Resource Management . pp. 1 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Gomez - Mejia , Luis ; Balkin , David ; Cardy , Robert ( 2007 ) . Managing Human Resources . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson . pp. 544 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 187067 - X . ^ Jump up to : Kraimer , M ( 2016 ) . `` Themes in Expatriate and Repatriate Research over Four Decades : What Do We Know and What Do We Still Need to Learn ? '' . Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior . Jump up ^ Pilenzo , R ( September 2013 ) . `` DOES CULTURE REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN EXPAT ASSIGNMENTS ? '' . Expatriates Magazine ( 2 ) : 4 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lauring , J. , & Selmer , J. 2010 . The supportive expatriate spouse : An ethnographic study of spouse involvement in expatriate careers . International Business Review , 19 ( 1 ) : 59 - 69 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , David ( 2014 ) . Essentials of International Human Resource Management . London : SAGE . pp. 188 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 9591 - 7 . Jump up ^ Thomas , David ( 2014 ) . Essentials of International Human Resource Management . London : SAGE . pp. 190 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 9591 - 7 . Jump up ^ Collings , D.G. ; Scullion , H. ; Morley , M.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Changing patterns of global staffing in the multinational enterprise : Challenges to the conventional expatriate assignment and emerging alternatives '' . Journal of World Business . 42 ( 2 ) : 198 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jwb. 2007.02. 005 . Jump up ^ Inkson , K. ; Arthur , M.B. ; Pringle , J. ; Barry , S. ( 1997 ) . `` Expatriate assignment versus overseas experience : Contrasting models of international human resource development '' . Journal of World Business . 32 ( 4 ) : 351 . doi : 10.1016 / S1090 - 9516 ( 97 ) 90017 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Self - initiated expatriates ( SIEs ) '' . FELOresearch.info. 2013 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Andresen , M. , Bergdolt , F. , & Margenfeld , J. 2012 . What distinguishes self - initiated expatriates from assigned expatriates and migrants ? A literature - based definition and differentiation of terms . In M. Andresen , A.A. Ariss , M. Walther , & K. Wolff ( Eds . ) , Self - initiated expatriation : Individual , organizational and national perspectives : Routledge . Jump up ^ Inkson , K. , & Myers , B.A. 2003 . `` The big OE '' : self - directed travel and career development . Career Development International , 8 ( 4 ) : 170 - 181 . Jump up ^ Selmer , J. , & Lauring , J. 2010 . Self - initiated academic expatriates : Inherent demographics and reasons to expatriate . European Management Review , 7 ( 3 ) : 169 - 179 . Jump up ^ Tharenou , P. 2013 . Self - initiated expatriates : An alternative to company - assigned expatriates ? Journal of Global Mobility , 1 ( 3 ) : 336 - 356 . Jump up ^ Arp , Frithjof ; Hutchings , Kate ; Smith , Wendy A. ( 2013 ) . `` Foreign executives in local organisations : An exploration of differences to other types of expatriates '' . Journal of Global Mobility. 1 ( 3 ) : 312 -- 335 . doi : 10.1108 / JGM - 01 - 2013 - 0006 . Jump up ^ Arp , Frithjof ( 2014 ) . `` Emerging giants , aspiring multinationals and foreign executives : Leapfrogging , capability building , and competing with developed country multinationals '' . Human Resource Management . 53 ( 6 ) : 851 -- 876 . doi : 10.1002 / hrm. 21610 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Executives in Local Organisations '' . FELOresearch.info. 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Arp , Frithjof ( 2013 ) . `` Typologies : What types of foreign executives are appointed by local organisations and what types of organisations appoint them ? '' . German Journal of Research in Human Resource Management / Zeitschrift für Personalforschung. 27 ( 3 ) : 167 -- 194 . doi : 10.1688 / 1862 - 0000_ZfP_2013_03_Arp . Jump up ^ EmeraldInsight External links ( edit ) Look up expatriate in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Expatriate . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Expatriation . Expatriate at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&oldid=850378390 '' Categories : Expatriates Nationality Residency Diaspora studies Employment of foreign - born Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2013 Incomplete lists from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Русский Scots Suomi Українська اردو 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 13 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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-5303520688606005990	In My Feelings	In My Feelings - wikipedia In My Feelings 2018 Drake song For other uses , see In My Feelings ( disambiguation ) . `` In My Feelings '' Single by Drake from the album Scorpion Released July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) Genre Bounce Length 3 : 37 Label Young Money Cash Money Songwriter ( s ) Aubrey Graham Benny Workman Darius Harrison Caresha Brownlee Jatavia Johnson Stephen Garrett James Scheffer Rex Zamor Dwayne Carter Renetta Lowe - Bridgewater Orville Hall Phillip Price Noah Shebib Producer ( s ) TrapMoneyBenny Blaqnmild 40 ( add. ) Drake singles chronology `` Do n't Matter to Me '' ( 2018 ) `` In My Feelings '' ( 2018 ) `` Nonstop '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` In My Feelings '' on YouTube `` In My Feelings '' is a song by Canadian musician Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion ( 2018 ) . It was released to rhythmic and contemporary hit radio on July 30 , 2018 , as the album 's fifth single . The song features additional vocals by the City Girls , though they are not credited on the official version . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for ten weeks and broke several records . Contents 1 Composition and samples 2 Release and reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 See also 10 References Composition and samples ( edit ) `` In My Feelings '' is a bounce track , similar to Drake 's previous single `` Nice for What '' . Upon its release , several outlets reported that the song and `` Kiki '' was about Keshia Chanté , Drake 's first girlfriend and childhood friend from Toronto . It was also reported that `` KB '' was K'yanna Barber , a resident of Oakland , California . Drake also makes references to Jennifer Lopez ( `` Jenny '' ) , who he briefly dated in 2016 , and Quality Control duo City Girls , made up of members Yung Miami ( `` Resha '' ) and JT . The City Girls also provide uncredited vocals . The track samples `` Smoking Gun ( Acapella Version ) '' by Magnolia Shorty for the breakdown . `` Lollipop '' by Lil Wayne is also sampled and the track ends with audio from the episode `` Champagne Papi '' from the television series Atlanta . The song was later slightly altered and re-uploaded to streaming sites with additional sampled vocals from Lil Wayne . Release and reception ( edit ) The song inspired an Internet meme dance challenge known as the `` Kiki Challenge '' , `` In My Feelings Challenge '' or `` DoTheShiggy '' , the latter being a reference to the comedian Shiggy , who posted a video on his Instagram account of him dancing to the song ; this video was credited for inspiring the challenge . The dance challenge is to walk outside of moving vehicles ( ghost riding ) and dance in oncoming traffic . Originating in the US , the challenge later spread to other parts of the world where in some countries it caused controversy and public concern . The challenge is banned in roads of EDSA and other public roads in the Philippines . The Fader deemed the bounce track as the highlight of the double album , with writer Ben Dandrige - Lemco saying , `` it takes a whole 20 songs to get to the best part of the album , ' In My Feelings ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter 's Jonny Coleman felt that the song , along with `` Nice for What '' , `` might be two of the most enduring tracks ( in the album ) '' . Andy Hutchins of Time called the song `` a disastrous misunderstanding of New Orleans bounce . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) In the Billboard magazine issue dated July 14 , 2018 , `` In My Feelings '' debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 , one of seven top 10 entries by Drake that week . The following week , partly due to the rising popularity of the dance challenge associated with the song , it ascended to the top spot of the chart , becoming Drake 's sixth number - one single on the chart . On the issue dated July 28 , 2018 , `` In My Feelings '' broke the streaming record for the most streams in a single week with 116.2 million streams , and retained the top spot on the chart . It also reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart . In the UK , it did not enter the charts on the first week due to chart rules , but the next week , due to the popularity of the dance challenge , it entered at number four . A week later , it rose to number one . `` In My Feelings '' spent four weeks at the top of the chart , before being replaced by `` Shotgun '' . The success of `` In My Feelings '' made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers in the history of the Hot 100 chart . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video was shot on July 23 , 2018 in New Orleans and was directed by Karena Evans , whom Drake previously worked with on the videos for `` God 's Plan '' , `` Nice for What '' , and `` I 'm Upset '' earlier in the year . The song 's music video was released on August 2 , 2018 , on Drake 's YouTube channel . `` KeKe '' is played by La La Anthony while her mother is played by Phylicia Rashad . The video takes place in New Orleans and shows people dancing to the song , including Yung Miami of the City Girls and bounce music legend Big Freedia . Comedian Shiggy , who has been credited with inventing the viral `` In My Feelings Challenge '' , makes a cameo as a production assistant as well as a dancer in the video . At the end of the music video , a small montage of celebrities and internet influencers participating in the `` In My Feelings Challenge '' is displayed . A few of these people include Will Smith , DJ Khaled , Ciara , Steve Aoki , Odell Beckham Jr. , Dua Lipa , Millie Bobby Brown , Liza Koshy , Noah Schnapp , Ryan Seacrest , Shay Mitchell , Bobby Berk , Tan France , Karamo Brown , Antoni Porowski , Jonathan Van Ness , and J - Hope ( BTS ) . As of September 2018 , the music video on YouTube has amassed more than 130 million views . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes and Tidal . Noah `` 40 '' Shebib -- production , recording Noel `` Gadget '' Campbell -- mixing Harley Arsenault -- mixing assistance , recording assistance Greg Moffet -- mixing assistance , recording assistance Ronald Moonoo -- mixing assistance Blaqnmild -- production TrapMoneyBenny -- production Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentina ( Argentina Hot 100 ) 59 Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 12 Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) 66 Brazil Streaming ( Pro-Música ) 8 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 50 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece International Digital ( IFPI ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 46 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 26 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Singapore ( RIAS ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 100,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label ( s ) Ref . United States July 10 , 2018 Rhythmic contemporary Young Money Cash Money Republic Contemporary hit radio United Kingdom July 27 , 2018 Italy August 24 , 2018 Universal See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one urban singles of 2018 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one digital songs of 2018 ( Canada ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Denmark ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Lebanon ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Malaysia ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Portugal ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Singapore ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK R&B Singles Chart number ones of 2018 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 2010s List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2018 List of number - one digital songs of 2018 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2018 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 - Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 - Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drake Releases New Album Scorpion : Listen '' . Pitchfork . June 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Four Ways Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Helped Him Make History This Week '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dandridge - Lemco , Ben ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's `` In My Feelings '' is easily the best song on Scorpion `` . The Fader . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mamo , Heran ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are the Lyrics to Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Keshia Keke Chante is Getting a lot of Messages Over In My Feelings '' . Complex . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who Is ' KeKe ' In Drake 's Song ' In My Feelings ? ' '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Was Drake Talking About Former ' 106 & Park ' Hose Keshia Chante In ' In My Feelings ' - Essence '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaydos , Ryan ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' KeKe ' from hit song revealed as cliche comments pile up '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chilled With The Real Kiki From ' In My Feelings ' This Weekend '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apparently This Is the Real ' Kiki ' Drake Is Singing About on `` In My Feelings '' `` . Complex . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Genius ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's `` In My Feelings '' Explained - Song Stories `` . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Saponara , Michael ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Every Sample on Drake 's ' Scorpion ' Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://kulturehub.com/shiggy-instagram-comedy-drake/ Jump up ^ `` Drake 's `` In My Feelings '' Lyrics Have Inspired A Viral Dance Challenge And It 's Hilarious `` . Pop Buzz . July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's New Song `` In My Feelings '' Sparks Dance Challenge `` . Highsnobiety . July 7 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's latest album has already sparked a new dance challenge '' . Mashable . July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Issues Warning Over Drake ' In My Feelings ' Challenge : Jumping Out Of Cars is ' Foolish and Dangerous ' '' . Billboard . July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Jonny ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Drake Overplays His Hand on Bloated Double Album ' Scorpion ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Andy ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Scorpion Finds Drake Struggling to Keep It All Together '' . Time . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Gives Him His Third U.K. No. 1 Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Dethrones Drake Atop Billboard Hot 100 as ' In My Feelings ' Replaces ' Nice for What ' at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week With Record - Breaking 116.2 Million U.S. Streams '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Genius on Instagram : `` Drake replaced himself at no . 1 on the hot 100 once again with `` In My Feelings '' 😲 `` '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Filming In My Feelings Video in New Orleans '' . Complex . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake - In My Feelings '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ DrakeVEVO ( August 2 , 2018 ) , Drake - In My Feelings , retrieved September 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ Scorpion ( CD liner notes ) . Drake . Republic Records . 2018 . 86318 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Scorpion / Drake TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Hot 100 -- Semana del 20 de Octubre del 2018 '' . Billboard Argentina ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 17 al 23 de Septiembre , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 40 Urban Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2018 . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Streaming Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201829 into search . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake : In My Feelings '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI -- Greek Charts '' . IFPI . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George Ezra tops Official Irish Singles Chart , Ariana is highest new entry '' . Official Charts Company . July 20 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles In Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Streaming ( Del 27 de julio al 2 de agosto 2018 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : September 15 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 33 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . VG - lista . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 100 -- 28 octombrie 2018 '' ( in Romanian ) . Kiss FM . October 28 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 29 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 4 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201828 into search . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 30 : del 20.07. 2018 al 26.07. 2018 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . September 17 , 2018 . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Spanish ) . elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Type Drake in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select In My Feelings and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type In My Feelings in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2018 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DRAKE ' In my feelings ' - ( Radio Date : 24 / 08 / 2018 ) '' . radiodate.it . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Drake songs Discography Comeback Season `` Replacement Girl '' So Far Gone `` Successful '' `` Best I Ever Had '' `` I 'm Goin ' In '' We Are Young Money `` Every Girl '' `` BedRock '' Thank Me Later `` Fireworks '' `` Over '' `` Up All Night '' `` Fancy '' `` Miss Me '' `` Find Your Love '' `` 9AM in Dallas '' Take Care `` Over My Dead Body '' `` Headlines '' `` Crew Love '' `` Take Care '' `` Marvins Room '' `` We 'll Be Fine '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Lord Knows '' `` HYFR ( Hell Ya Fucking Right ) '' `` The Motto '' Nothing Was the Same `` Tuscan Leather '' `` Furthest Thing '' `` Started from the Bottom '' `` Wu - Tang Forever '' `` Worst Behavior '' `` From Time '' `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' `` The Language '' `` Too Much '' `` Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' `` All Me '' If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late `` Energy '' `` Preach '' What a Time to Be Alive `` Jumpman '' Views `` Controlla '' `` One Dance '' `` Pop Style '' `` Too Good '' `` Hotline Bling '' More Life `` Free Smoke '' `` No Long Talk '' `` Passionfruit '' `` Get It Together '' `` Madiba Riddim '' `` Blem '' `` Gyalchester '' `` Portland '' `` Sacrifices '' `` Teenage Fever '' `` KMT '' `` Glow '' `` Since Way Back '' `` Fake Love '' `` Ice Melts '' Scary Hours / Scorpion `` God 's Plan / Diplomatic Immunity '' `` Nonstop '' `` Emotionless '' `` I 'm Upset '' `` Mob Ties '' `` Nice for What '' `` In My Feelings '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Other singles `` Forever '' `` 0 to 100 / The Catch Up '' `` Charged Up '' `` Back to Back '' `` Right Hand '' `` Summer Sixteen '' `` Sneakin ' '' `` Two Birds , One Stone '' `` No Frauds '' `` Signs '' `` Yes Indeed '' As featured artist `` 100 '' `` 4 My Town ( Play Ball ) '' `` Amen '' `` Aston Martin Music '' `` Back on Road '' `` Believe Me '' `` Big Amount '' `` Blessings '' `` Both '' `` Cabaret '' `` Champion '' `` Come and See Me '' `` Come Closer '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` Digital Girl ( Remix ) '' `` Enough Said '' `` Fall for Your Type '' `` Fed Up '' `` Feel Love '' `` For Free '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` Gonorrhea '' `` I Do It '' `` I Invented Sex '' `` I 'm on One '' `` In the Morning '' `` It 's Good '' `` Know Bout Me '' `` Lemon ( Remix ) '' `` Live For '' `` Look Alive '' `` Love Me '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Mia '' `` Mine '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Money to Blow '' `` Mr. Wrong '' `` No Complaints '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` No Lie '' `` No New Friends '' `` No Shopping '' `` No Stylist '' `` Odio '' `` Only '' `` Poetic Justice '' `` Pop That '' `` R.I.C.O. '' `` Recognize '' `` Right Above It '' `` Right Here '' `` Round of Applause '' `` Say Something '' `` She Will '' `` Sicko Mode '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` Still Got It '' `` The One '' `` The Zone '' `` Throw It in the Bag ( Remix ) '' `` To the Max '' `` Trophies '' `` Truffle Butter '' `` Tuesday '' `` Un-Thinkable ( I 'm Ready ) ( Remix ) '' `` Unusual '' `` Used to This '' `` Walk It Talk It '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Haiti Mix ) '' `` We in This Bitch 1.5 '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` What Up '' `` Where Ya At '' `` Who Do You Love ? '' `` Why You Always Hatin ? '' `` Work '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_My_Feelings&oldid=866412450 '' Categories : 2018 singles 2018 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Drake ( musician ) songs Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Malaysia Number - one singles in Singapore Number - one singles in Sweden Songs written by 40 ( record producer ) Songs written by Drake ( musician ) Songs written by Jim Jonsin Songs written by Lil Wayne Songs written by Static Major UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles 2018 controversies Music controversies Challenges Internet memes introduced in the 2010s Music memes Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with short description Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 04 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is featured on drake in my feelings	[ "\"In My Feelings\" is a song by Canadian musician Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion (2018). It was released to rhythmic and contemporary hit radio on July 30, 2018, as the album's fifth single.[1][2] The song features additional vocals by the City Girls, though they are not credited on the official version.[3] The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for ten weeks and broke several records.[4]\n" ]	[ "the City Girls" ]
-392664708445848933	Agamemnon	Agamemnon - wikipedia Agamemnon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a character in Greek mythology . For other uses , see Agamemnon ( disambiguation ) . The Mask of Agamemnon which was discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876 at Mycenae , now believed to pre-date the legendary Trojan War by 300 years In Greek mythology , Agamemnon ( / æɡəˈmɛmnɒn / ; Greek : Ἀγαμέμνων from * Ἀγαμέδμων ( from ἄγαν , `` very much '' and μέδομαι , `` think on '' ) , `` very steadfast '' , `` unbowed '' ) was the son of King Atreus and Queen Aerope of Mycenae , the brother of Menelaus , the husband of Clytemnestra and the father of Iphigenia , Electra or Laodike ( Λαοδίκη ) , Orestes and Chrysothemis . Legends make him the king of Mycenae or Argos , thought to be different names for the same area . When Helen , the wife of Menelaus , was taken to Troy by Paris , Agamemnon commanded the united Greek armed forces in the ensuing Trojan War . Upon Agamemnon 's return from Troy , he was murdered ( according to the oldest surviving account , Odyssey 11.409 -- 11 ) by Aegisthus , the lover of his wife , Clytemnestra . In old versions of the story , the scene of the murder , when it is specified , is usually the house of Aegisthus , who has not taken up residence in Agamemnon 's palace , and it involves an ambush and the deaths of Agamemnon 's followers as well . In some later versions Clytemnestra herself does the killing , or they act together as accomplices , killing Agamemnon in his own home . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Trojan War 3 Return to Greece 4 Genealogy 5 Other stories 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 Primary sources 8.2 Secondary sources 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Atreus , Agamemnon 's father , murdered the children of his twin brother Thyestes and fed them to Thyestes after discovering Thyestes ' adultery with his wife Aerope . Thyestes fathered Aegisthus with his own daughter , Pelopia , and this son vowed gruesome revenge on Atreus ' children . Aegisthus successfully murdered Atreus and restored his father to the throne . Aegisthus took possession of the throne of Mycenae and jointly ruled with Thyestes . During this period , Agamemnon and his brother , Menelaus , took refuge with Tyndareus , King of Sparta . There they respectively married Tyndareus ' daughters Clytemnestra and Helen . Agamemnon and Clytemnestra had four children : one son , Orestes , and three daughters , Iphigenia , Electra and Chrysothemis . Menelaus succeeded Tyndareus in Sparta , while Agamemnon , with his brother 's assistance , drove out Aegisthus and Thyestes to recover his father 's kingdom . He extended his dominion by conquest and became the most powerful prince in Greece . Agamemnon 's family history had been tarnished by rape , murder , incest , and treachery , consequences of the heinous crime perpetrated by his ancestor , Tantalus , and then of a curse placed upon Pelops , son of Tantalus , by Myrtilus , whom he had murdered . Thus misfortune hounded successive generations of the House of Atreus , until atoned by Orestes in a court of justice held jointly by humans and gods . Trojan war ( edit ) Main article : Trojan War Agamemnon gathered the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy . Preparing to depart from Aulis , which was a port in Boeotia , Agamemnon 's army incurred the wrath of the goddess Artemis . There are several reasons throughout myth for such wrath : in Aeschylus ' play Agamemnon , Artemis is angry for the young men who will die at Troy , whereas in Sophocles ' Electra , Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis , and subsequently boasted that he was Artemis ' equal in hunting . Misfortunes , including a plague and a lack of wind , prevented the army from sailing . Finally , the prophet Calchas announced that the wrath of the goddess could only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon 's daughter Iphigenia . Achilles ' surrender of Briseis to Agamemnon , from the House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii , fresco , 1st century AD , now in the Naples National Archaeological Museum Classical dramatizations differ on how willing either father or daughter was to this fate ; some include such trickery as claiming she was to be married to Achilles , but Agamemnon did eventually sacrifice Iphigenia . Her death appeased Artemis , and the Greek army set out for Troy . Several alternatives to the human sacrifice have been presented in Greek mythology . Other sources , such as Iphigenia at Aulis , say that Agamemnon was prepared to kill his daughter , but that Artemis accepted a deer in her place , and whisked her away to Tauris in the Crimean Peninsula . Hesiod said she became the goddess Hecate . Agamemnon was the commander - in - chief of the Greeks during the Trojan War . During the fighting , Agamemnon killed Antiphus and fifteen other Trojan soldiers , according to one source . But in the `` Iliad '' itself , he 's shown to slaughter hundreds more in Book 11 during his `` aristea '' loosely translated to `` day of glory '' which is the most similar to Achilles ' `` aristea '' in Book 21 ( they both are compared to lions and destructive fires in battle , their hands are described as `` splattered with gore '' and `` invincible , '' the Trojans flee to the walls , they both are appealed to by one of their victims , they are both avoided by Hector , they both get wounded in the arm or hand , and they both kill the one who wounded them ) . Even before his `` aristea , '' Agamemnon was considered to be one of the three best warriors on the Greek side as proven when Hector challenges any champion of the Greek side to fight him in Book 7 , and Agamemnon ( along with Diomedes and Big Aias ) is one of the three most wished for to face him out of the nine strongest Greek warriors who volunteered . And after they reconciled , even Achilles admits in Book 23 that Agamemnon is `` the best in strength and in throwing the spear . '' That claim is further proven by the fact that Agamemnon was the only major warrior on either side to never need the gods ' direct intervention to increase his strength or give him any unfair advantages in battle and yet he still caused incredible destruction almost on the scale of Achilles . The Iliad tells the story about the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles in the final year of the war . Following one of the Achaean Army 's raids , Chryseis , daughter of Chryses , one of Apollo 's priests , was taken as a war prize by Agamemnon . Chryses pleaded with Agamemnon to free his daughter but was met with little success . Chryses then prayed to Apollo for the safe return of his daughter , which Apollo responded to by unleashing a plague over the Achaean Army . After learning from the Prophet Calchas that the plague could be dispelled by returning Chryseis to her father , Agamemnon reluctantly agreed , ( but first berated Calchas for previously forcing Agamemnon to sacrifice his daughter ( Iphigenia ) and released his prize . However , as compensation for his lost prize , Agamemnon demanded a new prize . As a result , Agamemnon stole an attractive slave called Briseis , one of the spoils of war , from Achilles . Achilles , the greatest warrior of the age , withdrew from battle in response to Agamemnon 's action and put the Greek armies at risk of losing the war . Agamemnon , having realized Achilles 's importance in winning the war against the Trojan Army , sent ambassadors begging for Achilles to return , offering him riches and the hand of his daughter in marriage , but Achilles refused , only being spurred back into action when his closest friend , Patroclus , was killed in battle . Although not the equal of Achilles in bravery , Agamemnon was a representative of `` kingly authority '' . As commander - in - chief , he summoned the princes to the council and led the army in battle . His chief fault was his overwhelming haughtiness ; an over-exalted opinion of his position that led him to insult Chryses and Achilles , thereby bringing great disaster upon the Greeks . After the capture of Troy , Cassandra , the doomed prophetess and daughter of Priam , fell to Agamemnon 's lot in the distribution of the prizes of war . Return to Greece ( edit ) Orestes slaying Clytemnestra After a stormy voyage , Agamemnon and Cassandra either landed in Argolis , or were blown off course and landed in Aegisthus ' country . Clytemnestra , Agamemnon 's wife , had taken Aegisthus , son of Thyestes , as a lover . When Agamemnon came home he was slain by either Aegisthus ( in the oldest versions of the story ) or Clytemnestra . According to the accounts given by Pindar and the tragedians , Agamemnon was slain in a bath by his wife alone , a blanket of cloth or a net having first been thrown over him to prevent resistance . Clytemnestra also killed Cassandra . Her jealousy of Cassandra , and her wrath at the sacrifice of Iphigenia and at Agamemnon 's having gone to war over Helen of Troy , are said to have been the motives for her crime . Aegisthus and Clytemnestra then ruled Agamemnon 's kingdom for a time , Aegisthus claiming his right of revenge for Agamemnon 's father Atreus having fed Thyestes his own children ( Thyestes then crying out `` So perish all the race of Pleisthenes ! '' , thus explaining Aegisthus ' action as justified by his father 's curse ) . Agamemnon 's son Orestes later avenged his father 's murder , with the help or encouragement of his sister Electra , by murdering Aegisthus and Clytemnestra ( his own mother ) , thereby inciting the wrath of the Erinyes ( English : the Furies ) , winged goddesses who tracked down wrongdoers with their hounds ' noses and drove them to insanity . Genealogy ( edit ) Genealogy of Agamemnon Other stories ( edit ) Athenaeus tells a tale of how Agamemnon mourned the loss of his friend or lover Argynnus , when he drowned in the Cephisus river . He buried him , honored with a tomb and a shrine to Aphrodite Argynnis . This episode is also found in Clement of Alexandria , in Stephen of Byzantium ( Kopai and Argunnos ) , and in Propertius , III with minor variations . The fortunes of Agamemnon have formed the subject of numerous tragedies , ancient and modern , the most famous being the Oresteia of Aeschylus . In the legends of the Peloponnesus , Agamemnon was regarded as the highest type of a powerful monarch , and in Sparta he was worshipped under the title of Zeus Agamemnon . His tomb was pointed out among the ruins of Mycenae and at Amyclae . Another account makes him the son of Pleisthenes ( the son or father of Atreus ) , who is said to have been Aerope 's first husband . In works of art , there is considerable resemblance between the representations of Zeus , king of the gods , and Agamemnon , king of men . He is generally depicted with a sceptre and diadem , conventional attributes of kings . Agamemnon 's mare was named Aetha . She was also one of two horses driven by Menelaus at the funeral games of Patroclus . Following his death at the hands of Aegisthus , Agamemnon made an appearance in Homer 's Odyssey within the kingdom of Hades . There , the former king met Odysseus and explained just how he was murdered before he offered Odysseus a warning about the dangers of trusting a woman . See also ( edit ) HMS Agamemnon National Archaeological Museum of Athens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 9 : 145 . Jump up ^ Aeschylus ( 1986 ) , Choephori ; introduction by A.F. Garvie , Oxford University Press , p. x ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 . Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae 114 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad Translated by Robert Fagles , Penguin Classics , 1998 Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 3 : 266 Jump up ^ Aeschylus , Agamemnon , 1389 Jump up ^ Aeschylus , Agamemnon , 1602 Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles . `` Argynnus '' . A Latin Dictionary . Perseus Project . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ The Deipnosophists of Athenaeus of Naucratis , Book XIII Concerning Women , 80D ( p. 603 ) Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria , Protrepticus II. 38.2 Jump up ^ Butler , Harold Edgeworth & Barber , Eric Arthur , eds. ( 1933 ) The Elegies of Propertius . Oxford : Clarendon Press ; p. 277 Jump up ^ Pausanias . Description of Greece ; 5.8. 3 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Amores , 21 Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 11 : 485 -- 486 Sources ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Homer , Iliad ; Euripides , Electra ; Sophocles , Electra ; Seneca , Agamemnon Aeschylus , The Libation Bearers ; Homer , Odyssey I , 28 -- 31 ; XI , 385 -- 464 ; Aeschylus , Agamemnon Apollodorus , Epitome , II , 15 -- III , 22 ; VI , 23 . Secondary sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Agamemnon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 363 -- 364 . External links ( edit ) Agamemnon - Ancient History Encyclopedia Characters in the Iliad Achaeans Acamas Achilles Agamemnon Agapenor Ajax the Greater Ajax the Lesser Alcimus Anticlus Antilochus Arcesilaus Ascalaphus Automedon Balius and Xanthus Bias Calchas Diomedes Elephenor Epeius Eudoros Euryalus Eurybates Eurydamas Eurypylus Guneus Helen Ialmenus Idomeneus Leitus Leonteus Lycomedes Machaon Medon Meges Menelaus Menestheus Meriones Neoptolemus Nestor Nireus Odysseus Palamedes Patroclus Peneleos Philoctetes Phoenix Podalirius Podarces Polites Polypoetes Promachus Protesilaus Prothoenor Schedius Stentor Sthenelus Talthybius Teucer Thersites Thoas Thrasymedes Tlepolemus Trojans Aeneas Aesepus Agenor Alcathous Amphimachus Anchises Andromache Antenor Antiphates Antiphus Archelochus Asius Asteropaios Astyanax Atymnius Axylus Briseis Calesius Caletor Cassandra Chryseis Chryses Clytius Coön Dares Phrygius Deiphobus Dolon Epistrophus Euphemus Euphorbus Glaucus Gorgythion Hector Hecuba Helenus Hyperenor Hypsenor Ilioneus Imbrius Iphidamas Kebriones Laocoön Lycaon Melanippus Mentes Mydon Mygdon of Phrygia Othryoneus Pandarus Panthous Paris Pedasus Peirous Phorcys Polites Polydamas Polybus Polydorus Priam Pylaemenes Pylaeus Pyraechmes Rhesus of Thrace Sarpedon Theano Ucalegon Characters in the Odyssey House of Odysseus Penelope ( wife ) Telemachus ( son ) Anticlea ( mother ) Laërtes ( father ) Autolycus ( grandfather ) Eurycleia ( chief servant ) Mentor ( advisor ) Phemius ( musician ) Argos ( pet - dog ) Monarchs and royals Alcinous of Phaeacia Arete of Phaeacia Nestor of Pylos Menelaus of Sparta Princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia Agamemnon of Mycenae Gods Athena Apollo Artemis Atlas Calypso Circe Hermes Poseidon Zeus Oceanus Others Achilles Aeolus Ajax Amphimedon Anticlus Antiphates Antiphus Aretus Cyclopes Demodocus Demoptolemus Deucalion Dolius Echephron Echetus Elpenor Eumaeus Eupeithes Euryalus Eurylochus Halitherses Helen Heracles Idomeneus Irus Kikonians Laodamas Laestrygones Medon Melantho Mentes Old Man of the Sea Peisistratus Perimedes Perseus Philoetius Polites Polydamna Polyphemus Scylla and Charybdis Sirens Stratichus Tiresias Theoclymenus Thrasymedes Suitors Agelaus Amphinomus Antinous Ctesippus Eurymachus Leodes Melanthius Iphigenia in Aulis and Iphigenia in Tauris by Euripides Iphigenia 's family Agamemnon ( father ) Clytemnestra ( mother ) Aegisthus ( stepfather ) Orestes ( brother ) Electra ( sister ) Chrysothemis ( sister ) Iphigenia in Aulis Operas Iphigénie en Aulide ( 1774 , Gluck ) Plays Iphigénie ( 1674 ) Film Iphigenia ( 1977 ) Novel The Songs of the Kings Trilogy The Bacchae Alcmaeon in Corinth Related Bash : Latter - Day Plays Iphigenia in Tauris Operas Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1699 , Desmarets and Campra ) Ifigenia in Tauride ( 1771 , Jommelli ) Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1779 , Gluck ) discography Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1781 , Piccinni ) Plays Iphigenia in Tauris ( 1779 ) Electra Family Agamemnon ( father ) Clytemnestra ( mother ) Aegisthus ( stepfather ) Orestes ( brother ) Iphigenia ( sister ) Chrysothemis ( sister ) Films Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1947 ) Electra ( 1962 ) Sandra ( 1965 ) The Forgotten Pistolero ( 1969 ) Electra , My Love ( 1974 ) The Travelling Players ( 1975 ) Ellie ( 1984 ) Electra ( 2010 ) Operas Idoménée ( 1712 , Campra ) Idomeneo ( 1780 , Mozart ) Oresteia ( 1895 , Taneyev ) Elektra ( 1909 , Strauss / von Hofmannsthal ) discography Leben des Orest ( 1930 , Krenek ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1967 , Levy / Butler ) Literature Oresteia ( 458 BC , Aeschylus ) Electra ( c. 413 BC , Euripides ) Orestes ( c. 408 BC , Euripides ) Electra ( c. 405 BC , Sophocles ) Electra ( 1937 , Giraudoux ) The Flies ( 1943 , Sartre ) Elektra ( 1971 , Wijesinha ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1931 , O'Neill ) Elektra ( 1981 , Marvel ) Art Orestes and Electra VIAF : 45103428 GND : 119059738 SUDOC : 078600537 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agamemnon&oldid=805579980 '' Categories : Characters in the Iliad Greek mythological heroes Kings of Mycenae People of the Trojan War LGBT themes in mythology Filicides Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the story of agamemnon and clytemnestra	[]	[]
-906970311676818173	Can't Get Enough of You Baby	Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby - wikipedia Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' Single by ? and the Mysterians from the album Action B - side `` Smokes '' Released March 1967 Format 7 '' 45 RPM Genre Garage rock , proto - punk Length 2 : 00 Label Cameo - Parkway Songwriter ( s ) Sandy Linzer Denny Randell Producer ( s ) Rudy Martinez ? and the Mysterians singles chronology `` I Need Somebody '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' ( 1967 ) `` Beachcomber '' ( 1967 ) `` I Need Somebody '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' ( 1967 ) `` Beachcomber '' ( 1967 ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' is a song written by Denny Randell and Sandy Linzer and recorded by various artists , for the first time by The 4 Seasons featuring The `` Sound '' of Frankie Valli in January 1966 . The protopunk band ? and the Mysterians did it in 1967 for their second album Action . Their version reached No. 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 when it was released as a single . Contents 1 Smash Mouth version 1.1 Peak positions 2 Other versions 3 References Smash Mouth version ( edit ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' Single by Smash Mouth from the album Astro Lounge Released June 12 , 1998 Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Alternative rock pop rock Length 2 : 30 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Sandy Linzer , Denny Randell Producer ( s ) Eric Valentine Smash Mouth singles chronology `` The Fonz '' ( 1998 ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' ( 1998 ) `` All Star '' ( 1999 ) `` The Fonz '' ( 1998 ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' ( 1998 ) `` All Star '' ( 1999 ) It was covered by Smash Mouth for the soundtrack to the 1998 film Ca n't Hardly Wait , and was also included as the lead single on their 1999 album Astro Lounge . Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 27 U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 30 U.S. Billboard Adult Top 40 14 Other versions ( edit ) The Toys recorded a version of the song for their 1966 album , The Toys Sing `` A Lover 's Concerto '' and `` Attack ! '' . The Four Seasons recorded a version for their album 1966 album , Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits . The Colourfield recorded a version of this song for their 1985 album , Virgins & Philistines . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Question Mark & the Mysterians , `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' US chart position Retrieved July 1 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Smash Mouth -- Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ Smash Mouth , `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' US pop and rock chart positions Retrieved July 1 , 2015 Smash Mouth Steve Harwell Greg Camp Paul De Lisle Michael Klooster Randy Cooke Kevin Coleman Michael Urbano Mark Cervantes Mitch Marine Jason Sutter Leroy Miller Sean Hurwitz Charlie Paxson Mike Krompass Rob Schwartz Kristian Attard Sam Eigen Danny Richardson Studio albums Fush Yu Mang Astro Lounge Smash Mouth Get the Picture ? The Gift of Rock Summer Girl Magic Compilations All Star Smash Hits Singles `` Walkin ' on the Sun '' `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' `` All Star '' `` Then the Morning Comes '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Story of My Life '' `` So Insane '' Other songs `` Come On Come On '' Related articles Discography PopMart Tour Old Habits Mouth Sounds Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Get_Enough_of_You_Baby&oldid=864791454 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1967 singles 1998 singles Songs written by Sandy Linzer Songs written by Denny Randell Question Mark & the Mysterians songs Smash Mouth songs Cameo - Parkway Records singles Music videos directed by McG Song recordings produced by Eric Valentine Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 13 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings can't get enough of you	[]	[]
-3348899718001601388	United States presidential line of succession	United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting President and President 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond Vice President 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense James Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Eric Hargan ( R ) Acting 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke ( I ) Acting ^ Jump up to : This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as President , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President - elect dies before his term begins , the Vice President - elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the President - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the Vice President - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President - elect nor a Vice President - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President . He or she becomes President if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled , such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession , by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began . Acting President and President ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contempories -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the Vice President in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President 's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond Vice President ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President , and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the Vice President was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of Vice President became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . ( Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . ) In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become President immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become Acting President and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's Presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the President , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as President , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . JSTOR 2125607 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . JSTOR 27552721 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Further reading ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website External links ( edit ) The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Eric Hargan ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Elaine Duke ) Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . 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Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_line_of_succession&oldid=808541303 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Continuity of government in the United States Vice Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 13 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who takes over as president if both the president and the vice president die	[ "The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns, or is removed from office (by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate). The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947[1] as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. The succession follows the order of Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State, and followed by the rest in the order of their positions' creation. Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural-born U.S. citizen." ]	[ "Speaker of the House of Representatives" ]
2979825218277817813	The Hunger Games	The Hunger Games - wikipedia The Hunger Games This article is about the book series . For other uses , see The Hunger Games ( disambiguation ) . The Hunger Games A complete set of The Hunger Games trilogy The Hunger Games ( 2008 ) Catching Fire ( 2009 ) Mockingjay ( 2010 ) Author Suzanne Collins Country United States Language English Genre Dystopian , adventure , science fiction , drama , action Publisher Scholastic Published 2008 -- 2010 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book No. of books The Hunger Games is a trilogy of young adult dystopian novels written by American novelist Suzanne Collins . The series is set in The Hunger Games universe , and follows young characters Katniss Everdeen and Peeta Mellark . The novels in the trilogy are titled The Hunger Games ( 2008 ) , Catching Fire ( 2009 ) , and Mockingjay ( 2010 ) . The novels have all been developed into films starring Jennifer Lawrence , with the film adaptation of Mockingjay split into two parts . The first two books in the series were both New York Times best sellers , and Mockingjay topped all US bestseller lists upon its release . By the time the film adaptation of The Hunger Games was released in 2012 , the publisher had reported over 26 million Hunger Games trilogy books in print , including movie tie - in books . The Hunger Games universe is a dystopia set in Panem , a country consisting of the wealthy Capitol and 12 districts in varying states of poverty . Every year , children from the districts are selected to participate in a compulsory annual televised death match called The Hunger Games . The novels were all well received . In August 2012 , the series ranked second , beaten only by the Harry Potter series in NPR 's poll of the top 100 teen novels , which asked voters to choose their favorite young adult books . On August 17 , 2012 , Amazon announced The Hunger Games trilogy as its top seller , surpassing the record previously held by the Harry Potter series . As of 2014 , the trilogy has sold more than 65 million copies in the U.S. alone ( more than 28 million copies of The Hunger Games , more than 19 million copies of Catching Fire , and more than 18 million copies of Mockingjay ) . The Hunger Games trilogy has been sold into 56 territories in 51 languages to date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Books 2.1 The Hunger Games 2.2 Catching Fire 2.3 Mockingjay 3 Structure 4 Origins 5 Critical reception 6 Film adaptations 7 Influence in Thailand 8 References 9 External links Setting Main article : Fictional universe of The Hunger Games The Hunger Games trilogy takes place in an unspecified future time , in the dystopian , post-apocalyptic nation of Panem , located in North America . The country consists of a wealthy Capitol city , located in the Rocky Mountains , surrounded by twelve ( originally thirteen ) poorer districts ruled by the Capitol . The Capitol is lavishly rich and technologically advanced , but the districts are in varying states of poverty . The trilogy 's narrator and protagonist Katniss Everdeen , lives in District 12 , the poorest region of Panem , located in Appalachia , where people regularly die of starvation . As punishment for a past rebellion against the Capitol ( called the `` Dark Days '' ) , in which District 13 was supposedly destroyed , one boy and one girl from each of the twelve remaining districts , between the ages of 12 and 18 , are selected by lottery to compete in an annual pageant called the Hunger Games . The Games are a televised event in which the participants , called `` tributes '' , are forced to fight to the death in a dangerous public arena . The winning tribute and his / her home district are then rewarded with food , supplies , and riches . The purposes of the Hunger Games are to provide entertainment for the Capitol and to remind the districts of the Capitol 's power and lack of remorse , forgetfulness , and forgiveness for the failed rebellion of the current competitors ' ancestors . Books The Hunger Games Main article : The Hunger Games ( novel ) The Hunger Games is the first book in the series and was released on September 14 , 2008 . The Hunger Games follows 16 - year - old Katniss Everdeen , a girl from District 12 who volunteers for the 74th Hunger Games in place of her younger sister Primrose Everdeen . Also selected from District 12 is Peeta Mellark . They are mentored by their district 's only living victor , Haymitch Abernathy , who won 24 years earlier and has since led a solitary life of alcoholism . Peeta confesses his longtime secret love for Katniss in a televised interview prior to the Games . This revelation stuns Katniss , who harbors feelings for Gale Hawthorne , her friend and hunting partner . Haymitch advises her to feign feelings for Peeta in order to gain wealthy sponsors who can provide crucial supplies to the `` star - crossed lovers '' during the Games . In the arena , Katniss allies with Rue , a young tribute from District 11 who reminds Katniss of her kid sister . When Rue is killed , Katniss places flowers around her body as an act of defiance toward the Capitol . Then the remaining tributes are alerted to a rule change that allows tributes from the same district to win as a team . Katniss finds a seriously wounded Peeta and nurses him back to health . When all of the other tributes are dead , the rule change is abruptly revoked . With neither willing to kill the other , Katniss comes up with a solution : a double suicide by eating poisonous berries . This forces the authorities to concede just in time to save their lives . During and after the Games , Katniss develops genuine feelings for Peeta and struggles to reconcile them with what she feels for Gale . Haymitch warns her that the danger is far from over . The authorities are furious at being made fools of , and the only way to try to allay their anger is to pretend that her actions were because of her love for Peeta . On the journey home , Peeta is dismayed to learn of the deception . Catching Fire Main article : Catching Fire Catching Fire is the second installment in the series , released on September 1 , 2009 . In Catching Fire , which begins six months after the conclusion of The Hunger Games , Katniss learns that her defiance in the previous novel has started a chain reaction that has inspired rebellion in the districts . President Snow threatens to harm Katniss ' family and friends if she does not help to defuse the unrest in the districts and marry Peeta . Meanwhile , Peeta has become aware of Katniss ' disingenuous love for him , but he has also been informed of Snow 's threats , so he promises to help keep up the act to spare the citizens of District 12 . Katniss and Peeta tour the districts as victors and plan a public wedding . While they follow Snow 's orders and keep up the ruse , Katniss inadvertently fuels the rebellion , and the mockingjay pin she wears becomes its symbol . District by district , the citizens of Panem begin to stage uprisings against the Capitol . Snow announces a special 75th edition of the Hunger Games -- known as the Quarter Quell -- in which Katniss and Peeta are forced to compete with other past victors , effectively canceling the wedding . At Haymitch 's urging , the pair teams up with several other tributes , and manages to destroy the arena and escape The Games . Katniss is rescued by the rebel forces from District 13 , and Gale informs her that the Capitol has destroyed District 12 , and captured both Peeta and their District 7 ally , Johanna Mason . Katniss ultimately learns -- to her surprise -- that she had inadvertently been an integral part of the rebellion all along ; her rescue had been jointly planned by Haymitch , Plutarch Heavensbee , and Finnick Odair , among others . After some hesitation Katniss joins the rebels . Mockingjay Main article : Mockingjay Mockingjay , the third and final book in The Hunger Games series , was released on August 24 , 2010 . Most of the districts have rebelled against the Capitol , led by District 13 and its President Alma Coin . The Capitol lied about the district being destroyed in the Dark Days . After a Mexican standoff with the Capitol , the District 13 residents took to living underground and rebuilding their strength . The District 12 survivors find shelter with them . Katniss , after seeing first - hand the destruction wrought on her district , agrees to become the `` Mockingjay '' , the symbol of the rebellion . She sets conditions , however . Peeta , Johanna Mason , Annie Cresta , and Enobaria , fellow Games victors captured by the Capitol , are to be granted immunity . Katniss also demands the privilege of killing Snow , but Coin only agrees to flip for the honor . For her sake , a rescue mission is mounted that succeeds in rescuing Peeta , Johanna and Annie . However , Peeta has been brainwashed to kill Katniss , and he tries to choke her to death upon their reunion . He undergoes experimental treatment to try to cure him . After she recovers , Katniss and a team known as the Star Squad , composed of Gale , Peeta , Finnick , a camera crew , and various other soldiers , are assigned to film propaganda in relatively quiet combat zones . Katniss , however , decides to go to the Capitol to kill Snow , pretending that Coin gave her that mission . Most of the squad are killed along the way , including recently married Finnick . As Katniss approaches Snow 's mansion , she sees a group of Capitol children surrounding it as human shields . Suddenly a hovercraft drops silver parachutes on the children , who reach for them , hoping they bear food . Some of the parachutes explode , creating carnage . The advancing rebels send in medics , including Prim . Then the rest of the parachutes blow up , killing Prim , just as she spots her sister . Later , Katniss , also injured , awakens from a coma to learn that the rebels have won , and Snow is awaiting execution at her hands . When she meets Snow by chance , he claims that it was Coin who secretly ordered the bombings in order to strip away the support of his remaining followers . Coin then asks the surviving victors to vote on a final Hunger Games , involving the children of high - ranking Capitol officials ( including Snow 's granddaughter ) . Katniss and Haymitch cast the deciding votes in favor of the scheme . However , at what is supposed to be Snow 's execution , Katniss instead kills Coin with her bow . Snow laughs , then dies . Katniss is tried , but the jury believes she was mentally unfit , and she is sent home to District 12 . Both Katniss ' mother and Gale take jobs in other districts . Peeta regains his sanity . Katniss settles down with him , and after many years of persuasion by him , she finally agrees to have children . They have a girl and then a boy . Structure Each book in The Hunger Games trilogy has three sections of nine chapters each . Collins has said this format comes from her playwriting background , which taught her to write in a three - act structure ; her previous series , The Underland Chronicles , was written in the same way . She sees each group of nine chapters as a separate part of the story , and comments still call those divisions `` act breaks '' . Origins Collins says she drew inspiration for the series from both classical and contemporary sources . Her main classical source of inspiration is the Greek myth of Theseus and the Minotaur , in which , as a punishment for past crimes , Minos forces Athens to sacrifice seven youths and seven maidens to the Minotaur , which kills them in a vast labyrinth . Collins says that even as a child , she was stunned by the idea since `` it was just so cruel '' to force Athens to sacrifice its own children . Collins also cites as a classical inspiration the Roman gladiator games . She feels three key elements create a good game : an all powerful and ruthless government , people forced to fight to the death , and the game 's role as a source of popular entertainment . A contemporary source of inspiration was Collins ' recent fascination with reality television programs . She says they are like The Hunger Games because the Games are not just entertainment but also a reminder to the districts of their rebellion . On a tired night , Collins says that while she was channel - surfing the television , she saw people competing for some prize and then saw footage of the Iraq War . She described how the two combined in an `` unsettling way '' to create her first ideas for the series . Critical reception All three books have been favorably received . Praise has focused on the addictive quality , especially of the first book , and the action . John Green of The New York Times compared The Hunger Games with Scott Westerfeld 's The Uglies series . Catching Fire was praised for improving upon the first book . Mockingjay was praised for its portrayal of violence , world building , and romantic intrigue . The series received criticism regarding its reality TV `` death game '' theme being derivative of works such as Battle Royale , The Running Man , The Long Walk , and Series 7 : The Contenders . The series was also criticized for the romantic plotline : Rollie Welch of Ohio 's The Plain Dealer criticized the characters ' lack of resolute behavior , and Jennifer Reese of Entertainment Weekly stated that there was little distinction between Peeta and Gale and the series lacked the `` erotic energy '' seen in the Twilight series . J.C. Maçek III of PopMatters stated `` While the film saga does capture the action of The Hunger Games , the novels are most assuredly the heart of the story . They are nothing less than ' The Writer 's Cut ' of the films themselves . '' The last book , Mockingjay , was criticized by Dan Shade of SF Site , who felt that Katniss is a weaker character than her comrades and less resolute in her journey to the Capitol , and that with respect to her vendetta against President Snow , her actions in the finale are inconsistent with her established character . Film adaptations Main article : The Hunger Games ( film series ) Lionsgate Entertainment acquired worldwide distribution rights to a film adaptation of The Hunger Games , produced by Nina Jacobson 's Color Force production company . Collins adapted the novel for film herself , along with director Gary Ross . The cast included Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss , Josh Hutcherson as Peeta , and Liam Hemsworth as Gale . The first film began production in Spring 2011 , and was released in March 2012 . For Catching Fire , Ross was replaced as director by Francis Lawrence ; the film was released in November 2013 . Lawrence then directed Mockingjay , parts 1 and 2 , released in November 2014 and November 2015 . Influence in Thailand A gesture ( a raised up hand with three middle fingers pressed together ) used in The Hunger Games trilogy to express unity with people striving to survive , was used in 2014 by anti-government protestors in Thailand , at least seven of whom were arrested for it . References Jump up ^ Cowles , Gregory ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mockingjay Tops All National Bestseller Lists with Sales of More Than 450,000 Copies in its First Week of Publication '' ( Press release ) . Scholastic . September 2 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Springen , Karen ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` The Hunger Games Franchise : The Odds Seem Ever in Its Favor '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Your Favorites : 100 Best - Ever Teen Novels '' ( Press release ) . NPR . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon Crowns ' Hunger Games ' as Its Top Seller , Surpassing Harry Potter Series '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 ' Set for World Premiere in London '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collins , Suzanne ( 2008 ) . The Hunger Games . Scholastic Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 439 - 02348 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Suzanne ( 2008 ) . The Hunger Games . Scholastic Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 439 - 02348 - 3 . Jump up ^ Collins , Suzanne . `` Similarities To Underland '' . Scholastic Canada ( Interview : Video ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Classical Inspiration -- The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins '' . Scholastic . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Contemporary Inspiration -- The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins '' . Scholastic . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : King , Stephen ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` The Hunger Games review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Francisca . `` The Hunger Games '' . Booklist . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Green ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Scary New World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zevin , Gabrielle ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Constant Craving '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mockingjay ' review : Spoiler alert ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mockingjay '' . Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` What came before ' The Hunger Games ' '' . Salon . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Welch , Rollie ( September 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Catching Fire ' brings back Suzanne Collins 's kindhearted killer '' . The Plain Dealer . Brooklyn , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reese , Jennifer ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Catching Fire review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maçek III , J.C. ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' : The Writer 's Cut Really Is Better '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Shade , Dan ( 2010 ) . `` Mockingjay '' . SF Site . ^ Jump up to : Jay A. Fernandez ; Borys Kit ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Lionsgate picks up ' Hunger Games ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Karen Springen ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Marketing ' Mockingjay ' '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Changing Objective of the American Film Market '' . Baseline Intel . November 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joshua L. Weinstein ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Jennifer Lawrence Gets Lead Role in ' The Hunger Games ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Labrecque ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' casts Peeta and Gale : Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth nab the roles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Lionsgate announced that the trilogy will be made into 4 movies . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' exclusive : Why Gary Ross got the coveted job , and who suggested Megan Fox for the lead role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' gets release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hopkinson , Deborah . `` Suzanne Collins Interview - Catching Fire '' . BookPage . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' Sequel ' Catching Fire ' Nabs Director Francis Lawrence '' . Access Hollywood . April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nikki Finke ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Gary Ross Decides NOT to Direct `` Hunger Games Two : Catching Fire ' : Lionsgate In ' Shock ' ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Untold Secrets of the High Stakes ' Hunger Games ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Francis Lawrence to Direct Remainder of THE HUNGER GAMES Franchise with Two - Part Adaptation of MOCKINGJAY '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Olga Zamanskaya ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` People arrested in Thailand for gesture from ' Hunger Games ' film series '' . Voice of Russia . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hunger Games The U.S. Scholastic Website Books portal Literature portal hide The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins Book series The Hunger Games Catching Fire Mockingjay Film series The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Accolades Cast Characters Katniss Everdeen Peeta Mellark Music The Hunger Games `` Safe & Sound '' `` Eyes Open '' Catching Fire `` Atlas '' `` We Remain '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Who We Are '' Mockingjay ( Part 1 ) `` Yellow Flicker Beat '' `` All My Love '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` Meltdown '' Other Fictional universe of The Hunger Games BNF : cb16568591j ( data ) GND : 1029397090 SUDOC : 187894736 VIAF : 181741260 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunger_Games&oldid=850271280 '' Categories : The Hunger Games Alternate history novels American adventure novels Death games in fiction Dystopian novels Media franchises Novel series 2000s novels 2010s novels Science fiction novel trilogies Genocide in fiction Prosthetics in fiction 21st - century American novels Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2014 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from October 2014 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 20 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how long has the hunger games been going on	[]	[]
-3468583499758183242	Pérez	Pérez - wikipedia Pérez For other uses , see Pérez ( disambiguation ) . Pérez , Perez Pronunciation Spanish : ( ˈpeɾeθ ) / ( ˈpeɾes ) Hebrew : ( ˈpeʁets ) Language ( s ) Spanish , Hebrew Origin Region of origin Spain , Israel Meaning Son of Pero or Pedro ( Peter ) / To breach or to burst forth Other names Variant ( s ) Fares , Farez , Fretz , Peres , Peris , Peretz , Pesidas , Pharez , Pretz , Pritz , Peters Pérez or Perez , as most commonly written in English , is a Spanish and Jewish surname popular among people of Sephardic Jewish descent . Origins ( edit ) The surname with Spanish origins , written in Spanish orthography as Pérez , is a patronymic surname meaning `` son of Pero or Pedro ( Peter ) '' . The surname has a Portuguese counterpart with the same meaning and etymology , Peres , written with a final `` s '' instead of `` z '' and without the accent . The surname with a Hebrew origin is transliterated into English as either Perez or Peretz , and is derived from the Hebrew given name פרץ ( cf . Genesis 38 : 29 ) , after the biblical character Perez ( son of Judah ) , which in Hebrew means `` to breach '' or `` to burst forth '' . That biblical character 's Hebrew name , however , is transliterated as Farés in the Spanish Christian Bible . Neither the Spanish nor the Hebrew surname corresponds to one single lineage . Instead , both correspond to many unrelated lineages . Additionally , while the Spanish and Hebrew etymological origins are distinct , there are nevertheless those who carry the surname because , in their particular case , the origin of their surname is Spanish Jewish ( i.e. Sephardic ) , and they , as Spanish Jews or their descendants , adopted the surname precisely because of its ambiguity . Pérez as a surname among Spanish Jews or their descendants could be considered by their non-Jewish Spanish or Hispanic neighbors a typical Christian surname , yet still pay homage to their Jewish roots . This was helpful during the times of the Spanish Inquisition and its persecution of the Jews ( and their baptized New Christian descendants ) in Spain and its colonies in Hispanic America . Among Spaniards and Hispanics , the surname by itself does not necessarily indicate a Jewish heritage . Likewise , among Jews , the surname does not by itself necessarily indicate a Sephardic heritage . Contents 1 Origins 2 Pronunciation 3 List of persons with the surname 4 Fictional characters with the surname 5 See also 6 References Pronunciation ( edit ) In Castilian Spanish , the name is pronounced ( ˈpeɾeθ ) and in Latin America , ( ˈpeɾes ) . The accent or stress is placed on the second - to - last syllable as with all Spanish patronymic surnames . In Modern Hebrew : ( ˈpeʁets ) . List of persons with the surname ( edit ) Adolfo Pérez Esquivel , Argentine activist Agustin Pérez ( died 1286 ) , Roman Catholic bishop Ailyn Pérez , American opera singer AJ Perez ( 1993 -- 2011 ) , Filipino actor AJ Perez ( blogger ) , Filipino blogger Al Perez , American professional wrestler Albino Pérez , Mexican soldier and politician Alfonso Pérez , Colombian boxer Alfredo Pérez , Venezuelan boxer Alonso Pérez , Spanish painter Amalia Pérez ( born 1977 ) , Mexican powerlifter Amalia Pérez Díaz , Venezuelan actress Amanda Perez , American R&B / Hip - Hop artist Amy Perez , Filipino actress Ángel Pérez ( volleyball ) , Puerto Rican volleyball player Antonio Pérez , Spanish statesman , secretary to King Philip II Antonio Pérez , Dominican baseball player Antonio Pérez Delgadillo , Mexican football goalkeeper Armando Pérez , American rapper , known by his stage name Pitbull Arnaldo Pérez , Puerto Rican swimmer Arturo Pérez - Reverte , Spanish novelist and journalist Ashley Pérez Moza , American - born Mexican pop singer , member of pop group Ha * Ash Bartolomé Pérez ( 1634 -- 1693 ) , Spanish painter Belle Perez , Belgian musician and songwriter Benito Pérez Galdós , Spanish novelist Bianca Jagger , born Bianca Pérez - Mora , Nicaraguan social and human rights advocate Blanca Delia Pérez , Canary Islands politician Calixto Pérez , Colombian boxer Carlos Pérez , Dominican baseball player Carlos Pérez ( catcher ) ( born 1990 ) , Venezuelan baseball player Carlos Pérez ( kayaker ) , Spanish kayaker Carlos Andrés Pérez ( 1922 -- 2010 ) , President of Venezuela . Carlota Pérez , Venezuelan economist Carmen Victoria Pérez , Venezuelan model Chris Pérez ( born 1969 ) , American guitarist Chris Perez ( baseball ) ( born 1985 ) , American baseball player Chris Perez ( gridiron football ) ( born 1969 ) , American player of gridiron football Christian Perez ( footballer born 1963 ) , French soccer player Clara Perez , Venezuelan actress Cristina Pérez ( judge ) , American judge , host of Corte de Familia Cristina Pérez ( reporter ) , Argentine television news journalist Dámaso Pérez Prado , Cuban composer Danilo Pérez , Panamian pianist and composer Darío Pérez - Flores , Venezuelan painter Davide Perez , Italian composer Diego Pérez ( footballer ) , Uruguayan footballer Diego Pérez ( tennis ) , Uruguayan tennis player Eddie Perez ( politician ) , American politician Eduardo Perez , Venezuelan baseball player Eduardo Pérez , American baseball player Efrén Pérez Rivera , Puerto Rican environmentalist Elías Pérez Borjas , Venezuelan cultural promoter , critic , writer , film producer Elizabeth Pérez , Venezuelan television journalist Emilio Pérez Touriño , Spanish politician Emily Perez , American soldier , first female minority Command Sergeant at West Point Érik Pérez , Mexican mixed martial artist Esteban Pérez , Argentine basketball player Felipe Pérez Roque , Cuban politician , current foreign minister of the Republic of Cuba Félix Javier Pérez , Puerto Rican basketball player Florentino Pérez , Spanish businessman Francisco Pérez Sierra , Spanish painter George Pérez , Puerto Rican - American illustrator and writer of comic books Glória Perez , Brazilian screenwriter Héctor Amodio Pérez , Uruguayan guerrilla fighter Hernán Pérez , Venezuelan baseball player Hernán Pérez Belisario , Venezuelan entrepreneur Henrique Pérez Dupuy , Venezuelan banker Hugo Pérez ( soccer ) ( born 1963 ) , American international soccer player Hugo Pérez ( footballer ) ( born 1968 ) , Argentine international soccer player Hugo Pérez La Salvia , Venezuelan engineer Ibán Pérez , Spanish volleyball player Isaac Pérez Alfonso , Venezuelan entrepreneur Isaac Pérez Recao , Venezuelan entrepreneur Iván Pérez , Cuban - born Spanish water polo player Jairo Pérez , Colombian track and road cyclist Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , Peruvian diplomat , the fifth Secretary - General of the United Nations Jefferson Pérez , Ecuadorian track and field athlete Jérôme Pérez , French soccer player Jesús Pérez ( boxer ) ( born 1971 ) , Colombian boxer Jesús Pérez ( cyclist ) ( born 1984 ) , Venezuelan road cyclist Johan Pérez , Venezuelan boxer Jorge M. Pérez , Cuban American real estate developer Jorge Perez , Professional Counter-Strike player Jose Perez ( American football ) ( born 1985 ) , American football player and former baseball player José Pérez ( athlete ) , ( born 1971 ) , Cuban hurdler José Pérez ( fencer ) ( born 1958 ) , Spanish Olympic fencer José Pérez ( pentathlete ) ( born 1928 ) , Mexican Olympic modern pentathlete and fencer José Pérez ( Venezuelan boxer ) ( born 1964 ) , former Venezuelan boxer José Pérez Adán ( born 1952 ) , Spanish sociologist José Pérez Ferrada ( born 1985 ) , Chilean footballer José Pérez Francés ( born 1936 ) , Spanish road racing cyclist José Pérez Reyes ( born 1975 ) , boxer from the Dominican Republic José Pérez Rosa , Puerto Rican senator and politician José Joaquín Pérez ( 1801 -- 1889 ) , Chilean political figure José Luis Pérez ( born 1943 ) , Mexican equestrian José María Pérez de Urdininea ( 1784 -- 1865 ) , president of Bolivia José Miguel Pérez ( fencer ) ( born 1938 ) , Puerto Rican fencer José Miguel Pérez ( triathlete ) ( born 1986 ) , Spanish triathlete José Ricardo Pérez ( born 1963 ) , Colombian football defender Joseph Pérez , French historian specializing in Spanish history Juan Bautista Pérez , President of Venezuela Juan José Pérez Hernández , Spanish explorer Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo , Venezuelan diplomat , politician Julia Perez , Indonesian actress Julia Pérez , later Marina Baura , Venezuelan actress Karlee Pérez , ring name `` Maxine '' , American professional wrestler , manager and authority figure Kenda Perez ( born 1983 ) , American model and host Kenneth Perez , Danish football player Leander Perez , Louisiana judge Louie Pérez , ( born 1953 ) , American songwriter , percussionist and guitarist Lucas Pérez , ( born 1988 ) , Spanish football player with Arsenal F.C. Luis Pérez - Oramas ( born 1960 ) , Venezuelan poet , art historian and curator Luis Pérez - Sala ( born 1959 ) , Spanish race car driver . Luis Alberto Pérez - Rionda , Cuban sprinter Luis Eladio Pérez , Colombian politician Luis Ernesto Pérez , Mexican football player Manuel Pérez ( boxer ) ( born 1984 ) , Mexican - American boxer Manuel Pérez ( guerrilla leader ) ( died 1988 ) , leader of the Colombian National Liberation Army from the 1970s to 1998 Manuel Perez ( musician ) ( 1871 -- 1946 ) , American cornetist and bandleader Manuel Pérez ( President of Nicaragua ) ( died 1852 ) , President of Nicaragua 1843 - 1844 Manuel Pérez ( teacher ) ( 1890 -- 1951 ) , Puerto Rican teacher and public servant Manuel Perez , Jr. ( 1923 -- 1945 ) , American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient V. Manuel Perez ( born 1973 ) , California State Assemblyman , 80th District Manuel Pérez Brunicardi ( born 1978 ) , Spanish ski mountaineer Manuel Pérez Flores ( born 1980 ) , Mexican football player with C.F. Monterrey Manuel Pérez Guerrero , Venezuelan politician Marcos Pérez Jiménez , President of Venezuela 1952 - 1958 María Dolores Pérez Enciso , Spanish - born Mexican writer and journalist Mariano Ospina Pérez , President of Colombia 1946 - 1950 Mariela Pérez Branger , Venezuelan model Marina Pérez , Spanish fashion model Mario Pérez Saldivar , Mexican long - distance runner Mario Pérez Zúñiga , Mexican footballer Martín Pérez ( baseball ) , Venezuelan baseball player Mélido Pérez , Dominican Republic baseball player Melina Perez , American professional wrestler Mercedes Pérez , Colombian weightlifter Miguel Perez ( American actor ) , American TV actor Miguel Pérez ( baseball ) , Venezuelan baseball player Miguel Pérez ( cyclist ) , Mexican Olympic cyclist Miguel Pérez ( footballer ) , Spanish football player Miguel Pérez ( wrestler ) , Puerto Rican wrestler Miguel Pérez , Jr. , Puerto Rican wrestler Miguel Pérez Alvarado , Spanish poet Miguel Pérez Carreño , Venezuelan physician and researcher Montse Pérez , Catalan actress Neifi Pérez , Dominican Republic baseball player Néstor Luis Pérez Luzardo , Venezuelan lawyer Odalis Pérez , Dominican Republic baseball player Óliver Pérez , Mexican baseball player Orlando Perez , American soccer player Óscar Pérez Bovela , Spanish football player Óscar Pérez Rojas , Mexican football player Otto Pérez Molina , Guatemalan politician , retired military and the President of Guatemala Pablo Pérez Álvarez , Venezuelan lawyer , politician and former Governor of Zulia State . Pascual Pérez ( boxer ) , Argentine flyweight Patricia Pérez , Mexican female footballer Pedro Pérez , Cuban triple jumper Rafael Pérez ( baseball ) , Mexican baseball player Rafael Pérez Pareja ( 1836 -- 1897 ) , president of Ecuador Ricardo Pérez Godoy , Peruvian politician , President of the Military Junta Richard Ray Perez , American film producer and director Robert Pérez ( baseball ) ( born 1969 ) , Venezuelan baseball player Robert Pérez Palou , Spanish painter Rodolfo Pérez , Argentine field hockey player Rolando Perez , American mixed martial artist Rosie Perez , American actress , dancer , choreographer and director Rudy Pérez , Cuban - American composer and producer Salvador Pérez , Venezuelan baseball player Sara Pérez ( disambiguation ) Sébastien Pérez , French soccer player Sergio Pérez , Mexican F1 driver Shimon Perez , Israeli Prime Minister Silverio Pérez , Puerto Rican entertainer Silverio Pérez ( bullfighter ) , Mexican bullfighter Thomas Perez , United States Secretary of Labor Tomás Pérez , Venezuelan baseball player Tony Pérez , Cuban - American baseball player Udon Pérez , Venezuelan poet and writer Vicente Pérez Rosales , Chilean colonization agent Victor Perez , Tunisian Jewish world champion flyweight boxer Vincent Pérez , Swiss actor Wilson Pérez , Colombian football defender Williams Pérez , Venezuelan baseball player Yolanda Pérez , Mexican - American singer who specializes in banda music Yorkis Pérez , Dominican Republic baseball player Fictional characters with the surname ( edit ) Alfonsín Pérez , Sune Maria Pérez , Sune See also ( edit ) Peiris Perez ( given name ) Perez. , an Italian neo-noir film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter Siljedahl ( 2012 ) . `` Sune och tjejhatarligan '' . Boktips . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Siljedahl ( 1985 ) . `` Sune börjar tvåan '' . Boktips . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Surname list This page lists people with the surname Pérez . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Pérez&oldid = 855127848 '' Categories : Surnames Patronymic surnames Spanish - language surnames Jewish surnames Sephardic surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 04 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the last name perez originate from	[]	[]
-7015990212062723425	American Graffiti	American Graffiti - Wikipedia American Graffiti Jump to : navigation , search American Graffiti Theatrical release poster by Mort Drucker Directed by George Lucas Produced by Francis Ford Coppola Written by George Lucas Gloria Katz Willard Huyck Starring Richard Dreyfuss Ron Howard Paul Le Mat Charles Martin Smith Candy Clark Mackenzie Phillips Cindy Williams Wolfman Jack Cinematography Ron Eveslage Jan D'Alquen Edited by Verna Fields Marcia Lucas Production companies Lucasfilm Ltd . The Coppola Company Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date August 2 , 1973 ( 1973 - 08 - 02 ) ( Locarno ) August 11 , 1973 ( 1973 - 08 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $777,000 Box office $140 million American Graffiti is a 1973 American coming - of - age comedy film directed and co-written by George Lucas starring Richard Dreyfuss , Ron Howard , Paul Le Mat , Harrison Ford , Charles Martin Smith , Cindy Williams , Candy Clark , Mackenzie Phillips , Bo Hopkins , and Wolfman Jack . Suzanne Somers and Joe Spano also appear in the film . Set in Modesto , California in 1962 , the film is a study of the cruising and rock and roll cultures popular among the post -- World War II baby boom generation . The film is told in a series of vignettes , telling the story of a group of teenagers and their adventures over a single night . The genesis of American Graffiti was in Lucas ' own teenage years in early 1960s Modesto . He was unsuccessful in pitching the concept to financiers and distributors but found favor at Universal Pictures after United Artists , 20th Century Fox , Columbia Pictures , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Warner Bros. , and Paramount Pictures turned him down . Filming was initially set to take place in San Rafael , California , but the production crew was denied permission to shoot beyond a second day . American Graffiti premiered on August 2 , 1973 at the Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland and was released on August 11 , 1973 in the United States . The film received widespread critical acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . Produced on a $777,000 budget , it has become one of the most profitable films of all time . Since its initial release , American Graffiti has garnered an estimated return of well over $200 million in box office gross and home video sales , not including merchandising . In 1995 , the United States Library of Congress deemed the film `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . A sequel , More American Graffiti , was released in 1979 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 3.1 Inspiration 3.2 United Artists 3.3 Universal Pictures 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Cinematography 4.4 Editing 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 6.1 Release 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Themes 6.4 Accolades 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In early September 1962 in Modesto , California , on the last evening of summer vacation , recent high school graduates and longtime friends , Curt Henderson and Steve Bolander , meet John Milner , the drag - racing king of the town , and Terry `` The Toad '' Fields in the parking lot of the local Mel 's Drive - In diner . Curt and Steve are scheduled to travel the next morning to the Northeastern United States to start college . Despite receiving a $2,000 scholarship from the local Moose Lodge , Curt has second thoughts about leaving Modesto . Steve gives Toad his 1958 Chevrolet Impala to watch while he 's away at college until he returns at Christmas . Steve 's girlfriend , Laurie , who is also Curt 's sister , arrives in her car . Steve suggests to Laurie , who is already glum about him going to college , that they see other people while he is away in order to `` strengthen '' their relationship . Though not openly upset , she is displeased with his proposal which affects their interactions the rest of the evening . Curt accompanies Steve , last year 's high school student class president , and Laurie , the current head cheerleader , to the back - to - high - school sock hop . In one story line , Curt is desperate to find a beautiful blonde girl driving a white 1956 Ford Thunderbird that he sees en route to the dance : at a stoplight , she appears to say `` I love you '' before disappearing around the corner . After leaving the hop , Curt is coerced by a group of greasers ( `` The Pharaohs '' ) to participate in an initiation rite that involves hooking a chain to a police car and ripping out its back axle . The Pharaohs tell Curt that `` The Blonde '' is a trophy wife or prostitute , but he refuses to believe either . Determined to get a message to the blonde girl , Curt drives to the local radio station to ask DJ Wolfman Jack , who is omnipresent on the car radios , to announce a message for the blonde girl . Inside the radio station , Curt encounters a bearded man who tells him that the voice of The Wolfman is pre-taped from afar . The man still accepts the message from Curt to see what he could do . As he is leaving the station , Curt sees the man talking into the microphone and hears the voice of The Wolfman , and realizes the man is the actual DJ himself . Sure enough , The Wolfman eventually reads the message on the radio for `` The Blonde '' to meet Curt or call him at a number which happens to be a telephone booth . Curt waits by the telephone booth and early the next morning , he is awakened by the phone ringing . It turns out to be `` The Blonde '' who says she knows him and maybe she would see him cruising the coming night . Curt replies probably not , intimating that he decided to go to college and will be leaving that morning . The Toad , in Steve 's car , and John , in his yellow 1932 Ford Deuce Coupé hot rod , cruise the strip of Modesto . Toad , who is normally socially inept with girls , successfully picks up a flirtatious , and somewhat rebellious , girl named Debbie . John inadvertently picks up Carol , an annoying 12 - year - old who seems fond of him . Another drag racer , the handsome and arrogant Bob Falfa , is searching out John in order to challenge him to a race . Steve and Laurie have a series of arguments and make - ups through the evening . They finally split and , as the story lines intertwine , Bob Falfa picks up Laurie in his black 1955 Chevrolet One - Fifty Coupé . Bob finally finds John and goads him into racing . A parade of cars follows them to `` Paradise Road '' to watch the race . Laurie rides shotgun with Bob as Toad starts the race . As Bob begins taking a lead in the race , he loses control of the car when a front tire blows , and the car plunges into a ditch and rolls over . Steve and John leap out of their cars and rush to the wreck as a dazed Bob and Laurie stagger out of the car before it explodes . Distraught , Laurie grips Steve tightly and begs him not to leave her . He assures her that he will stay in Modesto . At the airfield in the morning , Curt says goodbye to his parents , his sister Laurie , Steve , John and The Toad . As the plane takes off , Curt , gazing out of the window , sees the white Ford Thunderbird belonging to the mysterious blonde driving down a country road . An on - screen epilogue reveals that John is killed by a drunk driver in December 1964 , Toad is reported missing in action near An Lộc in December 1965 , Steve is an insurance agent in Modesto , California , and Curt is a writer living in Canada . Cast ( edit ) Richard Dreyfuss as Curt Henderson Ron Howard as Steve Bolander Paul Le Mat as John Milner Charles Martin Smith as Terry `` The Toad '' Fields Cindy Williams as Laurie Henderson Candy Clark as Debbie Dunham Mackenzie Phillips as Carol Morrison Wolfman Jack as himself Bo Hopkins as Joe Young Manuel Padilla , Jr. as Carlos Harrison Ford as Bob Falfa Lynne Marie Stewart as Bobbie Tucker Terry McGovern as Mr. Wolfe Kathleen Quinlan as Peg Scott Beach as Mr. Gordon Susan Richardson as Judy Kay Lenz as Jane Joe Spano as Vic Debralee Scott as Falfa 's Girl Suzanne Somers as `` The Blonde '' in T - Bird Development ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) During the production of THX 1138 ( 1971 ) , producer Francis Ford Coppola challenged co-writer / director George Lucas to write a script that would appeal to mainstream audiences . Lucas embraced the idea , using his early 1960s teenage experiences cruising in Modesto , California . `` Cruising was gone , and I felt compelled to document the whole experience and what my generation used as a way of meeting girls , '' Lucas explained . As he developed the story in his mind , Lucas included his fascination with Wolfman Jack . Lucas had considered doing a documentary about the Wolfman when he attended the USC School of Cinematic Arts , but dropped the idea . Adding in semi-autobiographical connotations , Lucas set the story in his hometown of 1962 Modesto . The characters Curt Henderson , John Milner and Terry `` The Toad '' Fields also represent different stages from his younger life . Curt is modeled after Lucas 's personality during USC , while Milner is based on Lucas 's teenage street racing and junior college years , and hot rod enthusiasts he had known from the Kustom Kulture in Modesto . Toad represents Lucas 's nerd years as a freshman in high school , specifically his `` bad luck '' with dating . The filmmaker was also inspired by Federico Fellini 's I Vitelloni ( 1953 ) . After the financial failure of THX 1138 , Lucas wanted the film to act as a release for a world - weary audience : ( THX ) was about real things that were going on and the problems we 're faced with . I realized after making THX that those problems are so real that most of us have to face those things every day , so we 're in a constant state of frustration . That just makes us more depressed than we were before . So I made a film where , essentially , we can get rid of some of those frustrations , the feeling that everything seems futile . United Artists ( edit ) After Warner Bros. abandoned Lucas 's early version of Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) ( during the post-production of THX 1138 ) , the filmmaker decided to continue developing Another Quiet Night in Modesto , eventually changing its title to American Graffiti . To co-write a fifteen - page film treatment , Lucas hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz , who also added semi-autobiographical material to the story . Lucas and producer Gary Kurtz began pitching the American Graffiti treatment to various Hollywood studios and production companies in an attempt to secure the financing needed to expand it into a screenplay , but they were unsuccessful . The potential financiers were concerned that music licensing costs would cause the film to go way over budget . Along with Easy Rider ( 1969 ) , American Graffiti was one of the first films to eschew a traditional film score and successfully rely instead on synchronizing a series of popular hit songs with individual scenes . THX 1138 was released in March 1971 and Lucas was offered opportunities to direct Lady Ice ( 1973 ) , Tommy ( 1975 ) or Hair ( 1979 ) . He turned down those offers , determined to pursue his own projects despite his urgent desire to find another film to direct . During this time , Lucas conceived the idea for a space opera ( as yet untitled ) which later became the basis for his Star Wars franchise . At the May 1971 Cannes Film Festival , THX was chosen for the Directors ' Fortnight competition . There , Lucas met David Picker , then president of United Artists , who was intrigued by American Graffiti and Lucas 's space opera . Picker decided to give Lucas $10,000 to develop Graffiti as a screenplay . Lucas planned to spend another five weeks in Europe , and hoped that Huyck and Katz would agree to finish the screenplay by the time he returned , but they were about to start on their own film , Messiah of Evil ( 1972 ) , so Lucas hired Richard Walter , a colleague from the USC School of Cinematic Arts for the job . Walter was flattered , but initially tried to sell Lucas on a different screenplay called Barry and the Persuasions , a story of East Coast teenagers in the late 1950s . Lucas held firm -- his was a story about West Coast teenagers in the early 1960s . Walter was paid the $10,000 , and he began to expand the Lucas / Huyck / Katz treatment into a screenplay . Lucas was dismayed when he returned to America in June 1971 and read Walter 's script , which was written in the style and tone of an exploitation film , similar to 1967 's Hot Rods to Hell . `` It was overtly sexual and very fantasy - like , with playing chicken and things that kids did n't really do , '' Lucas explained . `` I wanted something that was more like the way I grew up . '' Walter 's script also had Steve and Laurie going to Nevada to get married without their parents ' permission . Walter rewrote the screenplay , but Lucas nevertheless fired him due to their creative differences . After paying Walter , Lucas had exhausted his development fund from United Artists . He began writing a script , completing his first draft in just three weeks . Drawing upon his large collection of vintage records , Lucas wrote each scene with a particular song in mind as its musical backdrop . The cost of licensing the 75 songs Lucas wanted was one factor in United Artists ' ultimate decision to reject the script ; the studio also felt it was too experimental -- `` a musical montage with no characters '' . United Artists also passed on Star Wars , which Lucas shelved for the time being . Universal Pictures ( edit ) Lucas spent the rest of 1971 and early 1972 trying to raise financing for the American Graffiti script . During this time , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Paramount Pictures , 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures all turned down the opportunity to co-finance and distribute the film . Lucas , Huyck and Katz rewrote the second draft together , which , in addition to Modesto , was also set in Mill Valley and Los Angeles . Lucas also intended to end American Graffiti showing a title card detailing the fate of the characters , including the death of Milner and the disappearance of Toad in Vietnam . Huyck and Katz found the ending depressing and were incredulous that Lucas planned to include only the male characters . Lucas argued that mentioning the girls meant adding another title card , which he felt would prolong the ending . Because of this , Pauline Kael later accused Lucas of chauvinism . Lucas and producer Gary Kurtz took the script to American International Pictures , who expressed interest , but ultimately believed American Graffiti was not violent or sexual enough for the studio 's standards . Lucas and Kurtz eventually found favor at Universal Pictures , who allowed Lucas total artistic control and the right of final cut privilege on the condition that he make American Graffiti on a strict , low budget . This forced Lucas to drop the opening scene , in which the Blonde Angel , Curt 's image of the perfect woman , drives through an empty drive - in cinema in her Ford Thunderbird , her transparency revealing she does not exist . Universal initially projected a $600,000 budget , but added an additional $175,000 once producer Francis Ford Coppola signed on . This would allow the studio to advertise American Graffiti as `` from the Man who Gave you The Godfather ( 1972 ) '' . However , Lucas was forced to concede final cut privilege . The proposition also gave Universal first look deals on Lucas 's next two planned projects , Star Wars ( 1977 ) and Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) . As he continued to work on the script , Lucas encountered difficulties on the Steve and Laurie storyline . Lucas , Katz and Huyck worked on the third draft together , specifically on the scenes featuring Steve and Laurie . Production proceeded with virtually no input or interference from Universal . American Graffiti was a low - budget film , and executive Ned Tanen had only modest expectations of its commercial success . However , Universal did object to the film 's title , not knowing what `` American Graffiti '' meant ; Lucas was dismayed when some executives assumed he was making an Italian movie about feet . The studio therefore submitted a long list of over 60 alternative titles , with their favorite being Another Slow Night in Modesto and Coppola 's Rock Around the Block . They pushed hard to get Lucas to adopt any of the titles , but he was displeased with all the alternatives and persuaded Tanen to keep American Graffiti . Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) The film 's lengthy casting process was overseen by Fred Roos , who worked with producer Francis Ford Coppola on The Godfather . Because American Graffiti 's main cast was for younger actors , the casting call and notices went through numerous high school drama groups and community theaters in the San Francisco Bay Area . Among the actors was Mark Hamill , the future Luke Skywalker in Lucas ' Star Wars trilogy . Over 100 unknown actors auditioned for Curt Henderson before Richard Dreyfuss was cast ; George Lucas was impressed with Dreyfuss 's thoughtful analysis of the role , and , as a result , offered the actor his choice of Curt or Terry `` The Toad '' Fields . Roos , a former casting director on The Andy Griffith Show , suggested Ron Howard for Steve Bolander ; Howard accepted the role to break out of the mold of his career as a child actor . Howard would later appear in the very similar role of Richie Cunningham on the Happy Days sitcom . Bob Balaban turned down The Toad out of fear of becoming typecast , a decision which he later regretted . Charles Martin Smith , who , in his first year as a professional actor , had already appeared in two feature films including 20th Century Fox 's The Culpepper Cattle Co. and four TV episodes , was eventually cast in the role . Although Cindy Williams was cast as Laurie Henderson , the actress hoped she would get the part of Debbie Dunham , which ended up going to Candy Clark . Mackenzie Phillips , who portrays Carol , was only 12 years old , and under California law , producer Gary Kurtz had to become her legal guardian for the duration of filming . For Bob Falfa , Roos cast Harrison Ford , who was then concentrating on a carpentry career . Ford agreed to take the role on the condition that he would not have to cut his hair . The character has a flattop in the script , but a compromise was eventually reached whereby Ford wore a stetson to cover his hair . Producer Francis Ford Coppola encouraged Lucas to cast Wolfman Jack as himself in a cameo appearance . `` George Lucas and I went through thousands of Wolfman Jack phone calls that were taped with the public , '' Jack reflected . `` The telephone calls ( heard on the broadcasts ) in the motion picture and on the soundtrack were actual calls with real people . '' Filming ( edit ) Although American Graffiti is set in 1962 Modesto , California , Lucas believed the city had changed too much in 10 years and initially chose San Rafael as the primary shooting location . Filming began on June 26 , 1972 . However , Lucas soon became frustrated at the time it was taking to fix camera mounts to the cars . A key member of the production had also been arrested for growing marijuana , and , in addition to already running behind the shooting schedule , the San Rafael City Council immediately became concerned about the disruption that filming caused for local businesses and therefore withdrew permission to shoot beyond a second day . Petaluma , a similarly small town approximately 20 miles north of San Rafael , became more cooperative and American Graffiti moved there without the loss of a single day of shooting . Lucas convinced the San Rafael City Council to allow two further nights of filming for general cruising shots , which he used to evoke as much of the intended location as possible in the finished film . Shooting in Petaluma began on June 28 and proceeded at a quick pace . Lucas mimicked the filmmaking style of B movie producer Sam Katzman in attempting to save money and authenticated low - budget filming methods . In addition to Petaluma , other locations included Mel 's Drive - In in San Francisco , Sonoma , Richmond , Novato , and the Buchanan Field Airport in Concord . The freshman hop dance was filmed in the Gus Gymnasium , previously known as the Boys Gym , at Tamalpais High School in Mill Valley . More problems ensued during filming : Paul Le Mat was sent to the hospital after an allergic reaction to walnuts . Le Mat , Harrison Ford and Bo Hopkins were claimed to be drunk most nights and every weekend , and had conducted climbing competitions to the top of the local Holiday Inn sign . One actor set fire to Lucas 's motel room . Another night , Le Mat threw Richard Dreyfuss into a swimming pool , gashing Dreyfuss ' forehead on the day before he was due to have his close - ups filmed . Dreyfuss also complained over the wardrobe that Lucas had chosen for the character . Ford was kicked out of his motel room at the Holiday Inn . In addition , two camera operators were nearly killed when filming the climactic race scene on Frates Road outside Petaluma . Principal photography ended on August 4 , 1972 . The final scenes in the film , shot at Buchanan Field , feature a Douglas DC - 7 C airliner of Magic Carpet Airlines which had previously been leased from owner Club America Incorporated by the rock band Grand Funk Railroad from March 1971 to June 1971 . Cinematography ( edit ) Lucas considered covering duties as the sole cinematographer , but dropped the idea . Instead , he elected to shoot American Graffiti using two cinematographers ( as he had done in THX 1138 ) and no formal director of photography . Two cameras were used simultaneously in scenes involving conversations between actors in different cars , which resulted in significant production time savings . After CinemaScope proved to be too expensive , Lucas decided that American Graffiti should have a documentary - like feel , and shot the film using Techniscope cameras . He believed that Techniscope , an inexpensive way of shooting on 35 mm film and utilizing only half of the film 's frame , would give a perfect widescreen format resembling 16 mm . Adding to the documentary feel was Lucas 's openness for the cast to improvise scenes . He also used goofs for the final cut , notably Charles Martin Smith 's arriving on his scooter to meet Steve outside Mel 's Drive - In . Jan D'Alquen and Ron Eveslage were hired as the cinematographers , but filming with Techniscope cameras brought lighting problems . As a result , Lucas commissioned help from friend Haskell Wexler , who was credited as the `` visual consultant '' . Editing ( edit ) Lucas had wanted his wife , Marcia , to edit American Graffiti , but Universal executive Ned Tanen insisted on hiring Verna Fields , who had just finished editing Steven Spielberg 's The Sugarland Express ( 1974 ) . Fields worked on the first rough cut of the film before she left to resume work on What 's Up , Doc ? ( 1972 ) . After Fields 's departure , Lucas struggled with editing the film 's story structure . He had originally written the script so that the four ( Curt , Steve , John and Toad ) storylines were always presented in the same sequence ( an `` ABCD '' plot structure ) . But the first cut of American Graffiti was three - and - a-half hours long , and in order to whittle the film down to a more manageable two hours , so many scenes had to be cut , shortened , or combined that the film 's structure became increasingly loose , and no longer adhered to Lucas 's original `` ABCD '' presentation . Lucas completed his final cut of American Graffiti , which ran 112 minutes , in December 1972 . Walter Murch assisted Lucas in post-production for audio mixing and sound design purposes . Murch suggested making Wolfman Jack 's radio show the `` backbone '' of the film . `` The Wolfman was an ethereal presence in the lives of young people , '' said producer Gary Kurtz , `` and it was that quality we wanted and obtained in the picture . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : 41 Original Hits from the Soundtrack of American Graffiti Lucas 's choice of background music was crucial to the mood of each scene , but he was realistic about the complexities of copyright clearances and suggested a number of alternative tracks . Universal wanted Lucas and producer Gary Kurtz to hire an orchestra for sound - alikes . The studio eventually proposed a flat deal that offered every music publisher the same amount of money . This was acceptable to most of the companies representing Lucas 's first choices , but not to RCA -- with the consequence that Elvis Presley is conspicuously absent from the soundtrack . Clearing the music licensing rights had cost approximately $90,000 , and as a result there was no money left for a traditional film score . `` I used the absence of music , and sound effects , to create the drama , '' Lucas later explained . A soundtrack album for the film , 41 Original Hits from the Soundtrack of American Graffiti , was issued by MCA Records . The album contains all the songs used in the film ( with the exception of `` Gee '' by the Crows , which was subsequently included on a second soundtrack album ) , presented in the order in which they appeared in the film . Reception ( edit ) Release ( edit ) Despite unanimous praise at a January 1973 test screening attended by Universal executive Ned Tanen , the studio told Lucas they wanted to re-edit his original cut of American Graffiti . Producer Coppola sided with Lucas against Tanen and Universal , offering to `` buy the film '' from the studio and reimburse it for the $775,000 ( equivalent to $4,534,089 in 2017 ) it had cost to make it . 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures made similar offers to the studio . Universal refused these offers and told Lucas they planned to have William Hornbeck re-edit the film . When Coppola 's The Godfather ( 1972 ) won the Academy Award for Best Picture in March 1973 , Universal relented , and agreed to cut only three scenes ( about four minutes ) from Lucas ' cut -- an encounter between Toad and a fast - talking car salesman , an argument between Steve and his former teacher Mr. Kroot at the sock hop , and an effort by Bob Falfa to serenade Laurie with `` Some Enchanted Evening '' -- but decided that the film was fit for release only as a television movie . However , various studio employees who had seen the film began talking it up , and its reputation grew through word of mouth . The studio dropped the TV movie idea and began arranging for a limited release in selected theaters in Los Angeles and New York . Universal presidents Sidney Sheinberg and Lew Wasserman heard about the praise the film had been garnering in LA and New York , and the marketing department amped up its promotion strategy for it , investing an additional $500,000 ( equivalent to $2,756,372 in 2017 ) in marketing and promotion . The film was released in the United States on August 11 , 1973 to sleeper hit reception . The film had cost only $1.27 million ( equivalent to $7,430,056 in 2017 ) to produce and market , but yielded worldwide box office gross revenues of more than $55 million ( equivalent to $303,200,900 in 2017 ) . It had only modest success outside the United States , but became a cult film in France . Universal reissued Graffiti in 1978 and earned an additional $63 million ( equivalent to $236,378,571 in 2017 ) , which brought the total revenue for the two releases to $118 million ( equivalent to $442,740,816 in 2017 ) . The reissue included stereophonic sound , and the additional four minutes that the studio had removed from Lucas 's original cut . All home video releases also included these scenes . Also , the date of John Milner 's death was changed from June 1964 to December 1964 to fit the narrative structure of the upcoming sequel More American Graffiti . At the end of its theatrical run , American Graffiti had one of the greatest cost - to - profit ratios of a motion picture ever . Producer Francis Ford Coppola regretted having not financed the film himself . Lucas recalled , `` He would have made $30 million ( equivalent to $165,382,309 in 2017 ) on the deal . He never got over it and he still kicks himself . '' It was the 13th - highest - grossing film of all time in 1977 , and , adjusted for inflation , is currently the 43rd highest . By the 1990s , American Graffiti had earned more than $200 million ( equivalent to $374,630,667 in 2017 ) in box office gross and home video sales . In December 1997 Variety reported that the film had earned an additional $55.13 million in rental revenue ( equivalent to $84,043,536 in 2017 ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment first released the film on DVD in September 1998 , and once more as a double feature with More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) in January 2004 . Aside from the four minutes originally deleted from Lucas ' original cut retained , the only major change in the DVD version is the main title sequence , particularly the sky background to Mel 's Drive - In , which was redone by ILM . Universal released the film on Blu - ray on May 31 , 2011 . Critical reception ( edit ) American Graffiti received widespread critical acclaim . Based on 43 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , 95 % of the critics enjoyed the film with an average score of 8.4 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` One of the most influential of all teen films , American Graffiti is a funny , nostalgic , and bittersweet look at a group of recent high school grads ' last days of innocence . '' Roger Ebert gave the film a full four stars and praised it for being `` not only a great movie but a brilliant work of historical fiction ; no sociological treatise could duplicate the movie 's success in remembering exactly how it was to be alive at that cultural instant '' . Jay Cocks of Time magazine wrote that American Graffiti `` reveals a new and welcome depth of feeling . Few films have shown quite so well the eagerness , the sadness , the ambitions and small defeats of a generation of young Americans . '' A.D. Murphy from Variety felt American Graffiti was a vivid `` recall of teenage attitudes and morals , told with outstanding empathy and compassion through an exceptionally talented cast of unknown actors '' . Dave Kehr , writing in the Chicago Reader , called the film a brilliant work of popular art that redefined nostalgia as a marketable commodity , while establishing a new narrative style . Themes ( edit ) American Graffiti depicts multiple characters going through a coming of age , such as the decisions to attend college or reside in a small town . The 1962 setting represents nearing an end of an era in American society and pop culture . The musical backdrop also links between the early years of rock and roll in the mid-late 1950s ( i.e. Bill Haley & His Comets , Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly ) and the early 1960s British Invasion , which Don McLean 's `` American Pie '' and the 1972 revival of 1950s acts and oldies paralleled during the conception and filming . The setting is also before the outbreaks of the Vietnam War and the John F. Kennedy assassination and before the peak years of the counterculture movement . American Graffiti evokes mankind 's relationship with machines , notably the elaborate number of hot rods -- having been called a `` classic car flick '' , representative of the motor car 's importance to American culture at the time it was made . Another theme is teenagers ' obsession with radio , especially with the inclusion of Wolfman Jack and his mysterious and mythological faceless ( to most ) voice . Accolades ( edit ) American Graffiti was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture but lost to The Sting ( 1973 ) . Further nominations at the 46th Academy Awards included Best Director ( George Lucas ) , Best Original Screenplay ( Lucas , Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Candy Clark ) and Best Film Editing ( Verna Fields and Marcia Lucas ) . The film won Best Motion Picture ( Musical or Comedy ) at the 31st Golden Globe Awards , while Paul Le Mat won Most Promising Newcomer . Lucas was nominated for Best Director and Richard Dreyfuss was nominated for Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical . More nominations included Cindy Williams by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts for Best Actress in a Supporting Role , Lucas for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing , and Lucas , Huyck and Katz by the Writers Guild of America for Best Original Comedy . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 1998 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 77 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 43 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 62 Legacy ( edit ) Internet reviewer MaryAnn Johanson acknowledged that American Graffiti rekindled public and entertainment interest in the 1950s and 1960s , and influenced other films such as The Lords of Flatbush ( 1974 ) and Cooley High ( 1975 ) and the TV series Happy Days . Alongside other films from the New Hollywood era , American Graffiti is often cited for helping give birth to the summer blockbuster . The film 's box office success made George Lucas an instant millionaire . He gave an amount of the film 's profits to Haskell Wexler for his visual consulting help during filming , and to Wolfman Jack for `` inspiration '' . Lucas 's net worth was now $4 million , and he set aside a $300,000 independent fund for his long cherished space opera project , which would eventually become the basis for Star Wars ( 1977 ) . The financial success of Graffiti also gave Lucas opportunities to establish more elaborate development for Lucasfilm , Skywalker Sound , and Industrial Light & Magic . Based on the success of the 1977 reissue , Universal began production for the sequel More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) . Lucas and writers Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz later collaborated on Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) , also released by Universal Pictures , for which Lucas acted as executive producer . The film features characters intended to be Curt and Laurie Henderson 's parents , Roger and Penny Henderson . In 1995 American Graffiti was deemed culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . In 1997 the city of Modesto , California , honored Lucas with a statue dedication of American Graffiti at George Lucas Plaza . Director David Fincher credited American Graffiti as a visual influence for Fight Club ( 1999 ) . Lucas 's Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) features references to the film . The yellow airspeeder that Anakin Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi use to pursue the bounty hunter , Zam Wesell , is based on John Milner 's yellow deuce coupe , while Dex 's Diner is reminiscent of Mel 's Drive - In . Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman conducted the `` rear axle '' experiment on the January 11 , 2004 , episode of MythBusters . Given the popularity of the film 's cars with customizers and hot rodders in the years since its release , their fate immediately after the film is ironic . All were offered for sale in San Francisco newspaper ads ; only the ' 58 Impala ( driven by Ronny Howard ) attracted a buyer , selling for only a few hundred dollars . The yellow Deuce and the white T - bird went unsold , despite being priced as low as US $3,000 . The registration plate on Milner 's yellow deuce coupe is THX 138 on a yellow , California license plate , slightly altered , reflecting Lucas 's earlier science fiction film . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1973 References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American Graffiti ( 1973 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 10 -- 11 , 42 -- 47 ^ Jump up to : Baxter , pp. 70 , 104 , 148 , 254 ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 56 -- 57 ^ Jump up to : Baxter , pp. 106 -- 118 ^ Jump up to : Sturhahn , Larry ( March 1974 ) . `` The Filming of American Graffiti '' . Filmmakers Newsletter . ^ Jump up to : ( DVD ) The Making of American Graffiti . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Ken Plume ( November 11 , 2002 ) . `` An Interview with Gary Kurtz '' . IGN . Retrieved April 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 52 -- 53 ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Staff ( June 19 , 1999 ) . `` A Life Making Movies '' . Academy of Achievement . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pollock , pp. 105 -- 111 ^ Jump up to : Baxter , pp. 120 -- 123 ^ Jump up to : Baxter , pp. 124 -- 128 ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 58 -- 60 Jump up ^ `` Last Season of Innocence : The Teen Experience in the 1960s By Victor Brooks '' . Happy Days began airing only a few months after Graffiti came out , and much of the plotline revolved around Howard 's character , Richie Cunningham , who was almost an exact clone of Steve in the film . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` The Hardest Working Actors in Showbiz '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 61 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 70 -- 75 ^ Jump up to : American Graffiti Filming Locations ( June - August 1972 ) Archived November 20 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Baxter , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Baxter , pp. 129 - 130 . Jump up ^ Douglas DC - 6 and DC - 7 Tankers Jump up ^ American Graffiti ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 64 -- 66 Jump up ^ Baxter , pp. 132 - 135 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 67 -- 69 ^ Jump up to : Baxter , pp. 129 - 135 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pollock , pp. 120 -- 128 ^ Jump up to : `` American Graffiti '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 79 -- 86 , 122 Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses Adjusted For Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 16 , 1997 ) . `` Rental champs : Rate of return '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American Graffiti ( 1973 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American Graffiti / More American Graffiti ( Drive - In Double Feature ) ( 1979 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Graffiti ' Blu - ray Detailed '' . High - Def Digest . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Graffiti ( Special Edition ) ( Blu - ray ) ( 1973 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Graffiti '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( August 11 , 1973 ) . `` American Graffiti '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jay Cocks ( August 20 , 1973 ) . `` Fabulous ' 50s '' . Time . 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Retrieved May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff ( August 13 , 1999 ) . `` Movie Preview : Oct. 15 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anakin Skywalker 's Airspeeder '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2004 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dex 's Diner '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Explosive Decompression / Frog Giggin ' / Rear Axle '' . Adam Savage , Jamie Hyneman . MythBusters . January 11 , 2004 . No. 13 , season 1 . Jump up ^ Rod and Custom Magazine , 12 / 91 , pp. 11 -- 12 . Bibliography ( edit ) John Baxter ( 1999 ) . Mythmaker : The Life and Work of George Lucas . New York City : Spike Books . ISBN 0 - 380 - 97833 - 4 . Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York City : ABRAMS Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . Dale Pollock ( 1999 ) . Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas . New York City : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80904 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : American Graffiti Official website American Graffiti on IMDb American Graffiti at the TCM Movie Database American Graffiti at AllMovie American Graffiti Filmsite.org The City of Petaluma 's salute to American Graffiti American Graffiti at Rotten Tomatoes American Graffiti at Box Office Mojo Staff ( May 30 , 1977 ) . `` Star Wars : The Year 's Best Movie '' . Time . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . 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6121541514232848122	Public opinion	Public opinion - wikipedia Public opinion For the book by Walter Lippmann , see Public Opinion ( book ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Public opinion consists of the desires , wants , and thinking of the majority of the people ; it is the collective opinion of the people of a society or state on an issue or problem . This concept came about through the process of urbanization and other political and social forces . For the first time , it became important what people thought , as forms of political contention changed . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Coffee - houses 2.2 Gentleman clubs 3 Concepts 4 Formation 4.1 Mass media effects 5 Role of influentials 6 Relationship with public policy 7 Relationship with foreign policy 8 Relationship with U.S. Presidency 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term public opinion was derived from the French opinion publique which was first used in 1588 by Michel de Montaigne in the second edition of his Essays ( ch . XXII ) . The French term also appears in the 1761 work Julie , or the New Heloise by Jean - Jacques Rousseau . Precursors of the phrase in English include William Temple 's `` general opinion '' ( appearing in his 1672 work On the Original and Nature of Government ) and John Locke 's `` law of opinion '' ( appearing in his 1689 work An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ) . History ( edit ) The emergence of public opinion as a significant force in the political realm can be dated to the late 17th century . However , opinion had been regarded as having singular importance since far earlier . Medieval fama publica or vox et fama communis had great legal and social importance from the 12th and 13th centuries onward . Later , William Shakespeare called public opinion the ' mistress of success ' and Blaise Pascal thought it was ' the queen of the world . ' John Locke in his treatise An Essay Concerning Human Understanding considered that man was subject to three laws : the divine law , the civil law , and most importantly in Locke 's judgement , the law of opinion or reputation . He regarded the latter as of the highest importance because dislike and ill opinion force people to conform in their behaviour to social norms , however he did n't consider public opinion as a suitable influence for governments . William Temple in his essay of 1672 , On the Original and Nature of Government gave an early formulation of the importance of public opinion . He observed that `` ... when vast numbers of men submit their lives and fortunes absolutely to the will of one , it ... must be force of custom , or opinion ... which subjects power to authority . '' Temple disagreed with the prevalent opinion that the basis of government lay in a social contract and thought that government was merely allowed to exist due to the favour of public opinion . The prerequisites for the emergence of a public sphere were increasing levels of literacy which was spurred on by the Reformation , which encouraged individuals to read the Bible in the vernacular , and the rapidly expanding printing presses . During the 18th century religious literature was replaced with secular literature , novels and pamphlets . In parallel to this was the growth in reading societies and clubs . At the turn of the century the first circulating library opened in London and the public library became widespread and available to the public . Coffee - houses ( edit ) Coffeehouse in London , 17th century An institution of central importance in the development of public opinion , was the coffee - house , which became widespread throughout Europe in the mid-17th century . Although Charles II later tried to suppress the London coffeehouses as `` places where the disaffected met , and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers '' , the public flocked to them . For several decades following the Restoration , the Wits gathered round John Dryden at Will 's Coffee House , in Russell Street , Covent Garden . The coffee houses were great social levellers , open to all men and indifferent to social status , and as a result associated with equality and republicanism . More generally , coffee houses became meeting places where business could be carried on , news exchanged and The London Gazette ( government announcements ) read . Lloyd 's of London had its origins in a coffeehouse run by Edward Lloyd , where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business . By 1739 , there were 551 coffeehouses in London ; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude , such as Tories and Whigs , wits and stockjobbers , merchants and lawyers , booksellers and authors , men of fashion or the `` cits '' of the old city center . Joseph Addison wanted to have it said of him that he had `` brought philosophy out of closets and libraries to dwell in clubs and assemblies , at tea tables and in coffee houses . '' According to one French visitor , Antoine François Prévost , coffeehouses , `` where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government , '' were the `` seats of English liberty . '' Gentleman clubs ( edit ) A Club of Gentlemen by Joseph Highmore c. 1730 . Gentlemen 's clubs proliferated in the 18th century , especially in the West End of London . Clubs took over the role occupied by coffee houses in 18th century London to some degree , and reached the height of their influence in the late 19th century - some notable names were White 's , Brooks 's , Arthur 's , and Boodle 's which still exist today . These social changes , in which a closed and largely illiterate public became an open and politicized one , was to become of tremendous political importance in the 19th century as the mass media was circulated ever more widely and literacy was steadily improved . Governments increasingly recognized the importance of managing and directing public opinion . This trend is exemplified in the career of George Canning who restyled his political career from its aristocratic origins to one of popular consent when he contested and won the parliamentary seat in Liverpool ; a city with a growing and affluent middle class , which he attributed to the growing influence of `` public opinion . '' Jeremy Bentham was an impassioned advocate of the importance of public opinion in the shaping of constitutional governance . He thought it important that all government acts and decisions should be subject to the inspection of public opinion , because `` to the pernicious exercise of the power of government it is the only check . '' He opined that public opinion had the power to ensure that rulers would rule for the greatest happiness of the greater number . He brought in Utilitarian philosophy in order to define theories of public opinion . Concepts ( edit ) The German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies , by using the conceptional tools of his theory of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft , argued ( 1922 , `` Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung '' ) , that ' public opinion ' has the equivalent social function in societies ( Gesellschaften ) which religion has in communities ( Gemeinschaften ) . German social theorist Jürgen Habermas contributed the idea of `` Public sphere '' to the discussion of public opinion . The Public Sphere , or bourgeois public , is according to Habermas , where `` something approaching public opinion can be formed '' ( 2004 , p. 351 ) . Habermas claimed that the Public Sphere featured universal access , rational debate , and disregard for rank . However , he believes that these three features for how public opinion are best formed are no longer in place in western liberal democratic countries . Public opinion , in western democracy , is highly susceptible to elite manipulation . The American sociologist Herbert Blumer has proposed an altogether different conception of the `` public . '' According to Blumer , public opinion is discussed as a form of collective behavior ( another specialized term ) which is made up of those who are discussing a given public issue at any one time . Given this definition , there are many publics ; each of them comes into being when an issue arises and ceases to exist when the issue is resolved . Blumer claims that people participate in public in different capacities and to different degrees . So , public opinion polling can not measure the public . An educated individual 's participation is more important than that of a drunk . The `` mass , '' in which people independently make decisions about , for example , which brand of toothpaste to buy , is a form of collective behavior different from the public . Public opinion plays an important role in the political sphere . Cutting across all aspects of relationship between government and public opinion are studies of voting behavior . These have registered the distribution of opinions on a wide variety of issues , have explored the impact of special interest groups on election outcomes and have contributed to our knowledge about the effects of government propaganda and policy . Contemporary , quantitative approaches to the study of public opinion may be divided into 4 categories : quantitative measurement of opinion distributions ; investigation of the internal relationships among the individual opinions that make up public opinion on an issue ; description or analysis of the public role of public opinion ; study both of the communication media that disseminate the ideas on which opinions are based and of the uses that propagandists and other manipulators make of these media . The rapid spread of public opinion measurement around the world is reflection of the number of uses to which it can be put . Public opinion can be accurately obtained through survey sampling . Both private firms and governments use surveys to inform public policies and public relations . Formation ( edit ) Numerous theories and substantial evidence exists to explain the formation and dynamics of individuals ' opinions . Much of this research draws on psychological research on attitudes . In communications studies and political science , mass media are often seen as influential forces on public opinion . Additionally , political socialization and behavioral genetics sometimes explain public opinion . Mass media effects ( edit ) The formation of public opinion starts with agenda setting by major media outlets throughout the world . This agenda setting dictates what is newsworthy and how and when it will be reported . The media agenda is set by a variety of different environmental and newswork factors that determines which stories will be newsworthy . Another key component in the formation of public opinion is framing . Framing is when a story or piece of news is portrayed in a particular way and is meant to sway the consumers attitude one way or the other . Most political issues are heavily framed in order to persuade voters to vote for a particular candidate . For example , if Candidate X once voted on a bill that raised income taxes on the middle class , a framing headline would read `` Candidate X Does n't Care About the Middle Class '' . This puts Candidate X in a negative frame to the news reader . Social desirability is another key component to the formation of public opinion . Social desirability is the idea that people in general will form their opinions based on what they believe is the prevalent opinion of the social group they identify with . Based on media agenda setting and media framing , most often a particular opinion gets repeated throughout various news mediums and social networking sites , until it creates a false vision where the perceived truth can actually be very far away from the actual truth . Public opinion can be influenced by public relations and the political media . Additionally , mass media utilizes a wide variety of advertising techniques to get their message out and change the minds of people . Since the 1950s , television has been the main medium for molding public opinion . Role of influentials ( edit ) See also : Two - step flow of communication There have been a variety of academic studies investigating whether or not public opinion is influenced by `` influentials , '' or persons that have a significant effect on influencing opinion of the general public regarding any relevant issues . Many early studies have modeled the transfer of information from mass media sources to the general public as a `` two - step '' process . In this process , information from mass media and other far - reaching sources of information influences influentials , and influentials then influence the general public as opposed to the mass media directly influencing the public . While the `` two - step '' process regarding public opinion influence has motivated further research on the role of influential persons , a more recent study by Watts and Dodds ( 2007 ) suggests that while influentials play some role in influencing public opinion , `` non-influential '' persons that make up the general public are also just as likely ( if not more likely ) to influence opinion provided that the general public is composed of persons that are easily influenced . This is referred to in their work as the `` Influential Hypothesis . '' The authors discuss such results by using a model to quantify the number of people influenced by both the general public and influentials . The model can be easily customized to represent a variety of ways that influencers interact with each other as well as the general public . In their study , such a model diverges from the prior paradigm of the `` two - step '' process . The Watts and Dodds model introduces a model of influence emphasizing lateral channels of influence between the influencers and general public categories . This thus leads to a more complex flow of influence amongst the three parties involved in influencing public opinion ( i.e. , media , influencers and general public ) . Relationship with public policy ( edit ) The most pervasive issue dividing theories of the opinion - policy relation bears a striking resemblance to the problem of monism - pluralism in the history of philosophy . The controversy deals with the question of whether the structure of socio - political action should be viewed as a more or less centralized process of acts and decisions by a class of key leaders , representing integrated hierarchies of influence in society or whether it is more accurately envisaged as several sets of relatively autonomous opinion and influence groups , interacting with representative decision makers in an official structure of differentiated governmental authority . The former assumption interprets individual , group and official action as part of a single system and reduces politics and governmental policies to a derivative of three basic analytical terms : society , culture and personality . Despite philosophical arguments regarding public opinion , social scientists ( those in sociology , political science , economics and social psychology ) present compelling theories to describe how public opinion shapes public policy and find myriad effects of opinion on policy using various empirical research methods . Moreover , researchers find that causal relationships likely run in both directions from opinion to policy and from policy to opinion . On the one hand , public opinion signals public preferences and potential voting behaviors to policymakers . This impact should be greater under more stable democratic institutions . It should be greatest in the realm of social policy because the public are highly motivated by potential goods and services they get from the state . On the other hand , social policy impacts public opinion . The goods and services the public gets via social policy builds normative expectations that shape public opinion . Plus , social policy constitutes the largest share of state spending budgets , making it an active and contentious political area . Together these theories suggest that causal effects are part of a feedback loop between opinion and policy . Using increasingly sophisticated methods , scholars are beginning to grasp and identify the feedback of opinion and policy and use this phenomenon to explain the path dependency of institutions . Relationship with foreign policy ( edit ) As with public policy , public opinion also has a close relationship with foreign policy . There is much debate concerning what the relationship is , and the study of foreign policy 's relationship with public opinion has evolved over time , with the Almond - Lippmann Consensus being one of the first attempt to define this relationship . Published before the Vietnam War , Almond and Lippmann argued that public opinion about foreign policy was unstructured , incoherent , and highly volatile , and that public opinion should n't influence foreign policy . More recent studies have rebuked the Almond - Lippmann Consensus , showing how people 's opinions are generally stable , and that while individuals may not be entirely informed about every issue , they still act efficiently and rationally . People 's judgments about issues are often based on heuristics , which are mental shortcuts that allow rational decisions to be made quickly . Heuristics apply to public opinion about domestic as well as foreign policy . The deductive heuristic is one that relies on a person 's core values and social groups . Delegative heuristics are influenced by figures of authority such as the media or president . Another key theory about how people form their opinions on foreign policy issues is Hurwitz and Peffley 's hierarchical attitudes model . They argue that it is structured , with core values providing the basis for postures which further influence the ultimate issue position . Public opinion about foreign policy is measured in the same way that all public opinion is measured . Through polls and surveys , respondents are asked about their issue positions . Conclusions are drawn by researchers by applying the scientific method . Relationship with U.S. Presidency ( edit ) According to Robert Shapiro , public opinion and policy - making are fundamental to a democracy , which is linked to electoral accountability , meaning that the leader who was elected `` will not deviate far from voters ' opinion '' . A problem that arises when analyzing the data collected by researchers is how these issues that are `` important '' are selected when collecting the data about public opinion . It is hard to determine if there has been underdevelopment of certain issues . Another concern is how elites influence public opinion by persuasion and rhetoric , ultimately shaping policy - making . These two variables are ambiguous by nature and are hard to get to any conclusions , in most cases beyond the limits of research . Other variables to look at when analyzing the opinion - policy effect are the size of the majority public , election cycle time , degree of electoral competition , and the type of issue . For example , domestic affairs public opinion will be of greater importance than that of foreign affairs , because of the complexity . Since Presidents have the ability to influence their political agenda , it is easier for them to respond to public opinion . Also , since they are not an institution ( like Congress ) they can `` shift the standards by which the public evaluates their performance in office -- away from policy concerns and towards more symbolic activities , image , and personality . '' A study by James N. Druckman and Lawrence R. Jacobs discusses how Presidents collect their information for policymaking . They found that on one hand , they collect data about the public 's preference on salient matters like crime and economy . This reflects a populist type of democracy where the government portrays respect toward the people 's views and they are connected . On the other hand , government institutions and elites believe the general populations ' understanding of certain issued is limited , therefore they exercise autonomy when making these decisions . Baum and Kernell have stated that a challenge that modern Presidents face when trying to persuade public opinion is that there is so many different types of media , that getting people 's attention is hard . New media alternatives has also caused on effect on Presidential leadership as they now use them to be able to communicate younger generations , but targeting small groups of people . See also ( edit ) Court of public opinion Opinion polls Public sphere Political socialization Public figure Truth Organizations American Association for Public Opinion Research Roper Center for Public Opinion Research European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research World Association for Public Opinion Research Gabriel Tarde Ferdinand Tönnies Walter Lippmann Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kurt Braatz , Friedrich Nietzsche : Eine Studie zur Theorie der Öffentlichen Meinung , Walter de Gruyter , 2011 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ The term opinion publique appears in the chapter : `` Lettre XXIV à Julie '' of the book . ^ Jump up to : Hans Speier , `` Historical Development of Public Opinion '' , American Journal of Sociology , Vol. 55 , No. 4 ( Jan. , 1950 ) , pp. 376 -- 388 . Jump up ^ See ( in French ) Julien Théry , `` Fama : l'opinion publique comme preuve judiciaire . Aperçu sur la révolution médiévale de l'inquisitoire ( XIIe - XIVe s . ) '' , in B. Lemesle ( ed . ) , La preuve en justice de l'Antiquité à nos jours , Rennes , PUR , 2003 , pp. 119 -- 147 , available online , and Daniel Smail , Thelma Fernster ( ed ) , Fama . The Politics of Talk and Reputation , Ithaca , Cornell University Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ Speier , Hans ( 1950 ) . `` Historical Development of Public Opinion '' . American Journal of Sociology . University of Chicago Press . 55 ( 4 ) : 376 -- 88 . doi : 10.1086 / 220561 . ISSN 1537 - 5390 . JSTOR 2772299 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ An historical and chronological deduction of the origin of commerce , from the earliest accounts . : Containing an history of the great commercial interests of the British Empire . To which is prefixed an introduction , exhibiting a view of the ancient and modern state of Europe ; of the importance of our colonies ; and of the commerce , shipping , manufactures , fisheries , &c. , of Great - Britain and Ireland ; and their influence on the landed interest . With an appendix , containing the modern politico - commercial geography of the several countries of Europe . Author : Adam Anderson ; William Combe ; John Walter ; Logographic Press . Jump up ^ Prévost , Abbé ( 1930 ) Adventures of a man of quality ( translation of Séjour en Angleterre , v. 5 of Mémoires et avantures d'un homme de qualité qui s'est retiré du monde ) G. Routledge & Sons , London , OCLC 396693 Jump up ^ Stephen M. Lee , `` George Canning and Liberal Toryism , 1801 - 1827 '' Woodbridge : Boydell & Brewer , 2008 Jump up ^ `` public opinion '' . Jump up ^ Rolf Fechner / Lars Clausen / Arno Bammé ( eds . ) : Öffentliche Meinung zwischen neuer Religion und neuer Wissenschaft . Ferdinand Tönnies ' `` Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung '' in der internationalen Diskussion , in : Tönnies im Gespräch , tom. 3 , Munich / Vienna : Profil 2005 , ISBN 3 - 89019 - 590 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diggs - Brown , Barbara ( 2011 ) Strategic Public Relations : Audience Focused Practice p. 48 Jump up ^ Elihu Katz and Paul Felix Lazarsfeld ( 1955 ) . Personal Influence : the Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications . ISBN 1 - 4128 - 0507 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lazarsfeld et al. , 1968 Jump up ^ Watts , D.J. and P.S. Dodds ( 2007 ) . `` Influentials , Networks , and Public Opinion Formation '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Consumer Research . 34 ( 4 ) : 441 -- 458 . doi : 10.1086 / 518527 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Paul ( 2002 ) . `` Coping with Permanent Austerity : Welfare State Restructuring in Affluent Democracies '' . Revue Française de Sociologie. 43 ( 2 ) : 369 -- 406 . doi : 10.2307 / 3322510 . JSTOR 3322510 . Jump up ^ Soroka , Stuart ; Wlezien , Christopher ( 2010 ) . Degrees of Democracy : Politics , Public Opinion and Policy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Papadakis , Elim ( 1992 ) . `` Public Opinion , Public Policy and the Welfare State '' . Political Studies . 40 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 37 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9248.1992. tb01758. x . Jump up ^ Mau , Steffen ( 2004 ) . `` Welfare Regimes and the Norms of Social Exchange '' . Current Sociology. 52 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 74 . doi : 10.1177 / 0011392104039314 . Jump up ^ van Oorschot , Wim ( 2007 ) . `` Culture and Social Policy : A Developing Field of Study '' . International Journal of Social Welfare. 16 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 139 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2397.2006. 00451. x . Jump up ^ `` Social Expenditures Database '' . OECD . Jump up ^ Campbell , Andrea Louise ( 2012 ) . `` Policy Makes Mass Politics '' . Annual Review of Political Science . 15 ( 1 ) : 333 -- 351 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - polisci - 012610 - 135202 . Jump up ^ Wlezien , Christopher ; Soroka , Stuart ( 2007 ) . `` Relationships between Public Opinion and Policy '' . Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior : 799 -- 817 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Robert ( 2011 ) . `` Public Opinion and American Democracy '' . Public Opinion Quarterly . 75 ( 5 ) : 982 -- 1017 . doi : 10.1093 / poq / nfr053 . Jump up ^ Breznau , Nate ( 14 July 2016 ) . `` Positive Returns and Equilibrium : Simultaneous Feedback Between Public Opinion and Social Policy '' . Policy Studies Journal . doi : 10.1111 / psj. 12171 . Jump up ^ Wlezien , Christopher ( 1995 ) . `` The Public as Thermostat : Dynamics of Preferences for Spending '' . American Journal of Political Science . 39 ( 4 ) : 981 -- 1000 . doi : 10.2307 / 2111666 . JSTOR 2111666 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Paul ( 2000 ) . `` Increasing Returns , Path Dependence , and the Study of Politics '' . The American Political Science Review . 94 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 267 . doi : 10.2307 / 2586011 . JSTOR 2586011 . ^ Jump up to : Holsti , Ole R. `` Public Opinion and Foreign Policy : Challenges to the Almond - Lippmann Consensus Mershon Series : Research Programs and Debates . '' International Studies Quarterly , vol. 36 , no . 4 , 1992 , pp. 439 -- 466 . JSTOR , JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/2600734 . Jump up ^ Matthew A. Baum and Philip B.K. Potter , `` The Relationships Between Mass Media , Public Opinion , and Foreign Policy : Toward a Theoretical Synthesis , '' Annual Review of Political Science , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sniderman , Paul . Reasoning and Choice . Explorations in Political Psychology Jump up ^ Hurwitz , Jon , and Mark Peffley . `` How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured ? A Hierarchical Model . '' The American Political Science Review , vol. 81 , no . 4 , 1987 , pp. 1099 -- 1120 . JSTOR , JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/1962580 . Jump up ^ pewresearch.org ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Robert ( 2011 ) . `` Public Opinion and American Democracy '' . The Public Opinion Quarterly . 75 ( 5 ) : 982 -- 1017 . doi : 10.1093 / poq / nfr053 . Jump up ^ Druckman , J.N. ( 2009 ) . `` Presidential Responsiveness to public opinion '' . The Oxford Handbook of American Presidency : 454 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199238859.003. 0008 . Jump up ^ Baum and Kernell , M.A. , S. `` Has Cable Ended the Golden Age of Presidential Television ? '' . American Political Science Review . 93 : 99 -- 114 . Bibliography ( edit ) Edward L. Bernays , Crystallizing Public Opinion , 1923 Daniel L. Smail , Thelma Fernster , Fama . The Politics of Talk and Reputation , Ithaca , Cornell University Press , 2003 . Jürgen Habermas , The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere , 1989 ( Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit , Neuwied 1962 ) Jacob Shamir / Michal Shamir , The Anatomy of Public Opinion , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 2000 . Walter Lippmann , Public Opinion , 1922 . Norman John Powell , Anatomy of Public Opinion , New York , Prentice - Hall , 1951 . ( in French ) Julien Théry , `` Fama : l'opinion publique comme preuve . Aperçu sur la révolution médiévale de l'inquisitoire ( XIIe - XIVe siècles ) '' , in B. Lemesle ( ed . ) , La preuve en justice de l'Antiquité à nos jours , Rennes , Presses universitaires de Rennes , 2003 , pp. 119 - 147 , online . Ferdinand Tönnies , On Public Opinion , 1970 ( Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung , 1922 , critical edition by Alexander Deichsel , Rolf Fechner , and Rainer Waßner , Berlin / New York : Walter de Gruyter 2003 ) Bianco , William T. , and David T. Canon . `` Public Opinion . '' In American Politics Today . 3rd ed . New York : W.W. Norton , 2013 . 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291530604056818056	India national football team	India national football team - Wikipedia India national football team This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see India women 's national football team . India Nickname ( s ) Blue Tigers Association All India Football Federation Confederation AFC ( Asia ) Sub-confederation SAFF ( South Asia ) Head coach Stephen Constantine Captain Sunil Chhetri Most caps Sunil Chhetri ( 101 ) Top scorer Sunil Chhetri ( 64 ) Home stadium Various FIFA code IND First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 97 ( 7 June 2018 ) Highest 94 ( February 1996 ) Lowest 173 ( March 2015 ) Elo ranking Current 159 8 ( 10 June 2018 ) Highest 30 ( March 1952 ) Lowest 186 ( September 2015 ) First international Pre-independence : Australia 5 -- 3 India ( Sydney , Australia ; 3 September 1938 ) Post-independence : India 1 -- 2 France ( London , England ; 31 July 1948 ) Biggest win Australia 1 -- 7 India ( Sydney , Australia ; 12 December 1956 ) India 6 -- 0 Cambodia ( New Delhi , India ; 17 August 2007 ) Biggest defeat Soviet Union 11 -- 1 India ( Moscow , Soviet Union ; 16 September 1955 ) Asian Cup Appearances 3 ( first in 1964 ) Best result Runners - up , 1964 The India national football team ( Hindi : भारत राष्ट्रीय फुटबॉल संघ ) represents India in international football and is controlled by the All India Football Federation . Under the global jurisdiction of FIFA and governed in Asia by the AFC , the team is also part of the South Asian Football Federation . The team , which was once considered one of the best teams in Asia , had its golden era during the 1950s and early 1960s . During this period , under the coaching of Syed Abdul Rahim , India won gold during the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games , while finishing fourth during the 1956 Summer Olympics . India has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals , although the team did qualify by default for the 1950 World Cup after all the other nations in their qualification group withdrew . However , India also withdrew prior to the beginning of the tournament . The team has also appeared three times in the Asia 's top football competition , the AFC Asian Cup . Their best result in the competition occurred in 1964 when the team finished as runners - up . India also participate in the SAFF Championship , the top regional football competition in South Asia . They have won the tournament six times since it began in 1993 . Despite India not achieving the same results as their golden era , the team has seen a steady resurgence since the beginning of the 21st century . Besides the SAFF Championship triumphs , under the guidance of Bob Houghton , India won the restarted Nehru Cup in 2007 and 2009 while also managing to emerge victorious during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup . The Challenge Cup victory allowed India to once again qualify for the Asian Cup for the first time in 27 years . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Golden years ( 1950s -- 1960s ) 1.3 Decline ( 1970s -- 2000 ) 1.4 Resurgence ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 1.5 2011 -- present 2 Coaching staff 3 Players 3.1 Current squad 3.2 Recent call - ups 3.3 Past squads 3.3. 1 AFC Asian Cup 3.3. 2 Summer Olympics 4 Results and schedule 4.1 2017 4.2 2018 4.3 2019 5 Competitive records 5.1 FIFA World Cup 5.2 AFC Asian Cup 5.3 Summer Olympics 5.4 Other honours 6 Head coaches 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Football teams consisting of entirely Indian players started to tour Australia , Japan , Indonesia , and Thailand during the late 1930s . After the success of several Indian football clubs abroad , the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) was formed in 1937 . The national team played their first match as an independent nation in 1948 in the first round of the 1948 Summer Olympics against France . Using mainly barefooted players , India were defeated 2 -- 1 in London . Golden years ( 1950s -- 1960s ) ( edit ) In 1950 , India managed to qualify for the 1950 FIFA World Cup finals , which was scheduled to take place in Brazil . This was was not due to any success on the pitch , but due to the fact that all their opponents during the qualifying withdrew from the pre-tournament qualifiers . However , India themselves withdrew from the World Cup finals before the tournament was to begin . The All India Football Federation gave various reasons for the team 's withdrawal , including travel costs , lack of practice time , and valuing the Olympics above the World Cup . Despite the reason given out from the AIFF , many football historians and pundits have repeated the tale that India withdrew from the World Cup due to FIFA imposing a rule banning players from playing barefoot . However , according to the then captain of India , Sailen Manna , the story of the team not being allowed to play due to wanting to play barefoot was not true . Since then , India has not come close to qualifying for another World Cup . Despite not participating in the World Cup in 1950 , the following years after , from 1951 to 1964 , are usually considered to be the `` golden era '' of Indian football . India , coached by Hyderabad City Police head coach Syed Abdul Rahim , became one of the best teams in Asia . In March 1951 , Rahim lead India to their first ever triumph during the 1951 Asian Games . Hosted in India , the team defeated Iran 1 -- 0 in the gold medal match to gain their first trophy . Sahu Mewalal scored the winning goal for India in that match . The next year India went back to the Olympics but were once again defeated in the first round , this time by Yugoslavia and by a score of 10 -- 1 . Upon returning to India , the AIFF made it mandatory for footballers to wear boots . After taking the defeat in Finland , India participated in various minor tournaments , such as the Colombo Cup , which they won three times from 1953 to 1955 . In 1954 , India returned to the Asian Games as defending champions in Manila . Despite their achievement three years prior , India were unable to go past the group stage as the team finished second in Group C during the tournament , two points behind Indonesia . Two years later , during the 1956 Summer Olympics , India went on to achieve the team 's greatest result in a competitive tournament . The team finished in fourth place during the Summer Olympics football tournament , losing the bronze - medal match to Bulgaria 3 -- 0 . The tournament is also known for Neville D'Souza 's hat - trick against Australia in the quarterfinals . D'Souza's hat - trick was the first hat - trick scored by an Asian in Olympic history . After their good performance during the Summer Olympics , India participated in the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo . The team once again finished fourth , losing the bronze - medal match to Indonesia 4 -- 1 . The next year the team traveled to Malaysia where they took part in the Merdeka Cup and finished as the tournament runners - up . India began the 1960s with 1960 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers . Despite the qualifiers for the West Zone being held in Kochi , India finished last in their qualification group and thus failed to qualify for the tournament . Despite the set - back , India went on to win the gold medal during the Asian Games for the second time in 1962 . The team defeated South Korea 2 -- 1 to win their second major championship . Two years later , following their Asian Games triumph , India participated in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup after all the other teams in their qualification group withdrew . Despite their automatic entry into the continental tournament , India managed to finish as the runners - up during the tournament , losing out to the hosts , Israel , by two points . This remains India 's best performance in the AFC Asian Cup . Decline ( 1970s -- 2000 ) ( edit ) India returned to the Asian Games in 1966 . Despite their performance two years prior during the AFC Asian Cup , India could not go beyond the group stage as the team finished third , behind Japan and Iran . Four years later , during the 1970 Asian Games , India came back and took third place during the tournament . The team defeated Japan 1 -- 0 during the bronze - medal match . In 1974 , India 's performance in the Asian Games once again sharply declined as they finished the 1974 edition in last place in their group , losing all three matches , scoring two , and conceding 14 goals in the first round . India then showed steady improvement during the 1978 tournament , finishing second in their group of three . The team were then knocked - out in the next round , finishing last in their group with three defeats from three matches . The 1982 tournament proved to be better for India as the side managed to qualify for the quarter - finals before losing to Saudi Arabia 1 -- 0 . In 1984 , India managed to qualify for the AFC Asian Cup for the first time since their second place triumph in 1964 . During the 1984 tournament , India finished in last place in their five team group in the first round . India 's only non-defeat during the tournament came against Iran , a 0 -- 0 draw . Despite India 's decline from a major football power in Asia , the team still managed to assert its dominance as the top team in South Asia . India managed to win the football competition of the South Asian Games in 1985 and then again won the gold medal in 1987 . The team then began the 1990s by winning the inaugural SAFF Championship in 1993 . The team ended the 20th century by winning the SAFF Championship again in 1997 and 1999 . Resurgence ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Sunil Chhetri celebrating after scoring during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup . India 's first competitive matches of the 21st century were the 2002 FIFA World Cup first round qualifiers . Despite a very bright start , defeating the United Arab Emirates 1 -- 0 , drawing Yemen 1 -- 1 , as well as two victories over Brunei , including a 5 -- 0 victory in Bangalore , India finished a point away from qualification for the next round . In 2003 , India took part in the 2003 SAFF Championship . The team qualified for the semi-finals but fell to Bangladesh 2 -- 1 . Later in 2003 , India participated in the Afro - Asian Games being held in Hyderabad . Under the coaching of Stephen Constantine , India managed to make it to the final of the tournament after defeating Zimbabwe , a team ranked 85 places above India in the FIFA rankings at the time , 5 -- 3 . Despite the major victory , during the gold - medal match India were defeated 1 -- 0 by Uzbekistan U21 . Due to this achievement , Constantine was voted as the Asian Football Confederation 's Manager of the Month for October 2003 . The tournament result also gave India more recognition around the country and around the world . India celebrating after winning the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup . Constantine was replaced by Syed Nayeemuddin in 2005 but the Indian head coach only lasted for a little over a year as India suffered many heavy defeats during the 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers . During this time India were defeated 6 -- 0 by Japan , 3 -- 0 by Saudi Arabia and Yemen respectively at home , and 7 -- 1 away in Jeddah . Former Malmö and China coach Bob Houghton was brought in as head coach in May 2006 . Under Houghton , India witnessed massive improvement in their football standing . In August 2007 , Houghton won the country the restarted Nehru Cup after India defeated Syria 1 -- 0 in the final . Pappachen Pradeep scored the winning goal for India that match . The next year , Houghton lead India during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup , which was hosted in Hyderabad and Delhi . During the tournament , India breezed through the group stage before defeating Myanmar in the semi-finals . In the final against Tajikistan , India , through a Sunil Chhetri hat - trick , won the match 4 -- 1 . The victory not only earned India the championship but it also allowed India to qualify for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup , the nation 's first Asian Cup appearance in 27 years . In order to prepare for the Asian Cup , Houghton had the team stay together as a squad for eight months from June 2010 till the start of the tournament , meaning the players would not play for their clubs . India were drawn into Group C for the Asian Cup with Australia , South Korea , and Bahrain . Despite staying together as a team for eight months , India lost all three of their matches during the Asian Cup , including a 4 -- 0 defeat to Australia . Despite the results , India were still praised by fans and pundits for their valiant efforts during the tournament . 2011 -- present ( edit ) After participating the 2011 AFC Asian Cup , India 's quest to qualify for the 2015 edition of the tournament began in February 2011 with AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers . Bob Houghton decided to change the makeup of the India squad , replacing many of the aging players from the Asian Cup with some young players from the AIFF development side in the I - League , Indian Arrows . Even with a young side , India managed to qualify for the AFC Challenge Cup with ease . Despite the good result though with a young side , the AIFF decided to terminate the contract of Bob Houghton . After having Dempo coach , Armando Colaco , as interim head coach , the AIFF signed Savio Medeira as head coach in October 2011 . Despite leading India to another SAFF Championship victory , Medeira lead India to their worst performance in the AFC Challenge Cup in March 2012 . The team lost all three of their group matches , unable to score a single goal during the tournament . After the tournament , Medeira was replaced as head coach by Dutchman , Wim Koevermans . Koeverman 's first job as head coach was the 2012 Nehru Cup . India won their third successive Nehru Cup , defeating Cameroon 's B side on penalties . In March 2013 , India failed to qualify for the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup and thus also failed to qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup . The team also failed to retain the SAFF Championship , losing 2 -- 0 to Afghanistan in the 2013 final . After more bad results in friendlies , Koevermans resigned as head coach in October 2014 . By March 2015 , after not playing any matches , India reached their lowest FIFA ranking position of 173 . A couple months prior , Stephen Constantine was re-hired as the head coach after first leading India more than a decade before . Constantine 's first major assignment back as the India head coach were the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . After making it through the first round of qualifiers , India crashed out during the second round , losing seven of their eight matches and thus , once again , failed to qualify for the World Cup . Despite failure to qualify for the World Cup , India managed to reach the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers after defeating Laos in the play - off round on aggregate 7 -- 1 . On 11 October 2017 , India secured qualification for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup after a 4 -- 1 victory over Macau . Coaching staff ( edit ) Position Name Head coach Stephen Constantine Assistant coach Shanmugam Venkatesh Goalkeeping coach Rogerio Ramos Sports Scientist Danny Deigan AIFF Technical Director Savio Medeira Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following players were called up to the India squad for the 2018 Intercontinental Cup . Caps and goals correct as of 10 June 2018 , after the match against Kenya No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Vishal Kaith ( 1996 - 07 - 22 ) 22 July 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Pune City 16 1GK Amrinder Singh ( 1993 - 05 - 27 ) 27 May 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 Mumbai City 23 1GK Gurpreet Singh Sandhu ( 1992 - 02 - 03 ) 3 February 1992 ( age 26 ) 24 0 Bengaluru 2DF Subashish Bose ( 1995 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Mumbai City 2DF Salam Ranjan Singh ( 1995 - 12 - 04 ) 4 December 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 East Bengal 2DF Lalruatthara ( 1995 - 01 - 07 ) 7 January 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Kerala Blasters 5 2DF Sandesh Jhingan ( 1993 - 07 - 21 ) 21 July 1993 ( age 25 ) 26 Kerala Blasters 6 2DF Jerry Lalrinzuala ( 1998 - 07 - 30 ) 30 July 1998 ( age 20 ) 5 0 Chennaiyin 20 2DF Pritam Kotal ( 1993 - 08 - 09 ) 9 August 1993 ( age 25 ) 26 0 Delhi Dynamos 21 2DF Narayan Das ( 1993 - 09 - 25 ) 25 September 1993 ( age 24 ) 26 Goa 22 2DF Anas Edathodika ( 1987 - 02 - 15 ) 15 February 1987 ( age 31 ) 13 0 Kerala Blasters 7 3MF Anirudh Thapa ( 1998 - 01 - 15 ) 15 January 1998 ( age 20 ) 7 0 Chennaiyin 8 3MF Mohammed Rafique ( 1992 - 09 - 20 ) 20 September 1992 ( age 25 ) 12 East Bengal 14 3MF Rowllin Borges ( 1992 - 06 - 05 ) 5 June 1992 ( age 26 ) 24 NorthEast United 15 3MF Udanta Singh ( 1996 - 06 - 14 ) 14 June 1996 ( age 22 ) 13 Bengaluru 17 3MF Pronay Halder ( 1993 - 02 - 25 ) 25 February 1993 ( age 25 ) 12 Goa 18 3MF Laldanmawia Ralte ( 1992 - 12 - 19 ) 19 December 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 East Bengal 19 3MF Halicharan Narzary ( 1994 - 05 - 10 ) 10 May 1994 ( age 24 ) 21 0 Kerala Blasters 24 3MF Ashique Kuruniyan ( 1997 - 06 - 17 ) 17 June 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 Pune City 9 4FW Alen Deory ( 1996 - 01 - 12 ) 12 January 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 Shillong Lajong 10 4FW Balwant Singh ( 1986 - 12 - 15 ) 15 December 1986 ( age 31 ) 9 Mumbai City 11 4FW Sunil Chhetri ( Captain ) ( 1984 - 08 - 03 ) 3 August 1984 ( age 34 ) 101 64 Bengaluru 12 4FW Jeje Lalpekhlua ( 1991 - 01 - 07 ) 7 January 1991 ( age 27 ) 51 22 Chennaiyin Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have also been called up to the India squad within the last twelve months . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Sanjiban Ghosh ( 1991 - 07 - 06 ) 6 July 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 0 Jamshedpur Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp GK Subrata Pal ( 1986 - 12 - 24 ) 24 December 1986 ( age 31 ) 66 0 Jamshedpur v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 GK Albino Gomes ( 1994 - 02 - 07 ) 7 February 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Delhi Dynamos v. Macau ; 5 September 2017 GK Rehenesh TP ( 1993 - 02 - 13 ) 13 February 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 0 NorthEast United v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 DF Davinder Singh ( 1995 - 09 - 22 ) 22 September 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Mumbai City Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp DF Nishu Kumar ( 1997 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Bengaluru v. Kyrgyzstan ; 27 March 2018 DF Sarthak Golui ( 1997 - 11 - 03 ) 3 November 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 0 Pune City v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 DF Arnab Mondal ( 1989 - 09 - 25 ) 25 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 27 East Bengal v. Macau ; 11 October 2017 DF Fulganco Cardozo ( 1988 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1988 ( age 30 ) Chennaiyin v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 DF Chinglensana Singh ( 1996 - 11 - 23 ) 23 November 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Goa v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 MF Bikash Jairu ( 1992 - 03 - 12 ) 12 March 1992 ( age 26 ) 11 0 Jamshedpur Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp MF Dhanpal Ganesh ( 1994 - 06 - 13 ) 13 June 1994 ( age 24 ) 6 0 Chennaiyin Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp MF Seiminlen Doungel ( 1994 - 01 - 03 ) 3 January 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 NorthEast United Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp MF Souvik Chakrabarti ( 1991 - 07 - 12 ) 12 July 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 0 Jamshedpur Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp MF Vinit Rai ( 1997 - 10 - 10 ) 10 October 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 0 Delhi Dynamos Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp MF Eugeneson Lyngdoh ( 1986 - 09 - 10 ) 10 September 1986 ( age 31 ) 24 0 ATK v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 MF Jackichand Singh ( 1992 - 03 - 17 ) 17 March 1992 ( age 26 ) 16 Kerala Blasters v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 MF Nikhil Poojari ( 1995 - 09 - 03 ) 3 September 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 East Bengal v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 MF Germanpreet Singh ( 1996 - 06 - 24 ) 24 June 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 Chennaiyin v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 MF Seityasen Singh ( 1992 - 03 - 12 ) 12 March 1992 ( age 26 ) 5 0 Delhi Dynamos v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 MF Milan Singh ( 1992 - 05 - 15 ) 15 May 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 Kerala Blasters v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 MF Cavin Lobo ( 1988 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1988 ( age 30 ) 8 0 East Bengal v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 MF Isaac Vanlalsawma ( 1996 - 09 - 15 ) 15 September 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Pune City v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 FW Manvir Singh ( 1995 - 11 - 06 ) 6 November 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Goa Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp FW Hitesh Sharma ( 1997 - 12 - 25 ) 25 December 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 0 ATK v. Kyrgyzstan ; 27 March 2018 FW C.K. Vineeth ( 1988 - 02 - 28 ) 28 February 1988 ( age 30 ) 7 0 Kerala Blasters v. Macau ; 11 October 2017 FW Robin Singh ( 1990 - 05 - 09 ) 9 May 1990 ( age 28 ) 30 5 ATK v. Macau ; 5 September 2017 FW Sumeet Passi ( 1995 - 04 - 18 ) 18 April 1995 ( age 23 ) Jamshedpur v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 FW Daniel Lalhlimpuia ( 1997 - 09 - 12 ) 12 September 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 Delhi Dynamos v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 Past squads ( edit ) AFC Asian Cup ( edit ) 1964 AFC Asian Cup 1984 AFC Asian Cup 2011 AFC Asian Cup Summer Olympics ( edit ) 1948 Summer Olympics 1952 Summer Olympics 1956 Summer Olympics 1960 Summer Olympics Results and schedule ( edit ) For all past match results of the national team , see the team 's results page . 2017 ( edit ) Cambodia v India 22 March 2017 Friendly Cambodia 2 -- 3 India show Phnom Penh , Cambodia 17 : 00 IST Laboravy 36 ' Vathanaka 62 ' Report Chhetri 35 ' Lalpekhlua 49 ' Jhingan 52 ' Stadium : Olympic Stadium Referee : Võ Minh Trí ( Vietnam ) Myanmar v India 28 March 2017 2019 ACQ Myanmar 0 -- 1 India show Yangon , Myanmar 17 : 00 IST Report Chhetri 90 ' Stadium : Thuwunna Stadium Attendance : 12,205 Referee : Yu Ming Hsun ( Chinese Taipei ) India v Nepal 6 June 2017 Friendly India 2 -- 0 Nepal show Mumbai , India Jhingan 60 ' Lalpekhlua 78 ' Report Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Pranjal Banerjee ( India ) India v Kyrgyzstan 13 June 2017 2019 ACQ India 1 -- 0 Kyrgyzstan show Bangalore , India 20 : 00 IST Chhetri 69 ' Report Stadium : Sree Kanteerava Stadium Attendance : 6,213 Referee : Yudai Yamamoto ( Japan ) India v Mauritius 19 August 2017 Tri-Nation Series India 2 -- 1 Mauritius show Mumbai , India R. Singh 37 ' B. Singh 62 ' Report Jocelyn 15 ' Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Dilan Perera ( Sri Lanka ) India v Saint Kitts and Nevis 24 August 2017 Tri-Nation Series India 1 -- 1 Saint Kitts and Nevis show Mumbai , India J. Singh 38 ' Report Amory 71 ' Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Dilan Perera ( Sri Lanka ) Macau v India 5 September 2017 2019 ACQ Macau 0 -- 2 India show Taipa , Macau Report B. Singh 57 ' , 82 ' Stadium : Estádio Campo Desportivo Attendance : 600 Referee : Ahmed Faisal ( Jordan ) India v Macau 11 October 2017 2019 ACQ India 4 -- 1 Macau show Bangalore , India 19 : 30 UTC + 5 : 30 Borges 28 ' Chhetri 60 ' Ho Man Fai 70 ' ( o.g ) Lalpekhlua 90 + 2 ' Report Torrão 37 ' Stadium : Sree Kanteerava Stadium Attendance : 4,131 Referee : Yaqoob Abdul Baki ( Oman ) India v Myanmar 14 November 2017 2019 ACQ India 2 -- 2 Myanmar show Margao , India 20 : 00 UTC + 5 : 30 Chhetri 13 ' ( pen . ) Lalpekhlua 69 ' Report Yan Naing Oo 1 ' Kyaw Ko Ko 19 ' Stadium : Fatorda Stadium Attendance : 5,546 Referee : Liu Kwok Man ( Hong Kong ) 2018 ( edit ) Kyrgyzstan v India 27 March 2018 2019 ACQ Kyrgyzstan 2 -- 1 India show Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan Zemlianukhin 2 ' Murzaev 72 ' Report Lalpekhlua 88 ' Stadium : Dolen Omurzakov Stadium Attendance : 9,588 Referee : Ammar Al - Jeneibi ( United Arab Emirates ) India v Chinese Taipei 1 June 2018 Intercontinental Cup India 5 -- 0 Chinese Taipei show Mumbai , India Chhetri 14 ' , 34 ' , 60 ' U. Singh 48 ' Halder 78 ' Report Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Attendance : 2,569 Referee : Nivon Robesh Gamini ( Sri Lanka ) India v Kenya 4 June 2018 Intercontinental Cup India 3 -- 0 Kenya show Mumbai , India Chhetri 68 ' ( pen . ) , 90 + 2 ' Lalpekhlua 71 ' Report Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Attendance : 8,890 Referee : Hettikamkanamge Perera ( Sri Lanka ) India v New Zealand 7 June 2018 Intercontinental Cup India 1 -- 2 New Zealand show Mumbai , India Chhetri 48 ' Report De Jong 49 ' Dyer 86 ' Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Hettikamkanamge Perera ( Sri Lanka ) India v Kenya 10 June 2018 Intercontinental Cup India 2 -- 0 Kenya show Mumbai , India Chhetri 8 ' , 29 ' Report Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Nivon Robesh Gamini ( Sri Lanka ) India v Sri Lanka 5 September 2018 SAFF G.S. India Sri Lanka show Dhaka , Bangladesh Stadium : Bangabandhu National Stadium India v Maldives 9 September 2018 SAFF G.S. India Maldives show Dhaka , Bangladesh Stadium : Bangabandhu National Stadium China PR v India 13 October 2018 Friendly China PR India show China Report India v Saudi Arabia November 2018 Friendly India Saudi Arabia show TBD Oman v India 27 December 2018 Friendly Oman India show TBD Report 2019 ( edit ) Thailand v India 6 January 2019 Asian Cup G.S. Thailand India show Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Stadium : Al Nahyan Stadium India v United Arab Emirates 10 January 2019 Asian Cup G.S. India United Arab Emirates show Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Stadium : Zayed Sports City Stadium India v Bahrain 14 January 2019 Asian Cup G.S. India Bahrain show Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Stadium : Sharjah Stadium Competitive records ( edit ) FIFA World Cup ( edit ) India has never participated in a FIFA World Cup finals . After gaining independence in 1947 , India managed to qualify for the World Cup held in 1950 . This was due to Myanmar ( then known as Burma ) , Indonesia , and the Philippines withdrawing from qualification . However , prior to the start of the tournament , India themselves withdrew due to the expenses required in getting the team to Brazil . Other reasons cited for why India withdrew include FIFA not allowing Indian players to play in the tournament barefoot and the All India Football Federation not considering the World Cup an important tournament compared to the Olympics . After withdrawing from the 1950 FIFA World Cup , India did n't enter the qualifying rounds of the tournament between 1954 and 1982 . Since the 1986 qualifiers , with the exception of the 1990 edition of the tournament , the team started to participate in qualifiers but have yet to qualify for the tournament again . FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Round Position Pld GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Did not enter Did not enter 1934 1938 1950 Qualified but withdrew None 1954 Denied by FIFA None 1958 Did not enter Did not enter 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 Did not qualify 6 7 6 1990 Withdrew from qualification 1994 8 6 8 22 1998 7 2002 6 11 5 2006 6 18 0 6 2014 0 5 2018 10 7 7 18 2022 To be determined To be determined Total 0 / 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 10 11 22 43 86 AFC Asian Cup ( edit ) Main article : India at the AFC Asian Cup India have qualified for the AFC Asian Cup three times . The team played their first Asian Cup in 1964 . During this tournament India finished as the runners - up , their best major tournament performance yet . Since then India has failed to progress beyond the first round of the Asian Cup with their most recent participation being the 2011 Asian Cup . Year Round Matches Wins Draws Losses GF GA 1956 Did not enter 1960 Did not qualify 1964 Runners - up 0 5 1968 Did not qualify 1972 1976 1980 1984 Round 1 0 0 7 1988 Did not qualify 1992 2000 2007 2011 Round 1 0 0 13 2015 Did not qualify 2019 Qualified Totals 3 / 16 10 7 8 23 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Summer Olympics record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1908 -- 1936 Did not enter 1948 Round 1 11th 0 0 1952 Preliminaries -- 0 0 10 1956 Semi-finals 4th 0 5 9 1960 Round 1 13th 0 6 1964 -- 1988 Did not qualify 1992 -- present See India national under - 23 team Total Semi-finals 4 / 17 8 6 10 27 Other honours ( edit ) AFC Challenge Cup ( 1 ) : 2008 SAFF Championship ( 6 ) : 1993 , 1997 , 1999 , 2005 , 2011 , 2015 Nehru Cup ( 3 ) : 2007 , 2009 , 2012 Asian Games ( 2 ) : 1951 , 1962 Head coaches ( edit ) Since independence , there have been eighteen different head coaches for the India national team , with ten of them being foreign coaches . The most successful head coach for India was Syed Abdul Rahim , who lead India to gold in both the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games while also achieving a fourth - place finish during the 1956 Summer Olympics . The most successful foreign head coach for India was Bob Houghton , who coached the side from 2006 to 2011 . With Houghton in charge , India won the Nehru Cup twice and the AFC Challenge Cup in 2008 which allowed India to participate in their first AFC Asian Cup for 27 years . List of head coaches of India Balaidas Chatterjee ( 1948 ) Syed Abdul Rahim ( 1950 -- 1963 ) Harry Wright ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Various ( 1964 -- 1972 ) Pradip Banerjee ( 1972 -- 1981 ) Bob Bootland ( 1982 ) Joe Kinnear ( 1983 ) Milovan Ćirić ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Pradip Banerjee ( 1985 ) Syed Nayeemuddin ( 1986 ) Amal Dutta ( 1987 -- 1988 ) József Gelei ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Jiří Pešek ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Rustam Akramov ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Syed Nayeemuddin ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Sukhwinder Singh ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Stephen Constantine ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Sukhwinder Singh ( 2005 ) Syed Nayeemuddin ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Bob Houghton ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Armando Colaco ( 2011 ) Savio Medeira ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Wim Koevermans ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Stephen Constantine ( 2015 -- ) See also ( edit ) Association football portal Football in India portal Football in India India women 's national football team India national under - 23 football team India national under - 20 football team India national under - 17 football team India women 's national under - 19 football team India women 's national under - 17 football team I - League Indian Super League Indian Women 's League Women 's football in India List of India national football team hat - tricks Women 's football in India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ From 1964 to 1972 , India had many managers but many of them were never recorded . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arpit Nath , Joshua ( 3 September 2016 ) . `` Historic ! Indian Football Team Just Thrashed Puerto Rico , Ranked 38 Places Above Them '' . India Times . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8230 ^ Jump up to : `` Sunil Chhetri '' . national - football - teams . Jump up ^ `` India jump four spots to enter top 150 of FIFA men 's rankings '' . Scroll . TheField Scroll. 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India slip to 172 in latest FIFA rankings '' . IndianExpress . IndianExpress. 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Football Elo Ratings : India '' . World Football Elo Ratings . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triumphs and Disasters : The Story of Indian Football , 1889 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kapadia , Novy ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` The 1950 FIFA World Cup : A missed opportunity for India '' . SportsKeeda . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisi ( 2007 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Overview '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Article written by Somnath Sengupta ( 2010 - 12 - 26 ) . `` Legends of Indian Football : Rahim Saab '' . Thehardtackle.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Ghoshal , Amoy . `` Indian football team at the Asian Games : 1951 New Delhi '' . SportsKeeda . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Colombo Cup '' . IndianFootball.De . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1954 '' . RSSSF . ^ Jump up to : `` Melbourne , 1956 '' . FIFA . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1958 Tokyo Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1959 Merdeka Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1960 Seoul Asia Cup Qualifiers '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1962 D'Jakarta Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1964 Tel Aviv Asia Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1966 Bangkok Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1970 Bangkok Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1974 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1978 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1982 '' . RSSSF . ^ Jump up to : Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1984 Singapore Asia Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` South Asian Games '' . IndianFootball.De . ^ Jump up to : `` SAFF CHAMPIONSHIP : REMEMBERING INDIA 'S SAFF TITLE TRIUMPHS '' . The Hard Tackle. 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup qualifying '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` SAFF 2003 '' . RSSSF . ^ Jump up to : `` Constantine 's rising stock '' . IndianFootball.De . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uzbekistan win football gold '' . Rediff. 23 October 2003 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National football team 's coach sacked '' . Hindustan Times . 9 March 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Asian Cup 2007 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` Bob Houghton is India 's football coach '' . Rediff. 28 May 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nehru Cup 2007 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` India win AFC Challenge Cup '' . Rediff.com. 13 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Ahmed ( 7 July 2009 ) . `` Houghton prepares in earnest '' . The National . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Asian Cup 2011 : Group C preview '' . The World Game . 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INDIA IN AFC ASIAN CUP 2011 : PERFORMANCE REVIEW '' . The Hard Tackle. 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Rahul ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` AIFF Announces New Look Indian Squad For The AFC Challenge Cup Qualifiers '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Deb , Debapriya ( 27 March 2011 ) . `` 2012 AFC CHALLENGE CUP QUALIFIERS : TEAM INDIA PERFORMANCE REPORT CARD -- PART 1 '' . The Hard Tackle . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Englishman Bob Houghton sacked as Manager of India '' . Caught OffSide. 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Coach Profile -- Savio Medeira '' . WIFA . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ De Sousa , Jonathan ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` INDIAN FOOTBALL : AFC CHALLENGE CUP 2012 REVIEW -- A LOOK AT THE BLUE TIGERS '' . The Hard Tackle . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wim Koevermans named as new India senior team coach '' . Goal.com. 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India beat Cameroon to win third successive Nehru Cup title '' . India Today . 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India Lose To Myanmar In AFC Challenge Cup Qualifiers '' . NDTV Sports . 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Noronha , Anselm ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` Afghanistan are the SAFF Championship 2013 champions , beat India 2 - 0 '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian football team goes down to Palestine ; coach Koevermans resigns '' . Rediff. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India slip to 172 in latest FIFA rankings '' . Indian Express . 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Constantine appointed Indian men 's football head coach '' . Indian Express . 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sequiera , Sean ( 5 September 2016 ) . `` 2018 World Cup qualification was never possible for India : Stephen Constantine '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India thrashes Laos '' . The Hindu . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India qualify for AFC Asian Cup 2019 '' . Goal.com. 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We Plan on Winning Each of these Games : Constantine '' . The All India Football Federation . 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India v Kenya '' . ESPN . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Choudhury , Chandrahas ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Blame India 's World Cup Drought on the Shoes '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Indian National Team 's World Cup qualifying : '' . Indianfootball.de . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Nations Cup 1964 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ Mishra , Rishav ( 6 January 2013 ) . `` Indian Football 's Golden Age '' . Quora ( Indian Sports ) . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nandi , Dhirtiman ( 23 August 2015 ) . `` Performance Of Foreign Coaches In Indian National Football Team '' . IndianFootballNetwork . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to India national football team . All India Football Federation India national football team General All India Football Federation History Kits Notable players Managers Results Hat - tricks Venues Salt Lake Stadium J.N. Stadium , New Delhi J.N. Stadium , Kochi J.N. Stadium , Chennai Ambedkar Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Trivandrum International Stadium Records Competitive record AFC Asian Cup record Player records All - time records Other teams Men 's U-23 U-20 U-17 Women 's W U-19 Football in India National teams Men India U-23 U-20 U-17 Women India U-19 U-16 League competitions Level 1 I - League ( Official league ) Indian Super League Indian Women 's League Level 2 I - League 2nd Division State / District Assam Chennai Delhi Goa Jamshedpur Karnataka Kerala Kolkata Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Mumbai Odisha ( Men 's ) Odisha ( Women 's ) Pune Punjab Sikkim Telangana Uttarakhand Cup competitions AIFF cups Santosh Trophy Super Cup Past tournaments Federation Cup ( 1977 -- 2017 ) Super Cup ( 1997 -- 2011 ) Other cups Durand Cup Other Indian football seasons State associations Defunct leagues Lists List of clubs Stadiums by capacity AIFF History Footballers League champions National men 's football teams of Asia ( AFC ) Southeast Asia ( AFF ) Australia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Timor - Leste Vietnam Central Asia ( CAFA ) Afghanistan Iran Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East Asia ( EAFF ) China PR Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong Japan Korea DPR Korea Republic Macau Mongolia Northern Mariana Islands South Asia ( SAFF ) Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka West Asia ( WAFF ) Bahrain Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Defunct Malaya North Vietnam South Vietnam South Yemen Former Israel ( moved to UEFA in 1994 ) Kazakhstan ( moved to UEFA in 2002 ) New Zealand ( formed the OFC in 1966 ) Provisional Associate Member - Not a member of FIFA National teams of India Major teams ( World level ) Badminton Cricket Ind A M U19 Blind Field hockey Kabaddi Motorsport ( A1 Team ) Rollball Softball Squash Tennis Continental level Basketball M U19 M U17 M 3x3 W U19 W U17 W 3x3 Football M U23 M U19 M U17 M U14 W U19 Volleyball Minor teams Baseball Beach soccer Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 Korfball Netball Racquetball Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union Rugby 7 's Water polo Multi-sport event Asian Games Commonwealth Games Lusophony Games Olympics Youth Paralympics Universiade World Games Asian Games football men 's tournament winners 1951 India 1954 Republic of China 1958 Republic of China 1962 India 1966 Burma 1970 Burma 1970 South Korea 1974 Iran 1978 North Korea 1978 South Korea 1982 Iraq 1986 South Korea 1990 Iran 1994 Uzbekistan 1998 Iran 2002 Iran 2006 Qatar 2010 Japan 2014 South Korea Squads India squad -- 1984 AFC Asian Cup 1 Atanu 2 Dorji 3 T. Dey 4 Chatterjee 5 Roy 6 Banerjee 7 Panji 8 K. Dey 9 Thapa 10 Ali ( c ) 11 Biswajit 12 Pereira 14 Singh 15 Mani 16 Subrata 17 Afonso 18 Majeed 20 Sankhwalkar Coach : Ćirić India squad -- 2011 AFC Asian Cup 1 Pal 2 G. Singh 3 Manju 4 Masih 5 Anwar Ali 6 B. Singh 7 Pradeep 8 R. Singh 9 Yadav 10 Miranda 11 Chhetri 12 Deepak 13 Sandhu 14 Gawli 15 Bhaichung ( c ) 16 Mehraj 17 Surkumar 18 Rafi 19 Gouramangi 20 Climax 21 Subhasish 22 Nabi 23 Dias Coach : Houghton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_national_football_team&oldid=854717050 '' Categories : India national football team Asian national association football teams National sports teams of India 1948 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2017 Use Indian English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters Articles containing Hindi - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 08 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who is the captain of indian football team now	[ "IndiaNickname(s)\nBlue Tigers[1]Association\nAll India Football FederationConfederation\nAFC (Asia)Sub-confederation\nSAFF (South Asia)Head coach\nStephen ConstantineCaptain\nSunil Chhetri[2]Most caps\nSunil Chhetri (101)[3]Top scorer\nSunil Chhetri (64)[3]Home stadium\nVariousFIFA code\nIND\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSecond colours\n\n\nFIFA rankingCurrent\n97 (7 June 2018)Highest\n94[4] (February 1996)Lowest\n173[5] (March 2015)Elo rankingCurrent\n159 8 (10 June 2018)Highest\n30[6] (March 1952)Lowest\n186[6] (September 2015)First international\nPre-independence: Australia 5–3 India (Sydney, Australia; 3 September 1938)Post-independence: India 1–2 France (London, England; 31 July 1948)Biggest win\n Australia 1–7 India (Sydney, Australia; 12 December 1956) India 6–0 Cambodia (New Delhi, India; 17 August 2007)Biggest defeat\n Soviet Union 11–1 India (Moscow, Soviet Union; 16 September 1955)Asian CupAppearances\n3 (first in 1964)Best result\nRunners-up, 1964" ]	[ "Sunil Chhetri" ]
-2213251210295764680	Debby Ryan	Debby Ryan - wikipedia Debby Ryan Jump to : navigation , search For the college basketball coach , see Debbie Ryan . Debby Ryan Ryan at the 2011 Gracie Awards Deborah Ann Ryan ( 1993 - 05 - 13 ) May 13 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Huntsville , Alabama , U.S. Education Fossil Ridge High School Occupation Actress singer model Years active 2006 -- present Website debbyryan.com Musical career Genres Folk indie pop Labels Ryan River Studio Associated acts The Never Ending Deborah Ann Ryan ( born May 13 , 1993 ) is an American actress and singer . Ryan started acting in professional theatres at the age of seven ; in 2007 she appeared in the Barney & Friends straight - to - DVD film Barney : Let 's Go to the Firehouse and then was discovered in a nationwide search by Disney . She is also known for appearing in the 2008 feature film The Longshots as Edith . In 2009 , she guest starred in an episode of Wizards of Waverly Place in `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' as Bailey Pickett along with her other cast mates from The Suite Life on Deck . Then , in 2010 , she starred in the film 16 Wishes , which was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on the Disney Channel . 16 Wishes introduced Ryan to new audiences ; the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic ( 18 -- 34 ) . Soon after that , Ryan starred in the independent theatrical film , What If ... , which premiered on August 20 , 2010 . From 2011 -- 2015 Ryan starred as the titular nanny on the Disney Channel originally series Jessie ; she also directed an episode of the series that aired on May 15 , 2015 . She starred in the 2012 Disney Channel Original Movie Radio Rebel , in which she portrayed Tara Adams , a shy high school student who adopts the radio persona of Radio Rebel . In 2013 , she formed the band The Never Ending . Beginning in July 2015 , Ryan performed with The Never Ending as an opening act on the North American leg of Fifth Harmony 's Reflection Tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2006 -- 10 : The Suite Life on Deck 2.2 2011 -- 15 : Jessie and music 2.3 2016 -- present : Focus on acting 3 Personal life 4 Artistry 5 Other ventures 5.1 Philanthropy 5.2 Fashion 6 Filmography 7 Discography 7.1 Singles 7.2 Promotional singles 7.3 Other appearances 7.4 Music videos 7.5 Production and songwriting credits 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Early Life Ryan was born in Huntsville , Alabama . Her father was in the military , so she moved to numerous places in Europe . She lived in Germany until she was 10 and can speak both English and German . She started performing in professional theaters at the age of seven on an American base in Germany . She returned to the United States in 2003 and was raised in Texas . In a 2009 People Magazine interview , she described herself as a `` nerd '' in school . She was bullied in middle school for being a mascot and a member of the school 's chess club . Career 2006 -- 10 : the Suite Life on Deck Ryan at the premiere for Up , in 2009 Ryan began appearing in various television commercials in her early teenage years . In 2006 she made her television debut on the show Barney and Friends . Ryan 's first film role was in 2007 as a guest character in Barney : Let 's Go to the Firehouse , she played the role of a teenager . She appeared in several commercials for iDog and various board games ; she was in an iDog Dance commercial in 2008 . Ryan also had a major role in the Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer feature film The Longshots as Edith . Ryan played one of the main characters , Bailey Pickett , on the Disney Channel Original Series , The Suite Life on Deck , which is a sequel to the hit Disney Channel series , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . The series 's pilot aired on September 26 , 2008 in the United States and it became the most watched series premiere in Canada on the Family channel . The character is a very intelligent girl who boarded the ship to leave the fictional town of Kettlecorn , Kansas , where she lived on a farm , because she hated the fact that the town is so small . The series was 2008 's number one top scripted television series for teens , beating the veteran series Hannah Montana and Wizards of Waverly Place in the ratings . The series was also 2009 's top rated scripted series , outpacing other teenage shows . In 2009 , Ryan landed a starring role in the independent feature film , What If ... , alongside Kevin Sorbo and Kristy Swanson . The film was shot in Grand Rapids and Manistee , Michigan in July 2009 and was released in theaters on August 20 , 2010 . The film is produced by Pure Flix Entertainment and centers on a Christian family . In October 2009 , Ryan hosted the first Tween Girl Summit Music Festival . `` Tween girls are drawn to talented performers who emanate the joy of life , and we are so happy to have teen favorite Debby Ryan as the first host of The Tween Summit Music Festival , '' said Denise Restauri , founder of The Tween Summit , AllyKatzz.com and AK Tweens . Ryan was set to headline the `` Terrific Teen Tour '' , a concert series which co-headlined Mitchel Musso , Jasmine Richards and Savannah Outen , that would start on July 9 , 2009 and end on July 14 but the tour was canceled owing to schedule conflicts . The tour would have been Ryan 's debut as a live musician . In 2010 , she starred in the young adult film 16 Wishes . In addition , the movie introduced Ryan to new audiences , such as the contemporary adult audience since the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic . Ryan noted that to prepare for her role in 16 Wishes , she watched numerous Brat Pack movies . 2011 -- 15 : Jessie and Music Ryan performing live with The Never Ending , in 2014 On March 25 , 2011 Ryan starred in The Suite Life Movie , based on the show she had starred in . On March 29 , she released the promotional single `` Made of Matches '' , theme of Discovery Family television show R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour # Made of Matches . The Suite Life of Zack & Cody finished its run on May 6 , 2011 . On July 6 , she released her debut solo single , the alternative hip hop song We Ended Right , featuring Chad Hively & Chase Ryan . The song was released from her own label , the Ryan River Studio , founded with her brother , Chase Ryan . Also in 2011 , it was announced that Ryan landed her own Disney Channel series called Jessie , which debuted in September 2011 . The show follows a girl who moves from Texas to New York City to become a star but becomes a nanny instead for a family with four children . Jessie is a show she also helped create , relating that she wanted her character to relate to herself . Ryan directed the season three episode `` Coffee Talk , '' making her the youngest female to ever direct a Disney Channel production . Additionally , in a shift towards a more mature role , she guest starred in an episode of the show Private Practice as a recovering drug addict . On February 17 , 2012 , she starred in another Disney Channel movie entitled Radio Rebel as Tara , a very shy teenage who dreads speaking to anyone in the school , but in the privacy of her bedroom , she incorporates the most famous radialist of internet under the nicknake ' Radio Rebel ' . She released the cover version of `` We Got the Beat '' , by The Go - Go 's , as promotional single for the film on February 21 . On August 31 , 2012 she voiced the character Spike in the Tinker Bell film Secret of the Wings . Also in 2012 , she formed the indie band The Never Ending with the guitarist Kyle Moore and the drummer Johnny Franco . Ryan commented that her musical style includes folk , indie pop and country . She cited as musical influences for their debut work some artistas as The Lumineers , Mumford & Sons , April Smith and the Great Picture Show and Tom Petty . In 2013 , Ryan starred in the film Kristin 's Christmas Past as Haddie . She recorded an appearance in the film Muppets Most Wanted , released in March 21 , 2014 , as Savana , but the scene was deleted . After , the scenes was later reinstated in the Blu - ray release 's extended version . On June 1 , Ryan and The Never Ending released the debut single , `` Mulholland Drive '' , with a premiere in the Billboard website . The debut EP One was released on June 24 , featuring album art from a circus - theme . She also appeared in the show TV series Mighty Med as Jade and was guest mentor in the fifth season of Fashion Police . On April 17 , 2015 , an episode of Girl Meets World premiered featuring Ryan as Aubrey Macavoy . On June 23 , 2015 , The Never Ending debuted their new single , titled `` Secondhand '' . 2016 -- present : focus on acting In 2016 Ryan was cast of the NBC police series The Mysteries of Laura in season two as Lucy Diamond , Laura 's drugged and trouble - making younger paternal half - sister and the half - aunt of Nicholas and Harrison . At the same time , Ryan was confirmed in the cast of comedy series Sing It ! . The show debuted on May 25 , 2016 at YouTube Red , a paid service of streaming original series and movies , similar to Netflix . Ryan played Holli Holiday , a famous and egocentric singer , who uses the fictional talent show Sing It ! to self - promote . The character was inspired by Paula Abdul . On August 22 Ryan was confirmed in the VH1 drama series Daytime Divas , based on the book Satan 's Sisters by former The View - host Star Jones . The series will be debut in 2017 . She will play Maddie Finn , an ex-host of The Lunch Hour and rival of Kibby , who wants to return to the show . In June 2017 , Ryan announced via her Instagram that Netflix had ordered Insatiable to series , after previously being passed on by The CW . Personal Life Ryan is a Christian . She plays several instruments , including the guitar , piano , and keyboard . Ryan was in a relationship with Twenty One Pilots drummer Josh Dun from May 2013 to September 2014 . In a March 10 , 2015 Teen Vogue interview , she revealed that her relationship with Dun was good but she had been in an abusive relationship with someone else . She described that relationship as professional rather than romantic , but said `` it was such emotional manipulation to the point where it became physical . '' In the interview , she stated that she decided to partner with Mary Kay and Love is Respect for their anti-domestic - violence campaign `` Do n't Look Away . '' Ryan is quoted as saying , `` The second someone puts their hand on you , a boundary has been crossed . '' In April 2016 , Ryan was arrested for driving under the influence . Initially , she was charged with felony DUI , but it was later reduced to two misdemeanors . She was released after posting $100,000 bail . On June 30 , 2016 , under a plea agreement , she pled no contest to reckless driving and was sentenced to three years of probation , community service , and a DUI program . Artistry In a 2009 People Magazine interview , Ryan stated that her Suite Life co-star , Brenda Song , is her acting idol . In a March 2009 interview , Ryan revealed she also looks up to Meryl Streep , calling Streep `` so profoundly thought - provoking and life - changing '' . She has said that her other role models include Anne Hathaway , Rachel McAdams , and Tobey Maguire . When asked about musical tastes , she said , `` I love jazz ! I love singing it . I also love country ! My brother loves rock ; he also has this chill Jason Mraz - like style . So basically , my answer is : jazz - country - rock - alternative ? I have no idea ! But I honestly would love to make country music '' . Other ventures Philanthropy Ryan is involved in Disney 's Friends for Change . She was featured in a commercial on Disney Channel . The charity helps explain how kids can help preserve the planet and invites them to go to the Friends for Change website to register and pledge , offering them the chance to help choose how Disney will invest $1 million in environmental programs . Ryan will be taking part in Disney 's Friends for Change Games , which will feature over 30 Disney Channel and Disney XD stars competing in fun and physical challenges inspired by good actions for the environment . The stars will be broken up into teams and each team will play on behalf of an environmental charity . Ryan had been taking part as Captain of the Blue Team playing to benefit Ocean Conservancy . In May 2012 , Ryan traveled to Udaipur , India , as part of Disney 's Friends for Change 's partnership with international charity Free The Children . The trip was hosted by Me to We , a social enterprise and partner of Free The Children . During her visit she volunteered to help build a new school in Lai Gow and met with local community members to learn about their culture . Her experience was filmed and aired between programs on Disney Channel starting on June 28 , 2012 . Fashion In July 2012 , Ryan started work on a clothing line for 2013 . She said she was in the beginning stages of building herself a fashion brand and revealed that she has been looking into designers and interviewing brands she might like to work with . Filmography Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2006 Barney and Friends Debby Recurring role ( Season 10 ) 2008 Jonas Brothers : Living the Dream Herself Episode : `` Hello Hollywood '' 2008 -- 11 The Suite Life on Deck Bailey Pickett Main role ; 62 episodes 2009 Wizards of Waverly Place Bailey Pickett Episode : `` Cast Away ( To Another Show ) '' 2009 Hannah Montana Bailey Pickett Episode : `` Super ( stitious ) Girl '' 16 Wishes Abigail `` Abby '' Jensen Television film 2011 The Suite Life Movie Bailey Pickett Television film 2011 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour : The Series Stefani Howard Episode : `` Wrong Number '' 2011 PrankStars Herself Episode : `` Something to Chew On '' 2011 Private Practice Hayley Episode : `` The Breaking Point '' 2011 -- 15 Jessie Jessie Prescott Lead role ; 98 episodes 2012 Zeke and Luther Courtney Mills Episode : `` There 's No Business Like Bro Business '' 2012 The Glades Christa Johnson Episode : `` Fountain of Youth '' 2012 Radio Rebel Tara Adams Television film 2012 Austin & Ally Jessie Prescott Episode : `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' 2013 We Day Host 7th edition 2013 Good Luck Charlie Jessie Prescott Episode : `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' 2013 Kristin 's Christmas Past Haddie Television film 2014 Mighty Med Jade / Remix Episode : `` Guitar Superhero '' 2014 Ultimate Spider - Man Jessie Prescott Voice ; episode : `` Halloween Night at the Museum '' 2014 Fashion Police Guest mentor Episode : `` Debby Ryan and Jamie Chung '' 2015 Girl Meets World Aubrey Episode : `` Girl Meets Demolition '' 2015 Goldie & Bear Thumbelina Voice ; episode : `` Thumbulina 's Wild Ride '' 2015 -- 16 The Mysteries of Laura Lucy Diamond Recurring role ( season 2 ) 2016 Sing It ! Holli Holiday Main role ; 10 episodes 2017 Daytime Divas Maddie Finn Episodes : `` Lunch Is on Us '' and `` Shut It Down '' TBA Insatiable Patty Lead role ; In production Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2007 Barney : Let 's Go to the Firehouse Teenage Girl 2008 The Longshots Edith Smith What If ... Kimberly `` Kim '' Walker 2012 Secret of the Wings Spike Voice role 2014 Muppets Most Wanted Savana 2017 Rip Tide Cora 2017 Cover Versions Maple Post-production 2017 Grace Nicole Post-production 2018 Life of the Party Jennifer Post-production Discography For the discography with her band , see The Never Ending § Discography . Singles Single Year Album `` We Ended Right '' ( featuring Chad Hively and Chase Ryan ) 2011 Non-album single Promotional singles Single Year Album `` Made of Matches '' 2011 Non-album single `` We Got the Beat '' 2012 Radio Rebel Other appearances Song Year Other ( s ) artist ( s ) Album `` Hakuna Matata '' N / A Disneymania 7 `` A Wish Comes True Everyday '' 16 Wishes `` Open Eyes '' `` Hey , Jessie '' 2012 Make Your Mark : Ultimate Playlist `` Deck the Halls '' Disney Channel Holiday Playlist `` Favorite Time of Year '' 2013 Holidays Unwrapped `` Face 2 Face '' Ross Lynch Austin & Ally : Turn It Up `` Best Year '' 2014 N / A Disney Channel : Play It Loud Music videos Song Year Director Notes `` A Wish Comes True Every Day '' Peter DeLuise `` Open Eyes '' `` Deck the Halls '' N / A `` Made of Matches '' 2011 Neill Fearnley `` We Got the Beat '' 2012 Peter Howitt `` Ever Enough '' 2013 Mark Staubach A Rocket To The Moon 's music video Production and songwriting credits ( show ) Production and songwriting Song Year Artist ( s ) Album Notes `` Feel My Heart '' 2009 Chase Ryan Feel My Heart Co-producer `` Saying Goodbye '' `` Still Need You '' `` Forecast '' `` Dream This Town '' `` Open Eyes '' Debby Ryan 16 Wishes Songwriter `` Made of Matches '' N / A Songwriter , Producer `` Innocent Love '' Chase Ryan Innocent Love Co-producer `` We Ended Right '' 2011 Debby Ryan , Chase Ryan and Cad Hively Radio Rebel Songwriter , Co-producer `` Mulholland Drive 2014 The Never Ending One Co-producer `` Ruthless '' `` Before I Go Upstairs '' `` Call Me Up '' `` When the Dark Falls '' `` Best Year '' Debby Ryan Disney Channel : Play It Loud Awards and nominations Year Association Work Result Ref . 2008 Celebrity Love Awards Favorite Actress The Suite Life on Deck Nominated 2009 Favorite Actress Nominated Poptastic Awards Favorite Television Actress Nominated Female Newcomer Won Celebrity Love Awards Favorite Actress Nominated Hollywood Teen TV Awards Teen Pick Actress : Comedy Nominated Body Peace Award Outstanding Advocate Won Nickelodeon UK Kids ' Choice Awards Best Television Actress Won 2011 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Movie , Miniseries or Special Leading or Supporting Young Actress 16 Wishes Nominated 2012 Popstar Awards TV Actress Jessie Won Female Style Idol Herself Nominated Teen Icon Awards `` Iconic Heart '' Nominated 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Jessie Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Nominated 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Nominated References ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift , Katy Perry Helped Inspire Debby Ryan 's Debut Album '' . MTV . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan ( TheDebbyRyan ) on Twitter '' . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . it 's Deborah ; call me Debs . Jump up ^ Fan 's Dayyy ! . Debby Ryan 's official YouTube channel . September 16 , 2009 . Event occurs at 2 : 19 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . My full name is Deborah Ann ... ^ Jump up to : `` Debby Ryan `` Jessie '' `` . Disney Channel Media Net . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Debby Ryan -- Made of Matches '' . Cartoon Doll . October 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Premiere Of ' 16 Wishes ' Is Friday Cable 's No. 1 Telecast In Total Viewers '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday Cable Ratings : 16 Wishes Premieres Big ; Party Down , Gravity Finales Finish Small -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cable TV Top 25 : BET Awards , 16 Wishes , USA / Algeria Match Top Week 's Cable Shows '' . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Debby Ryan is directing an episode of Disney Channel hit ' Jessie ' '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BRIE HIRAMINE ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Debby Ryan Is Going on Tour With Fifth Harmony '' . J - 14 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Debby Ryan '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the co-stars : Debby Ryan '' ( May 2009 ) . People Magazine . `` I 'm a nerd . I was in chess club . I went to mascot camp . In eighth grade I was the mascot of my school : a wildcat . I still have the old costume in my dressing room . It reminds me every day to go big and have energy '' Jump up ^ Debby Ryan Teen Magazine interview Archived March 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan 's important message '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan : The Dream '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel MediaNet '' . Disney Channel MediaNet . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scott Campbell ( October 20 , 2008 ) . The Suite Life on Deck sets sail on Family Channel with record - breaking premiere ratings . ca.news.finance.yahoo.com . Accessed December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel / DisneyChannel.com Highlights For 2008 '' . Business Wire . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Suite Life on Deck Season 3 '' . Disney Channel Media Net . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan on the set of What If ! '' . shineon-media.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan films What If in Michigan '' . magicneverends.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What If Movie wraps filming '' . Associated Content . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Channel 's Debby Ryan Set to Host the First Allykatzz Tween Summit Music Festival '' . channel.isp.netscape.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wachovia Center - TTT - CANCELLED '' . Wachovia Center . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Terrific Teen Tour '' . Wachoviaarena.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan gets ' ' 16 Wishes ' ' '' . Blog.scholastic.com . June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zack & Cody Continue The ' Suite ' Adventure With The Premiere Of `` The Suite Life Movie , '' Friday , March 25 On Disney Channel `` . The Walt Disney Company . February 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` As Featured in R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour : Wrong Number by Debby Ryan '' . iTunes . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` We Ended Right ( feat . Chad Hively & Chase Ryan ) -- Single by Debby Ryan -- iTunes United States '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We Ended Right ( feat . Chad Hively & Chase Ryan ) -- Single by Debby Ryan -- iTunes Australia '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Apple . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Suite Life starlet gets own Disney Channel series '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sheets , Jill ( July 2011 ) . `` Chit Chatting with Debby Ryan '' . Relate Magazine . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abel , Alex ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` How I Did It : Debby Ryan On Being The Youngest Ever Disney Director '' . Seventeen.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Original Soundtrack Radio Rebel '' . AllMusic . October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : Debby Ryan '' . Fanlala . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Talks Music , Disney & Hollywood '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Peter Serafinowicz , Dexter Fletcher cast in ' The Muppets ... Again ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Never Ending Song Premiere : Hear ' Mulholland Drive ' From Debby Ryan 's Band '' . Billboard . January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Announces Debut Album ' One ' '' . Billboard . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Shares Sneak Peek Photo From Circus - Themed Music Video '' . Teen Infonet . January 2014 . Jump up ^ Nivea Serrao ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Girl Meets World ' fan recap : Demolition Debby '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Music -- Secondhand : The Never Ending '' . BackstageGoss . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fun times on SING IT '' . The Fine Bros. November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sing It - Mandeville Films '' . Mand Films . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Red Originals : Serien und Filme mit PewDiePie , Fine Brothers und Co . '' . BroadMark . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Debby Ryan Channels Her Inner Paula Abdul on YouTube Red 's ' American Idol ' Send - Up , ' SING IT ! ' '' . Entertainment Online . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Satan 's Sisters Series Coming to VH1 Based on Star Jones ' Book '' . Nadiric Creative Media . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Announces Cast Of Star Jones ' Drama Series Daytime Divas '' . VH1 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Daytime Divas ' : Kelly Osbourne , La La Anthony , Six More Join Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Has A New Netflix Show And It 'll Be Your Next Obsession '' . Jump up ^ `` Netflix in talks to pick up Debby Ryan 's failed CW pilot Insatiable '' . June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Sabienna . `` Debby Ryan 's New Netflix Show Sounds Like A Throwback To Dark ' 90s Teen Movies In The Best Way '' . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan 's Religion and Political Views '' . Hollowverse . August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan 's `` Suite '' Life Leads to `` What If '' Role `` . Christiancinema.com . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TigerBeatTV . `` OMG ! What Is INSIDE Debby 's Purse ! ( Tiger Beat & BOP ) '' . www.youtube.com . Tiger Beat TV . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Instagram : ' Jessie ' Star and Boyfriend Josh Dun Named Hot , Young Couple of 2014 ? '' . Fashion & Style . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan 's New Year 's Eve Kiss With Boyfriend Joshua Dun '' . Disney Dreaming . January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Firman , Tehrene ( March 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Debby Ryan Is Campaigning Against Dating Violence -- and Opening Up About Her Own Abuse '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Debby Ryan Reveals She Was in an Abusive Relationship : Once Someone `` Puts Their Hand on You , '' It 's Over `` . US Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney star Debby Ryan arrested for drunk driving '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel star arrested for DUI '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Pleads No Contest to Reckless Driving in DUI Case '' . PopCrush . Jump up ^ Francesca Bacardi . `` Disney Star Debby Ryan Pleads No Contest in DUI Case '' . ENews . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Friends For Change Disney '' . Disney.go.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company launches Disney 's Friends for Change '' . Disney Channel . May 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Username * . `` Tiffany Thornton and Jason Earles Host The Disney Friends for Change Games '' . Fanlala.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Free The Children -- Disney '' . Free The Children . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan in India for Friends For Change '' . YouTube . June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Is Working On A Clothing Line '' . Disney Dreaming . May 14 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Girl Meets World Spoiler Photos : `` Girl Meets What The What '' `` . KSiteTV . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Insatiable ' : Netflix Picks Up Ex-CW Pilot Starring Debby Ryan To Series '' . Jump up ^ `` We Ended Right ( feat . Chad Hively & Chase Ryan ) -- Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Steven ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` A Rocket To The Moon `` Never Enough '' ( Mark Staubach , Dir . ) `` . VideoStatic . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Chase Ryan -- Feel My Heart -- EP '' . iTunes . October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan -- Open Eyes '' . AllMusic . October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chase Ryan -- Innocent Love '' . iTunes . October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Original Soundtrack Radio Rebel '' . AllMusic . October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zack & Cody Cast Awards '' . Fanstream . July 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Popstar ! Poptastic Awards Nominees ! '' . Popstar Online . July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hollywood Teen TV Awards hollywoodtentv.com . Accessed July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Body Peace Awards '' . 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young Artist Awards youngartistawards.org/ . Accessed February 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Popstar ! Poptastic Awards Nominees ! 2012 '' . Popstar Online . July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for J - 14 's Teen Icon Awards ! -- J - 14 Magazine '' . J-14.com . September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kids Everywhere Have Spoken and the Nominees Are in for Nickelodeon 's 27th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ! '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice News '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for KCA 2015 '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Debby Ryan . Official website Debby Ryan on IMDb Debby Ryan Singles `` We Ended Right '' Promotional singles `` Made of Matches '' `` We Got the Beat '' Related articles The Never Ending Bailey Pickett Disney 's Friends for Change VIAF : 159982200 LCCN : no2010185940 MusicBrainz : d6c8b5ff - 9e25 - 40f0 - 9d8e - bd637efff604 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debby_Ryan&oldid=800557576 '' Categories : Debby Ryan 1993 births 20th - century Christians 21st - century American actresses 21st - century Christians Actors from Huntsville , Alabama Actresses from Alabama Actresses from Texas American child actresses American child singers American Christians American female singer - songwriters American film actresses American pop singers American singer - songwriters American stage actresses American television actresses Living people Military brats Musicians from Huntsville , Alabama Walt Disney Records artists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Articles prone to spam from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Türkmençe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 08 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays bailey on suite life on deck	[ "Deborah Ann Ryan[2][3] (born May 13, 1993)[4] is an American actress and singer.[5] Ryan started acting in professional theatres at the age of seven; in 2007 she appeared in the Barney & Friends straight-to-DVD film Barney: Let's Go to the Firehouse and then was discovered in a nationwide search by Disney. She is also known for appearing in the 2008 feature film The Longshots as Edith. In 2009, she guest starred in an episode of Wizards of Waverly Place in \"Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana\" as Bailey Pickett along with her other cast mates from The Suite Life on Deck. Then, in 2010, she starred in the film 16 Wishes, which was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on the Disney Channel. 16 Wishes introduced Ryan to new audiences; the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic (18–34).[6][7][8] Soon after that, Ryan starred in the independent theatrical film, What If..., which premiered on August 20, 2010." ]	[ "Deborah Ann Ryan" ]
-3920519175275704570	Rules of Engagement (TV series)	Rules of Engagement ( TV series ) - wikipedia Rules of Engagement ( TV series ) Rules of Engagement Created by Tom Hertz Starring Patrick Warburton Megyn Price Oliver Hudson Bianca Kajlich Adhir Kalyan David Spade Opening theme `` How Many Ways '' by Señor Happy Composer ( s ) Bert Selen George Ritter Country of origin United States No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 100 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cheri Tanimura Jack Giarraputo Tom Hertz Barbara Stoll Vanessa McCarthy Doug Robinson Adam Sandler Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) Game Six Productions Happy Madison Productions CBS Paramount Network Television ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( seasons 1 - 3 ) CBS Television Studios ( 2010 -- 2013 ) ( seasons 4 - 7 ) Sony Pictures Television Distributor CBS Studios International ( non-USA ) Sony Pictures Television ( USA ) Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i 16 : 9 ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ) -- May 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 20 ) External links Website Rules of Engagement is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from February 5 , 2007 , to May 20 , 2013 , originally airing as a mid-season replacement . The series was produced by Adam Sandler 's Happy Madison Productions in association with CBS Television Studios and Sony Pictures Television ( SPT controls the North American rights while CBS controls the international rights ) . The show received negative reviews throughout its run . Despite this , it always earned reasonably good ratings , helping the show reach 100 episodes ( typically the minimum for syndication ) over seven seasons . Contents 1 Premise 2 History 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main characters 3.2 Major recurring characters 4 Episodes 5 U.S. ratings 6 Syndication 7 Awards and nominations 8 DVD releases 9 International broadcasters 9.1 Polish version 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Two couples and their single friend deal with the complications of dating , commitment and marriage . It looks at different relationships in various stages , starring Patrick Warburton and Megyn Price as a long - married couple , Oliver Hudson and Bianca Kajlich as newly engaged sweethearts , and David Spade and Adhir Kalyan ( the latter added in season 3 ) as their still - single friends . They often gather to enjoy a meal and discuss their issues at `` The Island Diner '' . History ( edit ) The show was heavily promoted by CBS during Super Bowl XLI and launched the following night , the first of seven episodes in its first season . The pilot episode remains the highest rated episode of the show . The series was renewed for a second season , which began as a mid-season replacement for The New Adventures of Old Christine on Monday , September 24 , 2007 , with production halted after nine episodes on November 6 , 2007 , in the wake of a writers ' strike . After the strike ended , CBS announced that the show would return April 14 , 2008 , with a further six episodes . Seasons three and four were both mid-season entries launched in March 2009 and March 2010 . On May 18 , 2010 , it was announced that CBS had renewed Rules of Engagement for a 5th season . It was later announced that this season would start in September , in contrast to its usual midseason start , and received an expanded 24 - episode order . ( The fifth season was the first and only season to have a full - season order . ) The first 15 episodes aired on Monday nights , usually in the 8 : 30 pm Eastern / 7 : 30 pm Central time slot following How I Met Your Mother . Then on February 24 , 2011 , the series moved to Thursdays at 8 : 30 pm Eastern / 7 : 30 pm Central , following The Big Bang Theory , after the cancellation of $ h * ! My Dad Says . On January 31 , 2011 , CBS ordered an additional two episodes of the series to prepare for the possibility of Two and a Half Men going into hiatus following Charlie Sheen 's real - life issues , taking the episode order to 26 . Two of these episodes were held back and aired as part of the sixth season . On May 17 , 2011 , the series was renewed for a sixth season to begin airing in fall 2011 . One day later , CBS announced that Rules of Engagement would move to Saturday nights at 8 : 00 pm Eastern / 7 : 00 pm Central as part of the network 's new Comedytime Saturday block ; the first time in six years that an original CBS program would air on that night . It also marked the fourth night on which the series would air , with it previously airing on Mondays , Wednesdays ( two airings ) , and Thursdays . On October 7 , 2011 , however , it was announced that Rules of Engagement would move back to its 8 : 30PM EST Thursday timeslot following The Big Bang Theory , replacing new sitcom How to Be a Gentleman which was moved to the new Saturday time slot . The episode order was cut from the original 18 , down to 13 ( plus two unaired episodes from season five ) on November 14 , 2011 . Effective January 12 , 2012 , CBS removed Rules of Engagement from its Thursday lineup , replacing it with the new sitcom Rob starring Rob Schneider . Rules would return to its Thursday 8 : 30 PM time slot on March 29 , after Rob had finished airing its 8 - episode order , resulting in a total of 15 episodes in season 6 . On May 21 , 2012 , CBS renewed Rules of Engagement for a seventh season of 13 episodes to air mid-season , bringing the total number of produced episodes to 100 . Season 7 began airing on Mondays at 8 : 30 , starting February 4 , 2013 . On May 10 , 2013 , Rules of Engagement was cancelled by CBS after seven seasons and 100 episodes . The series finale episode aired on May 20 , 2013 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Patrick Warburton as Jeff Bingham , a financial manager and husband of Audrey since August 12 , 1995 . He has a rather deadpan , cold and sardonic personality and sense of self , particularly when dealing with Russell and Adam , but he is not sadistic or unkind , thereby rendering these traits as merely ironic and biting humor . He loves sports ( NY Giants , NY Mets , NY Rangers , NY Knicks ) , shuns anything that might resemble sensitivity and often views his marriage as a competition , refusing to let Audrey `` win '' the upper hand at anything . He frequently complains about Audrey 's work stories being boring , often forgets plans they have made or tasks she has asked him to complete and , on many occasions , embarrasses her publicly . He is also very frugal and extremely careful with his money -- to the extent where he will buy socks in New Jersey to avoid paying additional tax on them -- and tries to discourage Audrey from overspending while planning for their future . He often reminisces about his college days at Syracuse . Megyn Price as Audrey Bingham ( née Curtis ) , formerly from Lincoln , Nebraska , an editor at Indoor Living magazine ( before later resigning ) and the assertive , modern wife of Jeff . She likes to do things on spur of the moment , such as when she buys furniture on the Internet or makes Jeff 's shirts into a quilt . She tolerates her husband 's insensitivity because she knows he is not malicious and will do whatever it takes to make the situation right once he realizes his mistake . As a couple , they both can be very condescending and manipulative towards each other , in order to gain the upper hand , and typically do n't like to concede to the other that they were wrong , for example when they both repeatedly lied about their whereabouts during a weekend when Audrey 's aunt was supposed to visit but fell ill . They , however , often recognize where both were wrong and apologize . Audrey does not make fun of her friends as much as her friends make fun of each other , but she will frequently save her most - biting criticisms for Russell . She often insists that she is a `` people person '' , but her attempts to prove it usually result in embarrassment , such as having a co-worker lodge a sexual harassment complaint against her . Audrey likes to think of herself as kind , cultured and smarter than her friends . She desperately wants to be liked by persons and / or impress them , but her attempts at being charitable and sociable often end in her becoming frustrated , either as a result of her own awkwardness or due to Jeff 's manners . She and Jeff had a baby , Shea , via a surrogate , Brenda , after Audrey assumed she could never get pregnant , only to discover in the series finale that she is in fact pregnant with Jeff 's child . Oliver Hudson as Adam Rhodes , a sensitive and well - meaning -- but extremely naive -- co-worker of Russell and Timmy , and Jennifer 's fiancé throughout the series until they are married in the series finale . He is a neighbor of Jeff and Audrey , looks up to Jeff , and often acts on Jeff 's relationship advice ( which is hardened by years of marriage ) to attempt to receive more frequent sexual relations with Jennifer . This usually results in making the situation worse for himself . As an example , he once revealed to Jennifer his strategies for avoiding her bad moods , because he was proud that Jeff considered them to be a good idea . Oftentimes because of his childlike naivete ( almost borderline stupidity ) , people find it hard to explain things to him . He can not keep secrets and rarely thinks before he speaks . Adam frequently exhibits feminine or flamboyant behavior and characteristics , which make him the target of many barbs from Jeff and Russell regarding his homosexual tendencies . It is to be noted that Adam , initially , was simply a smooth , charming guy who was a bit naive but over the course of the series , noticeably after Season 2 , the writers opted to `` dumb - down '' his character turning him from naive and sweet to borderline moronic and dim - witted . Bianca Kajlich as Jennifer Morgan , the charismatic live - in fiancée and eventual wife of Adam , who endures his faults because of his good looks and underlying good nature . She is very self - conscious of his naivete , and will often try to spare him from embarrassment . She also has a need for thrills and can easily manipulate Adam into doing whatever she wants , but often feels guilty about it afterward . She was openly promiscuous in her past and is often referred to by Jeff , Russell and even Adam as being `` easy '' and always `` good to go '' . Her love for sex means Adam rarely has to `` work for it '' , a fact that Adam enjoys and the guys envy . Jennifer did , however , attempt to fabricate a clichéd love story of how she and Adam met , due to being slightly embarrassed when Adam continually boasts that they slept together on their first date . She and Adam are often naive about their relationship as they typically assume they wo n't end up bickering like Jeff & Audrey , who often laugh at them for being so clueless & optimistic , and they think will be able to agree on everything . However , despite their best efforts , this often backfires specifically when they tried working together , cutting back on expenses or when they got into a big fight while trying to plan their entire future during a weekend getaway . David Spade as Russell Dunbar , an acerbic , womanizing single friend of the main characters and boss of Adam and Timmy . Russell is fast - talking , and is an eternal optimist when it comes to women , often ignoring multiple sexual harassment lawsuits leveled against him in the pursuit of sex . He is also an incompetent manager at his father 's real estate and development business , Dunbar Industries . If left to his own devices and forced to fend for himself without assistance ( e.g. , from Timmy ) he would completely destroy his office in minutes . He is often mocked because of his height ( especially by Jeff ) , choice of wardrobe , and his penchant for prostitutes and young women with `` daddy '' issues . He also frequently uses his wealth to lure women and do whatever he wants . In the Season 6 episode `` Audrey 's Shower '' , Russell takes a break from women and starts to display many creative talents . It is revealed in a flashback that he was an intelligent child and a musical prodigy , until he saw his piano teacher 's cleavage and wound up taking a different path in life . His favorite expression , spoken in a high - pitched voice after incredulous questions about his doing something outrageous , is : `` I kinda did '' . In the series finale , Russell proposes to Timmy and marries him in order to help Timmy avoid deportation . Adhir Kalyan as Timir `` Timmy '' Patel ( recurring Season 3 ; regular cast from Seasons 4 -- 7 ) , whom Russell hires as his assistant . He is a mild - mannered man with a quick wit , often matching Russell 's jabs in their verbal sparring . Although he is fluent in seven languages and holds an MBA from Oxford University , Timmy is often forced to do menial work or to solve Russell 's trivial problems . While many of Russell 's schemes disgust him , Timmy will often see them through so that he can enjoy Russell 's come - uppance . He plays cricket and is also an avid fan of the Boston Bruins . In the series finale , Timmy 's work visa expires and he faces deportation . In an uncharacteristic act of selflessness , Russell sets aside his womanizing ways to marry Timmy so he can stay in the country . This brought criticism , however , due to the fact that it had already been established in Season 5 that Timmy had been a US citizen for over 10 years which he revealed when Russell wanted to throw him a `` Citizenship Party '' . This was n't the first time there had been an inconsistent discrepancy with Timir 's background as he tells his then - girlfriend , Allison , in the episode `` Play Ball '' , that he was an only child yet in the following season , in the episode `` The Set - Up '' , it is revealed that he has a sister , Simran , who is currently living in Chicago . Major recurring characters ( edit ) Diane Sellers as Doreen , waitress at The Island Diner . Wendi McLendon - Covey as Liz , an unlikeable , annoying , unattractive neighbor and friend of Audrey 's who lives directly upstairs from the Binghams ; for a brief story arc in Season 6 she was married to Russell , but they later separated . In Season 7 , Episode 7 , she admitted to Russell that she is a sex addict and that she cheated on him multiple times ( with multiple partners ) during their brief marriage . Sara Rue as Brenda , Jeff 's lesbian softball teammate who agrees to be a surrogate mother for Audrey and Jeff . Nazneen Contractor as Suneetha , Timmy 's fiancée in an arranged marriage , who becomes an object of Russell 's affections . Susan Yeagley as Tracy , a man - hungry co-worker of Audrey 's . Beth Littleford as Laura , another man - hungry co-worker of Audrey 's . Taryn Southern as Allison , the object of Timmy 's affections , which blossoms into an intra-office romance , then ends when she moves away and breaks up with Timmy . Geoff Pierson as Franklin Dunbar , Russell 's wealthy , lecherous father . Orlando Jones as Brad , Jeff 's gay friend from his gym who eventually makes friends with the rest of the gang . Jaime Pressly as Pam , the Bingham 's initial surrogate who they soon soured on due to her sleeping with Russell . Heather Locklear as Barbara , Audrey 's sister , on whom Russell has a crush . Joan Collins as Bunny Dunbar , Russell 's wealthy , superficial mother . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Rules of Engagement episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 7 February 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ) March 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) 15 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 13 March 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) 13 March 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 5 24 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 6 15 October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 7 13 February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) May 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 20 ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( EST ) Number of episodes Premiere Finale TV season Overall rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Monday 9 : 30 p.m. 7 February 5 , 2007 14.83 March 19 , 2007 9.26 2006 -- 07 25th 12.38 15 September 24 , 2007 12.23 May 19 , 2008 12.29 2007 -- 08 33rd 10.89 13 March 2 , 2009 11.82 May 18 , 2009 12.87 2008 -- 09 24th 11.37 Monday 8 : 30 p.m. 13 March 1 , 2010 9.73 May 24 , 2010 8.23 2009 -- 10 50th 7.91 5 Monday 8 : 30 p.m. ( 2010 -- 11 ) Thursday 8 : 30 p.m. ( 2011 ) 24 September 20 , 2010 8.35 May 19 , 2011 8.80 2010 -- 11 49th 8.77 6 Thursday 8 : 30 p.m. 15 October 20 , 2011 11.45 May 17 , 2012 7.17 2011 -- 12 42nd 10.10 7 Monday 8 : 30 p.m. 13 February 4 , 2013 9.40 May 20 , 2013 6.25 2012 -- 13 52nd 7.69 Syndication ( edit ) In June 2011 , the series was picked up for syndication by local affiliates , The CW Plus , and WGN America , making its debut on September 10 , 2012 . On Wednesday , January 2 , 2013 , the series began airing weekdays on TBS at 2 / 1c . Shortly thereafter , it moved to the early morning hour of 6 A.M. throughout the week . As of May 2016 , the series has left the line - up entirely . All 7 seasons are available for streaming on Netflix . In Canada , the series is syndicated on CMT . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result 2007 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series Wayne Kennan Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy David Spade Nominated 2008 Art Directors Guild Award Excellence in Production Design Bernard Vyzga and Lynn Griffin Nominated BMI Film and TV Award Best TV Music David Schwartz Won 2009 Evan Frankfort , Bert Selen , and George Ritter Won Art Directors Guild Award Excellence in Production Design Bernard Vyzga , Joe Pew , and Jerie Kelter Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Award Top Television Series Steve Mazur , Tom Polce , and Derek Schanche Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series Bernard Vyzga an Jerie Kelter Nominated 2011 Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series Wayne Kennan Nominated 2012 BMI Film and TV Award Best TV Music Bert Selen and George Ritter Won Image Award Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series Leonard R. Garner , Jr . Won 2013 BMI Film and TV Award Best TV Music Bert Selen and George Ritter Won DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment owns the rights to release DVDs in Region 1 . The fifth season of the series was made available beginning February 7 , 2012 , exclusively as a made - on - demand release from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment , in conjunction with amazon.com . Similarly , the sixth season received a MOD release from online retailers , on October 2 , 2012 . The seventh and final season has not yet been released on DVD and it is unknown whether the series will see completion on DVD . However , the entire series is available to purchase and download from amazon.com and the iTunes Store . Paramount Pictures , in conjunction with CBS Home Entertainment , began releasing the series on DVD internationally in 2011 . Season One was released in the UK ( Region 2 DVD ) on April 4 , 2011 . In region 4 , the entire series has been released , as individual season sets . DVD name Release date Ep # The Complete First Season September 4 , 2007 7 The Complete Second Season October 14 , 2008 15 The Complete Third Season September 14 , 2010 13 The Complete Fourth Season January 11 , 2011 13 The Complete Fifth Season February 7 , 2012 26 The Complete Sixth Season October 2 , 2012 13 The Complete Seventh Season February 18 , 2016 13 Note : Following the events of Charlie Sheen 's departure from Two and a Half Men , CBS ordered an additional two episodes for Rules of Engagement 's fifth season , bringing the total number of episodes to 26 from the initial 24 ordered . Despite the episodes , `` Scavenger Hunt '' and `` Cheating , '' airing during the sixth season , they were originally produced for the fifth season , and are included in the fifth season collection . Therefore , the sixth season 's DVD release features the 13 episodes produced over that time period , versus the 15 that were broadcast by CBS . International broadcasters ( edit ) Country Network Series Premiere Timeslot Australia Network Ten Eleven TV1 February 13 , 2008 May 15 , 2012 Sunday 7 : 00 PM Tuesday 8 : 00 PM Wednesdays 7 : 30 PM Austria ORF eins Puls 4 May 21 , 2012 December 19 , 2012 Monday -- Friday , 12 : 05 PM Wednesday -- Friday , 10 : 55 AM Belgium ZES Monday -- Friday Bosnia and Herzegovina RTRS , Comedy Central Extra Brazil Sony Bulgaria Fox Life Wednesday 21 : 00 PM Canada City February 5 , 2007 Thursday 8 : 30 PM Croatia Fox Life , RTL 2 . Comedy Central Extra Monday - Friday 12 : 00 PM Cyprus FOX Greece / Sigma TV October 12 , 2012 / September 2016 Monday -- Friday , 11 : 00 PM / Monday - Friday 01 : 00 AM Denmark 3 + Week days , 06 : 00 AM Estonia Fox Life Weekdays , 05 : 05 PM ( replay ) and 07.55 AM , 09.30 AM France M6 April 1 , 2011 Monday -- Friday 10 : 15 AM Germany kabel eins Fox Channel Comedy Central November 12 , 2009 January 2 , 2012 November 12 , 2012 between seasons Monday -- Friday , 11 : 00 PM Monday -- Friday , 11 : 05 PM Greece FOX Greece October 12 , 2012 Monday -- Friday , 11 : 00 PM Hungary Viasat3 12 May 2010 Weekdays , 07 : 25 ( replay ) and 07.55 PM India Big CBS Love Comedy Central Monday -- Thursday , 8.00 PM Monday -- Thursday , 11 : 00 PM Ireland RTÉ Two Saturdays , 00 : 30 Israel Xtra HOT HOT family / yes stars Base 2007 January 4 , 2009 Unknown Sundays , 8 : 15 PM , 11 : 45 PM Italy Comedy Central , Italia 1 June 21 , 2009 Saturdays & Sundays , 1 : 00 PM Latin America Sony Entertainment Television Mondays , 10 : 30 PM Latvia SET Weekdays , 05.35 PM ( replay ) 07.30 PM , 03.00 AM and 06.15 AM Macedonia Fox Life Montenegro VIJESTI TV 2012 Monday -- Friday Netherlands Veronica Monday -- Friday , 7 : 30 PM New Zealand FOUR Sundays , 7 : 00PM Norway TV 2 bliss Off , Pakistan Star World Monday - Friday , 7 : 30 PM Peru Sony Entertainment Television Mondays , 12.00 AM Poland Polsat , Comedy Central Polska January 6 , 2008 Fridays , 9 : 00 PM Portugal AXN White Mondays , 10 : 25pm ( Mainland and Madeira ) / 9 : 25pm ( in Azores ) Romania Comedy Central Extra Monday -- Friday , 8 : 00 AM and 7 : 00 PM Russia Sony Entertainment Television 2009 Weekdays Serbia Fox Life , Comedy Central Extra July 7 , 2009 Weekends Slovenia POP TV 2008 Weekends South Africa SABC 3 Mondays , 9 : 40 PM Spain Paramount Comedy , FDF Thursdays , 11 : 15 PM Sweden Kanal 5 Tuesdays , 10 : 00 PM Switzerland SF zwei September 9 , 2011 Tuesday -- Friday , 7 : 30 PM Taiwan Star World Weekdays , 07 : 35 PM Thailand True Series Tuesdays , 9 : 00 PM United Kingdom Comedy Central E4 Weekdays , 12 : 30 PM and 3 : 30 PM ( Re-runs ) Tuesdays 9 : 00 PM ( Season 7 ) , Weekdays 4 : 00 PM -- 5 : 00 PM ( Re-runs ) United States CBS ( orig . network ) Broadcast syndication ( reruns ) WGN America ( reruns ) TBS February 5 , 2007 September 10 , 2012 September 10 , 2012 January 2 , 2013 Mondays 8 : 30 PM Various Sunday - Friday 12 : 00 AM and Wednesdays 10 : 00 PM Weekdays 6 : 00 AM , 11 : 00 AM Rights in Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Uruguay , and Venezuela . Polish version ( edit ) Main article : Reguły Gry Polish channel TVN started filming its own version of the show , called Reguły Gry ( literally meaning Rules of the Game in Polish ) . It premiered on 16 February 2012 on TVN sister channel TVN 7 as its first original production . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harris , Will . `` Rules of Engagement -- `` 100th '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James . `` ' Rules of Engagement ' cancelled after 7 seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Engagement Season 1 '' . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Tonight '' . Buzzsugar.com. 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sets Series Return Dates '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` CBS plans return of ' Rules of Engagement ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- CBS to Keep `` Case , '' `` Rules '' ; Adds Two More Dramas `` . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` CBS : Renewed and Cancelled '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2011/01/31/cbs-fills-men-gap-orders-more-episodes-of-rules-of-engagement Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` CBS Schedule : Why Are ' CSI ' & ' Good Wife ' Moving ' ? Original Series On Saturday ? ! '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` CBS : ' Rules of Engagement ' Moving To Thursdays ; ' How to Be a Gentleman ' Banished to Saturdays , Effectively Canceled -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2011/11/cbs-cuts-order-to-rules-of-engagement-194757/ Jump up ^ `` Harnick , Chris . `` CBS Announces 2012 Midseason Schedule . '' `` . Aoltv.com. 2011 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` CBS Renews ' Rules of Engagement ' for Midseason '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` CBS Announces Mid-Season Lineup Including Premiere of ' Golden Boy ' and Return of ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' Survivor ' & ' The Amazing Race '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Rules of Engagement ' Canceled by CBS After Seven Seasons '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Cendrowski ( director ) & Mike Haukom ( writer ) ( 2012 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Scavenger Hunt '' , Rules of Engagement . episode 8 . season 6 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1796202/reviews?ref_=tt_urv Jump up ^ http://www.popmatters.com/review/rules-of-engagement/ Jump up ^ http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=rules-of-engagement&episode=s01e03 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXZA1rNkIAU Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1728822/ Jump up ^ http://www.tv.com/shows/rules-of-engagement/play-ball-1358502/ Jump up ^ http://www.allreadable.com/d58fHf1m Jump up ^ http://cliqueclack.com/tv/2009/04/23/how-i-met-your-mother-plays-by-the-rules-of-engagement/ Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2756102/reviews?ref_=tt_urv Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2756102/trivia?tab=gf&ref_=tt_trv_gf Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet. 2007 - 02 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet. 2007 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet. 2009 - 05 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet. 2009 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet. 2007 - 10 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet. 2008 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet. 2009 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet. 2009 - 03 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 18 -- 24 , 2009 -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet. 2009 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : Oscars , American Idol & The Big Bang Theory Top Weekly Broadcast Charts -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings -- CBS Wins the Final Monday of the Season in Key Demos '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers. 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Finals : ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' DWTS , ' ' House ' Gain ; ' Chuck , ' ' The Event ' , Chase , Castle Drop -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' The Office ' Rises , ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Rise , But American Idol Dominates -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series + ' Big Bang , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 - 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TVbytheNumbers. 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goodwin Games ' & ' Motive ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Dateline . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Clears ' Rules of Engagement ' in Nearly Half the Country -- 2011 - 06 - 17 20 : 18 : 08 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Engagement '' . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Engagement '' . CMT.ca -- Country Music Television Canada . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Engagement DVD news : Box Art and Date Change for Rules of Engagement -- The Complete 5th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Engagement DVD news : Release Date for Rules of Engagement -- The Complete 6th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rules Of Engagement Season 1 ( 2011 ) : DVD '' . hmv.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Paweł Wilczak i Maciej Zakościelny w polskiej wersji `` Sposobu użycia '' -- Filmweb '' ( in Polish ) . Filmweb.pl . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ DODAJ OGŁOSZENIE Ogłoszenie już od 200zł ! ( 2011 - 08 - 24 ) . `` TVN wyprodukuje polski sitcom dla TVN 7 '' . Wirtualnemedia.pl . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` '' Reguły gry `` : Pierwszy serial TVN7 -- Galerie -- Film w INTERIA.PL -- premiery filmowe , repertuar kin , recenzje filmów ( kino , dvd ) '' . Film.interia.pl . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Rules of Engagement -- Official Site Rules of Engagement on IMDb Rules of Engagement at TV.com Rules of Engagement -- bridestelevision.com THRFeed Rules of Engagement on Comedy Central UK Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry Sony Pictures Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules_of_Engagement_(TV_series)&oldid=854096153 '' Categories : 2007 American television series debuts 2013 American television series endings 2000s American romance television series 2000s American sitcoms 2000s American sex comedy television series 2010s American romance television series 2010s American sitcoms 2010s American sex comedy television series American romantic comedy television series Casual sex in television CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series about friendship Television series about marriage Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Happy Madison Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Pages using deprecated image syntax TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 23 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the rules of engagement theme song	[]	[]
6042891935868237808	Judge Judy	Judge Judy - Wikipedia Judge Judy This article is about the court show . For the eponymous star of this court show , see Judy Sheindlin . Judge Judy Genre Arbitration - based reality court show Created by Kaye Switzer Sandi Spreckman Directed by Randy Douthit Judges Judy Sheindlin Narrated by Jerry Bishop Theme music composer Arden Hofheins , Lisle Moore , Randall Thornton Opening theme Symphony No. 5 , First movement Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 22 No. of episodes 5,909 ( as of May 12 , 2017 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Randy Douthit Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Big Ticket Entertainment Queen Bee Productions ( CBS Primetime Special ) Distributor Worldvision Enterprises ( 1996 -- 1999 ) ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Paramount Domestic Television ( 1999 -- 2006 ) ( seasons 4 - 10 ) CBS Paramount Domestic Television ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( seasons 10 - 12 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) ( season 12 - present ) Release Original network Syndication Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( seasons 1 -- 16 ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( season 17 -- ) Original release September 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 16 ) -- present External links Website Judge Judy is an American arbitration - based reality court show presided over by Judge Judy Sheindlin , a retired Manhattan family court judge . The show features Sheindlin adjudicating real - life small claim disputes within a simulated courtroom set . Prior to the proceedings , all parties involved must sign arbitration contracts agreeing to Sheindlin 's ruling , handling and production staff management . The series is in first - run syndication and distributed by CBS Television Distribution . Judge Judy , which premiered on September 16 , 1996 , reportedly revitalized the court show genre . Only two other arbitration - based reality court shows preceded it , The People 's Court ( its first life canceled in 1993 from low ratings ) and Jones & Jury ( lasting only the 1994 -- 95 season , short - lived from low ratings ) . Sheindlin has been credited with introducing the `` tough '' adjudicating approach into the judicial genre , which has led to several imitators . The only two court shows that outnumber Judge Judy 's seasons , The People 's Court and Divorce Court , have both lasted via multiple disunited lives of production and shifting arbiters . Thus Sheindlin 's span as a television jurist or arbitrator has lasted longer than any other -- a distinction that rewarded her a place in the Guinness World Records in September 2015 . With no cancellations or temporary endings in its series run , Judge Judy also enjoys the longest - lasting individual production life of any court show . A three time Emmy Award winner , Judge Judy won its first Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Legal / Courtroom Program in 2013 , its 15th nomination . It is the first long - running , highly rated court show to win an Emmy . The court show won again the distinction in 2016 and 2017 respectively . Since its premiere , Judge Judy has gained enormous popularity and has led the ratings in courtroom programming in the United States . The show was also the highest - rated daytime television program from its 3rd ( 1998 -- 99 ) through 5th ( 2000 -- 01 ) season . After that , the show lost this title but regained it by its 14th season ( 2009 -- 10 ) and has kept this reign to date . For its 16th season ( 2011 -- 12 ) , it was named the highest - rated program in all of daytime as well as syndication , averaging a 7.0 rating . It regained the position as leader in all of syndication for its 18th and has kept that title henceforth , 4 consecutive years to date . The court show 's 22nd season commenced on Monday , September 11 , 2017 , Sheindlin and CBS Television Distribution had extended their contract for another four years , on March 2nd , 2015 , meaning it will continue to broadcast on air at least until completion of the shows ' 25th season in 2020 -- 21 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Court show background 1.1 Origins 1.2 On - air format 1.3 Inner workings 1.4 Recordings and airings 1.5 Location 1.6 Remodeling 2 Episode Specials 2.1 Primetime Judge Judy 2.2 Contrived case 2.3 Curb Your Enthusiasm pseudo-Judge Judy case featuring Sheindlin 3 Judge Judy Sheindlin 4 Reception 4.1 Nielsen Ratings by season 4.2 Audience makeup 4.3 Criticisms 4.3. 1 Sheindlin vs. Joseph Wapner 4.4 Acclaim 5 Lawsuits involving Sheindlin , executive producer , Big Ticket , and CBS 5.1 Racism termination lawsuit 5.2 Ageism lawsuit 5.3 Conspiracy / fraud allegations 5.4 Lawsuit by production against YouTube user 5.5 Copyright lawsuit filed by Judy Sheindlin 5.6 Lawsuit by Rebel Entertainment aimed at CBS and Sheindlin 's salary 5.6. 1 Lawsuit by Kaye Switzer and trust of Sandi Spreckman against Sheindlin , CBS and Big Ticket 6 References 7 External links Court show background ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Sheindlin 's pre-court show reputation as one of the toughest family court judges in the country was the topic of a February 14 , 1993 edition of The Los Angeles Times written by -- perhaps the man responsible for initiating her entertainment career -- Josh Getlin ( copy of the article here ) . On May 21 , 1993 , Joseph Wapner was released from The People 's Court . Sheindlin called up the program and said , `` You know , if he does n't want to do this show any more , I can do it . '' The receptionist snapped , `` Are you crazy , lady ? '' and hung up . Getlin 's Los Angeles Times article on Sheindlin caught the attention of 60 Minutes , which aired a segment on her on October 24 , 1993 . The segment brought her national recognition and first led to an offer for her to write her own book . Sheindlin accepted the book offer , writing Do n't Pee On My Leg and Tell Me It 's Raining . In early 1995 two former People 's Court producers , Kaye Switzer and Sandi Spreckman ( now involved in a lawsuit against Sheindlin and CBS as of January 2018 , claiming they are owed compensation for discovering her ) , asked Sheindlin if she would like to preside over her own courtroom series , and she eventually accepted . Sheindlin and her producers originally wanted the show title to be `` Her Honor '' but the production company , Big Ticket Television , decided on calling it `` Hot Bench '' instead , even promoting the show as `` Hot Bench With Judge Judy '' for some time prior to the show 's début . However , Big Ticket ultimately decided on `` Judge Judy '' . Petri Hawkins - Byrd , the court show 's bailiff , was also Sheindlin 's bailiff throughout her career in the Manhattan Family Court system . When Byrd found out about Sheindlin 's show , he sent her a congratulatory letter , stating , `` If you ever need a bailiff , I still look good in uniform . '' She phoned Byrd at his home in California to accept his offer and he has been the show 's bailiff since its debut . Byrd is the longest - running bailiff in courtroom programming history . Sheindlin has stated that the show 's producers desired different individuals for the role , but she refused . Sheindlin appeared again on 60 Minutes on April 30 , 2003 . During the interview , Sheindlin stated : I have a contract with the company to do the program through the 2006 season . At that point , we will have produced this program for 10 years . Right now , I would be satisfied with a good 10 - year run . I think that would really be phenomenal . It would be lovely if we could end on a high note and for me to say `` 10 years and I still had people watching and I had a second career that was a blast . '' On September 14 , 2015 , Sheindlin began celebrating her 20th season anniversary presiding on Judge Judy . The program is the first in the court show genre to make it to 20 seasons without cancellation as well as the first to make it to this extent under one arbitrator . Her distinction as television 's longest serving judge or arbitrator rewarded Sheindlin a place in the Guinness World Records on September 14 , 2015 . On - air format ( edit ) Each episode of Judge Judy begins with an introductory preview of the main case , sensationalizing various moments of the case with dramatic music , voice - over commentary , graphics , etc . This is followed by the show 's opening music video . At the beginning of each court proceeding , information regarding who is suing whom and what for is revealed originally by voice - over artist Michael Stull , who was later replaced by the show 's current voice - over artist Jerry Bishop . Sheindlin typically begins each case by questioning the parties as to dates , times , locations and other facts central to the lawsuit . Monopolizing the discourse throughout the cases , Sheindlin will sometimes only listen to bits and pieces of each of the testimonies as she is quick to reply , impose her spiel and disallow responses that are not concise or made during her desire to speak . Sometimes , however , Sheindlin will allow one or both of the opposing litigants to recount the entirety of their testimony . While delivering their testimony , litigants are not allowed to hesitate and must maintain fixed eye contact with Sheindlin at all times . Further , litigants are not allowed to speak out of turn or talk to each other . Small children who do not testify are usually removed from the courtroom at the start of the litigation , and unruly co-litigants and witnesses ( and once an audience member who laughed too awkwardly during the proceedings ) are ejected for disobeying the judge . Like most modern court shows , cases on Judge Judy imitate small claims court cases in which civil trials ( non-criminal cases ) are heard and ruled on . Typically Sheindlin handles cases among former lovers , disputing neighbors , or family and friend relations . Disputes generally revolve around issues such as broken engagements , unpaid personal loans , contract breaches , personal injuries from other litigants or their pets , minor property damages ( e.g. , fender benders , carpet stains , etc . ) , the fate of jointly purchased household appliances and rightful ownership of property . As is standard practice in small claims court and most reality court shows alike , Judge Judy proceedings operate in the form of a bench trial ( as opposed to its more common counterpart , the jury trial ) . Moreover , lawyers are not present and litigants must defend themselves . When the show goes into the first two commercial breaks , the voice - over sounds , stating `` Judge Judy continues in a moment '' , followed by a preview of the remainder of the ongoing case , sometimes along with the following case , is typically shown . When the show comes out of the first two commercial breaks , the voice - over sounds , stating `` Real cases , Real people , Judge Judy '' , followed by a verbal recap of the ongoing case . When the show comes out of the last commercial break , the voice - over sounds again , this time providing the show 's telephone number and website to submit cases . Generally each show presents two cases , but infrequently , an episode will present a single long case , three shorter ones , or even four shorter ones . After expressing her views of the circumstances and behaviors of the litigants with regards to their testimonies , Sheindlin renders the judgment either by finding for the plaintiff ( typically with the statement , `` Judgment for the plaintiff in the amount of x dollars . We 're done . '' ) , by dismissing the case , or by dismissing the case specifically without prejudice . Any counterclaims filed are handled similarly to this . Counterclaims are handled subsequently in the same segment , though often cursorily by Sheindlin as many counterclaims on the program have been filed out of vindictiveness as opposed to legitimacy . At the end of each case , there is typically an afterthoughts segment for the litigants . In these segments , the plaintiff ( s ) , the defendant ( s ) , and sometimes their witnesses deliver a monologue , expressing their feelings regarding the case directly to the viewers at home by speaking into the camcorder . Sometimes , however , these segments are omitted , especially after cases involving resentful litigants , too upset over the circumstances to remain in the studio and provide comment . Inner workings ( edit ) The producers of Judge Judy hire extras from an audience service who compose the entire studio . Paid audience members are easier to control due to agreements and employment . They do n't have to be trained or debriefed as much as your average person on how to act to make those in the spotlight look good . Producers also seek a certain demographic of individuals and seat them strategically throughout their audience . Most of these paid extras are aspiring actors . Though tickets are not offered for the show , arrangements can sometimes be made with Sheindlin 's production staff to allow fans of the show into the audience . The extras must not dress casually , and no logos or brand names may be visible on their clothing . Extras are also instructed to appear as if they are having discussions with each other before and after each case , so the bailiff may make such announcements as `` Order ! All rise . '' Audience members are not to make any noises during the proceedings and , unlike other court shows , may not applaud the judge or rightful litigant upon praiseworthy remarks ; although on some occasions when Sheindlin delivers a crushing remark for a particularly egregious or ludicrous act , the audience is seen laughing or applauding without Sheindlin silencing them . For the most part , however , Sheindlin is seen bringing the audience to order ( with a fountain pen ; she never uses a gavel ) and admonishing them for engaging in any such noise throughout the cases . To acquire cases , the show generally uses one of the following three options : Its 60 to 65 researchers , spread out across the country , enter small claims courts and photocopy numerous cases . These photocopied cases are then sent to Judge Judy producers , who review them all in search of lawsuits they believe will make for good television . According to the show 's producers , only 3 % of the photocopied cases are worthy enough for television . Its telephone number posting / announcement presented on each episode for interested individuals to call in with lawsuits . Its website whereby lawsuits can be written out and submitted into the show . After one of these three processes , if the producers are interested , their employees will then call both parties and ask them questions relating to their lawsuit , making sure they 're suitable for Judge Judy . If the parties agree to be on the show and sign a waiver , agreeing that arbitration in Sheindlin 's court is final and can not be pursued elsewhere ( unless Sheindlin dismisses the lawsuit without prejudice ) , their case will air on Judge Judy . The award limit on Judge Judy , as on most `` syndi - court '' shows ( and most small claims courts in the U.S. ) , is $5,000 . The award for each judgment is paid by the producers of the show from a fund reserved for the purpose . Sheindlin rules by either A . ) issuing a verdict of a specific dollar amount ( not always in the full amount of what is requested and rarely if ever in excess of what is requested even if she believes complainants are deserving of more ) or B . ) by dismissing the lawsuit altogether . When ruled on in these manners , cases can not be refiled or retried elsewhere . However , if Sheindlin specifically dismisses the lawsuit `` without prejudice '' , that lawsuit may be refiled and retried in another forum . In some instances , Sheindlin has dismissed cases without prejudice deliberately so that complainants pursue defendants in an actual court of law so that the defendants themselves are held financially accountable , this as opposed to the show . In such cases , Sheindlin has expressed particular aversion to the defendants in question . Further , Sheindlin has dismissed cases without prejudice when she has suspected both the plaintiff ( s ) and defendant ( s ) of conspiring together just to gain monetary rewards from the program . Both the plaintiff ( s ) and the defendant ( s ) also receive an appearance fee . The appearance fee amount has varied as between different litigants of the show : certain litigants have reported receiving a $500 appearance fee while others have reported receiving $100 , and others $250 . In addition to the appearance fee amount , litigants are paid $35 a day by the show . The litigants ' stay lasts for the number of days that the show does taping for that week , which is two or three days . In addition , the airfare ( or other means of travel ) and hotel expenses of the litigants and their witnesses are covered by the show , and the experience is generally treated as an all - expense - paid vacation outside of the actual court case . If there is an exchange of property , Sheindlin signs an order , and a sheriff or marshal oversees the exchange . Sheindlin sees only a half - page complaint and a defense response prior to the taping of the cases , sometimes only moments before . Most of the cases , not including any footage deleted to meet the time constraints of the show , usually last anywhere from twelve to forty - five minutes . Judge Judy , like most court programs , is inexpensive to produce and thus creates considerable income . A budget for a week 's worth of Judge Judy episodes is half the cost of a single network sitcom episode . Recordings and airings ( edit ) Three days every other week ( two weeks a month ) , Sheindlin and her producers tape the court show . They usually produce ten to twelve cases for each day they tape the show . This makes for about a week 's worth of episodes , all done within one day . Anywhere from thirty to thirty - six cases are taped over three days during the week . Sheindlin appeared as a guest on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on September 13 , 2011 . When asked by Kimmel how many days a month she works , Sheindlin replied , `` Five days . '' Sheindlin and her producers sometimes tape only five cases per day and two days per week . The show has fifty - two taping days a year . For each season , some 650 claims are brought to the set to be `` presided '' over by Judge Judy . This means approximately 8,450 claims have been brought to Judy Sheindlin 's Hollywood set as of the end of its thirteenth season ( 2008 -- 09 ) . For the most part , cases are taped all throughout the year except for two breaks Sheindlin and all of the staff members of her show have for the year . One of the two breaks includes an extra week off in December , as the show is only taped one week out of that month because of the holidays . The other break is from mid-July ( only taping one week in July ) and all through August . According to members of the show , the reason for this break is that people are more interested in taking vacations than in filing lawsuits around that time . When the show premieres in September , only the best episodes of the ones taped before Sheindlin 's break are selected to begin out the season . Thus , the first few weeks ( the first week in particular ) will consist of what the show feels to be its best episodes . In Sheindlin 's words , `` It 's like drinking wine . You do n't serve the really good bottle of wine third . '' Altogether , there are 260 new episodes each season . There is at least one new episode for every weekday , with the exception of a few hiatuses during most of the summer , a couple of holidays , and as of more recent seasons , early spring as well ( much of March and April ) . The cases are all pre-recorded for editing purposes and will usually air one to three months after being taped . The cases are mixed up and not shown in order of when they were recorded . While the cases taped in March end the seasons , the cases taped throughout April , May , June , and July start out each season in September and last through October . Throughout the very beginning of each season , two new Judge Judy episodes air per day . After two weeks , this is reduced to one new airing a day , followed by a repeat . There are also various other moments throughout the year where two new episodes are shown for a few weeks . This has sometimes included January when the show returns from its winter hiatus . Two new episodes are also shown daily during the `` sweeps '' months of November , February , and May . Unlike other television programs , the Judge Judy season finale does not air in April or May ; rather , it airs in June , July , or August . When the season finale is extended to July or August , most of the summer episodes preceding it are repeats with new episodes that are few and far in - between . Two DVDs , featuring `` memorable cases , '' have been released by the show : the first in 2007 , `` Judge Judy : Justice Served , '' and the second in 2008 , `` Judge Judy : Second To None . '' Location ( edit ) Judge Judy tapes at the Sunset Bronson Studios on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . In alternating weeks , Sheindlin , who owns a home in New York among other cities / states , flies out on her private jet to tape Tuesday , Wednesday , and Thursday . As of 2014 , the Judge Judy set is located directly beside the set of the courtroom series Sheindlin created and produces , Hot Bench . Both shows are taped in the same studio . Previous to that , the space directly beside Sheindlin 's set was used for the courtroom series Paternity Court for the 2013 - 14 season . Prior to that , the space was used for Judge Judy 's long - running sister show Judge Joe Brown until Judge Joe Brown 's 2013 cancellation . Like Judge Judy , Judge Joe Brown was also produced by Big Ticket Entertainment . The two shows alternated taping weeks . Despite the show being taped primarily in California , it displays various images of New York City upon returning from commercial breaks , including a subway train and official signs bearing `` State of New York '' and `` Family Court '' ( Sheindlin was previously a New York family court judge ) within the letterbox - like graphics used going to and from breaks since the ninth season . The set features a New York state flag behind Sheindlin 's seat . Remodeling ( edit ) Over its existence , the show has changed very little from season to season . Most modifications to the program have been done in minute detail , such as to the show 's book shelf display seen near the courtroom entrance . Aesthetically , the show 's theme song , graphics , and color scheme are the only aspects that have changed repeatedly over the course of its lifespan . The ninth season ( 2004 -- 05 ) is one of few seasons in which the show underwent major remodeling when music for the show 's opening , closing , and to / from commercial portions were modified . A modern version of a melody from Beethoven 's 5th Symphony was then adopted as the show 's opening theme song . This arrangement was composed by Non-Stop Music Productions . For its scenes , Sheindlin is shown in a different courtroom from her own ( part of a proposed renovation to the courtroom that was rejected by Sheindlin for being too dark ) , approaching the camera , followed by folding her arms and smiling at the camera . This is followed by showing various scenes of her presiding over different cases . As part of these modifications , the show 's introductory previews , graphics , and images all began showing up in falu red . Prior to the ninth season , the show used an original tune for its theme song composed by Bill Bodine . From the show 's debut through its eighth season , various versions of this original tune were used , the show making moderate modifications to the tune every few seasons , as shown here and here . The actual full - length version of this original musical , which never played during the show 's intro , played during the lengthier litigant - afterthought - segments as shown ( full - length musical used for 1999 - 00 , 2000 - 01 , 2001 - 02 ) . From seasons four through eight , the opening music video commenced with an approaching scene towards a computer animated courthouse display up until that scene entered into the courthouse . From there , several shots of Sheindlin gesticulating from her bench -- as though presiding over various cases -- were displayed in motion . These motioning images eventually developed into the courthouse logo that represents the program ( the logo always displayed within the letter `` D '' in `` Judy '' ) by the end of this opening music video . The music video in seasons prior to this used relatively similar music with disparities in scenes , images , instrumental sound type and theme song length . Further , early seasons of the show used graphics and images that were sea green and saffron . Blue and saffron then came to represent multiple seasons of the show before the show 's current color scheme . By the show 's sixth season ( 2001 -- 02 ) , music and graphics used in the introductory previews no longer resembled the rest of the program as they had previously , but instead used a high blue color scheme and a different song for each episode / intro preview . While the introductory preview 's inconstant tunes have continued to the present season , the color scheme in the introductory previews began resembling the color scheme used in the rest of the program ( falu red ) once again by the ninth season . Each opening music video consists of Voice - Over Artist Jerry Bishop stating : `` You are about to enter the courtroom of Judge Judith Sheindlin . The people are real . The cases are real . The rulings are final . This is Judge Judy . '' Originally between the statements `` The rulings are final '' and `` This is Judge Judy '' was the statement , `` This is her courtroom . '' This was removed in 2004 . Beginning in September 2012 , the show made a switch to high definition with its 17th season . The bumpers between commercials are also in HD , although most on - screen graphics such as plaintiff and defendant descriptions are framed to fit a 4 : 3 aspect ratio . By the 20th season beginning in September 2015 , the show began using a shortened , scanty version of the same intro it had been using for 10 years since its 9th season . Both the Beethoven remix and lyrics have been curtailed . The present lyrics state only `` You are about to enter the courtroom of Judge Judith Sheindlin . This is Judge Judy . '' In addition to not using much of an intro theme any longer , a `` 20th anniversary '' caption is depicted above the `` Judge Judy '' logo in the intro . These are the only two updates for season 20 . Episode specials ( edit ) Primetime Judge Judy ( edit ) On May 20 , 2014 , CBS aired a one - hour special called Judge Judy Primetime which aired at 8 p.m. ET / PT . The special was a combination of reshown clips from the 1993 60 Minutes Special on Sheindlin , as well as a few never - previously - seen cases . The special marked Judge Judy 's first airing in primetime , a landmark for court shows which are typically limited to daytime or late night hours . Although the special did n't rank nearly as high as Dancing with the Stars ( 14.86 million ) and The Voice ( 11.57 million ) , it brought in 5.66 million viewers , enough to make it the night 's top rated show on CBS . In addition , the special came in just behind American Idol , which brought in 6.61 million viewers . Contrived case ( edit ) At least some of the cases on the series have been circumstances that were allegedly contrived by the litigants just to receive monetary payment from the program . In April 2013 , former litigants from a 2010 airing of the show revealed they conspired together in fabricating a lawsuit in which the logical outcome would be to grant payment to the plaintiff . The operation , devised by musicians Kate Levitt and Jonathan Coward , was successful : Sheindlin awarded the plaintiff ( Levitt ) $1,000 . The litigants involved also walked away with an appearance fee of $250 each and an all expense paid vacation to Hollywood , California . In reality , all the litigants in question -- plaintiffs and defendants alike -- were friends who split the earnings up among each other . It was also reported that the show 's producers were in on the sham and knew of the contrivance all along but went along with it . The lawsuit was over the fictitious death of a cat as a result of a television crushing it . Curb Your Enthusiasm pseudo-Judge Judy case featuring Sheindlin ( edit ) Sheindlin and her program appeared on the November 26 , 2017 broadcast of Curb Your Enthusiasm , presiding over a sketch comedy court case with Larry David as the plaintiff . The pseudo-Judge Judy case assumed the appearance of an actual case from Sheindlin 's program , taking place from the show 's courtroom set with trademarked voice - over briefs , theme music and audience response . Judge Judy Sheindlin ( edit ) Main article : Judy Sheindlin Judge Judy Sheindlin Judge Judy was born on October 21 , 1942 , in Brooklyn , New York , to German - Jewish parents Murray and Ethel Blum . Sheindlin described her father , a dentist , as `` the greatest thing since sliced bread '' and her mother as `` a meat - and - potatoes kind of gal . '' It was reported in October 2012 that Sheindlin had a $45 million yearly contract with CBS Television Distribution , in effect until 2015 and up $20 million from 2007 . It was later reported in October 2013 that Sheindlin is the highest paid TV star , earning $47 million per year for Judge Judy , which translates into just over $900,000 per workday ( she works 52 days per year ) . Judy has gained a reputation for her tough judicial approach in both the family court and televised court , also known widely for her no - nonsense fact - finding , restive nature , and incisive impositions that dismiss attempts at debate . In line with these attributes , her program has been touted as `` a show where justice is dispensed at the speed of light . '' Loosely related is her resoluteness in opinions and rulings , often resulting in the parties arguing , debating and excuse - making to no avail . Strict in her management of the proceedings , Sheindlin coerces precise compliance of rules and is very quick to scold or even punish what she perceives as disobedience , misbehavior or even annoyance . And as result of her gruff disposition , volatile temper , and cheeky treatment , taglines such as `` Justice with an Attitude '' have been used to characterize the program . As examples of this , Sheindlin has regularly made such remarks as : `` Baloney ! '' , `` Do I have ' stupid ' written over my forehead ? '' , `` I 'm here because I 'm smart , not because I 'm young and gorgeous , although I am '' , `` If you live to be 100 , you will never be as smart as I am , sir '' , `` Clearly you are not wrapped too tight '' , `` Where did you think you were coming to today , a tea party ? ! '' , `` I 'm speaking ! '' , `` If you interrupt again madam , your case is dismissed , and I 'm throwing you out . Do we understand each other ? '' , `` I 've been in this business for over 40 years '' , `` Do I look like I need help from you ? '' , `` That 's a lot of who shot John '' , `` This is my playpen '' , etc . Spawning from her `` Judge Judy : Justice Served '' DVD , Sheindlin 's regular phrases on the program have become known as `` Judyisms '' . Some of these Judyisms are intended to provide a lesson , such as `` A good deed never goes unpunished '' , `` Beauty fades , dumb is forever '' , `` If It does n't make sense , it 's not true '' , `` Do you know when teenagers are lying ? When their mouths move . '' Sheindlin has used the position of television arbitrator to impart guidance , direction , and life lessons not only to her litigants but her viewers and public at large . An example of guidance often stressed by Sheindlin is to be independent through employment , especially so as to not live off the government where unwarranted or other people directly where oppression from or friction with the provider may eventuate . In the former , Sheindlin can often be quoted as stating , `` No , you are n't supporting yourself . Byrd and I are supporting you . '' Sheindlin has stated that the main message she wants viewers to take from her program is that people must take responsibility for their actions and do the right thing . Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings by season ( edit ) 1996 -- 1998 Judge Judy went on the air in September 1996 . By the end of October of that year , the show was averaging only a 1.5 rating , putting it in the mid-rank of the 159 syndicated shows on the air . At that time , it was never expected that the show 's ratings would ever compete with highly successful daytime TV shows of the time , such as The Oprah Winfrey Show , The Rosie O'Donnell Show and The Jerry Springer Show . According to Biography 's documentary film on Sheindlin , `` Judge Judy : Sitting in Judgment '' ( aired February 21 , 2000 ) , producers of Judge Judy were disappointed that the show was barely making it on the radar . However , it did not take long for the court show to pick up momentum as Judge Judy rose to a 2.1 rating by the end of that first season . By its 2nd season ( 1997 -- 98 ) , the court show had already risen into the 4 ratings ranges , averaging a 4.3 . The 3rd season ( 1998 -- 99 ) of Judge Judy was the show 's first season as the highest - rated program in daytime television , having surpassed the highly rated Jerry Springer Show and even then daytime powerhouse The Oprah Winfrey Show for the first time ( King World Productions which launched Oprah was a corporate sibling of CBS Television Studios , which distributed Judge Judy ) : the program 's ratings more than doubled to a 5.6 for that season , marking Judge Judy as an early success . It was due , in part , to this early success that daytime television began to feature more court programming , such as a revival of The People 's Court that re-debuted in fall 1997 . In 1999 , Judge Judy moved from Worldvision Enterprises to Paramount Domestic Television , which also distributed her stablemate Judge Joe Brown and eventually Judge Mills Lane . Many other retired judges were given their own court shows in syndication due in large part to Sheindlin 's popularity . These include Greg Mathis , Glenda Hatchett , Alex Ferrer , Maria Lopez , Karen Mills - Frances , Cristina Perez , David Young , and many others . In addition , the series helped to spawn various nontraditional court programs . These include the reality - based revival of Divorce Court , which was originally presided over by Mablean Ephriam and now helmed by Lynn Toler ; the short - lived Power of Attorney , capturing various high - profile attorneys arguing cases for litigants in front of Andrew Napolitano ; Street Court , which took litigation outside of the courtroom ; Jury Duty , featuring an all - celebrity jury hearing cases presided over by Bruce Cutler ; etc . Furthermore , the role of Judge Judy in the rise in popularity of daytime court shows enabled several other non-real life judges to preside over courts , such as Nancy Grace , Jeanine Pirro , and Gloria Allred . Also , partly due to Sheindlin 's popularity , the producers of The People 's Court decided to replace Ed Koch with Sheindlin 's husband , Jerry Sheindlin , as their presiding judge during The People 's Court 's 3rd present life season / 15th overall season ( 1999 -- 2000 ) ; this meant that husband and wife would be either part of the same afternoon lineup or competing for ratings against each other . This experiment , however , did not last long as midway through The People 's Court 's fourth season , Sheindlin was replaced by the show 's current judge , Marilyn Milian . 1999 -- 2006 For its 4th season ( 1999 -- 00 ) , Judy 's ratings exploded to their highest to date , peaking at a 9.3 rating . At this point , Sheindlin 's courtroom series was still more than ever the highest rated program in daytime . It was also at this point that Judge Judy held a record of increasing its ratings for each successive season since its debut . Because of the program 's success , Judge Judy began airing at better time periods . It was by the show 's 5th season ( 2000 -- 01 ) that Judy 's streak of growing in ratings from season to season since its debut had ceased . However , the court show still remained the highest - rated program in daytime that season with a 5.6 rating . By the 6th season ( 2001 -- 02 ) , Judy was no longer the highest - rated program in daytime , beaten out by The Oprah Winfrey Show . The court show averaged a 5.0 rating that season . Likewise , for her 7th season ( 2002 -- 03 ) , she also averaged a 5.0 . For her 8th season ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Sheindlin finally reversed the season - to - season downward turn in her ratings by averaging a 7.1 . Of the seven running court shows during the 2004 -- 05 season , most of them earned a 3.63 rating ; however , Judge Judy pulled in a 7.5 rating for that season ( the show 's 9th ) . For her 10th season ( 2005 -- 06 ) , Judge Judy averaged a 4.8 rating . Judge Judy averaged 4.6 rating for her 11th season ( 2006 -- 07 ) . Meanwhile , other programs in the genre were trailing Sheindlin from a vast distance ( as has been the case since the debut of Judge Judy ) : Judge Joe Brown averaged a 2.9 rating ; The People 's Court averaged a 2.7 ; Judge Mathis averaged a 2.4 ; Divorce Court averaged a 2.0 ; Judge Alex averaged 1.9 ; Judge Hatchett averaged a 1.5 ; rookies -- Cristina 's Court averaged a 1.4 , and Judge Maria Lopez came in last , averaging a 1.0 rating . 2007 -- 2011 For its 12th season ( 2007 -- 08 ) , Judge Judy averaged a 4.8 rating ( 4.8 HH AA % / 7.4 HH GAA % rating ) and 9.9 million average daily viewers . Judy was the only first - run syndication program to increase in ratings for that season from the previous , leading CBS to immediately extend her contract through the 2012 -- 13 season . For its 13th season ( 2008 -- 09 ) , the show averaged a 4.2 rating ( 4.2 HH AA % / 6.5 HH GAA % rating ) and 9.02 million average daily viewers . Its 14th season ( 2009 -- 10 ) marked the first season in nearly a decade since the 2000 -- 01 season that any daytime television program had been able to surpass The Oprah Winfrey Show 's ratings ( Judge Judy is also the show in question that during the 2000 -- 01 television season surpassed The Oprah Winfrey Show in daytime TV ratings ) : Judy broke Winfrey 's near decade - long streak with a 4.4 rating ( 4.4 HH AA % / 6.9 HH GAA % rating ) and 9.6 million average daily viewers . It was also at that point that Sheindlin 's courtroom series became the highest rated show in all of daytime television programming . Judy secured this title in its 15th season ( 2010 -- 11 ) as the program remained ahead of Oprah in her ( Oprah ) final season and the highest - rated daytime television offering , averaging a 5.11 rating and 9.6 million viewers . During this season , Judy also became the highest rated show in first - run syndication . Late that same season in May 2011 , as a result of continued high ratings , CBS again extended Sheindlin 's contract , this time through the 2014 -- 15 season ( the show 's 19th ) . In the first post-Oprah television season , the court show continued its reign as the most dominant show in daytime and also became the top - rated show in syndication , its 16th season ( 2011 -- 12 ) racking up a 7.0 rating and 9.29 million average daily viewers . As the top - rated show in all of syndication at this point , Sheindlin defeated first - run syndication programs and off - network syndication programs ( rerun episodes of programs off their original network ) . The title of overall syndication leader was previously held by off - network syndicated program Two and a Half Men ( 2010 -- 11 ) and before that , first - run syndicated program Wheel of Fortune ( 2009 -- 10 ) . Judge Judy 's ratings boost in its 16th season and late in the show 's 15th season was at least partly due to Nielsen 's change in methodology , in April 2011 . This variation benefits programs that air multiple , differing episodes a day . The updated method is totalling ratings points through adding all viewings for each daily episode -- even if one of those viewings come from an individual already counted in as having watched another of the show 's daily episodes . For example , as Judge Judy airs two different episodes per day , two ratings points are counted for every one person who has watched both the first and second daily airings . This is as opposed to one person 's viewing of the two daily episodes amounting to only one ratings point . Prior to the convert , the latest method was only used in GAA numbers , while the previous method was used in average audience measure . Some court shows air in one hour blocks and thus do not benefit at all from the updated method . Worth noting , however , is that shows airing multiple daily episodes may not directly benefit monetarily as the rating system that local stations use to sell to advertisers is based upon the prior method . 2012 -- 2016 For its 17th season ( 2012 -- 13 ) , Judge Judy once again pulled in a 7.0 household rating . The series delivered 9.63 million average daily viewers that season , growing by + 32,000 viewers over the prior season . Despite this , Judy lost its 1st place spot as the ratings leader in all of syndication that season , descending to 2nd place , only a tad behind The Big Bang Theory ( off - network syndicate ) which took home a 7.1 for that season . Still and all , this was the 3rd season in a row that Judy earned the title of ratings leader in all of first - run syndication . Moreover , this was the 4th consecutive season that Judy was the ratings leader in all of daytime television programming . For the 18th season ( 2013 -- 14 ) , Judy rose to a 7.2 household rating and brought in 9.94 million viewers , gaining 8 % over its prior season . Also for this season , the show reclaimed the title as highest rated program in all of daytime ( 5th consecutive time , 8th time overall ) and all of syndication ( 3rd time ) . The show 's 19th season ( 2014 -- 15 ) pulled in a 7.0 household rating and remained the highest rated program in both daytime television as well as all of syndication . The 20th season ( 2015 -- 16 ) was Judy 's 3rd consecutive year as syndication 's top strip , the court show averaging a 7.0 full - season household rating . 2017 For its 21st season ( 2016 - 17 ) , Judge Judy trounced all of its competitors in daytime and all of syndication . The court show scored a 6.8 household rating for its 21st season . Audience makeup ( edit ) Judge Judy 's daytime audience is composed of approximately seventy - five percent women and twenty - five percent men . In February 2014 , it was reported that Judge Judy 's audience is mostly composed of older women , blacks , and Latinos . Criticisms ( edit ) Sheindlin vs. Joseph Wapner ( edit ) Despite her widespread popularity , Sheindlin 's behavior and treatment of the parties that have appeared before her has often been the subject of criticism . Regular viewers of the program have also been criticized as sadistic for their delight in watching Sheindlin engage in her typical behaviors . One such example of criticism has come from the first star of arbitration - based reality court shows , Joseph Wapner . Wapner , who presided over The People 's Court from 1981 to 1993 , was a long - time critic of Sheindlin . On November 26 , 2002 , Wapner criticized Judge Judy 's courtroom behavior , stating `` She is not portraying a judge as I view a judge should act . Judge Judy is discourteous , and she 's abrasive . She 's not slightly insulting . She 's insulting in capital letters . '' Judge Judy replied through her publicist , stating , `` I refuse to engage in similar mud slinging . I do n't know where or by whom Judge Wapner was raised . But my parents taught me when you do n't have something nice to say about someone , say nothing . Clearly , Judge Wapner was absent on the day that lesson was taught . '' Since then , Wapner has stated , `` She is a disgrace to the profession . She does things I do n't think a judge should do . She tells people to shut up . She 's rude . She 's arrogant . She demeans people . If she does this on purpose , then that 's even worse . Judges need to observe certain standards of conduct . She just does n't do it and I resent that . The public is apt to gain the impression that this is how actual judges conduct themselves . It says ' judge ' on the nameplate on the bench and she 's wearing a robe . '' Sheindlin has since stated , `` As a young person , when I had watched The People 's Court ... I said ' you know what , I could do that . ' And at least as well because while Joe Wapner is a very good judge , ( he ) did n't have much of a sense of humor . And I always knew from a very practical perspective that you have to marry those two things in order to be successful in entertainment . '' In a November 2013 interview with Larry King , Sheindlin was asked whether she enjoyed watching Wapner on The People 's Court . She replied , `` Meh ! Oatmeal ! '' Following this , King asked her what if any other television judges then did she enjoy , to which Sheindlin answered `` Mills Lane '' of Judge Mills Lane . Acclaim ( edit ) In a September 2014 Rickey Smiley Morning Show interview , Judge Mathis was asked what 3 other court show judges he 'd most enjoy sharing a meal with . For his first choice , he answered ( laughing ) `` Are you kidding ? ! It would be Judge Judy at the head of the table . Oh my goodness , that Judge Judy is something else . '' His second choice was Judge Marilyn Milian , and third Judge Mills Lane . In August , 2010 , rapper , singer and songwriter Nicki Minaj stated that she has an obsession with Judge Judy and that all of her free time is spent watching the program . In February 2013 , then head Football coach for the San Francisco 49ers , Jim Harbaugh , was asked about the importance of truthfulness and enthusiastically remarked , `` Somebody that 's not truthful ? That 's big to me . I 'm a big fan of the `` Judge Judy '' show . When you lie in Judge Judy 's courtroom , it 's over . Your credibility is completely lost , and you stand no chance of winning that case . So I learned that from her . It 's very powerful and true . If somebody lies to you , how can you trust anything they ever say after that ? '' A couple months later , Harbaugh would even attend tapings of Judge Judy along with his father as audience members . As part of the experience , Harbaugh and his father had lunch with Sheindlin and visited with her both before and after tapings . After meeting Sheindlin and seeing cases in person , Harbaugh stated , `` I 've never seen Judy adjudicate one improperly . She is so smart . She is so good . I could sit there and watch those cases all day . I really could . It 's fun to watch somebody that does their job well . I could watch Judge Judy do cases all day . I could watch people play football who do their job really well . People who direct traffic . I get a real kick out of watching people who direct traffic do it . I 've done it for hours . I like football the most , but Judge Judy is right up there . She 's the best . '' Brad Adgate , senior vice president of research for Horizon Media , said `` Judge Judy is the new Oprah of daytime TV - actually , she was ( already ) beating Oprah while Oprah was still on . '' President and CEO of CBS , Leslie Moonves , stated `` Over the last few decades , there have been very few shows that have achieved the remarkable success that she has . Not only has Judy sustained that success year after year , how many shows grow in their 15th or 16th year in syndication ? She started as a fresh voice and she 's been a remarkable presence in daytime television ever since . '' Many regular viewers and supporters of Judge Judy have defended Sheindlin 's treatment of the parties that have appeared before her by describing the parties as an `` endless parade of idiots '' that Sheindlin has had to put up with . Lawsuits involving Sheindlin , executive producer , Big Ticket , and CBS ( edit ) Judge Judy executive producer Randy Douthit has been sued twice by former staff members of the Judge Judy program for alleged wrongful termination , discriminatory practice , and mismanagement while on the job . Racism termination lawsuit ( edit ) In December 2007 , Jonathan Sebastien , a former producer of the Judge Judy show of 7 years , filed a lawsuit against the production company in L.A. County Superior Court for wrongful termination . Sebastien claimed that when he proposed certain cases for the show involving black litigants , Douthit turned them down with his alleged reasons being he did n't want to see any more black people ; their behaviors were too ghetto and more suited for then active television jurist Joe Brown ; and they needed more pretty , upscale white people . Sebastien claimed that in January 2007 , he objected to the alleged discrimination in a meeting and was verbally abused by Douthit . Three months later on March 30 , Sebastien stated he was fired with the reason given that rating numbers were down . Sebastien claimed that the real reason he was fired was because he opposed his boss 's alleged `` discriminatory selection process . '' Ageism lawsuit ( edit ) That same day in December 2007 , the show 's former associate producer Karen Needle was also fired . She later sued Douthit , claiming that she was wrongfully terminated because she was too old , 64 at the time . Sheindlin was not named as a defendant . Needle , who helped book audiences for the program , stated the reason she was given for being fired was `` unspecified conflict from her audience work . '' Needle said she began suffering from back pain , sometimes even resorting to lying on the ground in pain , and when she asked her bosses for a new chair , nothing was done . According to the complaint , two weeks before Needle was fired , she took off four days to assist her ailing 88 - year - old mother . Needle stated , `` There is a lot of terrible stuff going on if two people file separate lawsuits . It 's a toxic situation over there . This is supposed to be Judge Judy , the voice of justice , and yet her own staff is n't treated well . What is she getting paid all that money for if her own staff is treated with such little decency ? '' Conspiracy / fraud allegations ( edit ) In March 2013 , a lawsuit was filed against Sheindlin by Patric Jones , the estranged wife of Douthit . Jones alleged Douthit and Sheindlin had conspired to permit Sheindlin to buy Christofle fine china and Marley cutlery owned by Jones . She said Sheindlin had paid Douthit $50,815 for the items without her knowledge to deprive her of her valuables , and she sought $514,421 from Sheindlin . The suit ended after Sheindlin returned the tableware to Douthit and Jones agreed to pay Douthit $12,500 and have the tableware handed back to her . Lawsuit by production against YouTube user ( edit ) On October 17 , 2013 , Big Ticket Television and producers of Judge Judy filed a lawsuit against Ignacio De Los Angeles . The suit was made against the individual for posting an episode of Judge Judy on YouTube . According to the suit , Big Ticket directed Ignacio to remove the 2006 episode of Judge Judy that he had posted . Ignacio ignored the command . Copyright lawsuit filed by Judy Sheindlin ( edit ) On Wednesday , March 12 , 2014 , Sheindlin filed a lawsuit of her own for the first time in her life . The suit was filed against Hartford , Connecticut , personal injury lawyer John Haymond and his law firm . In the lawsuit , Sheindlin accused Haymond and his firm of using her television image without consent in advertisements that falsely suggested she endorsed him and his firm . In March 2013 , Sheindlin 's producer allegedly told the firm that the use of her image was not permitted , but ads continued . The lawsuit filed in federal court sought more than $75,000 in damages . Sheindlin said in her statement that any money she wins through the lawsuit will go toward college scholarships through the Her Honor Mentoring Program . Sheindlin described the unauthorized use of her name as `` outrageous '' , stating , `` Mr. Haymond is a lawyer and should know better . '' Haymond later filed a countersuit for punitive damages and attorney 's fees , alleging defamation of him and his firm by Sheindlin . Haymond insisted that local affiliates asked him to appear in Judge Judy promos to promote Sheindlin for which he obliged . On August 8 , 2014 , it was reported that the case between Sheindlin and Haymond settled out of court in a resolution that favored Sheindlin . Haymond will be donating money to Sheindlin 's charity , Her Honor Mentoring Program . Lawsuit by Rebel Entertainment aimed at CBS and Sheindlin 's salary ( edit ) On March 14 , 2016 , talent agency Rebel Entertainment and its president , Richard Lawrence , filed a multimillion - dollar lawsuit against CBS Television , claiming the media giant failed to pay the agency millions of dollars in profits . Rebel claims they are owed profits and contractually agreed to for their contributions to launching the program and discovering Sheindlin through their terminated employees Kaye Switzer and Sandi Spreckman . The lawsuit alleges CBS has n't paid Rebel for the past six years because CBS told them the net profits that go to `` Judge Judy '' have been wiped out due to Sheindlin 's annual salary boost to $45 and then $47 million . The lawsuit goes on to attack Sheindlin 's salary as being far too high . Rebel described it as `` exorbitant '' and `` grossly inconsistent with customary practice in the television industry , '' that similarly successful talk show hosts are n't paid nearly as much . Further , Rebel claims they were to be consulted before any spin - offs of the show were produced , but were not when Hot Bench ( another courtroom arbitrated show launched by Sheindlin and her producers ) was created . In response to the lawsuit , Sheindlin has stated : The fact that Richard Lawrence is complaining about my salary is actually hilarious . I met Mr. Lawrence for 2 hours some 21 years ago . Neither I nor anyone involved in the day - to - day production of my program has heard from him in 20 years . Not a card , not a gift , not a flower , not a congratulations . Yet he has somehow received over $17,000,000 from my program . My rudimentary math translates that into $8,500,000 an hour for Mr. Lawrence . Not a bad payday . Now complaining about not getting enough money , that 's real chutzpah . When Sheindlin was deposed for this case in the summer of 2016 , she matter - of - factly let CBS know as follows : `` CBS had no choice but to pay me what I wanted because otherwise I could take it wherever I wanted to take it or do it myself . Their back 's to the wall . They pay me the money that they do because they have no choice . They ca n't find another one . '' This case , which seeks widespread unspecified damages , is ongoing and faces a March 2018 trial start . In a April 2018 verdict on this case , Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Joanne O'Donnell found that Sheindlin is not grossly overpaid and that her salary does not constitute a breach of contract , rather her salary is as result of the `` resounding success of her program and without its namesake star would not continue . '' In another motion however , Judge O'Donnell ruled in Lawrence 's favor that it was a breach of contract for the Defendants to have failed to consult him before launching `` spin - off '' series Hot Bench . Dissatisfied with being granted one part of their motion while denied the other , attorney for Richard Lawrence , Bryan Freedman , has revealed that the Plaintiffs intend on appealing Judge O'Donnell's verdict . Freedman is quoted as stating , `` As for admitting and then ignoring Rebel 's uncontroverted expert opinion evidence that frontloading the 45 million dollar salary of Ms. Sheindlin was not consistent with the United States television industry , the court committed a reversible error . That issue will be decided by the court of appeal . '' Lawsuit by Kaye Switzer and trust of Sandi Spreckman against Sheindlin , CBS and Big Ticket ( edit ) On Friday , January 19 , 2018 , a breach - of - contract lawsuit -- similar and loosely related to the case filed by Rebel Entertainment -- was filed in the Los Angeles Superior Court against Sheindlin , CBS Corporation , CBS Studios and Big Ticket Television by Kaye Switzer and the trust of the now deceased Sandi Spreckman ( copy of the lawsuit here ) . Switzer and Sandi Spreckman are former employees of Rebel Entertainment , terminated by the employer . Switzer and Spreckman 's trustee , Jay Robinson , claim they discovered and introduced Sheindlin to producer Larry Little , asserting that if not for this move that there would be no Judge Judy and thus they are owed monetary royalties . The lawsuit also states that Sheindlin sold `` The Judge Judy Library '' to CBS Television Distribution for a sales price of over $95,000,000 to the House of Leslie Moonves . Switzer and the Spreckman 's trustee contend that they were not paid any monetary rewards by Sheindlin , CBS or Big Ticket in this transaction . It 's important to note that the two women have a long history of filing lawsuits over the same matter against Sheindlin and her Judge Judy business partners dating back to the year 2000 . Not taking the lawsuit as a concern , Sheindlin was quoted as regarding the subject of `` Who is owed what as just background noise , '' and that the monster success of her show came from nothing more than the sweat of her brow and the force of her personality . Sheindlin was also quoted as stating she has `` fond feelings of Kaye and Sandi '' but that they were fired before her show ever started and that she personally never entered into a contract with either of them . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Judy Sheindlin , Host of Daytime 's # 1 Rated Show `` Judge Judy , '' Signs Multiyear Deal Through 2017 `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Episodes '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` In Her Tv Courtroom , ' Judge Judy ' Makes Case For Personal Responsibility '' . Articles.philly.com . 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Transcripts.cnn.com . May 13 , 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Judy -- Television Tropes & Idioms '' . TV Tropes . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clay Thompson ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Who shot John ? Nobody seems to know for certain '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Insider Online : Articles tagged with judge - judy Archived November 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reality TV : Remaking Television Culture -- Susan Murray , Laurie Ouellette -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawyers in Your Living Room ! : Law on Television -- Michael Asimow -- Google Books . Books.google.com . September 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Judge Judy Sheindlin -- Keep It Simple , Stupid -- Harper Collins ( 2000 ) , pg. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Biography Episode Guide 2000 -- Judge Judy : Sitting in Judgement '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 17 , 1998 ) . `` Oprah still queen '' . Variety . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jerome , Jim ( September 27 , 1999 ) . `` Chamber Made -- Kids & Family Life , Personal Success , Judge Judy , Judy Sheindlin '' . People.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judy Judy Judy -- September 3 , 2005 00 : 00 : 00 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gunther , Marc ( May 10 , 1999 ) . `` The Little Judge Who Kicked Oprah 's Butt DAYTIME TELEVISION 'S HOTTEST PROPERTY -- May 10 , 1999 '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Judy Judy -- September 3 , 2005 00 : 00 : 00 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Webcache.googleusercontent.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Crowded Court , ' Judy ' Rules -- 4 / 9 / 2007 -- Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Joe Brown Is Right Behind Judge Judy -- We Need To STOP ! : Black blog on African American issues , news , celebrity gossip , and more '' . We Need To STOP ! . July 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beyond Prime Time : Television Programming in the Post-Network Era -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings -- `` Judge Judy '' Kicks Off 15th Season as the # 1 Daytime Show in Syndication `` . TheFutonCritic.com . September 16 , 1996 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Express Not Available '' . Cbspressexpress.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings -- `` Judge Judy '' Kicks Off 15th Season as the # 1 Daytime Show in Syndication `` . TheFutonCritic.com . September 16 , 1996 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Is Queen of Syndie Season -- September 5 , 2012 19 : 02 : 25 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Express Not Available '' . Cbspressexpress.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Syndie Season Ends With ' Judy ' No. 1 '' . TVNewsCheck.com . August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha . `` ' Judge Judy ' renewed through 2015 Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Express Not Available '' . Cbspressexpress.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Is Queen of Syndie Season -- September 5 , 2012 19 : 02 : 25 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV . `` 2010 -- 11 Report : ' Two and a Half Men ' Still Strong ; Network Ratings Still Sliding TheWrap TV '' . Thewrap.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. television ratings : top 10 syndicated programs in season 2009 / 10 Statistic '' . Statista.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Judge Joe Brown ' Star , CTD Explore Split -- February 27 , 2013 23 : 55 : 00 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : At Syndie Season 's End , ' Phil , ' ' Judy , ' ' ET , ' ' Wheel , ' ' Big Bang ' on Top -- September 4 , 2013 17 : 41 : 39 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Express Not Available '' . Cbspressexpress.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : Magazine Shows Get Golden Globes Bump -- January 30 , 2013 17 : 46 : 21 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . January 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Albiniak , Paige ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Year 's Top Show , While ' Dr. Phil ' Leads Talk '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Wayne ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Syndie Shows Improve Performance '' . MediaPost . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Dr. Phil ' Finishes Season as Top Talker for Fourth Consecutive Year '' . Broadcastingcable.com . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` syndication ratings season concludes judge - judy leads all first run series seventh straight year '' . Broadcastingcable.com . September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Syndicated TV ratings : ' Judge Judy ' wraps four years at No. 1 '' . tvbythenumbers . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verdict 's In : ' Judge Judy ' Tops In '' . Tvnewscheck . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckwalter , Rebecca . `` Judge Judy Is a National Treasure -- Pacific Standard : The Science of Society '' . Psmag.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Communication Ethics , Media & Popular Culture -- Phyllis M. Japp , Mark Meister , Debra K. Japp -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Wapner vs. Judge Judy : What A Match That Would Have Been '' . Metnews.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy 's Favorite TV Judge Judge Judy Larry King Now -- Ora TV '' . YouTube . 2013 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Mathis On Why Judge Joe Brown Is n't One Of His Favorite TV Judges ( EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW ) '' . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( August 07 , 2010 ) . `` Nicki Minaj Live Q&A Pt. 6 -- Cartoons , Favorite Shows & Spare Time '' . billboard.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brinson , Will . `` Jim Harbaugh appearing on ' Judge Judy ' Monday '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harbaugh 's verdict : Judge Judy is the best '' . CSN Bay Area . June 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 02 / 23 / 2013 2 : 16 pm EST ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Jim Harbaugh : Judge Judy Taught Me To Never Lie '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Harbaugh connects with Judge Judy ( naturally ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judith Sheindlin Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . September 16 , 1996 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Temporarily Disconnected -- Kelly Jackson -- Google Books . Books.google.com . November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newport , Jerry ( September 1 , 2001 ) . `` Your Life is Not a Label '' . ISBN 1885477775 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Television Law Shows : Factual and Fictional Series About ... -- Hal Erickson -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuit Says `` Judge Judy '' Sends Blacks Packin ' `` . TMZ.com . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Baram , Marcus ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` Disorder in the Court ? ' Judge Judy ' Show Sued -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-friend of Judge Judy : I 'll drop lawsuit if you give back my china set '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy China Lawsuit SETTLES ! '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Lawsuit -- I 've Been Jacked on the Internet ! '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OFF BEAT : YouTube user gets legal book thrown at him over ' Judge Judy ' '' . businessinsurance.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Sues P.I. Lawyer -- You Have ' Stupid ' on Your Forehead ... Stupid '' . TMZ.com. 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tables turned : Judge Judy files suit against lawyer '' . Usatoday.com . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Sues Local Personal - Injury Lawyer -- Hartford Courant '' . Articles.courant.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` Judge Judy settles lawsuit with Connecticut lawyer '' . pagesix.com . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy -- P.I. Lawyer Fires Back ... I Was n't Promoting Me , I Was Promoting You ! '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hartford Attorney Fires Back at Judge Judy '' . Courthouse News Service . July 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Wins One for the Girls In Lawsuit against Lawyer '' . tmz.com . ^ Jump up to : News , A.B.C. ( 16 March 2016 ) . `` ' Judge Judy ' at Center of Potential Multimillion - Dollar Lawsuit '' . go.com . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` CBS Sued Over ' Judge Judy 's $47 M Salary & Profits From Syndicated Series '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 22 January 2018 ) . `` Judge Judy & CBS Sued Again Over Profits For Syndication 's Biggest Court Show '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Maddaus , Gene ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Judge Judy 's $45 Million Salary Is Not Unreasonable , Says New Ruling '' . Variety.com . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` CBS Hits Back At ' Judge Judy ' Lawsuit ; Says $17 M Paid To Agent `` Not Entitled '' `` . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Takes the Stand in Producers ' Lawsuit '' . latimes.com. 3 June 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Thinks Lawsuit Over Her Show 's Syndication Profits Is Just `` Background Noise '' ( EXCLUSIVE ) `` . Closeweekly. 31 Jan 2018 . 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-5762210720776265601	Let You Down (NF song)	Let You Down ( NF song ) - wikipedia Let You Down ( NF song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Let You Down '' Single by NF from the album Perception Released September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) Format Digital download Genre Hip hop Length 3 : 32 Label Capitol Caroline NF Real Music LLC Songwriter ( s ) Nathan Feuerstein Producer ( s ) David Garcia Tommee Profitt NF singles chronology `` Green Lights '' ( 2017 ) `` Let You Down '' ( 2017 ) `` No Name '' ( 2018 ) `` Green Lights '' ( 2017 ) `` Let You Down '' ( 2017 ) `` No Name '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Let You Down '' on YouTube `` Let You Down '' is a song by American Christian hip hop artist and songwriter NF . It serves as the third single from his third studio album , Perception , and was released on September 14 , 2017 , for digital download and streaming , including an audio video . It is his first No. 1 single on the Hot Christian Songs chart . It is his first song to be certified Gold by the RIAA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Chart performance 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Background ( edit ) NF originally teased the track through Instagram in August , but removed it shortly after . He later confirmed it would be a single . It was produced by David Garcia and Tommee Profitt . NF wrote the song about his relationship with his father and how he did not want to disappoint him . This is the first time he has publicly spoken about his relationship with his dad , who raised him as a child . His parents went through a divorce , and his mother overdosed years later . The track is similar to some of his songs like `` Got You On My Mind '' and `` Wish You Would n't '' . Music video ( edit ) The official music video was released on November 9 , 2017 on NF 's Vevo channel . The music video was directed and produced by Nathan Feuerstein and Patrick Tohill . Given the song 's lyrical content , the visual focus is on the relationship between a father and his son . The clip shows an older man , presumably his father , standing on a dock looking at a lake , while a fully clothed NF drowns right in front of him . As he flails and tries to keep from going under , the man just looks at him , and does n't help . Then , we see the same man , staring at NF who is trapped in a burning car . As it 's engulfed in flames , the man again makes no move to help . Then we see the older man in a field , staring into a freshly dug grave . Inside the grave is a coffin , and NF is inside , dead . The older man seems upset by this , and falls to his knees . In the final shot , the older man is back on the dock , looking at NF drowning once again . But then a woman approaches him on the dock and says , `` Nathan ? '' Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Let You Down '' Nathan Feuerstein David Garcia Tommee Profitt 3 : 32 Chart performance ( edit ) `` Let You Down '' reached No. 1 on the Hot Christian Songs chart , as well as No. 1 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart . It has also reached No. 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , NF 's first entry on the chart . The song has achieved international success , charting in the UK , Australia , Belgium , Canada , Norway , the Netherlands , Sweden , Switzerland , New Zealand and Ireland . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 31 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 72 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 7 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 44 Malaysia ( RIM ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 52 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 52 Portugal ( AFP ) 19 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 6 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 61 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 68 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) 61 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 5,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States September 14 , 2017 Digital download Capitol CMG NF Real Music LLC October 3 , 2017 Rhythmic contemporary radio Caroline October 24 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NF -- Let You Down ( Audio ) '' . NFVEVO . September 14 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs '' . Billboard . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarachik , Justin . `` NF 's ' Let You Down ' Earns Rapper His First Gold Song '' . Rapzilla.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hudelson , Molly ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` NF 's `` Let You Down '' has been certified Gold by the RIAA `` . Substream Magazine . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Let You Down NF '' . Genius . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NF -- Let You Down '' . NFVEVO . November 9 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ NF Drops The Emotional Video For Rising Hit `` Let You Down '' . Idolator . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watch now : NF lets himself drown and burn in new video for `` Let You Down '' . ABC News . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Billboard Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201811 into search . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20182 into search . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 47 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NF : Let You Down '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- NF -- Let You Down '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 50 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 44 ( 27 / 10 / 2017 -- 2 / 11 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . VG - lista . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201744 into search . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Music Canada . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF `` Let You Down '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( NF ; ' Let You Down ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Type NF in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Let You Down and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Enter Let You Down in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Perception '' . Apple Music . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / R Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . October 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . October 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_You_Down_(NF_song)&oldid=838035064 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Billboard Christian Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 14 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the girl that sings let you down	[]	[]
-6427817219283158156	List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes	List of medical roots , suffixes and prefixes - wikipedia List of medical roots , suffixes and prefixes Jump to : navigation , search The citations in this article lack sufficient bibliographical information ( e.g. author , title , date of publication , publisher , ISBN , OCLC number , pages cited , etc . ) . Specific concerns can be found on the talk page . See Help : Referencing for beginners with citation templates for guidance about writing citations . ( September 2017 ) This is a list of roots , suffixes , and prefixes used in medical terminology , their meanings , and their etymology . Most of them are combining forms in New Latin and hence international scientific vocabulary . There are a few general rules about how they combine . First , prefixes and suffixes , most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin , have a droppable - o - . As a general rule , this - o - almost always acts as a joint - stem to connect two consonantal roots , e.g. arthr - + - o - + logy = arthrology . But generally , the - o - is dropped when connecting to a vowel - stem ; e.g. arthr - + itis = arthritis , instead of * arthr - o-itis . Second , medical roots generally go together according to language , i.e. , Greek prefixes occur with Greek suffixes and Latin prefixes with Latin suffixes . Although international scientific vocabulary is not stringent about segregating combining forms of different languages , it is advisable when coining new words not to mix different lingual roots . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prefixes and suffixes 1.3 C 1.4 D 1.5 E 1.6 F 1.7 G 1.8 H 1.9 I 1.10 J 1.11 K 1.12 L 1.13 M 1.14 N 1.15 O 1.16 P 1.17 Q 1.18 R 1.19 S 1.20 T 1.21 U 1.22 V 1.23 X 1.24 Y 1.25 Z 2 English meanings 2.1 Roots of the body 2.1. 1 Roots of bodily concepts 2.1. 2 Roots of body parts and components 2.2 Roots of color 2.3 Roots of description 2.4 Roots of position 2.5 Prefixes of quantity or amount 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Prefixes and suffixes ( edit ) The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes , along with their meanings , origin , and English examples . Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) a - , an - not , without Ancient Greek ἀ - / ἀν - ( a - / an - ) , not , without analgesic , apathy ab - from ; away from Latin abduction abdomin - Of or relating to the abdomen Latin abdōmen , abdomen , fat around the belly abdomen , abdominal - ac pertaining to Greek - ακός ( - akos ) cardiac , hydrophobiac acanth - thorn or spine Ancient Greek ἄκανθα ( ákantha ) , thorn acanthion , acanthocyte , acanthoma , acanthulus acou - Of or relating to hearing Greek ἀκούειν ( akoúein ) , ἀκουστικός ( akoustikós ) , of or for hearing acoumeter , acoustician , hyperacusis acr - extremity , topmost Greek ἄκρον ( akron ) , highest or farthest point acrocrany , acromegaly , acroosteolysis , acroposthia - acusis hearing Greek ἀκουστικός ( akoustikós ) , of or for hearing paracusis - ad toward , in the direction of dorsad ad - at , increase , on , toward Latin adduction aden - Of or relating to a gland Ancient Greek ἀδήν , ἀδέν - ( adēn , aden - ) , an acorn ; a gland adenocarcinoma , adenology , adenotome , adenotyphus adip - Of or relating to fat or fatty tissue Latin ( adeps , adip - ) , fat Adipocyte adren - Of or relating to adrenal glands Latin adrenal artery - emia ( BrE ) blood condition Greek ἀναιμία , without blood Anemia aer ( o ) - air , gas Greek ἀήρ , ἀέρος Aerosinusitis aesthesi - ( BrE ) sensation Greek αἴσθησις Anesthesia - al pertaining to Latin - alis abdominal , femoral alb - Denoting a white or pale color Latin albus , white Albino alge ( si ) - pain Greek ἄλγος Analgesic - algia , alg ( i ) o - pain Greek Myalgia all - Denoting something as different , or as an addition Ancient Greek ἄλλος ( allos ) , another , other Alloantigen , allopathy ambi - Denoting something as positioned on both sides ; describing both of two Latin ( ambi - , ambo ) , both , on both sides Ambidextrous amni - Pertaining to the membranous fetal sac ( amnion ) Greek ἄμνιον Amniocentesis amph ( i ) - , on both sides Greek ἀμφί ( amphi ) Amphicrania , amphismela , amphomycin amylo - starchy , carbohydrate - related Latin amylum ( starch ) Amylase , amylophagia an - not , without Greek Analgesia ana - back , again , up Greek Anaplasia an - anus Latin anal andr - pertaining to a man Greek ἀνήρ , ἀνδρ - Android , andrology , androgen angi - blood vessel Greek ἀγγεῖον angiogram , angioplasty aniso - Describing something as unequal Ancient Greek ἄνῑσος ( anīsos ) , unequal Anisocytosis , anisotropic ankyl - , ancyl - Denoting something as crooked or bent Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος ( ankýlos ) , crooked , curved Ankylosis ante - Describing something as positioned in front of another thing Latin ( āntē ) , before , in front of antepartum anti - Describing something as ' against ' or ' opposed to ' another Ancient Greek αντι ( anti ) , against Antibody , antipsychotic apo - away , separated from , derived from Ancient Greek ἀπό Apoptosis arch - first , primitive Ancient Greek archinephron arsen ( o ) - Of or pertaining to a male ; masculine Greek ( arsein ) arsenoblast arteri ( o ) - Of or pertaining to an artery Ancient Greek ἀρτηρία ( artēría ) , a wind - pipe , artery ( used distinctly versus a vein ) Arteriole , artery arthr - Of or pertaining to the joints , limbs Ancient Greek ἄρθρον ( árthron ) , a joint , limb Arthritis articul - joint Latin articulus Articulation - ary pertaining to Latin - arius biliary tract , coronary - ase enzyme Greek διάστασις , division Lactase - asthenia weakness Greek , ἀσθένεια Myasthenia gravis atel ( o ) - imperfect or incomplete development atelocardia ather - fatty deposit , soft gruel - like deposit ἀθάρη ( athárē ) Atherosclerosis - ation process Latin medication atri - an atrium ( esp . heart atrium ) Latin atrioventricular aur - Of or pertaining to the ear Latin ( auris ) , the ear Aural aut - self Greek αὐτο - Autoimmune aux ( o ) - increase ; growth Auxocardia : enlargement of the heart , auxology axill - Of or pertaining to the armpit ( uncommon as a prefix ) Latin ( axilla ) , armpit Axilla azo ( to ) - nitrogenous compound azothermia : raised temperature due to nitrogenous substances in blood Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) bacteri - Pertaining to bacteria Latin ( `` bacterium '' ) ; Greek βακτήριον ( `` baktḗrion '' ) , `` small staff '' bacteriophage , bactericide balan - Of the glans penis or glans clitoridis Greek βάλανος ( bálanos ) , acorn , glans balanitis bas - Of or pertaining to base Greek βάσις ( básis ) , `` foundation '' , `` base '' basolateral bi - twice , double Latin Binary bio - life Ancient Greek βίος ( bíos ) Biology blast - germ or bud Greek βλαστός ( blastós ) Blastomere blephar ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the eyelid Ancient Greek βλέφαρον ( blépharon ) , eyelid Blepharoplasty brachi ( o ) - Of or relating to the arm Latin ( bracchium ) , from Ancient Greek βραχίων ( brachiōn ) , arm Brachium of inferior colliculus brachy - Indicating ' short ' or less commonly ' little ' Ancient Greek βραχύς ( brachys ) , short , little , shallow brachycephalic brady - ' slow ' Ancient Greek βραδύς ( bradys ) , slow Bradycardia bronch ( i ) - of or relating to the bronchus Latin ( bronchus ) ; Ancient Greek βρόγχος ( brónkhos ) , windpipe Bronchitis , bronchiolitis obliterans bucc ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cheek Latin ( bucca ) , cheek Buccolabial burs ( o ) - bursa ( fluid sac between the bones ) Latin ( bursa ) , purse ; Ancient Greek βύρσα ( búrsa ) , hide , wine - skin Bursa , bursitis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) capill - Of or pertaining to hair Latin ( capillus ) , hair Capillus capit - Pertaining to the head ( as a whole ) Latin ( caput , capit - ) , the head capitation carcin - cancer Greek καρκίνος ( karkinos ) , crab carcinoma cardi - Of or pertaining to the heart Ancient Greek καρδία ( kardía ) , heart cardiology carp - Of or pertaining to the wrist Latin ( carpus ) < Ancient Greek καρπός ( karpós ) , wrist ; NOTE : This root should not be confused with the mirror root carp ( o ) - meaning fruit . carpopedal spasm cata - down , under Greek κατά ( kata ) Cataract , catabolism - cele pouching , hernia Ancient Greek κήλη ( kēlē ) Hydrocele , Varicocele - centesis surgical puncture for aspiration Ancient Greek κέντησις ( kentēsis ) amniocentesis cephal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the head ( as a whole ) Ancient Greek κεφαλή ( képhalē ) , the head cephalalgy , hydrocephalus cerat ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cornu ; a horn Ancient Greek κέρας , κερατ - ( kéras , kerat - ) , a horn Ceratoid cerebell ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cerebellum Latin ( cerebellum ) , little brain Cerebellum cerebr - Of or pertaining to the brain Latin ( cerebrum ) , brain Cerebrology cervic - Of or pertaining to the neck , the cervix Latin ( cervix , cervīc - ) , neck , cervix cervicodorsal cheil - Of or pertaining to the lips Latin ( cheilitis ) angular cheilitis chem - chemistry , drug Greek χημεία chemotherapy chir - , cheir - Of or pertaining to the hand Ancient Greek χείρ , χειρο - ( cheir , cheiro - ) , hand chiropractor chlor - Denoting a green color Ancient Greek χλωρός ( chlōros ) , green , yellow - green chlorophyll chol ( e ) - Of or pertaining to bile Ancient Greek χολή ( cholē ) , bile Cholaemia ( UK ) / Cholemia ( US ) , Cholecystitis cholecyst ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the gallbladder Ancient Greek χοληκύστις ( cholēkýstis ) , gallbladder < χολή ( cholē ) , bile , gall + κύστις ( kýstis ) , bladder Cholecystectomy chondr ( i ) o - cartilage , gristle , granule , granular Ancient Greek χονδρός ( chondros ) Chondrocalcinosis chrom ( ato ) - color Ancient Greek χρῶμα ( chrōma ) Hemochromatosis - cidal , - cide killing , destroying Latin bacteriocidal cili - Of or pertaining to the cilia , the eyelashes ; eyelids Latin ( cilium ) , eyelash ; eyelid Ciliary circum - Denoting something as ' around ' another Latin ( circum ) , around circumcision cis - on this side Latin cis cisgender clast break Greek κλαστός `` broken '' osteoclast clostr - spindle Greek κλωστήρ ( klōstēr ) Clostridium co - with , together , in association Latin coenzymes col - , colo - , colono - colon κόλον ( kólon ) Colonoscopy colp ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the vagina Ancient Greek κόλπος ( kólpos ) , bosom , womb ; hollow , depth Colposcopy com - with , together Latin cum contra against Latin Contraindicate cor - with , together Latin corrective cor - Of or pertaining to eye 's pupil Ancient Greek κόρη ( kórē ) , girl , doll ; pupil of the eye Corectomy cord - Of or pertaining to the heart ( uncommon as a prefix ) Latin ( cor , cordi - ) , `` heart '' Commotio cordis cornu - Applied to processes and parts of the body describing them likened or similar to horns Latin cornū , `` horn '' Greater cornu coron ( o ) - pertaining to heart Latin corōna coronary heart disease cortic ( o ) Cortex , or outer region Latin cortex , `` Bark of a tree '' Corticosteriod cost - Of or pertaining to the ribs Latin ( costa ) , `` rib '' Costochondral cox - Of or relating to the hip , haunch , or hip - joint Latin ( coxa ) , hip Coxopodite crani ( o ) - Belonging or relating to the cranium Latin ( cranium ) < Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον ( krānion ) , the cranium , skull , bones enclosing the brain Craniology - crine , crin ( o ) to secrete εκκρίνει ecrine Endocrine cry ( o ) - cold Greek κρύος Cryoablation cutane - skin Latin cutis Subcutaneous cyan ( o ) - Denotes a blue color Ancient Greek κύανος , κυάνεος ( kýanos , kyáneos ) , blue Cyanopsia cycl - circle , cycle Greek κύκλος ( kuklos ) Cyclosis cyph ( o ) - Denotes something as bent ( uncommon as a prefix ) Ancient Greek κυφός ( kȳphós ) , bent , hunchback Cyphosis cyst ( o ) - , cyst ( i ) - Of or pertaining to the urinary bladder Ancient Greek κύστις κύστις ( kýstis ) ; bladder , cyst Cystotomy cyt ( o ) - , - cyte cell Greek κύτος Cytokine , leukocyte Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) dacry ( o ) - Of or pertaining to tears Greek δάκρυ , tear Dacryoadenitis , dacryocystitis - dactyl ( o ) - Of or pertaining to a finger , toe Ancient Greek δάκτυλος ( dáktylos ) , finger , toe dactylology , polydactyly de - from , down , or away from Latin de - dehydrate dent - Of or pertaining to teeth Latin ( dens , dentis ) , tooth Dentist dermat ( o ) - , derm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the skin Ancient Greek δέρμα , δέρματος ( dérma , dérmat - ) , skin , human skin Dermatology , epidermis , hypodermic , xeroderma - desis binding Greek δέσις ( désis ) arthrodesis dextr ( o ) - right , on the right side Latin dexter Dextrocardia di - two Greek δι - Diplopia di - apart , separation Latin dilation , distal dia - through , during , across Ancient Greek διά ( diá ) , through , during , across dialysis dif - apart , separation Latin different digit - Of or pertaining to the finger ( rare as a root ) Latin ( digitus ) , finger , toe Digit diplo - twofold Greek διπλόος ( diplóos ) diploid , diplosis - dipsia suffix meaning `` ( condition of ) thirst '' ' Greek δίψα ( dípsa ) dipsomania , hydroadipsia , oligodipsia , polydipsia dis - separation , taking apart Latin dis - Dissection dors ( o ) - , dors ( i ) - Of or pertaining to the back Latin ( dorsum ) , back dorsal , dorsocephalad dromo - running , conduction , course Greek δρόμος ( drómos ) Dromotropic , syndrome duodeno - duodenum , twelve : upper part of the small intestine ( twelve inches long on average ) , connects to the stomach Latin duodeni Duodenal atresia dynam ( o ) - force , energy , power Greek δύναμις ( dúnamis ) Hand strength dynamometer - dynia pain Vulvodynia dys - bad , difficult , defective , abnormal Greek δυσ - ( dus - ) dysentery , dysphagia , dysphasia Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - eal pertaining to Latin adenohypophyseal , corneal , esophageal , perineal ec - out , away Greek ἐκ - ( ek - ) Ectopia , ectopic pregnancy ect ( o ) - outer , outside Greek ἐκτός ( ektós ) Ectoblast , ectoderm - ectasia , - ectasis expansion , dilation Ancient Greek ἔκτασις ( éktasis ) Bronchiectasis , telangiectasia - ectomy Denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part . Resection , excision Ancient Greek ἐκτομή ( ektomḗ ) , excision Mastectomy - emesis vomiting condition Greek ἕμεσις ( émesis ) Hematemesis - emia blood condition ( Am Engl ) Ancient Greek αἷμα , blood Anemia encephal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the brain . Also see Cerebro . Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος ( enképhalos ) , the brain Encephalogram endo - Denotes something as ' inside ' or ' within ' ἐνδο - ( endo - ) , inside , internal Endocrinology , endospore eosin ( o ) - Red Ancient Greek Eos , the Greek word for ' dawn ' and the name of the Greek goddess of the dawn . Eosinophil granulocyte enter ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the intestine Ancient Greek ἔντερον ( énteron ) , intestine Gastroenterology epi - on , upon Ancient Greek ἐπι - ( epi - ) , before , upon , on , outside , outside of Epicardium , epidermis , epidural , episclera , epistaxis episi ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the pubic region , the loins Ancient Greek ἐπίσιον - ( epísion ) , the pubic area , loins ; vulva Episiotomy erythr ( o ) - Denotes a red color Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός ( erythrós ) , red Erythrocyte - esophageal , - esophago - gullet ( AmE ) Greek οἰσοφάγος ( oisophágos ) Esophagus esthesio - sensation ( AmE ) Greek αἴσθησις ( aisthēsis ) Esthesioneuroblastoma , esthesia eu - true , good , well , new εὖ ( eû ) Eukaryote ex - out of , away from Latin Excision exo - Denotes something as ' outside ' another Ancient Greek ἐξω - ( exo - ) , outside of , external Exophthalmos , exoskeleton extra - outside Latin Extradural hematoma Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) faci - Of or pertaining to the face Latin faciēs , the face , countenance Facioplegic fibr - fiber Latin fibra , fiber , filament , entrails fibril , fibrin , fibrinous pericarditis , fibroblast fil - fine , hair - like Latin ( filum ) , thread Filament , filum terminale foramen hole , opening , or aperature , particularly in bone Latin Foramen magnum - form Used to form adjectives indicating ' having the form of ' Latin ( forma ) , form , shape cruciform , cuneiform , falciform fore - before or ahead foregut fossa A hollow or depressed area ; trench or channel Latin ( fossa ) , ditch , pit fossa ovalis front - Of or pertaining to the forehead Latin ( frōns , front - ) , the forehead frontonasal Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) galact ( o ) - milk Greek γάλα , γαλακτ - Galactorrhea Galaxy gastr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the stomach Ancient Greek γαστήρ ( gastēr ) , γαστρ - , stomach , belly Gastric bypass - gen ( 1 ) Denotes the sense ' born in , from ' ( 2 ) Denotes the sense ' of a certain kind ' Ancient Greek - γενής ( - genēs ) , from γεν - νάειν ( gen - náein ) , to be born ( 1 ) Endogen ; ( 2 ) Heterogenous - genic Formative , pertaining to producing Greek Cardiogenic shock genu - Of or pertaining to the knee Latin ( genū ) , knee Genu valgum - geusia Taste Ancient Greek γεῦσις ( geusis ) Ageusia , dysgeusia , hypergeusia , hypogeusia , parageusia gingiv - Of or pertaining to the gums Latin gingīva , gum Gingivitis glauc ( o ) - Denoting a grey or bluish - grey colour Ancient Greek γλαυκός ( glaukos ) , grey , bluish - grey Glaucoma gloss ( o ) - , glott ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the tongue Ancient Greek γλῶσσα , γλῶττα ( glōssa , glōtta ) , tongue Glossology gluco - sweet Greek γλυκός , sweet Glucocorticoid glyc ( o ) - sugar Ancient Greek Glycolysis gnath ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the jaw Ancient Greek γνάθος ( gnáthos ) , jaw Gnathodynamometer - gnosis knowledge Greek diagnosis , prognosis gon ( o ) - seed , semen ; also , reproductive Ancient Greek γόνος Gonorrhea - gram , - gramme record or picture Greek γράμμα ( gramma ) Angiogram - graph instrument used to record data or picture Ancient Greek - γραφία ( - graphía ) , written , drawn , graphic interpretation Electrocardiograph - graphy process of recording Ancient Greek Angiography gyno - , gynaeco - ( BrE ) , gyneco - ( AmE ) woman Greek γυνή , γυναικ - Gynecomastia Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) halluc - to wander in mind Classical Latin to wander in mind Hallucinosis hemat - , haemato - ( haem - , hem - ) Of or pertaining to blood Latin ( hæma ) < Ancient Greek αἵμα , αἱματ - ( haima , haimat - ) , blood Hematology , older form Haematology hema - or hemo - blood ( AmE ) Greek Hemal , Hemoglobin hemangi or hemangio - blood vessels Hemangioma hemi - one - half Ancient Greek ἡμι - ( hēmi - ) , `` half '' Cerebral hemisphere hepat - ( hepatic - ) Of or pertaining to the liver Ancient Greek ἥπαρ , ἡπατο - ( hēpar , hēpato - ) , the liver Hepatology , Hepatitis heter ( o ) - Denotes something as ' the other ' ( of two ) , as an addition , or different Ancient Greek ἕτερος ( héteros ) , the other ( of two ) , another ; different Heterogeneous hidr ( o ) - sweat Greek ἱδρωτ - Hyperhidrosis hist ( o ) - , histio - tissue Greek ἱστός Histology home ( o ) - similar Ancient Greek ὅμοιος ( homoios ) Homeopathy hom ( o ) - Denotes something as ' the same ' as another or common Ancient Greek ὁμο - ( homo - ) , the same , common Homosexuality humer ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the shoulder ( or ( rarely ) the upper arm ) Latin ( umerus ) , shoulder Humerus hydr ( o ) - water Greek ὕδωρ Hydrophobe hyper - Denotes something as ' extreme ' or ' beyond normal ' Ancient Greek ὑπέρ ( hyper ) , over , above ; beyond , to the extreme Hypertension hyp ( o ) - Denotes something as ' below normal ' Ancient Greek ὑπ ( ο ) - ( hypo - ) , below , under Hypovolemia , hyster ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the womb , the uterus Ancient Greek ὑστέρα ( hystéra ) , womb Hysterectomy , Hysteria Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - i - asis condition , formation , or presence of Greek - ίασις Mydriasis iatr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to medicine , or a physician ( uncommon as a prefix ; common as a suffix , see - iatry ) Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός ( iātrós ) , healer , physician Iatrochemistry - iatry Denotes a field in medicine of a certain body component Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός ( iātrós ) , healer , physician Podiatry , psychiatry - ic pertaining to Greek - ικός ( - ikos ) Hepatic artery - icle small Latin Ovarian follicle - ics organized knowledge , treatment Latin - ica < Greek < - ικά Obstetrics idio - self , one 's own Greek ἴδιος , idios , `` one 's own '' Idiopathic ileo - ileum Greek ἰλεός Ileocecal valve infra - below Latin Infrahyoid muscles inter - between , among Latin Interarticular ligament intra - within Latin intramural ipsi - same Latin Ipsilateral irid ( o ) - iris Greek ἴρις Iridectomy isch - restriction Greek ἴσχω Ischemia ischio - Of or pertaining to the ischium , the hip - joint Ancient Greek ἰσχιόν ( ischión ) , hip - joint , ischium Ischioanal fossa - ism condition , disease Dwarfism - ismus spasm , contraction Greek - ισμός Hemiballismus iso - Denoting something as being ' equal ' Ancient Greek ἴσος ( ísos ) , equal Isotonic - ist one who specializes in Greek - ιστής ( - istes ) Pathologist - ite the nature of , resembling Greek - ίτης Hermaphrodite - itis inflammation Tonsillitis - ium structure , tissue pericardium J ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) juxta ( iuxta ) Near to , alongside or next to Latin Juxtaglomerular apparatus Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) kal - potassium hyperkalemia kary - nucleus Greek κάρυον ( káruon ) , `` nut '' eukaryote kerat - cornea ( eye or skin ) Greek κέρας ( kéras ) , `` horn '' keratoscope kine - movement Greek κινέω akinetopsia , kinesthesia koil - hollow Greek κοῖλος ( koîlos ) koilocyte kyph - humped Greek κυφός ( kuphós ) kyphoscoliosis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) labi - Of or pertaining to the lip Latin ( labium ) , lip labiodental lacrim ( o ) - tear Latin Lacrimal canaliculi lact ( i ) - , lact ( o ) milk Latin Lactation lapar ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the abdominal wall , flank Ancient Greek λαπάρᾱ ( lapárā ) , flank Laparotomy laryng ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the larynx , the lower throat cavity where the voice box is Ancient Greek λάρυγξ , λαρυγγ - ( lárynx , laryng - ) , throat , gullet Larynx latero - lateral Latin Lateral pectoral nerve lei ( o ) - smooth Greek λεῖος Leiomyoma - lepsis , - lepsy attack , seizure Greek λῆψις Epilepsy , narcolepsy lept ( o ) - light , slender Greek λεπτός ( leptos ) Leptomeningeal leuc ( o ) - , leuk ( o ) - Denoting a white color Ancient Greek λευκός ( leukos ) , white , bright Leukocyte lingu ( a ) - , lingu ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the tongue Latin ( lingua ) , tongue Linguistics lip ( o ) - fat Greek λίπος ( lipos ) Liposuction liss ( os ) - smooth Greek Λισσός ( lissos ) Lissencephaly lith ( o ) - stone , calculus Greek λίθος ( lithos ) Lithotripsy log ( o ) - speech Greek λόγος ( logos ) dialog , catalog , logos - logist Denotes someone who studies a certain field ( the field of _____ - logy ) ; a specialist ; one who treats Ancient Greek λογιστής ( logistēs ) , studier , practitioner Oncologist , pathologist - logy Denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field ; the study of Ancient Greek λόγoς ( logos ) study hematology , urology lumb ( o ) - , lumb ( a ) - Of or relating to the part of the trunk between the lowest ribs and the pelvis . Latin ( lumbus or lumbaris ) loin Lumbar vertebrae lymph ( o ) - lymph Latin lympha - water Lymphedema lys ( o ) - , - lytic dissolution Greek Lysosome - lysis Destruction , separation Greek λύσις Paralysis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) macr ( o ) - large , long Greek μακρός Macrophage - malacia softening Greek μαλακία Osteomalacia mamm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the breast Latin ( mamma ) , breast ; udder Mammogram mammill ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nipple Latin mammilla , nipple Mammillaplasty , Mammillitis manu - Of or pertaining to the hand Latin ( manus ) , hand Manufacture mast ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the breast Ancient Greek μαστός ( mastós ) , breast , women 's breast ; man 's pectoral muscle Mastectomy meg ( a ) - , megal ( o ) - , - megaly enlargement , million Greek μέγας Splenomegaly , Megameter melan ( o ) - black color Ancient Greek μέλας , μελανο - ( melas , melano - ) , black ; dark Melanin melos extremity Ancient Greek μέλος Erythromelalgia mening ( o ) - membrane Greek μῆνιγξ , μηνιγγ - Meningitis men - month , menstrual cycle Ancient Greek μήν ( mḗn ) , month Menopause , Menorrhagia mer - part Greek μέρος ( meros ) , part Merocrine , Meroblastic mes - middle Ancient Greek μέσος ( mesos ) , `` middle '' Mesoderm met , meta - after , beside , beyond or change Greek μετά Metacarpal , Metacarpus , Metacromion , Metanephros , Metatheria - meter instrument used to measure or count Greek μέτρον Sphygmomanometer - metry process of measuring Greek - μετρία Optometry metr - Pertaining to conditions or instruments of the uterus Ancient Greek μήτρᾱ ( mētrā ) , womb , uterus Metrorrhagia micr - denoting something as small , or relating to smallness , millionth Ancient Greek μικρός ( mikros ) , small Microscope milli - thousandth Latin mille , thousand Milliliter mon - single Greek μονός ( monos ) Infectious Mononucleosis morph - form , shape Greek μορφή ( morphē ) Morphology muscul ( o ) - muscle Latin Musculoskeletal system my ( o ) - Of or relating to muscle Ancient Greek μῦς , μυ - ( mys , my - ) , muscle ; mouse ; mussel Myoblast myc ( o ) - fungus Greek μύκης , μυκητ - Onychomycosis myel ( o ) - Of or relating to bone marrow or spinal cord Ancient Greek μυελόν ( myelon ) , marrow ; bone - marrow Myeloblast myl ( o ) - Of or relating to molar teeth or lower jaw Greek ( myle ) Mylohyoid nerve myri - ten thousand Ancient Greek μύριοι ( mýrioi ) , myriad Myriad myring ( o ) - eardrum Latin myringa Myringotomy myx ( o ) - mucus Greek μύξα Myxoma Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) narc ( o ) - numb , sleep Greek νάρκη narcolepsy nas ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nose Latin ( nāsum ) , nose nasal necr ( o ) - death Greek νεκρός Necrosis , necrotizing fasciitis neo - new Greek νέος Neoplasm nephr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the kidney Ancient Greek νεφρός ( nephrós ) , kidney Nephrology nerv - Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system ( Uncommon as a root : neuro - mostly always used ) Latin ( nervus ) , tendon ; nerve ; Cognate with the Greek νευρον ( neuron ) ( see below ) Nerve , nervous system neur ( i ) - , neur ( o ) - Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system Ancient Greek νεῦρον ( neuron ) , tendon , sinew ; nerve Neurofibromatosis noci - pain , injury , hurt Latin ( noceo ) Nociception normo - normal Latin Normocapnia O ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) ocul ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the eye Latin ( oculus ) , the eye Oculist odont ( o ) - Of or pertaining to teeth Ancient Greek ὀδούς , ὀδοντ - ( odoús , odont - ) , tooth orthodontist odyn ( o ) - pain Greek ὀδύνη stomatodynia - oesophageal , oesophago - ( BrE ) gullet Greek οἰσοφάγος oesophagus - oid resemblance to Greek - οειδής Sarcoidosis ole small or little Latin olig ( o ) - Denoting something as ' having little , having few ' Ancient Greek ὀλίγος ( oligos ) , few Oligotrophy om ( o ) - shoulder Ancient Greek ὠμός ( ōmos ) , shoulder Omoplate - oma ( singular ) , - omata ( plural ) tumor , mass , fluid collection Greek - ωμα Sarcoma , teratoma , Mesothelioma omphal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the navel , the umbilicus Ancient Greek ὀμφαλός ( omphalós ) , navel , belly - button Omphalotomy onco - tumor , bulk , volume Greek ὄγκος Oncology - one hormone onych ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nail ( of a finger or toe ) Ancient Greek ὄνυξ , ὀνυχο - ( ónyx , ónycho - ) , nail ; claw ; talon Onychophagy oo - Of or pertaining to an ( egg ) , a woman 's egg , the ovum Ancient Greek ᾠόν , ᾠο - ( ōón , ōo - ) , egg , ovum Oogenesis oophor ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the woman 's ( ovary ) Neoclassical Greek ᾠοφόρον ( ōophóron ) , ovary , egg - bearing Oophorectomy ophthalm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ( eye ) Ancient Greek ὀφθαλμός ( ophthalmós ) , the eye Ophthalmology opistho - back , behind , rear Greek roots , ὄπισθεν , opisthen meaning `` behind '' Opisthotonus - opsy Examination or inspection Ancient Greek ὄψις ( opsis ) , sight Biopsy , autopsy optic ( o ) - Of or relating to chemical properties of the eye Middle French ( optique ) < Greek ὀπτικός ( optikós ) ; ώψ ( opsi ) , vision . Cognate with Latin oculus , relating to the eye Opticochemical , biopsy or ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the mouth Latin ( ōs , or - ) , mouth Oral - or one who doctor orchi ( o ) - , orchid ( o ) - , orch ( o ) - testis Greek ὀρχις ( orkhis , orkhi - ) Orchiectomy , orchidectomy orth ( o ) - Denoting something as straight or correct Ancient Greek ὀρθός ( orthós ) , straight , correct , normal Orthodontist - osis a condition , disease or increase Greek - ωσις Harlequin type ichthyosis , psychosis , osteoporosis osse - bony Latin Osseous ossi - bone Latin Peripheral ossifying fibroma ost ( e ) - , oste ( o ) - bone Greek ὀστέον Osteoporosis , Osteoarthritis ot ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ear Ancient Greek οὖς , ὠτ - ( ous , ōt - ) , the ear Otology - ous pertaining to Latin - osus porous ovari ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ovaries Latin ( ōvarium ) , ovary Ovariectomy ovo - , ovi - , ov - Of or pertaining to the eggs , the ovum Latin ( ōvum ) , egg , ovum Ovogenesis oxo - addition of oxygen Greek ὀξύς oxy - sharp , acid , acute , oxygen Greek ὀξύς ( oxus ) Oxytocin , oxygenated , oxycodone Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) pachy - thick Greek παχύς pachyderma palpebr - Of or pertaining to the eyelid ( uncommon as a root ) Latin ( palpebra ) , eyelid palpebra pan - , pant ( o ) - Denoting something as ' complete ' or containing ' everything ' ; `` all '' Ancient Greek πᾶς , παν - ( pas , pan - ) , all , every panophobia , panopticon , pancytopenia ( deficiency in ' ALL ' blood cell types - erythrocytes , leukocytes , thrombocytes ) papill - Of or pertaining to the nipple ( of the chest / breast ) Latin ( papilla ) , nipple ; diminutive of papula ( see below ) papillitis papul ( o ) - Indicates papulosity , a small elevation or swelling in the skin , a pimple , swelling Latin ( papula ) , pimple , pustle ; a small elevation or swelling in the skin papulation para - alongside of Ancient Greek παρά ( para ) paracyesis - paresis slight paralysis Greek πάρεσις hemiparesis parvo - small Latin parvus Parvovirus path ( o ) - disease Greek πάθος Pathology - pathy Denotes ( with a negative sense ) a disease , or disorder Ancient Greek πάθος ( pathos ) , suffering , accident sociopathy , neuropathy pauci - Few Latin paucus Pauci - immune pector - breast or chest Latin pectus pectoralgia , pectoriloquy , pectorophony ped - , - ped - , - pes Of or pertaining to the foot ; - footed Latin pēs , pēd - , foot Pedoscope ped - , pedo - Of or pertaining to the child Ancient Greek παιδός , child pediatrics . pedophilia pelv ( i ) - , pelv ( o ) - hip bone Latin Pelvis - penia deficiency Greek πενία osteopenia peo - Of or pertaining to the penis Greek πέος ( peos ) Peotomy - pepsia Denotes something relating to digestion , or the digestive tract . Ancient Greek πεπτός ( peptós ) cooked , digested < πέσσω ( péssō ) I boil , cook ; digest Dyspepsia per - through Latin percutaneous peri - Denoting something with a position ' surrounding ' or ' around ' another Ancient Greek περί ( peri ) , around Periodontal - pexy fixation Greek πῆξις Nephropexy phaco - lens - shaped Greek φακός phacolysis , phacometer , phacoscotoma - phage , - phagia Forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion Ancient Greek φαγία ( phagía ) eating < φαγεῖν ( phagein ) to eat Sarcophagia - phago - eating , devouring Greek - φάγος phagocyte phagist - Forms nouns that denote a person who ' feeds on ' the first element or part of the word Ancient Greek φαγιστής ( phagistēs ) eater ; see - phagia Lotophagi - phagy Forms nouns that denotes ' feeding on ' the first element or part of the word Ancient Greek φαγία ( phagia ) eating ; see - phagia hematophagy phall - phallus Greek φαλλός ( phallos ) Aphallia pharmac - drug , medication Greek φάρμακον pharmacology pharyng - Of or pertaining to the pharynx , the upper throat cavity Ancient Greek φάρυγξ , φαρυγγ - ( phárynx , pháryng - ) , throat , windpipe ; chasm pharyngitis , pharyngoscopy - phil ( ia ) attraction for Greek φιλία hemophilia phleb - Of or pertaining to the ( blood ) veins , a vein Ancient Greek φλέψ , φλεβ - ( phleps , phlebo - ) , blood - vessel , vein phlebography , phlebotomy - phobia exaggerated fear , sensitivity , aversion Greek φόβος arachnophobia phon - sound Greek φωνή phonograph , symphony phos - Of or pertaining to light or its chemical properties , now historic and used rarely . See the common root phot - below . Ancient Greek φῶς , φωτ - ( phōs , phōt - ) , light phosphene phot - Of or pertaining to light Ancient Greek φῶς , φωτ - ( phōs , phōt - ) , light photopathy phren - , phrenic - the mind Greek φρήν , φρεν - phrenic nerve , schizophrenia phyllo - leaf - like phyllodes tumour phyt - to grow hydrophyte pia - soft pia mater piri - Pear Latin pirum , pear Piriformis muscle - plasia formation , development Greek πλάσις Achondroplasia - plasty surgical repair , reconstruction Greek πλαστός rhinoplasty - plegia paralysis Greek πληγή paraplegia pleio - more , excessive , multiple Greek pleion pleiomorphism pleur - Of or pertaining to the ribs Latin ( pleura ) from Ancient Greek πλευρόν ( pleurón ) , rib , side of the body Pleurogenous - plexy stroke or seizure Greek πλῆξις Cataplexy pne - , pneum - air , breath , lung Ancient Greek πνεῖν ( pneîn ) , πνεῦμα , πνεύματος ( pneûma ) , πνεύμων ( pneúmōn ) apnea , pneumatology , pneumonocyte , pneumonia pod - , - pod - , - pus Of or pertaining to the foot , - footed Ancient Greek πούς , ποδ - ( poús , pod - ) , foot podiatry - poiesis production hematopoiesis polio - Denoting a grey color Ancient Greek πολιός ( poliós ) , `` grey '' poliomyelitis poly - Denotes a ' plurality ' of something Ancient Greek πολυς ( polys ) , `` much , many '' polymyositis por - pore , porous πόρος ( póros ) pore porphyr - Denotes a purple color Ancient Greek πορπύρα ( porphýra ) , `` purple '' porphyroblast post - Denotes something as ' after ' or ' behind ' another Latin ( post ) , after , behind postoperation , postmortem pre - Denotes something as ' before ' another ( in ( physical ) position or time ) Medieval Latin ( pre - ) < ( Classical ) Latin ( præ ) , before , in front of premature birth presby - old age Greek presbyopia , presbycusis prim - Denotes something as ' first ' or ' most - important ' Latin prīmus , first , most important primary pro - Denotes something as ' before ' another ( in ( physical ) position or time ) Ancient Greek προ ( pro ) , before , in front of procephalic proct - anus , rectum proctology prosop - face Greek ( prosopon ) , face , mask prosopagnosia prot - Denotes something as ' first ' or ' most important ' Ancient Greek πρωτος ( prōtos ) , first ; principal , most important protoneuron pseud - Denotes something false or fake Ancient Greek pseudoephedrine psor - Itching psoriasis psych - Of or pertaining to the mind Ancient Greek ψυχή ( psyché ) , breath , life , soul psychology , psychiatry pterygo - Pertaining to a wing Greek lateral pterygoid plate - ptosis falling , drooping , downward placement , prolapse apoptosis , nephroptosis - ptysis spitting Greek hemoptysis , the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes pulmon - , pulmo - Of or relating to the lungs Latin ( pulmo , pulmōn - , usually used in plural ) , a lung pulmonary py - pus Greek πύον pyometra pyel - pelvis Ancient Greek ( pyelos ) pyelonephritis pykno - to thicken ( as the nucleus does in early stages of cell death ) Greek πυκνωνω , to thicken or condense pyknosis pylor - gate Greek pyloric sphincter pyr - fever Greek πῦρ , πυρετός antipyretic Q ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) quadr ( i ) - four Latin quadriceps Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) radi - radiation Latin radiowave radic - referring to the beginning , or the root , of a structure , usually a nerve or a vein Latin ( radix ) root radiculopathy re - again , back Latin relapse rect - rectum Latin rectal , rectum ren - Of or pertaining to the kidney Latin ( rēnes ) , kidney renal reticul ( o ) - net Latin reticulocyte retro - backward , behind Latin retroversion , retroverted rhabd ( o ) - rod shaped , striated Greek ῥάβδος rhabdomyolysis rhachi ( o ) - spine Greek ῥάχις rachial , rachialgia , rachidian , rachiopathy rhin ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nose Ancient Greek ῥίς , ῥῑνο - ( rhīs , rhīno - ) , nose rhinoceros , rhinoplasty rhod ( o ) - Denoting a rose - red color Ancient Greek ῥόδον ( rhódon ) , rose rhodophyte - rrhage burst forth Greek - ρραγία Hemorrhage - rrhagia rapid flow of blood Greek - ρραγία menorrhagia - rrhaphy surgical suturing Greek ῥαφή neurorrhaphy - rrhea ( AmE ) flowing , discharge Greek - ρροια Galactorrhea , Diarrhea - rrhexis rupture Greek ῥῆξις Karyorrhexis - rrhoea ( BrE ) flowing , discharge Greek - ρροια diarrhoea rubr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain Latin ( ruber ) , red Rubrospinal - rupt Break or burst Latin Erupt , Interrupt Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) salping ( o ) - Of or pertaining to tubes e.g. fallopian tubes Ancient Greek σάλπιγξ , σαλπιγγ - , ( sálpinx , salpingo - ) trumpet ( literally ) Salpingectomy , salpingopharyngeus muscle sangui - , sanguine - Of or pertaining to blood Latin ( sanguis , sanguin - ) , blood Sanguine sarco - muscular , fleshlike Greek σάρξ , σαρκ - sarcoma , sarcoidosis schist ( o ) - split , cleft Greek σχιστός ( schistos ) schistocyte schiz ( o ) - Denoting something ' split ' or ' double - sided ' Ancient Greek σχιζω ; irregular formation of the verb σχίζειν ( schizein ) , to cut , split Schizophrenia scler ( o ) - hard Greek σκληρός Scleroderma - sclerosis hardening Greek σκλήρωσις Atherosclerosis , multiple sclerosis scoli ( o ) - twisted Greek σκολιός ( skolios ) scoliosis - scope instrument for viewing Greek - σκόπος stethoscope - scopy use of instrument for viewing Greek - σκοπία endoscopy scoto - darkness Greek σκότος ( skotos ) scotopic vision semi - one - half , partly Latin semiconscious sial ( o ) - saliva , salivary gland Greek σίαλος ( sialos ) sialagogue sigmoid ( o ) - sigmoid , S - shaped curvature Greek σιγμοειδής sigmoid colon sinistr ( o ) - left , left side Latin sinus - Of or pertaining to the sinus Latin ( sinus ) , a curve , bend , bay Sinusitis sito - food , grain Greek σῖτος ( sitos ) Sitophobia somat ( o ) - , somatico - body , bodily Greek σῶμα ( sōma ) somatic somn ( o ) Sleep insomniac - spadias slit , fissure Greek σπάδων hypospadias , epispadias spasmo - spasm Greek σπασμός Spasmodic dysphonia sperma - , spermo - , spermato - semen , spermatozoa Greek σπέρμα ( sperma ) Spermatogenesis splanchn ( i ) - , splanchn ( o ) - viscera Greek σπλάγχνον splanchnology splen ( o ) - spleen Greek σπλήν , σπλην - Splenectomy spondyl ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the spine , the vertebra Greek σπόνδυλος / σφόνδυλος , ( spóndylos , sphóndylos ) , the spine Spondylitis squamos ( o ) - Denoting something as ' full of scales ' or ' scaly ' Latin sqāmōsus , full of scales ; scaly Squamous cell - stalsis contraction Greek στάλσις Peristalsis - stasis stopping , standing Greek στάσις Cytostasis , homeostasis - staxis dripping , trickling Greek στάξις , στακτός sten ( o ) - Denoting something as ' narrow in shape ' or pertaining to narrowness Ancient Greek στενός ( stenos ) ; narrow , short Stenography - stenosis abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure Ancient Greek στένωσις ( stenōsis ) restenosis , stenosis steth - Of or pertaining to the upper chest , chest , the area above the breast and under the neck Ancient Greek στῆθος ( stēthos ) , chest , cuirass stethoscope stheno - strength , force , power Greek σθένος stom - , stomat - Of or pertaining to the mouth ; an artificially created opening Ancient Greek στόμα , στοματ - ( stóma , stomat - ) , `` mouth '' stomatogastric , stomatognathic system - stomy creation of an opening Greek - στομία colostomy sub - beneath , under Latin subcutaneous tissue super - in excess , above , superior Latin superior vena cava supra - above , excessive Latin supraorbital vein sy , syl - , sym - , syn - , sys - Indicates similarity , likeness , or being together ; assimilates before some consonants : before l to syl - , s to sys - , before a labial consonant to sym - . Ancient Greek συν - ( syn ) , with , together symptom , synalgia , synesthesia , syssarcosis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) tachy - Denoting something as fast , irregularly fast Ancient Greek ταχύς ( tachys ) , fast , quickly tachycardia - tension , - tensive pressure Latin Hypertension terato - Monster Ancient Greek teras ( s ) terata ( pl ) teratoma , teratogen tetan - rigid , tense Ancient Greek tetanos tetanus thec - case , sheath Ancient Greek θήκη ( thēkē ) Intrathecal thel - Of or pertaining to a nipple ( uncommon as a prefix ) Ancient Greek θηλή ( thēlē ) , a teat , nipple Theleplasty , thelarche thely - Denoting something as ' relating to a woman , feminine ' Ancient Greek θῆλυς ( thēlys ) , female , feminine Thelygenous therap - treatment Ancient Greek ( therapeía ) hydrotherapy , therapeutic therm ( o ) - heat Ancient Greek θερμός ( thermós ) Hypothermia thorac ( i ) - , thorac ( o ) - , thoracico - Of or pertaining to the upper chest , chest ; the area above the breast and under the neck Latin ( thōrāx ) < Ancient Greek θώραξ ( thōrax ) , chest , cuirass thoracic , thorax thromb ( o ) - Of or relating to a blood clot , clotting of blood Ancient Greek θρόμβος ( thrómbos ) , lump , piece , clot of blood Thrombus , thrombocytopenia thyr ( o ) - thyroid Greek θυρεο - ειδής thym - emotions Greek : `` thymos '' , spirit , soul ; courage ; breath , mind , emotions dysthymia - tic pertaining to Greek - τικός toco - childbirth Greek τόκος - tome cutting instrument Greek τομή ( tomē ) - tomy act of cutting ; incising , incision Greek - τομία Gastrotomy ton - tone , tension , pressure Greek τόνος ( tonos ) - tony tension Greek - τονία top ( o ) - place , topical Greek τόπος ( topos ) Topical anesthetic tort ( i ) - twisted Latin tortus Torticollis tox ( i ) - , tox ( o ) - , toxic ( o ) - toxin , poison Greek τοξικόν Toxoplasmosis trache ( a ) - trachea Greek τραχεία Tracheotomy trachel ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the neck Ancient Greek τράχηλος ( tráchēlos ) , neck tracheloplasty trans - Denoting something as moving or situated across or through Latin trāns , `` across , through '' Transfusion tri - three Latin triangle , triceps trich ( i ) - , trichia , trich ( o ) - Of or pertaining to hair , hair - like structure Ancient Greek θρίξ , τριχ ( ο ) - ( thríx , trich ( o ) - ) , hair Trichocyst - tripsy crushing Greek τρίψις Lithotripsy - trophy nourishment , development Greek - τροφία , τροφή Pseudohypertrophy tympan ( o ) - eardrum Greek τύμπανον Tympanocentesis U ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - ula , - ule small Latin Nodule ultra - beyond , excessive Latin ultra Ultrasound , ultraviolet umbilic - Of or pertaining to the navel , the umbilicus Latin umbilīcus , navel , belly - button Umbilical ungui - Of or pertaining to the nail , a claw Latin unguis , nail , claw Unguiform , Ungual un ( i ) - one Latin unus Unilateral hearing loss ur - Of or pertaining to urine , the urinary system Greek οὐρεῖν ( oureîn ) ; οὖρον ( oûron ) , urine ; οὐρητήρ ( ourētḗr ) ; οὐρήθρα ( ourḗthra ) antidiuretic , diuresis , diuretic , dysuria , enuresis , polyurea , polyuria , uraemia / uremia , uremic , ureter , urethra , urology uric - uric acid Greek οὐρικός urin - Of or pertaining to urine , the urinary system Latin ūrīna , urine < Ancient Greek ουρον ( ouron ) , see above . Uriniferous uter ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the uterus or womb Latin ( uterus ) , womb , uterus Uterus V ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) vagin - Of or pertaining to the vagina Latin ( vāgīna ) , sheath , scabbard Vagina varic ( o ) - swollen or twisted vein Latin varix varicose vas ( o ) - duct , blood vessel Latin vasoconstriction vasculo - blood vessel Latin vāsculum ven - Of or pertaining to the veins , venous blood , and the vascular system Latin ( vēna ) , blood - vessel , vein Venule , Venospasm ventr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the belly ; the stomach cavities Latin ( venter ) , the belly , the stomach ; the womb Ventrodorsal ventricul ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ventricles ; any hollow region inside an organ Latin ( venter ) , the ventricles of the heart , the ventricles of the brain Cardiac ventriculography - version turning Latin versiō anteversion , retroversion vesic ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the bladder Latin ( vēsīca ) , bladder ; blister vesical arteries viscer ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the internal organs , the viscera Latin ( viscus , pl . viscera ) , internal organ ( s ) Viscera X ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) xanth ( o ) - Denoting a yellow color , an abnormally yellow color Greek ξανθός ( xanthós ) , yellow Xanthopathy xen ( o ) - Foreign , different Greek ξένος ( xénos ) , stranger Xenograft xer ( o ) - dry , desert - like Greek ξηρός ( xērós ) , dry Xerostomia , xeroderma xiph - sword Greek ξίφος ( xíphos ) , sword xiphisternum , xiphoid , xiphoidalgia Y ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - y condition or process of Latin - ia < Greek - ία Surgery Z ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) zo ( o ) - animal , animal life Greek ζῷον zoology zym ( o ) - fermentation Greek ζύμη enzyme , lysozyme English meanings ( edit ) This section contains lists of different root classification ( e.g. body components , quantity , description , etc . ) . Each list is alphabetized by English meanings , with the corresponding Greek and Latin roots given . Roots of the body ( edit ) Roots of bodily concepts ( edit ) Bodily concept Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root in English Digestion - pepsia - - Disease - pathy - - Eating - phagia - vory - Roots of body parts and components ( edit ) ( Internal anatomy , external anatomy , body fluids , body substances ) Body part or component Greek root Latin root Other root abdomen lapar - abdomin - - aorta aort ( o ) - aort ( o ) - - arm brachi - arm - - armpit maschal - axill - - artery arteri - -- - back not - dors - - big toe -- allic - , hallic - - bladder cyst - vesic - - blood haemat - , hemat - ( haem - , hem - ) sangui - , sanguin - - blood clot thromb - -- - blood vessel angi - vas - , vascul - - body somat - , som - corpor - - bone oste - ossi - - bone marrow , marrow myel - medull - - brain encephal ( o ) - cerebr - - breast mast - mamm ( o ) - - chest steth - pector - - cheek parei - bucc - - ear ot ( o ) - aur ( i ) - - eggs , ova oo - ov - - eye ophthalm ( o ) - ocul ( o ) - optic ( o ) - ( French ) eyelid blephar ( o ) - cili - , palpebr - - face prosop ( o ) - faci ( o ) - - fallopian tubes salping ( o ) - -- - fat , fatty tissue lip ( o ) - adip - - finger dactyl ( o ) - digit - - forehead - front ( o ) - - gallbladder cholecyst ( o ) - fell - - genitals , sexually undifferentiated gon ( o ) - , phall ( o ) - - - gland aden ( o ) - - - glans penis or clitoridis balan ( o ) - - - gums - gingiv - - hair trich ( o ) - capill - - hand cheir ( o ) - , chir ( o ) - manu - - head cephal ( o ) - capit ( o ) - - heart cardi ( o ) - cordi - - hip , hip - joint - cox - - horn cerat ( o ) - cornu - - intestine enter ( o ) - - - jaw gnath ( o ) - - - kidney nephr ( o ) - ren - - knee gon - genu - - lip cheil ( o ) - , chil ( o ) - labi ( o ) - - liver hepat ( o ) - , ( hepatic - ) jecor - - loins , pubic region episi ( o ) - pudend - - lungs pneumon - pulmon ( i ) - , ( pulmo - ) - marrow , bone marrow myel ( o ) - medull - - mind psych - ment - - mouth stomat ( o ) - or - - muscle my ( o ) - - - nail onych ( o ) - ungui - - navel omphal ( o ) - umbilic - - neck trachel ( o ) - cervic - - nerve ; the nervous system neur ( o ) - nerv - - nipple , teat thele - papill - , mammill - - nose rhin ( o ) - nas - - ovary oophor ( o ) - ovari ( o ) - - pelvis pyel ( o ) - pelv ( i ) - - penis pe ( o ) - - - pupil ( of the eye ) cor - , core - , coro - - - rib pleur ( o ) - cost ( o ) - - rib cage thorac ( i ) - , thorac ( o ) - - - shoulder om ( o ) - humer ( o ) - - sinus - sinus - - skin dermat ( o ) - , ( derm - ) cut - , cuticul - - skull crani ( o ) - - - stomach gastr ( o ) - ventr ( o ) - -- testis orchi ( o ) - , orchid ( o ) - - -- throat ( upper throat cavity ) pharyng ( o ) - - -- throat ( lower throat cavity / voice box ) ) laryng ( o ) - - -- thumb - pollic - -- tooth odont ( o ) - dent ( i ) - -- tongue gloss - , glott - lingu ( a ) - -- toe dactyl ( o ) - digit - -- tumour cel - , onc ( o ) - tum - -- ureter ureter ( o ) - ureter ( o ) - -- urethra urethr ( o ) - , urethr ( a ) - urethr ( o ) - , urethr ( a ) - -- urine , urinary system ur ( o ) - urin ( o ) - -- uterine tubes salping ( o ) - salping ( o ) - -- uterus hyster ( o ) - , metr ( o ) - uter ( o ) - -- vagina colp ( o ) - vagin - -- vein phleb ( o ) - ven - -- vulva episi ( o ) - vulv - -- womb hyster ( o ) - , metr ( o ) - uter ( o ) - -- wrist carp ( o ) - carp ( o ) - -- Roots of color ( edit ) Color Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root black melan - atr - , nigr - -- blue cyan - cerule - -- gold chrys - aur - -- gray , grey poli - can - -- green chlor - vir - -- purple porphyr - purpur - , purpureo - -- red erythr - , rhod - rub - , rubr - , ruf - -- red - orange cirrh - -- -- silver -- argent - -- white leuc - , leuk - alb - , cand - -- yellow xanth - flav - jaun - ( French ) Roots of description ( edit ) ( Size , shape , strength , etc . ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root bad , incorrect cac - , dys - mal - mis - bent , crooked ankyl - prav - -- big mega - , megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- biggest megist - maxim - -- broad , wide eury - lat ( i ) - -- cold cry ( o ) - frig ( i ) - -- dead necr ( o ) - mort - -- equal is ( o ) - equ ( i ) - -- false pseud ( o ) - fals ( i ) - -- female , feminine thely - - -- flat platy - plan ( i ) - -- good , well eu - ben ( e ) - , bon ( i ) - -- great mega - , megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- hard scler ( o ) - dur ( i ) - -- heavy bar ( o ) - grav ( i ) - -- hollow coel ( o ) - cav ( i ) - -- huge megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- incorrect , bad cac ( o ) - , dys - mal ( e ) - mis - irregular poikil ( o ) -- -- large ; extremely large mega - magn ( i ) - -- largest megist - maxim - -- long macr ( o ) - long ( i ) - -- male , masculine arseno - vir - -- narrow sten ( o ) - angust ( i ) - -- new ne ( o ) - nov ( i ) - -- normal , correct orth ( o ) - rect ( i ) - -- old paleo - veter - -- sharp oxy - ac - -- short brachy - brev ( i ) - -- small micr ( o ) - parv ( i ) - ( rare ) -- smallest - minim - -- slow brady - tard ( i ) - -- fast tachy - celer - -- soft malac ( o ) - moll ( i ) - -- straight orth ( o ) - rect ( i ) - -- thick pachy - crass ( i ) - -- varied , various poikilo - vari - -- well , good eu - ben ( e ) - -- wide , broad eury - lat ( i ) - -- Roots of position ( edit ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root around , surrounding peri - circum - -- left levo - laev - , sinistr - -- middle mes - medi - -- right dexi - dextr - -- Prefixes of quantity or amount ( edit ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root double diplo - dupli - -- equal iso - equi - -- few oligo - pauci - -- half hemi - semi - demi - ( French ) many , much poly - multi - -- twice dis - bis - -- See also ( edit ) Classical compound International scientific vocabulary List of medical abbreviations Medical dictionary Medicine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ἀκούω Jump up ^ `` Latin Word Study Tool '' . Tufts.edu . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ κάρυον . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ κέρας in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κινέω in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κοῖλος in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κύπτω in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ http://www.dictionary.com/browse/opistho - Jump up ^ Opisthotonus Jump up ^ http://www.memidex.com/opisthotonus Jump up ^ The Language of Medicine , 11th edition , Davi - Ellen Chabner Jump up ^ Stedman 's Online Jump up ^ The Language of Medicine 11th Edition , Davi - Ellen Chabner Jump up ^ Stanfield , Peggy S. ; Hui , Y.H. ; Cross , Nanna ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Essential Medical Terminology '' . Jones & Bartlett Learning . Retrieved 25 February 2017 -- via Amazon . Bibliography ( edit ) `` Root Words : Quick Reference . '' LearnThatWord . N.p. , n.d. Web . 3 March 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes&oldid=832352826 '' Categories : Medical terminology Medical lists Word coinage Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of these word parts is a root that means pertaining to the brain	[]	[]
4666916563757728790	Harry Potter and the Cursed Child	Harry Potter and the Cursed Child - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Official banner of the 2018 West End production Written by Jack Thorne ( script & story ) J.K. Rowling ( story ) John Tiffany ( story ) Date premiered 30 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 30 ) Place premiered Palace Theatre , London Original language English Series Harry Potter Genre Fantasy Adventure Drama Setting Wizarding World Official site Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part stage play written by Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne , J.K. Rowling and John Tiffany . Previews of the play began at the Palace Theatre , London on 7 June 2016 , and it premiered on 30 July 2016 . The play opened on Broadway on 22 April 2018 at the Lyric Theatre , with previews starting on 16 March 2018 . Its cast is similar to that of the first year on West End , with returning actors Anthony Boyle , Sam Clemmett , Noma Dumezweni , Poppy Miller , Jamie Parker , Alex Price , and Paul Thornley . The story begins nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his younger son Albus Severus Potter , who is about to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . At the 2017 Laurence Olivier Awards , the London production received a record - breaking eleven nominations and an again record - breaking nine awards , including Best New Play , Best Actor , Best Actor in a Supporting Role , Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Director . At the 2018 Tony Awards , the Broadway production won six awards , including Best Play . Contents 1 Background 2 Plot 2.1 # KeepTheSecrets 2.2 Act 1 2.3 Act 2 2.4 Act 3 2.5 Act 4 3 Productions 3.1 West End 3.2 Broadway 3.3 Melbourne 4 Cast and principal roles 4.1 Notable West End replacements 4.2 Notable Broadway replacements 5 Script publication 5.1 Editions 5.2 Sales 6 Critical reception 6.1 Response within the Harry Potter fandom 6.2 Identity of the `` Cursed Child '' 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original London Production 7.2 Original Broadway production 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) In December 2013 , it was revealed that a stage play based on Harry Potter had been in development for around a year , with the view to bringing it to the stage sometime in 2016 . At the time of the announcement , Rowling revealed that the play would `` explore the previously untold story of Harry 's early years as an orphan and outcast '' . The following May , Rowling began establishing the creative team for the project . On 26 June 2015 , the project was officially confirmed under the title of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , and it was revealed it would receive its world premiere in mid-2016 at London 's Palace Theatre . The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , published on 26 June 1997 . On announcing plans for the project , Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel . In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel , Rowling has stated that she `` is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story '' . Rowling has also assured audiences that the play will contain an entirely new story and will not be a rehashing of previously explored content . On 24 September 2015 , Rowling announced that the play had been split into two parts . The parts are designed to be viewed on the same day or consecutively over two evenings . On 23 October 2015 , it was confirmed the plays were set nineteen years after the conclusion of the final novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , and would open at London 's Palace Theatre in July 2016 . The plays principally follow Harry , now Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , and his younger son Albus Severus Potter . As of 22 July 2016 , little more had been revealed about the plot even by those who had attended the previews since 7 June . Plot ( edit ) # KeepTheSecrets ( edit ) The producers and Rowling have maintained a campaign called # KeepTheSecrets to ask people who have seen the play not to reveal its major twists . The slogan is printed on the tickets for the play and badges with the slogan are handed out for free during intervals . People buying their tickets online are emailed a video after the play from J.K. Rowling asking them to support the campaign . Act 1 ( edit ) In the opening scene , set during the epilogue of Deathly Hallows in the year 2017 , Harry Potter and Ginny Potter send their second son , Albus Severus Potter , on the Hogwarts Express to begin his first year at Hogwarts . Harry is now working in a desk job as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic , while Ginny is the editor of the sports section of The Daily Prophet . Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also send their daughter Rose Granger - Weasley on the train . Hermione is now Minister of Magic , while Ron manages Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes in Diagon Alley . Albus makes an unlikely friendship in Scorpius Malfoy , the son of Harry 's former nemesis Draco Malfoy and Astoria Malfoy ( née Greengrass ) . The school is stunned when , in a break with the tradition of Potters being sorted into Gryffindor , Albus is sorted into Slytherin alongside Scorpius . Both boys are bullied by other students over the next few years , Albus due to his perceived failure to live up to his parents , Scorpius due to unproven rumours that he is the son of Lord Voldemort . In addition , Albus and Harry begin to drift apart , owing to Albus 's struggles with his father 's shadow and Harry 's uncertainty on how to deal with his son 's issues . Albus also drifts apart from Rose , with whom he was friends before meeting Scorpius and was sorted into Gryffindor . Prior to Albus and Scorpius 's fourth year , Albus gets into a fight with his father after he is given Harry 's baby blanket and a love potion from Ron . During the fight , Harry accidentally says that he sometimes wishes Albus was not his son , and Albus spills the potion on the blanket . Harry obtains a prototype of a more powerful version of the Time - Turner , built by a Slytherin contemporary of Harry 's , Theodore Nott , that allows one to travel back several years into the past and change history . Simultaneously , Harry 's scar begins to hurt again , causing him to become concerned that Voldemort may somehow be returning . Amos Diggory , who has become old and is cared for by his niece , Delphi Diggory , asks Harry to use the Time - Turner to prevent the death of his son , Cedric Diggory . After overhearing Harry refuse to help the Diggorys , Albus is inspired to do so himself and convinces Scorpius to help him . The two escape from the Hogwarts Express and the trolley operator , who is revealed to be a monster placed on the train to prevent students from escaping . The two arrive at St. Oswald 's Home for Old Witches and Wizards in Yorkshire , where Amos lives , and team up with Delphi to steal the Time - Turner from Hermione 's office , in the Ministry of Magic , while disguised with Polyjuice Potion . Act 2 ( edit ) Knowing that Cedric 's death was the result of him winning the Triwizard Tournament alongside Harry , the boys use the Time - Turner to travel back to the first challenge of the Triwizard Tournament in 1994 and sabotage Cedric during the tournament 's first task in the hope of preventing his victory . Instead , they only succeed in creating an alternate reality in which Ron and Hermione never married , and thus Rose was never born , and Albus was sorted into Gryffindor . Albus discovers that this was because they chose to disguise themselves as Durmstrang students , causing Hermione to become suspicious of Viktor Krum and go to the Yule Ball with Ron instead of Viktor . As a result , Ron never experienced the jealousy fundamental to his relationship with Hermione , fell in love with Padma Patil at the Ball , and eventually became married to her , having a son named Panju . Hermione , in turn , became a frustrated and mean professor at Hogwarts , teaching Defense Against the Dark Arts . At around the same time , Harry 's fear increases that Voldemort may return as his scar continues to hurt and as he has Voldemort - related nightmares . After speaking with a portrait of Dumbledore , and being told by centaur Bane that a `` dark cloud '' is around Albus , he becomes convinced that Scorpius is a threat to Albus and tries to have the boys kept apart at Hogwarts by forcing a reluctant Minerva McGonagall , now Headmistress of Hogwarts , to keep tabs on Albus using the Marauder 's Map , threatening to shut down the school otherwise . Albus and Scorpius 's friendship is destroyed , but the two eventually reconcile after Albus steals Harry 's old Invisibility Cloak from James Sirius ( Albus ' older brother ) , and after McGonagall refuses to enforce Harry 's request . Harry himself is persuaded to relent after a conversation with Draco and Ginny . Meanwhile , Albus and Scorpius decide to make another attempt to use the Time - Turner to change Cedric 's fate , this time by humiliating him during the Triwizard Tournament 's second task . When Scorpius returns to the present day , however , Albus is not with him , and Scorpius finds himself in a reality in which Harry is dead , and Lord Voldemort rules the wizarding world . Act 3 ( edit ) Scorpius discovers that -- as a result of his actions -- an embittered Cedric joined the Death Eaters and killed Neville Longbottom during the events of Deathly Hallows , preventing him from killing Nagini and allowing Voldemort to win the Battle of Hogwarts . With Harry now dead , Albus subsequently never existed , while Voldemort was able to completely consolidate power and transform the Ministry of Magic into a dictatorial regime . In the new timeline , Scorpius became a popular Head Boy and Quidditch star , helping the staff and students torment Muggle - borns . Dolores Umbridge became the new Headmistress of Hogwarts , and patrols the school with Dementors and a revived Inquisitorial Squad led by Scorpius . Draco Malfoy occupies Harry 's old position as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement , using his post to encourage routine attacks on Muggles and bribe the Prime Minister to remain silent on the actions of the Death Eaters . A powerful dark figure called `` The Augurey '' leads the Ministry of Magic . With help from Ron , Hermione , and Severus Snape , now the final members of a dwindling anti-Voldemort resistance movement , Scorpius is able to use the Time - Turner to prevent the interference of Albus and his past self and restore the events of the original timeline , the alternate Ron , Hermione , and Snape sacrificing themselves to the Dementors in order to allow him to do so . Scorpius reunites with Albus , and the two boys are eventually found by their parents , as well as Ron and Hermione . Following these events , Harry scolds Albus for his actions , but the two nevertheless begin to reconcile . Realising the danger the Time - Turner poses and deciding their parents will continue to keep it ( as Hermione had done in the Ministry of Magic ) , Scorpius and Albus attempt to destroy it themselves , but they are joined by Delphi Diggory . Scorpius realizes that Delphi was in charge of the Ministry of Magic in the alternate timeline ( from her tattoo of the wings of a magical bird , which she says is called an Augurey ) , and she takes them captive , later revealing her intention of restoring the alternate timeline . After the adults learn Albus and Scorpius were seen disappearing with Delphi , they confront Amos , only to discover Delphi is not his niece , but the daughter of Lord Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange . Delphi had placed Amos under a `` confundus '' charm . Searching her room , they discover she is following a prophecy that , if fulfilled , would lead to Lord Voldemort 's return . Delphi takes the boys to the final challenge of the Triwizard Tournament , but Albus and Scorpius prevent her from acting , and Delphi uses the Time - Turner again to travel further back in time . She inadvertently takes the boys with her and then destroys the Time - Turner to leave them all stranded in time . Act 4 ( edit ) Abandoned by Delphi , Albus and Scorpius discover they have been taken back to the night before Harry 's parents were killed at Godric 's Hollow ( 30 October 1981 ) , and assume Delphi is planning to kill Harry before Voldemort attempts to do so ( which severely weakens Voldemort ) . Albus and Scorpius write an invisible message on Harry 's baby blanket , knowing in the present ( which is now also the night of the anniversary of the death of Harry 's parents , when he often looks for his blanket as it is the only physical memento he has ) , the blanket would become stained with love potion and expose the message to Harry . Meanwhile , Draco reveals the Time - Turner was actually a prototype for a perfected model owned by him ( it was made for his father ) , but they remain unable to rescue the boys due to their uncertainty over which time period they have entered . After Harry receives the message from the boys , he and his allies use Draco 's Time - Turner to travel back in time to save them and stop Delphi . While waiting for Delphi , they deduce she intends to convince Voldemort to abandon his doomed attempt to kill Harry , ensuring her father 's survival and allowing her to be with him . Harry disguises himself as Voldemort using Transfiguration to distract Delphi , and after a struggle , the group manages to subdue her . Rather than killing Delphi , it is decided that she will be brought to Azkaban Prison . Lord Voldemort then appears and is oblivious to the presence of Harry and the group . The group allows the murder of Harry 's parents to play out again , unwilling to risk the consequences of altering the past . They all stand with Harry to watch the sad event replay . After returning to the present day , Delphi is sent to Azkaban . Albus and Scorpius now decide to be more active at Hogwarts , with Scorpius expressing interest in trying out for Quidditch and asking Rose on a date . Harry and Albus visit Cedric 's grave , with Harry apologizing for his role in Cedric 's death . Albus has also witnessed the death of a fellow student , Craig Bowker Jr. ( the only current timeline murder in the play ) , who tried to intervene when Delphi held Albus and Scorpius captive on the Quidditch pitch . Productions ( edit ) Production Venue / Location Opening Night Closing Night Notes London , England Palace Theatre July 30 , 2016 Currently running Debut production . Broadway Lyric Theatre April 16 , 2018 Currently running First production outside of the UK . Melbourne Princess Theatre January 16 , 2019 TBC Australian Premier production San Francisco Curran Theatre Fall 2019 TBC West Coast Premier Hamburg Mehr ! Theater Spring 2020 TBC First non-English language production . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a two - part play , was written by British playwright Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne , John Tiffany and Rowling . Some websites were listing all three as authors of the script but by 26 July 2016 , the official web site for the play and many others ( including the BBC ) were listing Thorne as the sole script writer . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is directed by John Tiffany with choreography by Steven Hoggett , set design by Christine Jones , costume design by Katrina Lindsay , lighting design by Neil Austin , music by Imogen Heap , and sound design by Gareth Fry . In addition , special effects were created by Jeremy Chernick , with illusions by Jamie Harrison , and musical supervision by Martin Lowe . West End ( edit ) Previews at the West End Palace Theatre , London began on 7 June 2016 , with the official opening night for both parts on 30 July , and originally booking until 18 September 2016 . Tickets went on sale to pre-registered priority bookers on 28 October 2015 , with a public sale scheduled to commence on 30 October . In just under 8 hours of priority booking 175,000 tickets were sold for the world premiere production , with the play 's booking period extended to January 2017 . On commencement of the public sale booking was extended until 30 April 2017 , with a further extension issued the same day to 27 May 2017 . Tickets for the opening performance were priced from £ 30 up to £ 130 for a ticket for both parts , although ticket resale agencies were selling seats for up to £ 3,000 . Ticket resale has been banned by the producers , with tickets no longer valid if sold on . In mid-July 2016 , the theatre began holding a ticket lottery at 1 pm each Friday , releasing 40 for sale on their website for `` some of the best seats '' in the theatre for the lowest price , advertised at £ 20 per part . For example , the `` Friday Forty '' tickets sold on 29 July 2016 were for performances on 3 , 5 , 6 , and 7 August . On 20 December 2015 , initial casting was announced with Jamie Parker playing Harry Potter , Noma Dumezweni playing Hermione Granger and Paul Thornley playing Ron Weasley . The casting of the dark - skinned Noma Dumezweni as Hermione sparked fervent discussion , to which Rowling responded that Hermione 's skin was never specified as white . Further notable casting includes Poppy Miller as Ginny Potter , Alex Price as Draco Malfoy , Sam Clemmett as Albus Severus Potter and Anthony Boyle as Scorpius Malfoy . The production features an overall cast of 42 . Broadway ( edit ) The production began previews on 16 March 2018 , officially opening on 22 April at the Lyric Theatre . Clemmett , Boyle , Dumezweni , Miller , Parker , Price and Thornley reprised their roles , from the West End . The theatre removed 400 seats from the auditorium and moved the entrance to 43rd Street . The production is produced by Sonia Friedman Productions , Sir Colin Callender , and Harry Potter Theatrical Productions . Tickets initially went on sale through Ticketmaster Verified Fan on 18 October 2017 , for performances from 16 March through 18 November 2018 . The New York Times estimates that it is the most expensive non-musical Broadway play ever , incurring $68 million in opening costs . Melbourne ( edit ) On 24 October 2017 , the Michael Cassel Group announced that it will be producing the Australian premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child . The show will open on 16 January 2019 in Melbourne 's Princess Theatre , where it will reportedly have an exclusive two - year residency . Presale tickets were released on 2 August 2018 , selling more than 200,000 tickets in just four days , before the public sale tickets were released . The 35 original Australian adult cast was revealed on 2 September and includes Gareth Reeves as Harry Potter , Paula Arundell as Hermione Granger , Gyton Grantley as Ron Weasley , Lucy Goleby as Ginny Potter , Sean Rees - Wemyss as Albus Potter , Tom Wren as Draco Malfoy and William McKenna as Scorpius Malfoy . The roles of the remaining supporting cast will remain unannounced until the show opens to `` honour its ' keep the secret ' message ( and ) to ensure the storyline does n't slip out '' . The production will also feature seven child performers . Four boys will alternate the roles of Young Harry and three girls will portray Luna Potter . Cast and principal roles ( edit ) Character Original West End Cast ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Original Broadway Cast ( 2018 ) Original Melbourne Cast Harry Potter Jamie Parker Gareth Reeves Ron Weasley Paul Thornley Gyton Grantley Hermione Granger Noma Dumezweni Paula Arundell Ginny Potter Poppy Miller Lucy Goleby Draco Malfoy Alex Price Tom Wren Albus Severus Potter Sam Clemmett Sean Rees - Wemyss Scorpius Malfoy Anthony Boyle William McKenna Rose Granger - Weasley Cherrelle Skeete Susan Heyward Manali Datar Young Hermione Delphi Diggory Esther Smith Jessie Fisher Craig Bowker Jr . Jeremy Ang Jones Joshua DeJesus Moaning Myrtle Annabel Baldwin Lauren Nicole Cipoletti Lily Potter Sr . Polly Chapman Claudia Grant Madeline Weinstein Vernon Dursley Paul Bentall Byron Jennings Severus Snape Lord Voldemort Rubeus Hagrid Chris Jarman Brian Abraham Sorting Hat Yann Fredericks James Le Lacheur Jess Barbagallo Petunia Dursley Helena Lymbery Kathryn Meisle Madam Hooch Dolores Umbridge Amos Diggory Barry McCarthy Edward James Hyland Albus Dumbledore Trolley Witch Sandy McDade Geraldine Hughes Minerva McGonagall Cedric Diggory Tom Milligan Benjamin Wheelwright James Sirius Potter James Potter Sr . Dudley Dursley Jack North Joey LaBrasca Karl Jenkins Viktor Krum Bane Nuno Silva David St. Louis Young Harry Potter Rudi Goodman Alfred Jones Bili Keogh Ewan Rutherford Nathaniel Smith Dylan Standen Will Coombs Landon Maas Lily Luna Potter Zoe Brough Cristina Fray Christiana Hutchings Olivia Bond Brooklyn Shuck Notable West End replacements ( edit ) Harry Potter : Jamie Glover , Jamie Ballard Ron Weasley : Thomas Aldridge Hermione Granger : Rakie Ayola , Nicola Alexis , Franc Ashman Ginny Potter : Emma Lowndes , Susie Trayling Draco Malfoy : James Howard Albus Potter : Theo Ancient , Joe Idris - Roberts Scorpius Malfoy : Samuel Blenkin , Jonathan Case Young Harry : Jabez Cheeseman , Alfie Jones , Harrison Noble , Ben Roberts , Henry Cullinan - Hollihead , James Given , Ellis Joseph , Jack Burns , Tommy Bard Lily Potter : Phoebe Austen , Esme Grace , Hope Sizer , Ava Palmer , Ella Bright , Charlotte Pourret Wythe , Claudia Sutton , Lizzie Wells , Isabella Manca , Darcy - Summer Hannan , Ruby Bullock Notable Broadway replacements ( edit ) Young Harry : Jack Hatcher Script publication ( edit ) Editions ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Special Rehearsal Edition cover Author Jack Thorne ( script ) J.K. Rowling , John Tiffany & Jack Thorne ( story ) Country United Kingdom Language English Series Harry Potter Genre Fantasy , Drama Published 31 July 2016 ( Special Rehearsal Edition ) 25 July 2017 ( Definitive Collector 's Edition ) Publisher Little , Brown and Company ( international ) Scholastic ( US / Canada ) Pottermore ( digital ) Publication date 31 July 2016 Pages 328 ( Special Rehearsal Edition ) 321 ( Definitive Collector 's Edition ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 338 - 09913 - 3 ( US ) ; 978 - 0 - 7515 - 6535 - 5 ( UK ) Both parts of the stage play 's script have been released in print and digital formats as Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II . The first edition , entitled `` Special Rehearsal Edition '' , corresponded to the script used in the preview shows and was scheduled to be published on 31 July 2016 , the date of Harry 's birthday in the series and Rowling 's birthday , as well . Since revisions to the script continued after the book was printed , an edited version was released on 25 July 2017 , as the `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' . According to CNN , this was the most preordered book of 2016 . Sales ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , the book sold over 2 million copies in its first two days of release . 847,885 copies were sold during the book 's first week of release in the United Kingdom . By June 2017 , the book had sold over 4.5 million copies in the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child has received critical acclaim . Some audiences and critics have complimented the casting and performances , while many debate the quality of the piece and how it compares to entries in the main Harry Potter series . Publications awarding five star ratings included The Independent , the London Evening Standard , The Stage and WhatsOnStage.com . The Telegraph also gave five , although `` there are some quibbles , '' while The Guardian 's Michael Billington awarded four stars . Anthony Boyle 's performance as Scorpius Malfoy garnered particular acclaim . WhatsOnStage.com wrote that `` Boyle gives a career - making performance , '' while The Wall Street Journal described him as `` the break - out performance '' . Variety 's critic , Matt Trueman , agreed , writing , `` it 's Boyle who really stands out '' , and both Trueman and Henry Hitchings , in the Evening Standard , noted that his performance was sure to be a fan favourite . Response within the Harry Potter fandom ( edit ) The response to the play from the Harry Potter fandom was mixed . Some fans said the story seemed `` like a work of fan fiction '' and claimed that it diverged from previously established rules of the universe , criticising the script 's characterisation . Some also took issue with the style and plot of the script , complaining that the Time - Turner storylines had already been used , as had Cedric Diggory 's death , and that the writers were rehashing old storylines . These criticisms have led to some of the fandom rejecting the play as separate from the Potter canon . Some potential `` plot holes '' in the story have been highlighted , such as the likelihood of Lord Voldemort 's infertility , the speed at which the Polyjuice Potion is created , the unexplained non-operation of the Fidelius Charm , and Cedric Diggory 's dramatic turn to becoming a Death Eater . However , some fans responded positively to the play and its characters , with Scorpius Malfoy being particularly popular . Some fans commented that the dialogue between the familiar characters was `` spot on '' , celebrating it as a faithful continuation of the books . Others have noted that the play sheds light on some of the relationships between the characters , such as Harry and Dumbledore 's . The response had been particularly positive among fans who watched the play on stage . Identity of the `` Cursed Child '' ( edit ) The play never explicitly states who the `` Cursed Child '' is . There are several possible answers , including Delphi , who is cursed by her parentage ; Harry himself , whose difficult childhood is the subject of several flashbacks in the play and who must accept and relive the death of his parents to conquer Lord Voldemort ; Albus , who at one stage Harry says he wished `` was not his son '' and can do no right in this father 's eyes being `` cursed '' by the Potter reputation ; Scorpius , who is rumoured to be Lord Voldemort 's child and whose mother dies during the play ; and Cedric Diggory , whose tragic death is a focus of the play , and whose death is also finally accepted as a necessary condition for future peace . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London Production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2016 Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Play Won Best Director John Tiffany Nominated Best Design Christine Jones Nominated Emerging Talent Award Anthony Boyle Nominated Critics ' Circle Theatre Awards Best Director John Tiffany Won Best Designer Christine Jones Won Most Promising Newcomer Anthony Boyle Won 2017 WhatsOnStage Awards Best New Play Won Best Actor in a Play Jamie Parker Won Best Supporting Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Won Paul Thornley Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Play Poppy Miller Nominated Noma Dumezweni Won Best Direction John Tiffany Won Best Costume Design Katrina Lindsay Nominated Best Set Design Christine Jones Won Best Lighting Design Neil Austin Won Best Video Design Finn Ross and Ash Woodward Won Laurence Olivier Awards Best New Play Won Best Director John Tiffany Won Best Actor Jamie Parker Won Best Actress in a Supporting Role Noma Dumezweni Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role Anthony Boyle Won Best Costume Design Katrina Lindsay Won Best Set Design Christine Jones Won Best Sound Design Gareth Fry Won Best Lighting Design Neil Austin Won Best Theatre Choreographer Steven Hoggett Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Music Imogen Heap Nominated 2018 WhatsOnStage Awards Best West End Show Won Best Show Poster Won Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Tony Awards Best Play Won Best Actor in a Play Jamie Parker Nominated Best Featured Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Nominated Best Featured Actress in a Play Noma Dumezweni Nominated Best Direction of a Play John Tiffany Won Best Choreography Steven Hoggett Nominated Best Scenic Design in a Play Christine Jones Won Best Costume Design in a Play Katrina Lindsay Won Best Lighting Design in a Play Neil Austin Won Best Sound Design in a Play Gareth Fry Won Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Nominated Outstanding Director of a Play John Tiffany Won Outstanding Music in a Play Imogen Heap Won Outstanding Costume Design for a Play Katrina Lindsay Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play Neil Austin Won Outstanding Projection Design Finn Ross and Ash Woodward Won Outstanding Sound Design in a Play Gareth Fry Won Outstanding Wig and Hair Carole Hancock Nominated Outer Critics Circle Awards Outstanding New Broadway Play Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Nominated Outstanding New Score ( Broadway or Off - Broadway ) Imogen Heap Nominated Outstanding Director of a Play John Tiffany Won Outstanding Choreographer Steven Hoggett Nominated Outstanding Scenic Design ( Play or Musical ) Christine Jones Won Outstanding Costume Design ( Play or Musical ) Katrina Lindsay Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design ( Play or Musical ) Neil Austin Won Outstanding Projection Design ( Play or Musical ) Finn Ross and Ash Woodward Won Outstanding Sound Design ( Play or Musical ) Gareth Fry Won Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Play Won Distinguished Performance Award Anthony Boyle Nominated Noma Dumezweni Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Harry Potter The Play . harrypottertheplaylondon.com. 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lyall , Sarah ( 7 June 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Begins Previews in London , as Magic Continues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling 's `` Harry Potter '' in Development for West End Stage Premiere `` . Playbill. 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter turned into stage play '' . The Guardian . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Matilda ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling confirms new Harry Potter story for the theatre '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling to collaborate on Harry Potter play for West End '' . The Guardian . 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a new play by JK Rowling , will hit the West End in 2016 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter theatre show '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh Evening News . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to open in 2016 '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . bloomsbury.com . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's The One Thing J.K. Rowling Wants Everyone To Know About The New Harry Potter Play '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to debut in London in 2016 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' : Everything you need to know '' . mashable.com. 27 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter play will be two - part epic '' . The Independent . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First peek at Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play '' . bbc.co.uk/newsbeat . BBC Newsbeat. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to be split in two '' . The Guardian . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In New Play , Harry Potter Is a Father '' . The New York Times . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ere 's How You Can See ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Without Robbing Gringotts '' . MTV . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grown - up Harry must juggle working at the Ministry of Magic with being a father to three children , including his youngest Albus '' . Sky ( United Kingdom ) . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child -- ' It 's extraordinary the story still is n't out ' '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Harry Potter fans ' keeping the secrets ' of the Cursed Child '' . BBC News . 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXPLORE THE STORY -- Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Pottermore . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . harrypottertheplaylondon.com . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child gets five star reviews '' . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . The play , written by Jack Thorne , is set 19 years after the seventh and final book in the series by JK Rowling . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . Harry Potter The Play . Palace Theatre . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Coming Back , This Time on Stage in New Play '' . The New York Times . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Sets London Premiere '' . Playbill. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Play Planned for 2016 '' . Rolling Stone . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Harry Potter Play to Open in London Next Year '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' To Open in London 's West End Summer 2016 '' . deadline.com. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter stage play '' . The Scotsman. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to open in London in 2016 , JK Rowling confirms '' . Digital Spy. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter stage play to premiere in the West End next summer '' . The Stage. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER AND THE CURSED CHILD TO BE PRESENTED IN TWO PARTS '' . soniafriedman.com. 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get tickets to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ticket sale : Over 175,000 tickets sell in just eight hours '' . The Independent . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : West End play focuses on Harry 's youngest son '' . The Guardian . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child run extended to April 2017 as touted tickets go on sale for £ 3,000 '' . The Daily Telegraph . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More than 175,000 tickets for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child on London 's West End were snapped up in eight hours '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Extended booking dates confirmed for Harry Potter and The Cursed Child general sale '' . Digital Spy. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child extends booking YET AGAIN -- this time to May 2017 '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get tickets to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter stage show producers warn scalpers that resold tix will not fly '' . Playbill. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Friday Forty '' . Palace Theatre . Palace Theatre . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child announces lead cast '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling shuts down anyone with a problem about Hermione being black on Twitter : ' Frizzy hair is canon ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Responding to ( a small pocket of ) negative discussion of the casting , she tweeted : `` Canon : brown eyes , frizzy hair , and very clever . White skin was never specified . Rowling loves black Hermione . '' UPDATE : Hold up , maybe the logic is n't quite so airtight . Jump up ^ `` In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a black actress will play Hermione '' . The New York Times . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Kate . `` There 's nothing confusing about a black actress playing Hermione Granger -- Spectator Blogs '' . Spectator Blogs . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . JK Rowling tweeted this morning that she 'd never specified Hermione 's skin colour in the books Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling ( @ jk_rowling ) ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` Canon : Brown eyes , frizzy hair , and very clever . White skin was never specified . Rowling loves black Hermione '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child cast photos released '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 42 Member multicultural cast revealed for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Playbill. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full casting announced for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( 4 May 2017 ) . `` ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' Sets April 22 , 2018 Broadway Opening '' . Deadline . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Officially Opens on Broadway April 22 '' Playbill , 22 April 2018 Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to Bow on Broadway in 2018 '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Play Broadway '' . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Another Harry Potter Landmark : At $68 Million , the Most Expensive Broadway Nonmusical Play Ever '' . New York Times . 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Melbourne '' . HarryPotterThePlay.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Nathanael ( 28 October 2017 ) . `` The secret is out : How Harry Potter and the Cursed Child came to Melbourne '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts One and Two '' . HarryPotterThePlay.com . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Nathanael ( 1 September 2018 ) . `` Next generation of wizards : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child cast revealed '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announced For Australian Premiere Production - Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Melbourne '' . 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announcement Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London '' . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Original Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Trio to Reunite on Broadway ; Additional Casting Announced Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announced For Australian Premiere Production '' . 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rehearsals Begin -- First Look at Full Cast '' . 17 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to be eighth book '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to pre-order the Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II script book '' . Pottermore . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Will Be Published in Book Form '' . Time . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter book coming out in July : the play script '' . The Guardian . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exciting publishing programme from J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World '' . pottermore.com. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter script the most preordered book of 2016 '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ 8 / 3 / 2016 , `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Script Book Sells Over 2 Million Copies in 2 Days '' < http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/harry-potter-cursed-child-script-916817 > . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Cuccinello , Hayley C. `` How J.K. Rowling Earned $95 Million In A Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review : Tailor made for the theatre '' . 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : A magical experience '' . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review at Palace Theatre '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( Palace Theatre ) '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a magical show with a strong emotional core -- review '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review -- duel of dark and light carried off with dazzling assurance '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Kate ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , Parts One and Two ' Review : The Spell of Friendship '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` West End Review : ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( 3 August 2016 ) . `` ' Horrible fan fiction ' : Fans HATE Harry Potter and the Cursed Child book and here 's why '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Cursed Child failed to impress fans on pages '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Reading The `` Harry Potter '' Series 20 Times , Here 's Why I 'll Never Touch `` Cursed Child '' Again `` . 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic Is Gone but Harry Potter Will Never Die '' . Time . Jump up ^ Lanevi , Samantha ( 4 August 2016 ) . `` Why ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' Disappointed A Lifelong Harry Potter Fan '' . Jump up ^ `` Some ' Harry Potter ' fans are so disappointed with the new story that they 're refusing to call it canon '' . Business insider . 31 July 2016 . As a longtime `` Harry Potter '' enthusiast myself , I regretfully agree with the vocal minority who did not enjoy `` Cursed Child '' and would rather it was n't part of Harry Potter 's story . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter & The Cursed Child : 18 Biggest WTF Moments '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Most WTF Moments in ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter & The Cursed Child : 18 Biggest WTF Moments '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Major Plot Holes In ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' '' . 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Allison ( 2 August 2016 ) . `` Why a Harry Potter and the Cursed Child film may or may not work '' . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ Haysom , Sam . `` 15 thoughts I had while reading ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Boy Who Lived '' . Harry Potter Oriented Things . Jump up ^ `` How Harry Potter & The Cursed Child Continues Harry 's Story '' . Screen Rant. 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what fans are saying about the new ' Harry Potter ' play that just premiered in London '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Questions We Have After Reading Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Time Magazine . 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Tony Award Nominations : SpongeBob SquarePants and Mean Girls Lead the Pack '' . Playbill. 2018 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATING LIVE : The Winners of the 2018 Tony Awards '' . Playbill. 2018 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Carousel , ' ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Lead 2018 Drama Desk Nominations ( Full List ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Outer Critics Circle Nominations Announced '' . TheaterMania.com. 2018 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Broadway 's ' Harry Potter ' , ' Mean Girls ' , ' Angels In America ' Among Drama League Award Nominees -- Complete List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Official website Harry Potter and the Cursed Child on Twitter Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( 2018 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 -- present ) See also Wizarding World Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling Wizarding World Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them soundtrack Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Category Portal Awards for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play 1976 - 2000 Dear Daddy ( 1976 ) The Fire that Consumes ( 1977 ) Whose Life Is It Anyway ? ( 1978 ) Betrayal ( 1979 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1980 ) Children of a Lesser God ( 1981 ) Another Country ( 1982 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1983 ) Benefactors ( 1984 ) Red Noses ( 1985 ) Les Liaisons Dangereuses ( 1986 ) Serious Money ( 1987 ) Our Country 's Good ( 1988 ) Racing Demon ( 1989 / 1990 ) Dancing at Lughnasa ( 1991 ) Death and the Maiden ( 1992 ) Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 ) Arcadia ( 1994 ) Broken Glass ( 1995 ) Skylight ( 1996 ) Stanley ( 1997 ) Closer ( 1998 ) The Weir ( 1999 ) Goodnight Children Everywhere ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Blue / Orange ( 2001 ) Jitney ( 2002 ) Vincent in Brixton ( 2003 ) The Pillowman ( 2004 ) The History Boys ( 2005 ) On the Shore of the Wide World ( 2006 ) Blackbird ( 2007 ) A Disappearing Number ( 2008 ) Black Watch ( 2009 ) The Mountaintop ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Collaborators ( 2012 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( 2013 ) Chimerica ( 2014 ) King Charles III ( 2015 ) Hangmen ( 2016 ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( 2017 ) The Ferryman ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Play 1948 - 1975 Mister Roberts ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) The Cocktail Party ( 1950 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1951 ) The Fourposter ( 1952 ) The Crucible ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Sunrise at Campobello ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) The Miracle Worker ( 1960 ) Becket ( 1961 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1962 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1963 ) Luther ( 1964 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) Marat / Sade ( 1966 ) The Homecoming ( 1967 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1968 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) Borstal Boy ( 1970 ) Sleuth ( 1971 ) Sticks and Bones ( 1972 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) The River Niger ( 1974 ) Equus ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 Travesties ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) Da ( 1978 ) The Elephant Man ( 1979 ) Children of a Lesser God ( 1980 ) Amadeus ( 1981 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1982 ) Torch Song Trilogy ( 1983 ) The Real Thing ( 1984 ) Biloxi Blues ( 1985 ) I 'm Not Rappaport ( 1986 ) Fences ( 1987 ) M. Butterfly ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) Dancing at Lughnasa ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Angels in America : Perestroika ( 1994 ) Love ! Valour ! Compassion ! ( 1995 ) Master Class ( 1996 ) The Last Night of Ballyhoo ( 1997 ) ' Art ' ( 1998 ) Side Man ( 1999 ) Copenhagen ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Proof ( 2001 ) The Goat , or Who Is Sylvia ? ( 2002 ) Take Me Out ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) The History Boys ( 2006 ) The Coast of Utopia ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) God of Carnage ( 2009 ) Red ( 2010 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Clybourne Park ( 2012 ) Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike ( 2013 ) All the Way ( 2014 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( 2015 ) The Humans ( 2016 ) Oslo ( 2017 ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child&oldid=866115680 '' Categories : 2016 plays British plays Fantasy theatre Laurence Olivier Award - winning plays Plays set in the 20th century Plays set in the 21st century Plays set in England Plays set in Scotland Time travel literature West End plays Works based on Harry Potter Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Use British English from April 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 10 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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6818801333393921393	Nigeria	Nigeria - wikipedia Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For other uses , see Nigeria ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the neighbouring country Niger . Federal Republic of Nigeria Jamhuriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya ( Hausa ) Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà ( Igbo ) Orílẹ̀ - èdè Olómìniira Aláàpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà ( Yoruba ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Unity and Faith , Peace and Progress '' Anthem : Arise , O Compatriots Location of Nigeria shown in dark green Capital Abuja 9 ° 4 ′ N 7 ° 29 ′ E / 9.067 ° N 7.483 ° E / 9.067 ; 7.483 Largest city Lagos 6 ° 27 ′ N 3 ° 23 ′ E / 6.450 ° N 3.383 ° E / 6.450 ; 3.383 Official languages English Major languages Hausa Igbo Yoruba Other languages Birom Edo Efik Fulfulde Gbagyi Hyam Ibibio Idoma Igala Igbira Ijaw Ikwerre Itsekiri Jju Jukun Kanuri Atyap Margi Nupe Tiv Urhobo - Isoko Religion See Religion in Nigeria Demonym Nigerian Government Federal presidential republic President Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Senate President Bukola Saraki House Speaker Yakubu Dogara Chief Justice W.S. Nkanu Onnoghen Legislature National Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from the United Kingdom Unification of Southern and Northern Nigeria 1914 Declared and recognised 1 October 1960 Republic declared 1 October 1963 Current constitution 29 May 1999 Area Total 923,768 km ( 356,669 sq mi ) ( 32nd ) Water ( % ) 1.4 Population 2016 estimate 185,989,640 ( 7th ) 2006 census 140,431,790 Density 197.2 / km ( 510.7 / sq mi ) ( 71st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $1.166 trillion ( 20th ) Per capita $6,351 ( 124th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $484.895 billion ( 21st ) Per capita $2,640 ( 122nd ) Gini ( 2010 ) 43.0 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.514 low 152nd Currency Naira ( ₦ ) ( NGN ) Time zone WAT ( UTC + 1 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 234 ISO 3166 code NG Internet TLD . ng The Federal Republic of Nigeria / naɪˈdʒɪəriə / ( listen ) , commonly referred to as Nigeria , is a federal republic in West Africa , bordering Benin in the west , Chad and Cameroon in the east , and Niger in the north . Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja is located . Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country . Modern - day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 . The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms . Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It then alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential elections considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the `` Giant of Africa '' , owing to its large population and economy . With approximately 186 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world . The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups , of which the three largest are the Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba ; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages and are identified with wide variety of cultures . The official language is English . Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians , who live mostly in the southern part of the country , and Muslims , who live mostly in the north . A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria , such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities . As of 2015 , Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy , worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively . It overtook South Africa to become Africa 's largest economy in 2014 . The 2013 debt - to - GDP ratio was 11 percent . Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank ; it has been identified as a regional power on the African continent , a middle power in international affairs , and has also been identified as an emerging global power . Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries , which are widely seen as the globe 's next `` BRIC - like '' economies . It is also listed among the `` Next Eleven '' economies set to become among the biggest in the world . Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many other international organizations , including the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations and OPEC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early ( 500 BC -- 1500 ) 2.2 Middle Ages ( 1500 -- 1800 ) 2.3 British Nigeria ( 1800 -- 1960 ) 2.4 Independent Federation and First Republic ( 1960 -- 1966 ) 2.5 Civil war ( 1967 -- 1970 ) 2.6 Military juntas ( 1970 -- 1999 ) 2.7 Democratisation ( 1999 -- ) 3 Government and politics 3.1 Law 3.2 Foreign relations 3.3 Military 4 Geography 4.1 Environmental issues 4.2 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Oil 5.3 Overseas remittances 5.4 Services 5.5 Mining 5.6 Manufacturing 5.7 Government satellites 6 Society 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.3 Languages 6.4 Religion 6.5 Health 6.6 Education 6.7 Crime 7 Culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Media 7.3 Music and film 7.4 Cuisine 7.5 Sport 8 Societal issues 8.1 Human rights 8.2 Strife and sectarian violence 8.3 Media representation 8.4 Women 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country . This name was coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw , who later married Lord Lugard , a British colonial administrator . The origin of the name Niger , which originally applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River , is uncertain . The word is likely an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n - igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th - century European colonialism . History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ceremonial Igbo pot from 9th - century Igbo - Ukwu . Main articles : History of Nigeria and Timeline of Nigerian history Early ( 500 BC -- 1500 ) Further information : History of Nigeria before 1500 Nok sculpture , terracotta The Nok civilisation of Northern Nigeria flourished between 500 BC and AD 200 , producing life - sized terracotta figures which are some of the earliest known sculptures in Sub-Saharan Africa . Further north , the cities Kano and Katsina have a recorded history dating to around 999 AD . Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem - Bornu Empire prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa . The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911 . Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri , and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture . Nri and Aguleri , where the Igbo creation myth originates , are in the territory of the Umeuri clan . Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king - figure Eri . In West Africa , the oldest bronzes made using the lost - wax process were from Igbo Ukwu , a city under Nri influence . Yoruba copper mask of Obalufon from the city of Ife , c. 1300 The Yoruba kingdoms of Ife and Oyo in southwestern Nigeria became prominent in the 12th and 14th centuries , respectively . The oldest signs of human settlement at Ife 's current site date back to the 9th century , and its material culture includes terracotta and bronze figures . Middle ages ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Royal Benin ivory mask , one of Nigeria 's most recognised artefacts . Benin Empire , 16th century . Further information : History of Nigeria ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Oyo , at its territorial zenith in the late 17th to early 18th centuries , extended its influence from western Nigeria to modern - day Togo . The Edo 's Benin Empire is located in southwestern Nigeria . Benin 's power lasted between the 15th and 19th centuries . Their dominance reached as far as the city of Eko ( an Edo name later changed to Lagos by the Portuguese ) and further . At the beginning of the 19th century , Usman dan Fodio directed a successful jihad and created and led the centralised Fulani Empire ( also known as the Sokoto Caliphate ) . The territory controlled by the resultant state included much of modern - day northern and central Nigeria ; it lasted until the 1903 break - up of the Empire into various European colonies . Benin City in the 17th century with the Oba of Benin in procession . This image appeared in a European book , Description of Africa , published in Amsterdam in 1668 . For centuries , various peoples in modern - day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa . Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western , central and northern Africa . In the 16th century , Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant , direct trade with peoples of modern - day Nigeria , at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar . Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast ; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade . The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra ( now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny ) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade . Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry , Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra . The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars . Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors ' territory as forced labour ; after time , they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors ' society . A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports . Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest , the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north . Slavery also existed in the territories comprising modern - day Nigeria ;. its scope was broadest towards the end of the 19th century . According to the Encyclopedia of African History , `` It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world , about 2 million people , was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate . The use of slave labor was extensive , especially in agriculture . '' A changing legal imperative ( transatlantic slave trade outlawed by Britain in 1807 ) and economic imperative ( a desire for political and social stability ) led most European powers to support widespread cultivation of agricultural products , such as the palm , for use in European industry . British Nigeria ( 1800 -- 1960 ) Main article : Colonial Nigeria `` Up - River Chiefs , Calabar '' , 19th century The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain , the Netherlands , Portugal and private companies , as well as various African states and non-state actors . With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities , Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807 . Following the Napoleonic Wars , Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves . It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves ; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown , a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain . Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851 , deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko , helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye , and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852 . Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession . British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland . In 1864 , Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church . In 1885 , British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference . The following year , it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie . In 1900 the company 's territory came under the control of the British government , which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria . On 1 January 1901 , Nigeria became a British protectorate , and part of the British Empire , the foremost world power at the time . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire 's efforts to expand its territory . By war , the British conquered Benin in 1897 , and , in the Anglo - Aro War ( 1901 -- 1902 ) , defeated other opponents . The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule . Postage stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II , 1953 In 1914 , the British formally united the Niger area as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria . Administratively , Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Protectorates and Lagos Colony . Inhabitants of the southern region sustained more interaction , economic and cultural , with the British and other Europeans owing to the coastal economy . Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates . Under Britain 's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition , the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern , Islamic part of the country . Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education . By independence in 1960 , regional differences in modern educational access were marked . The legacy , though less pronounced , continues to the present - day . Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria 's political life as well . For instance , northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism . Following World War II , in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence , successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self - government on a representative and increasingly federal basis . By the middle of the 20th century , a great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa . Nigeria achieved independence in 1960 . Independent federation and first Republic ( 1960 -- 1966 ) Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960 . Nigeria 's government was a coalition of conservative parties : the Nigerian People 's Congress ( NPC ) , a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith , and the Igbo and Christian - dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons ( NCNC ) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe . Azikiwe became Nigeria 's maiden Governor - General in 1960 . The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group ( AG ) , which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo . The cultural and political differences between Nigeria 's dominant ethnic groups -- the Hausa ( ' Northerners ' ) , Igbo ( ' Easterners ' ) and Yoruba ( ' Westerners ' ) -- were sharp . An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the 1961 plebiscite . Southern Cameroon opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while Northern Cameroons chose to remain in Nigeria . The northern part of the country was now far larger than the southern part . In 1963 , the nation established a Federal Republic , with Azikiwe as its first president . When elections were held in 1965 , the Nigerian National Democratic Party came to power in Nigeria 's Western Region . Civil war ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Main article : Nigerian Civil War The Republic of Biafra in June 1967 , when it declared its independence from the rest of Nigeria The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led , in 1966 , to back - to - back military coups . The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu . The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region . But , the coup plotters struggled to form a central government . President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army , then under the command of another Igbo officer , General JTU Aguiyi - Ironsi . Later , the counter-coup of 1966 , supported primarily by Northern military officers , facilitated the rise of Lt. Colonel Yakubu Gowon to head of state . Tension rose between North and South ; Igbos in Northern cities suffered persecution and many fled to the Eastern Region . In May 1967 , the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra , under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu . The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side ( predominated by soldiers from the North and West ) attacked Biafra ( Southeastern ) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem . The 30 - month war , with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies , ended in January 1970 . Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people , from warfare , disease , and starvation , during the 30 - month civil war . France , Egypt , the Soviet Union , Britain , Israel , and others were deeply involved in the civil war behind the scenes . Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government while France and others aided the Biafrans . Nigeria used Egyptian pilots for their air force . Military juntas ( 1970 -- 1999 ) Main article : Nigerian military juntas of 1966 -- 1979 and 1983 -- 1998 Olusegun Obasanjo was a military president who ruled the country from 1976 to 1979 . During the oil boom of the 1970s , Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge oil revenues it was generating enriched the economy . Despite these revenues , the military government did little to improve the standard of living of the population , help small and medium businesses , or invest in infrastructure . As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subsidies to states , the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country . As oil production and revenue rose , the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and on international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns . It did not develop alternate revenue sources in the economy for economic stability . That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria . Beginning in 1979 , Nigerians participated in a return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari . The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society . In 1983 the inspectors of the state - owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation ( NNPC ) began to notice `` the slow poisoning of the waters of this country . '' The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime 's re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development . Buhari promised major reforms , but his government fared little better than its predecessor . His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985 . The new head of state , Ibrahim Babangida , declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and of the ruling Supreme Military Council . He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance . Babangida 's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity : he instituted the International Monetary Fund 's Structural Adjustment Program ( SAP ) to aid in the repayment of the country 's crushing international debt . At the time most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing that debt . He enrolled Nigeria in the Organization of the Islamic Conference , which aggravated religious tensions in the country . Babangida survived an abortive coup , then postponed a promised return to democracy to 1992 . Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993 , the first since the military coup of 1983 , with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola of the Social Democratic Party , who gained some 58 % of the votes , defeating Bashir Tofa of the National Republican Convention . However , Babangida annulled the elections , leading to massive civilian protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks . Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian government , but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan head of an interim government . Babangida 's regime has been considered the most corrupt , and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria . In late 1993 Shonekan 's caretaker regime was overwhelmed by the military coup of General Sani Abacha , who used military force on a wide scale to suppress the continuing civilian unrest . He shifted money to offshore accounts in western European banks and defeated coup plots by bribing army generals . In 1995 the government hanged environmentalist Ken Saro - Wiwa on trumped - up charges in the deaths of four Ogoni elders . Lawsuits under the American Alien Tort Statute against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson , the head of Shell 's Nigerian operation , settled out of court with Shell continuing to deny liability . Several hundred million dollars in accounts traced to Abacha were discovered in 1999 . The regime came to an end in 1998 , when the dictator died in the villa . His successor , General Abdulsalami Abubakar , adopted a new constitution on 5 May 1999 , which provided for multiparty elections . On 29 May 1999 Abubakar transferred power to the winner of the elections , Obasanjo , who had since retired from the military . Democratisation ( 1999 -- ) Bida Emirate durbar festival , 2001 Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo , the former military head of state , as the new President of Nigeria . This ended almost 33 years of military rule ( from 1966 until 1999 ) , excluding the short - lived second republic ( between 1979 and 1983 ) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966 -- 1979 and 1983 -- 1998 . Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair , Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development . Ethnic violence for control over the oil - producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the issues in the country . Umaru Yar'Adua of the People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) came into power in the general election of 2007 . The international community has been observing Nigerian elections to encourage a free and fair process , and condemned this one as being severely flawed . Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010 . Dr. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010 , becoming Nigeria 's 14th Head of State , while his vice-president , Namadi Sambo , an architect and former Kaduna State governor , was chosen on 18 May 2010 , by the National Assembly . His confirmation followed President Jonathan 's nomination of Sambo to that position . Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria 's president until 16 April 2011 , when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted . Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011 , having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast , to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party , the Congress for Progressive Change ( CPC ) , which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast . The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud , in contrast to previous elections . In the March 2015 election , Muhammadu Buhari defeated Goodluck Jonathan by roughly 2 million votes . Observers generally praised the election as being fair . Jonathan was generally praised for conceding defeat and limiting the risk of unrest . Government and politics Main article : Politics of Nigeria Nigerian National Assembly , Abuja Muhammadu Buhari , President , 29 May 2015 -- current Nigeria is a federal republic modelled after the United States , with executive power exercised by the President . It is influenced by the Westminster System model in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature . The president presides as both head of state and head of the federal government ; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4 - year terms . In the 28 March 2015 presidential election , General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria , defeating then - incumbent Dr Goodluck Jonathan . The president 's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives , which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly . The Senate is a 109 - seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja ; members are elected by popular vote to four - year terms . The House contains 360 seats , with the number of seats per state is determined by population . Ethnocentrism , tribalism , religious persecution , and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960 . Kin - selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics , resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests . Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB , Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress , Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war . Nigeria 's three largest ethnic groups ( Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba ) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics ; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft . Because of the above issues , Nigeria 's political parties are pan-national and secular in character ( though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities ) . The two major political parties are the People 's Democratic Party of Nigeria and the All Progressives Congress . About twenty minor opposition parties are registered . The then president Olusegun Obasanjo , acknowledged fraud and other electoral `` lapses '' but said the result reflected opinion polls . In a national television address in 2007 , he added that if Nigerians did not like the victory of his handpicked successor , they would have an opportunity to vote again in four years . In the Nigerian general election , 2015 , the victorious All Progressives Congress has 225 House seats and 60 in the Senate while the defeated People 's Democratic Party of Nigeria became the opposition with 125 seats in the House and 49 in the Senate . National symbols of Nigeria Flag Bicolour Emblem Coat of arms of Nigeria Anthem `` Arise , O Compatriots '' Animal Eagle Bird Black crowned crane Flower Costus spectabilis Sport Football As in many other African societies , prebendalism and high rates of corruption continue to constitute major challenges to Nigeria . All major parties have practised vote rigging and other means of coercion to remain competitive . In 1983 , the policy institute at Kuru concluded that only the 1959 and 1979 elections to that time were conducted with minimal vote rigging . In 2012 , Nigeria was estimated to have lost over $400 billion to corruption since independence . Law Main article : Law of Nigeria There are three distinct systems of law in Nigeria : Common law , derived from its British colonial past , and a development of its own after independence ; Customary law , derived from indigenous traditional norms and practice , including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yorubaland secret societies and the Ẹ̀kpẹ̀ and Ọ̀kọ́ńkọ̀ of Igboland and Ibibioland ; Sharia law , used only in the predominantly Muslim northern states of the country . It is an Islamic legal system that had been used long before the colonial administration . In late 1999 , Zamfara emphasised its use , with eleven other northern states following suit . These states are Kano , Katsina , Niger , Bauchi , Borno , Kaduna , Gombe , Sokoto , Jigawa , Yobe , and Kebbi . The country has a judicial branch , the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Nigeria Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan ( center ) poses with United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama in August 2014 Upon gaining independence in 1960 , Nigeria made African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the apartheid government in South Africa . One notable exception to the African focus was Nigeria 's close relationship developed with Israel throughout the 1960s . The latter nation sponsored and oversaw the construction of Nigeria 's parliament buildings . Nigeria 's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war . It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region . Nigeria backed the African National Congress ( ANC ) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa . Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity ( now the African Union ) , and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole . Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa , functioning as standard - bearer for the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) and ECOMOG , economic and military organizations , respectively . With this African - centred stance , Nigeria readily sent troops to the Congo at the behest of the United Nations shortly after independence ( and has maintained membership since that time ) . Nigeria also supported several Pan African and pro-self government causes in the 1970s , including garnering support for Angola 's MPLA , SWAPO in Namibia , and aiding opposition to the minority governments of Portuguese Mozambique , and Rhodesia . Nigeria retains membership in the Non-Aligned Movement . In late November 2006 , it organised an Africa - South America Summit in Abuja to promote what some attendees termed `` South - South '' linkages on a variety of fronts . Nigeria is also a member of the International Criminal Court , and the Commonwealth of Nations . It was temporarily expelled from the latter in 1995 when ruled by the Abacha regime . Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s , and maintains membership in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) , which it joined in July 1971 . Its status as a major petroleum producer figures prominently in its sometimes volatile international relations with both developed countries , notably the United States , and the developing countries of China , Jamaica , and Ghana and Kenya in Africa . Millions of Nigerians have emigrated at times of economic hardship , primarily to Europe , North America and Australia . It is estimated that over a million Nigerians have emigrated to the United States and constitute the Nigerian American populace . Individuals in many such Diasporic communities have joined the `` Egbe Omo Yoruba '' society , a national association of Yoruba descendants in North America . Military See also : Nigerian Armed Forces The Nigerian military are charged with protecting the Federal Republic of Nigeria , promoting Nigeria 's global security interests , and supporting peacekeeping efforts , especially in West Africa . This is in support of the doctrine sometimes called Pax Nigeriana . The Nigerian Military consist of an army , a navy , and an air force . The military in Nigeria have played a major role in the country 's history since independence . Various juntas have seized control of the country and ruled it through most of its history . Its last period of military rule ended in 1999 following the sudden death of former dictator Sani Abacha in 1998 . His successor , Abdulsalam Abubakar , handed over power to the democratically elected government of Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999 . As Africa 's most populated country , Nigeria has repositioned its military as a peacekeeping force on the continent . Since 1995 , the Nigerian military , through ECOMOG mandates , have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia ( 1997 ) , Ivory Coast ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , and Sierra Leone ( 1997 -- 1999 ) . Under an African Union mandate , it has stationed forces in Sudan 's Darfur region to try to establish peace . Geography Main article : Geography of Nigeria Map of Nigeria , showing state boundaries , cities , and waterways . Nigeria map of Köppen climate classification . Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of 923,768 km ( 356,669 sq mi ) , making it the world 's 32nd - largest country ( after Tanzania ) . It is comparable in size to Venezuela , and is about twice the size of the US state of California . It shares a 4,047 - kilometre ( 2,515 mi ) border with Benin ( 773 km or 480 mi ) , Niger ( 1,497 km or 930 mi ) , Chad ( 87 km or 54 mi ) , Cameroon ( 1,690 km or 1,050 mi ) , and has a coastline of at least 853 kilometres ( 530 miles ) . Nigeria lies between latitudes 4 ° and 14 ° N , and longitudes 2 ° and 15 ° E . The Zuma Rock near Suleja The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at 2,419 m ( 7,936 ft ) . The main rivers are the Niger and the Benue , which converge and empty into the Niger Delta . This is one of the world 's largest river deltas , and the location of a large area of Central African mangroves . Nigeria has a varied landscape . The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate , where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches ( 1,500 to 2,000 mm ) a year . In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau . Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast . This forest zone 's most southerly portion is defined as `` salt water swamp , '' also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area . North of this is fresh water swamp , containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp , and north of that is rain forest . Nigeria 's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river valleys ( which merge into each other and form a `` y '' shape ) . To the southwest of the Niger is `` rugged '' highland . To the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains , which form the Mambilla Plateau , the highest plateau in Nigeria . This plateau extends through the border with Cameroon , where the montane land is part of the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon . The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga - Bioko coastal forests ecoregion , an important centre for biodiversity . It is habitat for the drill monkey , which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon . The areas surrounding Calabar , Cross River State , also in this forest , are believed to contain the world 's largest diversity of butterflies . The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population , with it being replaced by grassland ( see Cross-Niger transition forests ) . Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah ( insignificant tree cover , with grasses and flowers located between trees ) . Rainfall is more limited , to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres ( 20 and 60 in ) per year . The savannah zone 's three categories are Guinean forest - savanna mosaic , Sudan savannah , and Sahel savannah . Guinean forest - savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees . Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees . Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand , found in the northeast . In the Sahel region , rain is less than 500 millimetres ( 20 in ) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching . In the dry north - east corner of the country lies Lake Chad , which Nigeria shares with Niger , Chad and Cameroon . Environmental issues Main articles : Environmental issues in the Niger Delta and Deforestation in Nigeria Nigeria 's Delta region , home of the large oil industry , experiences serious oil spills and other environmental problems , which has caused conflict . Waste management including sewage treatment , the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation , and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria . Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development , population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste . This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory , where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste , dumping of waste along or into the canals , sewerage systems that are channels for water flows , etc . Haphazard industrial planning , increased urbanisation , poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major Nigerian cities . Some of the ' solutions ' have been disastrous to the environment , resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways and groundwater . In 2005 Nigeria had the highest rate of deforestation in the world , according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . In 2005 12.2 % , the equivalent of 11,089,000 hectares had been forested in Nigeria . Between 1990 and 2000 , Nigeria lost an average of 409,700 hectares of forest every year equal to an average annual deforestation rate of 2.38 % . Between 1990 and 2005 , in total Nigeria lost 35.7 % of its forest cover , or around 6,145,000 hectares . In 2010 , thousands of people were inadvertently exposed to lead containing soil / ore from informal gold mining with the northern state of Zamfara . While estimates vary , it is though that upwards of 400 children died of acute lead poisoning making this perhaps the largest lead poisoning fatality epidemic ever encountered . As of 2016 , efforts to manage the exposure are ongoing . Administrative divisions Main article : Administrative divisions of Nigeria Major cities City Population Lagos 8,048,430 Kano 2,828,861 Ibadan 2,559,853 Benin City 1,147,188 Port Harcourt 1,005,904 Nigeria is divided into thirty - six states and one Federal Capital Territory , which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas ( LGAs ) . In some contexts , the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones : North West , North East , North Central , South East , South South , and South West . As of the 2006 census , Nigeria has eight cities with a population of over 1 million people ( from largest to smallest : Lagos , Kano , Ibadan , Benin City and Port Harcourt . Lagos is the largest city in Africa , with a population of over 12 million in its urban area . A clickable map of Nigeria exhibiting its 36 states and the federal capital territory . States Abia Adamawa Anambra Akwa Ibom Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Enugu Edo Ekiti Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara Territory Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) Economy Main article : Economy of Nigeria Maitama district , Abuja Lagos Island as seen from Victoria Island . Kuje market scene Nigeria is classified as a mixed economy emerging market , and has already reached lower middle income status according to the World Bank , with its abundant supply of natural resources , well - developed financial , legal , communications , transport sectors and stock exchange ( the Nigerian Stock Exchange ) , which is the second largest in Africa . Nigeria was ranked 21st in the world in terms of GDP ( PPP ) in 2015 . Nigeria is the United States ' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil ( 11 % of oil imports ) . It has the seventh - largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide . Nigeria is the 50th - largest export market for US goods and the 14th - largest exporter of goods to the US . The United States is the country 's largest foreign investor . The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) projected economic growth of 9 % in 2008 and 8.3 % in 2009 . The IMF further projects an 8 % growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011 . In February 2011 , Citigroup projected that Nigeria would have the highest average GDP growth in the world in 2010 -- 2050 . Nigeria is one of two countries from Africa among 11 Global Growth Generators countries . Previously , economic development had been hindered by years of military rule , corruption , and mismanagement . The restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reforms have successfully put Nigeria back on track towards achieving its full economic potential . As of 2014 it is the largest economy in Africa , having overtaken South Africa . During the oil boom of the 1970s , Nigeria accumulated a significant foreign debt to finance major infrastructural investments . With the fall of oil prices during the 1980s oil glut Nigeria struggled to keep up with its loan payments and eventually defaulted on its principal debt repayments , limiting repayment to the interest portion of the loans . Arrears and penalty interest accumulated on the unpaid principal , which increased the size of the debt . After negotiations by the Nigeria authorities , in October 2005 Nigeria and its Paris Club creditors reached an agreement under which Nigeria repurchased its debt at a discount of approximately 60 % . Nigeria used part of its oil profits to pay the residual 40 % , freeing up at least $1.15 billion annually for poverty reduction programmes . Nigeria made history in April 2006 by becoming the first African country to completely pay off its debt ( estimated $30 billion ) owed to the Paris Club . Nigeria is trying to reach the first of the Sustainable Development Goals , which is to end poverty in all its forms by 2030 . Government officials have not taken official action to reach this . Agriculture Further information : Agriculture in Nigeria As of 2010 , about 30 % of Nigerians are employed in agriculture . Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria . Major crops include beans , sesame , cashew nuts , cassava , cocoa beans , groundnuts , gum arabic , kolanut , maize ( corn ) , melon , millet , palm kernels , palm oil , plantains , rice , rubber , sorghum , soybeans and yams . Cocoa is the leading non-oil foreign exchange earner . Rubber is the second - largest non-oil foreign exchange earner . Prior to the Nigerian civil war , Nigeria was self - sufficient in food . Agriculture has failed to keep pace with Nigeria 's rapid population growth , and Nigeria now relies upon food imports to sustain itself . The Nigerian government promoted the use of inorganic fertilizers in the 1970s . Oil Further information : Petroleum industry in Nigeria The gates of the oil refinery in Port Harcourt . Nigeria is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest exporter , and has the 10th largest proven reserves . ( The country joined OPEC in 1971 ) . Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy , accounting for 40 % of GDP and 80 % of Government earnings . However , agitation for better resource control in the Niger Delta , its main oil producing region , has led to disruptions in oil production and prevents the country from exporting at 100 % capacity . The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone - shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2 to 4 kilometres ( 1.2 to 2.5 miles ) . In June 2013 , Shell announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria , hinting that assets could be divested . While many international oil companies have operated there for decades , by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests , citing a range of issues including oil theft . In August 2014 , Shell Oil Company said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil fields . Overseas remittances Next to petrodollars , the second biggest source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are remittances sent home by Nigerians living abroad . In 2014 , 17.5 million Nigerians resided in foreign countries , with the UK and the USA having more than 2 million Nigerians each . According to the International Organization for Migration , Nigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians , going from USD 2.3 billion in 2004 to 17.9 billion in 2007 . The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances , followed by the United Kingdom , Italy , Canada , Spain and France . On the African continent , Egypt , Equatorial Guinea , Chad , Libya and South Africa are important source countries of remittance flows to Nigeria , while China is the biggest remittance - sending country in Asia . Services Nigeria has one of the fastest growing telecommunications markets in the world , major emerging market operators ( like MTN , Etisalat , Zain and Globacom ) basing their largest and most profitable centres in the country . The government has recently begun expanding this infrastructure to space based communications . Nigeria has a space satellite which is monitored at the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency Headquarters in Abuja . Nigeria has a highly developed financial services sector , with a mix of local and international banks , asset management companies , brokerage houses , insurance companies and brokers , private equity funds and investment banks . Mining Further information : Mining industry of Nigeria Nigeria also has a wide array of underexploited mineral resources which include natural gas , coal , bauxite , tantalite , gold , tin , iron ore , limestone , niobium , lead and zinc . Despite huge deposits of these natural resources , the mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy . Manufacturing Nigeria has a manufacturing industry which includes leather and textiles ( centred Kano , Abeokuta , Onitsha , and Lagos ) , Nigeria currently has an indigenous auto manufacturing company ; Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing located in Nnewi . It produces Buses and SUVs. car manufacturing ( for the French car manufacturer Peugeot as well as for the English truck manufacturer Bedford , now a subsidiary of General Motors ) , t - shirts , plastics and processed food . Nigeria in recent years has been embracing industrialisation . It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company , Innoson Motors , which manufactures Rapid Transit Buses , Trucks and SUVs with an upcoming introduction of Cars . Nigeria also has few Electronic manufacturers like Zinox , the first Branded Nigerian Computer and Electronic gadgets ( like tablet PCs ) manufacturers . In 2013 , Nigeria introduced a policy regarding import duty on vehicles to encourage local manufacturing companies in the country . In this regard , some foreign vehicle manufacturing companies like Nissan have made known their plans to have manufacturing plants in Nigeria . Ogun is considered to be the current Nigeria 's industrial hub , as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there , followed by Lagos . Government satellites The Nigerian government has commissioned the overseas production and launch of four satellites . The Nigeriasat - 1 was the first satellite to be built under the Nigerian government sponsorship . The satellite was launched from Russia on 27 September 2003 . Nigeriasat - 1 was part of the worldwide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System . The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat - 1 were : to give early warning signals of environmental disaster ; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria ; to assist in demographic planning ; to establish the relationship between malaria vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology ; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning ; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders . NigeriaSat - 2 , Nigeria 's second satellite , was built as a high - resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited , a United Kingdom - based satellite technology company . It has 2.5 - metre resolution panchromatic ( very high resolution ) , 5 - metre multispectral ( high resolution , NIR red , green and red bands ) , and 32 - metre multispectral ( medium resolution , NIR red , green and red bands ) antennas , with a ground receiving station in Abuja . The NigeriaSat - 2 spacecraft alone was built at a cost of over £ 35 million . This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China . NigComSat - 1 , a Nigerian satellite built in 2004 , was Nigeria 's third satellite and Africa 's first communication satellite . It was launched on 13 May 2007 , aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China . The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency , NASRDA . On 11 November 2008 , NigComSat - 1 failed in orbit after running out of power because of an anomaly in its solar array . It was based on the Chinese DFH - 4 satellite bus , and carries a variety of transponders : 4 C - band ; 14 Ku - band ; 8 Ka - band ; and 2 L - band . It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa , and the Ka - band transponders would also cover Italy . On 10 November 2008 ( 0900 GMT ) , the satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to avoid a possible collision with other satellites . According to Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited , it was put into `` emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and repairs '' . The satellite eventually failed after losing power on 11 November 2008 . On 24 March 2009 , the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology , NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed another contract for the in - orbit delivery of the NigComSat - 1R satellite . NigComSat - 1R was also a DFH - 4 satellite , and the replacement for the failed NigComSat - 1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on 19 December 2011 . The satellite according to then - Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan which was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat - 1 which de-orbited in 2009 , would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications , internet services , health , agriculture , environmental protection and national security . Society Demographics Main article : Demographics of Nigeria Population density in Nigeria Population in Nigeria Year Million 1971 55 1980 71 1990 95 2000 125 138 2008 151 Nigeria 's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008 , a 60 % growth rate in less than two decades . Almost half of Nigerians are 14 years old or younger . Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and accounts for about 18 % of the continent 's total population ; however , exactly how populous is a subject of speculation . The United Nations estimates that the population in 2016 was at 185,989,640 , distributed as 51.7 % rural and 48.3 % urban , and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre . National census results in the past few decades have been disputed . The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542 . The only breakdown available was by gender : males numbered 71,709,859 , females numbered 68,293 , 08 . In June 2012 , President Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should limit their number of children . According to the United Nations , Nigeria has been undergoing explosive population growth and has one of the highest growth and fertility rates in the world . By their projections , Nigeria is one of eight countries expected to account collectively for half of the world 's total population increase in 2005 -- 2050 . By 2100 the UN estimates that the Nigerian population will be between 505 million and 1.03 billion people ( middle estimate : 730 million ) . In 1950 , Nigeria had only 33 million people . One in four Africans is a Nigerian . Presently , Nigeria is the seventh most populous country in the world . 2006 estimates claim 42.3 % of the population is between 0 -- 14 years of age , while 54.6 % is between 15 and 65 ; the birth rate is significantly higher than the death rate , at 40.4 and 16.9 per 1000 people respectively . Nigeria 's largest city is Lagos . Lagos has grown from about 300,000 in 1950 to an estimated 15 million today . Largest cities or towns in Nigeria Rank Name State Pop . Lagos Lagos Lagos 8,048,430 Ibadan Benin City Kano Kano 2,828,861 Ibadan Oyo 2,559,853 Benin City Edo 1,147,188 5 Jos Plateau 821,618 6 Ilorin Kwara 777,667 7 Kaduna Kaduna 760,084 8 Abuja FCT 776,298 9 Enugu Enugu 722,664 10 Warri Delta 557,398 Ethnic groups A Hausa harpist Igbo men Yoruba drummers Nigeria has more than 500 ethnic groups , with varying languages and customs , creating a country of rich ethnic diversity . The largest ethnic groups are the Hausa , Yoruba , Igbo and Fulani , together accounting for more than 70 % of the population , while the Urhobo - Isoko , Edo , Ijaw , Kanuri , Ibibio , Ebira , Nupe , Gwari , Jukun , Igala , Idoma and Tiv comprise between 25 and 30 % ; other minorities make up the remaining 5 % . The middle belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups , including the Pyem , Goemai , and Kofyar . The official population count of each of Nigeria 's ethnicities has always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group ( usually believed to be northern groups ) numerical superiority . There are small minorities of British , American , East Indian , Chinese ( est . 50,000 ) , white Zimbabwean , Japanese , Greek , Syrian and Lebanese immigrants in Nigeria . Immigrants also include those from other West African or East African nations . These minorities mostly reside in major cities such as Lagos and Abuja , or in the Niger Delta as employees for the major oil companies . A number of Cubans settled in Nigeria as political refugees following the Cuban Revolution . In the middle of the 19th century , a number of ex-slaves of Afro - Cuban and Afro - Brazilian descent and emigrants from Sierra Leone established communities in Lagos and other regions of Nigeria . Many ex-slaves came to Nigeria following the emancipation of slaves in the Americas . Many of the immigrants , sometimes called Saros ( immigrants from Sierra Leone ) and Amaro ( ex-slaves from Brazil ) later became prominent merchants and missionaries in these cities . Languages Main article : Languages of Nigeria Map of Nigeria 's linguistic groups Women in north Nigeria There are 521 languages that have been spoken in Nigeria ( nine of which are now extinct ) . In some areas of Nigeria , ethnic groups speak more than one language . The official language of Nigeria , English , was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country , owing to the influence of British colonisation that ended in 1960 . Many French speakers from surrounding countries have influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries . The French spoken in Nigeria may be mixed with some native languages but is mostly spoken like the French spoken in Benin . French may also be mixed with English as it is in Cameroon . Most of the population speaks English and their native language . The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of languages of Africa : the majority are Niger - Congo languages , such as Igbo , Yoruba and Fulfulde ; Kanuri , spoken in the northeast , primarily in Borno and Yobe State , is part of the Nilo - Saharan family ; and Hausa is an Afroasiatic language . Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages , English as the official language is widely used for education , business transactions and for official purposes . English as a first language is used only by a small minority of the country 's urban elite , and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas . Hausa is the most widely spoken of the 3 main languages spoken in Nigeria itself ( Igbo , Hausa and Yoruba ) but unlike the Yorubas and Igbos , the Hausas tend not to travel far outside Nigeria itself . With the majority of Nigeria 's populace in the rural areas , the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages . Some of the largest of these , notably Yoruba and Igbo , have derived standardised languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups . Nigerian Pidgin English , often known simply as ' Pidgin ' or ' Broken ' ( Broken English ) , is also a popular lingua franca , though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang . The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions , predominately in Warri , Sapele , Port Harcourt , Agenebode , Ewu , and Benin City . Religion Main article : Religion in Nigeria Religion in Nigeria ( Afrobarometer 2013 ) Christianity ( 58 % ) Islam ( 41 % ) Other ( 1 % ) The Abuja National Mosque . National Church of Nigeria , Abuja . Nigeria is a religiously diverse society , with Islam and Christianity being the most widely professed religions . Nigerians are nearly equally divided into Christians and Muslims , with a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions . Islam dominated the north and had a number of supporters in the South Western , Yoruba part of the country . Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa . Protestantism and local syncretic Christianity are also in evidence in Yoruba areas , while Roman Catholicism is more prominent in south eastern Nigeria . Both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism dominated in the Ibibio , Annang , and the Efik kiosa lands . The 1963 census indicated that 47 % of Nigerians were Muslim , 35 % Christian , and 18 % members of local indigenous congregations . If accurate , this indicated a sharp increase since 1953 in the number of Christians ( up 23 % ) ; a decline among those professing indigenous beliefs , compared with 20 % ; and only a modest ( 6 % ) drop of Muslims which can likely be attributed to immigration , emigration , and birthrate . The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence ; however , a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab . A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods . Most Sufis follow the Qadiriyya , Tijaniyyah and / or the Mouride movements . A significant Shia minority exists ( see Shia in Nigeria ) . Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems , which has brought about some controversy . Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution . The majority of Quranists follow the Kalo Kato or Quraniyyun movement . There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities . According to a 2001 report from The World Factbook by CIA , about 47 % of Nigeria 's population is Muslim , 43 % are Christians and 10 % adhere to local religions . But in some recent report , the Christian population is now sightly larger than the Muslim population . An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010 , 49.3 percent of Nigeria 's population was Christian , 48.8 percent was Muslim , and 1.9 percent were followers of indigenous and other religions , or unaffiliated . Additionally , the 2010s census of Association of Religion Data Archives has reported that 46.5 percent of the total population is Christian , slightly bigger than the Muslim population of 45.5 percent , and that 7.7 percent are members of other religious groups . The 2010 census of Association of Religion Data Archives has also reported that 46.5 % of the total population was Christian , slightly larger than the Muslim population of 45.5 % , while 7.7 % were members of other religions . However , these estimates should be taken with caution because sample data is mostly collected from major urban areas in the south , which are predominantly Christian . Among Christians , the Pew Research survey found that 74 % were Protestant , 25 % were Catholic , and 1 % belonged to other Christian denominations , including a small Orthodox Christian community . In terms of Nigeria 's major ethnic groups , the Hausa ethnic group ( predominant in the north ) was found to be 95 % Muslim and 5 % Christian , the Yoruba tribe ( predominant in the west ) was 55 % Muslim , 35 % Christian and 10 % adherents of other religions , while the Igbos ( predominant in the east ) and the Ijaw ( south ) were 98 % Christian , with 2 % practising traditional religions . The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria , who were found to be mostly Christians and members of traditional religions , with a small proportion of Muslims . Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion , the Assemblies of God Church , the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue , Church Of All Nations Since the 1990s , there has been significant growth in many other churches , particularly the evangelical Protestant ones . These include the Redeemed Christian Church of God , Winners ' Chapel , Christ Apostolic Church ( the first Aladura Movement in Nigeria ) , Deeper Christian Life Ministry , Evangelical Church of West Africa , Mountain of Fire and Miracles , Christ Embassy and The Synagogue Church Of All Nations . In addition , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , the Aladura Church , the Seventh - day Adventist and various indigenous churches have also experienced growth . The Yoruba area contains a large Anglican population , while Igboland is predominantly Roman Catholic and the Edo area is composed predominantly of members of the Pentecostal Assemblies of God , which was introduced into Nigeria by Augustus Ehurie Wogu and his associates at Old Umuahia . Further , Nigeria has become an African hub for the Grail Movement and the Hare Krishnas , and the largest temple of the Eckankar religion is in Port Harcourt , Rivers State , with a total capacity of 10,000 . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints ( LDS ) announced creation of new Owerri mission in Nigeria in 2016 . Health Further information : Health in Nigeria A hospital in Abuja , Nigeria 's capital Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country , and the private sector . Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987 , which formally promoted community - based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population , in part by implementing user fees . The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community - based healthcare reform , resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services . A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care , with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost . HIV / AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence ( percentage ) rates are in the double digits . As of 2012 , the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15 -- 49 was just 3.1 percent . As of 2014 , life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA , and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation ; As of 2010 , the infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births . Nigeria was the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio , which it periodically exported to other African countries ; Polio was cut 98 % between 2009 and 2010 . However , a major breakthrough came in December 2014 , when it was reported that Nigeria had n't recorded a polio case in 6 months , and was on its way to being declared Polio free . In 2012 , a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia , lymphoma , or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life - saving bone marrow transplant , which cures them of their conditions . Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery . In the 2014 ebola outbreak , Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region , the Nigerian unique method of contact tracing employed by Nigeria became an effective method later used by countries such as the United States , when ebola threats were discovered . The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as ' brain drain ' , because of emigration by skilled Nigerian doctors to North America and Europe . In 1995 , it was estimated that 21,000 Nigerian doctors were practising in the United States alone , which is about the same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public service . Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals of the government . Education Main article : Education in Nigeria Children at school in Ile - Ife , Nigeria Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education . Local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for state - controlled public education and state schools at a regional level . The education system is divided into Kindergarten , primary education , secondary education and tertiary education . After the 1970s oil boom , tertiary education was improved so that it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. 68 % of the Nigerian population is literate , and the rate for men ( 75.7 % ) is higher than that for women ( 60.6 % ) . Nigeria provides free , government - supported education , but attendance is not compulsory at any level , and certain groups , such as nomads and the handicapped , are under - served . The education system consists of six years of primary school , three years of junior secondary school , three years of senior secondary school , and four , five or six years of university education leading to a bachelor 's degree . Crime Further information : Corruption in Nigeria , Confraternities in Nigeria , Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea , and 419 Scams Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organised crime , active especially in drug trafficking . Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking , shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America ; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa . The various Nigerian Confraternities or `` campus cults '' are active in both organised crime and in political violence as well as providing a network of corruption within Nigeria . As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures , they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities . The Supreme Vikings Confraternity , for example , boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members . On lower levels of society , there are the `` area boys '' , organised gangs mostly active in Lagos who specialise in mugging and small - scale drug dealing . According to official statistics , gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001 . Internationally , Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed 419 , a type of advance fee fraud ( named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code ) along with the `` Nigerian scam '' , a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates . These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank ( the laws being set up loosely to allow it ) and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank . The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money will be transferred to him , and then he 'll get to keep a cut . In reality , money is taken out instead , and / or large fees ( which seem small in comparison with the imaginary wealth he awaits ) are deducted . In 2003 , the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission ( or EFCC ) was created , ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime . There is also some major piracy in Nigeria , with attacks directed at all types of vessels . Consistent with the rise of Nigeria as an increasingly dangerous hot spot , 28 of the 30 seafarers kidnapped as of January -- June 2013 were in Nigeria . Additionally , the single death to date in 2013 occurred in Nigeria . Nigeria has also been pervaded by political corruption . It was ranked 143 out of 182 countries in Transparency International 's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index ; however , it improved to 136th position in 2014 . More than $400 billion were stolen from the treasury by Nigeria 's leaders between 1960 and 1999 . In late 2013 , Nigeria 's then central bank governor Lamido Sanusi informed President Goodluck Jonathan that the state oil company , NNPC , had failed to remit US $20 billion in oil revenues , which it owed the state . Jonathan , however , dismissed the claim and replaced Sanusi for alleged mismanagement of the central bank 's budget . A Senate committee also found Sanusi 's account to be lacking substance . After the conclusion of the NNPC 's account audit , it was announced in January 2015 that NNPC 's non-remitted revenue is actually US $1.48 billion , which it needs to refund back to the Government . In 2015 , Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari stated that corrupt officials have stolen $150 billion from Nigeria in the last 10 years . Culture Main article : Culture of Nigeria Literature Main article : Nigerian literature Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is Africa 's most popular and best selling literary piece ever , translated into over 40 languages across Africa and around the world . Nigerian citizens have authored many influential works of post-colonial literature in the English language . Nigeria 's best - known writers are Wole Soyinka , the first African Nobel Laureate in Literature , and Chinua Achebe , best known for the novel Things Fall Apart and his controversial critique of Joseph Conrad . Other Nigerian writers and poets who are well known internationally include John Pepper Clark , Ben Okri , Cyprian Ekwensi , Buchi Emecheta , Helon Habila , T.M. Aluko , Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie , Daniel O. Fagunwa , Femi Osofisan and Ken Saro Wiwa , who was executed in 1995 by the military regime . Nigeria has the second largest newspaper market in Africa ( after Egypt ) with an estimated circulation of several million copies daily in 2003 . Critically acclaimed writers of a younger generation include Chris Abani , Sefi Atta , Helon Habila , Helen Oyeyemi , Nnedi Okorafor , Kachi A. Ozumba , Sarah Ladipo Manyika , and Chika Unigwe . Media Main article : Media in Nigeria Music and film Main articles : Music of Nigeria , Cinema of Nigeria , and Festivals in Nigeria Nigeria has had a huge role in the development of various genres of African music , including West African highlife , Afrobeat , and palm - wine music , which fuses native rhythms with techniques that have been linked to the Congo , Brazil , Cuba , Jamaica and worldwide . Many late 20th - century musicians such as Fela Kuti have famously fused cultural elements of various indigenous music with American jazz and soul to form Afrobeat which has in turn influenced hip hop music . JuJu music which is percussion music fused with traditional music from the Yoruba nation and made famous by King Sunny Adé , is also from Nigeria . There is also Fuji music , a Yoruba percussion style , created and popularised by Mr. Fuji , Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister . There is also the Afan Music invented and popularised by the Ewuborn poet and musician Umuobuarie Igberaese . There is a budding hip hop movement in Nigeria . Kennis Music , the self - proclaimed number - one record label in Africa , and one of Nigeria 's biggest record labels , has a roster almost entirely dominated by hip hop artists . Notable musicians from Nigeria include : Sade Adu , King Sunny Adé , Onyeka Onwenu , Dele Sosimi , Adewale Ayuba , Ezebuiro Obinna , Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister , Bennie King , Ebenezer Obey , Umobuarie Igberaese , Femi Kuti , Lagbaja , Dr. Alban , Wasiu Alabi , Bola Abimbola , Zaki Adze , Tuface Idibia , Aṣa , Nneka , Wale , P Square and D'Banj . An Eyo Iga Olowe Salaye masquerade jumping In November 2008 , Nigeria 's music scene ( and that of Africa ) received international attention when MTV hosted the continent 's first African music awards show in Abuja . Additionally , the very first music video played on MTV Base Africa ( the 100th station in the MTV network ) was Tuface Idibia 's pan-African hit `` African Queen '' . The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood ( a portmanteau of Nigeria and Hollywood ) and is now the 2nd - largest producer of movies in the world . Nigerian film studios are based in Lagos , Kano and Enugu , forming a major portion of the local economy of these cities . Nigerian cinema is Africa 's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year . Although Nigerian films have been produced since the 1960s , the country 's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable digital filming and editing technologies . T.B. Joshua 's Emmanuel TV , originating from Nigeria , is one of the most viewed television stations across Africa . Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of Nigeria Nigerian cuisine , like West African cuisine in general , is known for its richness and variety . Many different spices , herbs and flavourings are used in conjunction with palm oil or groundnut oil to create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with chili peppers . Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish , while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied . Sport A friendly match between Nigeria and Algeria at the Abuja National Stadium , in 2004 Football is largely considered Nigeria 's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football . Nigeria 's national football team , known as the `` Super Eagles '' , has made the World Cup on five occasions 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , and most recently in 2014 . In April 1994 , the Super Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankings , the highest ranking achieved by an African football team . They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980 , 1994 , and 2013 , and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup . They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics ( in which they beat Argentina ) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football . The nation 's cadet team from Japan ' 93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanu , a two - time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter Milan , Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion and Portsmouth . Other players that graduated from the junior teams are Nduka Ugbade , Jonathan Akpoborie , Victor Ikpeba , Celestine Babayaro , Wilson Oruma and Taye Taiwo . Some other famous Nigerian footballers include John Obi Mikel , Obafemi Martins , Vincent Enyeama , Yakubu Aiyegbeni , Rashidi Yekini , Peter Odemwingie and Jay - Jay Okocha . According to the official May 2010 FIFA World Rankings , Nigeria was the second top - ranked football nation in Africa and the 21st highest in the world . Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball , cricket and track and field . Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria ; Dick Tiger and Samuel Peter are both former World Champions . Nigeria 's national basketball team made the headlines internationally when it qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as Greece and Lithuania . Nigeria has been home to numerous internationally recognised basketball players in the world 's top leagues in America , Europe and Asia . These players include Basketball Hall of Famer Hakeem Olajuwon , and later NBA draft picks Solomon Alabi , Yinka Dare , Obinna Ekezie , Festus Ezeli , Al - Farouq Aminu and Olumide Oyedeji . Societal issues Despite its vast government revenue from the mining of petroleum , Nigeria faces a number of societal issues , owing primarily to a history of inefficiency in its governance . Human Rights Main article : Human rights in Nigeria Nigeria 's human rights record remains poor ; according to the US Department of State , the most significant human rights problems are : use of excessive force by security forces ; impunity for abuses by security forces ; arbitrary arrests ; prolonged pretrial detention ; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary ; rape , torture and other cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners , detainees and suspects ; harsh and life ‐ threatening prison and detention centre conditions ; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour ; societal violence and vigilante killings ; child labour , child abuse and child sexual exploitation ; domestic violence ; discrimination based on ethnicity , region and religion . Under the Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states , offences such as alcohol consumption , homosexuality , infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences , including amputation , lashing , stoning and long prison terms . Under a law signed in early 2014 , same - sex couples who marry face up to 14 years each in prison . Witnesses or anyone who helps gay couples marry will be sentenced to 10 years behind bars . The bill also punishes the `` public show of same - sex amorous relationships directly or indirectly '' with ten years in prison . Another portion of the bill mandates 10 years in prison for those found guilty of organising , operating or supporting gay clubs , organizations and meetings . In the Nigerian state of Akwa Ibom about 15,000 children were branded as witches and most of them end up abandoned and abused on the streets . Strife and sectarian violence See also : Conflict in the Niger Delta , Religious violence in Nigeria , and Herder -- farmer conflict in central Nigeria Nigerian states that implement some form of sharia law ( in green ) Because of its multitude of diverse , sometimes competing ethno - linguistic groups , Nigeria prior to independence was faced with sectarian tensions and violence , particularly in the oil - producing Niger Delta region , where both state and civilian forces employ varying methods of coercion in attempts gain control over regional petroleum resources . Some of the ethnic groups like the Ogoni , have experienced severe environmental degradation due to petroleum extraction . Since the end of the civil war in 1970 , some ethnic violence has persisted . There has subsequently been a period of relative harmony since the Federal Government introduced tough new measures against religious violence in all affected parts of the country . The 2002 Miss World pageant was moved from Abuja to London in the wake of violent protests in the Northern part of the country that left more than 100 people dead and over 500 injured . The rioting erupted after Muslims in the country reacted in anger to comments made by a newspaper reporter . Rioters in Kaduna killed an estimated 105 men , women , and children with a further 521 injured taken to hospital . Since 2002 , the country has seen sectarian violence by Boko Haram , an Islamist movement that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish Sharia law in the country . In the 2010 Jos riots , more than 500 people were killed by religious violence . Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in May 2014 claimed that Boko Haram attacks have left at least 12,000 people dead and 8,000 people crippled . In May 2014 Benin , Chad , Cameroon and Niger joined Nigeria in a united effort to combat Boko Haram in the aftermath of the 2014 Chibok kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls . In April 2016 , over 500 people in ten villages in predominantly Christian areas in Agatu were murdered by Fulani herdsmen . A visiting Nigerian Senator reported that all the primary and post-primary schools , health centres , worship centres as well as the police station in the area were destroyed . The UNHCR representative said in 20 years of work , she had `` never seen such a level of destruction '' . Media representation Drilling and Killing : Chevron and Nigeria 's Oil Dictatorship , an audio documentary produced by Amy Goodman first aired in 1998 on Democracy Now ! . Sweet Crude , a documentary film produced and directed by Sandy Cioffi about Nigeria 's oil - rich Niger Delta . Poison Fire , a documentary exposing oil and gas abuses in Nigeria , featuring Friends of the Earth Nigeria volunteers , which premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam . Nollywood Babylon , a 2008 documentary by Montrealers Ben Addelman and Samir Mallal about the Nigerian film industry , Nollywood . It premiered at the Festival de nouveau cinéma de Montréal 2008 . Women Nigeria is a state party of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women It also has signed Maputo Protocol , an international treaty on women 's rights , and the African Union Women 's Rights Framework . Discrimination based on sex is a significant human rights issue , however . Forced marriages are common . Child marriage remains common in Northern Nigeria. 39 % of girls are married before age 15 , although the Marriage Rights Act banning marriage of girls below 18 years of age was introduced on a federal level in 2008 . There is polygamy in Nigeria . Submission of the wife to her husband and domestic violence are common . Women have less land rights Maternal mortality was at 814 per 100,000 Iive births in 2015 . Female genital mutilation is common . In 2015 , there was a federal ban . In Nigeria , at least half a million suffer from vaginal fistula , largely as a result of lack of medical care . Early marriages can result in fistula . Most workers in the informal sector are women . See also Nigeria portal Index of Nigeria - related articles Outline of Nigeria 2015 attack of Nigerian Army on Shi'a community Killing of Pro-Biafra Protesters ( 2015 - 2016 ) List of Languages in Nigeria References Jump up ^ `` Languages of Nigeria '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria '' . World Economic Outlook Database , April 2015 . International Monetary Fund . 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . 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2727515832158448142	The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)	The North Star ( anti-slavery newspaper ) - wikipedia The North Star ( anti-slavery newspaper ) Jump to : navigation , search June 2 , 1848 issue February 22 , 1856 issue For other newspapers named North Star , see North Star ( disambiguation ) # Newspapers The North Star was a nineteenth - century anti-slavery newspaper published from the Talman Building in Rochester , New York by abolitionist Frederick Douglass . The paper commenced publication on December 3 , 1847 and ceased as The North Star in June 1851 when it merged with Gerrit Smith 's Liberty Party Paper ( based in Syracuse , New York ) to form Frederick Douglass ' Paper . The North Star 's slogan was `` Right is of no Sex -- Truth is of no Color -- God is the Father of us all , and we are all Brethren . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Editorial perspective and breadth 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Inspiration ( edit ) In 1846 , Frederick Douglass was first inspired to publish The North Star after subscribing to The Liberator , a weekly newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison . The Liberator was a newspaper established by Garrison and his supporters founded upon moral principles . The North Star title was a reference to the directions given to runaway slaves trying to reach the Northern states and Canada : Follow the North Star . Published weekly , The North Star was four pages long and sold by subscription at the cost of $2 per year to more than 4,000 readers in the United States , Europe , and the West Indies . The first of its four pages focused on current events concerning abolitionist issues . The Garrisonian Liberator was founded upon the notion that the Constitution was fundamentally pro-slavery and that the Union ought to be dissolved . Douglass disagreed but supported the nonviolent approach to the emancipation of slaves by education and moral suasion . Under the guidance of the abolitionist society , Douglass became well acquainted with the pursuit of the emancipation of slaves through a New England religious perspective . Garrison had earlier convinced the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society to hire Douglass as an agent , touring with Garrison and telling audiences about his experiences in slavery Douglass worked with another abolitionist , Martin R. Delany , who traveled to lecture , report , and generate subscriptions to The North Star . Editorial perspective and breadth ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Wage slavery Emancipation Day Douglass ' thoughts toward political inaction changed when he attended the National Convention of Colored Citizens , an antislavery convention in Buffalo , New York , in August 1843 . One of the many speakers present at the convention was Henry Highland Garnet . Formerly a slave in Maryland , Garnet was a Presbyterian minister who supported violent action against slaveholders . Garnet 's demands of independent action addressed to the American slaves remained one of the leading issues of change for Douglass . During a nineteen - month stay in Britain and Ireland , several of Douglass ' supporters bought his freedom and assisted with the purchase of a printing press . With this assistance Douglass was determined to begin an African - American newspaper that would engage the anti-slavery movement politically . On his return to the United States in March 1847 , Douglass shared his ideas of The North Star with his mentors . Ignoring the advice of the American Anti-Slavery Society , Douglass moved to Rochester , New York to publish the first edition . When questioned on his decision to create The North Star , Douglass is said to have responded , `` I still see before me a life of toil and trials ... , but , justice must be done , the truth must be told ... I will not be silent . '' In covering politics in Europe , literature , slavery in the United States , and culture generally in both The North Star and Frederick Douglass ' Paper , Douglass achieved an unconstrained independence to write freely on topics from the California Gold Rush to Uncle Tom 's Cabin to Charles Dickens 's Bleak House . See also ( edit ) African American portal Abolitionist publications References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Retrofitting Rochester : Talman Building '' . Rochester Democrat and Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : David B. Chesebrough , Frederick Douglass ; Oratory from Slavery , ( Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1998 ) , 16 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The North Star ( Reason ) : American Treasures of the library of Congress '' . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Abolitionist Movement . '' History Net : Where History Comes Alive. `` . Jump up ^ `` The North Star ( American Newspaper ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Jump up ^ William S. McFeely , Frederick Douglass ( New York : W.W. Norton and Company , 1991 ) , 84 - 206 . Jump up ^ William S. McFeely , Frederick Douglass ( New York : W.W. Norton and Company , 1991 ) , 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ William S. McFeely , Frederick Douglass ( New York : W.W. Norton and Company , 1991 ) , 146 - 147 . Jump up ^ Janet Neary and Hollis Robbins , `` African American Literature of the Gold Rush , '' Mapping Region in Early American Writing . Eds . Edward Watts , Keri Holt , and John Funchion . Athens : University of Georgia Press ( 2015 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Ira Berlin , `` Who Freed the Slaves ; Emancipation and Its Meaning '' , in Blight and Simpson ed . Union and Emancipation ; Essays on Politics and Race in the Civil War Era ( Kent , Kent State University Press , 1234 ) , p121 . External links ( edit ) The North Star , The North Star : Complete December 3 , 1847 -- April 17 , 1851 , Accessible Archives ( subscription required ) . The North Star , The North Star : Online Collection , Lavery Library , St. John Fisher College ( selected issues only ) . `` Our Paper and Its Prospects '' , The North Star , December 3 , 1847 . Underground Railroad People William L. Chaplin Levi Coffin Richard Dillingham Calvin Fairbank Thomas Garrett Laura Smith Haviland Daniel Hughes William Cooper Nell Harriet Forten Purvis Robert Purvis John Rankin Hetty Reckless Gerrit Smith William Still Harriet Beecher Stowe Charles Turner Torrey Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Frances Harper Delia Webster Places List of Underground Railroad sites houses churches Levi Coffin House Bialystoker Synagogue Bilger 's Rocks Wilson Bruce Evans House Cyrus Gates Farmstead Sites in Indiana Allen Chapel Town Clock Church Kelton House F. Julius LeMoyne House John Rankin House Gerrit Smith Estate John Freeman Walls Historic Site Events Pearl incident ( 1848 ) Jerry Rescue ( 1851 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 book ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 book ) Oberlin -- Wellington Rescue ( 1858 ) Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) Topics Songs of the Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Abolitionism opponents of slavery African - American opponents publications Fugitive slaves Fugitive slave laws 1850 Quilts Slave catcher The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 book ) Related National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park visitor center The Railroad to Freedom : A Story of the Civil War ( 1932 book ) A Woman Called Moses ( 1978 miniseries ) Roots of Resistance ( 1989 documentary ) The Quest for Freedom ( 1992 film ) Freedom : The Underground Railroad ( 2013 board game ) Underground ( 2016 TV series ) See also : Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada African - American press Newspapers Active Northeast Bay State Banner Our Time Press New Pittsburgh Courier New York Amsterdam News Philadelphia Tribune Southeast African - American News and Issues Atlanta Daily World Atlanta Inquirer Atlanta Voice Baltimore Afro - American Black Chronicle The Carolina Times The Charlotte Post Chattanooga News Chronicle Florida Sentinel Bulletin The Florida Star Houston Defender Houston Forward Times Jackson Advocate The Louisiana Weekly Louisville Defender The Miami Times New Journal and Guide The New Orleans Tribune Northern Kentucky Herald Richmond Free Press Roanoke Tribune Savannah Tribune Tennessee Tribune Tri-State Defender The Village Beat The Washington Afro American The Washington Informer The Washington Sun Winston - Salem Chronicle Midwest The Call Call and Post The Chicago Defender The Cincinnati Herald Dayton Defender Frost Illustrated Gary Crusader Indianapolis Recorder Iowa Bystander Michigan Chronicle The Michigan Citizen The Michigan FrontPage Omaha Star The St. Louis American St. Louis Argus St. Louis Sentinel West The Facts Los Angeles Sentinel The Oakland Post Richmond Post The Sacramento Observer San Francisco Bay View The Skanner Seattle Medium National The Final Call Defunct Boston Guardian California Eagle Chicago Bee The City Sun The Cleveland Gazette The Colored American ( New York City ) The Colored American ( Washington , D.C. ) Dallas Express The Equator Freedom 's Journal Indianapolis Freeman Ink newspaper The Liberator Louisville Leader Muhammad Speaks Negro World The Negro Star New York Age The North Star The Philadelphia Independent Pittsburgh Courier The Rights of All The Washington Bee Western Appeal The Winter Park Advocate The Woman 's Era Magazines Black Enterprise Black Issues Book Review BLK Clutch The Colored American Magazine The Crisis Ebony Emerge Essence The Fader Fire ! ! The Grio The Horizon Jet King Negro Digest Our Women and Children Rags N Riches Magazine Right On ! The Root Sister 2 Sister Tint Transition Magazine Visions Metro Weekly Organizations National Association of Black Journalists National Newspaper Publishers Association Corporations Perry Publishing and Broadcasting Real Times See also : National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)&oldid=806543941 '' Categories : Abolitionist newspapers of the United States African - American newspapers Defunct newspapers of New York ( state ) Frederick Douglass History of Rochester , New York Media in Rochester , New York Publications established in 1847 Publications disestablished in 1851 1847 establishments in New York ( state ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 18 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did frederick douglass published the north star	[ "The North Star was a nineteenth-century anti-slavery newspaper published from the Talman Building in Rochester, New York by abolitionist Frederick Douglass.[1] The paper commenced publication on December 3, 1847 and ceased as The North Star in June 1851 when it merged with Gerrit Smith's Liberty Party Paper (based in Syracuse, New York) to form Frederick Douglass' Paper.[2] The North Star's slogan was \"Right is of no Sex—Truth is of no Color—God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren.\"[3]", "The North Star was a nineteenth-century anti-slavery newspaper published from the Talman Building in Rochester, New York by abolitionist Frederick Douglass.[1] The paper commenced publication on December 3, 1847 and ceased as The North Star in June 1851 when it merged with Gerrit Smith's Liberty Party Paper (based in Syracuse, New York) to form Frederick Douglass' Paper.[2] The North Star's slogan was \"Right is of no Sex—Truth is of no Color—God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren.\"[3]" ]	[ "commenced publication on December 3, 1847", "ceased as The North Star in June 1851" ]
7671586460227168694	2017 FA Cup Final	2017 FA Cup final - wikipedia 2017 FA Cup final 2017 FA Cup Final The match programme cover Event 2016 -- 17 FA Cup Arsenal Chelsea Date 27 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) Venue Wembley Stadium , London Man of the Match Alexis Sánchez ( Arsenal ) Referee Anthony Taylor ( Cheshire ) Attendance 89,472 Weather Scattered clouds 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 FA Cup Final was the 136th final of the FA Cup , the world 's oldest football cup competition . It took place on 27 May 2017 at Wembley Stadium in London , England and was contested between London rivals Arsenal and Chelsea . Arsenal won the game 2 -- 1 to secure a record 13th title , while manager Arsène Wenger became the most successful manager in the tournament 's history with seven wins . The winners would enter the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League group stage , had they not already qualified for the UEFA Champions League via other competitions . This was a rematch of the 2002 FA Cup Final and the first final since 2003 in which both sides split the league games against each other during the course of the season , with a 3 -- 0 victory by Arsenal in September 2016 , and a 3 -- 1 win by Chelsea in February 2017 . The game was broadcast live in the United Kingdom by both BBC and BT Sport . BBC One provided the free - to - air coverage and BT Sport 2 was the pay - TV alternative . In North America , this was the first FA Cup Final to be televised by CTV in Canada and by FOX in the United States . Due to the circumstances surrounding his appearance , and performance on the day , Arsenal fans and former players have dubbed the game The Mertesacker Final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route to the final 1.1 Arsenal 1.2 Chelsea 2 Pre-match 3 Match 3.1 Summary 3.2 Details 3.3 Statistics 4 References Route to the final ( edit ) Arsenal ( edit ) In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first . Round Opposition Score 3rd Preston North End ( A ) 2 -- 1 4th Southampton ( A ) 5 -- 0 5th Sutton United ( A ) 2 -- 0 QF Lincoln City ( H ) 5 -- 0 SF Manchester City ( N ) 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . Arsenal , as a Premier League team , started their campaign in the third round . In it , they were drawn away at Football League Championship Preston North End . At Deepdale , Arsenal won 2 -- 1 with goals from Aaron Ramsey and Olivier Giroud . In the Fourth Round , Arsenal drew fellow Premier League Southampton . At St Mary 's Stadium , Arsenal won 5 -- 0 with two goals from Danny Welbeck and a hat - trick from Theo Walcott . In the Fifth Round , Arsenal were drawn against non-league National League Sutton United away . At Gander Green Lane , Arsenal won 2 -- 0 with goals from Lucas Pérez and Walcott . The match was also noted for Sutton United 's reserve goalkeeper Wayne Shaw being investigated by The FA and Gambling Commission for eating a pie pitchside despite there being betting odds on him doing so . In the quarter - finals , Arsenal were drawn at home against National League Lincoln City . At the Emirates Stadium , Arsenal won 5 -- 0 with goals from Walcott , Giroud , an own goal by Luke Waterfall , Alexis Sánchez and Ramsey . In the semi-final at neutral Wembley Stadium , Arsenal played against Premier League Manchester City and reached the final after a 2 -- 1 win with goals from Nacho Monreal and Sánchez . Chelsea ( edit ) In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first . Round Opposition Score 3rd Peterborough United ( H ) 4 -- 1 4th Brentford ( H ) 4 -- 0 5th Wolverhampton Wanderers ( A ) 2 -- 0 QF Manchester United ( H ) 1 -- 0 SF Tottenham Hotspur ( N ) 4 -- 2 Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . Players of Chelsea celebrating a goal in semi-final match against Tottenham Hotspur Chelsea also started in the third round where they were drawn at home against League One side Peterborough United . At Stamford Bridge , Chelsea won 4 -- 1 with two goals from Pedro and a goal each from Michy Batshuayi and Willian despite having club captain John Terry sent off . In the fourth round , they were drawn with Championship team Brentford at home . Chelsea won 4 -- 0 with goals from Pedro , Willian , Branislav Ivanović and Batshuayi . In the fifth round , Chelsea were drawn away against Championship Wolverhampton Wanderers . At Molineux Stadium , Chelsea won 2 -- 0 with goals from Pedro and Diego Costa . In the Quarter - finals , they were drawn against fellow Premier League side and FA Cup holders Manchester United . At Stamford Bridge , Chelsea won 1 -- 0 thanks to a goal from N'Golo Kanté . In the semi-finals at Wembley Stadium , Chelsea were drawn against fellow Premier League and London rivals , Tottenham Hotspur . Chelsea reached the final with a 4 -- 2 win with two goals from Willian and a goal each from Eden Hazard and Nemanja Matić . Pre-match ( edit ) Arsenal were appearing in the final of the FA Cup for the 20th time , the club 's third in four years . They had won the cup twelve times previously ( in 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 and 2015 ) and were beaten in the final seven times , most recently in 2001 . By comparison , Chelsea were making their 12th appearance in a FA Cup final . The club won the cup seven times ( 1970 , 1997 , 2000 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 ) and lost four finals . Arsenal and Chelsea had previously met 13 times in the FA Cup . Arsenal held an advantage in those meetings , winning seven of the last eight . Chelsea , however , won the last FA Cup tie , a 2 -- 1 victory in April 2009 . This was the second FA Cup final to feature both sides ; the first was won by Arsenal in 2002 . Chelsea manager Antonio Conte was on course to win the domestic double in his first season at the club . The most recent meeting between the two teams was a league encounter in February 2017 . Chelsea beat Arsenal by three goals to one , a result which moved them 12 points clear in first position . The win was significant given Chelsea lost the reverse fixture 3 -- 0 in September 2016 , a `` watershed moment '' in their season according to BBC journalist Phil McNulty . While Arsenal struggled to build momentum throughout autumn and winter , Chelsea manager Antonio Conte 's tactical switch from 4 -- 3 -- 3 to 3 -- 4 -- 3 thereafter resulted in a 13 - match winning run . They won the Premier League with two matches to spare , and later set a new divisional record for the most wins ( 30 ) . Arsenal ended the season in fifth place , their lowest placing under manager Arsène Wenger , and missed out on UEFA Champions League football for the first time in 20 years . Wenger 's future had been cast into doubt following a bad run of form in February and March , which saw the team lose 10 -- 2 on aggregate against Bayern Munich in the Champions League , and four of their five league matches . To arrest the decline , Wenger adopted a similar tactical change to Conte , playing three defenders at the back . Arsenal went on to win eight of their last nine fixtures , but Wenger admitted his team were outsiders for the final : `` This time we are not favourites , it 's quite even or maybe Chelsea are ahead , so it 's a bit similar to what happened in the semi-final against Manchester City . That 's part of what makes it all exciting as well . '' Of his future he said , `` It will not be my last match anyway , because I will stay , no matter what happens , in football . '' `` Mertesacker is going to be crucial for Arsenal if he plays ; he will have to play very well if Arsenal are to have any chance . If he does n't play well then Chelsea are going to cut through Arsenal like a knife through butter . '' Paul Merson 's pre-match assessment Conte described Wenger as one of the greats in football , and felt he would remain as Arsenal manager come the season 's end . `` He has done a fantastic job . Sometimes in England I think you undervalue the achievement of qualifying for the Champions League . Only this season they have n't qualified for the Champions League , '' he continued . Conte reiterated the importance of his players keeping their focus and wanted Chelsea to `` pay great attention and focus '' to their opponents . Hazard , who was playing in his first FA Cup final , was eager to win the competition : `` For Chelsea , for such a big club like this , you need to win one , two , three trophies every season if you can . Now we have the possibility to win another trophy so all the players are ready for that . It 's such a great competition for the fans . '' Chelsea and Arsenal were expected to line up in a 3 -- 4 -- 3 formation . Whereas the former club had no injury or suspension worries , Arsenal had doubts over the fitness of Petr Čech and Shkodran Mustafi , and were already without defenders Laurent Koscielny ( suspension ) and Gabriel ( ankle injury ) . Per Mertesacker was expected to start ; the Germany international only featured once for Arsenal 's first team during the season . The day before the final The Guardian reported that Wenger chose David Ospina to start in goal ahead of Čech . Both clubs received an allocation of approximately 28,000 tickets . For adults , these were priced £ 45 , £ 65 , £ 85 and £ 115 , with concessions in place . Chelsea supporters were situated in the west side of the ground , while Arsenal 's were allocated in the east . The remaining 14,000 tickets were distributed to volunteers involved in the FA 's work . Finalists stood to receive £ 900,000 minimum , the winners earned £ 1.8 million . Security at Wembley Stadium was tightened in the wake of the Manchester Arena bombing ; as a security measure Arsenal cancelled a screening of the game at their ground . Both clubs cancelled plans for open top bus victory parades . Sol Campbell and Eddie Newton came onto the pitch to greet the supporters and place the trophy on a plinth . As they departed , the traditional Cup Final hymn , `` Abide with Me '' was sung by representatives of eight clubs , including Lincoln City , Guernsey , Millwall and Sutton United . The teams emerged moments later led by their managers , and players were greeted by Prince William , Duke of Cambridge . Soprano Emily Haig sang the national anthem and a minute 's silence was then held to honour the victims of the Manchester attack . Prince William , Andy Burnham , the Mayor of Greater Manchester and FA chairman Greg Clarke lay wreaths on the pitch in tribute . Match ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) Moses receiving a red card in the second half Despite what was expected to be a tight affair , Arsenal dominated the early proceedings and opened the scoring with a goal from Alexis Sánchez in the 4th minute , shooting past the advancing goalkeeper from six yards out with his right foot . The goal was initially flagged as offside due to Aaron Ramsey being in an offside position . After discussing with his linesman , referee Anthony Taylor overrode the decision and awarded Arsenal the goal due to Ramsey not attempting to play the ball . Sánchez also handled the ball in the lead up to the goal but this was not seen by the referee . Arsenal then hit the post twice from close range in the first half through Aaron Ramsey and Danny Welbeck . In the second half , Victor Moses received a second yellow card for diving in the penalty box in the 68th minute , leaving Chelsea with ten men . Chelsea equalised through Diego Costa in the 76th minute when he controlled the ball on his chest in the penalty area before shooting low to the left with his right foot . Three minutes later Aaron Ramsey scored for Arsenal by heading in an Olivier Giroud cross from the left from six yards out . Details ( edit ) 27 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) 17 : 30 BST Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea Sánchez 4 ' Ramsey 79 ' Report Costa 76 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 89,472 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( Cheshire ) Arsenal Chelsea GK 13 David Ospina CB 16 Rob Holding 53 ' CB Per Mertesacker ( c ) CB 18 Nacho Monreal RM 24 Héctor Bellerín CM 8 Aaron Ramsey 9 ' CM 29 Granit Xhaka 81 ' LM 15 Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 82 ' RF 11 Mesut Özil CF 23 Danny Welbeck 78 ' LF 7 Alexis Sánchez 90 + 3 ' Substitutes : GK 33 Petr Čech MF 34 Francis Coquelin 83 ' 82 ' MF 35 Mohamed Elneny 90 + 3 ' FW 9 Lucas Pérez FW 12 Olivier Giroud 78 ' FW 14 Theo Walcott FW 17 Alex Iwobi Manager : Arsène Wenger GK 13 Thibaut Courtois CB 28 César Azpilicueta CB 30 David Luiz CB 24 Gary Cahill ( c ) RM 15 Victor Moses 57 ' , 68 ' CM 7 N'Golo Kanté 59 ' CM 21 Nemanja Matić 61 ' LM Marcos Alonso RF 11 Pedro 72 ' CF 19 Diego Costa 88 ' LF 10 Eden Hazard Substitutes : GK Asmir Begović DF 5 Kurt Zouma DF 6 Nathan Aké DF 26 John Terry MF Cesc Fàbregas 61 ' MF 22 Willian 72 ' FW 23 Michy Batshuayi 88 ' Manager : Antonio Conte Man of the Match : Alexis Sánchez ( Arsenal ) Assistant referees : Gary Beswick ( Durham ) Marc Perry ( Birmingham ) Fourth official : Bobby Madley ( West Yorkshire ) Fifth official : Adam Nunn ( Wiltshire ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions , with a fourth allowed in extra time . Statistics ( edit ) Statistic Arsenal Chelsea Goals scored Possession 52.4 % 47.6 % Shots on target 6 5 Shots off target 7 7 Corner kicks 7 5 Offsides 0 0 Yellow cards Red cards 0 Source : References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor - made for FA Cup Final '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History for London Heathrow , United Kingdom '' . Weather Wunderground. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 18 UEFA access list '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Final 2017 across the BBC '' . BBC News . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Chelsea : Live stream the FA Cup final online or watch on TV with BT Sport '' . BT Sport. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal captain Per Mertesacker could be forced to start FA Cup final '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Cross , John ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` FA Cup Final player ratings as Sanchez steals the show at Wembley '' . Jump up ^ `` ' It 's special because it 's my final season ' '' . www.arsenal.com . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Preston North End 1 -- 2 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Southampton 0 -- 5 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Sutton United 0 -- 2 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Aarons , Ed . `` Wayne Shaw leaves Sutton United amid investigations over pie - eating stunt '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Arsenal 5 -- 0 Lincoln City '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Alexis Sanchez hits extra-time winner as Arsenal edge FA Cup thriller against Manchester City '' . Eurosport. 2017 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Luke ( 2017 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Chelsea 4 -- 1 Peterborough United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 4 -- 0 Brentford '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wolverhampton Wanderers 0 -- 2 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 0 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Chelsea 4 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal vs Chelsea , match preview '' . Sky Sports . 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal vs Chelsea 2002 FA Cup finalists -- where are they now ? '' . The Telegraph . 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eden Hazard mesmerises Arsenal to tighten Chelsea 's Premier League grip '' . The Observer . London . 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 February 2017 ) . `` Chelsea 3 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 18 December 2016 ) . `` Arsenal : Are Arsene Wenger 's side spurning title chance again ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` Chelsea are Premier League champions : How did Antonio Conte do it ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are Chelsea champions of the year - on - year football points swing ? '' . theguardian.com. 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bull , JJ ; Wilson , Jeremy ( 21 May 2017 ) . `` How Liverpool secured Champions League spot as Arsenal fell short '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brus , Mark ( 18 March 2017 ) . `` Arsene Wenger achieves new low in the Premier League as Arsenal lose to West Brom '' . Metro . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final manager focus : Antonio Conte v Arsene Wenger '' . BT Sport. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger -- Breaking record not my priority '' . Arsenal F.C. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Olley , James ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` FA Cup Final will not determine Arsene Wenger 's future '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Merson , Paul ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Paul Merson 's FA Cup final prediction : Chelsea set for comfortable win over Arsenal '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup final : Arsene Wenger one of the game 's greats -- Antonio Conte '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Ben ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Chelsea boss Antonio Conte does n't think FA Cup final will be Arsene Wenger 's last game in charge of Arsenal '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hytner , David ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal v Chelsea : match preview '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal captain Per Mertesacker could be forced to start FA Cup final '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Arsène Wenger drops Petr Cech and gives David Ospina nod for FA Cup final '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Emirates FA Cup Final details confirmed '' . The Football Association . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Luke ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Arsenal and Chelsea supporters allocated 28,000 tickets for next month 's FA Cup final at Wembley '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Joe ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` FA Cup prize money 2017 : How much prize money will Arsenal or Chelsea receive for winning the trophy ? '' . City A.M . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal cancel FA Cup final screening at Emirates Stadium due to security threat after Manchester terror attack '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea cancel Premier League victory parade in light of Manchester terror attack '' . The Telegraph . 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea : 2017 FA Cup final -- as it happened '' . theguardian.com. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Emirates FA Cup Final details confirmed '' . The Football Association . 19 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 Chelsea 1 '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 Chelsea 1 : Aaron Ramsey seals Arsene Wenger 's record seventh FA Cup win in magnificent final '' . The Telegraph . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Ramsey fires Arsenal to FA Cup final win over 10 - man Chelsea '' . Guardian . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the FA Challenge Cup competition '' ( PDF ) . The Football Association . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match statistics '' . Sky Sports . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . 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-6416206057847767531	Cubana de Aviación Flight 972	Cubana de Aviación flight 972 - wikipedia Cubana de Aviación flight 972 Aircraft crash in Cuba , May 2018 Cubana de Aviación Flight 972 XA - UHZ , the aircraft involved in the accident , seen in 2011 Accident Date May 18 , 2018 Summary Crashed during climb out , under investigation Site Santiago de las Vegas Havana , Cuba 22 ° 59 ′ 29 '' N 82 ° 23 ′ 28 '' W / 22.99139 ° N 82.39111 ° W / 22.99139 ; - 82.39111 Coordinates : 22 ° 59 ′ 29 '' N 82 ° 23 ′ 28 '' W / 22.99139 ° N 82.39111 ° W / 22.99139 ; - 82.39111 Aircraft Aircraft type Boeing 737 - 201 Adv . Operator Global Air on behalf of Cubana de Aviación Registration XA - UHZ Flight origin José Martí International Airport Havana , Cuba Destination Frank País Airport Holguín , Cuba Passengers 107 Crew 6 Fatalities 112 Injuries Survivors ( Full screen ) Cubana de Aviación Flight 972 ( CU972 / CUB972 ) was a scheduled domestic flight from José Martí International Airport , Havana , to Frank País Airport in Holguín , Cuba , on May 18 , 2018 . The 39 - year - old Boeing 737 - 201 Adv . flying the route crashed shortly after takeoff , near Santiago de las Vegas , 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from Havana city centre . Of those on board , 112 died and one passenger survived with critical injuries . Four of the victims initially survived the crash but three of them later died in hospital . The site was visited by prominent officials soon after the crash , followed by a call for mourning and flags to be flown at half - mast . Most of the victims were Cuban . The United States offered to help Cuban authorities investigate the crash . This was accepted , and the investigation is ongoing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aircraft 2 Accident 3 Response 4 Passengers and crew 5 Investigation 6 See also 7 References Aircraft ( edit ) The aircraft was a leased Boeing 737 - 201 Adv . aircraft , operated by Mexican charter airline Global Air ( Aerolíneas Damojh , S.A. de C.V. ) , on a scheduled domestic flight from Havana to Holguín on behalf of Cubana de Aviación . The aircraft was manufactured in July 1979 , was about 39 years old and had served with multiple airlines before it was acquired by Global Air in 2013 . A statement by Global Air said that its aircraft had passed a November 2017 Mexican government inspection and that it was up - to - date with its permits to operate and lease aircraft . Accident ( edit ) Flight 972 was on a domestic flight to Frank País Airport at Holguín in the east of Cuba . It was carrying a total of 113 people -- 107 passengers and six crew . Five of the passengers were foreigners , and the remainder were Cuban . The flight crew were Mexican . The aircraft crashed close to the airport shortly after takeoff , at 12 : 08 pm . Eyewitnesses said that the plane made an unusual turn after it left the runway ; one witness on the ground said she saw that one of the plane 's engines was on fire . The plane crashed into train tracks and a farm , and a fire erupted from the wreckage . No - one on the ground was injured . First responders including firefighters and emergency medical crews rushed to the scene to assist with the rescue efforts . All but four of the 113 people on board initially perished in the crash , however three later died in hospital . Flight 972 is the second deadliest aircraft accident in Cuba , surpassed only by the crash of Cubana de Aviación Flight 9646 in 1989 , which killed 150 people . The previous major commercial aircraft accident in Cuba was Aero Caribbean Flight 883 in 2010 . Security camera footage of the accident has been released , which shows the final moments of the aircraft before the crash , from a nearby location . Response ( edit ) President Miguel Díaz - Canel , Health Minister Roberto Morales and other local authorities arrived at the site to observe and monitor the rescue efforts . Family and relatives of those aboard also gathered at the site and were later taken to the airport . The country declared an official period of mourning from 6 am on May 19 to 12 noon on May 20 , with flags to fly at half - mast outside government and military installations . Relatives have been called to Havana to identify the dead , with the National Revolutionary Police escorting them to clear the way . Passengers and crew ( edit ) The all - Mexican crew consisted of two pilots and four flight attendants , and there were 107 passengers on board . Mexico 's Secretariat of Communications and Transportation released a statement identifying the crew members . Of the 113 on board , four passengers initially survived the accident , all with serious injuries , but one of them died hours later at the hospital . One passenger who initially survived the crash died three days later , on May 21 , and another died on May 25 . In total , 112 people , including all crew members , were killed in the accident ; passenger Maylen Díaz Almaguer , a Cuban national , remained as the only survivor of the crash . Cuba 's Church of the Nazarene president said that there were 10 pastors and their spouses from the church among the passengers . Nationality Passengers Crew Total Fatalities Cuba 102 0 102 101 Mexico 6 7 7 Argentina 0 Sahrawi Republic / Spain 0 Sahrawi Republic 0 Total 107 6 113 112 Investigation ( edit ) President Miguel Díaz - Canel announced that a special commission had been formed to find the cause of the crash . Both the United States ' National Transportation Safety Board and Federal Aviation Administration have stated they would be able to offer assistance in the investigation , if requested . The aircraft manufacturer Boeing said it is ready to send a technical team to Cuba `` as permitted under US law and at the direction of the US National Transportation Safety Board and Cuban authorities '' . Transport Minister Adel Yzquierdo reported the recovery of the flight data recorder from the crash site on May 19 . The cockpit voice recorder was located on May 24 . On May 19 , the Mexican government announced that its national civil aviation authority was to begin an operational audit of Global Air to see if the airline was in compliance with regulations , and subsequently , on May 21 , the Mexican authorities temporarily suspended their operations . In the days following the crash , allegations were made by former workers and Cubana employees relating to Global Air 's airworthiness , maintenance and safety record . Incidents involving the Guyana Civil Aviation Authority and Chilean Directorate General of Civil Aviation were reported : in 2017 , for instance , XA - UHZ had been banned from Guyanese airspace due to its crew overloading the plane with luggage and stowing it improperly . Ovidio Martínez López , a pilot for Cubana for over 40 years until he retired in 2012 , wrote in a Facebook post that a plane rented from the Mexican company by Cubana briefly dropped off radar while over the city of Santa Clara in 2010 or 2011 , triggering an immediate response by Cuban aviation security officials . As a result , Cuban officials suspended a captain and co-pilot for `` serious technical knowledge issues '' , and Cuba 's Aviation Security authority issued a formal recommendation that Cubana stop renting planes and crews from Global Air , Martínez wrote . See also ( edit ) Cubana de Aviación accidents and incidents List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 List of sole survivors of airline accidents or incidents References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hradecky , Simon ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Crash : Global Damojh B732 at Havana on May 18th 2018 , lost height shortly after takeoff '' . The Aviation Herald . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tara ; Radia , Kirit ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jet with 105 passengers crashes just after takeoff in Cuba '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Augustin , Ed ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Cuba : about 100 feared dead in Havana plane crash '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba plane : More than 100 die in Havana air crash '' . BBC News . May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oppmann , Patrick ; Sanchez , Ray ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Plane crashes on takeoff from Havana airport , Cuban TV reports '' . CNN . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Accidente de la aeronave XA - UHZ ocurrido el día 18 de mayo de 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , Santiago ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` More Than 100 Feared Dead in Plane Crash in Cuba '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 19 - year - old now sole survivor of Cuban plane crash '' . New Straits Times . May 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cubana de Aviación Flight 972 Accident description '' . Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Benjamin ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Boeing passenger jet with over 100 passengers crashes after taking off from Havana '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Branigin , William ; Halsey III , Ashley ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` More than 100 people dead after airliner crashes in Cuba on domestic flight '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gladstone , Rick ; Robles , Frances ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Scores Dead as Cuban Airliner Crashes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Listado de pasajeros de avión accidentado '' ( in Spanish ) . Granma . May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whitefield , Mimi ; Herrera , Chabeli ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Cuban airplane with more than 100 aboard crashes shortly after take - off from Havana airport '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burke , Dave ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Harrowing footage shows moment before Cubana Airlines plane crashed , killing 110 '' . mirror . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , Sarah ; Acosta , Nelson ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Plane crashes in Cuba killing more than 100 , investigation underway '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba in mourning after deadly plane crash '' . BBC News . 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuba plane crash : Authorities examine aftermath '' . Stillwater News Press . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ries , Brian ; Rocha , Veronica ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Plane crashes in Havana with over 100 on board : Live updates '' . CNN . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Cuba says crash survivor dies ; toll now at 111 '' . Associated Press . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba plane crash : Death toll rises to 111 as one survivor dies , two others still critical ; cause yet unknown - Firstpost '' . www.firstpost.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Muere Emiley Sánchez , una de las sobrevivientes del accidente aéreo en Cuba '' . America Latina Cuba . Reuters . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Another Cuba plane crash survivor dies , death toll rises to 112 '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Cuban Pastors and Spouses Killed in Plane Crash '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba plane crash toll rises to 112 with death of survivor '' . WGN TV . May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba plane crash leaves more than 100 dead '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Cuba crash plane 's black box recovered '' . BBC News . 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Second black box located from Cuba plane crash '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Company Behind Cuba Plane Crash Was Subject of 2 Previous Performance Complaints '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Transportes , Secretaría de Comunicaciones y . `` Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil Boletín Informativo '' . gob.mx . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba plane crash : Damojh company ' had safety complaints ' '' . BBC . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Company in Cuba plane crash had received safety complaints ( AP , 2018 - 05 - 20 ) Jump up ^ Avionazo se veía venir , afirma expiloto de Global Air ( El Universal , 2018 - 05 - 19 ) Jump up ^ Weissenstein , Michael ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Company Behind Cuba Plane Crash Was Subject of 2 Previous Performance Complaints '' . TIME . hide ← 2017 Aviation accidents and incidents in 2018 ( 2018 ) Jan 13 Pegasus Airlines Flight 8622 Jan 17 Sapphire Aviation Bell UH - 1H Iroquois crash Feb 11 Saratov Airlines Flight 703 Feb 18 Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 3704 Mar 6 Russian Air Force Antonov An - 26 crash Mar 11 Iran Bombardier Challenger 604 crash Mar 11 New York City Eurocopter AS350 crash Mar 12 US - Bangla Airlines Flight 211 Mar 17 Philippine Piper PA - 23 Apache crash Apr 11 Algerian Air Force Il - 76 crash Apr 15 Air China Flight 1350 Apr 17 Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 May 2 U.S. Air National Guard C - 130 crash May 18 Cubana de Aviación Flight 972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Cubana_de_Aviación_Flight_972&oldid = 846132966 '' Categories : 2018 in Cuba Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Aviation accidents and incidents in 2018 Aviation accidents and incidents in Cuba Cubana de Aviación accidents and incidents May 2018 events in North America 21st century in Havana Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with short description Use mdy dates from May 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Pages with graphs Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 15 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	tell me about the plane crash in cuba	[]	[]
-3434243832247120346	Russian Empire	Russian Empire - wikipedia Russian Empire Jump to : navigation , search The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia . For other uses , see Russia ( disambiguation ) . Russian Empire Россійская Имперія ( Russian ) 1721 -- 1917 Flag of Russia Lesser coat of arms Motto `` S ' nami Bog ! '' Съ нами Богъ ! `` God is with us ! '' Anthem Bozhe , Tsarya khrani ! Боже , Царя храни ! `` God Save the Tsar ! '' Russian Empire at its peak : Territory Protectorates and sphere of influence Capital St. Petersburg ( 1721 -- 28 ; 1730 -- 1917 ) Moscow ( 1728 -- 30 ) Languages Official Russian Regional ( show ) Polish ( Congress Poland ) Finnish and Swedish ( Grand Duchy of Finland ) Religion Russian Orthodox Government Absolute monarchy ( 1721 -- 1906 ) Constitutional monarchy ( 1906 -- 17 ; de jure ) Emperor 1721 -- 1725 ( first ) Peter I 1894 -- 1917 ( last ) Nicholas II Chairman of the Council of Ministers 1905 -- 1906 ( first ) Sergei Witte 1917 ( last ) Nikolai Golitsyn Legislature Emperor along with the legislative assembly Upper house State Council Lower house State Duma History Empire proclaimed by Peter I 22 Oct ( O.S. 11 Oct ) 1721 Decembrist revolt took place 26 Dec ( O.S. 14 Dec ) 1825 Emancipation reform proclaimed 3 Mar ( O.S. 19 Feb ) 1861 1905 Revolution took place Jan -- Dec 1905 Constitution adopted 6 May ( O.S. 23 Apr ) 1906 February Revolution took place Feb -- Mar 1917 Abdication of Nicholas II 15 Mar ( O.S. 2 Mar ) 1917 Republic proclaimed by the Provisional Government 14 Sep ( O.S. 1 Sep ) 1917 Area 1866 23,700,000 km ( 9,200,000 sq mi ) Population 1897 est . 125,640,021 Currency Ruble Preceded by Succeeded by Tsardom of Russia Russian Republic a . ^ After 1866 , Alaska was sold to the United States , but Batum , Kars , Pamir and Transcaspia were acquired . b . ^ Renamed Petrograd in 1914 . c . ^ Russia continued to use the Julian calendar until after the collapse of the empire ( see Old Style and New Style dates ) . Warning : Value specified for `` continent '' does not comply The Russian Empire ( Russian : Россійская Имперія ) was an empire that existed from 1721 , following the end of the Great Northern War , until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917 . The third largest empire in world history , stretching over three continents , the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires . The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers : the Swedish Empire , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the Ottoman Empire . It played a major role in 1812 -- 1814 in defeating Napoleon 's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south . The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762 , and its German - descended cadet branch , the House of Holstein - Gottorp - Romanov , ruled from 1762 . At the beginning of the 19th century , the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south , from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean , and ( until 1867 ) into Alaska in North America on the east . With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census , it had the third - largest population in the world at the time , after Qing China and India . Like all empires , it included a large disparity in terms of economics , ethnicity , and religion . There were numerous dissident elements , who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts ; they were closely watched by the secret police , with thousands exiled to Siberia . Economically , the empire had a predominately agricultural base , with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs ( until they were freed in 1861 ) . The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories . The land was ruled by a nobility ( the boyars ) from the 10th through the 17th centuries , and subsequently by an emperor . Tsar Ivan III ( 1462 -- 1505 ) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged . He tripled the territory of his state , ended the dominance of the Golden Horde , renovated the Moscow Kremlin , and laid the foundations of the Russian state . Tsar Peter the Great ( 1682 -- 1725 ) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power . He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg , and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political mores with a modern , scientific , Europe - oriented , and rationalist system . Catherine the Great ( reigned 1762 -- 1796 ) presided over a golden age ; she expanded the state by conquest , colonization and diplomacy , continuing Peter the Great 's policy of modernisation along West European lines . Tsar Alexander II ( 1855 -- 1881 ) promoted numerous reforms , most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861 . His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire . That connection by 1914 led to Russia 's entry into the First World War on the side of France , Britain , and Serbia , against the German , Austrian and Ottoman empires . The Russian Empire functioned as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a de jure constitutional monarchy . The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917 , largely as a result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Population 1.2 Foreign relations 1.3 Eighteenth century 1.3. 1 Peter the Great ( 1672 -- 1725 ) 1.3. 2 Catherine the Great ( 1762 -- 1796 ) 1.3. 3 State budget 1.4 First half of the nineteenth century 1.5 Second half of the nineteenth century 1.5. 1 Alexander III 1.6 Early twentieth century 1.7 War , revolution , collapse 2 Territory 2.1 Boundaries 2.2 Geography 2.3 Territorial development 2.4 Imperial territories 3 Government and administration 3.1 Emperor 3.2 Imperial Council 3.3 State Duma and the electoral system 3.4 Council of Ministers 3.5 Most Holy Synod 3.6 Senate 3.7 Administrative divisions 4 Judicial system 5 Local administration 5.1 Municipal dumas 5.2 Baltic provinces 6 Economy 6.1 Mining and Heavy Industry 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Railways 7.2 Seaports 8 Religion 9 Military 10 Society 10.1 Estates 10.2 Serfdom 10.3 Peasants 10.4 Landowners 10.5 Media 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Surveys 14.2 Geography , topical maps 14.3 1801 -- 1917 14.4 Military and foreign relations 14.5 Economic , social and ethnic history 14.6 Historiography and memory 15 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Russia and Territorial changes of Russia Though the Empire was only officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I , following the Treaty of Nystad ( 1721 ) , some historians would argue that it was truly born either when Ivan III of Russia conquered Veliky Novgorod or when Ivan the Terrible conquered Khanate of Kazan . According to another point of view , the term Tsardom , which was used after the coronation of Ivan IV in 1547 , was already a contemporary Russian word for empire , while Peter the Great just replaced it with a Latinized synonym . Population ( edit ) Much of Russia 's expansion occurred in the 17th century , culminating in the first Russian colonisation of the Pacific in the mid-17th century , the Russo - Polish War ( 1654 -- 67 ) that incorporated left - bank Ukraine , and the Russian conquest of Siberia . Poland was divided in the 1790 - 1815 era , with much of the land and population going to Russia . Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia , south of Siberia . Year Population of Russia ( millions ) Notes 1720 15.5 includes new Baltic & Polish territories 1795 37.6 includes part of Poland 1812 42.8 includes Finland 1816 73.0 includes Congress Poland , Bessarabia 1914 170.0 includes new Asian territories Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign policy of the Russian Empire Eighteenth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1721 -- 96 ) Peter the Great ( 1672 -- 1725 ) ( edit ) Peter the Great officially renamed the Tsardom of Russia as the Russian Empire in 1721 and became its first emperor . He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power . Peter I the Great ( 1672 -- 1725 ) played a major role in introducing Russia to the European state system . However , this vast land had a population of 14 million . Grain yields trailed behind those of agriculture in the West , compelling nearly the entire population to farm . Only a small percentage lived in towns . The class of kholops , close in status to slavery , remained a major institution in Russia until 1723 , when Peter converted household kholops into house serfs , thus including them in poll taxation . Russian agricultural kholops were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679 . Peter 's first military efforts were directed against the Ottoman Turks . His attention then turned to the North . Peter still lacked a secure northern seaport , except at Archangel on the White Sea , where the harbor was frozen for nine months a year . Access to the Baltic was blocked by Sweden , whose territory enclosed it on three sides . Peter 's ambitions for a `` window to the sea '' led him to make a secret alliance in 1699 with Saxony , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and Denmark against Sweden , resulting in the Great Northern War . The war ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden asked for peace with Russia . Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the Gulf of Finland . The coveted access to the sea was now secured . There he built Russia 's new capital , Saint Petersburg , to replace Moscow , which had long been Russia 's cultural center . In 1722 , he turned his aspirations as first Russian monarch toward increasing Russian influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of the weakened Safavid Persians . He made Astrakhan the centre of military efforts against Persia , and waged the first full - scale war against them in 1722 -- 23 . Peter reorganized his government based on the latest political models of the time , moulding Russia into an absolutist state . He replaced the old boyar Duma ( council of nobles ) with a nine - member Senate , in effect a supreme council of state . The countryside was divided into new provinces and districts . Peter told the Senate that its mission was to collect taxes , and tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign . As part of the government reform , the Orthodox Church was partially incorporated into the country 's administrative structure , in effect making it a tool of the state . Peter abolished the patriarchate and replaced it with a collective body , the Holy Synod , led by a government official . Meanwhile , all vestiges of local self - government were removed . Peter continued and intensified his predecessors ' requirement of state service for all nobles . Peter died in 1725 , leaving an unsettled succession . After a short reign of his widow Catherine I , the crown passed to empress Anna who slowed down the reforms and led a successful war against the Ottoman Empire , which brought a significant weakening of the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate , a long - term Russian adversary . The discontent over the dominant positions of Baltic Germans in Russian politics brought Peter I 's daughter Elizabeth on the Russian throne . Elizabeth supported the arts , architecture and the sciences ( for example with the foundation of the Moscow University ) . However , she did not carry out significant structural reforms . Her reign , which lasted nearly 20 years , is also known for her involvement in the Seven Years ' War . It was successful for Russia militarily , but fruitless politically . Catherine the Great ( 1762 -- 1796 ) ( edit ) See also : Russia in the American Revolutionary War § Russian Diplomacy during the War Empress Catherine the Great , who reigned from 1762 to 1796 , continued the empire 's expansion and modernization . Considering herself an enlightened absolutist , she played a key role in the Russian Enlightenment . Catherine the Great was a German princess who married Peter III , the German heir to the Russian crown . After the death of Empress Elizabeth , she came to power when her coup d'état against her unpopular husband succeeded . She contributed to the resurgence of the Russian nobility that began after the death of Peter the Great . State service was abolished , and Catherine delighted the nobles further by turning over most state functions in the provinces to them . Catherine the Great extended Russian political control over the lands of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . Her actions included the support of the Targowica Confederation , although the cost of her campaigns , on top of the oppressive social system that required serfs to spend almost all of their time laboring on their owners ' land , provoked a major peasant uprising in 1773 , after Catherine legalised the selling of serfs separate from land . Inspired by a Cossack named Pugachev , with the emphatic cry of `` Hang all the landlords ! '' , the rebels threatened to take Moscow before they were ruthlessly suppressed . Instead of the traditional punishment of being drawn and quartered , Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioner should carry the sentence out quickly and with a minimum of suffering , as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law . She also ordered the public trial of Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova , a member of the highest nobility , on charges of torture and murder . These gestures of compassion garnered Catherine much positive attention from Europe experiencing the Enlightenment age , but the specter of revolution and disorder continued to haunt her and her successors . In order to ensure continued support from the nobility , which was essential to the survival of her government , Catherine was obliged to strengthen their authority and power at the expense of the serfs and other lower classes . Nevertheless , Catherine realized that serfdom must be ended , going so far in her `` Instruction '' to say that serfs were `` just as good as we are '' -- a comment the nobility received with disgust . Catherine successfully waged war against the Ottoman Empire and advanced Russia 's southern boundary to the Black Sea . Then , by plotting with the rulers of Austria and Prussia , she incorporated territories of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Partitions of Poland , pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe . In accordance with the treaty Russia had signed with the Georgians to protect them against any new invasion of their Persian suzerains and further political aspirations , Catherine waged a new war against Persia in 1796 after they had again invaded Georgia and established rule over it about a year prior and expelled the newly established Russian garrisons in the Caucasus . By the time of her death in 1796 , Catherine 's expansionist policy had turned Russia into a major European power . This continued with Alexander I 's wresting of Finland from the weakened kingdom of Sweden in 1809 and of Bessarabia from the Principality of Moldavia , ceded by the Ottomans in 1812 . State budget ( edit ) Catherine II Sestroretsk Rouble ( 1771 ) is made of solid copper measuring 77 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ in ) ( diameter ) , 26 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ in ) ( thickness ) , and weighs 1.022 kg ( 2.25 lb ) . It is the largest copper coin ever issued . Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis . While revenue rose from 9 million rubles in 1724 to 40 million in 1794 , expenses grew more rapidly , reaching 49 million in 1794 . The budget allocated 46 percent to the military , 20 percent to government economic activities , 12 percent to administration , and nine percent for the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg . The deficit required borrowing , primarily from Amsterdam ; five percent of the budget was allocated to debt payments . Paper money was issued to pay for expensive wars , thus causing inflation . For its spending , Russia obtained a large and well - equipped army , a very large and complex bureaucracy , and a court that rivaled Paris and London . However the government was living far beyond its means , and 18th century Russia remained `` a poor , backward , overwhelmingly agricultural , and illiterate country . '' First half of the nineteenth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1796 -- 1855 ) Napoleon , following a dispute with Tsar Alexander I , launched an invasion of Russia in 1812 . The campaign was a catastrophe . Although Napoleon 's Grande Armée made its way to Moscow , the Russians ' scorched earth strategy prevented the invaders from living off the country . In the bitter Russian Winter , thousands of French troops were ambushed and killed by peasant guerrilla fighters . As Napoleon 's forces retreated , the Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris . After Russia and its allies defeated Napoleon , Alexander became known as the ' saviour of Europe ' , and he presided over the redrawing of the map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) , that ultimately made Alexander the monarch of Congress Poland . Battle of Borodino Although the Russian Empire would play a leading political role in the next century , thanks to its defeat of Napoleonic France , its retention of serfdom precluded economic progress of any significant degree . As Western European economic growth accelerated during the Industrial Revolution , Russia began to lag ever farther behind , creating new weaknesses for the Empire seeking to play a role as a great power . This status concealed the inefficiency of its government , the isolation of its people , and its economic backwardness . Following the defeat of Napoleon , Alexander I had been ready to discuss constitutional reforms , but though a few were introduced , no major changes were attempted . Fort Ross , an early - 19th - century outpost of the Russian - American Company in Sonoma County , California The liberal tsar was replaced by his younger brother , Nicholas I ( 1825 -- 1855 ) , who at the beginning of his reign was confronted with an uprising . The background of this revolt lay in the Napoleonic Wars , when a number of well - educated Russian officers travelled in Europe in the course of military campaigns , where their exposure to the liberalism of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to autocratic Russia . The result was the Decembrist revolt ( December 1825 ) , the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas ' brother as a constitutional monarch . But the revolt was easily crushed , leading Nicholas to turn away from the modernization program begun by Peter the Great and champion the doctrine of Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality . The retaliation for the revolt made `` December Fourteenth '' a day long remembered by later revolutionary movements . In order to repress further revolts , censorship was intensified , including the constant surveillance of schools and universities . Textbooks were strictly regulated by the government . Police spies were planted everywhere . Would - be revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia -- under Nicholas I hundreds of thousands were sent to katorga there . After the Russian armies liberated allied ( since the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk ) Georgia from the Qajar dynasty 's occupation in 1802 , in the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) they clashed with Persia over control and consolidation over Georgia , and also got involved in the Caucasian War against the Caucasian Imamate . The conclusion of the 1804 - 1813 war with Persia made it irrevocably cede what is now Dagestan , Georgia , and most of Azerbaijan to Russia following the Treaty of Gulistan . To the south west , Russia attempted to expand at the expense of the Ottoman Empire , using recently acquired Georgia at its base for the Caucasus and Anatolian front . The late 1820s were successful military years . Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the Russo - Persian War of 1826 -- 28 , Russia managed to bring an end to the war with highly favourable terms with the Treaty of Turkmenchay , including the official gains of what is now Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Iğdır Province . In the 1828 - 29 Russo - Turkish War , Russia invaded northeastern Anatolia and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of Erzurum and Gümüşhane and , posing as protector and saviour of the Greek Orthodox population , received extensive support from the region 's Pontic Greeks . Following a brief occupation , the Russian imperial army withdrew back into Georgia . The question of Russia 's direction had been gaining attention ever since Peter the Great 's program of modernization . Some favored imitating Western Europe while others were against this and called for a return to the traditions of the past . The latter path was advocated by Slavophiles , who held the `` decadent '' West in contempt . The Slavophiles were opponents of bureaucracy who preferred the collectivism of the medieval Russian obshchina or mir over the individualism of the West . More extreme social doctrines were elaborated by such Russian radicals on the left as Alexander Herzen , Mikhail Bakunin , and Peter Kropotkin . Russian tsars crushed two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories : the November Uprising in 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863 . The Russian autocracy gave the Polish artisans and gentry reason to rebel in 1863 by assailing national core values of language , religion , culture . The result was the January Uprising , a massive Polish revolt , which was crushed by massive force . France , Britain and Austria tried to intervene in the crisis but were unable to do so . The Russian patriotic press used the Polish uprising to unify the Russian nation , claiming it was Russia 's God - given mission to save Poland and the world . Poland was punished by losing its distinctive political and judicial rights , with Russianization imposed on its schools and courts . Second half of the nineteenth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1855 -- 92 ) Further information : Russia -- United Kingdom relations A panoramic view of Moscow in 1867 . Flag of the Russian Empire for `` Celebrations '' from 1858 to 1883 . It was not as popular as Peter the Great 's tricolour , the white - blue - red flag , which was adopted as the official flag in 1883 , officialised by the Tsar in 1896 ; however , it had been used as a de facto flag to represent Russia since the end of the 17th century . The Imperial Standard of the Tsar , used from 1858 to 1917 . Previous versions of the black eagle on gold background were used as far back as Peter the Great 's time . The eleven - month siege of a Russian naval base at Sevastopol during the Crimean War Russian troops taking Samarkand ( 8 June 1868 ) Capturing of the Turkish redoubt during the Siege of Plevna ( 1877 ) In 1854 - 55 Russia lost to Britain , France and Turkey in the Crimean War . It was fought primarily in the Crimean peninsula , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic . Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon , Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible , but , once opposed against a coalition of the great powers of Europe , the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the decay and weakness of Tsar Nicholas ' regime . When Tsar Alexander II ascended the throne in 1855 , desire for reform was widespread . A growing humanitarian movement attacked serfdom as inefficient . In 1859 , there were more than 23 million serfs in usually poor living conditions . Alexander II decided to abolish serfdom from above , with ample provision for the landowners , rather than wait for it to be abolished from below in a revolutionary way that would hurt the landowners . The emancipation reform of 1861 that freed the serfs was the single most important event in 19th - century Russian history . It was the beginning of the end for the landed aristocracy 's monopoly of power . Further reforms of 1860s included socio - economic reforms which would clearify the position of the Russian government in the field of property rights and their protection . Emancipation brought a supply of free labour to the cities , industry was stimulated , and the middle class grew in number and influence . However , instead of receiving their lands as a gift , the freed peasants had to pay a special tax for what amounted to their lifetime to the government , which in turn paid the landlords a generous price for the land that they had lost . In numerous cases the peasants ended up with the smallest amount of land . All the property turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the mir , the village community , which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings . Although serfdom was abolished , since its abolition was achieved on terms unfavourable to the peasants , revolutionary tensions were not abated , despite Alexander II 's intentions . Revolutionaries believed that the newly freed serfs were merely being sold into wage slavery in the onset of the industrial revolution , and that the bourgeoisie had effectively replaced landowners . Alexander II obtained Outer Manchuria from the Qing China between 1858 -- 1860 and sold the last territories of Russian America , Alaska , to the USA in 1867 . In the late 1870s Russia and the Ottoman Empire again clashed in the Balkans . From 1875 to 1877 , the Balkan crisis intensified with rebellions against Ottoman rule by various Slavic nationalities , which the Ottoman Turks dominated since the 16th century . This was seen as a political risk in Russia , which similarly suppressed its Muslims in Central Asia and Caucasia . Russian nationalist opinion became a major domestic factor in its support for liberating Balkan Christians from Ottoman rule and making Bulgaria and Serbia independent . In early 1877 , Russia intervened on behalf of Serbian and Russian volunteer forces in the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) . Within one year , Russian troops were nearing Istanbul and the Ottomans surrendered . Russia 's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878 , creating an enlarged , independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans . When Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano , an exhausted Russia backed down . At the Congress of Berlin in July 1878 , Russia agreed to the creation of a smaller Bulgaria , as an autonomous principality inside the Ottoman Empire . As a result , Pan-Slavists were left with a legacy of bitterness against Austria - Hungary and Germany for failing to back Russia . The disappointment at the results of the war stimulated revolutionary tensions in the country . However , he helped Serbia , Romania and Montenegro to gain independence from and strengthen themselves against the Ottomans . Another significant result of the 1877 -- 78 Russo - Turkish War in Russia 's favour was the acquisition from the Ottomans of the provinces of Batum , Ardahan and Kars in Transcaucasia , which were transformed into the militarily administered regions of Batum Oblast and Kars Oblast . To replace Muslim refugees who had fled across the new frontier into Ottoman territory the Russian authorities settled large numbers of Christians from an ethnically diverse range of communities in Kars Oblast , particularly the Georgians , Caucasus Greeks and Armenians , each of whom hoped to achieve protection and advance their own regional ambitions on the back of the Russian Empire . Alexander III ( edit ) In 1881 Alexander II was assassinated by the Narodnaya Volya , a Nihilist terrorist organization . The throne passed to Alexander III ( 1881 -- 1894 ) , a reactionary who revived the maxim of `` Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality '' of Nicholas I. A committed Slavophile , Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from turmoil only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe . During his reign Russia declared the Franco - Russian Alliance to contain the growing power of Germany , completed the conquest of Central Asia and demanded important territorial and commercial concessions from the Qing . The tsar 's most influential adviser was Konstantin Pobedonostsev , tutor to Alexander III and his son Nicholas , and procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1895 . He taught his royal pupils to fear freedom of speech and press , as well as disliking democracy , constitutions , and the parliamentary system . Under Pobedonostsev , revolutionaries were persecuted and a policy of Russification was carried out throughout the Empire . The movement south toward Afghanistan and India alarmed the British , who ignored Russia 's quest for a warm - water port and worked to block its advance in what observers called The Great Game . Both nations avoided escalating the tensions into a war , and they became allies in 1907 . Early twentieth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1892 -- 1917 ) A scene from the First Russian Revolution , by Ilya Repin . Play media View of Moscow River from Kremlin , 1908 In 1894 , Alexander III was succeeded by his son , Nicholas II , who was committed to retaining the autocracy that his father had left him . Nicholas II proved ineffective as a ruler and in the end his dynasty was overthrown by revolution . The Industrial Revolution began to show significant influence in Russia , but the country remained rural and poor . The liberal elements among industrial capitalists and nobility believed in peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarchy , forming the Constitutional Democratic Party or Kadets . On the left the Socialist Revolutionary Party ( SRs ) incorporated the Narodnik tradition and advocated the distribution of land among those who actually worked it -- the peasants . Another radical group was the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , exponents of Marxism in Russia . The Social Democrats differed from the SRs in that they believed a revolution must rely on urban workers , not the peasantry . In 1903 , at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in London , the party split into two wings : the gradualist Mensheviks and the more radical Bolsheviks . The Mensheviks believed that the Russian working class was insufficiently developed and that socialism could be achieved only after a period of bourgeois democratic rule . They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism . The Bolsheviks , under Vladimir Lenin , supported the idea of forming a small elite of professional revolutionists , subject to strong party discipline , to act as the vanguard of the proletariat in order to seize power by force . Defeat in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 1905 ) was a major blow to the Tsarist regime and further increased the potential for unrest . In January 1905 , an incident known as `` Bloody Sunday '' occurred when Father Georgy Gapon led an enormous crowd to the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg to present a petition to the Tsar . When the procession reached the palace , soldiers opened fire on the crowd , killing hundreds . The Russian masses were so furious over the massacre that a general strike was declared demanding a democratic republic . This marked the beginning of the Revolution of 1905 . Soviets ( councils of workers ) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity . Russia was paralyzed , and the government was desperate . In October 1905 , Nicholas reluctantly issued the famous October Manifesto , which conceded the creation of a national Duma ( legislature ) to be called without delay . The right to vote was extended and no law was to become final without confirmation by the Duma . The moderate groups were satisfied . But the socialists rejected the concessions as insufficient and tried to organise new strikes . By the end of 1905 , there was disunity among the reformers , and the tsar 's position was strengthened for the time being . War , Revolution , collapse ( edit ) Main articles : Causes of World War I , Eastern Front ( World War I ) , and October Revolution Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow in 1917 Tsar Nicholas II and his subjects entered World War I with enthusiasm and patriotism , with the defense of Russia 's fellow Orthodox Slavs , the Serbs , as the main battle cry . In August 1914 , the Russian army invaded Germany 's province of East Prussia and occupied a significant portion of Austrian - controlled Galicia in support of the Serbs and their allies -- the French and British . Military reversals and shortages among the civilian population , however , soon soured much of the population . German control of the Baltic Sea and German - Ottoman control of the Black Sea severed Russia from most of its foreign supplies and potential markets . By the middle of 1915 , the impact of the war was demoralizing . Food and fuel were in short supply , casualties were increasing , and inflation was mounting . Strikes rose among low - paid factory workers , and there were reports that peasants , who wanted reforms of land ownership , were restless . The tsar eventually decided to take personal command of the army and moved to the front , leaving his wife , the Empress Alexandra in charge in the capital . The illness of her son Alexei led her to trust the semi-illiterate Siberian peasant Grigori Rasputin ( 1869 -- 1916 ) , who convinced the royal family that he possessed healing powers that would cure Alexei . He had gained enormous influence but did not shift any major decisions . His assassination in late 1916 by a clique of nobles restored their honor but could not restore the Tsar 's lost prestige . On 3 March 1917 , a strike was organized on a factory in the capital , Saint Petersburg ; within a week nearly all the workers in the city were idle , and street fighting broke out . The Tsarist system was overthrown by a liberal February Revolution in 1917 . Rabinowitch argues , `` The February 1917 revolution ... grew out of prewar political and economic instability , technological backwardness , and fundamental social divisions , coupled with gross mismanagement of the war effort , continuing military defeats , domestic economic dislocation , and outrageous scandals surrounding the monarchy . '' Swain says , `` The first government to be formed after the October Revolution of 1917 had , with one exception , been composed of liberals . '' With his authority destroyed , Nicholas abdicated on 2 March 1917 . The execution of the Romanov family at the hands of Bolsheviks followed in 1918 . Territory ( edit ) Boundaries ( edit ) The Russian Empire in 1912 . The administrative boundaries of European Russia , apart from Finland and its portion of Poland , coincided approximately with the natural limits of the East - European plains . In the North it met the Arctic Ocean . Novaya Zemlya and the Kolguyev and Vaygach Islands also belonged to it , but the Kara Sea was referred to Siberia . To the East it had the Asiatic territories of the Empire , Siberia and the Kyrgyz steppes , from both of which it was separated by the Ural Mountains , the Ural River and the Caspian Sea -- the administrative boundary , however , partly extending into Asia on the Siberian slope of the Urals . To the South it had the Black Sea and Caucasus , being separated from the latter by the Manych River depression , which in Post-Pliocene times connected the Sea of Azov with the Caspian . The western boundary was purely conventional : it crossed the Kola Peninsula from the Varangerfjord to the Gulf of Bothnia . Thence it ran to the Curonian Lagoon in the southern Baltic Sea , and thence to the mouth of the Danube , taking a great circular sweep to the west to embrace Poland , and separating Russia from Prussia , Austrian Galicia and Romania . It is a special feature of Russia that it has few free outlets to the open sea other than on the ice - bound shores of the Arctic Ocean . The deep indentations of the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland were surrounded by what is ethnically Finnish territory , and it is only at the very head of the latter gulf that the Russians had taken firm foothold by erecting their capital at the mouth of the Neva River . The Gulf of Riga and the Baltic belong also to territory which was not inhabited by Slavs , but by Baltic and Finnic peoples and by Germans . The East coast of the Black Sea belonged to Transcaucasia , a great chain of mountains separating it from Russia . But even this sheet of water is an inland sea , the only outlet of which , the Bosphorus , was in foreign hands , while the Caspian , an immense shallow lake , mostly bordered by deserts , possessed more importance as a link between Russia and its Asiatic settlements than as a channel for intercourse with other countries . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Russia Ethnic map of European Russia before the First World War By the end of the 19th century the size of the empire was about 22,400,000 square kilometers ( 8,600,000 sq mi ) or almost 1 / 6 of the Earth 's landmass ; its only rival in size at the time was the British Empire . However , at this time , the majority of the population lived in European Russia . More than 100 different ethnic groups lived in the Russian Empire , with ethnic Russians composing about 45 % of the population . Territorial development ( edit ) In addition to almost the entire territory of modern Russia , prior to 1917 the Russian Empire included most of Dnieper Ukraine , Belarus , Bessarabia , the Grand Duchy of Finland , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , the Central Asian states of Russian Turkestan , most of the Baltic governorates , as well as a significant portion of the Kingdom of Poland and Ardahan , Artvin , Iğdır , Kars and northeastern part of Erzurum Provinces from the Ottoman Empire . Between 1742 and 1867 , the Russian - American Company administered Alaska as a colony . The Company also established settlements in Hawaii , including Fort Elizabeth ( 1817 ) , and as far south in North America as Fort Ross Colony ( established in 1812 ) in Sonoma County , California just north of San Francisco . Both Fort Ross and the Russian River in California got their names from Russian settlers , who had staked claims in a region claimed until 1821 by the Spanish as part of New Spain . Following the Swedish defeat in the Finnish War of 1808 -- 1809 and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on 17 September 1809 , the eastern half of Sweden , the area that then became Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as an autonomous grand duchy . The tsar eventually ended up ruling Finland as a semi-constitutional monarch through the Governor - General of Finland and a native - populated Senate appointed by him . The Emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right , however , although his Finnish subjects came to consider the Grand Duchy as one . Map of governorates of the western Russian Empire in 1910 In the aftermath of the Russo - Turkish War , 1806 -- 12 , and the ensuing Treaty of Bucharest ( 1812 ) , the eastern parts of the Principality of Moldavia , an Ottoman vassal state , along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule , came under the rule of the Empire . This area ( Bessarabia ) was among the Russian Empire 's last territorial increments in Europe . At the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) , Russia gained sovereignty over Congress Poland , which on paper was an autonomous Kingdom in personal union with Russia . However , this autonomy was eroded after an uprising in 1831 , and was finally abolished in 1867 . Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the Caucasus in the course of the 19th century at the expense of Persia through the Russo - Persian Wars of 1804 -- 13 and 1826 -- 28 and the respectively ensuing treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay , as well as through the Caucasian War ( 1817 -- 1864 ) . The Russian Empire expanded its influence and possessions in Central Asia , especially in the later 19th century , conquering much of Russian Turkestan in 1865 and continuing to add territory as late as 1885 . Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire as Russian explorers found them : the New Siberian Islands from the early 18th century ; Severnaya Zemlya ( `` Emperor Nicholas II Land '' ) first mapped and claimed as late as 1913 . During World War I , Russia briefly occupied a small part of East Prussia , then part of Germany ; a significant portion of Austrian Galicia ; and significant portions of Ottoman Armenia . While the modern Russian Federation currently controls the Kaliningrad Oblast , which comprised the northern part of East Prussia , this differs from the area captured by the Empire in 1914 , though there was some overlap : Gusev ( Gumbinnen in German ) was the site of the initial Russian victory . Imperial territories ( edit ) See also : Russian colonization of the Americas and First Russian circumnavigation The Russian settlement of St. Paul 's Harbor ( present - day Kodiak town ) , Kodiak Island According to the 1st article of the Organic law , the Russian Empire was one indivisible state . In addition , the 26th article stated that `` With the Imperial Russian throne are indivisible the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality of Finland '' . Relations with the Grand Principality of Finland were also regulated by the 2nd article , `` The Grand Principality of Finland , constituted an indivisible part of the Russian state , in its internal affairs governed by special regulations at the base of special laws '' and the law of 10 June 1910 . Between 1744 and 1867 , the empire also controlled Russian America . With the exception of this territory -- modern - day Alaska -- the Russian Empire was a contiguous mass of land spanning Europe and Asia . In this it differed from contemporary colonial - style empires . The result of this was that while the British and French colonial empires declined in the 20th century , the Russian Empire kept a large portion of its territory , first as the Soviet Union , and latter as part of present - day Russia as well as the Commonwealth of Independent States . Furthermore , the empire at times controlled concession territories , notably the Kwantung Leased Territory and the Chinese Eastern Railway , both conceded by Qing China , as well as a concession in Tianjin . See for these periods of extraterritorial control the empire of Japan -- Russian Empire relations . In 1815 , Dr. Schäffer , a Russian entrepreneur , went to Kauai and negotiated a treaty of protection with the island 's governor Kaumualii , vassal of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii , but the Russian Tsar refused to ratify the treaty . See also Orthodox Church in Hawaii and Russian Fort Elizabeth . In 1889 , a Russian adventurer , Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov , tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa , Sagallo , situated on the Gulf of Tadjoura in present - day Djibouti . However this attempt angered the French , who dispatched two gunboats against the colony . After a brief resistance , the colony surrendered and the Russian settlers were deported to Odessa . Government and administration ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Russia Early Slavs / Rus ' pre-9th century Khazar Khaganate 7th -- 10th century Rus ' Khaganate 9th century Volga Bulgaria 9th -- 13th century Kievan Rus ' 882 -- 1240 Vladimir - Suzdal 1157 -- 1331 Novgorod Republic 1136 -- 1478 Mongol Yoke 1240s -- 1480 Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283 -- 1547 Tsardom of Russia 1547 -- 1721 Russian Empire 1721 -- 1917 Russian Republic 1917 Russian SFSR 1917 -- 1922 Soviet Union 1922 -- 1991 Russian Federation 1991 -- present Timeline Russia portal See also : Tsarist absolutism From its initial creation until the 1905 Revolution , the Russian Empire was controlled by its tsar / emperor as an absolute monarch , under the system of tsarist autocracy . After the Revolution of 1905 , Russia developed a new type of government which became difficult to categorize . In the Almanach de Gotha for 1910 , Russia was described as `` a constitutional monarchy under an autocratic tsar . '' This contradiction in terms demonstrated the difficulty of precisely defining the system , essentially transitional and meanwhile sui generis , established in the Russian Empire after October 1905 . Before this date , the fundamental laws of Russia described the power of the Emperor as `` autocratic and unlimited . '' After October 1905 , while the imperial style was still `` Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias '' , the fundamental laws were remodeled by removing the word unlimited . While the emperor retained many of his old prerogatives , including an absolute veto over all legislation , he equally agreed to the establishment of an elected parliament , without whose consent no laws were to be enacted in Russia . Not that the regime in Russia had become in any true sense constitutional , far less parliamentary . But the `` unlimited autocracy '' had given place to a `` self - limited autocracy . '' Whether this autocracy was to be permanently limited by the new changes , or only at the continuing discretion of the autocrat , became a subject of heated controversy between conflicting parties in the state . Provisionally , then , the Russian governmental system may perhaps be best defined as `` a limited monarchy under an autocratic emperor . '' Emperor ( edit ) Main article : Tsar § Russia The building on Palace Square opposite the Winter Palace was the headquarters of the Army General Staff . Today , it houses the headquarters of the Western Military District / Joint Strategic Command West . The Catherine Palace , located at Tsarskoe Selo , was the summer residence of the imperial family . It is named after Empress Catherine I , who reigned from 1725 to 1727 . Peter the Great changed his title from Tsar in 1721 , when he was declared Emperor of all Russia . While later rulers kept this title , the ruler of Russia was commonly known as Tsar or Tsaritsa until the fall of the Empire during the February Revolution of 1917 . Prior to the issuance of the October Manifesto , the Emperor ruled as an absolute monarch , subject to only two limitations on his authority ( both of which were intended to protect the existing system ) : the Emperor and his consort must both belong to the Russian Orthodox Church , and he must obey the laws of succession ( Pauline Laws ) established by Paul I. Beyond this , the power of the Russian Autocrat was virtually limitless . On 17 October 1905 , the situation changed : the Emperor voluntarily limited his legislative power by decreeing that no measure was to become law without the consent of the Imperial Duma , a freely elected national assembly established by the Organic Law issued on 28 April 1906 . However , the Emperor retained the right to disband the newly established Duma , and he exercised this right more than once . He also retained an absolute veto over all legislation , and only he could initiate any changes to the Organic Law itself . His ministers were responsible solely to him , and not to the Duma or any other authority , which could question but not remove them . Thus , while the Emperor 's power was limited in scope after 28 April 1906 , it still remained formidable . Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia , reigning from 1894 to 1917 . Imperial council ( edit ) Main article : State Council of Imperial Russia Under Russia 's revised Fundamental Law of 20 February 1906 , the Council of the Empire was associated with the Duma as a legislative Upper House ; from this time the legislative power was exercised normally by the Emperor only in concert with the two chambers . The Council of the Empire , or Imperial Council , as reconstituted for this purpose , consisted of 196 members , of whom 98 were nominated by the Emperor , while 98 were elective . The ministers , also nominated , were ex officio members . Of the elected members , 3 were returned by the `` black '' clergy ( the monks ) , 3 by the `` white '' clergy ( seculars ) , 18 by the corporations of nobles , 6 by the academy of sciences and the universities , 6 by the chambers of commerce , 6 by the industrial councils , 34 by the governments having zemstvos , 16 by those having no zemstvos , and 6 by Poland . As a legislative body the powers of the Council were coordinate with those of the Duma ; in practice , however , it has seldom if ever initiated legislation . State Duma and the electoral system ( edit ) Main article : State Duma of the Russian Empire The Duma of the Empire or Imperial Duma ( Gosudarstvennaya Duma ) , which formed the Lower House of the Russian parliament , consisted ( since the ukaz of 2 June 1907 ) of 442 members , elected by an exceedingly complicated process . The membership was manipulated as to secure an overwhelming majority of the wealthy ( especially the landed classes ) and also for the representatives of the Russian peoples at the expense of the subject nations . Each province of the Empire , except Central Asia , returned a certain number of members ; added to these were those returned by several large cities . The members of the Duma were chosen by electoral colleges and these , in their turn , were elected in assemblies of the three classes : landed proprietors , citizens and peasants . In these assemblies the wealthiest proprietors sat in person while the lesser proprietors were represented by delegates . The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth , and elected delegates directly to the college of the Governorates . The peasants were represented by delegates selected by the regional subdivisions called volosts . Workmen were treated in special manner with every industrial concern employing fifty hands or over electing one or more delegates to the electoral college . In the college itself , the voting for the Duma was by secret ballot and a simple majority carried the day . Since the majority consisted of conservative elements ( the landowners and urban delegates ) , the progressives had little chance of representation at all save for the curious provision that one member at least in each government was to be chosen from each of the five classes represented in the college . That the Duma had any radical elements was mainly due to the peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns -- Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Kiev , Odessa , Riga and the Polish cities of Warsaw and Łódź . These elected their delegates to the Duma directly , and though their votes were divided ( on the basis of taxable property ) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth , each returned the same number of delegates . Council of ministers ( edit ) Main article : Russian Council of Ministers By the law of 18 October 1905 , to assist the Emperor in the supreme administration a Council of Ministers ( Sovyet Ministrov ) was created , under a minister president , the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia . This council consists of all the ministers and of the heads of the principal administrations . The ministries were as follows : Ministry of the Imperial Court Ministry of Foreign Affairs ; Ministry of War ; Ministry of Navy Ministry of Finance ; Ministry of Commerce and Industry ( created in 1905 ) ; Ministry of Internal affairs ( including police , health , censorship and press , posts and telegraphs , foreign religions , statistics ) ; Ministry of Agriculture and State Assets ; Ministry of ways of Communications ; Ministry of Justice ; Ministry of National Enlightenment . Most Holy Synod ( edit ) Main article : Most Holy Synod The Senate and Synod headquarters -- today the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on Senate Square in Saint Petersburg . The Most Holy Synod ( established in 1721 ) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia . It was presided over by a lay procurator , representing the Emperor , and consisted of the three metropolitans of Moscow , Saint Petersburg and Kiev , the archbishop of Georgia , and a number of bishops sitting in rotation . Senate ( edit ) Main article : Governing Senate The Senate ( Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat , i.e. directing or governing senate ) , originally established during the government reform of Peter I , consisted of members nominated by the Emperor . Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided . It was the supreme court of cassation ; an audit office , a high court of justice for all political offences ; one of its departments fulfilled the functions of a heralds ' college . It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the Empire , notably differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self - government . Lastly , it promulgated new laws , a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the Supreme Court of the United States , of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Further information : History of the administrative division of Russia Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914 Residence of the Governor of Moscow ( 1778 -- 82 ) For the purposes of administration , Russia was divided ( as of 1914 ) into 81 governorates ( guberniyas ) , 20 oblasts , and 1 okrug . Vassals and protectorates of the Russian Empire included the Emirate of Bukhara , the Khanate of Khiva and , after 1914 , Tuva ( Uriankhai ) . Of these 11 Governorates , 17 oblasts and 1 okrug ( Sakhalin ) belonged to Asian Russia . Of the rest 8 Governorates were in Finland , 10 in Poland . European Russia thus embraced 59 governorates and 1 oblast ( that of the Don ) . The Don Oblast was under the direct jurisdiction of the ministry of war ; the rest had each a governor and deputy - governor , the latter presiding over the administrative council . In addition there were governors - general , generally placed over several governorates and armed with more extensive powers usually including the command of the troops within the limits of their jurisdiction . In 1906 , there were governors - general in Finland , Warsaw , Vilna , Kiev , Moscow , and Riga . The larger cities ( Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Odessa , Sevastopol , Kerch , Nikolayev , Rostov ) had an administrative system of their own , independent of the governorates ; in these the chief of police acted as governor . Judicial system ( edit ) Main article : Judicial system of the Russian Empire The judicial system of the Russian Empire , existed from the mid-19th century , was established by the `` tsar emancipator '' Alexander II , by the statute of 20 November 1864 ( Sudebny Ustav ) . This system -- based partly on English , partly on French models -- was built up on certain broad principles : the separation of the judicial and administrative functions , the independence of the judges and courts , the publicity of trials and oral procedure , the equality of all classes before the law . Moreover , a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the jury system and -- so far as one order of tribunal was concerned -- the election of judges . The establishment of a judicial system on these principles constituted a major change in the conception of the Russian state , which , by placing the administration of justice outside the sphere of the executive power , ceased to be a despotism . This fact made the system especially obnoxious to the bureaucracy , and during the latter years of Alexander II and the reign of Alexander III there was a piecemeal taking back of what had been given . It was reserved for the third Duma , after the 1905 Revolution , to begin the reversal of this process . The system established by the law of 1864 was significant in that it set up two wholly separate orders of tribunals , each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact only in the Senate , as the supreme court of cassation . The first of these , based on the English model , are the courts of the elected justices of the peace , with jurisdiction over petty causes , whether civil or criminal ; the second , based on the French model , are the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges , sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases . Local administration ( edit ) Alongside the local organs of the central government in Russia there are three classes of local elected bodies charged with administrative functions : the peasant assemblies in the mir and the volost ; the zemstvos in the 34 Governorates of Russia ; the municipal dumas . Municipal dumas ( edit ) The Moscow City Duma Since 1870 the municipalities in European Russia have had institutions like those of the zemstvos . All owners of houses , and tax - paying merchants , artisans and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth . The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts , representing three groups of electors very unequal in number , each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma . The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava , which consists of several members elected by the duma . Under Alexander III , however , by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894 , the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos . In 1894 municipal institutions , with still more restricted powers , were granted to several towns in Siberia , and in 1895 to some in Caucasia . Baltic provinces ( edit ) Main article : Baltic governorates The formerly Swedish - controlled Baltic provinces ( Courland , Livonia and Estonia ) were incorporated into the Russian Empire after the defeat of Sweden in the Great Northern War . Under the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 , the Baltic German nobility retained considerable powers of self - government and numerous privileges in matters affecting education , police and the administration of local justice . After 167 years of German language administration and education , laws were declared in 1888 and 1889 where the rights of the police and manorial justice were transferred from Baltic German control to officials of the central government . Since about the same time a process of Russification was being carried out in the same provinces , in all departments of administration , in the higher schools and in the Imperial University of Dorpat , the name of which was altered to Yuriev . In 1893 district committees for the management of the peasants ' affairs , similar to those in the purely Russian governments , were introduced into this part of the empire . Economy ( edit ) 100 roubles ( 1910 ) Country equity capitalization 1900 - 2012 Russian and US equites , 1865 to 1917 Mining and heavy industry ( edit ) Output of mining industry and heavy industry of Russian Empire by region in 1912 ( in percent of the national output ) . Ural Region Southern Region Caucasus Siberia Kingdom of Poland Gold 21 % -- -- 88.2 % - Platinum 100 % -- -- -- -- Silver 36 % -- 24.3 % 29.3 % -- Lead 5.8 % -- 92 % -- 0.9 % Zinc -- -- 25.2 % -- 74.8 % Copper 54.9 % -- 30.2 % 14.9 % -- Pig Iron 19.4 % 67.7 % -- -- 9.3 % Iron and Steel 17.3 % 36.2 % -- -- 10.8 % Manganese 0.3 % 29.2 % 70.3 % -- -- Coal 3.4 % 67.3 % -- 5.8 % 22.3 % Petroleum -- -- 97 % -- -- Infrastructure ( edit ) Railways ( edit ) Tzarskoselskaya Railway , 1830 Map of Russian railroads in 1916 The planning and building of the railway network after 1860 had far - reaching effects on the economy , culture , and ordinary life of Russia . The central authorities and the imperial elite made most of the key decisions , but local elites set up a demand for rail linkages . Local nobles , merchants , and entrepreneurs imagined the future from `` locality '' ' ( mestnost ' ) ' to `` empire '' to promote their regional interests . Often they had to compete with other cities . By envisioning their own role in a rail network they came to understand how important they were to the empire 's economy . The Russian army built two major railway lines in Central Asia during the 1880s . The Trans - Caucasian Railway connected the city of Batum on the Black Sea and the oil center of Baku on the Caspian Sea . The Trans - Caspian Railway began at Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Sea and reached Bukhara , Samarkand and Tashkent . Both lines served the commercial and strategic needs of the Empire , and facilitated migration . Year 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1911 Kilometers 26 601 1,590 11,243 23,982 32,390 56,976 78,468 Seaports ( edit ) Biggest seaports of Russian Empire by tonnage of visiting ships in 1912 ( the figures for tonnage are in thousands of tonns ) ( show ) Port Tonnage Position Riga 1528 Baltic Sea Kerch 33 Black Sea Arkhangelsk 549 White Sea Feodosia 175 Black Sea Onega 98 White Sea Mariupol 266 Black Sea Evpatoria 66 Black Sea Sukhum 45 Black Sea Izmail 47 Black Sea Astara 64 Caspian Sea Vladivostok 891 Pacific Ocean Nikolayevsk - on - Amur 57 Pacific Ocean Astrakhan 34 Caspian Sea Baku 286 Caspian Sea Reni 173 Black Sea Krasnovodsk 21 Caspian Sea Batum 898 Black Sea Poti 348 Black Sea Berdyansk 80 Black Sea Novorossiysk 646 Black Sea Nikolayev 721 Black Sea Libava 796 Baltic Sea Odessa 1243 Black Sea Narva 95 Baltic Sea Kherson 252 Black Sea Revel 65 Baltic Sea Sevastopol 44 Black Sea Saint Petersburg 2024 Baltic Sea Genichensk 67 Black Sea Pernov 23 Baltic Sea Taganrog 657 Black Sea Vindava 604 Baltic Sea Religion ( edit ) Main articles : Christianity in Russia , Islam in Russia , Roman Catholicism in Russia , and History of the Jews in Russia The Kazan Cathedral in Saint Petersburg was constructed between 1801 and 1811 , and prior to the construction of Saint Isaac 's Cathedral was the main Orthodox Church in Imperial Russia . Subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group ( 1897 ) The Russian Empire 's state religion was Orthodox Christianity . The Emperor was not allowed to '' profess any faith other than the Orthodox '' ( Article 62 of the 1906 Fundamental Laws ) and was deemed '' the Supreme Defender and Guardian of the dogmas of the predominant Faith and is the Keeper of the purity of the Faith and all good order within the Holy Church '' ( Article 64 ex supra ) . Although he made and annulled all senior ecclesiastical appointments , he did not determine the questions of dogma or church teaching . The principal ecclesiastical authority of the Russian Church that extended its jurisdiction over the entire territory of the Empire , including the ex-Kingdom of Kartli - Kakheti , was the Most Holy Synod , the civilian Over Procurator of the Holy Synod being one of the council of ministers with wide de facto powers in ecclesiastical matters . All religions were freely professed , except that certain restrictions were laid upon the Jews and some marginal sects . According to returns published in 1905 , based on the Russian Imperial Census of 1897 , adherents of the different religious communities in the whole of the Russian empire numbered approximately as follows . Religion Count of believers % Russian Orthodox 87,123,604 69.3 % Muslims 13,906,972 11.1 % Latin Catholics 11,467,994 9.1 % Jews 5,215,805 4.2 % Lutherans 3,572,653 2.8 % Old Believers 2,204,596 1.8 % Armenian Apostolics 1,179,241 0.9 % Buddhists and Lamaists 433,863 0.4 % Other non-Christian religions 285,321 0.2 % Reformed 85,400 0.1 % Mennonites 66,564 0.1 % Armenian Catholics 38,840 0.0 % Baptists 38,139 0.0 % Karaite Jews 12,894 0.0 % Anglicans 4,183 0.0 % Other Christian religions 3,952 0.0 % The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three metropolitans ( Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Kiev ) , fourteen archbishops and fifty bishops , all drawn from the ranks of the monastic ( celibate ) clergy . The parochial clergy had to be married when appointed , but if left widowers were not allowed to marry again ; this rule continues to apply today . Military ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the Russian Empire See also : Russo - Swedish Wars , Russo - Turkish Wars , Russo - Persian Wars , Russo - Polish Wars , Russo - Japanese War , and Russo - Circassian War Tsarist troops prepare for invading Persian forces during the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) , which occurred contemporaneously with the French invasion of Russia . An Imperial Russian Navy Brig `` Mercury '' Attacked by Two Turkish Ships in a scene from the Russo - Turkish War ( 1828 -- 29 ) , by Ivan Aivazovsky The Russian Empire 's military consisted of the Imperial Russian Army and the Imperial Russian Navy . The poor performance during the Crimean War , 1853 -- 56 , caused great soul - searching and proposals for reform . However the Russian forces fell further and further behind the technology , training and organization of the German , French and particularly the British military . Society ( edit ) See also : History of Russian culture , Russian literature , Russian opera , Technology in the Russian Empire , and Cinema of the Russian Empire Announcing the Coronation of Alexander II Maslenitsa by Boris Kustodiev , showing a Russian city in winter The Russian Empire was , predominantly , a rural society spread over vast spaces . In 1913 , 80 % of the people were peasants . Soviet historiography proclaimed that the Russian Empire of the 19th century was characterized by systemic crisis , which impoverished the workers and peasants and culminated in the revolutions of the early 20th century . Recent research by Russian scholars disputes this interpretation . Mironov assesses the effects of the reforms of latter 19th - century especially in terms of the 1861 emancipation of the serfs , agricultural output trends , various standard of living indicators , and taxation of peasants . He argues that they brought about measurable improvements in social welfare . More generally , he finds that the well - being of the Russian people declined during most of the 18th century , but increased slowly from the end of the 18th century to 1914 . Estates ( edit ) Subjects of the Russian Empire were segregated into sosloviyes , or social estates ( classes ) such as nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) , clergy , merchants , cossacks and peasants . Native people of the Caucasus , non-ethnic Russian areas such as Tartarstan , Bashkirstan , Siberia and Central Asia were officially registered as a category called inorodtsy ( non-Slavic , literally : `` people of another origin '' ) . A majority of the people , 81.6 % , belonged to the peasant order , the others were : nobility , 0.6 % ; clergy , 0.1 % ; the burghers and merchants , 9.3 % ; and military , 6.1 % . More than 88 million of the Russians were peasants . A part of them were formerly serfs ( 10,447,149 males in 1858 ) -- the remainder being `` state peasants '' ( 9,194,891 males in 1858 , exclusive of the Archangel Governorate ) and `` domain peasants '' ( 842,740 males the same year ) . Serfdom ( edit ) Main articles : Russian serfdom and Emancipation reform of 1861 The serfdom which had developed in Russia in the 16th century , and became enshrined by law in 1649 , was abolished in 1861 . The household servants or dependents attached to the personal service were merely set free , while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards , and allotments of arable land . These allotments were given over to the rural commune ( mir ) , which was made responsible for the payment of taxes for the allotments . For these allotments the peasants had to pay a fixed rent which could be fulfilled by personal labour . The allotments could be redeemed by peasants with the help of the Crown , and then they were freed from all obligations to the landlord . The Crown paid the landlord and the peasants had to repay the Crown , for forty - nine years at 6 % interest . The financial redemption to the landlord was not calculated on the value of the allotments , but was considered as a compensation for the loss of the compulsory labour of the serfs . Many proprietors contrived to curtail the allotments which the peasants had occupied under serfdom , and frequently deprived them of precisely the parts of which they were most in need : pasture lands around their houses . The result was to compel the peasants to rent land from their former masters . Peasants ( edit ) Young Russian peasant women in front of traditional wooden house ( ca . 1909 to 1915 ) taken by Prokudin - Gorskii . Peasants in Russia . ( Photograph taken by Sergey Prokudin - Gorsky in 1909 . ) The former serfs became peasants , joining the millions of farmers who were already in the peasant status . After the Emancipation reform , one quarter of peasants received allotments of only 2.9 acres ( 12,000 m ) per male , and one - half less than 8.5 to 11.4 acres ; the normal size of the allotment necessary for the subsistence of a family under the three - fields system is estimated at 28 to 42 acres ( 170,000 m ) . Land must thus of necessity be rented from the landlords . The aggregate value of the redemption and land taxes often reached 185 to 275 % of the normal rental value of the allotments , not to speak of taxes for recruiting purposes , the church , roads , local administration and so on , chiefly levied from the peasants . The areas increased every year ; one - fifth of the inhabitants left their houses ; cattle disappeared . Every year more than half the adult males ( in some districts three - quarters of the men and one - third of the women ) quit their homes and wandered throughout Russia in search of labor . In the governments of the Black Earth Area the state of matters was hardly better . Many peasants took `` gratuitous allotments , '' whose amount was about one - eighth of the normal allotments . The average allotment in Kherson was only 0.90 - acre ( 3,600 m ) , and for allotments from 2.9 to 5.8 acres ( 23,000 m ) the peasants pay 5 to 10 rubles of redemption tax . The state peasants were better off , but still they were emigrating in masses . It was only in the steppe governments that the situation was more hopeful . In Ukraine , where the allotments were personal ( the mir existing only among state peasants ) , the state of affairs does not differ for the better , on account of the high redemption taxes . In the western provinces , where the land was valued cheaper and the allotments somewhat increased after the Polish insurrection , the general situation was better . Finally , in the Baltic provinces nearly all the land belonged to the German landlords , who either farmed the land themselves , with hired laborers , or let it in small farms . Only one quarter of the peasants were farmers ; the remainder were mere laborers . Landowners ( edit ) The situation of the former serf - proprietors was also unsatisfactory . Accustomed to the use of compulsory labor , they failed to adapt to the new conditions . The millions of rubles of redemption money received from the crown was spent without any real or lasting agricultural improvements having been effected . The forests were sold , and the only prosperous landlords were those who exacted rack - rents for the land without which the peasants could not live upon their allotments . During the years 1861 to 1892 the land owned by the nobles decreased 30 % , or from 210,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres ( 610,000 km ) ; during the following four years an additional 2,119,500 acres ( 8,577 km ) were sold ; and since then the sales went on at an accelerated rate , until in 1903 alone close to 2,000,000 acres ( 8,000 km ) passed out of their hands . On the other hand , since 1861 , and more especially since 1882 , when the Peasant Land Bank was founded for making advances to peasants who were desirous of purchasing land , the former serfs , or rather their descendants , had between 1883 and 1904 bought about 19,500,000 acres ( 78,900 km ) from their former masters . There was an increase of wealth among the few , but along with this a general impoverishment of the mass of the people , and the peculiar institution of the mir -- framed on the principle of community of ownership and occupation of the land -- , the effect was not conducive to the growth of individual effort . In November 1906 , however , the emperor Nicholas II promulgated a provisional order permitting the peasants to become freeholders of allotments made at the time of emancipation , all redemption dues being remitted . This measure , which was endorsed by the third Duma in an act passed on 21 December 1908 , is calculated to have far - reaching and profound effects on the rural economy of Russia . Thirteen years previously the government had endeavored to secure greater fixity and permanence of tenure by providing that at least twelve years must elapse between every two redistributions of the land belonging to a mir amongst those entitled to share in it . The order of November 1906 had provided that the various strips of land held by each peasant should be merged into a single holding ; the Duma , however , on the advice of the government , left this to the future , as an ideal that could only gradually be realized . Media ( edit ) Main article : History of journalism § Russia Censorship was heavy - handed until the reign of Alexander II , but it never went away . Newspapers were strictly limited in what they could publish , as intellectuals favored literary magazines for their publishing outlets . Fyodor Dostoyevsky , for example , ridiculed the St. Petersburg newspapers , such as Golos and Peterburgskii Listok , which he accused of publishing trifles and distracting readers from the pressing social concerns of contemporary Russia through their obsession with spectacle and European popular culture . See also ( edit ) History portal Colonialism portal Russian Empire portal Alt Danzig Expansion of Russia 1500 -- 1800 Foreign policy of the Russian Empire List of Emperors of Russia List of largest empires Military history of Russia Russian conquest of Siberia Russian conquest of the Caucasus Russification Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ From 1860 to 1905 , the Russian Empire occupied all territories of the present - day Russian Federation , with the exception of the present - day Kaliningrad Oblast , Kuril Islands , and Tuva . In 1905 Russia lost Southern Sakhalin to Japan , but in 1914 the Empire established a protectorate over Tuva . Jump up ^ An ukaz of 1879 gave the governors the right to report secretly on the qualifications of candidates for the office of justice of the peace . In 1889 Alexander III abolished the election of justices of the peace , except in certain large towns and some outlying parts of the Empire , and greatly restricted the right of trial by jury . The confusion of the judicial and administrative functions was introduced again by the appointment of officials as judges . In 1909 the third Duma restored the election of justices of the peace . Jump up ^ The Lutheran Church was the dominant faith of the Baltic Provinces , of Ingria , and of the Grand Duchy of Finland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The State Duma was more used just for show to lower dissent in the nation as only nobility voted in favor of the Tsar ; the Duma was dissolved in 1906 - 1907 More info Jump up ^ `` The Sovereign Emperor exercises legislative power in conjunction with the State Council and State Duma '' . Fundamental laws , art . 7 Jump up ^ Rein Taagepera ( September 1997 ) . `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities : Context for Russia '' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 ( 3 ) : 498 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00053 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( December 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 223 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ . Swain says , `` The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had , with one exception , been composed of liberals . '' Geoffrey Swain ( 2014 ) . Trotsky and the Russian Revolution . Routledge . p. 15 . ; also see Alexander Rabinowitch ( 2008 ) . The Bolsheviks in Power : The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd . Indiana UP . p. 1 . Jump up ^ In pictures : Russian Empire in colour photos , BBC News Magazine , March 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Catchpole , A Map History of Russia ( 1974 ) pp 8 - 31 ; MArtin Gilbert , Atlas of Russian history ( 1993 ) pp 33 - 74 . Jump up ^ Brian Catchpole , A Map History of Russia ( 1974 ) p 25 . Jump up ^ Pipes , Richard ( 1974 ) . `` Chapter 1 : The Environment and its Consequences '' . Russia under the Old Regime . New York : Scribner . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ James Cracraft , The Revolution of Peter the Great ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Hughes , Russia in the Age of Peter the Great ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Philip Longworth and John Charlton , The Three Empresses : Catherine I , Anne and Elizabeth of Russia ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Isabel De Madariaga , Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great ( Yale University Press , 1981 ) Jump up ^ John T. Alexander , Autocratic politics in a national crisis : the Imperial Russian government and Pugachev 's revolt , 1773 -- 1775 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Robert K. Massie , Catherine the Great : Portrait of a woman ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Catherine II . Novodel Sestroretsk Rouble 1771 , Heritage Auctions , retrieved 1 September 2015 Jump up ^ Nicholas Riasanovsky , A History of Russia ( 4th ed. 1984 ) , p 284 Jump up ^ Alan Palmer , Napoleon in Russia ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky , Alexander I of Russia : the man who defeated Napoleon ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Baykov , Alexander . `` The economic development of Russia . '' Economic History Review 7.2 ( 1954 ) : 137 -- 149 . Jump up ^ W. Bruce Lincoln , Nicholas I , emperor and autocrat of all the Russians ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Anatole Gregory Mazour , The first Russian revolution , 1825 : the Decembrist movement , its origins , development , and significance ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 728 . Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 729 . Jump up ^ David Marshall Lang , The last years of the Georgian monarchy , 1658 - 1832 ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Stein 1976 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Burant , `` The January Uprising of 1863 in Poland : Sources of Disaffection and the Arenas of Revolt . '' European History Quarterly 15 # 2 ( 1985 ) : 131 - 156 . Jump up ^ Olga E. Maiorova , `` War as Peace : The Trope of War in Russian Nationalist Discourse during the Polish Uprising of 1863 . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 6 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 501 - 534 . Jump up ^ Norman Davies : God 's Playground : A History of Poland ( OUP , 1981 ) vol. 2 , pp. 315 -- 333 ; and 352 - 63 Jump up ^ Bonnell , p. 92 Jump up ^ Condee , p. 49 Jump up ^ National Museum of Science and Technology ( Canada ) . Material history review . Canada Science and Technology Museum , 2000 , p46 Jump up ^ CRWflags.com . K. Ivanov argues , that Russia has changed her official flag in 1858 Jump up ^ Edvard Radzinsky , Alexander II : The Last Great Tsar ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ David Moon , The abolition of serfdom in Russia 1762 -- 1907 ( Longman , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Hugh Seton - Watson , The Russian Empire 1801 - 1917 ( 1967 ) , pp 445 - 60 . Jump up ^ Charles Lowe , Alexander III of Russia ( 1895 ) online . Jump up ^ Robert F. Byrnes , Pobedonostsev : His Life and Thought ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Seton Watson , The Russian Empire , pp 441 - 44 679 - 82 . Jump up ^ * Rodric Braithwaite , `` The Russians in Afghanistan '' . Asian Affairs 42.2 ( 2011 ) : 213 - 229 . summarizes the long history . Jump up ^ Ascher , The Revolution of 1905 : A Short History ( 2004 ) pp 187 - 210 . Jump up ^ Sidney Harcave , First blood : the Russian Revolution of 1905 ( 1964 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Warth , Nicholas II : the life and reign of Russia 's last monarch ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Gregory L. Freeze , ed. , Russia : A History ( 3rd ed. 2009 ) pp 234 - 68 . Jump up ^ Oliver H. Radkey , `` An Alternative to Bolshevism : The Program of Russian Social Revolutionism . '' Journal of Modern History 25 # 1 ( 1953 ) : 25 - 39 . Jump up ^ Richard Cavendish , `` The Bolshevik - Menshevik split November 16th , 1903 . '' History Today 53 # 11 ( 2003 ) : 64 + Jump up ^ Abraham Ascher , The Revolution of 1905 : A Short History ( 2004 ) pp 160 - 86 . Jump up ^ Andrew Cook , To kill Rasputin : the life and death of Grigori Rasputin ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander Rabinowitch ( 2008 ) . The Bolsheviks in Power : The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd . Indiana UP . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Swain ( 2014 ) . Trotsky and the Russian Revolution . Routledge . p. 15 . ; also see Rabinowitch ( 2008 ) p 1 Jump up ^ Julian calendar ; the Gregorian date was 15 March . Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert , Routledge Atlas of Russian History ( 4th ed. 2007 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 728 - 730 . Jump up ^ Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire , Chapter 1 , Article 7 . Jump up ^ Walter Sperling , `` Building a Railway , Creating Imperial Space : ' Locality , ' ' Region , ' ' Russia , ' ' Empire ' as Political Arguments in Post-Reform Russia , '' Ab Imperio ( 2006 ) Issue 2 , pp 101 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Sarah Searight , `` Russian railway penetration of Central Asia , '' Asian Affairs ( June 1992 ) 23 # 2 pp 171 -- 80 Jump up ^ Article 62 of the 1906 Fundamental Laws ( previously , Article 40 ) : '' The primary and predominant Faith in the Russian Empire is the Christian Orthodox Catholic Faith of the Eastern Confession . '' Jump up ^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г . Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам ( First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897 . Distribution of the population by faiths and regions ) ( in Russian ) . archipelag.ru . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ David R. Stone , A Military History of Russia : From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Boris N. Mironov , `` The Myth of a Systemic Crisis in Russia after the Great Reforms of the 1860s -- 1870s , '' Russian Social Science Review ( July / Aug 2009 ) 50 # 4 pp 36 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Boris N. Mironov , The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia , 1700 -- 1917 ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter , Russia 's age of serfdom 1649 -- 1861 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Jerome Blum , Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Steven L. Hoch , Serfdom and social control in Russia : Petrovskoe , a village in Tambov ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : David Moon , The Russian Peasantry 1600 -- 1930 : The World the Peasants Made ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Jerome Blum , Lord and Peasant in Russia : from the ninth to the nineteenth century ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Steven Hoch , `` Did Russia 's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land ? Statistical Anomalies and Long - Tailed Distributions '' . Slavic Review ( 2004 ) 63 # 2 pp. 247 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Steven Nafziger , `` Serfdom , emancipation , and economic development in Tsarist Russia '' ( Working paper , Williams College , 2012 ) . online ^ Jump up to : Christine D. Worobec , Peasant Russia : family and community in the post-emancipation period ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Louise McReynolds , News under Russia 's Old Regime : The Development of a Mass - Circulation Press ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Katia Dianina , `` Passage to Europe : Dostoevskii in the St. Petersburg Arcade . '' Slavic Review ( 2003 ) : 237 - 257 . in JSTOR Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Ascher , Abraham . Russia : A Short History ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Bushkovitch , Paul . A Concise History of Russia ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Freeze , George ( 2002 ) . Russia : A History ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 556 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860511 - 9 . Hosking , Geoffrey . Russia and the Russians : A History ( 2nd ed. 2011 ) Hughes , Lindsey ( 2000 ) . Russia in the Age of Peter the Great . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . p. 640 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08266 - 1 . Kamenskii , Aleksandr B . The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century : Searching for a Place in the World ( 1997 ) . xii. 307 pp. A synthesis of much Western and Russian scholarship . Lincoln , W. Bruce . The Romanovs : Autocrats of All the Russias ( 1983 ) excerpt and text search , sweeping narrative history Longley , David ( 2000 ) . The Longman Companion to Imperial Russia , 1689 -- 1917 . New York , NY : Longman Publishing Group . p. 496 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31990 - 5 . McKenzie , David & Michael W. Curran . A History of Russia , the Soviet Union , and Beyond . 6th ed . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Publishing , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 58698 - 8 . Moss , Walter G. A History of Russia . Vol. 1 : To 1917 . 2d ed . Anthem Press , 2002 . Perrie , Maureen , et al . The Cambridge History of Russia . ( 3 vol . Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) . excerpt and text search Riasanovsky , Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg . A History of Russia . 7th ed . New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 , 800 pages . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515394 - 4 Ziegler ; Charles E. The History of Russia ( Greenwood Press , 1999 ) online edition Geography , topical maps ( edit ) Barnes , Ian . Restless Empire : A Historical Atlas of Russia ( 2015 ) , copies of historic maps Catchpole , Brian . A Map History of Russia ( Heinemann Educational Publishers , 1974 ) , new topical maps . Channon , John , and Robert Hudson . The Penguin historical atlas of Russia ( Viking , 1995 ) , new topical maps . Chew , Allen F. An atlas of Russian history : eleven centuries of changing borders ( Yale UP , 1970 ) , new topical maps . Gilbert , Martin . Atlas of Russian history ( Oxford UP , 1993 ) , new topical maps . Golubinskii , Aleksei . ' New Technology and the Mapping of Empire : The Adoption of the Astrolabe ' in Information and Empire : Mechanisms of Communication in Russia , 1600 - 1850 ed. by Simon Franklin and Katherine Bowers ( Open Book Publishers , 2017 ) , pp. 59 - 76 ( available to read online https://www.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/OBP.0122/OBP.0122.02.pdf ) Kivelson , Valerie . ' Early Mapping : The Tsardom in Manuscript ' in Information and Empire : Mechanisms of Communication in Russia , 1600 - 1850 ed. by Simon Franklin and Katherine Bowers ( Open Book Publishers , 2017 ) , pp. 23 - 58 ( available to read online https://www.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/OBP.0122/OBP.0122.01.pdf ) Parker , William Henry . An historical geography of Russia ( Aldine , 1968 ) . 1801 -- 1917 ( edit ) Jelavich , Barbara . St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy , 1814 -- 1974 ( 1974 ) Manning , Roberta . The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia : Gentry and Government . Princeton University Press , 1982 . Pipes , Richard . Russia under the Old Regime ( 2nd ed. 1997 ) Seton - Watson , Hugh . The Russian empire 1801 -- 1917 ( 1967 ) online Waldron , Peter ( 1997 ) . The End of Imperial Russia , 1855 -- 1917 . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 16536 - 9 . Westwood , J.N. ( 2002 ) . Endurance and Endeavour : Russian History 1812 -- 2001 ( 5th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 656 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924617 - 5 . Military and foreign relations ( edit ) Adams , Michael . Napoleon and Russia ( 2006 ) . Dowling , Timothy C. ( 2014 ) . Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 948 - 6 . Englund , Peter ( 2002 ) . The Battle That Shook Europe : Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire . New York , NY : I.B. Tauris . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 847 - 2 . Fuller , William C. Strategy and Power in Russia 1600 -- 1914 ( 1998 ) excerpts ; military strategy Gatrell , Peter . `` Tsarist Russia at War : The View from Above , 1914 -- February 1917 . '' Journal of Modern History 87 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 668 - 700 . online Jelavich , Barbara . St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy , 1814 -- 1974 ( 1974 ) Lieven , D.C.B. Russia and the Origins of the First World War ( 1983 ) . Lieven , Dominic . Russia Against Napoleon : The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace ( 2011 ) . McMeekin , Sean . The Russian Origins of the First World War ( 2011 ) . Neumann , Iver B. `` Russia as a great power , 1815 -- 2007 . '' Journal of International Relations and Development 11 # 2 ( 2008 ) : 128 - 151 . online Saul , Norman E. Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy ( 2014 ) excerpt and text search Seton - Watson , Hugh . The Russian Empire 1801 -- 1917 ( 1967 ) pp 41 -- 68 , 83 - 182 , 280 - 331 , 430 - 60 , 567 - 97 , 677 - 97 . Stone , David . A Military History of Russia : From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya excerpts Economic , social and ethnic History ( edit ) Christian , David . A History of Russia , Central Asia and Mongolia . Vol. 1 : Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire . ( Blackwell , 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20814 - 3 . De Madariaga , Isabel . Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great ( 2002 ) , comprehensive topical survey Dixon , Simon ( 1999 ) . The Modernisation of Russia , 1676 -- 1825 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37100 - 1 . Etkind , Alexander . Internal Colonization : Russia 's Imperial Experience ( Polity Press , 2011 ) 289 pages ; discussion of serfdom , the peasant commune , etc . Franklin , Simon , and Bowers , Katherine ( eds ) . Information and Empire : Mechanisms of Communication in Russia , 1600 - 1850 ( Open Book Publishers , 2017 ) available to read in full online Freeze , Gregory L. From Supplication to Revolution : A Documentary Social History of Imperial Russia ( 1988 ) Kappeler , Andreas ( 2001 ) . The Russian Empire : A Multi-Ethnic History . New York , NY : Longman Publishing Group . p. 480 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 23415 - 4 . Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) pp 365 -- 425 Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780 -- 1870 ( 2nd ed. 1979 ) , 552pp Mironov , Boris N. , and Ben Eklof . The Social History of Imperial Russia , 1700 -- 1917 ( 2 vol Westview Press , 2000 ) vol 1 online ; vol 2 online Mironov , Boris N. ( 2012 ) The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia , 1700 -- 1917 ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Mironov , Boris N. ( 2010 ) `` Wages and Prices in Imperial Russia , 1703 -- 1913 , '' Russian Review ( Jan 2010 ) 69 # 1 pp 47 -- 72 , with 13 tables and 3 charts online Moon , David ( 1999 ) . The Russian Peasantry 1600 -- 1930 : The World the Peasants Made . Boston , MA : Addison - Wesley . p. 396 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 09508 - 3 . Stein , Howard F. ( December 1976 ) . `` Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles '' . Ethos. 4 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 438 . doi : 10.1525 / eth. 1976.4. 4.02 a00010 . Stolberg , Eva - Maria . ( 2004 ) `` The Siberian Frontier and Russia 's Position in World History , '' Review : A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center 27 # 3 pp 243 -- 267 Wirtschafter , Elise Kimerling . Russia 's age of serfdom 1649 -- 1861 ( 2008 ) . Historiography and memory ( edit ) Burbank , Jane , and David L. Ransel , eds . Imperial Russia : new histories for the Empire ( Indiana University Press , 1998 ) Cracraft , James . ed . Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia ( 1993 ) Kuzio , Taras . `` Historiography and national identity among the Eastern Slavs : towards a new framework . '' National Identities ( 2001 ) 3 # 2 pp : 109 -- 132 . Olson , Gust , and Aleksei I. Miller . `` Between Local and Inter-Imperial : Russian Imperial History in Search of Scope and Paradigm . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History ( 2004 ) 5 # 1 pp : 7 -- 26 . Sanders , Thomas , ed . Historiography of imperial Russia : The profession and writing of history in a multinational state ( ME Sharpe , 1999 ) Smith , Steve . `` Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism . '' Europe ‐ Asia Studies ( 1994 ) 46 # 4 pp : 563 -- 578 . Suny , Ronald Grigor . `` The empire strikes out : Imperial Russia , ' national'identity , and theories of empire . '' in A state of nations : Empire and nation - making in the age of Lenin and Stalin ed. by Peter Holquist , Ronald Grigor Suny , and Terry Martin . ( 2001 ) pp : 23 -- 66 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russian Empire . Wikivoyage has travel information for Russian Empire . 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2994992388501968087	Engineering drawing	Engineering drawing - wikipedia Engineering drawing A type of technical drawing used to define requirements for engineered items This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An engineering drawing , a type of technical drawing , is used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items . Engineering drawing ( the activity ) produces engineering drawings ( the documents ) . More than merely the drawing of pictures , it is also a language -- a graphical language that communicates ideas and information from one mind to another . Contents ( hide ) 1 Relationship to artistic drawing 2 Relationship to other technical drawing types 3 Cascading of conventions by speciality 4 Legal instruments 5 Standardization and disambiguation 6 Media 7 Relationship to model - based definition ( MBD / DPD ) 8 Systems of dimensioning and tolerancing 9 Common features 9.1 Line styles and types 9.2 Multiple views and projections 9.2. 1 Multiview projection 9.2. 2 Auxiliary views 9.2. 3 Isometric projection 9.2. 4 Oblique projection 9.2. 5 Perspective projection 9.2. 6 Section Views 9.3 Scale 9.4 Showing dimensions 9.5 Sizes of drawings 9.6 Technical lettering 10 Conventional parts ( areas ) 10.1 Title block 10.2 Revisions block 10.3 Next assembly 10.4 Notes list 10.4. 1 General notes 10.4. 2 Flagnotes 10.5 Field of the drawing 10.6 List of materials , bill of materials , parts list 10.7 Parameter tabulations 10.8 Views and sections 10.9 Zones 11 Abbreviations and symbols 12 Example 13 History 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links Relationship to artistic drawing ( edit ) Engineering drawing and artistic types of drawing , and either may be called simply `` drawing '' when the context is implicit . Engineering drawing shares some traits with artistic drawing in that both create pictures . But whereas the purpose of artistic drawing is to convey emotion or artistic sensitivity in some way ( subjective impressions ) , the purpose of engineering drawing is to convey information ( objective facts ) . One of the corollaries that follow from this fact is that , whereas anyone can appreciate artistic drawing ( even if each viewer has his own unique appreciation ) , engineering drawing requires some training to understand ( like any language ) ; but there is also a high degree of objective commonality in the interpretation ( also like other languages ) . In fact , engineering drawing has evolved into a language that is more precise and unambiguous than natural languages ; in this sense it is closer to a programming language in its communication ability . Engineering drawing uses an extensive set of conventions to convey information very precisely , with very little ambiguity . Relationship to other technical drawing types ( edit ) The process of producing engineering drawings , and the skill of producing those , is often referred to as technical drawing or drafting ( draughting ) although technical drawings are also required for disciplines that would not ordinarily be thought of as parts of engineering ( such as architecture , landscaping , cabinet making , and garment - making ) . Persons employed in the trade of producing engineering drawings were called draftsmen ( or draughtsmen ) in the past . Although these terms are still in use , the not - gender - specific terms draftsperson and drafter are now more common . Cascading of conventions by speciality ( edit ) The various fields share many common conventions of drawing , while also having some field - specific conventions . For example , even within metalworking , there are some process - specific conventions to be learned -- casting , machining , fabricating , and assembly all have some special drawing conventions , and within fabrication there is further division , including welding , riveting , pipefitting , and erecting . Each of these trades has some details that only specialists will have memorized . Legal instruments ( edit ) An engineering drawing is a legal document ( that is , a legal instrument ) , because it communicates all the needed information about `` what is wanted '' to the people who will expend resources turning the idea into a reality . It is thus a part of a contract ; the purchase order and the drawing together , as well as any ancillary documents ( engineering change orders ( ECOs ) , called - out specs ) , constitute the contract . Thus , if the resulting product is wrong , the worker or manufacturer are protected from liability as long as they have faithfully executed the instructions conveyed by the drawing . If those instructions were wrong , it is the fault of the engineer . Because manufacturing and construction are typically very expensive processes ( involving large amounts of capital and payroll ) , the question of liability for errors has great legal implications as each party tries to blame the other and assign the wasted cost to the other 's responsibility . This is the biggest reason why the conventions of engineering drawing have evolved over the decades toward a very precise , unambiguous state . Standardization and disambiguation ( edit ) Engineering drawings specify requirements of a component or assembly which can be complicated . Standards provide rules for their specification and interpretation . Standardization also aids internationalization , because people from different countries who speak different languages can read the same engineering drawing , and interpret it the same way . One major set of engineering drawing standards is ASME Y14. 5 and Y14. 5M ( most recently revised in 2009 ) . These apply widely in the United States , although ISO 8015 ( Geometrical product specifications ( GPS ) -- Fundamentals -- Concepts , principles and rules ) is now also important . In 2011 , a new revision of ISO 8015 ( Geometrical product specifications ( GPS ) -- Fundamentals -- Concepts , principles and rules ) was published containing the Invocation Principle . This states that , `` Once a portion of the ISO geometric product specification ( GPS ) system is invoked in a mechanical engineering product documentation , the entire ISO GPS system is invoked . '' It also goes on to state that marking a drawing `` Tolerancing ISO 8015 '' is optional . The implication of this is that any drawing using ISO symbols can only be interpreted to ISO GPS rules . The only way not to invoke the ISO GPS system is to invoke a national or other standard . In Britain , BS 8888 ( Technical Product Specification ) has undergone important updates in the 2010s . Media ( edit ) For centuries , until the post-World War II era , all engineering drawing was done manually by using pencil and pen on paper or other substrate ( e.g. , vellum , mylar ) . Since the advent of computer - aided design ( CAD ) , engineering drawing has been done more and more in the electronic medium with each passing decade . Today most engineering drawing is done with CAD , but pencil and paper have not entirely disappeared . Some of the tools of manual drafting include pencils , pens and their ink , straightedges , T - squares , French curves , triangles , rulers , protractors , dividers , compasses , scales , erasers , and tacks or push pins . ( Slide rules used to number among the supplies , too , but nowadays even manual drafting , when it occurs , benefits from a pocket calculator or its onscreen equivalent . ) And of course the tools also include drawing boards ( drafting boards ) or tables . The English idiom `` to go back to the drawing board '' , which is a figurative phrase meaning to rethink something altogether , was inspired by the literal act of discovering design errors during production and returning to a drawing board to revise the engineering drawing . Drafting machines are devices that aid manual drafting by combining drawing boards , straightedges , pantographs , and other tools into one integrated drawing environment . CAD provides their virtual equivalents . Producing drawings usually involves creating an original that is then reproduced , generating multiple copies to be distributed to the shop floor , vendors , company archives , and so on . The classic reproduction methods involved blue and white appearances ( whether white - on - blue or blue - on - white ) , which is why engineering drawings were long called , and even today are still often called , `` blueprints '' or `` bluelines '' , even though those terms are anachronistic from a literal perspective , since most copies of engineering drawings today are made by more modern methods ( often inkjet or laser printing ) that yield black or multicolour lines on white paper . The more generic term `` print '' is now in common usage in the U.S. to mean any paper copy of an engineering drawing . In the case of CAD drawings , the original is the CAD file , and the printouts of that file are the `` prints '' . Relationship to model - based definition ( MBD / DPD ) ( edit ) For centuries , engineering drawing was the sole method of transferring information from design into manufacture . In recent decades another method has arisen , called model - based definition ( MBD ) or digital product definition ( DPD ) . In MBD , the information captured by the CAD software app is fed automatically into a CAM app ( computer - aided manufacturing ) , which ( with or without postprocessing apps ) creates code in other languages such as G - code to be executed by a CNC machine tool ( computer numerical control ) , 3D printer , or ( increasingly ) a hybrid machine tool that uses both . Thus today it is often the case that the information travels from the mind of the designer into the manufactured component without having ever been codified by an engineering drawing . In MBD , the dataset , not a drawing , is the legal instrument . The term `` technical data package '' ( TDP ) is now used to refer to the complete package of information ( in one medium or another ) that communicates information from design to production ( such as 3D - model datasets , engineering drawings , engineering change orders ( ECOs ) , spec revisions and addenda , and so on ) . However , even in the MBD era , where theoretically production could happen without any drawings or humans at all , it is still the case that drawings and humans are involved . It still takes CAD / CAM programmers , CNC setup workers , and CNC operators to do manufacturing , as well as other people such as quality assurance staff ( inspectors ) and logistics staff ( for materials handling , shipping - and - receiving , and front office functions ) . These workers often use drawings in the course of their work that have been produced by rendering and plotting ( printing ) from the MBD dataset . When proper procedures are being followed , a clear chain of precedence is always documented , such that when a person looks at a drawing , s / he is told by a note thereon that this drawing is not the governing instrument ( because the MBD dataset is ) . In these cases , the drawing is still a useful document , although legally it is classified as `` for reference only '' , meaning that if any controversies or discrepancies arise , it is the MBD dataset , not the drawing , that governs . Systems of dimensioning and tolerancing ( edit ) Almost all engineering drawings ( except perhaps reference - only views or initial sketches ) communicate not only geometry ( shape and location ) but also dimensions and tolerances for those characteristics . Several systems of dimensioning and tolerancing have evolved . The simplest dimensioning system just specifies distances between points ( such as an object 's length or width , or hole center locations ) . Since the advent of well - developed interchangeable manufacture , these distances have been accompanied by tolerances of the plus - or - minus or min - and - max - limit types . Coordinate dimensioning involves defining all points , lines , planes , and profiles in terms of Cartesian coordinates , with a common origin . Coordinate dimensioning was the sole best option until the post-World War II era saw the development of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing ( GD&T ) , which departs from the limitations of coordinate dimensioning ( e.g. , rectangular - only tolerance zones , tolerance stacking ) to allow the most logical tolerancing of both geometry and dimensions ( that is , both form ( shapes / locations ) and sizes ) . Common features ( edit ) Drawings convey the following critical information : Geometry -- the shape of the object ; represented as views ; how the object will look when it is viewed from various angles , such as front , top , side , etc . Dimensions -- the size of the object is captured in accepted units . Tolerances -- the allowable variations for each dimension . Material -- represents what the item is made of . Finish -- specifies the surface quality of the item , functional or cosmetic . For example , a mass - marketed product usually requires a much higher surface quality than , say , a component that goes inside industrial machinery . Line styles and types ( edit ) Standard engineering drawing line types A variety of line styles graphically represent physical objects . Types of lines include the following : visible -- are continuous lines used to depict edges directly visible from a particular angle . hidden -- are short - dashed lines that may be used to represent edges that are not directly visible . center -- are alternately long - and short - dashed lines that may be used to represent the axes of circular features . cutting plane -- are thin , medium - dashed lines , or thick alternately long - and double short - dashed that may be used to define sections for section views . section -- are thin lines in a pattern ( pattern determined by the material being `` cut '' or `` sectioned '' ) used to indicate surfaces in section views resulting from `` cutting '' . Section lines are commonly referred to as `` cross-hatching '' . phantom -- ( not shown ) are alternately long - and double short - dashed thin lines used to represent a feature or component that is not part of the specified part or assembly . E.g. billet ends that may be used for testing , or the machined product that is the focus of a tooling drawing . Lines can also be classified by a letter classification in which each line is given a letter . Type A lines show the outline of the feature of an object . They are the thickest lines on a drawing and done with a pencil softer than HB . Type B lines are dimension lines and are used for dimensioning , projecting , extending , or leaders . A harder pencil should be used , such as a 2H pencil . Type C lines are used for breaks when the whole object is not shown . These are freehand drawn and only for short breaks . 2H pencil Type D lines are similar to Type C , except these are zigzagged and only for longer breaks . 2H pencil Type E lines indicate hidden outlines of internal features of an object . These are dotted lines . 2H pencil Type F lines are Type F ( typo ) lines , except these are used for drawings in electrotechnology . 2H pencil Type G lines are used for centre lines . These are dotted lines , but a long line of 10 -- 20 mm , then a 1 mm gap , then a small line of 2 mm . 2H pencil Type H lines are the same as type G , except that every second long line is thicker . These indicate the cutting plane of an object . 2H pencil Type k lines indicate the alternate positions of an object and the line taken by that object . These are drawn with a long line of 10 - 20 mm , then a small gap , then a small line of 2 mm , then a gap , then another small line . 2H pencil . Multiple views and projections ( edit ) Main article : Graphical projection Image of a part represented in first - angle projection Symbols used to define whether a projection is either first - angle ( left ) or third - angle ( right ) . Several types of graphical projection compared Various projections and how they are produced Isometric view of the object shown in the engineering drawing below . In most cases , a single view is not sufficient to show all necessary features , and several views are used . Types of views include the following : Multiview projection ( edit ) A multiview projection is a type of orthographic projection that shows the object as it looks from the front , right , left , top , bottom , or back ( e.g. the primary views ) , and is typically positioned relative to each other according to the rules of either first - angle or third - angle projection . The origin and vector direction of the projectors ( also called projection lines ) differs , as explained below . In first - angle projection , the parallel projectors originate as if radiated from behind the viewer and pass through the 3D object to project a 2D image onto the orthogonal plane behind it . The 3D object is projected into 2D `` paper '' space as if you were looking at a radiograph of the object : the top view is under the front view , the right view is at the left of the front view . First - angle projection is the ISO standard and is primarily used in Europe . In third - angle projection , the parallel projectors originate as if radiated from the far side of the object and pass through the 3D object to project a 2D image onto the orthogonal plane in front of it . The views of the 3D object are like the panels of a box that envelopes the object , and the panels pivot as they open up flat into the plane of the drawing . Thus the left view is placed on the left and the top view on the top ; and the features closest to the front of the 3D object will appear closest to the front view in the drawing . Third - angle projection is primarily used in the United States and Canada , where it is the default projection system according to ASME standard ASME Y14. 3M . Until the late 19th century , first - angle projection was the norm in North America as well as Europe ; but circa the 1890s , third - angle projection spread throughout the North American engineering and manufacturing communities to the point of becoming a widely followed convention , and it was an ASA standard by the 1950s . Circa World War I , British practice was frequently mixing the use of both projection methods . As shown above , the determination of what surface constitutes the front , back , top , and bottom varies depending on the projection method used . Not all views are necessarily used . Generally only as many views are used as are necessary to convey all needed information clearly and economically . The front , top , and right - side views are commonly considered the core group of views included by default , but any combination of views may be used depending on the needs of the particular design . In addition to the six principal views ( front , back , top , bottom , right side , left side ) , any auxiliary views or sections may be included as serve the purposes of part definition and its communication . View lines or section lines ( lines with arrows marked `` A-A '' , `` B-B '' , etc . ) define the direction and location of viewing or sectioning . Sometimes a note tells the reader in which zone ( s ) of the drawing to find the view or section . Auxiliary views ( edit ) An auxiliary view is an orthographic view that is projected into any plane other than one of the six primary views . These views are typically used when an object contains some sort of inclined plane . Using the auxiliary view allows for that inclined plane ( and any other significant features ) to be projected in their true size and shape . The true size and shape of any feature in an engineering drawing can only be known when the Line of Sight ( LOS ) is perpendicular to the plane being referenced . It is shown like a three - dimensional object . Auxiliary views tend to make use of axonometric projection . When existing all by themselves , auxiliary views are sometimes known as pictorials . Isometric projection ( edit ) An isometric projection shows the object from angles in which the scales along each axis of the object are equal . Isometric projection corresponds to rotation of the object by ± 45 ° about the vertical axis , followed by rotation of approximately ± 35.264 ° ( = arcsin ( tan ( 30 ° ) ) ) about the horizontal axis starting from an orthographic projection view . `` Isometric '' comes from the Greek for `` same measure '' . One of the things that makes isometric drawings so attractive is the ease with which 60 ° angles can be constructed with only a compass and straightedge . Isometric projection is a type of axonometric projection . The other two types of axonometric projection are : Dimetric projection Trimetric projection Oblique projection ( edit ) An oblique projection is a simple type of graphical projection used for producing pictorial , two - dimensional images of three - dimensional objects : it projects an image by intersecting parallel rays ( projectors ) from the three - dimensional source object with the drawing surface ( projection plan ) . In both oblique projection and orthographic projection , parallel lines of the source object produce parallel lines in the projected image . Perspective projection ( edit ) Perspective is an approximate representation on a flat surface , of an image as it is perceived by the eye . The two most characteristic features of perspective are that objects are drawn : Smaller as their distance from the observer increases Foreshortened : the size of an object 's dimensions along the line of sight are relatively shorter than dimensions across the line of sight . Section views ( edit ) Projected views ( either Auxiliary or Multiview ) which show a cross section of the source object along the specified cut plane . These views are commonly used to show internal features with more clarity than may be available using regular projections or hidden lines . In assembly drawings , hardware components ( e.g. nuts , screws , washers ) are typically not sectioned . Scale ( edit ) Main articles : Architect 's scale , Engineer 's scale , and Metric scale Plans are usually `` scale drawings '' , meaning that the plans are drawn at specific ratio relative to the actual size of the place or object . Various scales may be used for different drawings in a set . For example , a floor plan may be drawn at 1 : 50 ( 1 : 48 or ⁄ '' = 1 ′ 0 '' ) whereas a detailed view may be drawn at 1 : 25 ( 1 : 24 or ⁄ '' = 1 ′ 0 '' ) . Site plans are often drawn at 1 : 200 or 1 : 100 . Scale is a nuanced subject in the use of engineering drawings . On one hand , it is a general principle of engineering drawings that they are projected using standardized , mathematically certain projection methods and rules . Thus , great effort is put into having an engineering drawing accurately depict size , shape , form , aspect ratios between features , and so on . And yet , on the other hand , there is another general principle of engineering drawing that nearly diametrically opposes all this effort and intent -- that is , the principle that users are not to scale the drawing to infer a dimension not labeled . This stern admonition is often repeated on drawings , via a boilerplate note in the title block telling the user , `` DO NOT SCALE DRAWING . '' The explanation for why these two nearly opposite principles can coexist is as follows . The first principle -- that drawings will be made so carefully and accurately -- serves the prime goal of why engineering drawing even exists , which is successfully communicating part definition and acceptance criteria -- including `` what the part should look like if you 've made it correctly . '' The service of this goal is what creates a drawing that one even could scale and get an accurate dimension thereby . And thus the great temptation to do so , when a dimension is wanted but was not labeled . The second principle -- that even though scaling the drawing will usually work , one should nevertheless never do it -- serves several goals , such as enforcing total clarity regarding who has authority to discern design intent , and preventing erroneous scaling of a drawing that was never drawn to scale to begin with ( which is typically labeled `` drawing not to scale '' or `` scale : NTS '' ) . When a user is forbidden from scaling the drawing , s / he must turn instead to the engineer ( for the answers that the scaling would seek ) , and s / he will never erroneously scale something that is inherently unable to be accurately scaled . But in some ways , the advent of the CAD and MBD era challenges these assumptions that were formed many decades ago . When part definition is defined mathematically via a solid model , the assertion that one can not interrogate the model -- the direct analog of `` scaling the drawing '' -- becomes ridiculous ; because when part definition is defined this way , it is not possible for a drawing or model to be `` not to scale '' . A 2D pencil drawing can be inaccurately foreshortened and skewed ( and thus not to scale ) , yet still be a completely valid part definition as long as the labeled dimensions are the only dimensions used , and no scaling of the drawing by the user occurs . This is because what the drawing and labels convey is in reality a symbol of what is wanted , rather than a true replica of it . ( For example , a sketch of a hole that is clearly not round still accurately defines the part as having a true round hole , as long as the label says `` 10mm DIA '' , because the `` DIA '' implicitly but objectively tells the user that the skewed drawn circle is a symbol representing a perfect circle . ) But if a mathematical model -- essentially , a vector graphic -- is declared to be the official definition of the part , then any amount of `` scaling the drawing '' can make sense ; there may still be an error in the model , in the sense that what was intended is not depicted ( modeled ) ; but there can be no error of the `` not to scale '' type -- because the mathematical vectors and curves are replicas , not symbols , of the part features . Even in dealing with 2D drawings , the manufacturing world has changed since the days when people paid attention to the scale ratio claimed on the print , or counted on its accuracy . In the past , prints were plotted on a plotter to exact scale ratios , and the user could know that a line on the drawing 15mm long corresponded to a 30mm part dimension because the drawing said `` 1 : 2 '' in the `` scale '' box of the title block . Today , in the era of ubiquitous desktop printing , where original drawings or scaled prints are often scanned on a scanner and saved as a PDF file , which is then printed at any percent magnification that the user deems handy ( such as `` fit to paper size '' ) , users have pretty much given up caring what scale ratio is claimed in the `` scale '' box of the title block . Which , under the rule of `` do not scale drawing '' , never really did that much for them anyway . Showing dimensions ( edit ) Sizes of drawings ( edit ) Main article : Paper size ISO paper sizes ANSI paper sizes Sizes of drawings typically comply with either of two different standards , ISO ( World Standard ) or ANSI / ASME Y14. 1 ( American ) . The metric drawing sizes correspond to international paper sizes . These developed further refinements in the second half of the twentieth century , when photocopying became cheap . Engineering drawings could be readily doubled ( or halved ) in size and put on the next larger ( or , respectively , smaller ) size of paper with no waste of space . And the metric technical pens were chosen in sizes so that one could add detail or drafting changes with a pen width changing by approximately a factor of the square root of 2 . A full set of pens would have the following nib sizes : 0.13 , 0.18 , 0.25 , 0.35 , 0.5 , 0.7 , 1.0 , 1.5 , and 2.0 mm . However , the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) called for four pen widths and set a colour code for each : 0.25 ( white ) , 0.35 ( yellow ) , 0.5 ( brown ) , 0.7 ( blue ) ; these nibs produced lines that related to various text character heights and the ISO paper sizes . All ISO paper sizes have the same aspect ratio , one to the square root of 2 , meaning that a document designed for any given size can be enlarged or reduced to any other size and will fit perfectly . Given this ease of changing sizes , it is of course common to copy or print a given document on different sizes of paper , especially within a series , e.g. a drawing on A3 may be enlarged to A2 or reduced to A4 . The U.S. customary `` A-size '' corresponds to `` letter '' size , and `` B - size '' corresponds to `` ledger '' or `` tabloid '' size . There were also once British paper sizes , which went by names rather than alphanumeric designations . American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) ANSI / ASME Y14. 1 , Y14. 2 , Y14. 3 , and Y14. 5 are commonly referenced standards in the U.S. Technical lettering ( edit ) Technical lettering is the process of forming letters , numerals , and other characters in technical drawing . It is used to describe , or provide detailed specifications for an object . With the goals of legibility and uniformity , styles are standardized and lettering ability has little relationship to normal writing ability . Engineering drawings use a Gothic sans - serif script , formed by a series of short strokes . Lower case letters are rare in most drawings of machines . ISO Lettering templates , designed for use with technical pens and pencils , and to suit ISO paper sizes , produce lettering characters to an international standard . The stroke thickness is related to the character height ( for example , 2.5 mm high characters would have a stroke thickness - pen nib size - of 0.25 mm , 3.5 would use a 0.35 mm pen and so forth ) . The ISO character set ( font ) has a seriffed one , a barred seven , an open four , six , and nine , and a round topped three , that improves legibility when , for example , an A0 drawing has been reduced to A1 or even A3 ( and perhaps enlarged back or reproduced / faxed / microfilmed &c ) . When CAD drawings became more popular , especially using US American software , such as AutoCAD , the nearest font to this ISO standard font was Romantic Simplex ( RomanS ) - a proprietary shx font ) with a manually adjusted width factor ( over ride ) to make it look as near to the ISO lettering for the drawing board . However , with the closed four , and arced six and nine , romans. shx typeface could be difficult to read in reductions . In more recent revisions of software packages , the TrueType font ISOCPEUR reliably reproduces the original drawing board lettering stencil style , however , many drawings have switched to the ubiquitous Arial. ttf . Conventional parts ( areas ) ( edit ) Title block ( edit ) The title block ( T / B , TB ) is an area of the drawing that conveys header - type information about the drawing , such as : Drawing title ( hence the name `` title block '' ) Drawing number Part number ( s ) Name of the design activity ( corporation , government agency , etc . ) Identifying code of the design activity ( such as a CAGE code ) Address of the design activity ( such as city , state / province , country ) Measurement units of the drawing ( for example , inches , millimeters ) Default tolerances for dimension callouts where no tolerance is specified Boilerplate callouts of general specs Intellectual property rights warning Traditional locations for the title block are the bottom right ( most commonly ) or the top right or center . Revisions block ( edit ) The revisions block ( rev block ) is a tabulated list of the revisions ( versions ) of the drawing , documenting the revision control . Traditional locations for the revisions block are the top right ( most commonly ) or adjoining the title block in some way . Next assembly ( edit ) The next assembly block , often also referred to as `` where used '' or sometimes `` effectivity block '' , is a list of higher assemblies where the product on the current drawing is used . This block is commonly found adjacent to the title block . Notes list ( edit ) The notes list provides notes to the user of the drawing , conveying any information that the callouts within the field of the drawing did not . It may include general notes , flagnotes , or a mixture of both . Traditional locations for the notes list are anywhere along the edges of the field of the drawing . General notes ( edit ) General notes ( G / N , GN ) apply generally to the contents of the drawing , as opposed to applying only to certain part numbers or certain surfaces or features . Flagnotes ( edit ) Flagnotes or flag notes ( FL , F / N ) are notes that apply only where a flagged callout points , such as to particular surfaces , features , or part numbers . Typically the callout includes a flag icon . Some companies call such notes `` delta notes '' , and the note number is enclosed inside a triangular symbol ( similar to capital letter delta , Δ ) . `` FL5 '' ( flagnote 5 ) and `` D5 '' ( delta note 5 ) are typical ways to abbreviate in ASCII - only contexts . Field of the drawing ( edit ) The field of the drawing ( F / D , FD ) is the main body or main area of the drawing , excluding the title block , rev block , and so on . List of materials , bill of materials , parts list ( edit ) The list of materials ( L / M , LM , LoM ) , bill of materials ( B / M , BM , BoM ) , or parts list ( P / L , PL ) is a ( usually tabular ) list of the materials used to make a part , and / or the parts used to make an assembly . It may contain instructions for heat treatment , finishing , and other processes , for each part number . Sometimes such LoMs or PLs are separate documents from the drawing itself . Traditional locations for the LoM / BoM are above the title block , or in a separate document . Parameter tabulations ( edit ) Some drawings call out dimensions with parameter names ( that is , variables , such a `` A '' , `` B '' , `` C '' ) , then tabulate rows of parameter values for each part number . Traditional locations for parameter tables , when such tables are used , are floating near the edges of the field of the drawing , either near the title block or elsewhere along the edges of the field . Views and sections ( edit ) Each view or section is a separate set of projections , occupying a contiguous portion of the field of the drawing . Usually views and sections are called out with cross-references to specific zones of the field . Zones ( edit ) Often a drawing is divided into zones by a grid , with zone labels along the margins , such as A , B , C , D up the sides and 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 along the top and bottom . Names of zones are thus , for example , A5 , D2 , or B1 . This feature greatly eases discussion of , and reference to , particular areas of the drawing . Abbreviations and symbols ( edit ) Main article : Engineering drawing abbreviations and symbols As in many technical fields , a wide array of abbreviations and symbols have been developed in engineering drawing during the 20th and 21st centuries . For example , cold rolled steel is often abbreviated as CRS , and diameter is often abbreviated as DIA , D , or ⌀ . With the advent of computer generated drawings for manufacturing and machining , many symbols have fallen out of common use . This poses a problem when attempting to interpret an older hand - drawn document that contains obscure elements that can not be readily referenced in standard teaching text or control documents such as AMSE and ANSI standards . For example , AMSE Y14. 5M 1994 excludes a few elements that convey critical information as contained in older US Navy drawings and aircraft manufacturing drawings of World War 2 vintage . Researching the intent and meaning of some symbols can prove difficult . Example ( edit ) Example mechanical drawing Here is an example of an engineering drawing ( an isometric view of the same object is shown above ) . The different line types are colored for clarity . Black = object line and hatching Red = hidden line Blue = center line of piece or opening Magenta = phantom line or cutting plane line Sectional views are indicated by the direction of arrows , as in the example right side . History ( edit ) Technical drawing has existed since ancient times , and formidable technical drawings were done in renaissance times , such as the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci , but modern engineering drawing , with its precise conventions of orthographic projection and scale , arose in France at a time when the Industrial Revolution was in its infancy . L.T.C. Rolt 's biography of Isambard Kingdom Brunel says of his father , Marc Isambard Brunel , that `` It seems fairly certain that Marc 's drawings of his block - making machinery ( in 1799 ) made a contribution to British engineering technique much greater than the machines they represented . For it is safe to assume that he had mastered the art of presenting three - dimensional objects in a two - dimensional plane which we now call mechanical drawing . It had been evolved by Gaspard Monge of Mezieres in 1765 but had remained a military secret until 1794 and was therefore unknown in England . '' See also ( edit ) Architectural drawing CAD standards Descriptive geometry Document management system Engineering drawing symbols Geometric tolerance ISO 128 Technical drawings -- General principles of presentation Linear scale Patent drawing Scale rulers : architect 's scale and engineer 's scale Specification ( technical standard ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : French & Vierck 1953 , p. 1. Viola Denise Trice Microsoft Consultant engine Jump up ^ French & Vierck 1953 , pp. 99 -- 105 ^ Jump up to : French 1918 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : French & Vierck 1953 , pp. 111 -- 114 Jump up ^ French & Vierck 1953 , pp. 97 -- 114 Jump up ^ French & Vierck 1953 , pp. 108 -- 111 Jump up ^ French & Vierck 1953 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bertoline , Gary R. Introduction to Graphics Communications for Engineers ( 4th Ed . ) . New York , NY . 2009 ^ Jump up to : Rolt 1957 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) French , Thomas E. ( 1918 ) , A manual of engineering drawing for students and draftsmen ( 2nd ed . ) , New York , New York , USA : McGraw - Hill , LCCN 30018430 . French , Thomas E. ; Vierck , Charles J. ( 1953 ) , A manual of engineering drawing for students and draftsmen ( 8th ed . ) , New York , New York , USA : McGraw - Hill , LCCN 52013455 . Rolt , L.T.C. ( 1957 ) , Isambard Kingdom Brunel : A Biography , Longmans Green , LCCN 57003475 . Further reading ( edit ) Basant Agrawal and CM Agrawal ( 2013 ) . Engineering Drawing . Second Edition , McGraw Hill Education India Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi . ( 1 ) Paige Davis , Karen Renee Juneau ( 2000 ) . Engineering Drawing David A. Madsen , Karen Schertz , ( 2001 ) Engineering Drawing & Design . Delmar Thomson Learning . ( 2 ) Cecil Howard Jensen , Jay D. Helsel , Donald D. Voisinet Computer - aided engineering drawing using AutoCAD . Warren Jacob Luzadder ( 1959 ) . Fundamentals of engineering drawing for technical students and professional . M.A. Parker , F. Pickup ( 1990 ) Engineering Drawing with Worked Examples . Colin H. Simmons , Dennis E. Maguire Manual of engineering drawing . Elsevier . Cecil Howard Jensen ( 2001 ) . Interpreting Engineering Drawings . B. Leighton Wellman ( 1948 ) . Technical Descriptive Geometry . McGraw - Hill Book Company , Inc . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Construction drawings . Examples of cubes drawn in different projections Animated presentation of drawing systems used in technical drawing ( Flash animation ) Design Handbook : Engineering Drawing and Sketching , by MIT OpenCourseWare hide Visualization of technical information Fields Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual culture Volume visualization Image types Chart Diagram Engineering drawing Graph of a function Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Schematic Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration User interface People Jacques Bertin Stuart Card Thomas A. DeFanti Michael Friendly George Furnas Pat Hanrahan Nigel Holmes Christopher R. 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Rosenblum Ben Shneiderman Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Ade Olufeko Howard Wainer Martin Wattenberg Bang Wong Related topics Cartography Chartjunk Computer graphics in computer science Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging science Information graphics Information science Mental visualisation Misleading graph Neuroimaging Patent drawing Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual perception Volume cartography Volume rendering Computer - generated imagery portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engineering_drawing&oldid=845843936 '' Categories : Engineering Technical drawing Infographics Hidden categories : Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Հայերեն हिन्दी Монгол Nederlands Polski Português Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 14 : 36 . 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-9041899670190482178	Austro-Prussian War	Austro - Prussian war - wikipedia Austro - Prussian war Jump to : navigation , search Austro - Prussian War ( Seven Weeks ' War ) Part of the wars of German unification Battle of Königgrätz , by Georg Bleibtreu . Oil on canvas , 1869 . Date 14 June -- 26 July 1866 ( 1 month and 12 days ) Location Bohemia , Germany , Italy and Adriatic Sea Result Prussian - led German and Italian victory Territorial changes Prussia annexes parts of Bavaria , Hanover , Hesse - Kassel , parts of Hesse - Darmstadt , Holstein , Schleswig , Nassau , and Frankfurt Italy annexes Venetia and part of Friuli Dissolution of the German Confederation Formation of the North German Confederation Exclusion of Austria from Germany Formation of Austria - Hungary Belligerents Prussian - led German Confederation states Prussia Brunswick Mecklenburg - Schwerin Saxe - Coburg & Gotha Saxe - Altenburg Mecklenburg - Strelitz Oldenburg Anhalt Schwarzburg Waldeck Lippe Saxe - Lauenburg Lübeck Bremen Hamburg Italy Austrian - led German Confederation states Austria Bavaria Saxony Hanover Württemberg Hesse - Kassel Baden Hesse - Darmstadt Nassau Saxe - Meiningen Reuss - Greiz Schaumburg - Lippe Frankfurt Commanders and leaders Wilhelm I Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke Vittorio Emanuele II Alfonso La Marmora Bettino Ricasoli Franz Joseph I Albrecht von Teschen Ludwig von Benedek Strength 637,262 437,262 200,000 517,123 407,223 38,000 26,500 20,000 18,400 7,000 5,000 Casualties and losses 39,990 Breakdown ( show ) Total losses 28,793 4,454 battle deaths 6,427 disease deaths 16,217 wounded 785 missing 910 captured 11,197 1,633 battle deaths 3,926 wounded 553 missing 5,085 captured 132,414 Breakdown ( show ) Total losses 106,796 9,123 battle deaths 18,952 disease deaths 35,236 wounded 12,365 missing 31,120 captured 17,693 379 battle deaths 1,051 wounded 16,263 captured or missing 3,840 348 battle deaths 2,095 wounded 1,397 captured or missing 2,094 241 battle deaths 1,273 wounded 580 captured or missing 1,078 88 battle deaths 444 wounded 546 captured or missing 717 67 battle deaths 452 wounded 198 captured or missing 196 24 battle deaths 115 wounded 57 captured or missing Austro - Prussian War and Third Italian War of Independence Custoza Hühnerwasser Podol Nachod Lake Garda Trautenau Burkersdorf Langensalza Skalitz Münchengrätz Schweinschädel Gitschin Königgrätz Kissingen Tauberbischofsheim Valtellina Vezza d'Oglio Lissa Bezzecca Blumenau The Austro - Prussian War or Seven Weeks ' War ( also known as the Unification War , Prussian -- German War , German Civil War , War of 1866 , Brothers War , or Fraternal War , and in Germany as the German War ) was a war fought in 1866 between the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies on the other , that resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states . Prussia had also allied with the Kingdom of Italy , linking this conflict to the Third Independence War of Italian unification . The major result of the war was a shift in power among the German states away from Austrian and towards Prussian hegemony , and impetus towards the unification of all of the northern German states in a Kleindeutsches Reich that excluded the German Austria . It saw the abolition of the German Confederation and its partial replacement by a North German Confederation that excluded Austria and the other South German states . The war also resulted in the Italian annexation of the Austrian province of Venetia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 1.1 Nationalism 1.2 Bismarck 1.3 France 1.4 Unpopular rulers 1.5 Military factors 1.5. 1 Rival military systems 1.5. 2 Speed of mobilization 1.5. 3 Speed of concentration 1.5. 4 Armaments and tactics 1.6 Economic factors 2 Alliances 3 Course of the war 3.1 Major battles 4 Aftermath and consequences 4.1 For the defeated parties 4.2 For the neutral parties and Liechtenstein 5 Austria 's desire for revenge 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Causes ( edit ) For centuries , Central Europe was split into large states and hundreds of tiny entities , each maintaining its independence with the assistance of outside powers , particularly France . Austria , the personal territory of the Habsburg Emperors , was traditionally considered the leader of the German states , but Prussia was becoming increasingly powerful and by the late 18th century was ranked as one of the great powers of Europe . Francis II 's abolition of the office of Holy Roman Emperor in 1806 , intended to prevent Napoleon from seizing it , also deprived him of his imperial authority over most of German - speaking Europe , though little true authority remained by that time ; he did , however , retain control of an extensive multi-ethnic empire after Napoleon 's defeat . After 1815 , the German states were once again reorganized into a loose confederation : the German Confederation , under Austrian leadership . The pretext for the conflict was found in the dispute between Prussia and Austria over the administration of Schleswig - Holstein , which the two of them had conquered from Denmark and agreed to jointly occupy at the end of the Second Schleswig War in 1864 . When Austria brought the dispute before the German Diet and also decided to convene the Diet of Holstein , Prussia declared that the Gastein Convention had thereby been nullified and invaded Holstein . When the German Diet responded by voting for a partial mobilization against Prussia , Bismarck claimed that the German Confederation was ended . Crown Prince Frederick `` was the only member of the Prussian Crown Council to uphold the rights of the Duke of Augustenburg and oppose the idea of a war with Austria which he described as fratricide '' . Although he supported unification and the restoration of the medieval empire , `` Fritz could not accept that war was the right way to unite Germany . '' Map of Austro - Prussian war Battle of Königgrätz between Prussian and Austrian soldiers ( 1866 ) Nationalism ( edit ) Partly in reaction to the triumphant French nationalism of Napoleon I and partly as an organic feeling of commonality glorified during the Romantic era , German nationalism became a potent force during this period . The ultimate aim of most German nationalists was the gathering of all Germans under one state . Two ideas of national unity eventually came to the fore -- one including and one excluding Austria . The US newspaper The New York Times summarized its views of German nationalism shortly after the outbreak of the war : There is , in political geography , no Germany proper to speak of . There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies , and Duchies and Principalities , inhabited by Germans , and each separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State . Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation , ruled by one common head as a national unit . Bismarck ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are many interpretations of Otto von Bismarck 's behaviour before the Austrian - Prussian war , which concentrate mainly on whether he had a master plan that resulted in this war , the North German Confederation and the unification of Germany . Bismarck maintained that he orchestrated the conflict in order to bring about the North German Confederation , the Franco - Prussian War and the eventual unification of Germany . However , historians such as A.J.P. Taylor dispute his interpretation and believe that Bismarck did not have a master plan , but rather was an opportunist who took advantage of the favourable situations that presented themselves . Taylor thinks Bismarck manipulated events into the most beneficial solution possible for Prussia . On 22 February 1866 , Count Karolyi , Austrian ambassador in Berlin , sent a dispatch to the Minister of Foreign Affairs , Count Alexander Mensdorff - Pouilly . He explained to him that Prussian public opinion had become extremely sensitive about the Duchies issue and that he had no doubt that `` this artificial exaggeration of the danger by public opinion formed an essential part of the calculations and actions of Count Bismarck ( who considered ) the annexation of the Duchies ... a matter of life and death for his political existence ( and wished ) to make it appear such for Prussia too . '' Possible evidence can be found in Bismarck 's orchestration of the Austrian alliance during the Second Schleswig War against Denmark , which can be seen as his diplomatic `` masterstroke '' . Taylor also believes that the alliance was a `` test for Austria rather than a trap '' and that the goal was not war with Austria , contradicting what Bismarck later gave in his memoirs as his main reason for establishing the alliance . It was in the Prussian interest to gain an alliance with Austria to defeat Denmark and settle the issue of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein . The alliance can be regarded as an aid to Prussian expansion , rather than a provocation of war against Austria . Many historians believe that Bismarck was simply a Prussian expansionist , rather than a German nationalist , who sought the unification of Germany . It was at the Gastein Convention that the Austrian alliance was set up to lure Austria into war . Bismarck made an alliance with Italy , committing it to the war if Prussia entered one against Austria within three months , which was an obvious incentive for Bismarck to go to war with Austria within three months to divert Austrian strength away from Prussia . The timing of the declaration was perfect , because all other European powers were either bound by alliances that forbade them from entering the conflict , or had domestic problems that had priority . Britain had no stake economically or politically in war between Prussia and Austria . Russia was unlikely to enter on the side of Austria , due to ill will over Austrian support of the anti-Russian alliance during the Crimean War and Prussia had stood by Russia during the January Uprising in Poland whereas Austria had not . France ( edit ) France was also unlikely to enter on the side of Austria , because Bismarck and Napoleon III met in Biarritz and allegedly discussed whether or not France would intervene in a potential Austro - Prussian war . The details of the discussion are unknown but many historians think Bismarck was guaranteed French neutrality in the event of a war . Italy was already allied with Prussia , which meant that Austria would be fighting both with no major allies of its own . Bismarck was aware of his numerical superiority but still `` he was not prepared to advise it immediately even though he gave a favourable account of the international situation '' . When the Prussian victory became clear , France attempted to extract territorial concessions in the Palatinate and Luxembourg . In his speech to the Reichstag on 2 May 1871 , Bismarck said : It is known that even on 6 August 1866 , I was in the position to observe the French ambassador make his appearance to see me in order , to put it succinctly , to present an ultimatum : to relinquish Mainz , or to expect an immediate declaration of war . Naturally I was not doubtful of the answer for a second . I answered him : `` Good , then it 's war ! '' He travelled to Paris with this answer . A few days after one in Paris thought differently , and I was given to understand that this instruction had been torn from Emperor Napoleon during an illness . The further attempts in relation to Luxemburg are known . Unpopular rulers ( edit ) Unpopular rulers sought foreign war as a way to gain popularity and unite the feuding political factions . In Prussia King William I was deadlocked with the liberal parliament in Berlin . In Italy King Victor Emmanuel II faced increasing demands for reform from the Left . In Austria Emperor Franz Joseph saw the need to reduce growing ethnic strife by uniting the several nationalities against a foreign enemy . Military factors ( edit ) Memorial to Battery of the Dead at Chlum commemorates some of the heaviest fighting during Battle of Königgrätz ( 3 July 1866 ) Bismarck may well have been encouraged to go to war by the advantages of the Prussian army against the Austrian Empire . Taylor wrote that Bismarck was reluctant to pursue war as it `` deprived him of control and left the decisions to the generals whose ability he distrusted '' . ( The two most important personalities within the Prussian army were the War Minister Albrecht Graf von Roon and Chief of the General Staff Helmuth Graf von Moltke . ) Taylor suggested that Bismarck was hoping to force Austrian leaders into concessions in Germany , rather than provoke war . The truth may be more complicated than simply that Bismarck , who famously said that `` politics is the art of the possible '' , initially sought war with Austria or was initially against the idea of going to war with Austria . Rival military systems ( edit ) In 1862 , von Roon had implemented several army reforms that ensured that all Prussian citizens were liable to conscription . Before this date , the size of the army had been fixed by earlier laws that had not taken population growth into account , making conscription inequitable and unpopular for this reason . While some Prussian men remained in the army or the reserves until they were forty years old , about one man in three ( or even more in some regions where the population had expanded greatly as a result of industrialisation ) was assigned minimal service in the Landwehr , the home guard . Introducing universal conscription for three years increased the size of the active duty army and provided Prussia with a reserve army equal in size to that which Moltke deployed against Austria . Had France under Napoleon III attempted to intervene against the Prussians , they could have faced him with equal or superior numbers of troops . Prussian conscript service was one of continuous training and drill , in contrast to the Austrian army where some commanders routinely dismissed infantry conscripts to their homes on permanent leave soon after their induction into the army , retaining only a cadre of long - term soldiers for formal parades and routine duties . Austrian conscripts had to be trained almost from scratch when they were recalled to their units on the outbreak of war . The Prussian army was thus better trained and disciplined than the Austrian army , particularly in the infantry . While Austrian cavalry and artillery were as well - trained as their Prussian counterparts with Austria possessing two elite divisions of heavy cavalry , weapons and tactics had advanced since the Napoleonic Wars and cavalry charges had been rendered obsolete . Speed of mobilization ( edit ) Battle of Königgrätz : Prince Friedrich Karl is cheered on by his Prussian troops . The Prussian army was locally based , organised in Kreise ( military districts , lit. : circles ) , each containing a Korps headquarters and its component units . Most reservists lived close to their regimental depots and could be swiftly mobilised . Austrian policy was to ensure that units were stationed far from home to prevent them from taking part in separatist revolts . Conscripts on leave or reservists recalled to their units during mobilization faced a journey that might take weeks before they could report to their units , making the Austrian mobilisation much slower than that of the Prussian Army . Speed of concentration ( edit ) The railway system of Prussia was more extensively developed than that within Austria . Railways made it possible to supply larger numbers of troops than hitherto and allowed the rapid movement of troops within friendly territory . The better Prussian rail network allowed the Prussian army to concentrate more rapidly than the Austrians . Moltke , reviewing his plans to Roon stated , `` We have the inestimable advantage of being able to carry our Field Army of 285,000 men over five railway lines and of virtually concentrating them in twenty - five days ... Austria has only one railway line and it will take her forty - five days to assemble 200,000 men . '' Moltke had also said earlier , `` Nothing could be more welcome to us than to have now the war that we must have . '' The Austrian army under Ludwig von Benedek in Bohemia ( the present - day Czech Republic ) might previously have been expected to enjoy the advantage of the `` central position '' , by being able to concentrate on successive attacking armies strung out along the frontier , but the quicker Prussian concentration nullified this advantage . By the time the Austrians were fully assembled , they would be unable to concentrate against one Prussian army without having the other two instantly attack their flank and rear , threatening their lines of communication . Armaments and tactics ( edit ) Dreyse needle gun Prussian infantry were equipped with the Dreyse needle gun , a bolt - action rifle capable of far more rapid fire than the muzzle - loading Lorenz rifles of the Austrian army . In the Franco - Austrian War of 1859 , French troops had taken advantage of the fact that the rifles of the time fired high if sighted for long range . By rapidly closing the range , French troops could come to close quarters without sustaining too many casualties from the Austrian infantry . After the war , the Austrians had adopted the same methods , which they termed the Stoßtaktik ( `` shock tactics '' ) . Although they had some warnings of the Prussian weapon , they ignored these and retained Stoßtaktik . The Austrian artillery had breech - loading rifled guns , while the Prussian army retained many muzzle - loading smooth bore cannon . New Krupp breech - loading cannons were only slowly being introduced but the shortcomings of the Austrian army prevented the artillery from being decisive . Economic factors ( edit ) The Battle of Königgrätz . In 1866 , the Prussian economy was rapidly growing , partly as a result of the Zollverein , which gave Prussia an advantage in the war . Prussia could equip its armies with breech - loading rifles and later with new Krupp breech - loading artillery but the Austrian economy was suffering from the effects of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Second Italian War of Independence . Austria had only one bank , the Creditanstalt and the state was heavily in debt . Historian Christopher Clark wrote that there is little to suggest that Prussia had an overwhelming economic and industrial advantage over Austria and wrote that a larger portion of the Prussian population was engaged in agriculture than in the Austrian population and that Austrian industry could produce the most sophisticated weapons in the war ( rifled artillery ) . The Austro - Prussian War ended quickly and was fought mainly with existing weapons and munitions , which reduced the influence of economic and industrial power relative to politics and military culture . Alliances ( edit ) Prussian artillery at the Battle of Langensalza . Oil painting by Georg von Boddien . Before the war started both the Austrian and Prussian governments sought to rally allies in Germany . On 15 June Bismarck offered territorial compensation in the Grand Duchy of Hesse to the Electorate of Hesse , if Elector Frederick William were to ally with Prussia . The proposition grievously offended Frederick William 's `` legitimist sensibilities '' and the monarch joined the Austrians , despite the Hessian Landtag voting for neutrality . King George V of Hanover during the spring of 1866 was contacted by Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph about establishing a coalition against the Prussians . The Hanoverian monarch concluded that his kingdom would fall if it were to fight against the Prussian armies . Most of the German states sided with Austria against Prussia , even though Austria had declared war . Those that sided with Austria included the Kingdoms of Saxony , Bavaria , Württemberg , and Hanover . Southern states such as , Baden , Hesse - Kassel ( or Hesse - Cassel ) , Hesse - Darmstadt , and Nassau also joined with Austria . Many of the German princes allied with the Habsburgs principally out of a desire to keep their thrones . Some of the northern German states joined Prussia , in particular Oldenburg , Mecklenburg - Schwerin , Mecklenburg - Strelitz , and Brunswick . The Kingdom of Italy participated in the war with Prussia , because Austria held Venetia and other smaller territories wanted by Italy to complete the process of Italian unification . In return for Italian aid against Austria , Bismarck agreed not to make a separate peace until Italy had obtained Venetia . Notably , the other foreign powers abstained from this war . French Emperor Napoleon III , who expected a Prussian defeat , chose to remain out of the war to strengthen his negotiating position for territory along the Rhine , while the Russian Empire still bore a grudge against Austria from the Crimean War . Alliances of the Austro - Prussian War , 1866 Kingdom of Prussia Austrian Empire Neutral to Prussia Duchy of Brunswick Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg - Schwerin Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Duchy of Saxe - Altenburg Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg - Strelitz Grand Duchy of Oldenburg Duchy of Anhalt Schwarzburg - Sondershausen Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont Principality of Lippe Saxe - Lauenburg Free City of Lübeck Bremen Hamburg Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Württemberg Electorate of Hesse Grand Duchy of Baden Grand Duchy of Hesse Duchy of Nassau Duchy of Saxe - Meiningen Principality of Reuss - Greiz Principality of Schaumburg - Lippe Free City of Frankfurt Luxembourg Duchy of Limburg Grand Duchy of Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt Liechtenstein Principality of Reuss - Gera Disputed Territory Duchy of Holstein Duchy of Schleswig Course of the war ( edit ) Cavalry clash at the Battle of Nachod The first war between two major continental powers in seven years , it used many of the same technologies as the American Civil War , including railways to concentrate troops during mobilization and telegraphs to enhance long - distance communication . The Prussian Army used von Dreyse 's breech - loading needle gun , which could be rapidly loaded while the soldier was seeking cover on the ground , whereas the Austrian muzzle - loading rifles could only be loaded slowly , and generally from a standing position . The main campaign of the war occurred in Bohemia . Prussian Chief of General Staff Helmuth von Moltke had planned meticulously for the war . He rapidly mobilized the Prussian army and advanced across the border into Saxony and Bohemia , where the Austrian army was concentrating for an invasion of Silesia . There , the Prussian armies , led nominally by King William I , converged , and the two sides met at the Battle of Königgrätz ( Hradec Králové ) on 3 July . The Prussian Elbe Army advanced on the Austrian left wing , and the First Army on the center , prematurely ; they risked being counter-flanked on their own left . Victory therefore depended on the timely arrival of the Second Army on the left wing . This was achieved through the brilliant work of its Chief of Staff , Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal . Superior Prussian organization and élan decided the battle against Austrian numerical superiority , and the victory was near total , with Austrian battle deaths nearly seven times the Prussian figure . Austria rapidly sought peace after this battle . Austrian victory at the Battle of Lissa Except for Saxony , the other German states allied to Austria played little role in the main campaign . Hanover 's army defeated Prussia at the Second Battle of Langensalza on 27 June 1866 , but , within a few days , they were forced to surrender by superior numbers . Prussian armies fought against Bavaria , Württemberg , Baden and the Hessian states on the river Main , reaching Nuremberg and Frankfurt . The Bavarian fortress of Würzburg was shelled by Prussian artillery , but the garrison defended its position until armistice day . The Austrians were more successful in their war with Italy , defeating the Italians on land at the Battle of Custoza ( 24 June ) , and on sea at the Battle of Lissa ( 20 July ) . However , Italy 's `` Hunters of the Alps '' led by Garibaldi defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Bezzecca on 21 July , conquered the lower part of Trentino , and moved towards Trento . The Prussian peace with Austria forced the Italian government to seek an armistice with Austria on 12 August . According to the Treaty of Vienna , signed on 12 October , Austria ceded Veneto to France , which , in turn , ceded it to Italy . Major battles ( edit ) Austrian uhlans under Colonel Rodakowski attack Italian Bersaglieri during the Battle of Custozza 24 June , Battle of Custoza : Austrian army defeats Italian army . 27 June , Battle of Trautenau ( Trutnov ) : Austrians check Prussian advance but with heavy losses . 27 June , Battle of Langensalza : Hanover 's army defeats Prussia 's . However , Hanover surrenders two days later . 29 June , Battle of Gitschin ( Jičín ) : Prussians defeat Austrians . 3 July , Battle of Königgrätz ( Sadová ) : decisive Prussian victory against Austrians . 10 July , Battle of Kissingen : Prussians defeat the Bavarians ( 7th Army Corps of the German Confederation ) 20 July , Battle of Lissa ( Vis ) : the Austrian fleet decisively defeats the Italian one . 21 July , Battle of Bezzecca : Giuseppe Garibaldi 's `` Hunters of the Alps '' defeat an Austrian army . 22 July ( last day of the war ) , Battle of Lamacs ( Lamač ) : Austrians defend Bratislava against Prussian army . 24 July , Battle of Tauberbischofsheim , the Federal 8th Corps ( Württemberg , Baden , Hesse and Nassau ) is defeated by Prussia and northern Württemberg is occupied . Aftermath and consequences ( edit ) Aftermath of the Austro - Prussian War . Prussia Territories annexed by Prussia Prussian allies Austria Austrian allies Neutral members of the German Confederation In order to prevent `` unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge '' and forestall intervention by France or Russia , Bismarck pushed King William I of Prussia to make peace with the Austrians rapidly , rather than continue the war in hopes of further gains . William had `` planned to install both the crown prince of Hanover and the nephew of the elector of Hesse as titular grand dukes in small territorial residuals of their dynastic inheritance '' by opposition in the government cabinet , including Crown Prince Frederick to the annexation of several German states . The Austrians accepted mediation from France 's Napoleon III . The Peace of Prague on 23 August 1866 resulted in the dissolution of the German Confederation , Prussian annexation of many of Austria 's former allies , and the permanent exclusion of Austria from German affairs . This left Prussia free to form the North German Confederation the next year , incorporating all the German states north of the Main River . Prussia chose not to seek Austrian territory for itself , and this made it possible for Prussia and Austria to ally in the future , since Austria felt threatened more by Italian and Pan-Slavic irredentism than by Prussia . The war left Prussia dominant in German politics ( since Austria was now excluded from Germany and no longer the top German power ) , and German nationalism would encourage the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco - Prussian War in 1870 , and then to accede to the crowning of King William of Prussia as German Emperor in 1871 . The united German states would become one of the most influential of all the European powers . For the defeated parties ( edit ) In addition to war reparations , the following territorial changes took place : Austria : Surrendered the province of Venetia to France , but then Napoleon III handed it to Italy as agreed in a secret treaty with Prussia . Austria then lost all official influence over member states of the former German Confederation . Austria 's defeat was a telling blow to Habsburg rule ; the Empire was transformed via the Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 into the dual monarchy of Austria - Hungary in the following year . Additionally Austria was also excluded from Germany . Schleswig and Holstein : Became the Prussian Province of Schleswig - Holstein . Hanover : Annexed by Prussia , became the Province of Hanover . Hesse - Darmstadt : Surrendered to Prussia the small territory it had acquired earlier in 1866 on the extinction of the ruling house of Hesse - Homburg . The northern half of the remaining land joined the North German Confederation . Nassau , Hesse - Kassel , Frankfurt : Annexed by Prussia . Combined with the territory surrendered by Hesse - Darmstadt to form the new Province of Hesse - Nassau . Saxony , Saxe - Meiningen , Reuss - Greiz , Schaumburg - Lippe : Spared from annexation but joined the North German Confederation in the following year . For the neutral parties and liechtenstein ( edit ) The North German Confederation after the war . The war meant the end of the German Confederation . Those states who remained neutral during the conflict took different actions after the Prague treaty : Liechtenstein : Became an independent state and declared permanent neutrality , while maintaining close political ties with Austria . They had sent 80 men out but did not engage in any fighting . Limburg and Luxembourg : The Treaty of London ( 1867 ) declared both of these states to be part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Limburg became the Dutch province of Limburg . Luxembourg was guaranteed independence and neutrality from its three surrounding neighbors ( Belgium , France , and Prussia ) , but it rejoined the German customs union , the Zollverein , and remained a member until its dissolution in 1919 . Reuss - Schleiz , Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach , Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt : Joined the North German Confederation . Austria 's desire for revenge ( edit ) The Austrian Chancellor Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust was `` impatient to take his revenge on Bismarck for Sadowa '' . As a preliminary step , the Ausgleich with Hungary was `` rapidly concluded '' . Beust `` persuaded Francis Joseph to accept Magyar demands which he had until then rejected '' , but Austrian plans fell short of French hopes ( e.g. Archduke Albrecht , Duke of Teschen proposed a plan which required the French army to fight alone for six weeks in order to allow Austrian mobilisation ) . Victor Emmanuel II and the Italian government wanted to join this potential alliance , but Italian public opinion was bitterly opposed so long as Napoleon III kept a French garrison in Rome protecting Pope Pius IX , thereby denying Italy the possession of its capital ( Rome had been declared capital of Italy in March 1861 , when the first Italian Parliament had met in Turin ) . Napoleon III was not strictly opposed to this ( in response to a French minister of State 's declaration that Italy would never lay its hands on Rome , the Emperor had commented `` You know , in politics , one should never say ' never ' '' ) and had made various proposals for resolving the Roman Question , but Pius IX rejected them all . Despite his support for Italian unification , Napoleon could not press the issue for fear of angering Catholics in France . Raffaele de Cesare , an Italian journalist , political scientist , and author , noted that : The alliance , proposed two years before 1870 , between France , Italy , and Austria , was never concluded because Napoleon III ... would never consent to the occupation of Rome by Italy ... He wished Austria to avenge Sadowa , either by taking part in a military action , or by preventing South Germany from making common cause with Prussia ... If he could ensure , through Austrian aid , the neutrality of the South German States in a war against Prussia , he considered himself sure of defeating the Prussian army , and thus would remain arbiter of the European situation . But when the war suddenly broke out , before anything was concluded , the first unexpected French defeats overthrew all previsions , and raised difficulties for Austria and Italy which prevented them from making common cause with France . Wörth and Sedan followed each other too closely . The Roman question was the stone tied to Napoleon 's feet -- that dragged him into the abyss . He never forgot , even in August 1870 , a month before Sedan , that he was a sovereign of a Catholic country , that he had been made Emperor , and was supported by the votes of the conservatives and the influence of the clergy ; and that it was his supreme duty not to abandon the Pontiff ... For twenty years Napoleon III had been the true sovereign of Rome , where he had many friends and relations ... Without him the temporal power would never have been reconstituted , nor , being reconstituted , would have endured . Another reason that Beust 's desired revanche against Prussia did not materialize was the fact that , in 1870 , the Hungarian Prime Minister Gyula Andrássy was `` vigorously opposed '' . See also ( edit ) Wars and battles involving Prussia Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , pp. 183 - 184 . Jump up ^ Rudolf Winziers ( April 17 , 2001 ) . `` Unification War 1866 '' . Royal Bavarian 5th Infantry . Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Balfour 1964 , pp. 67 - 68 . Jump up ^ `` The Situation of Germany '' . The New York Times . 1 July 1866 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Stephen , Nineteenth Century Europe , The Macmillan Press Ltd , 1992 , p. 39 - 40 Jump up ^ Feuchtwanger , Edgar ( 2014 ) . Bismarck : A Political History . Routledge . p. 125 . ISBN 9781317684329 . Jump up ^ Hollyday 1970 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wawro , `` The Habsburg ' Flucht Nach Vorne ' in 1866 : Domestic Political Origins of the Austro - Prussian War '' , International History Review ( 1995 ) 17 # 2 pp 221 - 248 . Jump up ^ McElwee ( 1970 ) , p. 60 ) Jump up ^ McElwee ( 1970 ) , pp. 63 - 64 Jump up ^ McElwee ( 1970 ) , p. 52 Jump up ^ Wolmar , Christian ( 2010 ) `` Blood , Iron and Gold : How the Railways Transformed the World '' p. 96 Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher . Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , Hans A. Prussia 's Last Fling : The Annexation of Hanover , Hesse , Frankfurt , and Nassau , June 15 - October 8 , 1866 . Central European History 8 , No. 4 ( 1975 ) , pp. 316 - 347 . Jump up ^ Bismarck , the Man and the Statesman , Volume 2 , Smith , Elder , 1898 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Albertini , Luigi ( 1952 ) . The Origins of the War of 1914 , Volume I. Oxford University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Aronson , Theo ( 1970 ) . The Fall of the Third Napoleon . Cassell & Company Ltds . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Aronson , Theo ( 1970 ) . The Fall of the Third Napoleon . Cassell & Company Ltds . p. 56 . Jump up ^ de Cesare , Raffaele ( 1909 ) . The Last Days of Papal Rome . Archibald Constable & Co . In Benja we trust . pp. 439 -- 443 . Jump up ^ Albertini , Luigi ( 1952 ) . The Origins of the War of 1914 , Volume I. Oxford University Press . p. 6 . Bibliography ( edit ) Balfour , M. ( 1964 ) . The Kaiser and his Times . Boston MA : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 39300 - 661 - 1 . Barry , Quintin . Road to Koniggratz : Helmuth von Moltke and the Austro - Prussian War 1866 ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Bassett - Powell , Bruce . Armies of Bismarck 's Wars : Prussian 1860 - 67 ( 2013 ) Publisher = Casemate ( 1 ) Bond , Brian . `` The Austro - Prussian War , 1866 , '' History Today ( 1966 ) 16 # 8 , pp 538 -- 546 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Hollyday , FBM ( 1970 ) , Bismarck , Great Lives Observed , Prentice - Hall Hozier , H.M. The Seven Weeks ' War : the Austro - Prussian Conflict of 1866 ( 2012 ) McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20214 - 0 . Taylor , A.J.P. . The Habsburg Monarchy 1809 -- 1918 ( 2nd ed. 1948 ) . Taylor , A.J.P. . Bismarck : the Man and Statesman , 1955 . Showalter , Dennis E. The Wars of German Unification ( 2004 ) Wawro , G. ( 1997 ) . The Austro - Prussian War : Austria 's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866 . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62951 - 9 . Wawro , G. ( 2003 ) . The Franco -- Prussian War : The German Conquest of France in 1870 -- 1871 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58436 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Austro - Prussian War . Further information about the war ( in German ) Coordinates : 43 ° 28 ′ 26 '' N 1 ° 33 ′ 11 '' W / 43.474 ° N 1.553 ° W / 43.474 ; - 1.553 Unification of Germany States Austrian Empire ( later Austria - Hungary ) Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg more Unions German Confederation Zollverein German Empire ( 1848 / 1849 ) ( constitution ) Erfurt Union North German Confederation ( constitution ) German Empire ( constitution ) Events Vormärz 1814 -- 15 Congress of Vienna 1819 Carlsbad Decrees 1832 Hambach Festival 1833 Frankfurter Wachensturm 1848 Revolutions 1848 -- 49 Frankfurt Parliament 1850 Punctation of Olmütz 1850 - 51 Dresden Conference 1862 `` Blood and Iron '' speech 1864 Second Schleswig War 1866 Austro - Prussian War / Peace of Prague 1870 -- 71 Franco - Prussian War 1871 Treaty of Versailles People Baron von Stein Charles I of Württemberg Christian IX of Denmark Eduard von Simson Franz I of Austria Franz Joseph I of Austria Frederick William III of Prussia Frederick William IV of Prussia Friedrich Daniel Bassermann Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust Heinrich von Gagern Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gustav Droysen Archduke John of Austria John of Saxony Karl August von Hardenberg Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich Ludwig II of Bavaria Napoleon III of France Otto von Bismarck Robert Blum Wilhelm von Humboldt Wilhelm I , German Emperor Related Alsace - Lorraine Burschenschaft Das Lied der Deutschen Die Wacht am Rhein Flag of Germany ( Lützow Free Corps ) Pan-Germanism Kleindeutschland / Großdeutschland Frankfurt Parliament German reunification Schleswig - Holstein Question Sonderweg Germany portal Italian unification -- Risorgimento Wars and revolts Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 First Italian War of Independence Crimean War Second Italian War of Independence Expedition of the Thousand Third Italian War of Independence Capture of Rome Main leaders Bettino Ricasoli Camillo Benso , Count of Cavour Carlo Cattaneo Daniele Manin Francesco Crispi Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Mazzini Ruggero Settimo Victor Emmanuel II Opponents Pope Pius IX Franz Joseph I of Austria Francis II of the Two Sicilies Klemens von Metternich Joseph Radetzky von Radetz GND : 4011795 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austro-Prussian_War&oldid=833693013 '' Categories : Austro - Prussian War 1866 in Austria 1866 in Prussia Wars involving Baden Wars involving Bavaria Wars involving Hesse - Kassel Wars involving Italy Wars involving Saxony Wars involving Waldeck Wars involving Württemberg History of Schleswig - Holstein Conflicts in 1866 Austria -- Prussia relations Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing German - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014 Articles with German - language external links Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 00 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the austro prussian war take place	[ "\n\nAustro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)\n\n\nPart of the wars of German unification\n\n\n\nBattle of Königgrätz, by Georg Bleibtreu. Oil on canvas, 1869.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n14 June – 26 July 1866\n(1 month and 12 days)\n\n\nLocation\nBohemia, Germany, Italy and Adriatic Sea\n\n\nResult\nPrussian-led German and Italian victory\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\n\nPrussia annexes parts of Bavaria, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, parts of Hesse-Darmstadt, Holstein, Schleswig, Nassau, and Frankfurt\nItaly annexes Venetia and part of Friuli\nDissolution of the German Confederation\nFormation of the North German Confederation\nExclusion of Austria from Germany\nFormation of Austria-Hungary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n Prussian-led German Confederation states\n\n Prussia\n Brunswick\n Mecklenburg-Schwerin\n Saxe-Coburg & Gotha\n Saxe-Altenburg\n Mecklenburg-Strelitz\n Oldenburg\n Anhalt\n Schwarzburg\n Waldeck\n Lippe\n Saxe-Lauenburg\n Lübeck\n Bremen\n Hamburg\n\n Italy\n\n Austrian-led German Confederation states\n\n Austria\n Bavaria\n Saxony\n Hanover\n Württemberg\n Hesse-Kassel\n Baden\n Hesse-Darmstadt\n Nassau\n Saxe-Meiningen\n Reuss-Greiz\n Schaumburg-Lippe\n Frankfurt\n\n\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Wilhelm I\n Otto von Bismarck\n Helmuth von Moltke\n Vittorio Emanuele II\n Alfonso La Marmora\n Bettino Ricasoli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Franz Joseph I\n Albrecht von Teschen\n Ludwig von Benedek\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\n637,262[1]\n\n 437,262\n 200,000\n\n\n\n517,123[2]\n\n 407,223\n 38,000\n 26,500\n 20,000\n 18,400\n 7,000\n 5,000\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n39,990[3]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 28,793\n\n4,454 battle deaths\n6,427 disease deaths\n16,217 wounded\n785 missing\n910 captured\n\n 11,197\n\n1,633 battle deaths\n3,926 wounded\n553 missing\n5,085 captured\n\n\n\n\n\n\n132,414[2]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 106,796\n\n9,123 battle deaths\n18,952 disease deaths\n35,236 wounded\n12,365 missing\n31,120 captured\n\n 17,693\n\n379 battle deaths\n1,051 wounded\n16,263 captured or missing\n\n 3,840\n\n348 battle deaths\n2,095 wounded\n1,397 captured or missing\n\n 2,094\n\n241 battle deaths\n1,273 wounded\n580 captured or missing\n\n 1,078\n\n88 battle deaths\n444 wounded\n546 captured or missing\n\n 717\n\n67 battle deaths\n452 wounded\n198 captured or missing\n\n 196\n\n24 battle deaths\n115 wounded\n57 captured or missing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAustro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)\n\n\nPart of the wars of German unification\n\n\n\nBattle of Königgrätz, by Georg Bleibtreu. Oil on canvas, 1869.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n14 June – 26 July 1866\n(1 month and 12 days)\n\n\nLocation\nBohemia, Germany, Italy and Adriatic Sea\n\n\nResult\nPrussian-led German and Italian victory\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\n\nPrussia annexes parts of Bavaria, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, parts of Hesse-Darmstadt, Holstein, Schleswig, Nassau, and Frankfurt\nItaly annexes Venetia and part of Friuli\nDissolution of the German Confederation\nFormation of the North German Confederation\nExclusion of Austria from Germany\nFormation of Austria-Hungary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n Prussian-led German Confederation states\n\n Prussia\n Brunswick\n Mecklenburg-Schwerin\n Saxe-Coburg & Gotha\n Saxe-Altenburg\n Mecklenburg-Strelitz\n Oldenburg\n Anhalt\n Schwarzburg\n Waldeck\n Lippe\n Saxe-Lauenburg\n Lübeck\n Bremen\n Hamburg\n\n Italy\n\n Austrian-led German Confederation states\n\n Austria\n Bavaria\n Saxony\n Hanover\n Württemberg\n Hesse-Kassel\n Baden\n Hesse-Darmstadt\n Nassau\n Saxe-Meiningen\n Reuss-Greiz\n Schaumburg-Lippe\n Frankfurt\n\n\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Wilhelm I\n Otto von Bismarck\n Helmuth von Moltke\n Vittorio Emanuele II\n Alfonso La Marmora\n Bettino Ricasoli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Franz Joseph I\n Albrecht von Teschen\n Ludwig von Benedek\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\n637,262[1]\n\n 437,262\n 200,000\n\n\n\n517,123[2]\n\n 407,223\n 38,000\n 26,500\n 20,000\n 18,400\n 7,000\n 5,000\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n39,990[3]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 28,793\n\n4,454 battle deaths\n6,427 disease deaths\n16,217 wounded\n785 missing\n910 captured\n\n 11,197\n\n1,633 battle deaths\n3,926 wounded\n553 missing\n5,085 captured\n\n\n\n\n\n\n132,414[2]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 106,796\n\n9,123 battle deaths\n18,952 disease deaths\n35,236 wounded\n12,365 missing\n31,120 captured\n\n 17,693\n\n379 battle deaths\n1,051 wounded\n16,263 captured or missing\n\n 3,840\n\n348 battle deaths\n2,095 wounded\n1,397 captured or missing\n\n 2,094\n\n241 battle deaths\n1,273 wounded\n580 captured or missing\n\n 1,078\n\n88 battle deaths\n444 wounded\n546 captured or missing\n\n 717\n\n67 battle deaths\n452 wounded\n198 captured or missing\n\n 196\n\n24 battle deaths\n115 wounded\n57 captured or missing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAustro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)\n\n\nPart of the wars of German unification\n\n\n\nBattle of Königgrätz, by Georg Bleibtreu. Oil on canvas, 1869.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n14 June – 26 July 1866\n(1 month and 12 days)\n\n\nLocation\nBohemia, Germany, Italy and Adriatic Sea\n\n\nResult\nPrussian-led German and Italian victory\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\n\nPrussia annexes parts of Bavaria, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, parts of Hesse-Darmstadt, Holstein, Schleswig, Nassau, and Frankfurt\nItaly annexes Venetia and part of Friuli\nDissolution of the German Confederation\nFormation of the North German Confederation\nExclusion of Austria from Germany\nFormation of Austria-Hungary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n Prussian-led German Confederation states\n\n Prussia\n Brunswick\n Mecklenburg-Schwerin\n Saxe-Coburg & Gotha\n Saxe-Altenburg\n Mecklenburg-Strelitz\n Oldenburg\n Anhalt\n Schwarzburg\n Waldeck\n Lippe\n Saxe-Lauenburg\n Lübeck\n Bremen\n Hamburg\n\n Italy\n\n Austrian-led German Confederation states\n\n Austria\n Bavaria\n Saxony\n Hanover\n Württemberg\n Hesse-Kassel\n Baden\n Hesse-Darmstadt\n Nassau\n Saxe-Meiningen\n Reuss-Greiz\n Schaumburg-Lippe\n Frankfurt\n\n\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Wilhelm I\n Otto von Bismarck\n Helmuth von Moltke\n Vittorio Emanuele II\n Alfonso La Marmora\n Bettino Ricasoli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Franz Joseph I\n Albrecht von Teschen\n Ludwig von Benedek\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\n637,262[1]\n\n 437,262\n 200,000\n\n\n\n517,123[2]\n\n 407,223\n 38,000\n 26,500\n 20,000\n 18,400\n 7,000\n 5,000\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n39,990[3]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 28,793\n\n4,454 battle deaths\n6,427 disease deaths\n16,217 wounded\n785 missing\n910 captured\n\n 11,197\n\n1,633 battle deaths\n3,926 wounded\n553 missing\n5,085 captured\n\n\n\n\n\n\n132,414[2]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 106,796\n\n9,123 battle deaths\n18,952 disease deaths\n35,236 wounded\n12,365 missing\n31,120 captured\n\n 17,693\n\n379 battle deaths\n1,051 wounded\n16,263 captured or missing\n\n 3,840\n\n348 battle deaths\n2,095 wounded\n1,397 captured or missing\n\n 2,094\n\n241 battle deaths\n1,273 wounded\n580 captured or missing\n\n 1,078\n\n88 battle deaths\n444 wounded\n546 captured or missing\n\n 717\n\n67 battle deaths\n452 wounded\n198 captured or missing\n\n 196\n\n24 battle deaths\n115 wounded\n57 captured or missing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAustro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)\n\n\nPart of the wars of German unification\n\n\n\nBattle of Königgrätz, by Georg Bleibtreu. Oil on canvas, 1869.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n14 June – 26 July 1866\n(1 month and 12 days)\n\n\nLocation\nBohemia, Germany, Italy and Adriatic Sea\n\n\nResult\nPrussian-led German and Italian victory\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\n\nPrussia annexes parts of Bavaria, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, parts of Hesse-Darmstadt, Holstein, Schleswig, Nassau, and Frankfurt\nItaly annexes Venetia and part of Friuli\nDissolution of the German Confederation\nFormation of the North German Confederation\nExclusion of Austria from Germany\nFormation of Austria-Hungary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n Prussian-led German Confederation states\n\n Prussia\n Brunswick\n Mecklenburg-Schwerin\n Saxe-Coburg & Gotha\n Saxe-Altenburg\n Mecklenburg-Strelitz\n Oldenburg\n Anhalt\n Schwarzburg\n Waldeck\n Lippe\n Saxe-Lauenburg\n Lübeck\n Bremen\n Hamburg\n\n Italy\n\n Austrian-led German Confederation states\n\n Austria\n Bavaria\n Saxony\n Hanover\n Württemberg\n Hesse-Kassel\n Baden\n Hesse-Darmstadt\n Nassau\n Saxe-Meiningen\n Reuss-Greiz\n Schaumburg-Lippe\n Frankfurt\n\n\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Wilhelm I\n Otto von Bismarck\n Helmuth von Moltke\n Vittorio Emanuele II\n Alfonso La Marmora\n Bettino Ricasoli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Franz Joseph I\n Albrecht von Teschen\n Ludwig von Benedek\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\n637,262[1]\n\n 437,262\n 200,000\n\n\n\n517,123[2]\n\n 407,223\n 38,000\n 26,500\n 20,000\n 18,400\n 7,000\n 5,000\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n39,990[3]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 28,793\n\n4,454 battle deaths\n6,427 disease deaths\n16,217 wounded\n785 missing\n910 captured\n\n 11,197\n\n1,633 battle deaths\n3,926 wounded\n553 missing\n5,085 captured\n\n\n\n\n\n\n132,414[2]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 106,796\n\n9,123 battle deaths\n18,952 disease deaths\n35,236 wounded\n12,365 missing\n31,120 captured\n\n 17,693\n\n379 battle deaths\n1,051 wounded\n16,263 captured or missing\n\n 3,840\n\n348 battle deaths\n2,095 wounded\n1,397 captured or missing\n\n 2,094\n\n241 battle deaths\n1,273 wounded\n580 captured or missing\n\n 1,078\n\n88 battle deaths\n444 wounded\n546 captured or missing\n\n 717\n\n67 battle deaths\n452 wounded\n198 captured or missing\n\n 196\n\n24 battle deaths\n115 wounded\n57 captured or missing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Bohemia", "Germany", "Italy", "Adriatic Sea" ]
2579253041502966125	Upper East Side	Upper East Side - wikipedia Upper East Side Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the neighborhood in New York City . For the neighborhood in Miami , see Upper Eastside . Upper East Side Neighborhood of Manhattan Park Avenue in the Upper East Side , lined with apartment buildings , looking north from East 74th Street ( September 2016 ) Upper East Side Upper East Side Upper East Side Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 40 ° 46 ′ 09 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 56 '' W / 40.76917 ° N 73.96556 ° W / 40.76917 ; - 73.96556 Coordinates : 40 ° 46 ′ 09 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 56 '' W / 40.76917 ° N 73.96556 ° W / 40.76917 ; - 73.96556 Country United States State New York City New York City Borough Manhattan Area Total 1.76 sq mi ( 4.6 km ) Land 1.76 sq mi ( 4.6 km ) Water 0 sq mi ( 0 km ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 229,688 Density 130,504.5 / sq mi ( 50,388.1 / km ) 2010 figures for Manhattan CB 8 Ethnicity White 89.3 % Asian or Pacific Islander 6.2 % Hispanic 5.6 % Black 1.3 % Other 3.3 % ZIP code 10021 , 10028 , 10065 , 10075 , 10128 Area code ( s ) 212 , 917 , 646 The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City , between Central Park / Fifth Avenue , 59th Street , the East River , and 96th Street . The area incorporates several smaller neighborhoods , including Lenox Hill , Carnegie Hill , and Yorkville . Once known as the Silk Stocking District , it is now one of the most affluent neighborhoods in New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Famous residents move in 1.3 Transportation constructed 2 Geography 2.1 Historic district 3 Demographics 3.1 Politics 4 Landmarks and cultural institutions 4.1 Museums 4.2 Art galleries 4.3 Hotels 4.4 Houses of worship 4.5 Diplomatic missions 5 Post offices 6 Transportation 7 Education 7.1 Primary and secondary schools 7.1. 1 Public schools 7.1. 2 Private schools 7.2 Colleges and universities 7.3 Public libraries 8 In popular culture 8.1 Films 8.2 Television shows 8.3 Books 8.4 Fictional places and characters 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Before the arrival of Europeans , the mouths of streams that eroded gullies in the East River bluffs are conjectured to have been the sites of fishing camps used by the Lenape , whose controlled burns once a generation or so kept the dense canopy of oak -- hickory forest open at ground level . In the 19th century the farmland and market garden district of what was to be the Upper East Side was still traversed by the Boston Post Road and , from 1837 , the New York and Harlem Railroad , which brought straggling commercial development around its one station in the neighborhood , at 86th Street , which became the heart of German Yorkville . The area was defined by the attractions of the bluff overlooking the East River , which ran without interruption from James William Beekman 's `` Mount Pleasant '' , north of the marshy squalor of Turtle Bay , to Gracie Mansion , north of which the land sloped steeply to the wetlands that separated this area from the suburban village of Harlem . Among the series of villas a Schermerhorn country house overlooked the river at the foot of present - day 73rd Street and another , Peter Schermerhorn 's at 66th Street , and the Riker homestead was similarly sited at the foot of 75th Street . By the mid-19th century the farmland had largely been subdivided , with the exception of the 150 acres ( 61 ha ) of Jones 's Wood , stretching from 66th to 76th Streets and from the Old Post Road ( Third Avenue ) to the river and the farmland inherited by James Lenox , who divided it into blocks of houselots in the 1870s , built his Lenox Library on a Fifth Avenue lot at the farm 's south - west corner , and donated a full square block for the Presbyterian Hospital , between 70th and 71st Streets , and Madison and Park Avenues . At that time , along the Boston Post Road taverns stood at the mile - markers , Five - Mile House at 72nd Street and Six - Mile House at 97th , a New Yorker recalled in 1893 . East 69th Street between Park and Madison Avenues , in the Upper East Side Historic District Gracie Mansion , last of the East River villas The fashionable future of the narrow strip between Central Park and the railroad cut was established at the outset by the nature of its entrance , in the southwest corner , north of the Vanderbilt family 's favored stretch of Fifth Avenue from 50th to 59th Streets . A row of handsome townhouses was built on speculation by Mary Mason Jones , who owned the entire block bounded by 57th and 58th Streets and Fifth and Madison . In 1870 she occupied the prominent corner house at 57th and Fifth , though not in the isolation described by her niece , Edith Wharton , whose picture has been uncritically accepted as history , as Christopher Gray has pointed out . It was her habit to sit in a window of her sitting room on the ground floor , as if watching calmly for life and fashion to flow northward to her solitary door ... She was sure that presently the quarries , the wooden greenhouses in ragged gardens , the rocks from which goats surveyed the scene , would vanish before the advance of residences as stately as her own . -- Edith Wharton Famous residents move in ( edit ) Before the Park Avenue Tunnel was covered ( finished in 1910 ) , fashionable New Yorkers shunned the smoky railroad trench up Fourth Avenue ( now Park Avenue ) , to build stylish mansions and townhouses on the large lots along Fifth Avenue , facing Central Park , and on the adjacent side streets . The latest arrivals were the rich Pittsburghers Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick . The classic phase of Gilded Age Fifth Avenue as a stretch of private mansions was not long - lasting : the first apartment house to replace a private mansion on upper Fifth Avenue was 907 Fifth Avenue ( 1916 ) , at 72nd Street , the neighborhood 's grand carriage entrance to Central Park . Most members of New York 's upper - class families have made residences on the Upper East Side , including the oil - rich Rockefellers , political Roosevelts , political dynastic Kennedys , thoroughbred racing moneyed Whitneys , and tobacco and electric power fortuned Dukes . Transportation constructed ( edit ) Construction of the Third Avenue El , opened from 1878 in sections , followed by the Second Avenue El , opened in 1879 , linked the Upper East Side 's middle class and skilled artisans closely to the heart of the city , and confirmed the modest nature of the area to their east . The ghostly `` Hamilton Square '' , which had appeared as one of the few genteel interruptions of the grid plan on city maps since the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 , was intended to straddle what had now become the Harlem Railroad right - of - way between 66th and 69th Streets ; it never materialized , though during the Panic of 1857 its unleveled ground was the scene of an open - air mass meeting called in July to agitate for the secession of the city and its neighboring counties from New York State , and the city divided its acreage into house lots and sold them . From the 1880s the neighborhood of Yorkville became a suburb of middle - class Germans . Gracie Mansion , the last remaining suburban villa overlooking the East River at Carl Schurz Park , became the home of New York 's mayor in 1942 . The East River Drive , designed by Robert Moses , was extended south from the first section , from 125th Street to 92nd Street , which was completed in 1934 as a boulevard , an arterial highway running at street level ; reconstruction designs from 1948 to 1966 converted FDR Drive , as it was renamed after Franklin Delano Roosevelt , into the full limited - access parkway that is in use today . 45 East 66th Street , a designated New York City landmark , as seen across Madison Avenue Musical Mutual Protective Union , 85th Street Demolishing the elevated railways on Third and Second Avenues opened these tenement - lined streets to the construction of high - rise apartment blocks starting in the 1950s . However , it had an adverse effect on transportation , because the IRT Lexington Avenue Line was now the only subway line in the area . The construction of the Second Avenue Subway has brought up the price of houses in the Upper East Side somewhat . Geography ( edit ) Neighborhood boundaries in New York City are not officially set , but according to the Encyclopedia of New York City , the Upper East Side is bounded by 59th Street in the south , 96th Street on the north , Fifth Avenue to the west and the East River to the east . The AIA Guide to New York City extends the northern boundary to 106th Street near Fifth Avenue . The area 's north - south avenues are Fifth , Madison , Park , Lexington , Third , Second , First , York , and East End Avenues , with the latter running only from East 79th Street to East 90th Street . The major east - west streets are 59th Street , 72nd Street , 79th Street , 86th Street and 96th Street . Some real estate agents use the term `` Upper East Side '' instead of `` East Harlem '' to describe areas that are slightly north of 96th Street and near Fifth Avenue , in order to avoid associating these areas with the negative connotations of the latter , a neighborhood which is generally perceived as less prestigious . Historic district ( edit ) The Upper East Side Historic District is one of New York City 's largest districts , as is the neighborhood . This district runs from 59th to 78th Streets along Fifth Avenue , and up to 3rd Avenue at some points . In the decades after the Civil War , the once decrepit district transitioned into a thriving middle - class residential neighborhood . At the start of the 20th century , the neighborhood transformed again , but this time into a neighborhood of mansions and townhouses . As the century continued , and living environments altered , a lot of these single - family homes were replaced by lavish apartment buildings . Demographics ( edit ) As of the 2000 census , there were 207,543 people residing in the Upper East Side . The population density was 118,184 people per square mile ( 45,649 / km2 ) , making Manhattan Community Board 8 , coterminous with the Upper East Side , the densest Community Board in the city . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 89.25 % White , 6.14 % Asian , 0.04 % Pacific Islander , 1.34 % African American , 0.09 % Native American , 1.39 % from other races , and 1.74 % from two or more races. 5.62 % of the population were Hispanic of any race . Twenty - one percent of the population was foreign born ; of this , 45.6 % came from Europe , 29.5 % from Asia , 16.2 % from Latin America and 8.7 % from other . The female - male ratio was very high with 125 females for 100 males . The Upper East Side contains a large and affluent Jewish population estimated at 56,000 . Traditionally , the Upper East Side has been dominated by wealthy White Anglo - Saxon Protestant families . Given its very high population density and per capita income ( $85,081 in 2000 ) , the neighborhood contains the greatest concentration of individual wealth in Manhattan . As of 2011 , the median household income for the Upper East Side was $117,903 . As of 2011 , 60.6 % of adults ( 25 + ) had earned a bachelor 's degree or higher . The Upper East Side maintains the highest pricing per square foot in the United States . A 2002 report cited the average cost per square meter as $8,856 ; however , that price has noticed a substantial jump , increasing to almost as much as $11,200 per square meter as of 2006 . There are some buildings which cost about $125 per square foot ( ~ $1345 / m2 ) . The only public housing projects for those of low to moderate incomes on the Upper East Side are located just south of the neighborhood 's northern limit at 96th Street , the Holmes Towers and Isaacs Houses . It borders East Harlem , which has the highest concentration of public housing in the United States . Politics ( edit ) The Upper East Side is one of few areas of Manhattan where Republicans constitute more than 20 % of the electorate . In the southwestern part of the neighborhood , Republican voters equal Democratic voters ( the only such area in Manhattan ) , whereas in the rest of the neighborhood Republicans make up between 20 and 40 % of registered voters . The Upper East Side is notable as a significant location of political fundraising in the United States . Four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan . The top ZIP Code , 10021 , is on the Upper East Side and generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and John Kerry . The Metropolitan Museum of Art at Fifth Avenue and 82nd Street The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum at Fifth Avenue and 89th Street The Jewish Museum on Fifth Avenue at 92nd St. The Museum Mile Festival Landmarks and cultural institutions ( edit ) Museums ( edit ) The area is host to some of the most famous museums in the world . The string of museums along Fifth Avenue fronting Central Park has been dubbed `` Museum Mile '' , running between 82nd and 105th Streets . It was once named `` Millionaire 's Row '' . The following are among the cultural institutions on the Upper East Side : 92nd Street Y Asia Society Colony Club Andrew Carnegie Mansion , which houses the Cooper -- Hewitt , National Design Museum Henry Clay Frick House , which houses the Frick Collection Goethe - Institut , New York Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Irish Georgian Society Jewish Museum of New York Manhattan House , the Skidmore , Owings & Merrill - designed mid-century modernist white brick building at 200 E 66th Street , once home to Grace Kelly and Benny Goodman . Landmarked in 2007 Metropolitan Museum of Art El Museo del Barrio Museum of the City of New York Morgan Library & Museum National Academy of Design Neue Galerie Society of Illustrators Whitney Museum of American Art Art galleries ( edit ) Acquavella Galleries Kraushaar Galleries Katharina Rich Perlow Gallery Salon 94 Anita Shapolsky Gallery Hotels ( edit ) Carlyle Hotel Courtyard by Marriott Affinia Gardens NYC The Mark The Pierre Renaissance New York Hotel 57 Houses of worship ( edit ) Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Temple Emanu - El of New York Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity , Greek Orthodox Church Brick Presbyterian Church ( New York City ) Church of the Epiphany , Episcopal church Church of the Heavenly Rest , Episcopal church Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun , Modern Orthodox synagogue Congregation Or Zarua , Conservative synagogue Edmond J. Safra Synagogue , Orthodox Sephardic synagogue Fifth Avenue Synagogue , Orthodox synagogue Holy Trinity Episcopal Church St. Ignatius Loyola , Catholic Church Jan Hus Presbyterian Church Kingdom Hall of Jehovah 's Witnesses ( 1499 1st Avenue at East 78th Street ) Park Avenue Christian Church , Disciples of Christ church Park Avenue Synagogue , Conservative Jewish synagogue Park East Synagogue , Orthodox synagogue Redeemer Presbyterian Church St. Ann 's Church ( East Harlem ) , Catholic Church St. John the Martyr 's Church , Catholic Church Temple Emanu - El of New York , Reform synagogue Temple Israel , Reform synagogue Temple Shaaray Tefila , Reform synagogue Third Church of Christ , Scientist Islamic Cultural Center of New York , mosque Cross Church , Southern Baptist Diplomatic missions ( edit ) Many diplomatic missions are located in former mansions on the Upper East Side : The Consulate General of Austria in New York is located at East 69th Street , between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue . The Consulate - General of France in New York is located at 934 Fifth Avenue between 74th Street and 75th Street . The Consulate - General of Greece in New York is located at 69 East 79th Street , occupying the former George L. Rives residence . The Consulate - General of Italy in New York is located at 690 Park Avenue . The Consulate - General of India in New York is located at 3 East 64th Street between Fifth Avenue and Madison Avenue . The Consulate - General of Pakistan in New York is located at 12 East 65th Street . Other missions to the United Nations in the Upper East Side include : Albania Belarus Bulgaria Cameroon Cape Verde Czech Republic Iraq Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Mali Mongolia Myanmar ( Burma ) Poland Serbia Post offices ( edit ) The United States Postal Service operates post offices at Lenox Hill Station ( ZIP code 10021 ) , 221 East 70th Street ; Cherokee Station ( 10075 ) , 1483 York Avenue ; Gracie Station ( 10028 ) , 229 East 85th Street ; and Yorkville Station ( 10128 ) , 1617 Third Avenue . New ZIP codes now include 10065 , 10029 and 10075 . Transportation ( edit ) The Upper East Side is served by two subway lines , the four - track IRT Lexington Avenue Line ( 4 5 6 < 6 > trains ) under Lexington Avenue and the two - track Second Avenue Subway ( N Q trains ) under Second Avenue . There are also local and limited MTA Regional Bus Operations routes M1 , M2 , M3 , M4 , M15 , M15 SBS , M31 , M98 , M101 , M102 , M103 going uptown and downtown , as well as the crosstown M66 , M72 , M79 SBS , M86 SBS , and M96 . The Second Avenue Line serves to relieve congestion on the Lexington Avenue Line . The first phase of the line opened on January 1 , 2017 , consisting of three new stations and a renovated fourth station . The line terminates at 96th Street and connects to the BMT 63rd Street Line at Lexington Avenue -- 63rd Street station before continuing to 57th Street -- Seventh Avenue on the BMT Broadway Line . The planned Second Avenue Line includes three additional phases to be built at a later date , which will extend the line north to 125th Street / Park Avenue in Harlem and south to Hanover Square in the Financial District , and a new T train will run its entire length . Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) Urban Academy Laboratory High School is in the Julia Richman Education Complex Public schools ( edit ) The New York City Department of Education operates public schools in the city . Public lower and middle schools PS 183 ( Robert Louis Stevenson School ) PS 77 The Lower Lab school PS 290 The New School of Manhattan East Side Middle School PS 6 ( Lillie Devereux Blake School ) PS 158 ( Bayard Taylor ) Senator Robert F. Wagner Middle School ( JHS 167 ) Public high schools Talent Unlimited High School Eleanor Roosevelt High School Urban Academy Laboratory High School Other schools Hunter College High School Marymount School of New York The West Building of Hunter College Private schools ( edit ) Coeducational schools Birch Wathen Lenox School Caedmon School Dalton School Loyola School Lycée Français de New York La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi Park East School Rudolph Steiner School ( see Waldorf education ) The Town School Trevor Day School Ramaz School Islamic Cultural Center School Girls ' schools Brearley School Cathedral High School Chapin School Convent of the Sacred Heart Dominican Academy Hewitt School Manhattan High School for Girls Marymount School St. Vincent Ferrer High School Nightingale - Bamford School Spence School St. Jean Baptiste High School Boys ' schools Allen - Stevenson School The Browning School The Buckley School Regis High School St. Bernard 's School St. David 's School Colleges and universities ( edit ) Hunter College Marymount Manhattan College Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York Medical College New York School of Interior Design New York University Institute for the Study of the Ancient World New York University Institute of Fine Arts Rockefeller University Weill Cornell Medical College Public libraries ( edit ) The New York Public Library operates the 67th Street Branch Library at 328 East 67th Street , near First Avenue , the Yorkville Branch Library , 222 East 79th Street and the 96th Street Branch Library at 112 East 96th Street , near Lexington Avenue . In popular culture ( edit ) The Upper East Side has been a setting for many films , television shows , and other media . Films ( edit ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) The Boys in the Band ( 1970 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) The Prisoner of Second Avenue ( 1975 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) Family Business ( 1989 ) The Bonfire of the Vanities ( 1990 ) Metropolitan ( 1990 ) Juice ( 1992 ) Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 ) Manhattan Murder Mystery ( 1993 ) Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) One Fine Day ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) A Perfect Murder ( 1998 ) Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1999 ) Eyes Wide Shut ( 1999 ) Autumn in New York ( 2000 ) American Psycho ( 2000 ) Cruel Intentions 2 ( 2001 ) Tart ( 2001 ) 25th Hour ( 2002 ) Uptown Girls ( 2003 ) Igby Goes Down ( 2002 ) Two Weeks Notice ( 2002 ) Eloise at the Plaza ( 2003 ) The Nanny Diaries ( 2007 ) The Devil Wears Prada ( 2007 ) Sex and the City ( 2008 ) Ghost Town ( 2008 ) Made of Honor ( 2008 ) The Wackness ( 2008 ) The Women ( 2008 ) Bride Wars ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) The International ( 2009 ) The Back - up Plan ( 2010 ) Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) Twelve ( 2010 ) Remember Me ( 2010 ) Arbitrage ( 2012 ) Television shows ( edit ) Kourtney and Kim Take New York ( 2011 -- ) The City ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Gossip Girl ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Ringer ( 2011 - 2012 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) Diff'rent Strokes ( 1978 -- 1986 ) That Girl ( TV series ) ( 1966 -- 1971 ) Family Affair ( TV series ) ( 1966 -- 1971 ) The Nanny ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ) Lipstick Jungle ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Dirty Sexy Money ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Gallery Girls ( 2012 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Real Housewives of New York City ( 2008 -- ) NYC Prep ( 2009 -- 2010 ) High Society ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Yes ! PreCure 5 ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Yes ! Precure 5 GoGo ! ( 2008 -- 2009 ) I Love Lucy ( 1951 -- 1957 ) White Collar ( 2009 -- 2014 ) The Odd Couple ( 1970 -- 1975 ) Odd Mom Out ( 2015 -- ) , based on Jill Kargman 's novel Momzillas Books ( edit ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's by Truman Capote The Princess Diaries by Meg Cabot The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Franny and Zooey by J.D. Salinger Raise High the Roof Beam , Carpenters by J.D. Salinger The Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Wolfe Gossip Girl ( novel series ) by Cecily von Ziegesar The Nanny Diaries by Nicola Kraus and Emma McLaughlin The A-List ( novel series ) by Zoey Dean Blue Bloods ( novel series ) by Melissa de la Cruz Harriet the Spy by Louise Fitzhugh The Luxe by Anna Godbersen Shopaholic Takes Manhattan by Sophie Kinsella Twelve by Nick McDonell Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell The Devil Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger Death Wish by Brian Garfield Heartburn by Nora Ephron American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis The 25th Hour by David Benioff Lipstick Jungle by Candace Bushnell Fictional places and characters ( edit ) Constance Billard School for Girls and St. Jude 's School for Boys in Gossip Girl The Duchesne School in the vampire novels Blue Bloods by Melissa de la Cruz Percy Jackson , title character of Rick Riordan 's Percy Jackson & the Olympians pentalogy Notable people ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neighborhood has a long tradition of being home to some of the world 's most wealthy , powerful and influential families and individuals . Some of the notable people who have lived here include : Woody Allen -- film director , writer , and actor Brooke Astor -- philanthropist and widow of Vincent Astor Michael Bloomberg -- billionaire philanthropist and former mayor of New York City Mariah Carey -- singer Phoebe Cates -- actress Aimée Crocker ( 1864 -- 1941 ) -- heiress , princess , author , world traveler Alexandra Daddario -- actress Joan Didion -- author Jamie Dimon -- banker Mia Farrow -- actress Barbara Feldon -- actress Jay S. Fishman -- insurance executive Jonathan Franzen -- National Book Award - winning novelist Gerald Garson -- former NY Supreme Court Justice convicted of accepting bribes Sarah Michelle Gellar -- actress Ricky Gervais -- comedian , actor Ariel Helwani -- mixed martial arts writer Vladimir Horowitz -- pianist and composer Star Jones -- lawyer , television personality Caroline Kennedy -- author , United States Ambassador ( 2013 -- 2017 ) to Japan , and daughter of U.S. President John F. Kennedy Kevin Kline -- actor David H. Koch -- businessman , philanthropist , conservative political activist Jeff Koons -- artist Lady Gaga -- singer Soong Mei - ling -- Former First Lady of the Republic of China , known as Madame Chiang Kai - shek or Madame Chiang Spike Lee -- film director and producer Robert I. Lipp -- businessman Madonna -- entertainer ; purchased $40 million mansion on East 81st Street at Lexington Avenue in 2009 Barbara Margolis -- prisoners ' rights advocate , official greeter of New York City Malachi Martin -- author Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis -- former First Lady of the United States Generoso Pope -- Italian - American businessman and newspaper publisher , lived at 1040 Fifth Avenue Lee Radziwill -- princess , sister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Lynn Pressman Raymond -- toy and game innovator , president of the Pressman Toy Corporation Joan Rivers -- comedian Martin Scorsese -- film director and producer Eliot Spitzer -- former Governor of New York Chloe Temtchine -- singer - songwriter Leila and Massimo Vignelli -- designers Elie Wiesel -- Holocaust survivor and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986 See also ( edit ) New York City portal East Side ( Manhattan ) Upper West Side Upper Manhattan Yorkville , Manhattan Carnegie Hill Lenox Hill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Year 2013 : Manhattan Community Board 8 Needs Statement '' ( PDF ) . City of New York . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gronowicz , Anthony . `` '' Upper East Side in Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 p. 1352 ^ Jump up to : The City Review Upper East Side , the Silk Stocking District Jump up ^ Plitt , Amy . `` The richest neighborhoods in New York City ; Where do the wealthiest New Yorkers live ? The answers may surprise you ( or not ) '' , Curbed New York , June 27 , 2017 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` That the Upper East Side is No. 1 should come as no surprise , given the concentration of wealth found along the westernmost border of the neighborhood ( i.e. , Museum Mile and the Gold Coast ) . '' Jump up ^ Noted at East 53rd , 62nd , 74th Streets ( the Saw Kill , dammed to form the Lake in Central Park ) and 80th Street ( Eric W. Sanderson , Mannahatta : A Natural History of New York City , 2009 , p. 261 ` `` Lenape sites and place - names '' ) . Jump up ^ A reconstructed map of the patchwork ecologies of Manhattan island before Europeanization is presented in Sanderson 2009 ; map p. 139 . Jump up ^ The history of the Upper East Side , in the broader citywide context , is repeatedly noted in Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ The original ecology of Manhattan Island and its evolution is now thoroughly explored in Eric W. Sanderson , Mannahatta : A Natural History of New York City ( New York : Abrams , 2009 ) , based in part on a British army map detailing the island 's natural terrain at the time of the American Revolution . Jump up ^ In 1818 , with a purchase to the south , Peter Schermerhorn enlarged the property given him by his father - in - law , John Jones ( FindaGrave : Peter Schermerhorn , based on `` History of the Schermerhorn family '' , The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record , , 36 ( July 1905 : 204 ) ) , now the site of Rockefeller University ( Rockefeller University : history ) . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Early New York History : Old Days In Yorkville And Harlem `` , 1893 '' . Oldandsold.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones 's Wood , owned by the Joneses and their Schermerhorn cousins and operated as a popular beer - garden resort , was briefly touted as a possible location for a public park before Central Park was established ( Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackmar , The Park and the People : A History of Central Park , New York , 1992 , pp 20 -- 21 , map p. 38 , et passim ) . Jump up ^ `` Realty Romance in Old Lenox Farm '' . The New York Times . December 15 , 1918 . The occasion was the auction of the auction sale an 1874 map of the section of Robert Lenox 's farm , bought in 1818 that lay between 71st and 74th Streets , from Fifth Avenue to the railroad right - of - way that became Park Avenue . Jump up ^ When the library was consolidated with Astor and Tilden trusts to form the New York Public Library , a unique block - long stretch of Fifth Avenue frontage was liberated for the latecomer Henry Clay Frick to build his grand residence , now the Frick Collection . Jump up ^ `` Founded by James Lenox , the chief features of the Presbyterian hospital ... '' . The New York Times . July 3 , 1892 . Jump up ^ Arthur T. Vanderbilt 2nd , Fortune 's Children : The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt ( New York , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` Streetscapes : Edith Wharton ; In The Age of Innocence , Fiction Was Not Truth '' , The New York Times , August 27 , 1995 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , The Age of Innocence Jump up ^ `` The Upper East Side Book : 907 Fifth Avenue '' . Thecityreview.com . July 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Upper East Side Book : Fifth Avenue : 834 Fifth Avenue '' . Thecityreview.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Brown Harris Stevens . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clos Mimi '' . Clos Mimi . March 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Upper East Side Book : Fifth Avenue : 1125 Fifth Avenue '' . Thecityreview.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Natives of New York Still Own Upper Fifth Avenue -- In Spite of the Influx of Outsiders , Knickerbocker Families Easily Remain In the Ascendant . The Majority , Who Are Not Knickerbockers , Hail from New England and the Eastern States '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 1907 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` at '' . Divasthesite.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace , Gotham : a history of New York City to 1898 , 1999 , pp. 421 , 840 , 849 . Jump up ^ Croton - On - Hudson Historical Society ( 2001 ) . Images of America Series . Arcadia Publishing . pp. 41 , 128 . ISBN 0738505439 . Jump up ^ Barron , james ; and Roberts , Sam . `` New York Mayor 's Mansion Seeks a Missing Item ( the Mayor ) '' , The New York Times , November 2 , 2013 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` Gracie Mansion , home to the mayors of New York since movers delivered the La Guardias ' own furniture in 1942 , was never quite right for the billionaire mayor , who shunned it even as he shined it up , donating millions for repairs , renovations and the occasional antique . '' Jump up ^ FDR Drive , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` www.nycsubway.org : Second Avenue Subway : The Line That Almost Never Was '' . www.nycsubway.org . New York City Transit Authority . 1972 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gronowicz , Anthony . `` Upper East Side '' in Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 , p. 1352 Jump up ^ White , Norval ; Willensky , Elliot & Leadon , Fran ( 2010 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 5th ed . ) , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195383867 , p. 416 Jump up ^ Depalma , Anthony ( January 31 , 1988 ) . `` Is the Upper East Side Moving North ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Upper East Side '' ( PDF ) . Citi Habitats. 2007 . Jump up ^ UPPER EAST SIDE -- CD 308 Jump up ^ `` Social Explorer 2000 Demography Map : Median Income in Upper East Side '' . Socialexplorer.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baila Olidort ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Jewish Identity Grows On Manhattan 's Upper East Side '' . lubavitch.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Craig J. Calhoun ; Donald Light ; Suzanne Keller ( 1997 ) . Sociology . McGraw - Hill . p. 178 . ISBN 9780070380691 . Jump up ^ Paul Schlueter ; Dorothy Nyren Curley ( 1998 ) . Modern American literature : volume V second supplement to the fourth edition . Gale Group . p. 13 . ISBN 9780804432658 . Jump up ^ Briton Hadden ; Henry Robinson Luce ( 1998 ) . Time , Volume 110 , Edizioni 1 -- 9 . Time Incorporated . p. 156 . Jump up ^ `` Where do the wealthiest citizens of New York live ? Map that shows vast income difference between neighborhoods just yards apart '' . Daily Mail . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Upper East Side ( UES ) neighborhood in New York , New York ( NY ) , 10021 , 10028 , 10128 detailed profile '' . city-data.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( May 17 , 2002 ) . `` Residential Real Estate ; TriBeCa Is Priciest Neighborhood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Charts '' . Miller Samuel . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Low - Income Parents Worry Cuts to Childcare Will Force Them Out of Work '' . Jump up ^ `` Who Are NYC 's Republicans ? '' . Gothamgazette.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Donors Still Rule The Roost '' Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved July 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mission & History , 92nd Street Y . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/press/10_30_07-30.pdf Jump up ^ `` Contact & hours of operation . '' Consulate - General of France in New York . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the website of the Consulate General of Italy in New York . '' Consulate - General of Italy in New York . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us . '' Consulate - General of India in New York . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Home . Consulate - General of Pakistan in New York . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Member States . '' United Nations . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- Cherokee '' . United States Postal Service . ZIP code 10021 , a widely used ZIP code and spoken as an `` prestigious zip code indicating status '' , was recently split up by the post office . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- Gracie . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- Yorkville Station '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Subway Map '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Bus Map '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . May 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siff , Andrew ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2nd Avenue Subway Service to Begin New Year 's Day : Gov. Cuomo '' . NBC New York . NBC Universal Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivoli , Dan ; Sandoval , Edgar ; Greene , Leonard ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Cuomo promises Second Ave . subway will open Jan. 1 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Capital Construction -- Second Avenue Subway Project Description '' . mta.info . MTA . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 ... Jump up ^ 68th Street Campus Map , Hunter College . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Facts and Figures , Marymount Manhattan College . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campus Map , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Our Campus , New York School of Interior Design . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Building Overview , Institute for the Study of the Ancient World . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welcome , New York University Institute of Fine Arts . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Street Branch Library '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NYPL Locations '' . The New York Public Library . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 96th Street Branch Library '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nir , Sarah Maslin. `` Nowadays , ' Odd Couple ' Would Have to Be Rich Couple , Too '' The New York Times ( December 25 , 2012 ) . Quote : `` ( Their ) the apartment seemed to bounce between locations . At various times it was on the Upper West Side , where some episodes seemed to indicate that the pair drove each other crazy amid the twin spires of the exclusive San Remo on Central Park West between 74th and 75th Streets . But exterior shots of their home often were across Central Park , at 1049 Park Avenue ... '' Jump up ^ Upper East Side Journal : `` Awaiting a Glimpse of Their ' Gossip Girl ' Kin '' by Eric Konigsberg , The New York Times , December 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ de la Cruz , Melissa ( 2010 - 03 - 04 ) . Blue Bloods . Hachette . p. 23 . ISBN 9780748115501 . Jump up ^ `` A Rationale for Rick Riordan 's The Lightning Thief , rickriordan.com Jump up ^ Day , Sherri ( March 26 , 2004 ) . `` Disappointment for Woody Allen , But Not at Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . `` The state 's highest court yesterday dismissed an effort to halt construction of a 10 - story building on the Upper East Side , ending a six - year battle that pitted Woody Allen and a group of fellow Upper East Siders against the city 's Landmarks Preservation Commission . '' Jump up ^ Zimmer , Amy . `` $100 M Brooke Astor Estate Settlement Reached '' , DNAinfo.com , March 28 , 2012 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` The five - year fight over the estate of Upper East Side doyenne Brooke Astor has been settled , paving the way for $100 million to start flowing to charities , the New York Attorney General 's office announced Wednesday . '' Jump up ^ Marino , Vivian . `` A $14 Million Co-op for Michael R. Bloomberg '' , The New York Times , April 15 , 2016 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` Former Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg , apparently looking to someday create a double - wide mansion for himself on the Upper East Side , paid $14,000,000 for a triplex at the co-op townhouse next to his Beaux - Arts limestone house . '' Jump up ^ Berrie , Nicole ( 8 February 2010 ) . `` The Radar : Alexandra Daddario '' . Orange County . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Alexandra . `` Joan Didion on the Céline Ad '' , The New York Times , January 7 , 2015 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` ' I do n't have any clue , ' said the 80 - year - old author of well - thumbed classics such as ' The White Album , Slouching Towards Bethlehem and The Year of Magical Thinking , reached by telephone on Wednesday at her Upper East Side residence ( where the photo , by Juergen Teller , was taken ) . '' Jump up ^ De La Merced , Michael J. `` Protesters Take Aim at Dimon , but Miss His Office '' , The New York Times , October 12 , 2011 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` The nearly month - old Occupy Wall Street protest has apparently settled on a favorite target for their ire , Jamie Dimon . On Tuesday , protestors marched to his apartment building in Manhattan 's Upper East Side , bearing a giant fake check critiquing the low taxes of America 's wealthiest individuals . '' Jump up ^ ( registration required ) `` Barbara Margolis , Prisoners ' Advocate , Dies at 79 '' . The New York Times . July 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Grimes , William . `` Lynn Pressman Raymond , Toy Executive , Dies at 97 '' , The New York Times , August 1 , 2009 . Accessed August 2 , 2009 . `` Lynn Pressman Raymond died July 22 at her home on the Upper East Side of Manhattan . She was 97 . '' Jump up ^ Marino , Vivian . `` Penthouse Owned by Joan Rivers Sold for $28 Million '' , The New York Times , July 17 , 2015 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` The palatial triplex on the Upper East Side that Joan Rivers called home for more than a quarter of a century until her death last year -- where she had honed her caustic comedy routines , entertained celebrities , and , by her own telling , even encountered a belligerent ghost -- sold for $28 million and was the most expensive closed sale of the week , according to city records . '' Jump up ^ Thurman , Judith . `` Tour Martin Scorsese 's 1860s Townhouse in New York '' , Architectural Digest , April 1994 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` Scorsese settled that question definitively two years ago , when he moved to an Upper East Side townhouse with a walled garden -- not so grand as the mansions of The Age of Innocence , but built in the same period . '' Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ; Chen , David W. `` Spitzer Rejoins Politics , Asking for Forgiveness '' , The New York Times , July 7 , 2013 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` Mr. Spitzer said he had not conducted any polling before deciding to run based on his gut reading of ordinary New Yorkers . He described an encounter on Sunday afternoon , when he was sitting on a park bench after a run near his Upper East Side home . '' Jump up ^ Phull , Hardeep ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` She 's tethered to an oxygen tank , but her singing career is soaring '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Lovine , Julie V. ( October 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Vignellis -- In an Instant , Their Pared - Down Designs -- For the Subway , Bloomingdale 's , American Airlines -- Conjure a Particular Moment in the City 's History '' . New York . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . In the living room of their Upper East Side apartment ... Jump up ^ Berger , Josef ( July 2 , 2016 ) `` Elie Wiesel , Auschwitz Survivor and Nobel Peace Prize Winner , Dies at 87 '' The New York Times External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Upper East Side . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Upper East Side . Uppereast.com Wikipages : Upper East Side Upper East Side Museums Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan Lower Manhattan below 14th St ( CB 1 , 2 , 3 ) Alphabet City Battery Park City Bowery Chinatown Civic Center Cooperative Village East Village Essex Crossing Financial District Five Points Greenwich Village Hudson Square Little Fuzhou Little Germany Little Italy Little Syria Lower East Side Meatpacking District NoHo Nolita Radio Row SoHo South Street Seaport South Village Tribeca Two Bridges West Village World Trade Center Midtown ( CB 5 ) Columbus Circle Diamond District Flatiron District Garment District Herald Square Koreatown Madison Square NoMad Silicon Alley Theater District Times Square West Side ( CB 4 , 7 ) Chelsea Hell 's Kitchen Hudson Yards Lincoln Square Little Spain Manhattan Valley Manhattantown Penn South Pomander Walk Riverside South Tenderloin Upper West Side East Side ( CB 6 , 8 ) Carnegie Hill Gashouse District Gramercy Park Kips Bay Lenox Hill Murray Hill Peter Cooper Village Rose Hill Stuyvesant Square Stuyvesant Town Sutton Place Tudor City Turtle Bay Union Square Upper East Side Waterside Plaza Yorkville Upper Manhattan above 110th St ( CB 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ) Astor Row East Harlem Hamilton Heights Harlem Hudson Heights Inwood Le Petit Senegal Manhattanville Marble Hill ( Bx CB 8 ) Marcus Garvey Park Morningside Heights Sugar Hill Sylvan Washington Heights Islands Ellis Island ( CB 1 ) Governors Island ( CB 1 ) Liberty Island ( CB 1 ) Randalls Island ( CB 11 ) Roosevelt Island ( CB 8 ) Wards Island ( CB 11 ) Community boards : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VIAF : 123325940 LCCN : n97046575 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_East_Side&oldid=804707255 '' Categories : Upper East Side Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Pages with login required references or sources Use mdy dates from March 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using New York City Subway service templates Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the upper east side of nyc	[ "The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park/Fifth Avenue, 59th Street, the East River, and 96th Street.[2] The area incorporates several smaller neighborhoods, including Lenox Hill, Carnegie Hill, and Yorkville. Once known as the Silk Stocking District,[3] it is now one of the most affluent neighborhoods in New York City.[4]" ]	[ "between Central Park/Fifth Avenue, 59th Street, the East River, and 96th Street" ]
662296111026402312	Car model	Car model - wikipedia Car model For scale models of automobiles , see Model car . Chevrolet models sold in 1928 Body styles available for the Ford Focus model : sedan , station wagon and hatchback A car model ( or automobile model or model of car ) is the name used by a manufacturer to market a range of similar cars . The way that car manufacturers group their product range into models varies between manufacturers . A model may also be referred to as a nameplate , specifically when referring to the product from the point of view of the manufacturer , especially a model over time . For example , the Chevrolet Suburban is the oldest automobile nameplate in continuous production , dating to 1934 ( 1935 model year ) , while the Chrysler New Yorker was ( until its demise in 1996 ) the oldest North American car nameplate . `` Nameplate '' is also sometimes used more loosely , however , to refer to a brand or division of larger company ( e.g. , GMC ) , rather than a specific model . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common characteristics 2 Regional variations 3 Trim level 4 Model years 5 See also 6 References Common characteristics ( edit ) Given that the interior equipment , upholstery and exterior trim is usually determined by the trim level , the car model often defines the styling theme and platform that is used . The model also defines the body style ( s ) and engine choice ( s ) . Some models have only one body style ( e.g. the Mazda 2 hatchback ) , while other models are produced in several body styles ( e.g. the Audi A3 , which has been produced in hatchback , sedan and convertible body styles ) . Similarly , some models have a single engine / powertrain specification available ( eg the Chevrolet Volt ) , while other models have multiple powertrains available ( eg the Ford Mustang , which has been produced with inline - 4 , V6 and V8 engines ) . In some cases , a manufacturer has marketed a body style as a separate model -- for example the Volkswagen Jetta and the BMW 4 Series , which are based on the Volkswagen Golf and BMW 3 Series platforms respectively . BMW 3 Series ( E36 ) body styles sedan coupe convertible wagon hatchback Regional variations ( edit ) The same car model may be sold by the automaker in different countries under different model names . Examples include Mitsubishi Pajero / Montero , Mazda MX - 5 / Miata , Volkswagen Golf / Rabbit and Ford Everest / Endeavour Trim level ( edit ) Main article : Trim level ( automobile ) For a particular model , the trim level identifies the level of equipment or special features . Model years ( edit ) Main article : Model year § Automobiles See also ( edit ) Automotive industry Badge engineering Facelift ( automotive ) Marque Model year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 Chevrolet Cruze Hatchback -- Driven Review '' . www.topspeed.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honda Civic Hatchback First Drive : Incremental Business or Next Big Thing '' . www.motortrend.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2019 Kia Cerato hatch styling revealed '' . www.whichcar.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda to Unveil Updated Mazda6 Wagon at Geneva Motor Show '' . www.mazda.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trim levels 101 : All about trims , styles , options and packages '' . www.edmunds.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda 2 review ( 2018 ) '' . www.autocar.co.uk . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Audi A3 Hatchback '' . www.topspeed.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Ford Mustang '' . www.caranddriver.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2019 Volkswagen Jetta Preview '' . www.thecarconnection.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 BMW 4 Series Convertible Review '' . www.topspeed.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi Pajero / Montero '' . www.hemmings.com . Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi Montero / Pajero SUV Redesign Delayed , PHEV Possible '' . www.motortrend.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2019 Mazda MX - 5 Miata may be getting 181 hp '' . www.autoblog.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Volkswagen Rabbit '' . www.caranddriver.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Endeavour facelift spied in Thailand '' . www.autocarindia.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Ford Endeavour / 2018 Ford Everest ( facelift ) spied testing for the first time '' . www.indianautosblog.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car_model&oldid=834344602 '' Categories : Automotive industry Bundled products or services Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 06 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the model name of a car	[]	[]
3253408699425188279	List of Grey's Anatomy characters	List of Grey 's Anatomy characters - wikipedia List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article or section may fail to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction . Please help improve this article so that it meets Wikipedia 's fiction guidelines and quality standards . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grey 's Anatomy is an American television medical drama series created by Shonda Rhimes , broadcast by ABC . The show features an ensemble cast of regular characters , with nine main characters in its first season . Since the first season , many characters have left the show or have been written out , and new main characters have been written in and out of the series . Following is a list of characters who have appeared over the various seasons since the drama 's premiere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Chiefs of Surgery 2.2 Department Chiefs 2.3 Attending Physicians 2.4 Surgical Fellows 2.5 Resident Physicians 2.5. 1 Intern physicians 3 Supporting characters 3.1 Hospital surgeons 3.1. 1 Attending physicians 3.1. 2 Resident physicians 3.1. 3 Surgical interns 3.2 Hospital Nurses 3.3 Other hospital physicians 3.4 Non-staff physicians 3.5 Family members 3.6 Guest stars 3.7 Other characters 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Actor / Actress Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Ellen Pompeo Meredith Grey Main Sandra Oh Cristina Yang Main Katherine Heigl Izzie Stevens Main Justin Chambers Alex Karev Main T.R. Knight George O'Malley Main Chandra Wilson Miranda Bailey Main James Pickens , Jr . Richard Webber Main Isaiah Washington Preston Burke Main Guest Patrick Dempsey Derek Shepherd Main Kate Walsh Addison Montgomery Guest Main Special Guest Eric Dane Mark Sloan Guest Main Sara Ramirez Callie Torres Recurring Main Brooke Smith Erica Hahn Recurring Main Chyler Leigh Lexie Grey Recurring Main Kevin McKidd Owen Hunt Main Jessica Capshaw Arizona Robbins Recurring Main Kim Raver Teddy Altman Main Recurring Sarah Drew April Kepner Recurring Main Jesse Williams Jackson Avery Recurring Main Caterina Scorsone Amelia Shepherd Guest Special Guest Recurring Main Camilla Luddington Jo Wilson Recurring Main Gaius Charles Shane Ross Recurring Main Jerrika Hinton Stephanie Edwards Recurring Main Tessa Ferrer Leah Murphy Recurring Main Recurring Kelly McCreary Maggie Pierce Recurring Main Jason George Benjamin Warren Recurring Guest Recurring Main Martin Henderson Nathan Riggs Main Giacomo Gianniotti Andrew DeLuca Recurring Main Main characters ( edit ) Chiefs of surgery ( edit ) Name Actor / actress Starring seasons Recurring seasons Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) Job Title Miranda Bailey Chandra Wilson 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 N / A Chief of Surgery , Attending General Surgeon , Member of the Board M.D. , FACS An attending general surgeon at Seattle Grace hospital , Miranda Bailey initially gives a cold , domineering impression , earning her the nickname `` The Nazi '' . However , her attitude has since softened , and she has developed a maternal demeanor towards the residents in the hospital . She has gone through a divorce , which led her to turn down a fellowship in pediatric surgery . In Season 8 , she is dating an anesthesiologist , Ben Warren , who proposes to her and she accepts . Miranda has been given the nickname `` BCB '' ( `` Booty Call Bailey '' ) , due to her increasing love for Ben . In Season 9 , Miranda and Ben get married . In Season 10 , Ben talks to Shepherd about how he suspects that Bailey has OCD . Shepherd takes this to Hunt and Bailey is forced to be followed around by an occupational therapist to help her get control of her OCD . Eventually , Bailey decides to start taking a medication that will help control it . In season 12 , Dr. Bailey is named Chief of Surgery . Owen Hunt Kevin McKidd 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 5 Chief of Trauma Surgery , Attending Trauma Surgeon , Former Chief of Surgery M.D. , FACS Owen Hunt is the Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Entering the series , he immediately begins a relationship with Cristina Yang . Suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder , he has struggled with the horrors he experienced whilst serving with the army in Iraq . He invites a former colleague , Teddy Altman , to work alongside him , a decision which causes some friction between himself and Cristina . In the Season 7 premiere , he marries Cristina . After Webber resigns , he is given the position of Chief of Surgery . He and Cristina experience marital problems after his affair with a woman at a bar . They try to resolve it , but it eventually leads to their divorce . They do not end the relationship until season 9 , episode 24 , when she decides to let him go . In season 10 , he starts a relationship with Emma Marling , an attending at Seattle Presbyterian . They break up and he starts to see Cristina again , but that ends when Cristina moves to Zurich . Derek Shepherd Patrick Dempsey 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 N / A Attending Neurosurgeon , Director of the Board , Grey Sloan Shareholder , Former Chief of Surgery M.D , FACS As Chief of Neurosurgery , Derek Shepherd earns the nickname `` McDreamy '' by the female staff of Seattle Grace . The lead male character , he is known for his complicated love life . He initially moves to Seattle from New York City to get away from his adulterous ex-wife Addison Montgomery , whom he discovered was having an affair with his best friend , Mark Sloan . He subsequently begins a long romance with Meredith Grey , which results in their marriage . He has a somewhat antagonistic relationship with Richard Webber , whom he believes is n't governing the hospital appropriately . He takes over as the Chief of Surgery after going to the hospital board about Chief Webber 's drinking problem . He resigns after nearly dying from being shot because he thinks being Chief is n't his place . He and Meredith adopt an orphan named Zola from Africa in Season 7 . After surviving the plane crash in the Season 8 finale , he begins Season 9 recovering from his injured hand . His hand goes numb while he tries to grip one of the instruments before surgery . His son Bailey is born in the Season 9 finale . In season 10 Derek starts to work with the president , using his technology that he and Callie created . He wants to move to DC with his family , but Meredith says shes does n't want to in the season finale . In season 11 episode 21 `` How To Save A Life '' , he dies of a head injury after his car was T - Boned by a semi-truck . Richard Webber James Pickens , Jr . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 N / A Senior Attending General Surgeon , Member of the Board , Director of the Residency Program , Grey Sloan Shareholder , Former Chief of Surgery M.D. , FACS Authority figure and former Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace , Richard has had a difficult past , characterized by affairs and alcoholism . His relationship with Meredith Grey is at times volatile because he had an affair with her mother , Ellis Grey . Richard has struggled with managing the finances of Seattle Grace Hospital and had eventually merged the hospital with Mercy West Hospital . The merger has caused him a lot of stress , strained his relationship with Derek Shepherd and ultimately contributes to the collapse of his sobriety . He steps down as Chief of Surgery in Season 8 , although because he has been chief for so long , the residents still call him `` Chief . '' In the Season 9 premiere , it is Dr. Webber that pulls the plug on Mark Sloan . In the final episode of Season 9 , Dr. Webber has been electrocuted and nobody knows that he is down in the basement until Season 10 . He and Dr. Heather Brooks are found by Dr. Shane Ross . Department chiefs ( edit ) Name Actor / actress Starring seasons Recurring seasons Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) Job Title Theodora `` Teddy '' Altman Kim Raver 6 , 7 , 8 6 , 14 Chief of Cardiothoracic surgery , Attending Cardiothoracic Surgeon M.D. , FACS Dr. Altman takes over the job of Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital in Season 6 . She previously served in Iraq with Owen Hunt . Although a skilled surgeon , her teaching methods might appear somewhat unorthodox . Her arrival at Seattle Grace , followed by her confession of love to Owen , has caused some friction between Owen and his girlfriend , Cristina Yang . Teddy marries a patient at the hospital named Henry so he can get insurance , but she eventually falls in love with him . Over time , a friendship develops between Teddy and Cristina , but Teddy 's friendship with Owen ends when she feels he puts the hospital before her . Owen and Teddy eventually make up in the season finale . Owen finds out she was offered a job at the U.S. Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) , but turned it down because she wanted to be there for Owen , in return for all he has done for her . Owen fires her so she will go to MEDCOM . Jackson Avery Jesse Williams 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 6 Head of Plastics , Attending Plastic Surgeon , Attending E.N.T. Surgeon , Chairman of the Board , Trustee to the Harper Avery Foundation M.D. , FACS First introduced as a surgical resident from Mercy West Hospital after the merger , Jackson is a grandson of the famous surgeon Dr. Harper Avery . A member of the `` plastics posse '' , training under Mark Sloan ( and succeeding him as Chief of Plastics following his death ) , he is also called `` pretty boy , '' especially by Cristina Yang . He develops a crush on Cristina and , while inebriated at a party , he kisses her , but Cristina breaks the kiss . In the 6th - season finale , he is told by Dr. Shepherd that there is a lockdown in the hospital . He is later left by Dr. Hunt and Dr. Altman in the OR with two nurses and an anesthesiologist . He is the one who decides that Cristina should operate on Dr. Shepherd in order to save him after Shepherd is shot . When Mr. Clark ( the shooter ) takes the OR hostage , Jackson disconnects Dr. Shepherd from the monitors in order to make everyone believe that he is dead until Mr. Clark leaves the room . Jackson suffers from traumatic nightmares . He also has a complicated relationship with Lexie Grey , which becomes a recurring plot point . Though he was offered a position as surgical fellow at Tulane Medical Center , Jackson decides to stay in Seattle . At the end of Season 8 , he starts having sex with his best friend April Kepner , but their relationship is complicated . The two went their separate ways after breaking up , which culminated in them seeing other people . Jackson started a relationship with the new intern , Stephanie , after hooking up in a car during Bailey 's wedding . April went on to date a paramedic named Matthew Taylor . At April 's Wedding to Matthew , Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love . Jackson and April are seen driving off together at the start of the following episode and later we learn they have eloped and no one at the hospital knows . It is also revealed that he and April are expecting together . He later starts a program with Callie and Owen to help redirect nerves in Veterans with amputations . Preston Burke Isaiah Washington 1 , 2 , 3 10 Chief of Cardiothoracic surgery , Attending Cardiothoracic Surgeon M.D. , FACS Preston Burke is the former Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery . He begins a romantic relationship with Cristina Yang , which comes under strain when Preston is shot and his right hand 's nerve supply is disrupted . With his career threatened , he has Cristina perform some of his surgeries , a situation which is resolved when Dr. Shepherd repairs his right hand 's nerve supply . Preston and Cristina continue their relationship , which ultimately ends on their wedding day , when he leaves her at the altar . Dr. Burke graduated at the top of his class from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine . In Season Four , he is mentioned as a candidate to receive the Harper Avery Award . Dr. Burke returns in Season 10 , offering Cristina his hospital . Meredith Grey Ellen Pompeo 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 N / A Chief of General Surgery , Attending General Surgeon , Director of the Board , Grey Sloan Shareholder M.D. , FACS Meredith Grey is the central protagonist of the show , and narrator of the majority of episodes . She began the series as an intern and has since progressed along her medical career path . She went to the Geisel School of Medicine . Her character is defined by her romantic relationships , as well as the lingering effects her mother 's affair with Richard Webber has had on her life . She is best friends with Cristina Yang , and is her `` person '' . Following a long romance , she marries neurosurgeon , Dr. Derek Shepherd . The day of the shooting in season six , she discovers she that is pregnant . That day , she miscarriages due to the stress . She later learns that she has a `` hostile uterus '' and starts taking fertility shots . When they are unsuccessful , Grey and Shepherd adopt Zola . In Season 9 , Meredith is an attending general surgeon and has earned the nickname of `` Medusa '' by her interns and residents . Her son Bailey is born in the Season 9 finale . In the Season 10 Finale , she says goodbye to Cristina , her person , as she leaves to go to Zurich to take Dr. Burke 's hospital . In the eleventh season , Meredith not only struggles with keeping her marriage afloat after Derek decides to work for the president in DC , but also with learning that she has another half - sister , Maggie . After Derek is killed in Season 11 Episode 21 , Meredith escapes to California for a year , where she gives birth to their daughter , whom she names Ellis after her late mother . In Season 12 , Meredith has returned to Seattle and is named Chief of General Surgery by the newly appointed Chief of Surgery , Dr. Miranda Bailey . Meredith tries moving on by dating William Thorpe , a surgeon from another hospital , but has trouble forgetting about Derek . She is finally able to take the next step with Dr. Nathan Riggs , and the two begin a relationship after months of Nathan pursuing Meredith , but the romance comes to an end after Nathan 's missing fiancée , Megan , is found . Meredith wins a Harper Avery Award in Season 14 after performing a ground - breaking abdominal wall transplant on Megan . Erica Hahn Brooke Smith 4 , 5 2 , 3 Chief of Cardiothoracic surgery , Attending Cardiothoracic Surgeon M.D. , FACS Following Preston Burke 's departure , Erica Hahn takes his position as Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Seattle Grace . Her brusque , somewhat harsh personality is tempered by Callie Torres , with whom she begins a relationship . Her time at Seattle Grace ends abruptly , however , when she becomes discontent with Izzie Stevens , and the lack of disciplinary action following the Denny Duquette incident . Dr. Hahn attended the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , where she was in the same class as Dr. Burke . Addison Montgomery Kate Walsh 2 , 3 1 , 2 Chief of Neonatal Surgery , Obstetrics , and Gynaecology , Attending Neonatal Surgeon , Attending Obstetrician - Gynaecologist , Attending Fetal Surgeon , Attending Medical Geneticist M.D. , FACS , FACOG Former Chief of OB / GYN and Neonatal Surgery , and the ex-wife of Derek Shepherd , Addison transfers to Seattle Grace , seeking reconciliation with Derek . After achieving a degree of understanding with Derek , and realizing that he is in love with Meredith Grey , Addison leaves Seattle Grace . The character is now the protagonist of the ABC series Private Practice , and continues to make guest appearances on Grey 's Anatomy . Margaret `` Maggie '' Pierce Kelly McCreary 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 10 Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Attending Cardiothoracic Surgeon M.D. , FACS Maggie Pierce enters at the end of the 10th season as the new Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery . At the end of a stressful day she shares with Dr. Webber that her biological mother is Ellis Grey . At the beginning of the eleventh season Pierce informs Meredith that they are sisters , where she is called a liar . She regrets deciding to tell Meredith in the first place . Webber , then informs her that he is her biological father , and she is frustrated that he did n't say anything sooner . When Derek Shepherd finds out about Pierces dilemma , he hugs her and welcomes her to the family . Arizona Robbins Jessica Capshaw 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 5 Chief of Pediatric Surgery , Chief of Fetal Surgery , Attending Pediatric Surgeon , Attending Fetal Surgeon , Director of the Board , Grey Sloan Shareholder M.D. , FACS Arizona Robbins , pediatric surgery attending , has a cheery disposition but gets upset when challenging authority . She has embarked on a relationship with Callie Torres . She comes from a military family and graduated from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine . Arizona harbors great emotional intelligence . Her insight and advice have been used to defuse several situations , such as Callie 's dispute with her father . In Season 7 , Arizona wins a prestigious award , and she and Callie plan to move to Malawi , Africa , and work there . However , she breaks up with Callie and leaves her at the airport . They reconcile soon after , and ultimately get married . In the Season 9 premiere , she has lost one of her legs due to injuries sustained during a plane crash at the end of Season 8 , which results in a strained relationship with her wife , culminating in her ultimately cheating on Callie . They briefly separated , but ultimately decide to work things out . However , after going through a thirty - day hiatus during couples therapy Callie decides to end things between the two of them . Amelia Shepherd Caterina Scorsone 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 10 Chief of Neurosurgery , Attending Neurosurgeon M.D. , FACS Amelia is one of Derek Shepherd 's many sisters . Amelia returns to Seattle to work alongside Derek . But , when Derek gives his job to Amelia she is ecstatic . When Derek asks for the job back they start a very long feud between their skills . Mark Sloan Eric Dane 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 * 2 , 3 Chief of Plastic Surgery , Attending Plastic Surgeon , Attending E.N.T Surgeon M.D. , FACS Mark Sloan , Chief of Plastic Surgery , attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . He has a playboy personality that jeopardizes his friendship with Derek when he has an affair with Derek 's wife , Addison Montgomery . He has known both Derek and Addison from the time when all three lived in New York City . Derek and Mark manage to resolve their issues and reaffirm their friendship . He has been given the nickname `` McSteamy '' by Meredith and her friends . Sloan has a relationship with Lexie Grey , which ends due to the strain of Mark 's 18 - year - old daughter from a one - night stand appearing at the hospital and subsequently moving in with them . The girl 's mother had named her Sloan and never told Mark about her . She arrives in Seattle unannounced , and Mark finds out she is pregnant . Mark wants to keep the baby , but Sloan decides to give it up for adoption . Afterwards , Mark and Lexie resume their relationship , but it ends when Mark gets Callie Torres pregnant , and Lexie starts dating Jackson Avery . When Lexie was in her last moments , Mark admitted that he loved her and always would . Mark died in the Season 9 premiere from injuries sustained in a plane crash . The hospital is renamed in his memory and Lexie 's memory . Calliope `` Callie '' Torres Sara Ramirez 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 Chief of Orthopedic Surgery , Attending Orthopedic Surgeon , Director of the Board , Grey Sloan Shareholder M.D. , FACS Callie , an orthopedic surgeon , is introduced as an orthopedic surgical resident , then is promoted to an attending . She was once married to George O'Malley , but divorced him after he developed feelings for Izzie Stevens . Later , she has an affair with Erica Hahn , which is cut short by Hahn 's departure from Seattle Grace . She then enters into a happy relationship with Arizona Robbins , but they break up because Arizona does not want to have kids . At the end of Season 6 , after performing surgery on a small girl while a shooter is loose in the hospital , Callie tells Arizona in a roundabout way that she loves her . The two get back together and decide that they are going to have children . In Season 7 , Callie is going to move to Africa with Arizona , but Arizona breaks up with her and leaves her at the airport in Seattle . Callie sleeps with Mark again and becomes pregnant . Arizona later returns for Callie , and they get back together . Later , Callie is severely injured in a car crash with Arizona . Addison delivers her baby , Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres , at 23 weeks , and the baby survives . Then she and Arizona marry . In the Season 9 premiere , the relationship between Callie and Arizona is strained with Mark dying and Arizona having one leg amputated by Alex Karev . Arizona cheats on her , leading Callie to kick her out of the apartment . After the Travis Reed lawsuit and a conversation with her father , Callie asked Arizona to move back in and they began working on repairing their marriage . Callie cuts their couples therapy short when she realizes that she needs to love herself , not Arizona . In the season 12 finale , she resigned from Grey - Sloan and moved to New York City . Alex Karev Justin Chambers 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 N / A Chief of Pediatric Surgery , Attending Pediatric Surgeon , Grey Sloan Shareholder M.D. , FACS A hard - headed and often discourteous resident , Alex Karev has had a series of unfortunate relationships throughout his life , beginning with his mother . At an early age , he had to become her defender from an abusive father , then later her caretaker . While working as a doctor , he becomes involved with a patient , Ava . However , her mental instability strains their relationship and Alex , once again , adopts the role of caretaker before Ava 's admission to a psychiatric hospital . He subsequently embarks on a relationship with Izzie Stevens , and they get married , but Izzie asks for a divorce following her dismissal from Seattle Grace . In the Season 8 finale , he is meant to fly with other surgeons to perform a procedure at Boise Memorial . However , after he states his intention to do his pediatric surgical fellowship at the Johns Hopkins Hospital to Dr. Robbins , she replaces him out of anger . In the Season 9 premiere , he is supposed to be leaving Seattle Grace , having deferred his fellowship in the aftermath of the plane crash . After he realizes the drastic changes that will happen in both his and Dr. Robbins ' absence , and due to the hiring of a new Chief of Pediatric Surgery , he changes his mind and stays on at Seattle Grace . In season 9 finale , he starts a relationship with surgical intern Jo . In season 10 he completes his fellowship , and he goes to work for Dr. Lebackes at a private practice , which saw him make a substantial salary . However , after being fired when Lebackes found out he was up for a position on the Grey Sloan board , he returned to Grey Sloan and took his current position . Cristina leaves him her shares in the hospital in the season 10 Finale . Although he only appeared in the first two episodes of the ninth season , Eric Dane was still billed as a member of the main cast in those two episodes . Attending Physicians ( edit ) Name Actor / actress Starring seasons Recurring seasons Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) Job Title April Kepner Sarah Drew 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 6 Attending Trauma Surgeon M.D. , FACS First introduced as a surgical resident from Mercy West Hospital , April is fired by Chief Webber . She is later rehired by Dr. Shepherd because he believes her dismissal was unfair , and she eventually develops a crush on him . In the Season 6 finale , she tells him that her best friend , Dr. Reed Adamson , has been shot and killed . She later runs into Mr. Clark ( the shooter ) when Dr. Shepherd is shot . Clark lets her go when she emotionally tells him everything about her life . Although April becomes Chief Resident in the Season 7 finale , she fails to pass her Medical Boards and is later fired from Seattle Grace , but she is asked back in Season 9 . At her wedding to Matthew , Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love . Jackson and April are seen driving off together at the start of the following episode and later we learn they have eloped and no one at the hospital knows . In the last few episodes of season 10 we find out April is pregnant . Nathan Riggs Martin Henderson 12 , 13 , 14 N / A Attending Cardio - thoracic Surgeon M.D. , FACS Dr. Benjamin `` Ben '' Warren Jason George 12 , 13 , 14 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 Attending Anesthesiologist , General Surgical Resident M.D. Dr. Warren was an anesthesiologist from Mercy West Hospital and boyfriend of Miranda Bailey until she breaks up with him after the shooting , finding herself unable to be in a relationship after such a traumatic experience . Ben tries to stay away from Miranda , but they eventually start working together again . He then asks Miranda about her new relationship with nurse Eli . Miranda wants him to stay out of her life . However , she eventually ends things with Eli and reunites with Ben . When Ben asks Miranda to move in with him , she tells him to take it slow . He proposes to Miranda during the show 's eighth season , and she accepts . After they get married , Ben gets the chance to be a surgical intern in California . He accepts , much to Bailey 's distress . He eventually returns as a surgical resident at the hospital . When talking to Shepherd about his fears for Bailey developing OCD , he realizes he inadvertently reported her and their marriage is strained . Surgical fellows ( edit ) Name Actor / actress Starring seasons Recurring seasons Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) Job Title Cristina Yang Sandra Oh 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 N / A Cardiothoracic Surgical Fellow , Director of the Board , Grey Sloan Share Holder M.D. , Ph. D . Cristina Yang attained a Ph. D. in biochemistry from the University of California , Berkeley and an M.D. from Stanford University School of Medicine . A skilled resident , Cristina Yang has an indomitable passion for cardiothoracic surgery , and is almost ruthless in pursuit of her specialty . She is best friends with Meredith Grey , and has previously been in a relationship with Preston Burke , which ended suddenly when he left Cristina on their wedding day . Since then , she has entered into a relationship with Owen Hunt , whom she marries in Season 7 . As of the Season 9 premiere , she is participating in a cardiothoracic surgical fellowship program at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minnesota . Like Meredith , she is unable to board a plane . Cristina returns to Seattle after Craig Thomas , her cardiothoracic attending and best friend at the Mayo Clinic , dies while performing a surgery . In season 10 Meredith and Cristina fall out but it made them stronger in the end . Yang meets Burke again , and he offers her his job in Zurich . When Cristina leaves she has an emotional goodbye with Meredith , and she leaves with Shane to go to Zurich . Resident Physicians ( edit ) Name Actor / actress Starring seasons Recurring seasons Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) Job Title Stephanie Edwards Jerrika Hinton 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 9 General Surgical Resident M.D. An intern on Season 9 , Dr. Edwards starts dating Dr. Jackson Avery after he breaks up with Dr. April Kepner . She leaves at the end of Season 13 to live life outside of a hospital , which she has n't known since she spend her childhood in hospitals sick . Alexandra `` Lexie '' Grey Chyler Leigh 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 General Surgical Resident M.D. Resident and half - sister of Meredith Grey , Lexie attended Harvard Medical School . She has had relationships with Mark Sloan , Alex Karev , and Jackson Avery . Known for her photographic memory , she has earned the nickname `` Lexipedia . '' Initially she had a distant , contentious relationship with Meredith , but they eventually grew closer . She is often called `` Little Grey '' by other doctors on staff . In the Season 8 finale , she dies in a plane wreck while holding hands with Mark , talking about their future . Leah Murphy Tessa Ferrer 10 9 , 13 General Surgical Resident M.D. An intern on Season 9 , Dr. Murphy briefly sleeps with Dr. Alex Karev , who is having sex with intern after intern at the time . She often asks her fellow interns questions related to Alex , and seems to be hung up on him . She had an affair with Arizona while Arizona and Callie were separated . When Arizona ends their tryst to repair her marriage , Murphy becomes hung up on her and hopes for their marriage to end . In season 10 Leah is told by chief Webber that surgery is not for her , and that she should leave the program . George O'Malley T.R. Knight 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 N / A General Surgical Resident M.D. George O'Malley has a less aggressive personality compared to his fellow residents . He has an infatuation with Meredith Grey , which ends when they sleep together and , halfway through , Meredith begins to cry and ultimately rejects him . He has a strong friendship with Izzie Stevens and , later , Lexie Grey . He was once married to Callie Torres , but their marriage came to an end when George slept with Izzie Stevens . George and Izzie attempt to have a relationship , but decide to remain friends when they realized their relationship lacks chemistry . Inspired by Dr. Hunt 's experiences , George decides to leave Seattle Grace and enlist in the Army . Tragically , on his way to tell his mother about joining the Army , George dies when he prevents a girl from being hit by a bus , sacrificing himself instead . Shane Ross Gaius Charles 10 9 General Surgical Resident M.D. An intern on Season 9 , Dr. Ross aims to be `` the new Shepherd '' and even assists on Derek 's hand surgery . However , he is frustrated when Derek chooses Dr. Brooks as his intern because of her quick reflexes . In Season 10 , after he sticks up for Yang when she and Meredith fight over the 3D printer , he and Yang start a sexual relationship , which only lasted briefly . Later in the season , Ross almost kills a patient as he has been lying about how many hours he 's worked in a week , sleep deprivation causes him to have a mental break and he believes it is Heather Brooks on the table . In the Season 10 finale Dr. Ross leaves Seattle for Zurich with Cristina , as he wants to learn from her . Isobel `` Izzie '' Stevens Katherine Heigl 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A General Surgical Resident M.D. After growing up in a trailer park and putting her newborn daughter up for adoption at age 16 , Izzie managed to advance through medical school by modeling to pay her bills . She puts her career as doctor on the line in a risky bid to get her lover Denny Duquette a new heart by cutting his LVAD wires . Denny subsequently dies , but Izzie manages to keep her job . She begins a relationship with Alex Karev and they eventually get married . Their relationship becomes strained when she is diagnosed with metastatic melanoma . She recovers following treatment with Interleukin 2 but after , returning to work , she accidentally induces hyperkalemia in a patient listed for a renal transplant . Subsequently , she loses her job and leaves Seattle . She and Alex divorce . Josephine `` Jo '' Wilson Camilla Luddington 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 9 General Surgical Resident M.D. An intern on Season 9 , Dr. Wilson is at first made fun of by Alex Karev , who believes she 's a rich girl and nicknames her `` princess '' . On the contrary , she had a cruel childhood and has had to work very hard in order to get through life and become a doctor . Alex gradually warms up to her and they become close friends . She starts a relationship with an obstetrician , causing Alex to become jealous . She is set to move in with her boyfriend , but they get in a physical fight in which he becomes severely injured . After she leaves her boyfriend , Alex confesses his love to Jo . Intern physicians ( edit ) Name Actor / actress Starring seasons Recurring seasons Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) Job Title Dr. Andrew Deluca Giacomo Gianniotti 12 , 13 , 14 11 General Surgical Intern M.D. Supporting characters ( edit ) Hospital surgeons ( edit ) The following listings reflect each character 's status at the time of his or her first appearance on staff at Seattle Grace / Seattle Grace Mercy West / Grey Sloan Memorial . Attending Physicians ( edit ) Name Actor / Actress Season ( s ) Episode count Dr. Virginia Dixon Mary McDonnell 5 An exceptional cardiothoracic surgeon who has Asperger syndrome , Dr. Dixon served as the interim Head of Cardiothoracic Surgery . Dr. Rebecca Swender Kimberly Elise 5 A surgical oncology attending assigned to oversee Izzie Stevens ' cancer treatment , Dr. Swender is said to be the best surgical oncologist in the state of Washington . She is a proponent for IL - 2 - use as treatment for cancer , citing its success when a patient , initially given only three months to live , uses the therapy and survives an additional two years . The patient , however , succumbs to complications from the inherent nature of the IL - 2 , which affects Swender 's otherwise authoritarian and impartial persona , and casts doubt on this treatment - protocol . Dr. Margaret Campbell Faye Dunaway 5 A general surgery attending , Dr. Campbell is Seattle Grace 's first female surgeon . With 40 years of surgical experience , she is considered a pioneer and one of the hospital 's most respected surgeons . Richard Webber may have been taught by her , which is implied when she recalls an incident involving a clamp dropped into an open body cavity . She has worked with Ellis Grey . Cristina Yang has been vocal about her objections and criticisms of Dr. Campbell 's continued long - standing service . Due to a complication caused by a lacerated bowel during a routine cholecystectomy , Dr. Campbell retires after performing her last surgery to repair the `` careless mistake . '' Dr. Robert Stark Peter MacNicol 7 7 An incompetent pediatric surgery attending , Dr. Stark is brought in as the interim Chief of Pediatric Surgery when Arizona Robbins gives her notice to oversee a pediatric surgery program in Malawi , Africa . Under contract for a year , Dr. Stark continues to serve as the department chief when Robbins returns . Described as a lazy doctor and a complacent and self - satisfied attending , he represents the antithesis of attending surgeons commonly employed at Seattle Grace / Mercy West Hospital . Dr. Stark has an antagonistic disposition with most of the hospital staff , especially Alex Karev. April Kepner is the only exception to his behavior . He later attempts to date her , with little success . Dr. Lucy Fields Rachael Taylor 7 8 An OB / GYN attending and maternal - fetal medicine fellow at Seattle Grace Mercy West , Dr. Fields is self - proclaimed `` damn good at her job . '' She attended Harvard Medical School and completed her OB / GYN residency at Duke University Medical Center . Dr. Fields is Callie Torres ' obstetrician and shows that she is equal parts tough , ironic , and empathetic , especially when dealing with Torres and her support team : Mark Sloan and Arizona Robbins . She seems to have a slight crush on Alex Karev , and they begin to form a relationship . Dr. Addison Montgomery returns and is told that she is not able to deal with traumatic pregnancy cases ( such as a pregnant Callie involved in a car accident ) . Alex Karev breaks off his relationship with Dr. Fields in the Season 7 finale , and she goes off to treat children in Africa . Dr. Nicole Herman Geena Davis 11 8 Nicole Herman was the Head of Fetal Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Arizona worked with her as a fellow . It was revealed that she has an inoperable brain tumor and only has 6 months left . She wanted to use this period of time to teach Arizona about Fetal Surgery since it is a new field . When Amelia informed her that she believed she could remove the tumor , Herman initially rejected the idea , because she 'd been given hope many times before and then had it taken away . Amelia operated and despite some complications , she successfully removed Nicole 's tumor . However , she did n't wake up for several days after the surgery , leading Amelia to look for a cause . An MRI showed signs of a stroke and Amelia worried she 'd never wake up . Despite this , she did eventually wake up . She was full aware of her surroundings and showed no loss of mental faculties , but she was completely blind . After being discharged from the hospital , Herman went to the Blind Institute , where she learned to live her daily life as a blind person . Resident Physicians ( edit ) Name Actor / Actress Season ( s ) Episode count Dr. Sydney Heron Kali Rocha 2 , 3 , 4 8 A fifth - year general surgery resident at Seattle Grace , Dr. Heron is known for her extremely perky personality . She initially appears as Miranda 's substitute when Miranda is on maternity leave . She clashes with Cristina , who finds Sydney 's positive attitude unbearable . She later serves as Izzie 's peer counselor and reveals that her perky persona actually originates from a nervous breakdown she suffered after losing a patient of her own . Sydney is in the running to become chief resident , but loses to Callie , who is later replaced by Miranda . Sydney goes on one date with Dr. Shepherd , but dumps him when she decides he is n't ready for the kind of relationship she needs . Dr. Reed Adamson Nora Zehetner 6 10 Surgical resident , formerly at Mercy West Hospital , Dr. Adamson is close friends with Dr. Charles Percy and Dr. April Kepner . She seems to be attracted to Alex Karev , and has a one - night stand with Mark Sloan . She is shot in the head by Gary Clark in the Season Six finale . Dr. Charles Percy Robert Baker 6 , 8 , 12 13 Surgical resident , formerly at Mercy West Hospital , Dr. Percy is often referred to as `` the big guy . '' He is in love with Dr. Reed Adamson . Percy is shot by Gary Clark in the Season Six finale and , despite Miranda Bailey 's efforts , he dies . He reprises his role in Season 8 in `` If / Then '' and later in Season 12 in `` Unbreak My Heart '' . Surgical interns ( edit ) Name Actor / Actress Season ( s ) Episode count Dr. Steve Mostow Mark Saul 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 38 Dr. Mostow is a surgical intern of Dr. Cristina Yang , who calls him `` 2 '' . In `` There 's no ' I ' in Team , '' Dr. Yang considered `` giving '' him to George O'Malley when he finally passes his medical exams . Steve allows the other interns to practice an epidural anesthesia on him and introduce a catheter into his male organs . As a result , he can not move for a while and is not present at Sadie 's operation . Dr. Yang finds him immobilized and finds out about the operation , after which Steve is put on probation , along with the other interns . Steve later sleeps with fellow intern Pierce 's girlfriend Megan , and she gets pregnant . Steve and Megan get married , and he is concluded to be the father . During the merger , Megan is fired , but Steve keeps his job , although Megan is later hired back by Derek Shepherd . According to his blog , he has aspirations to go into neurosurgery as a specialty . Dr. Graciela Guzman Gloria Garayua 4 , 5 , 6 17 Dr. Guzman is a surgical intern of Dr. Izzie Stevens , who considers giving her to George O'Malley because she `` charts like crap , '' but keeps her because she can put in a line . Graciela is a nervous student , who eats a lot of chocolate when she 's nervous . In the episode `` In The Midnight Hour , '' she is the only one who quits the interns ' operation on Sadie because she feels it 's wrong . Nevertheless , she is put on probation with the other interns . Intern Pierce Joseph Williamson 4 , 5 , 6 23 Pierce is a surgical intern of Dr. Alex Karev , who considers giving him to George O'Malley just because Dr. Karev hates how his name sounds . Pierce has confronted Dr. Karev on at least one occasion , such as when he meets his punishment along with the other interns in the episode `` In The Midnight Hour '' and comments that Dr. Stevens killed a man and was forgiven . Dr. Karev responds by physically attacking him . Later in the season , Pierce and Steve fight over Megan , Pierce 's girlfriend , who slept with Steve during a breakup . She is now pregnant without knowing who the father of her baby is . Dr. Ryan Spalding Brandon Scott 5 , 6 15 A surgical intern of Dr. Cristina Yang , who considers giving him to George O'Malley , Dr. Spalding first appears in the episode `` Life During Wartime '' and is subsequently named `` 4.2 '' . In the episode `` In The Midnight Hour , '' Ryan is one of the surgical interns operating on Dr. Sadie Harris . He is left on his own in an OR , while the others go to get help . He is put on probation with the other interns after Sadie nearly dies in the operation . Dr. Megan Mostow Molly Kidder 4 , 5 , 6 25 Dr. Megan Mostow ( nee Nowland ) is a resident and former intern of Dr. Meredith Grey , who considers giving her to George O'Malley . She has a relationship with Intern Pierce , which ends when she has an affair with Steve that results in a pregnancy . During the hospital merger , the Chief fires her by e-mail , and she later decides to sue the hospital , believing her dismissal is related to her pregnancy . She is later rehired by Derek Shepherd , who believes she was fired unjustly and deserves a `` fighting chance . '' Intern Laura Candice Afia 4 , 5 , 6 25 A former surgical intern under Dr. Alex Karev , Laura is rebuked by Izzie Stevens when she makes fun of a patient with a facial deformity . Dr. Sadie Harris Melissa George 5 8 An intern and former best friend of Meredith , Sadie has self - harm tendencies and later quits Seattle Grace after her medical knowledge and expertise are called into question . Dr. Norman Shales Edward Herrmann An elderly surgical intern assigned to second - year Dr. Alex Karev , Dr. Shales is a former pharmacist who , because of his age , is often mistaken by patients for the senior physician . He has since transferred into psychiatry . Dr. Heather Brooks Tina Majorino 9 , 10 22 An intern on Season 9 , Dr. Brooks briefly sleeps with Dr. Alex Karev , who is having sex with intern after intern at the time . Her quick reflexes contribute to her being picked by Dr. Derek Shepherd to receive lessons in the neurosurgical field . Heather dies from complications in Season 10 premiere after being electrocuted while trying to find Dr. Richard Webber . She finds him in a pool of water and she steps onto the water before realizing that it was `` live '' , she falls and hits her head . After she 's found , Dr. Shepherd and Dr. Shane Ross operate and manage to evacuate her subdural hematoma , but her brain swells and she dies due to raised intracranial pressure . Dr. Levi Schmitt Jake Borelli 14 6 A new intern introduced in Season 14 , Dr. Schmitt is widely known as the guy who 's glasses fell on a patient during surgery . He has a one - night stand with Dr. Jo Wilson , but his relationship with her ends when she gets back together with Dr. Alex Karev . Dr. Schmitt begins his intern year worried about his tainted reputation , but his mentor , Dr. Meredith Grey , assures him that people do n't think of him like that . Dr. Sam Bello Jeanine Mason 14 A Season 14 new intern who , upon attending the new intern mixer the night before her first day , discovers that her ex-boyfriend , Dr. Andrew DeLuca , also works at Grey - Sloan Memorial . Despite their best efforts to avoid falling back into their toxic , on - again , off - again relationship , Sam and Andrew ultimately being sleeping together again . Dr. Casey Parker Alex Blue Davis 14 Dr. Vikram Roy Rushi Kota 14 Dr. Taryn Helm Jaicy Elliot 14 Dr. Dahlia Qadri Sophia Taylor Ali 14 Hospital nurses ( edit ) Name Actor / Actress Season ( s ) Episode count Nurse Olivia Harper Sarah Utterback 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 18 A nurse at the hospital , Olivia has relationships with George and Alex. Alex gives her syphilis , which she then unknowingly gives to George after breaking up with Alex ( part of a hospital - wide syphilis epidemic among the doctors and nurses ) . Alex begins a relationship with Izzie , who finds him cheating on her with Nurse Olivia . The female interns sometimes insultingly refer to her as `` Syph Nurse . '' She is a member of the club `` Nurses United Against Mark Sloan , '' which implies she has had sexual relations with him . During the merger , she is fired and Derek offers to give her a recommendation . Nurse Tyler Christian Moe Irvin 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 10 26 Nurse Tyler is one of the members of the nursing staff at Seattle Grace . He attends the nurse strike in Season 2 . Patricia Robin Pearson Rose 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 12 Patricia is Richard Weber 's assistant / secretary and previously worked as a nurse . Nurse Rose Lauren Stamile 4 , 5 12 A nurse at the hospital , she works often with Dr. Derek Shepherd . Rose has been the attending nurse on 36 of Dr. Shepherd 's surgeries ( as she announced in `` Forever Young , '' Season 4 , Episode 8 ) . Derek and Rose share a kiss and are dating , much to Meredith 's distress as she tries to get over him . Despite their seemingly happy relationship , Rose is soon bothered by comments made by hospital personnel about Meredith and Derek 's breakup being only temporary ( which end up being true when Derek and Meredith get back together for good ) . Addison Montgomery sarcastically calls Rose `` McRebound , '' unaware that Rose is in the room . Her prediction proves correct when , in the season finale `` Freedom , '' Derek and Meredith make up and kiss . Derek abruptly leaves this kiss to break up with Rose , signaling the end of their relationship . Afterward , Rose is hostile towards Derek whenever she sees him but , when she accidentally cuts his hand during a surgery , she apologizes and transfers to peds . Other hospital Physicians ( edit ) Name Actor / Actress Season ( s ) Episode count Dr. Katharine Wyatt Amy Madigan 4 , 5 , 6 18 A psychiatrist at the hospital , Katharine is Dr. Meredith Grey 's and Dr. Erica Hahn 's therapist . As of the episode `` Sweet Surrender , '' Dr. Owen Hunt has begun sessions with her . Dr. Raj Sen Anjul Nigam 1 , 2 , 4 7 A psychiatric resident at Seattle Grace , Dr. Sen sometimes provides consults for the surgeons . Non-staff Physicians ( edit ) Name Actor / Actress Season ( s ) Episode count Dr. Finn Dandridge Chris O'Donnell 2 , 3 9 The former veterinarian of Meredith and Derek 's dog , Doc , Finn is also the newest love interest of Meredith for some time . Meredith breaks up with him because she is still in love with Derek . Finn 's wife , Liz , died in a car accident . The interns give him the nickname `` McVet , '' along the same form as Derek Shepherd 's nickname , McDreamy . He dates Meredith throughout the end of the second season , and the beginning of the third season . He competes with Derek Shepherd for Meredith 's heart and ultimately loses to Derek because Meredith is still in love with Derek . Meredith realizes that he may be the `` best guy , '' but he is n't `` her guy . '' After she tells him this , he replies , `` He 'll break your heart again , Meredith , and when he does , I wo n't be here '' and walks out for the last time . Dr. Colin Marlowe Roger Rees A professor at Stanford University and a brilliant cardiothoracic surgeon noted for pioneering a procedure called the Marlowe transplant , Colin Marlowe had a three - year relationship with Cristina Yang before she graduated and began her residency at Seattle Grace . He appears months later as a candidate for Chief of Surgery , and ultimately withdraws when his true purpose for joining the staff at Seattle Grace , to rekindle his relationship with Cristina , fails . Dr. William `` Will '' Thorpe Scott Elrod 12 A surgical oncologist at Bauer Army Medical Center , William Thorpe works on Brian Carson with Dr. Meredith Grey , Dr. Callie Torres , Dr. Jackson Avery , and Dr. Jo Wilson . After the surgery is complete , Thorpe flirts with Meredith , and the two exchange numbers . Afraid to move on from Derek , Meredith dodges Thorpe 's calls until he shows up to pursue her outside of Grey - Sloan Memorial . Meredith agrees to get drinks with him but freaks out again and cancels . Thorpe shows up in the lobby after Meredith 's 17 - hour surgery and takes her home , where they talk and eat in his car . After three dates , the two sleep together , but the next morning , Meredith feels like she cheated on Derek and kicks Thorpe out . Worried about Meredith , Thorpe visits her that night , where she admits that he is the first guy she has dated since Derek died and that she 's just not ready to move on . Thorpe says he will wait for Meredith because she is worth waiting for . Family members ( edit ) Meredith Grey 's family Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton , Sarah Paulson -- 1982 flashback , Sally Pressman - 1983 flashbacks ) : Meredith 's mother and Maggie 's biological mother , a highly respected surgeon who trained at Seattle Grace with Dr. Webber . During their residency , she and Webber had an affair . She left her husband Thatcher for Dr. Webber , but he could not bring himself to leave his wife . After her residency , she left Seattle to take a position at Mass General . She also worked at the Mayo Clinic . She has won the Harper Avery Award twice , and she invented the laparoscopic Grey method . She developed early - onset Alzheimer 's shortly before Meredith started medical school and , at the start of the show , she has been placed in Roseridge Home for Extended Care , a nursing home . She dies of cardiac arrest in the middle of Season 3 . In the episode `` Drowning on Dry Land , '' she appears to her daughter Meredith , encouraging her to go back and live her life . She also appears in an alternate - reality episode from Season 8 , called `` If / then . '' In series 11 `` She 's Leaving Home '' , Meredith gives birth to a baby daughter , whom she names after her mother . Thatcher Grey ( Jeff Perry ) : Father of Meredith Grey and Lexie Grey . He was married to Ellis Grey , Meredith 's mother , for about seven years . They divorced after she had an affair with Richard Webber . Thatcher blames Ellis somewhat for his estrangement from Meredith , saying Ellis is `` cold '' and wo n't let him get to know his daughter . After the disintegration of his first family , Thatcher remained in Seattle and married his second wife , Susan . They had two daughters , Lexie and Molly . After Meredith moves to Seattle for her residency , Susan encourages Thatcher and Meredith to develop a relationship . However , Susan 's sudden death devastates Thatcher , and he blames her death on Meredith . He becomes an alcoholic , and Lexie has to give up a residency at Massachusetts General Hospital to move to Seattle to care for her father . He eventually enters rehab and apologizes to his daughters . However , his alcoholism has destroyed his liver , and Meredith has to give him a portion of hers to save his life . Susan Grey ( Mare Winningham ) Meredith 's stepmother who dies of the hiccups Molly Grey - Thompson ( Mandy Siegfried ) : Daughter of Thatcher and Susan Grey , Meredith 's half - sister . She proposes to her husband , Eric , before he is shipped out by the military to be stationed in Iraq . Originally a patient at Mercy West , Molly transfers to Seattle Grace when she is 32 weeks pregnant and Addison operates to repair a congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Molly 's baby . She later gives birth to a daughter , whom she names Laura . Laura Thompson : Daughter of Molly Grey and Eric Thompson . She is born premature and kept at Seattle Grace Hospital several weeks after her birth , prompting her grandfather Thatcher Grey to hang around . Margaret `` Maggie '' Pierce : Daughter of Ellis Grey and Richard Webber . Meredith 's half - sister . Born in Boston , after Ellis and Meredith moved there , leaving Thatcher in Seattle , she was given up for adoption . She becomes a skilled heart surgeon and eventually moves to Seattle , becoming Chief of Cardio at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital after Cristina Yang leaves . Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) : Meredith 's husband since Season 5 , legally since Season 7 . Originally married to Addison Montgomery , they divorced in the third season . Derek is the father of Zola Grey Shepherd , Derek Bailey Shepherd and Ellis Shepherd . In season 11 episode 21 `` How To Save A Life '' , he dies of a head injury after his car was T - Boned by a semi . Zola Grey Shepherd : Daughter of Meredith and Derek , who is brought over with the children from Africa under the direction of Karev in Season 7 . She suffers from a spinal disease , but is treated by Derek with a shunt . They later adopt her . Derek Bailey Shepherd : Son of Meredith and Derek , delivered via C - section because he is not in the correct position . While stitching Meredith up , the obstetrician who operates on Meredith is called away to another patient and an intern completes the stitching . When she begins bleeding from everywhere , Meredith diagnoses herself as in DIC . Miranda performs a spleen removal , which saves Meredith 's life . Derek and Meredith name their baby after Miranda Bailey . Ellis Shepherd : Second daughter of Meredith and Derek . She was born during the time jump that took place after Derek 's funeral in `` She 's Leaving Home '' . Alexandra ( Lexie 's ) Grey 's family Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) : The daughter of Thatcher Grey and Ellis Grey . Meredith is Lexie 's older half - sister whom Lexie meets at the beginning of the fourth season . Although Meredith is n't initially fond of Lexie and does not wish to know her , Meredith eventually warms up to Lexie , and the two become extremely close until Lexie 's death . Susan Grey ( Mare Winningham ) : The second wife of Thatcher Grey , and mother of Lexie Grey and Molly Grey - Thompson . Susan was always aware of Thatcher 's first wife and daughter , but she does n't meet Meredith until Molly is a patient at Seattle Grace . She reaches out to Meredith and encourages her to develop a relationship with Thatcher . At first , Meredith resists Susan 's attempts to mother her , but eventually comes to think of Susan as a surrogate mother . Susan dies suddenly , following a rare complication from a routine procedure to treat her acid reflux and hiccups . Thatcher is devastated by her death and became an alcoholic . Thatcher Grey ( Jeff Perry ) : Father of Meredith Grey and Lexie Grey . He was married to Ellis Grey , Meredith 's mother , for about seven years . They divorced after she had an affair with Richard Webber . Thatcher blames Ellis somewhat for his estrangement from Meredith , saying Ellis is `` cold '' and wo n't let him get to know his daughter . After the disintegration of his first family , Thatcher remained in Seattle and married his second wife , Susan . They had two daughters , Lexie and Molly . After Meredith moves to Seattle for her residency , Susan encourages Thatcher and Meredith to develop a relationship . However , Susan 's sudden death devastates Thatcher , and he blames her death on Meredith . He becomes an alcoholic , and Lexie has to give up a residency at Massachusetts General Hospital to move to Seattle to care for her father . He eventually enters rehab and apologizes to his daughters . However , his alcoholism has destroyed his liver , and Meredith has to give him a portion of hers to save his life . Molly Grey - Thompson ( Mandy Siegfried ) : Daughter of Thatcher and Susan Grey , Lexie 's younger sister and Meredith 's half - sister . She proposes to her husband , Eric , before he is shipped out by the military to be stationed in Iraq . Originally a patient at Mercy West , Molly transfers to Seattle Grace when she is 32 weeks pregnant and Addison operates to repair a congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Molly 's baby . She later gives birth to a daughter , whom she names Laura . Laura Thompson : Daughter of Molly Grey and Eric Thompson . She is born premature and kept at Seattle Grace Hospital several weeks after her birth , prompting her grandfather Thatcher Grey to hang around . Niece of Alexandra ( Lexie ) Grey . Zola Grey Shepherd : Daughter of Meredith and Derek , who is brought over with the children from Africa under the direction of Karev in Season 7 . She suffers from a spinal disease , but is treated by Derek with a shunt . They later adopt her . Niece of Alexandra ( Lexie ) Grey . Derek Bailey Shepherd : Son of Meredith and Derek , delivered via C - section because he is not in the correct position . While stitching Meredith up , the obstetrician who operates on Meredith is called away to another patient and an intern completes the stitching . When she begins bleeding from everywhere , Meredith diagnoses herself as in DIC . Miranda performs a spleen removal , which saves Meredith 's life . Derek and Meredith name their baby after Miranda Bailey . Nephew of Alexandra ( Lexie ) Grey , although never met by Lexie as she dies before Bailey is born . Ellis Shepherd : Second daughter of Meredith and Derek . She was born during the time jump that took place after Derek 's funeral in `` She 's Leaving Home '' . Niece of Alexandra ( Lexie ) Grey although Lexie never meets Ellis as she dies before the baby is born . Derek Shepherd 's family Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) : Derek 's wife until season 11 episode 21 `` How To Save A Life '' , when he dies of a head injury after his car is T - Boned by a semi . She is the mother of Zola , Bailey and Ellis . Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) : Derek 's ex-wife who cheated on him with Mark . She comes to Seattle at Richard 's request and the two attempt to reconcile . She ultimately moves to Los Angeles . Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) : Derek 's sister and the youngest Shepherd child . She and Derek witnessed their father being murdered . She became addicted to prescription medication before crashing Derek 's car while under the influence . Amelia worked with Addison in Los Angeles , and is her son 's godmother . She has slept with Mark ( as have Nancy and Addison before her ) . She is currently Chief of Neuro at Grey Sloan . Zola Grey Shepherd ( Jela K. Moore , Heaven White ) : Daughter of Meredith and Derek , who is brought over with the children from Africa under the direction of Karev in Season 7 . She suffers from a spinal disease , but is treated by Derek with a shunt . They later adopt her . Derek Bailey Shepherd : Son of Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd , delivered via C - section because he is not in the correct position . While stitching Meredith up , the obstetrician who operates on Meredith is called away to another patient and an intern completes the stitching . When she begins bleeding from everywhere , Meredith diagnoses herself as in DIC . Miranda performs a spleen removal , which saves Meredith 's life . Derek and Meredith name their baby after Miranda Bailey . Ellis Shepherd : Second daughter of Meredith and Derek , born 9 months after Derek 's death . Carolyn Maloney - Shepherd ( Tyne Daly ) : Derek 's mother , who cared for Derek and his sisters after her husband was murdered . Kathleen Shepherd : One of Derek 's sisters ; she has only been mentioned in passing and has not appeared on the show . Derek mentions she is a therapist . Liz Shepherd ( Neve Campbell ) : One of Derek 's sisters . After the nerves in Derek 's hand are damaged in a plane crash , she donates a nerve in her leg in order to repair his hand . Like her siblings she is a doctor though her specialty is unknown and though it is unlikely that she is a psychiatrist or a neurosurgeon . Nancy Shepherd ( Embeth Davidtz ) : One of Derek 's sisters . She slept with Mark ( as revealed in the episode `` Let The Angels Commit '' ) . She tells her brother , `` Come on Derek . Everyone sleeps with Mark . '' She dislikes Meredith , and admires Addison possibly due to them both being OB / GYN doctors . Alexandra `` Lexie '' Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) : Becomes Derek 's sister in law when he and Meredith Grey marry . Lexie later dies in the plane crash in the season 8 finale titled ' Flight ' . Cristina Yang 's family Helen Yang Rubenstein ( Tsai Chin ) : Cristina 's mother . Helen and Cristina 's father divorced ( Cristina watched her father die as they were both in a car accident ) , and she remarried Dr. Saul Rubenstein , an oral surgeon , when Cristina was three . She thinks Cristina should focus more on getting married and less on her career . Izzie Stevens 's family Hannah Klein ( Liv Hutchings ) : Izzie 's biological daughter , born when Izzie was 16 years old . In the third season , Hannah is admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital with leukemia , and Izzie donates bone marrow to her . However , Hannah refuses to see her . Robbie Stevens ( Sharon Lawrence ) : Izzie 's mother , who now works as a waitress . Denny Duquette Jr . Jeffrey Dean Morgan : Izzie 's fiancé for a short period of time before he died of a stroke after receiving a heart transplant . In his will he leaves Izzie $8,700,000 , with which she opens the `` Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic '' that provides free health check ups to patients . Richard Webber 's family Camille Travis ( Tessa Thompson / Camille Winbush ) : Adele 's niece , daughter of Adele 's sister Arlene . She was diagnosed with ovarian cancer when she was 14 , and the cancer returns when she is a senior in high school . Dr. Bailey orders the interns to plan a prom in the hospital for her . Arlene Travis ( Shelley Robertson ) : Adele 's sister and Camille 's mother . Adele Webber ( Loretta Devine ) : Dr. Webber 's wife . Frequently frustrated by his devotion to the hospital , she eventually leaves him . She becomes pregnant with his child , but has a miscarriage . They have since reconciled . She has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease . She dies of a heart attack in the Season 9 winter premiere . Catherine Avery ( Debbie Allen ) : Richard 's wife whom he marries in season 11 . George O'Malley's family Harold O'Malley ( George Dzundza ) : Father of George O'Malley , he was a truck driver with a passion for vintage cars . He was married for 40 years to his wife , Louise , and they had three sons : Jerry , Ronny , and George . He is very proud of all of his sons , but he often has trouble relating to George . He is admitted to Seattle Grace with esophageal cancer that has spread to his stomach , as well as a leaking aortic valve . He undergoes surgery to successfully replace the valve , and later has a second surgery to determine the extent of the cancer . Prior to the second surgery , he asks Dr. Webber and Dr. Bailey to remove the tumor regardless of the risk , in order to give him a chance to fight the cancer . The surgery proves too much for his body and , after several days , he goes into multi-system organ failure , which prompts the family to remove him from life support . Jerry O'Malley ( Greg Pitts ) : George 's brother , who works at a dry cleaners . Louise O'Malley ( Debra Monk ) : George 's mother , who works as a teacher . George seems to find her a little overbearing , and is often embarrassed by her good - natured gestures , such as setting out breakfast for the interns during rounds , and offering to iron his scrubs . She is a devout Catholic , and she is very upset when George and Callie get divorced . Ronny O'Malley ( Tim Griffin ) : George 's brother , who works at the post office . Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) : George 's ex-wife . They get married in Las Vegas in Season 3 , and later divorce in Season 4 because George is in love with Izzie . Alex Karev 's family Aaron Karev ( Jake McLaughlin ) : Alex 's younger brother , who works as a mover . He is very nice and polite , which is why Cristina names him `` Angel Spawn , '' while she calls Alex `` Evil Spawn '' . He comes to Seattle Grace with a hernia , which Dr. Bailey successfully repairs . He 's very chatty and tells the doctors about his and Alex 's troubled childhood . He is later diagnosed with schizophrenia after he suffers a psychotic break and tries to kill his younger sister , Amber . As a result , he has been committed to a psychiatric ward . Amber Karev : Alex 's younger sister , a high school student . Aaron is trying to convince her to go to college , but she does n't see the point . Jimmy Evans ( James Remar ) : Alex 's father , a heroin addict , who was often absent during his childhood . He used to beat Alex and Aaron , while Amber was too young during that time to recall Jimmy 's behavior to her brothers . It 's still unexplained how he disappeared from Alex 's life , but assuming that Alex 's mother died due to an illness and Alex , Aaron and Amber going through foster homes , he just left . Because of how Jimmy beat up Alex 's mother , Alex became a wrestler to defend his mother . In season ten , he returns unknowingly into Alex 's life , due to being brought to Grey Sloan Hospital for treatment . By then , it has been revealed that he was living as a struggling musician . After arriving in an ambulance , he asks Alex for something , which causes Alex to realize the patient might be his father . Though Alex does not want to know the result of a DNA - match suggested by Jo Wilson , she reveals the results anyway , which confirms that Jimmy is Alex 's father . Alex begins secretly visiting the bar where his father starts playing after recovering and during one visit , Jimmy and Alex talk of childhood and regrets . Because Jimmy had taught Alex how to play guitar as a child , Alex assumes the discussion is about him and is goaded into playing a tune that brings memories back to Jimmy . When Alex learns that Jimmy is talking about Nicky , his son by another woman , Alex angrily beats his father up . Jimmy fails to understand Alex 's anger when the latter tells Jimmy never to return to Nicky and his mother until after Alex leaves and Jimmy realizes that Alex is his son . During Jimmy 's attempts to go clean , he winds up in the hospital from through withdrawal . Jo has to take care over him , which causes strain in her and Alex 's relationship . Nicky Evans : Alex 's younger paternal half - brother . It 's assumed he still lives with his mother in South Florida . Miranda Bailey 's family Tucker Jones ( Cress Williams ) : Miranda 's ex-husband , who divorces her because she spends more time working than at home with him and Tuck . Tucker is operated on by Derek when he is involved in a car accident on his way to the hospital for their son 's birth . William George `` Tuck '' Bailey Jones : Miranda 's son with her ex-husband Tucker . Ben Warren ( Jason George ) : Miranda 's current husband , whom she marries in Season 9 . Mark Sloan 's family Grandson : Mark 's grandson through Sloan , who gave him up for adoption . Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) : Mark 's biological daughter . As an 18 - year - old , she gives birth to Mark 's grandson and puts him up for adoption . Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres : Mark 's daughter with Callie Torres and Arizona Robbins . Conceived after Mark and Callie begin several trysts after Callie is left in the airport by Arizona Robbins , she is born prematurely on March 31 , 2011 , in the `` Song Beneath the Song '' episode . Teddy Altman 's family Henry Burton ( Scott Foley ) : Husband of Dr. Teddy Altman . She meets and marries him in Season 7 so that he can use her health insurance to cover the ongoing costs of his treatment for Von Hippel - Lindau disease . They eventually fall in love . He dies in Season 8 while undergoing surgery . Callie Torres 's family Uncle Berto : Callie 's uncle , whom she assumes might be gay , saying , `` he has n't been single for 60 years for no reason . '' George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) : Callie 's ex-husband . They got married in Las Vegas in Season 3 , and later divorced in Season 4 because George is in love with Izzie . George dies in Season 5 . Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) : Callie 's ex-wife . A pediatric surgery attending , Arizona comes from a military family . Aria Torres : Callie 's sister , only mentioned on the show . Carlos Torres ( Hector Elizondo ) : Father to Dr. Callie Torres . He originally is against his daughter 's homosexuality and relationship with Dr. Arizona Robbins . Lucia Torres ( Gina Gallego ) : Mother to Dr. Callie Torres . She has problems with accepting her daughter 's sexuality and refuses to attend her wedding to Arizona Robbins . Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres : Callie 's daughter , born prematurely on March 31 , 2011 , in the `` Song Beneath the Song '' episode . She is conceived after Mark and Callie begin several trysts when Callie is left in the airport by Arizona Robbins . Arizona Robbins 's family Barbara Robbins ( Judith Ivey ) : Arizona 's mother . Colonel Daniel Robbins , United States Marine Corps ( Denis Arndt ) : Arizona 's father . Timothy Robbins : Arizona 's brother , who died in the Iraq war . Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) : Arizona 's ex-wife and attending orthopedic surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres : Arizona 's daughter , born prematurely on March 31 , 2011 , in the `` Song Beneath the Song '' episode . She is conceived after Mark and Callie begin several trysts when Callie is left in the airport by Arizona . Arizona now has sole custody of Sofia due to a family court ruling in season 12 . Jackson Avery 's family Samuel Norbert Avery : Avery and Kepner 's late son born at 24 weeks , due to type II osteogenesis imperfecta . He was baptized before dying soon after in parent 's arms . Dr. April Kepner : Avery 's ex-wife and Trauma surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . April and Jackson elope , after Jackson confesses his feelings for April at the altar during her wedding to Paramedic Matthew Taylor . They have had an on and off again relationship and built in sexual tension , since Jackson took April 's virginity before their Board Exam. April failed and blamed Jackson for Jesus punishing her for having sex before marriage . Harriet Kepner - Avery : Avery and Kepner 's daughter . Was conceived during a moment of passion between April and Jackson in the midst of their fighting . Things are n't patched up after their one night tryst and they decided to divorce . Before signing the divorce papers , April discovered she was pregnant . Overjoyed that she could still conceive , she decided to keep the pregnancy secret out of fear that something is wrong like her last pregnancy . After a while , Arizona Robbins discovers that April is pregnant and urges her to tell Jackson and when April does n't do it , Arizona does it herself . Jackson is at first angry but comes to understand it and they agree to raise her as co-parents . Harriet was born during a caesarean section with April under no anesthesia because April was in Meredith 's kitchen and there was no way to go to the hospital . Soon Catherine comes to accept April as a mother and since Jackson and April decided to give Harriet both of their last surnames , Catherine is finally happy to see the Avery name kept alive . She was named after the famous Harriet Tubman . Dr. Catherine Avery ( née Fox ) ( Debbie Allen ) : Avery 's mother and a brilliant urological surgeon . She appears at Seattle Grace Mercy West to perform the `` first '' penis transplant in the U.S. She proctors the boards in San Francisco , where she also has a one - night tryst with Dr. Webber . She and Dr. Webber eventually begin a relationship and are now married . Dr. Harper Avery : Grandfather of Jackson Avery and a world - renowned surgeon . Guest stars ( edit ) Marla Sokoloff as Glenda Castillo ( 2015 ) Neve Campbell as Lizzie Shepherd ( 2012 ) Summer Glau as Emily Kovach ( 2012 ) James Avery as Sam ( 2012 ) Nia Vardalos as Karen ( 2012 ) Demi Lovato as Hayley May ( 2010 ) Paola Andino as Lily Price ( 2010 ) Mandy Moore as Mary Portman ( 2010 ) Vanessa Martinez as Gretchen Price ( 2010 ) Ryan Devlin as Bill Portman ( 2010 ) Jennifer Westfeldt as Jen Harmon ( 2009 ) Faye Dunaway as Dr. Margaret Campbell ( 2009 ) Bernadette Peters as Sarabeth Breyers ( 2008 ) Seth Green as Nick Hanscom ( 2007 ) Maggie Siff as Ruthie Sales ( 2007 ) Bellamy Young as Kathy ( 2007 ) John Cho as Dr. Marshall Stone ( 2006 ) Laurie Metcalf as Beatrice Carter ( 2006 ) Christina Ricci as Hannah Davies ( 2006 ) Other characters ( edit ) Joe the Bartender ( Steven W. Bailey ) : The owner of the Emerald City Bar , located across from the hospital , where the doctors often go for a drink . Joe collapses due to an aneurysm in the episode `` Raindrops Keep Falling on my Head , '' and Derek and Burke perform a stand - still surgery to repair it . Joe and his boyfriend Walter attend the Thanksgiving dinner Izzie hosts at Meredith 's house , and they go on a camping trip with Dr. Shepherd , Preston , Richard , Alex and George . During the trip , Joe reveals during a discussion with the Chief that , although he and Walter have been `` on - and - off '' for about 10 years , they are now committed and considering the possibility of children . They are one of two couples being considered as adoptive parents for a young mother 's twins . Walter ( Jack Yang ) : Joe 's boyfriend . Bonnie Crasnoff ( Monica Keena ) : A patient admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital after being involved a train crash , she and another passenger , Tom , are connected by a large metal pole passing through their bodies . Since moving the pole would kill them , the doctors decide to move one of the patients off the pole , then operate around the pole to repair the damage in the other patient . Since her injuries are more severe , they decide to move her , and she dies almost immediately . Bonnie reappears in Season 3 as part of Meredith 's dream after drowning . Dennison `` Denny '' Duquette , Jr . ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) : A patient waiting for a heart transplant , he develops a close relationship with Izzie , and eventually proposes to her . Izzie risks her career to save him by cutting his LVAD wire , ensuring that he will become so ill that he will get a new heart . He dies from a blood clot shortly after the transplant , but reappears in Season Three as part of Meredith 's dream after she nearly drowns , and again in Season Five . Izzie begins to see Denny everywhere , which is eventually revealed to be a symptom of her brain tumor . He first appears in the Season Two episode `` Begin the Begin , '' and makes his last appearance in the Season Five episode `` Here 's to Future Days '' . Dylan Young ( Kyle Chandler ) : The commanding officer of the Seattle Police Department bomb squad , he responds to the bomb scare and helps to keep Meredith calm as she holds the bomb located inside a patient 's body . She removes the bomb safely from the patient , but it explodes while Dylan carries it out of the OR . He reappears in Season 3 as part of Meredith 's dream after her near - drowning . Amanda ( Shannon Lucio ) : A young woman saved from being hit by a bus by George , who was himself subsequently dragged several yards by the bus and dies . Amanda is extremely concerned about him , and she stays with him in the ICU , referring to him as `` her prince . '' She attends George 's funeral and cries harder than his own mother . Amanda keeps a daily vigil outside the hospital until Izzie confronts her , pointing out that she is still alive thanks to George , and that she should honor him by living her life . Rebecca Pope or `` Ava '' ( Elizabeth Reaser ) : A patient suffering from amnesia after being badly injured in the ferry crash , she is discovered by Dr. Alex Karev , and they develop a very close relationship . While at Seattle Grace , she delivers a baby girl and undergoes extensive facial reconstruction surgery , performed by Dr. Mark Sloan . She eventually regains her memory and returns home with her husband , Jeff . However , before leaving , she pleads with Alex to `` give ( her ) a reason to stay . '' She returns six weeks later , claiming to be pregnant with Alex 's child . Although initially upset , Alex eventually becomes excited about having a baby with her . However , she is found to be suffering from an hysterical pregnancy . When she attempts suicide , Izzie intervenes and has her admitted to the psychiatric ward . Elizabeth Reaser was nominated for the Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , for her role on the show . Gary Clark ( Michael O'Neill ) : Husband of a patient at Seattle Grace , his wife is treated by Dr. Lexie Grey and Dr. Webber . After surgery , his wife goes into a coma and , since she has earlier signed a DNR , she is removed from life support . Clark files a lawsuit against Dr. Shepherd for wrongful death , but loses . In the Season 6 finale , he returns to the hospital intending to kill Dr. Shepherd , Dr. Lexie Grey , and Dr. Webber . He shoots several people , including Derek Shepherd , Owen Hunt , Reed Adamson , Charles Percy , and Alex Karev . After a tense standoff with Dr. Webber , he uses his last bullet to commit suicide instead of killing Dr. Webber . Mary Portman ( Mandy Moore ) : Miranda Bailey 's patient during the Seattle Grace shooting , she is the wife of Bill Portman . She helps Miranda attempt to save the life of Charles Percy and , despite their efforts , he dies . She returns to the hospital six months later to have the colostomy reversal she was supposed to have had the day of the shooting . Although the surgery is successful , Mary never wakes up . She is removed from life support one month later and dies . Bill Portman ( Ryan Devlin ) : Husband of Mary Portman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 16 . 2009 - 03 - 19 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Here 's to the Future '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 23 . 2009 - 05 - 14 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` An Honest Mistake '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 16 . 2009 - 02 - 19 . ABC . Jump up ^ Clack , Zoanne . `` Grey Matter : From the Writer 's of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harper , Bill . `` Grey Matter : From the Writer 's of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Wilding ( writer ) , Kevin McKidd ( director ) ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't Deceive Me ( Please Do n't Go ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 13 . ABC . Jump up ^ Wilding , Bill . `` Grey Matter : From the Writer 's of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Intern Formerly Known as Steve '' . ABC.com. 2008 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Official blog of Joe the bartender Official blog of nurse Debbie ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grey%27s_Anatomy_characters&oldid=825179036 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Lists of American television series characters Lists of drama television characters Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from July 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2012 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 22 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays dr bella on grey's anatomy	[]	[]
119109669662769344	Control valve	Control valve - wikipedia Control valve Jump to : navigation , search A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller . This enables the direct control of flow rate and the consequential control of process quantities such as pressure , temperature , and liquid level . In automatic control terminology a control valve is termed a `` final control element '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 2 Control action 3 Valve positioners 4 Types of control valve bodies 4.1 List of common types of control valve 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Operation ( edit ) Air - actuated control valves each with a 4 - 20 mA `` I to P '' converter integral to a valve positioner . In this example each positioner is comparing the valve stem travel against control signal , and applying any correction . The opening or closing of automatic control valves is usually done by electrical , hydraulic or pneumatic actuators . Normally with a modulating valve , which can be set to any position between fully open and fully closed , valve positioners are used to ensure the valve attains the desired degree of opening . Air - actuated valves are commonly used because of their simplicity , as they only require a compressed air supply , whereas electrically - operated valves require additional cabling and switch gear , and hydraulically - actuated valves required high pressure supply and return lines for the hydraulic fluid . The pneumatic control signals are traditionally based on a pressure range of 3 - 15psi ( 0.2 - 1.0 bar ) , or more commonly now , an electrical signal of 4 - 20mA for industry , or 0 - 10V for HVAC systems . Electrical control now often includes a `` Smart '' communication signal superimposed on the 4 - 20mA control current , such that the health and verification of the valve position can be signalled back to the controller . The HART , Fieldbus Foundation , and Profibus are the most common protocols . An automatic control valve consists of three main parts in which each part exist in several types and designs : Valve actuator - which moves the valve 's modulating element , such as ball or butterfly . Valve positioner - Which ensures the valve has reached the desired degree of opening . This overcomes the problems of friction and wear . Valve body - in which the modulating element , a plug , globe , ball or butterfly , is contained . Control action ( edit ) Showing the evolution of analogue control loop signalling from the pneumatic era to the electronic era . Example of current loops used for sensing and control transmission . Specific example of a smart valve positioner used . Globe control valve with pneumatic diaphragm actuator and `` smart '' positioner which will also feed back to the controller the actual valve position Taking the example of an air - operated valve , there are two control actions possible : `` Air or current to open '' - The flow restriction decreases with increased control signal value . `` Air or current to close '' - The flow restriction increases with increased control signal value . There can also be failure to safety modes : Air or control signal failure to close '' - On failure of compressed air to the actuator , the valve closes under spring pressure or by backup power . Air or control signal failure to open '' - On failure of compressed air to actuator , the valve opens under spring pressure or by backup power . The modes of failure operation are requirements of the failure to safety process control specification of the plant . In the case of cooling water it may be to fail open , and the case of delivering a chemical it may be to fail closed . Valve positioners ( edit ) As the pneumatic operation of valves , compared to motorised operation , has cost and reliability advantages , pneumatic actuation is still an industry standard . To allow the construction of hybrid systems , where the 4 - 20 mA is generated by the controller , but enables the use of pneumatic valves , a range of current to pressure ( I to P ) converters are available from manufacturers . These are usually located locally to the control valve and convert 4 - 20 mA to 3 - 15 psi ( or ( 0.2 - 1.0 bar ) . This signal is then fed to the valve actuator or more commonly , a pneumatic positioner . This is a dedicated controller with a pneumatic nozzle and flapper arrangement and a mechanical linkage to sense the valve actuator movement . This ensures that problems of friction are overcome and the valve control element moves to the desired position , by comparing the actual valve regulating element position against the desired value ; hence the name `` positioner '' . As a mechanical linkage is used for this , the positioner has to be mounted on the valve body . A positioner also allows the use of higher air pressures for valve actuation , which is particularly useful with cylinder type valve actuators . With the development of cheap industrial micro-processors , `` smart '' valve positioners have become available since the mid-1980s and are very popular for new installations . These include an I to P converter , plus valve position and condition monitoring in an integral unit mounted on the valve body . The valve position and status are fed back over the current loop to the controller , using such as the HART protocol . This allows further verification that the valve is operating as desired . Types of control valve bodies ( edit ) A huge variety of valve types and control operation exist . However , there are two main forms of action ; the sliding stem and the rotary action . The most common and versatile types of control valves are sliding - stem globe , V - notch ball , butterfly and angle types . Their popularity derives from rugged construction and the many options available that make them suitable for a variety of process applications . Control valve bodies may be categorized as below : List of common types of control valve ( edit ) Sliding Stem Angle seat piston valve Globe valve Rotary Butterfly valve Ball valve Other pinch valve Diaphragm Valve See also ( edit ) Control engineering Control system Distributed control system Fieldbus Foundation Flow control valve HART Protocol Instrumentation Instrumentation engineering Pneumatic flow control PID controller Process control PROFIBUS SCADA supervisory control system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Instrument Society of America Standard S561. 1 , 1976 . as reproduced in the `` Fisher control valve handbook '' fourth edition 1977 . Jump up ^ Hagen , S. ( 2003 ) `` Control valve technology '' Plant Services Jump up ^ Fisher Controls International Emerson Process Management website . External links ( edit ) Control valve tutorials Tutorials covering the sizing , capacity and characteristics of control valves . Actuators , positioners , controllers and sensors are also discussed - Spirax Sarco Control Valve Handbook ( 4th Edition ) A 297 - page online book . Process Instrumentation ( Lecture 8 ) : Control valves Article from a University of South Australia website . Pressure Independent Control Valve Animation Flash animations demonstrating conventional and pressure independent control valve operation . Samson AG Demo Valve Sizing Software . Basic Trial valve sizing programme . Control Valve Sizing Calculator Control Valve Sizing Calculator to determine Cv for a valve . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_valve&oldid=799579343 '' Categories : Control devices Valves Hidden categories : Pages using div col with small parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 15 : 45 . About Wikipedia	how many types of control valves are there	[]	[]
8801042021474586884	A Prairie Home Companion	A Prairie Home Companion - Wikipedia A Prairie Home Companion This article is about the historic radio show hosted by Garrison Keillor . For the current radio show hosted by Chris Thile , see Live from Here . For the film , see A Prairie Home Companion ( film ) . A Prairie Home Companion Keillor and cast during a live production of A Prairie Home Companion in 2007 Genre Comedy -- music variety Running time 2 hours Country of origin United States Language ( s ) English Home station Minnesota Public Radio Syndicates American Public Media Starring Garrison Keillor ( 1974 - 1987 , 1992 - 2016 ) Sue Scott Tim Russell Fred Newman Produced by Garrison Keillor Original release July 6 , 1974 -- July 1 , 2016 Opening theme Tishomingo Blues Website prairiehome.org A Prairie Home Companion is a weekly radio variety show created and hosted by Garrison Keillor that aired live from 1974 to 2016 . In 2016 , musician Chris Thile took over as host , and the successor show was eventually renamed Live from Here . A Prairie Home Companion aired on Saturdays from the Fitzgerald Theater in Saint Paul , Minnesota ; it was also frequently heard on tours to New York City and other US cities . The show is known for its musical guests , especially folk and traditional musicians , tongue - in - cheek radio drama , and relaxed humor . Keillor 's wry storytelling segment , `` News from Lake Wobegon '' , was the show 's best - known feature during his long tenure . Distributed by Minnesota Public Radio 's distribution arm , American Public Media , A Prairie Home Companion was heard on 690 public radio stations in the United States at its peak in spring 2015 and reached an audience of four million U.S. listeners each week . The show borrowed its name from a radio program in existence in 1969 that was named after the Prairie Home Cemetery near Concordia College , in Moorhead , Minnesota . It inspired a 2006 film of the same name , written by Keillor , directed by Robert Altman , and featuring Keillor , Kevin Kline , Lily Tomlin , Meryl Streep , and Lindsay Lohan . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Hiatus 1.3 Return and final years 1.4 Guest hosts 1.5 Keillor 's departure 1.6 Name change 1.7 Planned archive 2 Format 2.1 Features 2.2 News from Lake Wobegon 2.3 Fictional sponsors 2.4 Alterations 3 Cast 3.1 Actors 3.2 Sound effects artists 3.3 Musicians 4 Production staff 5 Film 6 LP / CD releases 6.1 Stories from Lake Wobegon 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The Saturday - evening show was a partial spin - off of A Prairie Home Morning Show with Keillor and Tom Keith , which ran from 6 to 9 a.m. on Minnesota Public Radio and was continued by Keith and Dale Connelly for many years as The Morning Show . After researching the Grand Ole Opry for an article , Keillor became interested in doing a variety show on the radio . On July 6 , 1974 , the first live broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion took place . That show was broadcast from St. Paul in the Janet Wallace Auditorium of Macalester College . Twelve audience members turned out , mostly children . The second episode featured the first performance on the show by Butch Thompson , who became house pianist . Thompson stayed with the program until 1986 and still frequently performs on the show . In 1978 , the show moved into the World Theater in St. Paul , which Minnesota Public Radio purchased and renovated in 1986 and renamed the Fitzgerald Theater in 1994 . This is the same venue the program uses today . Hiatus ( edit ) The show went off the air in 1987 , with a `` final performance '' on June 13 , and Keillor married and spent some time abroad during the following two years . For a brief time , the show was replaced -- both on the air and in the World Theater -- by Good Evening , hosted by Noah Adams , a live variety show designed by ex-Prairie Home and All Things Considered staffers to retain the audience Keillor had cultivated over the years . However , many stations opted instead to continue APHC repeats in its traditional Saturday time slot . In 1989 , Keillor returned to radio with The American Radio Company of the Air ( renamed Garrison Keillor 's American Radio Company in its second season ) , broadcast originally from the Brooklyn Academy of Music . The new program featured a broadly similar format to A Prairie Home Companion , with sketches and musical guests reflecting a more New York sensibility , rather than the country and folk music predominant in APHC . Also , while Keillor sang and delivered a regular monologue on American Radio Company , Lake Wobegon was initially downplayed , as he felt it was `` cruel '' to talk to a Brooklyn audience about life in a small town . During this period , Keillor revived the full APHC format only for `` annual farewell performances '' . In the fall of 1992 , Keillor returned to the World Theater with ARC for the majority of the season , with Lake Wobegon and other APHC elements gradually but unmistakably returning to prominence . Return and final years ( edit ) A Prairie Home Companion at the 2011 Minnesota State Fair The following year , on October 2 , 1993 , the program officially reverted to the A Prairie Home Companion name and format . While many of the episodes originated from St. Paul , the show often traveled to other cities around the U.S. and overseas for its live weekly broadcasts . Common road venues included The Town Hall in New York City ; Tanglewood in Lenox , Massachusetts ; Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts in Vienna , Virginia ; Ryman Auditorium in Nashville , Tennessee ; the Greek Theater in Los Angeles ; and the State Theater in Minneapolis . It also broadcast a show each year from the Minnesota State Fair . The show was originally distributed nationally by Minnesota Public Radio in association with Public Radio International . Later , its distributor was Minnesota Public Radio 's distribution unit , American Public Media . Guest hosts ( edit ) Thile as guest host in 2016 Singer Sara Watkins of San Diego , California hosted the January 15 , 2011 , broadcast . The format was the same , but Keillor appeared only as a guest actor and to deliver the News from Lake Wobegon . He claimed he had taken the chance to see the show being performed for himself . It was reported that this could be the beginning of a trend toward Keillor 's eventual retirement , and on March 16 , 2011 , Keillor stated in an interview with the AARP that he would most likely retire from the show by the time he turned 70 in August 2012 . On January 29 , 2011 , Erica Rhodes expressed frustration over not being picked to guest host . In September 2011 , Keillor told The Tuscaloosa News that his last broadcast would be recorded in `` early July 2013 '' , and that instead of a permanent replacement host , there will be `` a whole group of people . A rotation of hosts '' , but in December 2011 Keillor said he had changed his mind and reconsidered his plans to retire because he still enjoyed hosting the show . On February 7 and 14 , 2015 , mandolinist Chris Thile hosted the show ( like Sara Watkins , a member of Nickel Creek ) . As when Watkins hosted , the format remained largely unchanged , but Keillor did not make an appearance . Instead , storyteller Tristan Jimerson appeared on the February 7 show and comedian / storyteller Elna Baker on the February 14 show . Thile 's band Punch Brothers performed on the February 7 show . Thile was named permanent host of the show in late June 2015 . Keillor 's last show as host was recorded on July 1 , 2016 , and broadcast the following day . Thile took over as permanent host on October 15 , 2016 . Keillor 's departure ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : ' 42 - year detour ' ends : Garrison Keillor homeward bound When Keillor formally announced his departure from APHC at the show 's airing on July 21 , 2015 , he indicated that Thile would succeed him as permanent host in 2016 . Keillor recorded his final episode as host live at the Hollywood Bowl before an audience of 18,000 , on July 1 , 2016 ; it was aired on the following day . The episode was titled `` Sumus Quod Sumus '' ( Latin for `` We are what we are '' ) , and was a vocal duet show of `` time - honored American ballads , British Invasion romps , country - western weepers , and Broadway classics , '' guest - starring Sara Watkins , Sarah Jarosz , Aoife O'Donovan , Heather Masse , and Christine DiGiallonardo , alongside the `` Royal Academy of Radio Actors , '' Tim Russell , Sue Scott , and Fred Newman , and the APHC ' band , with music director and pianist Rich Dworsky and Bernie Dresel ( drums ) , Larry Kohut ( bass ) , Richard Kriehn ( mandolin and fiddle ) , and Chris Siebold ( guitar ) . Barack Obama recorded a telephone call into the show , which ran on the Saturday broadcast , and Keillor performed his last `` Lives of the Cowboys '' sketch as regular host , with regulars Scott , Russell , and Newman , and including a series of duets with the guests Masse , O'Donovan , Jarosz , DiGiallonardo , and Watkins . As well , he performed his last `` News from Lake Wobegon '' segment , with its final closing description of the fictional town , where `` all the women are strong , all the men are good - looking , and all the children are above average . '' Thile made his debut as permanent host on October 15 , 2016 . Name change ( edit ) On November 29 , 2017 , Minnesota Public Radio terminated its contract with Keillor because of `` allegations of his inappropriate behavior with an individual who worked with him . '' Because Keillor still owned artistic rights and the trademark to the show 's name , MPR also announced that it would change the name , which was announced as Live from Here live on the December 16 , 2017 broadcast of the show . MPR also announced it would cease distributing reruns of A Prairie Home Companion featuring Keillor . Keillor stated he had been `` fired '' from MPR , but he had technically not been employed by MPR / APM since 2002 , working instead as an independent contractor . Planned archive ( edit ) On April 13 , 2018 , Minnesota Public Radio posted a message stating its intent to reinstate the online archives of A Prairie Home Companion and The Writer 's Almanac : Minnesota Public Radio has reached an agreement with Garrison Keillor to restore free public access to the online archives of A Prairie Home Companion and The Writer 's Almanac . Later this month , past performances of these popular shows will be returned to their respective websites : prairiehome.org and writersalmanac.org . MPR will pay $275,000 for Mr. Keillor 's rights related to these historic archives and to resolve all other matters . `` These archives feature the work of thousands of talented artists , poets and musicians , '' said Jon McTaggart , president and CEO of Minnesota Public Radio and American Public Media Group . `` We are pleased that these performances will once again be available to fans of these programs . '' Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On Air sign at the Fitzgerald Theater From the show 's inception until 1987 , its theme song was Hank Snow 's hit `` Hello Love '' . After 1987 , each show has opened with Spencer Williams ' composition `` Tishomingo Blues '' as the theme song , with lyrics written especially for A Prairie Home Companion . Music is a main feature of the program ; the show is a significant outlet for American folk music of many genres , especially country , bluegrass , blues , and gospel , but it also has guest performers from a wide variety of other styles of music , including classical , opera , and music from a number of different countries . The country musician and former record company executive Chet Atkins has appeared on the show many times , as have singer - songwriters Mark Knopfler ( lead guitarist and frontman of the bands Dire Straits and the Notting Hillbillies ) and Jeff Lang . Folk / gospel duo Robin and Linda Williams have been regular guests since 1976 , and often join Keillor and another female performer , often Jearlyn Steele , to form `` The Hopeful Gospel Quartet '' . Peter Ostroushko , Greg Brown , Jean Redpath , and Prudence Johnson , among others , were recurring guests on the program between 1974 and 1987 . The Wailin ' Jennys and Andra Suchy are current recurring guests , and when the show travels , Keillor generally features local musicians and acts . Greetings from members of the audience to friends and family at home ( frequently humorous ) are read each week by Keillor just after the show 's intermission , at the top of the second hour . Birthdays and anniversaries of famous composers and musicians are also observed . Features ( edit ) The Rhubarb Sisters singing during taping of the show Keillor and the ensemble performed comedy skits . Notable skits and characters often recur , such as the satirical `` Guy Noir , Private Eye '' , which parodied film noir and radio dramas . Guy Noir 's popularity was such that the first few notes of the theme or the first lines of the announcer 's introduction ( `` A dark night in a city that knows how to keep its secrets ... '' ) often drew applause and cheers from the audience . Also regularly featured were the adventures of Dusty and Lefty , `` The Lives of the Cowboys '' . News from Lake Wobegon ( edit ) One of the show 's best - known features was Keillor 's `` News from Lake Wobegon '' , a weekly storytelling monologue , claiming to be a report from his fictitious hometown of Lake Wobegon , `` the little town that time forgot and the decades can not improve ... where all the women are strong , all the men are good - looking , and all the children are above average '' . The opening words of the monologue usually did not change : `` Well , it 's been a quiet week in Lake Wobegon , Minnesota , my hometown , out on the edge of the prairie . '' Keillor often poked fun at central Minnesota 's large Scandinavian - American and German - American communities , and many of his fictional characters have names that reflect this . The `` News from Lake Wobegon '' did not have a set structure , but featured recurring characters and places such as the Chatterbox Café , the Sidetrack Tap , Pastor Ingqvist of the Lake Wobegon Lutheran Church and his successor Pastor Liz , Father Emil of Our Lady of Perpetual Responsibility Roman Catholic Church ( a parody of Our Mother of Perpetual Help ) , the Lake Wobegon Whippets sports teams , various members of the Bunsen and Krebsbach families , and an assortment of nearby `` Norwegian bachelor farmers '' . Once a year the program featured a special `` joke show '' , which generally included the Lake Wobegon monologue and musical acts , but with other skits replaced by the performers taking turns telling jokes . Humorists such as Paula Poundstone and Roy Blount Jr. often made guest appearances on those shows , and listeners and audience members were encouraged to submit jokes for use on the air . In - jokes are also sprinkled through the show , such as `` Piscacadawadaquoddymoggin '' , a made - up word that 's been used both for places and for people 's names . The components of this made - up word are portions of Native American place names in the New England region of the United States , most of them in Maine ( i.e. : Piscataqua , Passamaquoddy , and Androscoggin ) . Fictional sponsors ( edit ) A sign for `` Guy 's Shoes '' , one of A Prairie Home Companion 's fictitious sponsors . The show creates fictional advertisements for fictional products , performed in the style of live old - time radio commercials . The show acknowledges its actual underwriters at the beginning , end , and middle ( break ) of the show . Prairie Home 's most prominent `` sponsor '' is the fictitious `` Powdermilk Biscuits '' . Before he and the band performed the product 's jingle every week ( `` Has your family tried ' em , Powdermilk ? '' ) , Garrison Keillor would extol Powdermilk 's virtues in this way : `` Heavens they 're tasty , and expeditious . Give shy persons the strength they need to get up and do what needs to be done . Made from whole wheat raised by Norwegian bachelor farmers , so you know they 're not only good for you , they 're pure , mostly . Get ' em in the bright blue box with a picture of a biscuit on the front , or ready - made in the brown bag with the dark stains that indicate freshness . '' Among its other `` sponsors '' , Bebop - A-Reebop Rhubarb Pie ( and Frozen Rhubarb Pie Filling ) has been prominent , with ads featuring the Bebop - A-Reebop jingle , performed to the tune of `` Shortnin ' Bread '' : One little thing can revive a guy And that is a piece of rhubarb pie Serve it up , nice and hot Maybe things are n't as bad as you thought Momma 's little baby loves rhubarb , rhubarb Bebopareebop rhubarb pie . The jingle is usually sung after a bombastic , sound - effect - enhanced tale of woe , and is immediately followed by Keillor asking , `` Would n't this be a great time for a piece of rhubarb pie ? Yes , nothing gets the taste of shame and humiliation out of your mouth quite like Bebop - A-Reebop Rhubarb Pie . '' Other prominent `` sponsors '' include Bertha 's Kitty Boutique , whose locations in the fictional `` Dales '' shopping centers ( `` Roy ' n ' Dale , Airedale , Teasdale , Clydesdale , Chippendale , Mondale , and all the other fine shopping centers '' ) allude to various real people and things , and The Catchup Advisory Board -- its name a mashup of the common `` catsup '' and `` ketchup '' spellings -- which has the tagline `` Catchup : For the good times . '' Other `` sponsors '' have included : Café Boeuf , a fictionally and exceptionally snobbish French restaurant in Lake Wobegon `` where the elite meet to eat '' Guy 's Shoes -- purveyor of Guy 's All - Star Shoes , the Converse - like sponsor of the Shoe Band , which specializes in steel - toed shoes ( `` so even when you strike out ( ping ! ) you can walk away '' ) The American Duct Tape Council The American Society of Sound Effects Specialists Bob 's Bank ( `` Save at the sign of the sock '' , `` Neither a borrower nor a lender be '' ) The Bon Marché Beauty Salon Earl 's Academy of Accents The Fearmonger 's Shop , a purveyor of security devices for the perpetually paranoid The Federation of Associated Organizations Fred Farrell Animal Calls Fritz Electronics ( `` Where everything you need is on the Fritz '' ; a possible parody of Muntz Electronics ) Jack 's Auto Repair and Jack 's Warm Car Service ( `` All tracks lead to Jack 's , where the bright shining lights show you the way to complete satisfaction '' ) Marvin and Mavis Smiley seasonal bluegrass albums Midwestern Discount Store Monback Moving & Storage , in which a mover can be heard directing a moving truck to back up ( hence the name ) while the truck 's backup alarm can be heard beeping ( `` Monback ... Monback ... ( crunch ) That 's good . '' ) Mournful Oatmeal , a parody of Quaker Oats ( `` Calvinism in a box '' ) The Professional Organization of English Majors ( P.O.E.M. ) Ralph 's Pretty Good Grocery ( `` If you ca n't find it at Ralph 's , you can probably get along without it '' ) Raw Bits breakfast cereal , a cereal for a select small target audience ( `` Oat hulls and wheat chaff -- it 's not for everybody '' ) Rent - a-Raptor ( `` Rid your home of mice , rabbits , squirrels , and pesky boyfriends '' ) The Sidetrack Tap In addition , the recurring segment `` The Lives of the Cowboys '' featured its own Western - themed sponsors , including Prairie Dog Granola Bars ( `` healthier than chewing tobacco and you do n't have to spit '' ) and Cowboy Toothpicks ( `` the toothpick that 's guaranteed not to splinter '' ) . Alterations ( edit ) While much of the show is directed toward radio comedy , a portion is usually devoted to some more sentimental and sometimes dark stories put together by Keillor and others . The program occasionally also features political satire . At the beginning of the June 5 , 2004 , show ( broadcast from Meadowbrook Musical Arts Center in Gilford , New Hampshire ) , Keillor announced that former U.S. President Ronald Reagan had died . A member of the audience hooted and cheered loudly , but Keillor , a staunch Democrat , gave the Republican Reagan a warm tribute in the form of a gospel song . Similarly , in a 2002 show airing the weekend after the death of Senator Paul Wellstone , Keillor changed the format of the show , starting it off with Wellstone 's favorite segment , Guy Noir , skipping even the show 's theme song . Cast ( edit ) Rich Dworsky playing piano on a live broadcast in 2015 Actors ( edit ) Regularly appearing actors include Tim Russell ( beginning in 1994 ) and Sue Scott ( beginning in 1989 ) . When the show resumed as The American Radio Company of the Air in November 1989 , radio comedian Bob Elliott , half of the longtime radio and comedy television duo Bob and Ray , became a regular cast member . Actor Bill Perry was a member . Walter Bobbie made frequent appearances , as early as 1989 , and continuing through 2006 - 2007 . Ivy Austin was a regular contributing comedian ( and vocalist ) in the early ' 90s . Prudence Johnson has performed frequently on the show as an actress ( and a singer ) . Mark Benninghofer joined the cast as a substitute actor for a brief time after Russell broke his ankle in February 2009 , forcing him to take a month of medical leave . Erica Rhodes has been an occasional guest on the show , beginning in 1996 when she was 10 years old . Serena Brook joined the cast in October 2016 when Chris Thile became host . Sound effects artists ( edit ) Tom Keith , also known as Jim Ed Poole , appeared in all of the home - based shows . Keith died on October 30 , 2011 , at age 64 . Fred Newman filled this role in the away shows . Steve Kramer and Leslye Orr have also provided sound effects for the show . Musicians ( edit ) Regular musicians in Guy 's All - Star Shoe Band include Richard Dworsky , a composer who appeared weekly as pianist , bandleader , and music director , Gary Raynor on bass and bass guitar , Peter Johnson on percussion , Jevetta Steele on vocals , and Andy Stein on violin , tenor and bass saxophones , and vocals . When the Shoe Band had a horn section , Keillor referred to them as the Shoe Horns . Other frequent , occasional , former , or one - time musicians on the show include : Pat Donohue -- acoustic and steel guitars , vocals Peter Ostroushko -- mandolin , acoustic guitar , fiddle Randy Sandke -- trumpet , piano , keyboards Vince Giordano -- bass saxophone , tuba ( also band leader of the Nighthawks Orchestra , a Brooklyn - based jazz - style brass band ) Butch Thompson -- clarinet ( also appears as a frequent guest pianist ) George `` Red '' Maddock - drums ( deceased from lung cancer in 1986 ) Greg Brown -- harmonica and electric , acoustic , and steel guitars Cindy Cashdollar -- dobro , steel and acoustic guitars Roswell Rudd -- trombone ( only appeared once ) Marc Anderson -- drums , percussion Johnny Gimble - fiddle , mandolin , vocals , skits ( died 2015 ) Buddy Emmons -- dobro , steel guitar , vocals ( died 2015 ) Charlie Parr -- steel guitar , vocals Tim Sparks -- guitar Bill Staines -- acoustic guitar , vocals Elana James -- fiddle , vocals Philip Brunelle -- piano , organ , vocals John Koerner -- acoustic guitar , vocals Dean Magraw -- acoustic guitar , vocals Dan Barrett -- trumpet , cornet Sam Bush -- mandolin , banjo , vocals Mike Craver -- acoustic guitar , vocals Molly Mason -- bass , acoustic guitar , vocals Dick Hyman -- keyboards , organ , piano Howard Levy -- harmonica , acoustic guitar Scott Robinson -- trombone , French horn Stuart Duncan -- fiddle , vocals Dave Bargeron -- trombone , French horn Rob Fisher -- piano , organ , vocals J.T. Bates -- drums , percussion Joe Ely -- guitar Andra Suchy -- vocals , guitar Heather Masse of The Wailin ' Jennys -- vocals Sara Watkins ( of Nickel Creek ) -- vocals , fiddle , ukulele Maria Jette -- vocals Janet Sorensen -- vocals Lynn Peterson -- vocals Sarah Jarosz -- vocals , mandolin , banjo , guitar Aoife O'Donovan -- vocals Christine DiGiallonardo -- vocals Bill Hinkley Judy Larson Joel Guzman Production Staff ( edit ) Production staff , who work onstage , offstage , backstage , or behind the scenes , are led by Albert Webster , the show 's stage manager , the only staff person who appears in front of large audiences , and who frequently appears onstage during performance , speaking off - air with Keillor or other performers . Film ( edit ) Main article : A Prairie Home Companion ( film ) Released on June 9 , 2006 , A Prairie Home Companion is a film about `` a dying radio show that bears striking similarities to ' A Prairie Home Companion , ' '' with the actual APHC home venue , the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul chosen to serve `` as set piece , soundstage and framing device '' . The film was written by Garrison Keillor and directed by Robert Altman , and shot digitally , with camera by Altman 's son , Robert Altman Jr. ; the film stars Keillor , Meryl Streep , Tommy Lee Jones , Lily Tomlin , Kevin Kline , John C. Reilly , Lindsay Lohan , Maya Rudolph , Woody Harrelson , Virginia Madsen , and L.Q. Jones . APHC regular Rich Dworsky appears as the bandleader , and served as the film 's pianist , conductor , arranger , and composer . The film depicts the unnamed radio program 's behind - the - scenes activities , and the relational dynamics within the cast over its anticipated , imminent cancellation . The antagonist , Axeman , `` who has come to shut the show down '' , is played by Tommy Lee Jones . As described in a 2005 on - set piece by David Carr for The New York Times , the film set 's atmosphere had a kind of Spanky and Our Gang let 's - put - on - a-show quality , with crew , marquee talent and `` Prairie Home '' acolytes and extras mixing freely . The dailies , the traditional day 's - end look at finished footage , usually include ( d ) about 75 people , a vivid reminder of Mr. Altman 's penchant for collaborative filmmaking . And because music is such an important part of the movie and the radio show , the set always seem ( ed ) to be lifted by the pluck of a mandolin or a three - part harmony rehearsal . The film , which makes no reference to Lake Wobegon , is of feature length , with its financing provided by GreeneStreet Films , River Road Entertainment , and local Minnesota sources . Its award nominations ( 2006 , unless noted ) include the Berlin International Film Festival - Golden Bear award for best film , the National Association of Film Critics - Bodil Award for Best American Film , the Film Independent ( film association ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Director , the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay , the International Press Academy - Satellite Awards for Best Adapted Screenplay , the Independent Filmmaker Project - Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Performance , the Broadcast Film Critics Association - Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Cast , and the Casting Society of America - Artios Award for Best Casting for Feature Film ( Comedy ) ; its wins include the Yomiuri Shimbun ( film association ) Hochi Film Award ( 2007 ) for Best Foreign Film . In addition , Meryl Streep was nominated for an International Press Academy - Satellite Awards for Best Supporting Actress ( Motion Picture ) , and won the National Society of Film Critics Awards for the same category . LP / cd releases ( edit ) A Prairie Home Album ( LP ) ( Minnesota Educational Radio ) `` Tourists '' ( LP ) ( 1983 PHC ) Pretty Good Jokes ( 2 CD ) ( 2000 , HighBridge Audio ) Garrison Keillor and the Hopeful Gospel Quartet ( 1992 , Sony ) Lake Wobegon Loyalty Days ( 1993 , EMI ) Garrison Keillor 's Comedy Theater : More Songs and Sketches from A Prairie Home Companion ( 3 CD ) ( 1996 , HighBridge Company ) Horrors ! A Scary Home Companion ( 2 CD ) ( 1996 , HighBridge Company ) A Prairie Home Companion Anniversary Album ( 2 LP ) ( 1980 , Minnesota Public Radio Inc . ) Shaking The Blues Away , Rob Fisher and The Coffee Club Orchestra with Garrison Keillor ( 1992 , Angel Records in association with EMI Records Ltd . ) Pretty Good Bits From a Prairie Home Companion ( 2003 ) A Prairie Home Companion : English Majors : A Comedy Collection for the Highly Literate ( 2 CD ) ( 2008 , HighBridge Company ) Church People : The Lutherans of Lake Wobegon ( 2009 ) Stories from Lake Wobegon ( edit ) Gospel Birds and Other Stories of Lake Wobegon ( 1985 ) . Includes the stories `` Pastor Ingqvist 's Trip to Orlando '' , `` Mammoth Concert Tickets '' , `` Bruno , the Fishing Dog '' , `` Gospel Birds '' , `` Meeting Donny Hart at the Bus Stop '' , `` A Day at the Circus with Mazumbo '' , `` The Tolleruds ' Korean Baby '' , `` Sylvester Krueger 's Desk '' , and `` Babe Ruth visits Lake Wobegon '' . News from Lake Wobegon ( April 1990 ) . Includes the stories `` Me and Choir '' , `` A Day in the Life of Clarence Bunsen '' , `` Letter from Jim '' , `` Fiction '' , `` The Living Flag '' , `` The Tollefson Boy Goes to College '' , `` Tomato Butt '' , `` Chamber of Commerce '' , `` Dog Days of August '' , `` Mrs. Berge and the Schubert Carillon Piano '' , `` Giant Decoys '' , `` Darryl Tollerud 's Long Day '' , `` Hog Slaughter '' , `` Thanksgiving '' , `` The Royal Family '' , `` Guys on Ice '' , `` James Lundeen 's Christmas '' , `` The Christmas Story Retold '' , `` New Year 's from New York '' , and `` Storm Home '' . More News from Lake Wobegon ( April 1990 ) . Includes the stories `` Rotten Apples '' , `` O Death '' , `` The Wise Men '' , `` A Trip to Grand Rapids '' , `` Truck Stop '' , `` Smokes '' , `` The Perils of Spring '' , `` Let Us Pray '' , `` Alaska '' , `` Uncle Al 's Gift '' , `` Skinny Dip '' , `` Homecoming '' , `` Pontoon Boat '' , `` Author '' , `` Freedom of the Press '' , and `` Vick 's '' . Lake Wobegon USA ( September 1993 ) . Includes the stories `` The Krebsbachs ' Vacation '' , `` Prophet '' , `` The Six Labors of Father Wilmer '' , `` Fertility '' , `` Aunt Ellie '' , `` Duke 's 25th '' , `` Job - Hunting '' , `` You 're Not the Only One '' , `` Blue Devils '' , `` Nostalgia '' , `` O Christmas Tree '' , `` Pageant '' , `` Messy Shoes '' , `` Rhubarb '' , `` Sweet Corn '' , `` The Sun 's Gonna Shine Someday '' , and `` Yellow Ribbon '' . Summer ( May 1997 ) . Includes stories from disc 2 of News from Lake Wobegon . Fall ( October 1997 ) . Includes stories from disc 3 of News from Lake Wobegon . Winter ( December 1997 ) . Includes stories from disc 4 of News from Lake Wobegon . Spring ( April 1998 ) . Includes stories from disc 1 of News from Lake Wobegon . Life These Days ( October 1998 ) . Includes the stories `` Gladys Hits A Raccoon '' , `` The World 's Largest Pile '' , `` My Cousin Rose '' , `` The Risk Takers '' , `` Pastor Ingqvist at the Mall '' , `` Hunting Stories '' , `` Sorrows of January '' , `` Clarence Cleans His Roof '' , `` Miracle of the Pastor 's Dog '' , `` War of the Krebsbachs '' , `` Graduation '' , and `` Spring '' ( printed insert ) . Mother Father Uncle Aunt ( May 1998 ) . Includes the stories `` Ball Jars '' , `` Love While you Dare To '' , `` Saturday Morning in The Bon Marché '' , `` Family Trip to Yellowstone '' , `` The Flood '' , `` Bob Anderson 's Last Dance '' , `` Children Will Break Your Heart '' , `` Ronnie and The Winnebago '' , `` Carl 's Christmas Pageant '' , and `` The Tombstone '' . Humor ( October 1998 ) . Includes the stories `` Skinny Dip '' , `` Homecoming '' , `` The Freedom of the Press '' , and `` Vick 's '' from More News from Lake Wobegon . Love ( February 1999 ) . Includes the stories `` Truck Stop '' , `` Uncle Al 's Gift '' , `` Rotten Apples '' , and `` The Wise Men '' from More News from Lake Wobegon . Home on the Prairie ( July 2003 ) Never Better ( 2007 ) Faith ( April 2008 ) . Includes stories from disc 1 of More News from Lake Wobegon . Hope ( April 2008 ) . Includes stories from disc 2 of More News from Lake Wobegon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What 's next after end of decades - long Keillor - MPR relationship ? '' . Twin Cities . 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` PHC 25th anniversary website '' . prairiehome.publicradio.org . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowermaster , Jon ( December 13 , 1987 ) . `` Fresh Voices Hope to Be Far From Wobegon '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Songer , Marcia ( 2000 ) . Garrison Keillor : A Critical Companion . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30230 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Listening Information A Prairie Home Companion '' . www.prairiehome.org . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The news from Lake Wobegon : more guest hosts likely State of the Arts '' . Minnesota Public Radio News . 2011 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , Carol ( 2011 - 03 - 16 ) . Garrison Keillor Announces Retirement . AARP Bulletin . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Mark Hughes ( 2011 - 09 - 09 ) . ' Prairie Home Companion ' tour comes to the Amp . The Tuscaloosa News . Page 5 of 5 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seel , Steve ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Musician Chris Thile subs for Keillor on APHC '' . Minnesota Public Radio News . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Garrison Keillor hosts final A Prairie Home Companion episode '' . The Guardian . London . Associated Press . July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charlton , Lauretta . ' A Prairie Home Companion ' Gets a New Host -- and Maybe a Future . Vulture ( June 30 , 2015 ) . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Cameron ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` It 's Official : Chris Thile to Become Full Time Host of ' A Prairie Home Companion ' '' . thebluegrasssituation.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : AP Staff ( July 2 , 2016 ) . `` Garrison Keillor Hosts Final A Prairie Home Companion Episode '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 November 2016 -- via Associated Press ( AP ) . Jump up ^ Beyette , Beverly ( September 18 , 1985 ) . `` Fishing for Meaning in Lake Wobegon Waters : Garrison Keillor Reflects on the Success of His Semi-Autobiographical Best Seller '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ APM Staff ( July 2 , 2016 ) . `` Sumus Quod Sumus '' . PrairieHome.org . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ( Quote : ) hosted by Garrison Keillor , Show # 1557 , July 1 , 2016 , Rebroadcast from July 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Keillor , Garrison ; et al. ( July 2 , 2016 ) . `` Script : The Lives of the Cowboys , July 2 , 2016 '' . PrairieHome.org . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Public Radio '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Garrison Keillor reportedly fired for improper behavior '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Jump up ^ Baenen , Jeff ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` Garrison Keillor fired over alleged improper behavior '' . News and Record . Greensboro , NC . Associated Press . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Salam , Maya ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Public Radio Fires Garrison Keillor Over Allegations of Improper Conduct '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Live from Here : A Brief History '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Statement from Minnesota Public Radio Regarding Garrison Keillor and A Prairie Home Companion '' ( Press release ) . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , MPR News . `` Keillor 's conduct : What we know and do n't know '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` MPR Reaches Agreement with Garrison Keillor to Restore Public Access to Online Archives '' , Minnesota Public Radio , retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Bobbie Jean ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` The Country Roots of ' A Prairie Home Companion ' '' . Wide Open Country . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton , Chris . `` Garrison Keillor brings ' A Prairie Home Companion ' to a close at the Hollywood Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Judith Yaross ( 1991 ) . Garrison Keillor : A Voice of America . Studies in Popular Culture . Jackson , MS : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 35 , 85 . ISBN 978 - 1617033995 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keillor , Garrison , Tim Russell , Sue Scott , and Fred Newman ( February 14 , 2004 ) . `` Rhubarb ( Segment ; A Prairie Home Companion , with Garrison Keillor ) '' ( transcript ) . Saint Paul , MN : American Public Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( Contributing performer / writer names for this program were inferred by a Wikipedia editor from initials appearing in this source , based on regular cast information appearing elsewhere . ) Jump up ^ Keillor , Garrison ; Russell , Tim ; Scott , Sue & Dworsky , Rich ( February 4 , 2012 ) . `` Catchup ( Segment ; A Prairie Home Companion , with Garrison Keillor ) '' ( streaming video ) . Saint Paul , MN : American Public Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keillor , Garrison ; Russell , Tim ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` Café Boeuf ( Segment ; A Prairie Home Companion , with Garrison Keillor ) '' ( transcript ) . Saint Paul , MN : American Public Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ( Contributing performer / writer names for this program were inferred by a Wikipedia editor from initials appearing in this source , based on regular cast information appearing elsewhere . ) ^ Jump up to : `` 25 Years of Pretty Good Radio : Timeline '' . Saint Paul , MN : American Public Media . 2000 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Comedian Bob Elliott -- Father of Actor Chris Elliott and Grandfather to SNL Alum Abby Elliot -- Dies at 92 '' . People . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Direction of a Musical : Walter Bobbie '' . Playbill . June 1 , 1997 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Bobbie : Credits '' . AllMusic . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slotnik , Daniel E. ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Tom Keith , Creator of Radio Soundscapes , Dies at 64 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Boeni , Meg . `` Mouthing Off : The Art of Prairie Home Companion 's Fred Newman '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Guy 's All - Star Shoe Band Regular Performers A Prairie Home Companion from American Public Media '' . prairiehome.publicradio.org . American Public Media . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ https://blogs.mprnews.org/newscut/2015/05/the-man-who-put-the-swing-in-our-prairie-home/ ^ Jump up to : Carr , David ( July 23 , 2005 ) . `` Lake Wobegon Goes Hollywood ( or Is It Vice Versa ? ) , With a Pretty Good Cast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Peter ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` Radio for the Eyes : Robert Altman and Garrison Keillor , Unlikely ' Prairie ' Film Companions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) : Overview '' . Digital Film Cloud Network . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) : Accolades & Awards '' . Digital Film Cloud Network . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The NSFC was awarded to Streep for her performances in this as well as in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Kaufman , Peter ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` Radio for the Eyes : Robert Altman and Garrison Keillor , Unlikely ' Prairie ' Film Companions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . A rich source , not yet fully tapped , for the article . Hernandez , & Brooks , Brooks ( February 13 , 2006 ) . `` Daily Dispatch From Berlin : Altman 's Latest , `` Prairie '' ... `` . IndieWire.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) A rich source , not yet fully tapped , for the article . Hollywood Bowl Staff ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` A Prairie Home Companion with Garrison Keillor '' . HollywoodBowl.org . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Hollywood Bowl event site , for the Friday , June 2 , 2006 of APHC with Garrison Keillor hosting special guests Kevin Kline , Virginia Madsen , John C. Reilly , and Meryl Streep . BBC Staff & Keillor , Garrison ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` Radio 's enduring appeal '' . BBC News Magazine . London : BBC . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Justin , Neal ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sun Is Setting on Garrison Keillor 's Time on Lake Wobegon '' . Star Tribune . Minneapolis , MN . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website . Brief History Podcast Full PHC shows from 1981 to 1995 . Guide to episodes at the BBC . Index to several scheduled Public Radio programs . A Prairie Home Companion on IMDb Garrison Keillor Books Happy to be Here ( 1981 ) Lake Wobegon Days ( 1985 ) Leaving Home : A Collection of Lake Wobegon Stories ( 1987 ) We Are Still Married : Stories & Letters ( 1989 ) WLT : A Radio Romance ( 1991 ) Pontoon : A Novel of Lake Wobegon ( 2007 ) Albums A Prairie Home Album ( 1979 ) Songs of the Cat ( 1991 ) Films A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) Radio The Morning Show A Prairie Home Companion The Writer 's Almanac Related articles Lake Wobegon Guy Noir American Public Media Group American Public Media Productions APM Reports BBC World Service Brains On ! 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Use mdy dates from March 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2018 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Vague or ambiguous time from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November 2016 Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית 日本語 Norsk Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2018 , at 19 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did prairie home companion change its name	[ "A Prairie Home Companion is a weekly radio variety show created and hosted by Garrison Keillor that aired live from 1974 to 2016. In 2016, musician Chris Thile took over as host, and the successor show was eventually renamed Live from Here. A Prairie Home Companion aired on Saturdays from the Fitzgerald Theater in Saint Paul, Minnesota; it was also frequently heard on tours to New York City and other US cities. The show is known for its musical guests, especially folk and traditional musicians, tongue-in-cheek radio drama, and relaxed humor. Keillor's wry storytelling segment, \"News from Lake Wobegon\", was the show's best-known feature during his long tenure.\n" ]	[ "2016" ]
8846659730398249432	List of Cleveland Browns seasons	List of Cleveland Browns seasons - wikipedia List of Cleveland Browns seasons Jump to : navigation , search The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) when the league was founded in 1946 . From 1946 to 1949 , the Browns won each of the league 's four championships . The National Football League ( NFL ) does not recognize the Browns ' AAFC championships ; however , the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the team 's championships , which is reflected in this list . When the AAFC folded in 1949 , the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950 . The Browns went on to win three NFL championships , nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s , and won one more NFL championship in 1964 . The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl , however . Overall , the team has won eight championships : four in the AAFC , and four in the NFL . In 1996 , then - Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland , Ohio to Baltimore , Maryland . An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team 's history , name and colors in Cleveland , while Modell 's new team would be regarded as an expansion team . The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996 , and the Browns would return to the league in 1999 . For record - keeping purposes , the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , which is reflected in this list . Seasons ( edit ) For a complete team history , see History of the Cleveland Browns . The finish , wins , losses and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any post-season results . They are combined only at the bottom of this list . AAFC champions ( 1946 -- 1949 ) NFL champions ( 1950 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season results Post-season results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties All - America Football Conference 1946 1946 AAFC Western 1st 12 0 Won AAFC championship ( 1 ) ( Yankees 14 -- 9 ) 1947 1947 AAFC Western 1st 12 Won AAFC championship ( 2 ) ( Yankees 14 -- 3 ) 1948 1948 AAFC Western 1st 14 0 0 Won AAFC championship ( 3 ) ( Bills 49 -- 7 ) 1949 1949 AAFC 1st 9 Won AAFC playoff game ( Bills 31 -- 21 ) Won AAFC championship ( 4 ) ( 49ers 21 -- 7 ) Paul Brown ( COY ) National Football League ( 1950 -- 1995 ; 1999 -- present ) 1950 1950 NFL American T - 1st 10 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Giants 8 -- 3 ) Won NFL Championship ( 5 ) ( L.A. Rams 30 -- 28 ) 1951 1951 NFL American 1st 11 0 Lost NFL Championship ( L.A. Rams 17 -- 24 ) Paul Brown ( COY ) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1952 1952 NFL American 1st 8 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Lions 7 -- 17 ) 1953 1953 NFL Eastern 1st 11 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Lions 16 -- 17 ) Paul Brown ( COY ) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1954 1954 NFL Eastern 1st 9 0 Won NFL Championship ( 6 ) ( Lions 56 -- 10 ) 1955 1955 NFL Eastern 1st 9 Won NFL Championship ( 7 ) ( L.A. Rams 38 -- 14 ) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1956 1956 NFL Eastern T - 4th 5 7 0 1957 1957 NFL Eastern 1st 9 Lost NFL Championship ( Lions 14 -- 59 ) Paul Brown ( COY ) Jim Brown ( MVP , ROY ) 1958 1958 NFL Eastern T - 1st 9 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Giants 0 -- 10 ) Jim Brown ( MVP ) 1959 1959 NFL Eastern T - 2nd 7 5 0 1960 1960 NFL Eastern 2nd 8 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 3rd 8 5 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 3rd 7 6 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 2nd 10 0 Jim Brown ( BBA , MVP ) 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Won NFL Championship ( 8 ) ( B. Colts 27 -- 0 ) 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 1st 11 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Packers 12 -- 23 ) Jim Brown ( MVP , MVP ) 1966 1966 NFL Eastern T - 2nd 9 5 0 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Century 1st 9 5 0 Lost Conference Championship ( Cowboys 14 -- 52 ) 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Century 1st 10 0 Won Conference Championship ( Cowboys 20 -- 31 ) Lost NFL Championship ( B. Colts 34 -- 0 ) Leroy Kelly ( MVP ) 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Century 1st 10 Won Conference Championship ( Cowboys 38 -- 14 ) Lost NFL Championship ( Vikings 7 -- 27 ) 1970 1970 NFL AFC Central 2nd 7 7 0 1971 1971 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Colts 3 -- 20 ) 1972 1972 NFL AFC Central 2nd 10 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Dolphins 14 -- 20 ) 1973 1973 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 5 NFL AFC Central 4th 10 0 NFL AFC Central 4th 11 0 1976 1976 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 5 0 Forrest Gregg ( COY ) 1977 1977 NFL AFC Central 4th 6 8 0 1978 1978 NFL AFC Central 3rd 8 8 0 1979 1979 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 Sam Rutigliano ( COY ) 1980 1980 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders 12 -- 14 ) Sam Rutigliano ( COY ) Brian Sipe ( MVP , MVP , POY ) 1981 1981 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0 1982 1982 NFL AFC 8th 5 0 Lost First Round Playoffs ( L.A. Raiders 10 -- 27 ) Chip Banks ( Def . ROY ) NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 7 0 1984 1984 NFL AFC Central 3rd 5 11 0 1985 1985 NFL AFC Central 1st 8 8 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Dolphins 21 -- 24 ) Kevin Mack ( ROY ) 1986 1986 NFL AFC Central 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Jets 23 -- 20 ) ( 2 OT ) Lost Conference Championship ( Broncos 20 -- 23 ) Marty Schottenheimer ( COY ) NFL AFC Central 1st 10 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts 38 -- 21 ) Lost Conference Championship ( Broncos 33 -- 38 ) 1988 1988 NFL AFC Central 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Oilers 23 -- 24 ) 1989 1989 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 6 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bills 34 -- 30 ) Lost Conference Championship ( Broncos 21 -- 37 ) Michael Dean Perry ( Def . POY ) 1990 1990 NFL AFC Central 4th 13 0 1991 1991 NFL AFC Central 3rd 6 10 0 1992 1992 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 1993 1993 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 1994 1994 NFL AFC Central 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Patriots 20 -- 13 ) Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Steelers 9 -- 29 ) 1995 1995 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0 Inactive from 1996 -- 1998 1997 1998 1999 1999 NFL AFC Central 6th 14 0 2000 2000 NFL AFC Central 6th 13 0 2001 2001 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 2002 2002 NFL AFC North 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Steelers 33 -- 36 ) 2003 2003 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2005 2005 NFL AFC North 4th 6 10 0 2006 2006 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2007 2007 NFL AFC North 2nd 10 6 0 2008 2008 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2009 2009 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 NFL AFC North 3rd 5 11 0 2011 2011 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2012 2012 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 2013 2013 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2014 2014 NFL AFC North 4th 7 9 0 2015 2015 NFL AFC North 4th 13 0 2016 2016 NFL AFC North 4th 15 0 2017 2017 NFL AFC North 4th 0 8 0 Totals 4 AAFC Championships 4 NFL Championships 12 Conference Titles 9 NFL Division Titles 47 All - America Football Conference regular season results 5 0 0 AAFC post-season results 462 477 10 National Football League regular season results 11 20 0 NFL post-season results 525 490 13 AAFC and NFL regular and post-season results Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The NFL does not recognize the Browns ' AAFC championships . For the purposes of this list , however , they are included in final totals . Jump up ^ The Browns are one of only four teams to have never appeared in a Super Bowl . The other three teams are the Detroit Lions , the Houston Texans , and the Jacksonville Jaguars . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1950 NFL season , the Browns and Giants had identical 10 -- 2 -- 0 records . To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game , the NFL held a one - game conference playoff . The Browns won , 8 -- 3 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1956 season , the Browns and the Steelers ended the season with identical 5 -- 7 records . There were no tie - breaking procedures , so the teams ended the season tied . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1958 NFL season , the Browns and Giants had identical 9 -- 3 -- 0 records . To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game , the NFL held a one - game conference playoff . The Giants shut the Browns out 10 -- 0 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1959 season , the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 5 -- 7 records . There were no tie - breaking procedures , so the teams ended the season tied . Jump up ^ The Browns ' championship win in 1964 is the second most recent championship won by any sports team from the Cleveland area . The most recent being the Cleveland Cavaliers Championship win over the Golden State Warriors in 2016 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1966 season , the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 9 -- 5 records . There were no tie - breaking procedures , so the teams ended the season tied . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ This game involved the play Red Right 88 in its final minutes . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ The 1987 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Drive , in which quarterback John Elway , over the span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds , lead the Broncos on a 98 - yard drive to tie the game with 37 seconds remaining in regulation . The Broncos won the game in overtime with a field goal , 23 -- 20 . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble , in which , while on a potentially game - winning drive , the Browns ' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3 - yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock . The Broncos recovered the ball , allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety , and won the game , 38 -- 33 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1988 season , the Browns and the Oilers ended the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based on a better division record . Jump up ^ The 1990 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos marked the third time in four years that John Elway defeated Bernie Kosar and the Browns in the AFC championship game . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2001 season , the Browns and the Titans ended the season with identical 7 -- 9 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee based on a better division record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2005 season , the Browns and the Ravens ended the season with identical 6 -- 10 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Baltimore finished ahead of Cleveland based on a better division record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2007 season , the Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ended the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , the Steelers finished ahead of the Browns based on winning both games against the Browns during the season . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Browns Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . References ( edit ) `` Year By Year Season Results '' . Cleveland Browns official Web site . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns ( 1950 -- ) '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 13 . `` NFL History -- Past Standings '' . National Football League official Web site . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Franchise History -- Cleveland Browns '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame official Web site . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns ( 1946 -- 1995 ; 1999 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) `` History of the Cleveland Browns '' . Football @ JT-SW.com . John Troan . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Cleveland Browns Founded in 1946 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Headquartered in Berea , Ohio Franchise History Players Head coaches Seasons Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks 1999 expansion draft Starting quarterbacks Pro Bowlers Stadiums Cleveland Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Key personnel Owners : Jimmy Haslam Dee Haslam President ( de facto ) : Paul DePodesta General manager ( de facto ) : Sashi Brown Head coach : Hue Jackson Culture and lore Art Modell Cleveland sports curse Dawg Pound Draft Day Hot Tub Time Machine Kardiac Kids Marty Ball Paul Brown Red Right 88 Relocation controversy `` The Best Man '' The Drive The Express The Fortune Cookie The Fumble Rivalries Cincinnati Bengals Pittsburgh Steelers Playoff appearances ( 28 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1971 1972 1980 1982 1985 1986 1988 1989 1994 2002 Division championships ( 12 ) 1946 1947 1948 1967 1968 1969 1971 1980 1985 1986 1989 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1964 1965 1968 1969 League championships ( 8 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1954 1955 1964 Retired numbers 14 32 45 46 76 Hall of Fame inductees Players : Brown DeLamielleure Ford Gatski Graham Groza Hickerson Kelly Lavelli McCormack Mitchell Motley Newsome Warfield Willis Coach : Brown Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WKNR WKRK - FM WNCX Television : WEWS - TV SportsTime Ohio Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Former league affiliation League : All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 69 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Cleveland Browns seasons 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates AAFC championship ( through 1949 ) or NFL championship NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks NFL on Sports Network Incorporated ( SNI ) Related programs NFL on CBS ( 1959 ) Related articles Carling Beer Hughes Television Network NFL on television ( history ) Seasons 1955 1956 1957 1958 ( The Browns ' SNI arrangement from 1956 to 1958 was national in scope . ) 1959 1960 1961 ( For 1960 and 1961 seasons , the Browns - SNI network was reduced to a Midwest regional network . ) Commentators Ken Coleman Jimmy Dudley Otto Graham Cliff Lewis Curly Morrison Bob Wolff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cleveland_Browns_seasons&oldid=807782332 '' Categories : Cleveland Browns seasons National Football League teams seasons Cleveland Browns lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Featured lists Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 02 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the cleveland browns won a football game	[]	[]
-2377840781860080283	Fast Lane (Cedar Fair)	Fast Lane ( Cedar Fair ) - wikipedia Fast Lane ( Cedar Fair ) Jump to : navigation , search Fast Lane is Cedar Fair Entertainment Company 's version of a ' two - line ' system for their amusement rides . It was first introduced at Kings Island in 2011 , and then expanded to all Cedar Fair amusement parks for the 2012 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules 3 Attractions 3.1 California 's Great America 3.2 Canada 's Wonderland 3.3 Carowinds 3.4 Cedar Point 3.5 Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom 3.6 Kings Dominion 3.7 Kings Island 3.8 Knott 's Berry Farm 3.9 Michigan 's Adventure 3.10 Valleyfair 3.11 Worlds of Fun 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) It was first announced for Kings Island on July 18 , 2011 . The park served as the testing park for it . On January 19 , 2012 , it was announced that Fast Lane would be rolled out at all the Cedar Fair parks for the 2012 season . There is also Fright Lane , which is Fast Lane for the haunted attractions during the Halloween events . In 2013 , Canada 's Wonderland , Carowinds , Cedar Point , Kings Dominion , and Kings Island introduced Fast Lane Plus , which allows purchasers to bypass the lines of additional rides that standard Fast Lane holders would not have access to . Dorney Park did the same in 2014 , introducing Fast Lane Plus for Wildwater Kingdom attractions and free rides on a pay - per - experience attraction . Also in 2014 , Worlds of Fun introduced Fast Lane Plus allowing riders to bypass the lines of additional water slides at the Oceans of Fun water park . Rules ( edit ) Visitors can purchase Fast Lane access individually or as a group , with group pricing offering a lower price per group member . Visitors then receive a wrist band to would give them the ability to cut to the front of the line on the park 's most popular attractions . Originally , it could be used only from noon to 7 : 00 PM , but it was soon expanded to be available all day . Fast Lane differs from a virtual queue in that there is nothing virtual , only two physical queues ( lines ) : one for regular patrons and a separate one for the Fast Lane purchasers . The front row is not always available to fast lane riders on roller coasters . Fast Lane is not included for Platinum Pass holders and are valid for only one day . Fast Lane is sold in a restricted amount per day . Attractions ( edit ) This is a list of the Fast Lane attractions at each of the parks . California 's Great America ( edit ) As of May 22 , 2017 : Fast Lane Barney Oldfield Speedway Gold Striker Celebration Swings The Grizzly Delirium Loggers Run Delta Flyer Mass Effect : New Earth Demon Patriot Drop Tower Psycho Mouse Eagle 's Flight Rue Le Dodge Flight Deck Rip Roaring Rapids Flying Eagles Tiki Twirl Canada 's Wonderland ( edit ) As of May 22 , 2017 : Fast Lane Fast Lane Plus Backlot Stunt Coaster Shockwave Behemoth Drop Tower Skyhawk Leviathan Flight Deck Sledge Hammer Soaring Timbers Klockwerks Swing of the Century Krachenwagon Timberwolf Falls Mighty Canadian Minebuster Time Warp Night Mares The Rage Orbiter Vortex Psyclone Wild Beast Riptide WindSeeker Carowinds ( edit ) Fast Lane sign at Carowinds As of May 22 , 2017 : Fast Lane Fast Lane Plus Afterburn The Flying Cobras Fury 325 Boo Blasters on Boo Hill Hurler Intimidator Carolina Cyclone Plants vs. Zombies Nighthawk Carolina Goldrusher Rip Roarin ' Rapids Blackbeard 's Revenge Carolina Skytower Scrambler Electro Spin Dorsal Fin Drop Surfer 's Swell Do - Si - Do Drop Tower Vortex Zephyr Flying Ace Balloon Race WindSeeker Rock ' N ' Roller Cedar Point ( edit ) Fast Lane Plus wait time sign for GateKeeper . As of May 22 , 2017 : Fast Lane Fast Lane Plus Antique Cars Pipe Scream Gatekeeper Blue Streak Power Tower Maverick Cadillac Cars Raptor Top Thrill Dragster Corkscrew Rougarou Valravn Dodgem Scrambler Gemini Skyhawk Giant Wheel Snake River Falls Lake Erie Eagles Troika Magnum XL - 200 Wave Swinger maXair Wicked Twister Millennium Force Windseeker Monster Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom ( edit ) As of May 22 , 2017 : Fast Lane Fast Lane Plus Cedar Creek Cannonball Steel Force Aquablast Cedar Creek Flyers Stinger Aqua Racer Dodgem Talon Runaway River Dominator Thunder Canyon Snake Pit Hydra the Revenge Thunderhawk Wildwater River Meteor Tilt - A-Whirl Musik Express Wave Swinger Possessed Whip Revolution White Water Landing Road Rally Wild Mouse Scrambler Kings Dominion ( edit ) As of May 22 , 2017 : Fast Lane Fast Lane Plus Avalanche Dominator Backlot Stunt Coaster Intimidator 305 Bad Apple Volcano : The Blast Coaster Blue Ridge Tollway Delirium Dodgem Drop Tower Flight of Fear Flying Eagles Shenandoah Lumber Company Wave Swinger WindSeeker Kings Island ( edit ) As of May 22 , 2017 : Fast Lane Fast Lane Plus Adventure Express Monster The Beast Backlot Stunt Coaster Race For Your Life Charlie Brown Firehawk Banshee The Racer Flight of Fear Boo Blasters on Boo Hill Scrambler Mystic Timbers Congo Falls Shake , Rattle & Roll Tropical Plunge Delirium Surf Dog Rendezvous Run Diamondback Viking Fury Zoom Flume Dodgem Vortex Thunder Falls Drop Tower WindSeeker Eiffel Tower Woodstock Gliders Flying Ace Aerial Chase Zephyr Invertigo Knott 's Berry Farm ( edit ) As of June 14 , 2017 : Fast Lane Bigfoot Rapids Sierra Sidewinder Coast Rider Silver Bullet GhostRider Supreme Scream Jaguar ! Timber Mountain Log Ride Montezooma 's Revenge Voyage to the Iron Reef Pony Express Xcelerator Calico Mine Ride Michigan 's Adventure ( edit ) As of May 22 , 2017 : Fast Lane Adventure Falls Mad Mouse Be-Bop Blvd Scrambler Dodgem Shivering Timbers Flying Trapeze Thunderhawk Giant Gondola Wheel Tilt - A-Whirl Grand Rapids Wolverine Wildcat Lakeside Gliders Zach 's Zoomer Logger 's Run Valleyfair ( edit ) As of May 22 , 2017 : Fast Lane Breakers Plunge & Pipeline Northern Lights Corkscrew Power Tower Flying Eagles Renegade High Roller Steel Venom Looping Starship Thunder Canyon Mad Mouse Wild Thing Monster The Wave North Star Xtreme Swing Worlds of Fun ( edit ) The Fast Lane Plus option at Worlds of Fun is a combination of the Fast Lane passes for Worlds of Fun and Oceans of Fun . As of May 22 , 2017 : Fast Lane Worlds of Fun Oceans of Fun Boomerang Patriot Constrictor Detonator Prowler Diamond Head Falcon 's Flight Spinning Dragons Monsoon Fury of the Nile SteelHawk Predator 's Plunge Le Taxi Tour Timberwolf Shark 's Revenge Mamba Viking Voyager Typhoon Mustang Runner See also ( edit ) Disney 's Fastpass , the virtual queue system for the Disney Parks Universal Express Pass , a virtual queue system for the Universal parks References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fun Forward '' ( PDF ) . Investor Presentation . Cedar Fair Entertainment Company . January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NewsPlusNotes : Kings Island Announces Fast Lane '' . Newsplusnotes.blogspot.com. 2011 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Point 2012 '' . PointBuzz . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . California 's Great America . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . Canada 's Wonderland . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . Carowinds . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . Cedar Point . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . Dorney Park . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . Kings Dominion . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . Kings Island . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . Knott 's Berry Farm . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . Michigan 's Adventure . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . Valleyfair . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Lane '' . Worlds of Fun . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ( hide ) Cedar Fair Amusement parks California 's Great America Canada 's Wonderland Carowinds Cedar Point Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom Gilroy Gardens Kings Dominion Kings Island Knott 's Berry Farm Michigan 's Adventure Valleyfair Worlds of Fun Water parks Boomerang Bay Carolina Harbor Castaway Bay Cedar Point Shores Knott 's Soak City ( Buena Park ) Oceans of Fun Soak City ( Kings Island ) Soak City ( Kings Dominion ) Soak City ( Valleyfair ) Splash Works WildWater Adventure Wildwater Kingdom ( Allentown , Pennslyvania ) Former parks Geauga Lake Knott 's Camp Snoopy Knott 's Soak City ( San Diego and Palm Springs ) Star Trek : The Experience Wildwater Kingdom ( Ohio ) Other amenities Camp Snoopy Dinosaurs Alive ! Fast Lane Halloween Haunt Planet Snoopy WindSeeker People Matt Ouimet Dick Kinzel Miscellaneous Incidents at Cedar Fair parks Revenue : $1.16 billion USD ( 2014 ) Employees : 1,700 full time , 37,000 seasonal Stock Symbol : NYSE : FUN Website : cedarfair.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_Lane_(Cedar_Fair)&oldid=820200559 '' Categories : Cedar Fair Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from February 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 16 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list of fast lane rides at knott's berry farm	[]	[]
-8233971418688085517	Florida	Florida - wikipedia Florida Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state of Florida . For other uses , see Florida ( disambiguation ) . State of Florida Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Sunshine State Motto ( s ) : In God We Trust State song ( s ) : `` Old Folks at Home ( State Song ) , Florida ( Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky ) ( State Anthem ) '' Official language English Spoken languages Predominantly English ; Spanish is spoken by a sizable minority Demonym Floridian , Floridan Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro Miami metro area Area Ranked 22nd Total 65,755 sq mi ( 170,304 km ) Width 361 miles ( 582 km ) Length 447 miles ( 721 km ) % water 17.9 Latitude 24 ° 27 ' N to 31 ° 00 ' N Longitude 80 ° 02 ' W to 87 ° 38 ' W Population Ranked 3rd Total 20,612,439 ( 2016 est . ) Density 384.3 / sq mi ( 121.0 / km ) Ranked 8th Median household income $48,825 ( 41st ) Elevation Highest point Britton Hill 345 ft ( 105 m ) Mean 100 ft ( 30 m ) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean sea level Before statehood Florida Territory Admission to Union March 3 , 1845 ( 27th ) Governor Rick Scott ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Carlos López - Cantera ( R ) Legislature Florida Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Bill Nelson ( D ) Marco Rubio ( R ) U.S. House delegation 16 Republicans , 11 Democrats ( list ) Time zones Peninsula and `` Big Bend '' region EST : UTC − 5 / − 4 Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River CST : UTC − 6 / − 5 ISO 3166 US - FL Abbreviations FL , Fla . Website myflorida.com ( show ) Florida state symbols The Flag of Florida Living insignia Amphibian Barking tree frog Bird Northern mockingbird Butterfly Zebra longwing Fish Florida largemouth bass , Atlantic sailfish Flower Orange blossom Mammal Florida panther , Manatee , Bottlenose dolphin , Florida Cracker Horse Reptile American alligator , Loggerhead turtle Tree Sabal palmetto Inanimate insignia Beverage Orange juice Food Key lime pie , orange Gemstone Moonstone Rock Agatized coral Shell Horse conch Soil Myakka Song `` Old Folks at Home '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2004 Lists of United States state symbols Florida / ˈflɒrɪdə / ( listen ) ( Spanish for `` land of flowers '' ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico and another U.S. state , Alabama ; to the north by Alabama and the U.S. state of Georgia ; to the east by the Atlantic Ocean ; and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive , the 3rd-most populous , and the 8th-most densely populated of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States ( due to the consolidation of Jacksonville with Duval County ) . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area . The state 's capital is the city of Tallahassee . About two - thirds of Florida occupies a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States , approximately 1,350 miles ( 2,170 km ) , not including the contribution of the many barrier islands . It is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil . Florida has the lowest high point of any U.S. state . The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south . The American alligator , American crocodile , Florida panther , and manatee can be found in Everglades National Park in the southern part of the state . Florida is one of only two states that has a tropical climate , the other one is Hawaii and is the only continental U.S. State with a tropical climate . Since the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León -- who named it La Florida ( ( la floˈɾiða ) `` land of flowers '' ) upon landing there in the Easter season , Pascua Florida -- Florida was a challenge for the European colonial powers before it gained statehood in the United States in 1845 . It was a principal location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans , and racial segregation after the American Civil War . Today , Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth , as well as for its increasing environmental issues . The state 's economy relies mainly on tourism , agriculture , and transportation , which developed in the late 19th century . Florida is also renowned for amusement parks , orange crops , the Kennedy Space Center , and as a popular destination for retirees . Florida culture is a reflection of influences and multiple inheritance ; African , European , indigenous , and Latino heritages can be found in the architecture and cuisine . Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings , Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams , and continues to attract celebrities and athletes . It is internationally known for golf , tennis , auto racing and water sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 European arrival 1.2 Joining the United States ; Indian removal 1.3 Slavery , war , and disenfranchisement 1.4 20th - century growth 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Fauna 2.3 Flora 2.4 Environmental issues 2.5 Geology 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Settlements 3.3 Ancestry 3.4 Languages 3.5 Religion 4 Governance 4.1 Elections history 4.1. 1 Elections of 2000 to present 4.2 Statutes 4.3 Law enforcement 5 Economy 5.1 Personal income 5.2 Real estate 5.3 Tourism 5.4 Agriculture and fishing 5.5 Industry 5.6 Mining 5.7 Government 6 Health 7 Architecture 8 Media 9 Education 9.1 Primary and secondary education 9.2 Universities 10 Transportation 10.1 Highways 10.2 Airports 10.3 Intercity rail 10.4 Public transit 11 Sports 12 Sister states 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 External links History Main article : History of Florida By the 16th century , the earliest time for which there is a historical record , major Native American groups included the Apalachee ( of the Florida Panhandle ) , the Timucua ( of northern and central Florida ) , the Ais ( of the central Atlantic coast ) , the Tocobaga ( of the Tampa Bay area ) , the Calusa ( of southwest Florida ) and the Tequesta ( of the southeastern coast ) . European arrival Main article : Spanish Florida Map of Florida , likely based on the expeditions of Hernando de Soto ( 1539 -- 1543 ) . St. Augustine is one of oldest cities in Florida , established in 1565 . The Spanish - Floridan color scheme of red and white is repeated throughout downtown . The Castillo de San Marcos . Originally white with red corners , its design reflects the colors and shapes of the Cross of Burgundy and the subsequent Flag of Florida . Grenadiers led by Bernardo de Gálvez at the Siege of Pensacola . Augusto Ferrer - Dalmau , 2015 . Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans . The earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León . Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2 , 1513 . He named the region La Florida ( `` land of flowers '' ) . The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is mythical and only appeared long after his death . In May 1539 , Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida , searching for a deep harbor to land . He described seeing a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile , some reaching as high as 70 feet ( 21 m ) , with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult . The Spanish introduced Christianity , cattle , horses , sheep , the Castilian language , and more to Florida . Spain established several settlements in Florida , with varying degrees of success . In 1559 , Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present - day Pensacola , making it the first attempted settlement in Florida , but it was mostly abandoned by 1561 . In 1565 , the settlement of St. Augustine ( San Agustín ) was established under the leadership of admiral and governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , creating what would become the oldest European settlement in the continental U.S. and establishing the first generation of Floridanos and the government of Florida . Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the local tribes to Christianity . The geographical area of Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north and French claims to the west . The English attacked St. Augustine , burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times . Spain built the Castillo de San Marcos in 1672 and Fort Matanzas in 1742 to defend Florida 's capital city from attacks , and to maintain its strategic position in the defense of the Captaincy General of Cuba and the Spanish West Indies . Florida attracted numerous Africans and African - Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery . In 1738 , Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St. Augustine , a fortified town for escaped slaves to whom Montiano granted citizenship and freedom in return for their service in the Florida militia , and which became the first free black settlement legally sanctioned in North America . In 1763 , Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana , Cuba , which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years ' War . It was part of a large expansion of British territory following their victory in the Seven Years ' War . A large portion of the Floridano population left , taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba . The British soon constructed the King 's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia . The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point , which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named `` Cow Ford '' , both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there . The British divided and consolidated the Florida provinces ( Las Floridas ) into East Florida and West Florida , a division the Spanish government kept after the brief British period . The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement . In order to induce settlers to move to Florida , reports of its natural wealth were published in England . A large number of British settlers who were described as being `` energetic and of good character '' moved to Florida , mostly coming from South Carolina , Georgia and England . There was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda . This would be the first permanent English - speaking population in what is now Duval County , Baker County , St. Johns County and Nassau County . The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane , indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber . As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish administration . Furthermore , the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were , with the advice of councils , to establish courts . This would be the first introduction of much of the English - derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury , habeas corpus and county - based government . Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence . Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution . Spain regained both East and West Florida after Britain 's defeat in the American Revolution and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles in 1783 , and continued the provincial divisions until 1821 . Joining the United States ; Indian removal See also : Republic of East Florida , Florida Territory , and Seminole Wars Defense of Florida 's northern border with the United States was minor during the second Spanish period . The region became a haven for escaped slaves and a base for Indian attacks against U.S. territories , and the U.S. pressed Spain for reform . Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots - Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina . Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities and the Floridan government , they were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to immigrate into Florida unchecked . These migrants , mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period , would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers . These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area and ignored Spanish authorities . The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule , leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so - called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23 . After meetings beginning in June , rebels overcame the garrison at Baton Rouge ( now in Louisiana ) , and unfurled the flag of the new republic : a single white star on a blue field . This flag would later become known as the `` Bonnie Blue Flag '' . In 1810 , parts of West Florida were annexed by proclamation of President James Madison , who claimed the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase . These parts were incorporated into the newly formed Territory of Orleans . The U.S. annexed the Mobile District of West Florida to the Mississippi Territory in 1812 . Spain continued to dispute the area , though the United States gradually increased the area it occupied . In 1812 , a group of settlers from Georgia , with de facto support from the U.S. federal government , attempted to overthrow the Floridan government in the province of East Florida . The settlers hoped to convince Floridans to join their cause and proclaim independence from Spain , but the settlers lost their tenuous support from the federal government and abandoned their cause by 1813 . Seminoles based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements , and offering havens for runaway slaves . The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory , including the 1817 -- 1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War . The United States now effectively controlled East Florida . Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become `` a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy , civilized or savage , of the United States , and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them . '' Florida had become a burden to Spain , which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons . Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams - Onís Treaty , which took effect in 1821 . President James Monroe was authorized on March 3 , 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance . Andrew Jackson , on behalf of the U.S. federal government , served as a military commissioner with the powers of governor of the newly acquired territory for a brief period . On March 30 , 1822 , the U.S. Congress merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory . A contemporaneous depiction of the New River Massacre in 1836 . By the early 1800s , Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida . In 1830 , the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased , pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida . Seminoles harbored runaway blacks , known as the Black Seminoles , and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers . In 1832 , the Treaty of Payne 's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida . Many Seminole left at this time . Some Seminoles remained , and the U.S. Army arrived in Florida , leading to the Second Seminole War ( 1835 -- 1842 ) . Following the war , approximately 3,000 Seminole and 800 Black Seminole were removed to Indian Territory . A few hundred Seminole remained in Florida in the Everglades . A Cracker cowboy , 19th century . On March 3 , 1845 , Florida became the 27th state to join the United States of America . The state was admitted as a slave state and ceased to be a sanctuary for runaway slaves . Initially its population grew slowly . As European settlers continued to encroach on Seminole lands , and the United States intervened to move the remaining Seminoles to the West . The Third Seminole War ( 1855 -- 58 ) resulted in the forced removal of most of the remaining Seminoles , although hundreds of Seminole Indians remained in the Everglades . Slavery , War , and disenfranchisement Further information : Florida in the American Civil War The Battle of Olustee during the American Civil War , 1864 . American settlers began to establish cotton plantations in north Florida , which required numerous laborers , which they supplied by buying slaves in the domestic market . By 1860 , Florida had only 140,424 people , of whom 44 % were enslaved . There were fewer than 1,000 free African Americans before the American Civil War . In January 1861 , nearly all delegates in the Florida Legislature approved an ordinance of secession , declaring Florida to be `` a sovereign and independent nation '' -- an apparent reassertion to the preamble in Florida 's Constitution of 1838 , in which Florida agreed with Congress to be a `` Free and Independent State . '' Although not directly related to the issue of slavery , the ordinance declared Florida 's secession from the Union , allowing it to become one of the founding members of the Confederate States , a looser union of states . The confederal union received little help from Florida ; the 15,000 men it offered were generally sent elsewhere . The largest engagements in the state were the Battle of Olustee , on February 20 , 1864 , and the Battle of Natural Bridge , on March 6 , 1865 . Both were Confederate victories . The war ended in 1865 . Following the American Civil War , Florida 's congressional representation was restored on June 25 , 1868 , albeit forcefully after Radical Reconstruction and the installation of unelected government officials under the final authority of federal military commanders . After the Reconstruction period ended in 1876 , white Democrats regained power in the state legislature . In 1885 they created a new constitution , followed by statutes through 1889 that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites . Until the mid-20th century , Florida was the least populous Southern state . In 1900 , its population was only 528,542 , of whom nearly 44 % were African American , the same proportion as before the Civil War . The boll weevil devastated cotton crops . Forty thousand blacks , roughly one - fifth of their 1900 population , left the state in the Great Migration . They left due to lynchings and racial violence , and for better opportunities . Disfranchisement for most African Americans in the state persisted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s gained federal legislation in 1965 to enforce protection of their constitutional suffrage . 20th - century growth Historically , Florida 's economy has been based primarily upon agricultural products such as cattle , sugar cane , citrus fruits , tomatoes , and strawberries . Economic prosperity in the 1920s stimulated tourism to Florida and related development of hotels and resort communities . Combined with its sudden elevation in profile was the Florida land boom of the 1920s , which brought a brief period of intense land development . Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928 , followed by the Great Depression , brought that period to a halt . Florida 's economy did not fully recover until the military buildup for World War II . In 1939 , Florida was described as `` still very largely an empty State . Subsequently , the growing availability of air conditioning , the climate , and a low cost of living made the state a haven . Migration from the Rust Belt and the Northeast sharply increased Florida 's population after 1945 . In recent decades , more migrants have come for the jobs in a developing economy . With a population of more than 18 million according to the 2010 census , Florida is the most populous state in the Southeastern United States , and the fourth-most populous in the United States . Key West Historic District Laura Street in Downtown Jacksonville The Florida House on Capitol Hill , or `` embassy of Florida '' in D.C. Historic Ybor City in Tampa The Downtown Miami Historic District has some of the oldest buildings in Miami Geography A topographic map of Florida . Köppen climate types of Florida Main article : Geography of Florida See also : List of counties in Florida and List of Florida state parks Much of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico , the Atlantic Ocean and the Straits of Florida . Spanning two time zones , it extends to the northwest into a panhandle , extending along the northern Gulf of Mexico . It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama , and on the west , at the end of the panhandle , by Alabama . It is the only state that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico . Florida is west of The Bahamas and 90 miles ( 140 km ) north of Cuba . Florida is one of the largest states east of the Mississippi River , and only Alaska and Michigan are larger in water area . The water boundary is 3 nautical miles ( 3.5 mi ; 5.6 km ) offshore in the Atlantic Ocean and 9 nautical miles ( 10 mi ; 17 km ) offshore in the Gulf of Mexico . Florida and its relation to Cuba and The Bahamas . At 345 feet ( 105 m ) above mean sea level , Britton Hill is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state . Much of the state south of Orlando lies at a lower elevation than northern Florida , and is fairly level . Much of the state is at or near sea level . However , some places such as Clearwater have promontories that rise 50 to 100 ft ( 15 to 30 m ) above the water . Much of Central and North Florida , typically 25 mi ( 40 km ) or more away from the coastline , have rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250 ft ( 30 to 76 m ) . The highest point in peninsular Florida ( east and south of the Suwannee River ) , Sugarloaf Mountain , is a 312 - foot ( 95 m ) peak in Lake County . On average , Florida is the flattest state in the United States . Climate Main articles : Climate of Florida and Geography of Florida § Climate See also : List of Florida hurricanes and U.S. state temperature extremes The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean . North of Lake Okeechobee , the prevalent climate is humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa ) , while areas south of the lake ( including the Florida Keys ) have a true tropical climate ( Köppen : Aw ) . Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit ( 32 -- 34 ° C ) . Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit ( 4 -- 7 ° C ) in north Florida to above 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) from Miami on southward . With an average daily temperature of 70.7 ° F ( 21.5 ° C ) , it is the warmest state in the U.S. In the summer , high temperatures in the state seldom exceed 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Several record cold maxima have been in the 30s ° F ( − 1 to 4 ° C ) and record lows have been in the 10s ( − 12 to − 7 ° C ) . These temperatures normally extend at most a few days at a time in the northern and central parts of Florida . Southern Florida , however , rarely encounters freezing temperatures . The hottest temperature ever recorded in Florida was 109 ° F ( 43 ° C ) , which was set on June 29 , 1931 in Monticello . The coldest temperature was − 2 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) , on February 13 , 1899 , just 25 miles ( 40 km ) away , in Tallahassee . Due to its subtropical and tropical climate , Florida rarely receives snow . However , on rare occasions , a combination of cold moisture and freezing temperatures can result in snowfall in the farthest northern regions . Frost is more common than snow , occurring sometimes in the panhandle . The USDA Plant hardiness zones for the state range from zone 8a ( no colder than 10 ° F or − 12 ° C ) in the inland western panhandle to zone 11b ( no colder than 45 ° F or 7 ° C ) in the lower Florida Keys . Average high and low temperatures for various Florida cities ° F Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jacksonville 65 / 42 68 / 45 74 / 50 79 / 55 86 / 63 90 / 70 92 / 73 91 / 73 87 / 69 80 / 61 74 / 51 67 / 44 Miami 76 / 60 78 / 62 80 / 65 83 / 68 87 / 73 89 / 76 91 / 77 91 / 77 89 / 76 86 / 73 82 / 68 78 / 63 Orlando 71 / 49 74 / 52 78 / 56 83 / 60 88 / 66 91 / 72 92 / 74 92 / 74 90 / 73 85 / 66 78 / 59 73 / 52 Pensacola 61 / 43 64 / 46 70 / 51 76 / 58 84 / 66 89 / 72 90 / 74 90 / 74 87 / 70 80 / 60 70 / 50 63 / 45 Tallahassee 64 / 39 68 / 42 74 / 47 80 / 52 87 / 62 91 / 70 92 / 72 92 / 72 89 / 68 82 / 57 73 / 48 66 / 41 Tampa 70 / 51 73 / 54 77 / 58 81 / 62 88 / 69 90 / 74 90 / 75 91 / 76 89 / 74 85 / 67 78 / 60 72 / 54 ° C Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jacksonville 18 / 6 20 / 7 23 / 10 26 / 13 30 / 17 32 / 21 33 / 23 33 / 23 31 / 21 27 / 16 23 / 11 19 / 7 Miami 24 / 16 26 / 17 27 / 18 28 / 20 31 / 23 32 / 24 33 / 25 33 / 25 32 / 24 30 / 23 28 / 20 26 / 17 Orlando 22 / 9 23 / 11 26 / 13 28 / 16 31 / 19 33 / 22 33 / 23 33 / 23 32 / 23 29 / 19 26 / 15 23 / 11 Pensacola 16 / 6 18 / 8 21 / 11 24 / 14 29 / 19 32 / 22 32 / 23 32 / 23 31 / 21 27 / 16 21 / 10 17 / 7 Tallahassee 18 / 4 20 / 6 23 / 8 27 / 11 31 / 17 33 / 21 33 / 22 33 / 22 32 / 20 28 / 14 23 / 9 19 / 5 Tampa 21 / 11 23 / 12 25 / 14 27 / 17 31 / 21 32 / 23 32 / 24 33 / 24 32 / 23 29 / 19 26 / 16 22 / 12 Florida 's nickname is the `` Sunshine State '' , but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state . Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States , as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the United States . Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state , in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn . A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually . The rest of the state , including Miami , receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually . Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per area ( when including waterspouts ) but they do not typically reach the intensity of those in the Midwest and Great Plains . Hail often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms . Hurricanes pose a severe threat each year during the June 1 to November 30 hurricane season , particularly from August to October . Florida is the most hurricane - prone state , with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline . Of the category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States , 83 % have either hit Florida or Texas . From 1851 to 2006 , Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes , 37 of them major -- category 3 and above . It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm . Florida was the site of what was then the costliest weather disaster in U.S. history , Hurricane Andrew , which caused more than $25 billion in damage when it struck in August 1992 ; it held that distinction until 2005 , when Hurricane Katrina surpassed it . Hurricane Wilma -- the second-most expensive hurricane in Florida history -- landed just south of Marco Island in October 2005 . Although tropical storms would affect the state , it would be eleven years until the next hurricane ( Hurricane Hermine ) struck the state , and twelve years until the next major hurricane . Hurricane Irma struck the state where Wilma did in 2017 . Hurricane Andrew bearing down on Florida on August 23 , 1992 . The Royal Poinciana grows in South Florida and blooms in the winter , an indication of South Florida 's tropical climate Summer afternoon showers from the Everglades traveling eastward over Downtown Miami Fall foliage occurs annually in North Florida . Snow is uncommon in Florida , but has occurred in every major Florida city at least once . Winter in Miami . Miami 's tropical climate makes it a top tourist destination in the winter . Fauna Further information : List of mammals of Florida , Snakes of Florida , and List of invasive marine fish in Florida An alligator in the Florida Everglades . Florida is host to many types of wildlife including : Marine mammals : bottlenose dolphin , short - finned pilot whale , North Atlantic right whale , West Indian manatee Mammals : Florida panther , northern river otter , mink , eastern cottontail rabbit , marsh rabbit , raccoon , striped skunk , squirrel , white - tailed deer , Key deer , bobcats , gray fox , coyote , wild boar , Florida black bear , nine - banded armadillos , Virginia opossum Reptiles : eastern diamondback and pygmy rattlesnakes , gopher tortoise , green and leatherback sea turtles , and eastern indigo snake . In 2012 , there were about one million American alligators and 1,500 crocodiles . Birds : peregrine falcon , bald eagle , northern caracara , snail kite , osprey , white and brown pelicans , sea gulls , whooping and sandhill cranes , roseate spoonbill , Florida scrub jay ( state endemic ) , and others . One subspecies of wild turkey , Meleagris gallopavo , namely subspecies osceola , is found only in Florida . The state is a wintering location for many species of eastern North American birds . As a result of climate change , there have been small numbers of several new species normally native to cooler areas to the north : snowy owls , snow buntings , harlequin ducks , and razorbills . These have been seen in the northern part of the state . Invertebrates : carpenter ants , termites , American cockroach , Africanized bees , the Miami blue butterfly , and the grizzled mantis . The only known calving area for the northern right whale is off the coasts of Florida and Georgia . The native bear population has risen from a historic low of 300 in the 1970s , to 3,000 in 2011 . Since their accidental importation from South America into North America in the 1930s , the red imported fire ant population has increased its territorial range to include most of the southern United States , including Florida . They are more aggressive than most native ant species and have a painful sting . A number of non-native snakes and lizards have been released in the wild . In 2010 the state created a hunting season for Burmese and Indian pythons , African rock pythons , green anacondas , and Nile monitor lizards . Green iguanas have also established a firm population in the southern part of the state . There are about 500,000 feral pigs in Florida . Key deer in the lower Florida Keys The Florida scrub jay is found only in Florida . West Indian manatee Florida panther , native of South Florida Leatherback sea turtle Whooping crane Flora There are about 3,000 different types of wildflowers in Florida . This is the third-most diverse state in the union , behind California and Texas , both larger states . On the east coast of the state , mangroves have normally dominated the coast from Cocoa Beach southward ; salt marshes from St. Augustine northward . From St. Augustine south to Cocoa Beach , the coast fluctuates between the two , depending on the annual weather conditions . Everglades National Park in Southern Florida Bahia Honda in the Florida Keys Ocala National Forest in Central and Northern Florida . Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve in Northeast Florida Environmental issues The beaches of Key Biscayne in Miami . Main article : Environment of Florida Florida is a low per capita energy user . It is estimated that approximately 4 % of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources . Florida 's energy production is 6 % of the nation 's total energy output , while total production of pollutants is lower , with figures of 6 % for nitrogen oxide , 5 % for carbon dioxide , and 4 % for sulfur dioxide . All potable water resources have been controlled by the state government through five regional water authorities since 1972 . Red tide has been an issue on the southwest coast of Florida , as well as other areas . While there has been a great deal of conjecture over the cause of the toxic algae bloom , there is no evidence that it is being caused by pollution or that there has been an increase in the duration or frequency of red tides . The Florida panther is close to extinction . A record 23 were killed in 2009 predominately by automobile collisions , leaving about 100 individuals in the wild . The Center for Biological Diversity and others have therefore called for a special protected area for the panther to be established . Manatees are also dying at a rate higher than their reproduction . Much of Florida has an elevation of less than 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) , including many populated areas . Therefore , it is susceptible to rising sea levels associated with global warming . The Atlantic beaches that are vital to the state 's economy are being washed out to sea due to rising sea levels caused by climate change . The Miami beach area , close to the continental shelf , is running out of accessible offshore sand reserves . Geology Main article : Geology of Florida The Florida peninsula is a porous plateau of karst limestone sitting atop bedrock known as the Florida Platform . The largest deposits of potash in the United States are found in Florida . Extended systems of underwater caves , sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents . The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell . During the last glacial period , lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula , largely savanna . The Everglades , an enormously wide , slow - flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula . Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010 . Florida is tied for last place as having the fewest earthquakes of any U.S. state . Earthquakes are rare because Florida is not located near any tectonic plate boundaries . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Florida See also : Culture of Florida Florida 's population density Population Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1830 34,730 -- 1840 54,477 56.9 % 1850 87,445 60.5 % 1860 140,424 60.6 % 1870 187,748 33.7 % 1880 269,493 43.5 % 1890 391,422 45.2 % 1900 528,542 35.0 % 1910 752,619 42.4 % 1920 968,470 28.7 % 1930 1,468,211 51.6 % 1940 1,897,414 29.2 % 1950 2,771,305 46.1 % 1960 4,951,560 78.7 % 1970 6,789,443 37.1 % 1980 9,746,324 43.6 % 1990 12,937,926 32.7 % 2000 15,982,378 23.5 % 18,801,310 17.6 % Est. 2016 20,612,439 9.6 % Sources : 1910 -- 2010 2016 Estimate The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1 , 2015 , a 7.82 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310 . Florida was the seventh fastest - growing state in the U.S. in the 12 - month period ending July 1 , 2012 . In 2010 , the center of population of Florida was located between Fort Meade and Frostproof . The center of population has moved less than 5 miles ( 8 km ) to the east and approximately 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census . The population exceeded 19.7 million by December 2014 , surpassing the population of the state of New York for the first time . Florida contains the highest percentage of people over 65 ( 17 % ) . There were 186,102 military retirees living in the state in 2008 . About two - thirds of the population was born in another state , the second highest in the U.S. In 2010 , illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 5.7 % of the population . This was the sixth highest percentage of any U.S. state . There were an estimated 675,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010 . A 2013 Gallup poll indicated that 47 % of the residents agreed that Florida was the best state to live in . Results in other states ranged from a low of 18 % to a high of 77 % . Settlements See also : List of urbanized areas in Florida ( by population ) , Florida statistical areas , List of municipalities in Florida , and Florida locations by per capita income The legal name in Florida for a city , town or village is `` municipality '' . In Florida there is no legal difference between towns , villages and cities . In 2012 , 75 % of the population lived within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of the coastline . Largest cities or towns in Florida Source : Rank Name County Pop . Jacksonville Miami Jacksonville Duval 853,382 Tampa Orlando Miami Miami - Dade 430,332 Tampa Hillsborough 358,699 Orlando Orange 262,372 5 St. Petersburg Pinellas 253,693 6 Hialeah Miami - Dade 235,563 7 Tallahassee Leon 188,107 8 Fort Lauderdale Broward 176,013 9 Port St. Lucie St. Lucie 174,110 10 Cape Coral Lee 169,854 A map of Florida showing county names and boundaries . The largest metropolitan area in the state as well as the entire southeastern United States is the Miami metropolitan area , with about 6.06 million people . The Tampa Bay Area , with over 3.02 million people , is the second largest ; the Orlando metropolitan area , with over 2.44 million people , is the third ; and the Jacksonville metropolitan area , with over 1.47 million people , is fourth . Florida has 22 Metropolitan Statistical Areas ( MSAs ) defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) . 43 of Florida 's 67 counties are in a MSA . Ancestry Predominant ancestry in Florida in 2010 Florida racial breakdown ( hide ) Racial composition 1970 1990 2000 2013 White ( includes White Hispanics ) 84.2 % 83.1 % 78.0 % 75.0 % 78.1 % Black 15.3 % 13.6 % 14.6 % 16.0 % 16.7 % Asian 0.2 % 1.2 % 1.7 % 2.4 % 2.7 % Native 0.1 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.5 % Other race 0.1 % 1.8 % 3.0 % 3.6 % -- Two or more races -- -- 2.3 % 2.5 % 1.9 % Non-Hispanic whites 77.9 % 73.2 % 65.4 % 57.9 % 56.4 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 6.6 % 12.2 % 16.8 % 22.5 % 23.6 % Hispanic and Latinos of any race made up 22.5 % of the population in 2010 . As of 2011 , 57 % of Florida 's population younger than age 1 were minorities ( meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ) . In 2010 , 6.9 % of the population ( 1,269,765 ) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry ( regardless of race or ethnicity ) . Many of these were of English or Scotch - Irish descent ; however , their families have lived in the state for so long , that they choose to identify as having `` American '' ancestry or do not know their ancestry . In the 1980 United States census the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry . Some of their ancestry went back to the original thirteen colonies . As of 2010 , those of ( non-Hispanic white ) European ancestry accounted for 57.9 % of Florida 's population . Out of the 57.9 % , the largest groups were 12.0 % German ( 2,212,391 ) , 10.7 % Irish ( 1,979,058 ) , 8.8 % English ( 1,629,832 ) , 6.6 % Italian ( 1,215,242 ) , 2.8 % Polish ( 511,229 ) , and 2.7 % French ( 504,641 ) . White Americans of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state . In 1970 , non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80 % of Florida 's population . Those of English and Irish ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban / suburban areas across the state . Some native white Floridians , especially those who have descended from long - time Florida families , may refer to themselves as `` Florida crackers '' ; others see the term as a derogatory one . Like whites in most of the other Southern states , they descend mainly from English and Scots - Irish settlers , as well as some other British American settlers . Cuban men playing dominoes in Miami 's Little Havana . In 2010 , Cubans made up 34.4 % of Miami 's population and 6.5 % of Florida 's . As of 2010 , those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry accounted for 22.5 % ( 4,223,806 ) of Florida 's population . Out of the 22.5 % , the largest groups were 6.5 % ( 1,213,438 ) Cuban , 4.5 % ( 847,550 ) Puerto Rican , 3.3 % ( 629,718 ) Mexican , and 1.6 % ( 300,414 ) Colombian . Florida 's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa , Puerto Ricans in Orlando and Tampa , and Mexican / Central American migrant workers . The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile . As of 2011 , 57.0 % of Florida 's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups . Florida has a large and diverse Hispanic population , with Cubans and Puerto Ricans being the largest groups in the state . Nearly 80 % of Cuban Americans live in Florida , especially South Florida where there is a long - standing and affluent Cuban community . Florida has the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York , as well as the fastest - growing in the nation . Puerto Ricans are more widespread throughout the state , though the heaviest concentrations are in the Orlando area of Central Florida . As of 2010 , those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0 % of Florida 's population , which includes African Americans . Out of the 16.0 % , 4.0 % ( 741,879 ) were West Indian or Afro - Caribbean American . During the early 1900s , black people made up nearly half of the state 's population . In response to segregation , disfranchisement and agricultural depression , many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration , in waves from 1910 to 1940 , and again starting in the later 1940s . They moved for jobs , better education for their children and the chance to vote and participate in society . By 1960 the proportion of African Americans in the state had declined to 18 % . Conversely large numbers of northern whites moved to the state . Today , large concentrations of black residents can be found in northern and central Florida . Aside from blacks descended from African slaves brought to the US south , there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian , recent African , and Afro - Latino immigrant origins , especially in the Miami / South Florida area . In 2016 , Florida had the highest percentage of West Indians in the United States at 4.5 % , with 2.3 % ( 483,874 ) from Haitian ancestry , 1.5 % ( 303,527 ) Jamaican , and 0.2 % ( 31,966 ) Bahamian , with the other West Indian groups making up the rest . As of 2010 , those of Asian ancestry accounted for 2.4 % of Florida 's population . Languages 20 % of Floridians speak Spanish , the second-most widely - spoken language . See also : Demographics of Florida § Languages , and Miami accent In 1988 English was affirmed as the state 's official language in the Florida Constitution . Spanish is also widely spoken , especially as immigration has continued from Latin America . Twenty percent of the population speak Spanish as their first language . Twenty - seven percent of Florida 's population reports speaking a mother language other than English , and more than 200 first languages other than English are spoken at home in the state . The most common languages spoken in Florida as a first language in 2010 are : 73 % -- English 20 % -- Spanish 2 % -- Haitian Creole Other languages comprise less than 1 % spoken by the state 's population Religion Miami Cathedral of Saint Mary . Roman Catholicism is the largest single religious denomination in the state . The 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey showed the religious makeup of the state was as follows : Christian 70 % 24 % Evangelical Protestant 21 % Catholic 14 % Mainline Protestant 8 % Black Protestant 3 % Other Christian 3 % Jewish 3 % Other non-Christian faiths 24 % Unaffiliated In 2010 , the three largest denominational groups in Florida were the Roman Catholic Church , the Southern Baptist Convention , and the United Methodist Church . Florida is mostly Protestant , but Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in the state , due in significant part to the state 's large Hispanic population . There is also a sizable Jewish community , located mainly in South Florida ; this is the largest Jewish population in the South and the third - largest in the U.S. behind those of New York and California . Governance Main article : Government of Florida See also : List of Florida Governors , United States Congressional Delegations from Florida , and Florida Cabinet Florida Capitol buildings The basic structure , duties , function , and operations of the government of the state of Florida are defined and established by the Florida Constitution , which establishes the basic law of the state and guarantees various rights and freedoms of the people . The state government consists of three separate branches : judicial , executive , and legislative . The legislature enacts bills , which , if signed by the governor , become law . The Florida Legislature comprises the Florida Senate , which has 40 members , and the Florida House of Representatives , which has 120 members . The current Governor of Florida is Rick Scott . The Florida Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and six Justices . Florida has 67 counties . Some reference materials may show only 66 because Duval County is consolidated with the City of Jacksonville . There are 379 cities in Florida ( out of 411 ) that report regularly to the Florida Department of Revenue , but there are other incorporated municipalities that do not . The state government 's primary source of revenue is sales tax . Florida does not impose a personal income tax . The primary revenue source for cities and counties is property tax ; unpaid taxes are subject to tax sales which are held ( at the county level ) in May and ( due to the extensive use of online bidding sites ) are highly popular . There were 800 federal corruption convictions from 1988 to 2007 , more than any other state . Elections History Further information : Politics of Florida , Elections in Florida , and Political party strength in Florida Florida registered voters as of December 31 , 2016 Party Number of Voters Percentage Democratic 4,905,705 37.85 % Republican 4,575,277 35.31 % Minor Parties 347,288 2.68 % No Party Affiliation 3,130,915 24.16 % Total 12,959,185 100 % From 1952 to 1964 , most voters were registered Democrats , but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964 . The following year , Congress passed and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in order to prevent the discrimination and disenfranchisement that had excluded most of them for decades from the political process . From the 1930s through much of the 1960s , Florida was essentially a one - party state dominated by white conservative Democrats , who together with other Democrats of the Solid South , exercised considerable control in Congress . They have gained slightly less federal money from national programs than they have paid in taxes . Since the 1970s , conservative white voters in the state have largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party . Though the majority of registered voters in Florida are Democrats . It has continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century , except in 1976 and 1996 , when the Democratic nominee was from the South . In the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections , Barack Obama carried the state as a northern Democrat , attracting high voter turnout especially among the young , Independents , and minority voters , of whom Hispanics comprise an increasingly large proportion . 2008 marked the first time since 1932 , when Franklin D. Roosevelt carried the state , that Florida was carried by a Northern Democrat for president . The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast , where demographic changes were underway . In this period , African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state 's constitution and discriminatory practices ; in the 19th century they had made up most of the Republican Party . Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida , attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states . In 1966 Claude R. Kirk , Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor , in an upset election . In 1968 Edward J. Gurney , also a white conservative , was elected as the state 's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator . In 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat , and maintained dominance for years . Since the mid-20th century , Florida has been considered a bellwether , voting for 13 successful presidential candidates since 1952 . It voted for the loser only three times . Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 49.02 % 4,615,910 47.81 % 4,501,455 2012 49.13 % 4,163,447 50.01 % 4,237,756 2008 48.22 % 4,045,624 51.03 % 4,282,074 52.10 % 3,964,522 47.09 % 3,583,544 2000 48.85 % 2,912,790 48.84 % 2,912,253 42.32 % 2,244,536 48.02 % 2,546,870 1992 40.89 % 2,173,310 39.00 % 2,072,698 60.87 % 2,618,885 38.51 % 1,656,701 1984 65.32 % 2,730,350 34.66 % 1,448,816 1980 55.52 % 2,046,951 38.50 % 1,419,475 1976 46.64 % 1,469,531 51.93 % 1,636,000 1972 71.91 % 1,857,759 27.80 % 718,117 1968 40.53 % 886,804 30.93 % 676,794 1964 48.85 % 905,941 51.15 % 948,540 1960 51.51 % 795,476 48.49 % 748,700 In 1998 , Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States , known colloquially as `` snowbirds '' . South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area are dominated by both racial minorities and white liberals . Because of this , the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state . The Daytona Beach area is similar demographically and the city of Orlando has a large Hispanic population , which has often favored Democrats . Republicans , made up mostly of white conservatives , have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida , particularly in the more rural and suburban areas . This is characteristic of its voter base throughout the Deep South . The fast - growing I - 4 corridor area , which runs through Central Florida and connects the cities of Daytona Beach , Orlando , and Tampa / St. Petersburg , has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters . The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion , making it the biggest swing area in the state . Since the late 20th century , the voting results in this area , containing 40 % of Florida voters , has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections . The Democratic Party has maintained an edge in voter registration , both statewide and in 40 of the 67 counties , including Miami - Dade , Broward , and Palm Beach counties , the state 's three most populous . Elections of 2000 to present Main article : United States presidential election in Florida , 2000 Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . In 2000 , George W. Bush won the U.S. Presidential election by a margin of 271 -- 266 in the Electoral College . Of the 271 electoral votes for Bush , 25 were cast by electors from Florida . The Florida results were contested and a recount was ordered by the court , with the results settled in a court decision . Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives . The legislature 's redistricting , announced in 2012 , was quickly challenged in court , on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests . In 2015 , the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature 's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010 ; it accepted a new map in early December 2015 . The political make - up of congressional and legislative districts has enabled Republicans to control the governorship and most statewide elective offices , and 17 of the state 's 27 seats in the 2012 House of Representatives . Florida has been listed as a swing state in Presidential elections since 1950 , voting for the losing candidate once in that period of time . In the closely contested 2000 election , the state played a pivotal role . Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore , around 500 votes separated the two candidates for the all - decisive Florida electoral votes that landed Bush the election win . Florida 's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states . A 2002 study in the American Sociological Review concluded that `` if the state 's 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians , Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida -- and the presidency -- by more than 80,000 votes . '' In 2008 , delegates of both the Republican Florida primary election and Democratic Florida primary election were stripped of half of their votes when the conventions met in August due to violation of both parties ' national rules . In the 2010 elections , Republicans solidified their dominance statewide , by winning the governor 's mansion , and maintaining firm majorities in both houses of the state legislature . They won four previously Democratic - held seats to create a 19 -- 6 Republican - majority delegation representing Florida in the federal House of Representatives . In 2010 , more than 63 % of state voters approved the initiated Amendments 5 and 6 to the state constitution , to ensure more fairness in districting . These have become known as the Fair District Amendments . As a result of the 2010 United States Census , Florida gained two House of Representative seats in 2012 . The legislature issued revised congressional districts in 2012 , which were immediately challenged in court by supporters of the above amendments . The court ruled in 2014 , after lengthy testimony , that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering . After this was appealed , in July 2015 the Florida Supreme Court ruled that lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives , and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn . On December 2 , 2015 , a 5 -- 2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts , some of which was drawn by challengers . Their ruling affirmed the map previously approved by Leon County Judge Terry Lewis , who had overseen the original trial . It particularly makes changes in South Florida . There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts . According to The Sentencing Project , the effect of Florida 's felony disenfranchisement law is such that in 2014 , `` ( m ) ore than one in ten Floridians -- and nearly one in four African - American Floridians -- are ( were ) shut out of the polls because of felony convictions , '' although they had completed sentences and parole / probation requirements . Statutes See also : Law of Florida The Florida Supreme Court The state repealed mandatory auto inspection in 1981 . In 1972 , the state made personal injury protection auto insurance mandatory for drivers , becoming the second in the nation to enact a no - fault insurance law . The ease of receiving payments under this law is seen as precipitating a major increase in insurance fraud . Auto insurance fraud was the highest in the nation in 2011 , estimated at close to $1 billion . Fraud is particularly centered in the Miami - Dade metropolitan and Tampa areas . Law enforcement Further information : List of law enforcement agencies in Florida and Crime in Florida Florida was ranked the fifth-most dangerous state in 2009 . Ranking was based on the record of serious felonies committed in 2008 . The state was the sixth highest scammed state in 2010 . It ranked first in mortgage fraud in 2009 . In 2009 , 44 % of highway fatalities involved alcohol . Florida is one of seven states that prohibit the open carry of handguns . This law was passed in 1987 . According to the Federal Trade Commission , Florida has the highest per capita rate of both reported fraud and other types of complaints including identity theft complaints . Economy See also : List of U.S. states by GDP Launch of Space Shuttle Columbia from the Kennedy Space Center Map of Florida showing average income by county . The Brickell Financial District in Miami contains the largest concentration of international banks in the United States . In the twentieth century , tourism , industry , construction , international banking , biomedical and life sciences , healthcare research , simulation training , aerospace and defense , and commercial space travel have contributed to the state 's economic development . The Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) of Florida in 2016 was $926 billion . Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States . In 2010 , it became the fourth largest exporter of trade goods . The major contributors to the state 's gross output in 2007 were general services , financial services , trade , transportation and public utilities , manufacturing and construction respectively . In 2010 -- 11 , the state budget was $70.5 billion , having reached a high of $73.8 billion in 2006 -- 07 . Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third `` Best State for Business '' in 2011 . The economy is driven almost entirely by its nineteen metropolitan areas . In 2004 , they had a combined total of 95.7 % of the state 's domestic product . Personal income See also : Florida locations by per capita income In 2011 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $39,563 , ranking 27th in the nation . In February 2011 , the state 's unemployment rate was 11.5 % . Florida is one of seven states that do not impose a personal income tax . Florida 's constitution establishes a state minimum wage that is adjusted for inflation annually . As of January 1 , 2017 , Florida 's minimum wage was $5.08 for tipped positions , and $8.10 for non-tipped positions , which was higher than the federal rate of $7.25 . Florida has 4 cities in the top 25 cities in the U.S. with the most credit card debt . The state also had the second - highest credit card delinquency rate , with 1.45 % of cardholders in the state more than 90 days delinquent on one or more credit cards . There were 2.4 million Floridians living in poverty in 2008 . 18.4 % of children 18 and younger were living in poverty . Miami is the sixth poorest big city in the United States . In 2010 , over 2.5 million Floridians were on food stamps , up from 1.2 million in 2007 . To qualify , Floridians must make less than 133 % of the federal poverty level , which would be under $29,000 for a family of four . Real estate In the early 20th century , land speculators discovered Florida , and businessmen such as Henry Plant and Henry Flagler developed railroad systems , which led people to move in , drawn by the weather and local economies . From then on , tourism boomed , fueling a cycle of development that overwhelmed a great deal of farmland . Because of the collective effect on the insurance industry of the hurricane claims of 2004 , homeowners insurance has risen 40 % to 60 % and deductibles have risen . At the end of the third quarter in 2008 , Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the U.S. , with 7.8 % of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days . A 2009 list of national housing markets that were hard hit in the real estate crash included a disproportionate number in Florida . The early 21st - century building boom left Florida with 300,000 vacant homes in 2009 , according to state figures . In 2009 , the US Census Bureau estimated that Floridians spent an average 49.1 % of personal income on housing - related costs , the third highest percentage in the U.S. In the third quarter of 2009 , there were 278,189 delinquent loans , 80,327 foreclosures . Sales of existing homes for February 2010 was 11,890 , up 21 % from the same month in 2009 . Only two metropolitan areas showed a decrease in homes sold : Panama City and Brevard County . The average sales price for an existing house was $131,000 , 7 % decrease from the prior year . Tourism The Port of Miami is the world 's largest cruise ship port . Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando . If you ca n't find something to do in Florida , you 're just boring ... -- Guy Fieri , celebrity chef , 2017 Tourism makes up one of the largest sectors of the state economy , with nearly 1.4 million persons employed in the tourism industry in 2016 ( a record for the state , surpassing the 1.2 million employment from 2015 ) . In 2015 , Florida broke the 100 - million visitor mark for the first time in state history by hosting a record 105 million visitors and broke that record in 2016 with 112.8 million tourists ; Florida has set tourism records for six consecutive years . Many beach towns are popular tourist destinations , particularly during winter and spring break . Twenty - three million tourists visited Florida beaches in 2000 , spending $22 billion . The public has a right to beach access under the public trust doctrine , but some areas have access effectively blocked by private owners for a long distance . Amusement parks , especially in the Greater Orlando area , make up a significant portion of tourism . The Walt Disney World Resort is the most visited vacation resort in the world with over 50 million annual visitors , consisting of four theme parks , 27 themed resort hotels , 9 non -- Disney hotels , two water parks , four golf courses and other recreational venues . Other major theme parks in the area include Universal Orlando Resort , SeaWorld Orlando and Busch Gardens Tampa . Agriculture and fishing Oranges in Florida . Agriculture is the second largest industry in the state . Citrus fruit , especially oranges , are a major part of the economy , and Florida produces the majority of citrus fruit grown in the United States . In 2006 , 67 % of all citrus , 74 % of oranges , 58 % of tangerines , and 54 % of grapefruit were grown in Florida . About 95 % of commercial orange production in the state is destined for processing ( mostly as orange juice , the official state beverage ) . Citrus canker continues to be an issue of concern . From 1997 to 2013 , the growing of citrus trees has declined 25 % , from 600,000 acres ( 240,000 ha ) to 450,000 acres ( 180,000 ha ) . Citrus greening disease is incurable . A study states that it has caused the loss of $4.5 billion between 2006 and 2012 . As of 2014 , it was the major agricultural concern . Other products include sugarcane , strawberries , tomatoes and celery . The state is the largest producer of sweet corn and green beans for the U.S. The Everglades Agricultural Area is a major center for agriculture . The environmental impact of agriculture , especially water pollution , is a major issue in Florida today . In 2009 , fishing was a $6 billion industry , employing 60,000 jobs for sports and commercial purposes . Industry The Miami Civic Center has the second - largest concentration of medical and research facilities in the United States . Florida is the leading state for sales of power boats . There were $1.96 billion worth of boats sold in 2013 . Mining Phosphate mining , concentrated in the Bone Valley , is the state 's third - largest industry . The state produces about 75 % of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25 % of the world supply , with about 95 % used for agriculture ( 90 % for fertilizer and 5 % for livestock feed supplements ) and 5 % used for other products . After the watershed events of Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade , Tourism , and Economic Development . Governor Jeb Bush realized that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida 's backbone industry of tourism severely . The office was directed to target Medical / Bio-Sciences among others . Three years later , The Scripps Research Institute ( TSRI ) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion . In 2003 , TSRI announced plans to establish a major science center in Palm Beach , a 364,000 square feet ( 33,800 m ) facility on 100 acres ( 40 ha ) , which TSRI planned to occupy in 2006 . Government Since the development of the federal NASA Merritt Island launch sites on Cape Canaveral ( most notably Kennedy Space Center ) in 1962 , Florida has developed a sizable aerospace industry . Another major economic engine in Florida is the United States military . There are 24 military bases in the state , housing three Unified Combatant Commands ; United States Central Command in Tampa , United States Southern Command in Doral , and United States Special Operations Command in Tampa . Some 109,390 U.S. military personnel stationed in Florida , contributing , directly and indirectly , $52 billion a year to the state 's economy . In 2009 , there were 89,706 federal workers employed within the state . Tens of thousands more employees work for contractors who have federal contracts , including those with the military . In 2012 , government of all levels was a top employer in all counties in the state , because this classification includes public school teachers and other school staff . School boards employ nearly 1 of every 30 workers in the state . The federal military was the top employer in three counties . Health There were 2.7 million Medicaid patients in Florida in 2009 . The governor has proposed adding $2.6 billion to care for the expected 300,000 additional patients in 2011 . The cost of caring for 2.3 million clients in 2010 was $18.8 billion . This is nearly 30 % of Florida 's budget . Medicaid paid for 60 % of all births in Florida in 2009 . The state has a program for those not covered by Medicaid . In 2013 , Florida refused to participate in providing coverage for the uninsured under the Affordable Care Act , popularly called Obamacare . The Florida legislature also refused to accept additional Federal funding for Medicaid , although this would have helped its constituents at no cost to the state . As a result , Florida is second only to Texas in the percentage of its citizens without health insurance . Architecture Miami Art Deco District , built during the 1920s -- 1930s . Florida has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world , most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area , especially Miami Beach 's Art Deco District , constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination . A unique architectural design found only in Florida is the post-World War II Miami Modern , which can be seen in areas such as Miami 's MiMo Historic District . Being of early importance as a regional center of banking and finance , the architecture of Jacksonville displays a wide variety of styles and design principles . Many of state 's earliest skyscrapers were constructed in Jacksonville , dating as far back as 1902 , and last holding a state height record from 1974 to 1981 . The city is endowed with one of the largest collections of Prairie School buildings outside of the Midwest . Jacksonville is also noteworthy for its collection of Mid-Century modern architecture . Some sections of the state feature architectural styles including Spanish revival , Florida vernacular , and Mediterranean Revival . A notable collection of these styles can be found in St. Augustine , the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement within the borders of the United States . Media This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) See also : Category : Florida media Education Main article : Education in Florida Primary and secondary Education Florida 's public primary and secondary schools are administered by the Florida Department of Education . School districts are organized within county boundaries . Each school district has an elected Board of Education which sets policy , budget , goals , and approves expenditures . Management is the responsibility of a Superintendent of schools . The Florida Department of Education is required by law to train educators in teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages ( ESOL ) . Universities The State University System of Florida was founded in 1905 , and is governed by the Florida Board of Governors . During the 2010 academic year , 312,216 students attended one of these twelve universities . The Florida College System comprises 28 public community and state colleges . In 2011 -- 12 , enrollment consisted of more than 875,000 students . As of 2017 the University of Central Florida , with over 64,000 students , is the largest university by enrollment in the United States . Florida 's first private university , Stetson University , was founded in 1883 . The Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida is an association of 28 private , educational institutions in the state . This Association reported that their member institutions served over 121,000 students in the fall of 2006 . In 2016 , Florida charged the second lowest tuition in the nation for four years , $26,000 for in - state students , to $86,000 for out - of - state students . This compares with an average of 34,800 nationally for in - state students . Florida State University Tallahassee University of Florida Gainesville Florida Gulf Coast University Fort Myers Flagler College Saint Augustine University of Miami Coral Gables University of Central Florida Orlando Transportation Main article : Transportation in Florida Florida 's Turnpike Highways Further information : State Roads in Florida Florida 's highway system contains 1,473 mi ( 2,371 km ) of interstate highway , and 9,934 mi ( 15,987 km ) of non-interstate highway , such as state highways and U.S. Highways . Florida 's interstates , state highways , and U.S. Highways are maintained by the Florida Department of Transportation . In 2011 , there were about 9,000 retail gas stations in the state . Floridians consume 21 million gallons of gasoline daily , ranking it third in national use . Motorists have the 45th lowest rate of car insurance in the U.S. 24 % are uninsured . Drivers between 15 and 19 years of age averaged 364 car crashes a year per ten thousand licensed Florida drivers in 2010 . Drivers 70 and older averaged 95 per 10,000 during the same time frame . A spokesperson for the non-profit Insurance Institute said that `` Older drivers are more of a threat to themselves . '' Before the construction of routes under the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 , Florida began construction of a long cross-state toll road , Florida 's Turnpike . The first section , from Fort Pierce south to the Golden Glades Interchange was completed in 1957 . After a second section north through Orlando to Wildwood ( near present - day The Villages ) , and a southward extension around Miami to Homestead , it was finished in 1974 . Florida 's primary interstate routes include : I ‐ 4 , which spans 133 miles , bisects the state , connecting Tampa , Lakeland , Orlando , and Daytona Beach , connecting with I - 75 in Tampa and I - 95 in Daytona Beach . I - 10 , which spans 362 miles in Florida , traverses the panhandle , connecting Pensacola , Tallahassee , Lake City , and Jacksonville , with interchanges with I - 75 in Lake City and I - 95 in Jacksonville . It is the southernmost interstate in the United States terminating in Santa Monica with a total length of 2460 miles . I - 75 , which spans 470 miles in Florida , enters the state near Lake City ( 45 miles ( 72 km ) west of Jacksonville ) and continues southward through Gainesville , Ocala , Tampa 's eastern suburbs , Bradenton , Sarasota , Fort Myers and Naples , where it crosses the `` Alligator Alley '' as a toll road to Fort Lauderdale before turning southward and terminating in Hialeah / Miami Lakes having interchanges with I - 10 in Lake City and I - 4 in Tampa.It is the second longest north south interstate with a total length of 1786 miles and terminates at the Canadian border at Sault Ste . Marie , MI . I - 95 , which spans 382 miles in Florida , enters the state near Jacksonville and continues along the Atlantic Coast through Daytona Beach , the Melbourne / Titusville , Palm Bay , Vero Beach , Fort Pierce , Port Saint Lucie , Stuart , West Palm Beach , and Fort Lauderdale , before terminating in Downtown Miami , with interchanges with I - 10 in Jacksonville and I - 4 in Daytona Beach . There are four auxiliary routes associated with the interstate . It is the longest north south interstate with a total length of 1924 miles and terminates at the Canadian border northeast of Houlton , ME . Airports See also : List of airports in Florida and Aviation in Florida Miami International Airport is the world 's 10th - busiest cargo airport , and second busiest airport for international passengers in the U.S. Florida has 131 public airports . Florida 's seven large hub and medium hub airports , as classified by the FAA , are the following : City served Code Airport name FAA Enplanements Miami MIA Miami International Airport Large Hub 17,017,654 Orlando MCO Orlando International Airport Large Hub 17,017,491 Fort Lauderdale FLL Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood Int'l Airport Large Hub 10,829,810 Tampa TPA Tampa International Airport Large Hub 8,137,222 Fort Myers RSW Southwest Florida International Airport Medium Hub 3,714,157 West Palm Beach PBI Palm Beach International Airport Medium Hub 2,958,416 Jacksonville JAX Jacksonville International Airport Medium Hub 2,755,719 Intercity rail Amtrak serves most major cities in Florida . This West Palm Beach Station serves Amtrak and Tri-Rail commuter rail service . Florida is served by Amtrak , operating numerous lines throughout , connecting the state 's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada . The busiest Amtrak train stations in Florida in 2011 were : Sanford ( 259,944 ) , Orlando ( 179,142 ) , Tampa Union Station ( 140,785 ) , Miami ( 94,556 ) , and Jacksonville ( 74,733 ) . Sanford , in Greater Orlando , is the southern terminus of the Auto Train , which originates at Lorton , Virginia , south of Washington , D.C. Until 2005 , Orlando was also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited , which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans , Houston , and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles . Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains ( the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor ) , which operate between New York City and Miami . Miami Central Station , the city 's rapid transit , commuter rail , intercity rail , and bus hub , is under construction . The Florida Department of Transportation was preparing to build a high - speed rail between Tampa , Lakeland and Orlando . This was to be the first phase of the Florida High Speed Rail system . Soil work began in July 2010 and construction of the line was slated to begin in 2011 , with the initial Tampa - Orlando phase completed by 2014 . The second phase , would have extended the line to Miami . Governor Scott , however , refused federal funds and the project has been canceled . All Aboard Florida is a proposed higher - speed rail service that would run between Orlando and Miami at speeds up to 125 mph . Its Miami to Cocoa portion is scheduled to open in 2016 , with the final segment to Orlando opening in 2017 . Public transit The Miami Metrorail is the state 's only rapid transit system . About 15 % of Miamians use public transit daily . Further information : Transportation in South Florida Miami : Miami 's public transportation is served by Miami - Dade Transit that runs Metrorail , a heavy rail rapid transit system , Metromover , a people mover train system in Downtown Miami , and Metrobus , Miami 's bus system . Metrorail runs throughout Miami - Dade County and has two lines and 23 stations connecting to Downtown Miami 's Metromover and Tri-Rail . Metromover has three lines and 21 stations throughout Downtown Miami . Outside of Miami - Dade County , public transit in the Miami metropolitan area is served by Broward County Transit and Palm Tran ; intercounty commuter rail service is provided by Tri-Rail , with 18 stations including the region 's three international airports . Orlando : Orlando is served by the SunRail commuter train , which runs on a 32 miles ( 51 km ) ( 61 miles ( 98 km ) when complete ) line including four stops in downtown . Lynx bus serves the greater Orlando area in Orange , Seminole , and Osceola counties . Tampa : Tampa and its surrounding area use the Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority system ( `` HART '' ) . In addition , downtown Tampa has continuous trolley services in the form of a heritage trolley powered by Tampa Electric Company . Pinellas County and St. Petersburg provide similar services through the Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority or `` PSTA '' . The beaches of Pinellas County also have a continuous trolley bus . Downtown St. Petersburg has a trolley system . Jacksonville : Jacksonville is served by the Jacksonville Skyway , an automated people mover monorail connecting the Florida State College downtown campus , the Northbank central business district , Convention Center , and Southbank locations . The system includes 8 stops connected by two lines . JTA bus has 180 vehicles with 56 lines . Largest public transit systems in Florida ( 2012 ) Rank City Weekday passenger ridership Population served % of population on transit Modes of transit Miami 367,000 2,554,776 14.4 % Tri-Rail , Metrorail , Metromover & Metrobus Fort Lauderdale 147,718 1,748,066 8.5 % Tri-Rail ( commuter rail ) & BCT bus Orlando 97,000 2,134,411 4.4 % Lynx bus & Sunrail Gainesville 50,500 125,326 40.3 % RTS bus 5 Tampa 50,400 1,229,226 4.1 % HART bus & TECO Line Streetcar 6 West Palm Beach 45,100 1,320,134 3.4 % Tri-Rail ( commuter rail ) & Palm Tran ( bus ) 7 St. Petersburg 42,500 916,542 4.6 % PSTA bus 8 Jacksonville 41,500 821,784 5.0 % JTA bus & Skyway ( people mover ) 9 Tallahassee 22,400 181,376 12.4 % StarMetro bus Sports Main article : Sports in Florida Daytona International Speedway is home to various auto racing events Florida has three NFL teams , two MLB teams , two NBA teams , two NHL teams , and one MLS team . Florida gained its first permanent major - league professional sports team in 1966 when the American Football League added the Miami Dolphins . The state of Florida has given professional sports franchises some subsidies in the form of tax breaks since 1991 . About half of all Major League Baseball teams conduct spring training in the state , with teams informally organized into the `` Grapefruit League '' . Throughout MLB history , other teams have held spring training in Florida . NASCAR ( headquartered in Daytona Beach ) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February , featuring the Daytona 500 , and ends all three Series in November at Homestead - Miami Speedway . Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July . The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world 's most prestigious endurance auto races . The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Grand Prix of Miami have held IndyCar races as well . Florida is a major golf hub . The PGA of America is headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens , the PGA Tour is headquartered in Ponte Vedra Beach , and the LPGA is headquartered in Daytona Beach . The Players Championship , WGC - Cadillac Championship , Arnold Palmer Invitational , Honda Classic and Valspar Championship are PGA Tour rounds . The Miami Masters is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and WTA Premier tennis event , whereas the Delray Beach International Tennis Championships is an ATP World Tour 250 event . Minor league baseball , football , basketball , ice hockey , soccer and indoor football teams are based in Florida . Three of the Arena Football League 's teams are in Florida . Florida 's universities have a number of collegiate sport programs , especially the Florida State Seminoles and Miami Hurricanes of the Atlantic Coast Conference , and the Florida Gators of the Southeastern Conference . Florida major league professional sports teams Team League Venue Location Championships Miami Dolphins National Football League Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens 2 ( 1972 , 1973 ) Miami Heat National Basketball Association American Airlines Arena Miami 3 ( 2006 , 2012 , 2013 ) Miami Marlins Major League Baseball Marlins Park Miami 2 ( 1997 , 2003 ) Florida Panthers National Hockey League BB&T Center Sunrise 0 Tampa Bay Buccaneers National Football League Raymond James Stadium Tampa 1 ( 2003 ) Tampa Bay Rays Major League Baseball Tropicana Field St. Petersburg 0 Tampa Bay Lightning National Hockey League Amalie Arena Tampa 1 ( 2004 ) Orlando Magic National Basketball Association Amway Center Orlando 0 Orlando City SC Major League Soccer Orlando City Stadium Orlando 0 Jacksonville Jaguars National Football League EverBank Field Jacksonville 0 Sister states Sister jurisdiction Country Year Languedoc - Roussillon France Taiwan Province Taiwan , R.O.C. 1992 Wakayama Prefecture Japan 1995 Western Cape South Africa 1995 Nueva Esparta Venezuela 1999 Kyonggi South Korea 2000 See also Florida portal Ecology of Florida Florida Department of Education Index of Florida - related articles List of counties in Florida List of National Register of Historic Places in Florida List of people from Florida List of places in Florida List of sister cities in Florida Music of Florida Outline of Florida -- organized list of topics about Florida Republic of East Florida Timeline of Florida History References Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 9 , Constitution of the State of Florida '' . 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United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` State creates season for hunting pythons '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . February 23 , 2010 . p. 6B . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2010 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Waymer , Jim ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` Refuge hopes new hunts help big pig problem '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1B . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sonnenberg , Maria ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` Florida 's flowers '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1D . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Consumption by Source and Total Consumption per Capita , Ranked by State , 2004 '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Energy . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` State Energy Profiles : Florida '' . US Department of Energy . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Statutes '' . Leg.state.fl.us . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daley , Beth ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Tide 's toxins trouble lungs ashore '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams Hale , Leslie ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Record number of panthers killed by vehicles in 2009 '' . Naples News . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeff Goodell ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Goodbye , Miami '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Where Sand Is Gold , the Reserves Are Running Dry '' . The New York Times . August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Industry overview '' . First research . hoovers.com . March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allen , Ginger M. ; Main , Martin B ( May 2005 ) . `` Florida 's Geological History '' . Florida Cooperative Extension Service . University of Florida . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Farm seeks 28 % rate hike '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . February 16 , 2011 . p. 8B . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tied for last with North Dakota Jump up ^ Presler , Margaret Webb ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` More earthquakes than usual ? Not really '' . KidsPost . Washington D.C. p . C10 . Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Website Services & Coordination Staff ( WSCS ) . `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search '' . census.gov . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weissmann , Jordan ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` The Fastest - Growing States in America ( and Why They 're Booming ) '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florida 's Population Center Migrates through History '' . University of Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Florida Leaves New York Behind in Its Rear - View Mirror , December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael B. Sauter ; Douglas A. McIntyre ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` The States With The Oldest And Youngest Residents '' . wallst.com . Jump up ^ `` Retired Military Personnel '' . The Intercom . Patrick Air Force Base , Florida : Military Officers Association of Cape Canaveral . June 2009 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Amy Goodman ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` '' A Ponzi State `` -- Univ. of South Florida Professor Examines the Economic Crisis in Florida '' . Democracy Now ! . Jump up ^ Slevin , Peter ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` New Arizona law puts police in ' tenuous ' spot '' . Washington Post . Washington , D.C. p . A4 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ behind Nevada , Arizona , New Jersey , California and Texas Jump up ^ Reed , Matt ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` E-Verify best way to find illegals '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1B . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Ledyard ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Some Florida Lawmakers took pricey but free trips in 2013 '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 26http://www.news -- press.com/story/news/2014/04/26/florida -- lawmakers -- staffs -- traveled -- world / 8228979 / A . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fishkind , Hank ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` Beaches are critically important to us '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 4B . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Census population '' . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Population Division , Laura K. Yax . `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Population of Florida : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts Jump up ^ Center for New Media and Promotions ( C2PO ) . `` 2010 Census Data '' . 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Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . census.gov . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thedailyjournal -- Puerto Rico 's population exodus is all about jobs '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ chrome - extension://bpmcpldpdmajfigpchkicefoigmkfalc/views/app.html?uuid=e604ea55-03cc-43b1-aff1-f77a7de3aba7 Jump up ^ `` Compendium of the Ninth Census : Population , with race '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . p. 14 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser : 1960 US Census '' . University of Virginia , Geospatial and Statistical Data Center . University of Virginia Library . 2004 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=04000US12&primary_geo_id=04000US12#valueType%7Cpercentage ^ Jump up to : `` Florida '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Victoria M. ( April 2004 ) . `` The Status of English Language Learners in Florida : Trends and Prospects '' ( PDF ) . Education Policy Research Unit , Arizona State University . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center , `` Religious Landscape Study : Florida '' Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Population of the United States , by State ( 2011 ) '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Culture of corruption '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . January 7 , 2011 . p. 1A . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Registration -- Current by County as of August 31 , 2016 '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://files.taxfoundation.org/legacy/docs/ftsbs-timeseries-20071016-.pdf Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20161024133158/http://dos.myflorida.com/elections/data-statistics/voter-registration-statistics/voter-registration-monthly-reports/voter-registration-current-by-county/ Jump up ^ Saxon , Wolfgang ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` William C. Cramer , 81 , a Leader Of G.O.P. Resurgence in South '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Claude Roy Kirk , Jr '' . Office of Cultural and Historic Programs , State of Florida . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jr , Robert McG ( May 23 , 1996 ) . `` E.J. Gurney , 82 , Senator Who Backed Nixon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Florida '' . 270towin.com . January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ See also Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Fessenden , Ford ; Broder , John M. ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` Study of Disputed Florida Ballots Finds Justices Did Not Cast the Deciding Vote '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cf . Fla . Stat . § 103.011 ( web version ) ( `` Votes cast for the actual candidates for President and Vice President shall be counted as votes cast for the presidential electors supporting such candidates . The Department of State shall certify as elected the presidential electors of the candidates for President and Vice President who receive the highest number of votes . '' ) Jump up ^ Matt Ford , `` Restoring Voting Rights for Felons in Maryland '' , The Atlantic , February 9 , 2016 , accessed March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Mary Ellen Klas , `` Florida Supreme Court approves congressional map drawn by challengers '' , Tampa Bay Times , December 2 , 2015 , accessed December 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brent Staples , `` Florida Leads the Pack -- in Felon Disenfranchisement '' , New York Times , November 7 , 2014 , accessed March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` New laws include auto inspection repeal '' . Ocala Star - Banner . September 27 , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Injury Protection ( PIP ) '' ( PDF ) . The Florida Senate , Committee on Banking and Insurance . August 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption at Miami - Dade auto accident clinics creates huge financial burden on drivers '' . United Auto Courts Report . United Auto Insurance Co . January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deslatte , Aaron ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Scott says PIP program ' has to be fixed ' '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Tia ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Scott - backed bill to combat fraud advances in House '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` House version of PIP reform gets Scott endorsement '' . Tampa Bay Times . January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Most Dangerous States for 2009 '' . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't get scammed '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . January 22 , 2011 . p. 13A . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Basu , Kaustuv ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` Officials cite safer cars , seat belts '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1A . Jump up ^ Basu , Kaustuv ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Change would relax handgun law '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1B . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Consumer Sentinel Network Data Book '' ( PDF ) . Federal Trade Commission . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell Neighborhood Guide '' . Nestseekers.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell Real Estate -- Millionaires Row '' . Miamisignaturehomes.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Total Gross Domestic Product for Florida '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product by state Table 8 : Gross Domestic Product by State in Current Dollars , 2003 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Economic Analysis , United States Department of Commerce . July 2007 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Szakonyi , Mark ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Florida is No. 4 in US exports '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 14A . Jump up ^ Flemming , Paul ( March 6 , 2011 ) . `` Budget battle set to begin '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1A . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Site Selection Rankings '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Metro Areas In The US Economy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` STATE PERSONAL INCOME 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Economic Analysis , United States Department of Commerce . March 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bls.gov ; Local Area Unemployment Statistics Jump up ^ `` Florida 's Minimum Wage Rates '' . U.S. Department of Labor . October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Blake ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` Cities with the most credit card debt '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : `` State scores well in credit card , mortgage payment delinquency '' . The Burlington Free Press . December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Flemming , Paul ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` Poverty estimates pain sad picture '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 8B . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bill Glauber and Ben Poston ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Milwaukee now fourth poorest city in nation '' . JSOnline . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hafenbrack , Josh ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` 2.5 million on Fla. food stamps '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Fort Lauderdale , Florida . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Orr , Deborah ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` America 's 25 Weakest Housing Markets '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our views : Playing with fire '' . Florida Today . March 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Scott ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Census Bureau : 1 in 3 Virginians Pays Plenty for Housing '' . Arlington Sun Gazette . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Enrique , Eric ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` No to noncourt foreclosures '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 13A . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Price , Wayne T. ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Area home sales down '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 6C . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Guy Fieri talks new projects , criticism and the Triple D effect at Disney Springs in Orlando '' . Tampa Bay Times . February 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GOV . SCOTT : FLORIDA SETS ANOTHER TOURISM RECORD '' . ^ Jump up to : `` What They Are Saying ... Florida Leaders Celebrate Record 105 Million Tourists in 2015 '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Day , Ashley ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Florida shines brightly in spring '' . USA Today / Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 3U . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waymer , Jim ( February 15 , 2010 ) . `` Beaches get pumped up '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 13A . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laying out an `` unwelcome mat '' to public beach access '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 10 Most Popular Theme Parks in the World . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Commodity Profile : Citrus '' ( PDF ) . Agricultural Issues Center , University of California . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Doering , Christopher ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Nelson lauds effect for state , Rubio opposes wide reach '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1A . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crop Profile for Celery in Florida '' . NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management , North Carolina State University . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Corn , Green Bean Prices Rise After Florida Freezes '' . Calorielab . January 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Price , Wayne T. ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Locals to protest fish regulation '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 8C . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ miamiherald.com ( accessed February 20 , 2012 ) -- dead link : miamiherald.com ( archived January 18 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Price , Wayne T. ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sea Ray Boats to resume operations '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1A . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Phosphate '' . The Mosaic Company . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TSRI Plans to Open Major Science Center in Palm Beach County , Florida '' . News & Views . The Scripps Research Institute . October 2003 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State - by - State Listing of Major U.S. Military Bases -- Florida '' . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ash , Jim ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` Military - friendly bill cruise '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 9B . Jump up ^ Waymer , Jim ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Shutdown spares essential services '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1A . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Study : Government a top employer in Florida '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . May 16 , 2012 . p. 12B . Jump up ^ Hobson , Will ( January 16 , 2010 ) . `` County Medicaid tab rises , could get worse '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ryan , MacKenzie ( December 26 , 2010 ) . `` Qualifying for care a minefield '' ( PDF ) . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 3A . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshal , James ( December 26 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday debate : No : Longtime official lost touch with voters '' . = Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 19A . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Editorial , `` Uninsured in Texas and Florida '' , New York Times , September 4 , 2013 , https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/05/opinion/uninsured-in-texas-and-florida.html Jump up ^ `` largest collection of Art Deco buildings in the world '' . Jump up ^ Ennis Davis ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` A Century of Florida 's Tallest Skyscrapers '' . Metro Jacksonville . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wells Fargo Center , Jacksonville '' . Emporis . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wayne W. Wood . `` Jacksonville 's Lost Treasures '' . Prairie School Traveler . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When Does Modern Architecture Become Historic ? '' . Jacksonville Historical Society . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Official : Design rules have n't cost Palm Bay new businesses ( accessed : June 1 , 2009 ) dead link : Official : Design rules have n't cost Palm Bay new businesses ( archived August 25 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Official : Design rules have n't cost Palm Bay new businesses '' . Florida Today . April 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florida : St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` League of United Latin American Citizens ( LULAC ) et al. vs. State Board of Education et al. Consent Decree '' . United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida . August 14 , 1990 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Florida College System , 2013 Annual Report Archived June 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Institutional Knowledge Management -- 2016 -- 2017 Enrollment '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of ICUF '' . Icuf.org . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Atherton , Blair ( August 2006 ) . `` 2005 -- 2006 Accountability Report : Quality , Productivity , Diversity , and Access '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Higher education in Britain is still good value compared with America '' . Economist . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ behind California and Texas Jump up ^ Moody , R. Norman ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` Guidelines tight to drive a fuel tanker '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Recession Marked by Bump in Uninsured Motorists '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kennerley , Britt ( September 18 , 2011 ) . `` Olde drivers take fewer risks '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 11A . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Drug Threat Assessment - Overview '' . National Drug Intelligence Center . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak Fact Sheet , Fiscal Year 2011 , State of Florida '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FLORIDA HIGH SPEED RAIL UPDATE : Regional Rail Briefing March 24 , 2010 , Lakeland '' ( PDF ) . Florida Department of Transportation . March 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Studies '' . Floridahighspeedrail.org . May 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet Train Work Begins With Soil in I - 4 Median '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Work begins on Florida 's high speed rail '' . WTSP.com . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackovics , Ted . January 28 , 2010 , `` Obama calls high speed rail funding a ' down payment ' '' . Archived January 5 , 2013 , at Archive.is The Tampa Tribune ( TBO.com ) ... Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ridership Technical Reports ( accessed : January 14 , 2012 ) ( dead link : Ridership Technical Reports ( archived : December 15 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TRANSIT RIDERSHIP REPORT -- First Quarter 2012 ( access date : April 20 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Palm Tran Ridership Report -- Averages Palm Tran ( accessdate = April 20 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION RIDERSHIP REPORT -- Fourth Quarter 2011 ( access date : April 20 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Peltier , Michael ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Lawmaker 's bill would fine teams that black out games '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 4B . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Sister City / Sister State Directory 2001 '' ( PDF ) . State of Florida . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Bibliography Viviana Díaz Balsera and Rachel A. May ( eds . ) , La Florida : Five Hundred Years of Hispanic Presence . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida , 2014 . Michael Gannon ( ed . ) , The History of Florida . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida , 2013 . External links Find more aboutFloridaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity State website Florida at DMOZ Florida State Guide , from the Library of Congress Florida Memory Project Over 300,000 photographs and documents from the State Library & Archives of Florida Online collection of the Spanish Land Grants . USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of Florida Florida Rivers and Watersheds -- Florida DEP U.S. Census Bureau Economic and farm demographics fact sheet from the USDA Energy & Environmental Data For Florida Heliconius charitonia , zebra longwing Florida state butterfly , on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site TerraFly Property Value and Aerial Imagery Spatio - temporal animation Real Estate Trends in Florida List of searchable databases produced by Florida state agencies hosted by the American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable Preceded by Michigan List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on March 3 , 1845 ( 27th ) Succeeded by Texas Places adjacent to Florida Alabama Georgia Gulf of Mexico Florida : Outline Index Atlantic Ocean Straits of Florida Pinar del Río , Artemisa , Havana , Mayabeque and Matanzas Cuba Bimini , Grand Cay and West Grand Bahama , The Bahamas ( hide ) Topics related to Florida The Sunshine State ( hide ) State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Delegations Environment Geography Geology Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV State parks Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Former Counties Mosquito Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Florida Lenny Curry ( R ) ( Jacksonville ) Tomás Regalado ( R ) ( Miami ) Bob Buckhorn ( D ) ( Tampa ) Buddy Dyer ( D ) ( Orlando ) Rick Kriseman ( D ) ( St. Petersburg ) Carlos Hernández ( R ) ( Hialeah ) Andrew Gillum ( D ) ( Tallahassee ) Jack Seiler ( D ) ( Fort Lauderdale ) Gregory J. Oravec ( D ) ( Port St. Lucie ) Marni Sawicki ( D ) ( Cape Coral ) Frank C. Ortis ( D ) ( Pembroke Pines ) Peter Bober ( D ) ( Hollywood ) Wayne M. Messam ( D ) ( Miramar ) Lauren Poe ( D ) ( Gainesville ) Vincent Boccard ( R ) ( Coral Springs ) Oliver Gilbert III ( D ) ( Miami Gardens ) George Cretekos ( R ) ( Clearwater ) Guillermo `` William '' Capote ( D ) ( Palm Bay ) Lamar Fisher ( D ) ( Pompano Beach ) Jeri Muoio ( D ) ( West Palm Beach ) Howard Wiggs ( R ) ( Lakeland ) Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Protected areas of Florida Federal National Parks Biscayne Dry Tortugas Everglades National Memorials De Soto Fort Caroline National Monuments Castillo de San Marcos Fort Matanzas National Seashores Canaveral Gulf Islands National Forests Apalachicola Choctawhatchee Ocala Osceola National Wildlife Refuges Archie Carr Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee Caloosahatchee Cedar Keys Chassahowitzka Crocodile Lake Crystal River Egmont Key Florida Panther Great White Heron Hobe Sound Island Bay J.N. 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Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations Coordinates : 28 ° 06 ′ N 81 ° 36 ′ W / 28.1 ° N 81.6 ° W / 28.1 ; - 81.6 VIAF : 135974315 LCCN : n79053995 GND : 4017585 - 6 SELIBR : 145238 NDL : 00629134 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida&oldid=809085308 '' Categories : Florida Former Spanish colonies Peninsulas of Florida Southern United States States and territories established in 1845 States of the Confederate States of America States of the United States States of the Gulf Coast of the United States States of the East Coast of the United States U.S. states with multiple time zones 1845 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2010 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : missing author or editor Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2011 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 01 : 21 . 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About Wikipedia	how many miles wide is florida coast to coast	[ "\n\nState of Florida\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag\nSeal\n\n\n\n\n\nNickname(s): The Sunshine State\n\n\nMotto(s): In God We Trust\n\n\nState song(s): \"Old Folks at Home (State Song), Florida (Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky) (State Anthem)\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOfficial language\nEnglish[1]\n\n\nSpoken languages\nPredominantly English; Spanish is spoken by a sizable minority[2]\n\n\nDemonym\nFloridian, Floridan\n\n\nCapital\nTallahassee\n\n\nLargest city\nJacksonville\n\n\nLargest metro\nMiami metro area\n\n\nArea\nRanked 22nd\n\n\n • Total\n65,755[3] sq mi\n(170,304[3] km2)\n\n\n • Width\n361 miles (582 km)\n\n\n • Length\n447 miles (721 km)\n\n\n • % water\n17.9\n\n\n • Latitude\n24° 27' N to 31° 00' N\n\n\n • Longitude\n80° 02' W to 87° 38' W\n\n\n\n\n\nPopulation\nRanked 3rd\n\n\n • Total\n20,612,439 (2016 est.)[4]\n\n\n • Density\n384.3/sq mi (121.0/km2)\nRanked 8th\n\n\n • Median household income\n$48,825[5] (41st)\n\n\n\n\n\nElevation\n\n\n\n • Highest point\nBritton Hill[6][7]\n345 ft (105 m)\n\n\n • Mean\n100 ft (30 m)\n\n\n • Lowest point\nAtlantic Ocean[6]\nsea level\n\n\n\n\n\nBefore statehood\nFlorida Territory\n\n\nAdmission to Union\nMarch 3, 1845 (27th)\n\n\nGovernor\nRick Scott (R)\n\n\nLieutenant Governor\nCarlos López-Cantera (R)\n\n\nLegislature\nFlorida Legislature\n\n\n • Upper house\nSenate\n\n\n • Lower house\nHouse of Representatives\n\n\n\n\n\nU.S. Senators\nBill Nelson (D)\nMarco Rubio (R)\n\n\nU.S. House delegation\n16 Republicans, 11 Democrats (list)\n\n\nTime zones\n \n\n\n • Peninsula and \"Big Bend\" region\nEST: UTC −5/−4\n\n\n • Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River\nCST: UTC −6/−5\n\n\n\n\n\nISO 3166\nUS-FL\n\n\nAbbreviations\nFL, Fla.\n\n\nWebsite\nmyflorida.com\n\n" ]	[ "361 miles (582 km)" ]
-2272209623247230482	The Economic Consequences of the Peace	The economic Consequences of the peace - wikipedia The economic Consequences of the peace John Maynard Keynes in the 1920s The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( 1919 ) is a book written and published by the British economist John Maynard Keynes . After the First World War , Keynes attended the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 as a delegate of the British Treasury . In his book , he argued for a much more generous peace , not out of a desire for justice or fairness -- these are aspects of the peace that Keynes does not deal with -- but for the sake of the economic well - being of all of Europe , including the Allied Powers , which the Treaty of Versailles and its associated treaties would prevent . The book was a best - seller throughout the world and was critical in establishing a general opinion that the treaties were a `` Carthaginian peace '' designed to crush the defeated Central Powers , especially Germany . It helped to consolidate American public opinion against the treaties and against joining the League of Nations . The perception by much of the British public that Germany had been treated unfairly was , in turn , a crucial factor in later public support for the appeasement of Hitler . The success of the book established Keynes ' reputation as a leading economist , especially on the left . When Keynes was a key player in establishing the Bretton Woods system in 1944 , he remembered the lessons from Versailles as well as the Great Depression . The Marshall Plan , which was promulgated to rebuild Europe after the Second World War , was similar to the system proposed by Keynes in The Economic Consequences of the Peace . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 Contents 2.1 Conference 2.2 Treaty 2.3 Europe 3 German influence on Keynes 4 Success 5 Impact in the United States 6 Impact in the United Kingdom 7 Criticism 8 Keynes on rearmament 9 After World War II 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Context ( edit ) Keynes left Cambridge University to work at the Treasury in 1915 . He worked daily on financing the war effort during World War I. That disturbed many of the pacifist members of the Bloomsbury Group of which he was a member . Lytton Strachey sent him a note in 1916 asking Keynes why he was still working at the Treasury . Keynes quickly established a reputation as one of the Treasury 's most able men and travelled to the Versailles Conference as an advisor to the British Government . In preparation for the conference , he argued that there should preferably be no reparations or that German reparations should be limited to £ 2,000 million . He considered that there should be a general forgiveness of war debts , which , he considered , would benefit Britain . Lastly , Keynes wanted the US government to launch a vast credit program to restore Europe to prosperity as soon as possible . His general concern was that the Versailles conference should set the conditions for economic recovery . However , the conference focused on borders and national security . Reparations were set at a level that Keynes perceived would ruin Europe . Woodrow Wilson , the President of the United States , who represented his country at the conference , refused to countenance forgiveness of war debts and US Treasury officials would not even discuss the credit program . During the conference , Keynes ' health deteriorated , and he resigned from his position in frustration as a protest on 26 May 1919 , before the Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June . He returned to Cambridge and wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace over two months in the summer . Although a best seller , and highly influential , especially to those who already had doubts about the Treaty , it has also been described as `` a diatribe '' . Contents ( edit ) Conference ( edit ) Keynes described the conference as a clash of values and world views of the principal leaders , pitting what has been called `` the cynical traditions of European power politics ( against ) the promise of a more enlightened order . '' Keynes describes Wilson as guardian of the hopes of men of good will of all nations . When President Wilson left Washington he enjoyed a prestige and a moral influence throughout the world unequalled in history . His bold and measured words carried to the peoples of Europe above and beyond the voices of their own politicians . The enemy peoples trusted him to carry out the compact he had made with them ; and the Allied peoples acknowledged him not as a victor only but almost as a prophet . In addition to this moral influence the realities of power were in his hands . The American armies were at the height of their numbers , discipline , and equipment . Europe was in complete dependence on the food supplies of the United States ; and financially she was even more absolutely at their mercy . Europe not only already owed the United States more than she could pay ; but only a large measure of further assistance could save her from starvation and bankruptcy . Never had a philosopher held such weapons wherewith to bind the princes of this world . How the crowds of the European capitals pressed about the carriage of the President ! With what curiosity , anxiety , and hope we sought a glimpse of the features and bearing of the man of destiny who , coming from the West , was to bring healing to the wounds of the ancient parent of his civilisation and lay for us the foundations of the future . French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau shaped the outcome of the conference more than anyone else : The signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28 , 1919 in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles ( Clemenceau ) took the view that European civil war is to be regarded as a normal , or at least a recurrent , state of affairs for the future , and that the sort of conflicts between organised Great Powers which have occupied the past hundred years will also engage the next . According to this vision of the future , European history is to be a perpetual prize - fight , of which France has won this round , but of which this round is certainly not the last . From the belief that essentially the old order does not change , being based on human nature which is always the same , and from a consequent scepticism of all that class of doctrine which the League of Nations stands for , the policy of France and of Clemenceau followed logically . For a peace of magnanimity or of fair and equal treatment , based on such ' ideology ' as the Fourteen Points of the President , could only have the effect of shortening the interval of Germany 's recovery and hastening the day when she will once again hurl at France her greater numbers and her superior resources and technical skill . Treaty ( edit ) The heart of the book is his two profound criticisms of the treaty . Firstly , he argues as an economist that Europe could not prosper without an equitable , effective and integrated economic system , which was impossible by the economic terms of the treaty . Secondly , the Allies had committed themselves in the Armistice agreement to critical principles regarding reparations , territorial adjustments , and evenhandedness in economic matters , which were materially breached by the treaty . Keynes reviews the facts whereby the Armistice was based on acceptance by the Allies and Germany of Wilson 's Fourteen Points and other terms referred to in making the Armistice . On 5 October 1918 the German government addressed a brief Note to the President accepting the Fourteen Points and asking for peace negotiations . The President 's reply of 8 October asked if he was to understand definitely that the German government accepted ' the terms laid down ' in the Fourteen Points and in his subsequent addresses and ' that its object in entering into discussion would be only to agree upon the practical details of their application . ' He added that the evacuation of invaded territory must be a prior condition of an armistice . On 12 October the German government returned an unconditional affirmative to these questions ; ' its object in entering into discussions would be only to agree upon practical details of the application of these terms '. ... The nature of the contract between Germany and the Allies resulting from this exchange of documents is plain and unequivocal . The terms of the peace are to be in accordance with the addresses of the President , and the purpose of the peace conference is ' to discuss the details of their application . ' The circumstances of the contract were of an unusually solemn and binding character ; for one of the conditions of it was that Germany should agree to armistice terms which were to be such as would leave her helpless . Germany having rendered herself helpless in reliance on the contract , the honour of the Allies was peculiarly involved in fulfilling their part and , if there were ambiguities , in not using their position to take advantage of them . Keynes summarises the most important aspects of the Fourteen Points and other addresses by Wilson that were part of the Armistice agreement . The Fourteen Points -- ( 3 ) ' The removal , so far as possible , of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance . ' ( 4 ) ' Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety . ' ( 5 ) ' A free , open - minded , and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims ' , regard being had to the interests of the populations concerned . ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) , ( 8 ) , and ( 11 ) The evacuation and ' restoration ' of all invaded territory , especially of Belgium . To this must be added the rider of the Allies , claiming compensation for all damage done to civilians and their property by land , by sea , and from the air ( quoted in full above ) . ( 8 ) The righting of ' the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace - Lorraine '. ( 13 ) An independent Poland , including ' the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations ' and ' assured a free and secure access to the sea '. ( 14 ) The League of Nations . Before the Congress , 11 February -- ' There shall be no annexations , no contributions , no punitive damages ... Self - determination is not a mere phrase . It is an imperative principle of action which statesmen will henceforth ignore at their peril ... Every territorial settlement involved in this war must be made in the interest and for the benefit of the populations concerned , and not as a part of any mere adjustment or compromise of claims amongst rival States . ' New York , 27 September -- ( 1 ) ' The impartial justice meted out must involve no discrimination between those to whom we wish to be just and those to whom we do not wish to be just . ' ( 2 ) ' No special or separate interest of any single nation or any group of nations can be made the basis of any part of the settlement which is not consistent with the common interest of all . ' ( 3 ) ' There can be no leagues or alliances or special covenants and understandings within the general and common family of the League of Nations . ' ( 4 ) ' There can be no special selfish economic combinations within the League and no employment of any form of economic boycott or exclusion , except as the power of economic penalty by exclusion from the markets of the world may be vested in the League of Nations itself as a means of discipline and control . ' ( 5 ) ' All international agreements and treaties of every kind must be made known in their entirety to the rest of the world . ' Poor collecting wood in the Vienna Woods and waiting for the trams to return to Vienna , winter of 1919 - 1920 Keynes points to the material violation of the terms regarding reparations , territorial adjustments , and an equitable economic settlement as a blot on the honour of the western allies and a primary cause of a future war . Given that he was writing in 1919 , his prediction that the next war would begin twenty years hence had an uncanny accuracy . Europe ( edit ) One of the most serious charges Keynes leveled against the Treaty and the men who created it is that it paid almost no attention whatever to the economic future of Europe : The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe , -- nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbors , nothing to stabilize the new states of Europe , nothing to reclaim Russia ; nor does it promote in any way a compact of solidarity amongst the Allies themselves ; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy , or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New . The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues , being preoccupied with others , -- Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy , Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something that would pass muster for a week , the President to do nothing that was not just and right . It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes , was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four . Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field , and they settled it as a problem of theology , of politics , of electoral chicane , from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling . Keynes predicted the causes of high inflation and economic stagnation in postwar Europe : Lenin is said to have declared that the best way to destroy the Capitalist System was to debauch the currency . By a continuing process of inflation , governments can confiscate , secretly and unobserved , an important part of the wealth of their citizens . By this method they not only confiscate , but they confiscate arbitrarily ; and , while the process impoverishes many , it actually enriches some . The sight of this arbitrary rearrangement of riches strikes not only at security , but at confidence in the equity of the existing distribution of wealth ... Lenin was certainly right . There is no subtler , no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency . The process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction , and does it in a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose . He explicitly pointed out the relationship between governments printing money and inflation : The inflationism of the currency systems of Europe has proceeded to extraordinary lengths . The various belligerent Governments , unable , or too timid or too short - sighted to secure from loans or taxes the resources they required , have printed notes for the balance . Keynes also pointed out how government price controls discourage production : The presumption of a spurious value for the currency , by the force of law expressed in the regulation of prices , contains in itself , however , the seeds of final economic decay , and soon dries up the sources of ultimate supply . If a man is compelled to exchange the fruits of his labors for paper which , as experience soon teaches him , he can not use to purchase what he requires at a price comparable to that which he has received for his own products , he will keep his produce for himself , dispose of it to his friends and neighbors as a favor , or relax his efforts in producing it . A system of compelling the exchange of commodities at what is not their real relative value not only relaxes production , but leads finally to the waste and inefficiency of barter . The Economic Consequences of the Peace detailed the relationship between German government deficits and inflation : In Germany the total expenditure of the Empire , the Federal States , and the Communes in 1919 -- 20 is estimated at 25 milliards of marks , of which not above 10 milliards are covered by previously existing taxation . This is without allowing anything for the payment of the indemnity . In Russia , Poland , Hungary , or Austria such a thing as a budget can not be seriously considered to exist at all ... Thus the menace of inflationism described above is not merely a product of the war , of which peace begins the cure . It is a continuing phenomenon of which the end is not yet in sight . Keynes ended with this ominous warning : Economic privation proceeds by easy stages , and so long as men suffer it patiently the outside world cares very little . Physical efficiency and resistance to disease slowly diminish , but life proceeds somehow , until the limit of human endurance is reached at last and counsels of despair and madness stir the sufferers from the lethargy which precedes the crisis . The man shakes himself , and the bonds of custom are loosed . The power of ideas is sovereign , and he listens to whatever instruction of hope , illusion , or revenge is carried to them in the air ... But who can say how much is endurable , or in what direction men will seek at last to escape from their misfortunes ? The Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg in 1933 Not too many years later . Adolf Hitler was to write in Mein Kampf : What a use could be made of the Treaty of Versailles ... How each one of the points of that treaty could be branded in the minds and hearts of the German people until sixty million men and women find their souls aflame with a feeling of rage and shame ; and a torrent of fire bursts forth as from a furnace , and a will of steel is forged from it , with the common cry : `` We will have arms again ! '' Samuel W. Mitcham Jr. comments : Niccolo Machiavelli advised the prince to never inflict small hurts . This is exactly what the Allies did with the armistice and the Treaty of Versailles . The German people were humiliated , and their faith in democracy -- which was fragile to begin with -- was almost totally destroyed . However , they were not annihilated ... The Allies should have either totally destroyed and dismembered Germany or else have made a sincere effort to make a fair and just peace with her and bring her into the family of nations as a full partner . But doing neither , they set the stage for Adolf Hitler and the Second World War . In my view , it is not going too far to state that the Nazi dictator should have worn a stamp on the seat of his pants with three words on it : `` Made at Versailles . '' German influence on Keynes ( edit ) While at Versailles , Keynes had a series of meetings with Carl Melchior of Max Warburg 's bank in Hamburg . Melchior was a lawyer and one of the German representatives at the peace conference . Through Melchior , Keynes received a dire picture of the social and economic state of Germany at the time , which he portrayed as being ripe for a Communist revolution . Keynes accepted this representation , and parts of the text of The Economic Consequences roughly parallel the language of the German counter-proposals to the draft Allied proposal of terms . According to historian Niall Ferguson : To say that Keynes 's argument in the book was the same as that put forward by German financial experts at the conference would be to exaggerate . But the resemblances are very close ; nor did Keynes deny their influence on him . Like them , he blamed the French for the ' Carthaginian ' economic provisions of the Treaty and denounced the Reparations Commission as ' an instrument of oppression and rapine ' . Like them , he insisted that Germany ' had not surrendered unconditionally , but on agreed terms as to the general character of the peace ' ( the Fourteen Points and subsequent American notes ) . And like them , he stressed that the loss of Germany 's merchant marine , her overseas assets , her coal - rich territories and her sovereignty in matters of trade policy severely limited her capacity to pay reparations ... Nor did Keynes omit the apocalyptic warnings he had heard from Melchior at Versailles , predicting a Malthusian crisis in Germany , and the destruction of capitalism in Central Europe ... Keynes himself characterized the German counter-proposals as `` somewhat obscure , and also rather disingenuous . '' ( The German negotiators ) assumed ... that ( the Allied negotiators ) were secetly as anxious as the Germans themselves to arrive at a settlement which bore some relation to the facts , and that they would therefore be willing , in view of the entanglements which they had gotten themselves into with their own publics ( in promising that `` Germany will pay '' ) , to practice a little collusion in drafting the Treaty , -- a supposition which in slightly different circumstances might have had a good deal of foundation . As matters actually were , this subtlety did not benefit them , and they would have done much better with a straightforward and candid estimate of what they believed to be the amount of their liabilities on the one hand , and their capacity to pay on the other . In addition to his meetings in Versailles , at the invitation of Max Warburg 's brother Paul Warburg , Keynes attended an Amsterdam conference of bankers and economists in October 1919 , and he drafted there with Paul Warburg a memorandum of appeal to the League of Nations calling for a reduction in German reparations . Success ( edit ) Keynes ' book was released in late 1919 and was an immediate success : it became a bestseller on both sides of the Atlantic : it was released in the United States in 1920 . The scathing sketches of Wilson , Lloyd George and Clemenceau proved to be very popular and the work established Keynes ' reputation with the public as a leading economist . In six months , the book had sold 100,000 copies with translations into 12 languages . It restored Keynes ' reputation with the Bloomsbury Group , which had been tarnished by his work for the Treasury during the war . Keynes returned to Cambridge to work as an economist , where he was regarded as the leading student of Alfred Marshall . Keynes on The Council of Four Georges Clemenceau , Premier of France `` ... a foremost believer in the view of German psychology that the German understands and can understand nothing but intimidation , that he is without generosity or remorse in negotiation , that there is no advantage he will not take of you , and no extent to which he will not demean himself for profit , that he is without honor , pride , or mercy . Therefore you must never negotiate with a German or conciliate him ; you must dictate to him . '' Woodrow Wilson , President of the United States `` ( I ) f ever the action of a single individual matters , the collapse of The President has been one of the decisive moral events of history ... He had no plan , no scheme , no constructive ideas whatever for clothing with the flesh of life the commandments which he had thundered from the White House ... ( N ) ot only was he ill - informed , but his mind was slow and unadaptable ... There can seldom have been a statesman of the first rank more incompetent than the President in the agilities of the council chamber . '' David Lloyd George , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom `` ( he had an ) unerring , almost medium - like sensibility to every one around him ... watching the company , with six or seven senses not available to ordinary men , judging character , motive , and subsconscious impulse , perceiving what each ( man ) was thinking and even what each was going to say next , and compounding with telepathic instinct the argument or appeal that best suited the vanity , weakness , or self - interest of his auditor ... '' Vittorio Emanuele Orlando , Prime Minister of Italy `` ( Clemenceau ) alone amongst the Four could speak and understand both languages ( that is , French and English ) , Orlando knowing only French and the Prime Minister and President only English ; and it is of historical importance that Orlando and the President had no direct means of communication . '' Impact in the United States ( edit ) As well as being highly successful in commercial terms in the US , the book proved to be highly influential . The book was released just before the US Senate considered the treaty and confirmed the beliefs of the `` irreconcilables '' against American participation in the League of Nations . As well , the book also heightened the doubts of the `` reservationists '' , led by Henry Cabot Lodge , over the terms of the treaty and created doubts in the minds of Wilson 's supporters . Lodge , the Republican Senate leader , shared Keynes ' concerns about the severity of the treaty on Germany and believed that it would have to be renegotiated in the future . Keynes played a critical role in turning American public opinion against the treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations , but it was Wilson 's poor management of the issue and a number of strokes he had that would be decisive : America would not participate in the League of Nations . Impact in the United Kingdom ( edit ) Keynes ' portrayal of the treaty as a `` Carthaginian peace '' -- a brutal peace which has the intent of crushing the losing side -- quickly became the orthodoxy in academic circles and was a common opinion in the British public . It was widely believed in Britain that the terms of the treaty were unfair . That was influential in determining a response to the attempts by Adolf Hitler to overturn the Versailles Treaty especially in the period leading up to the Munich Agreement . In Germany , the book confirmed what the overwhelming majority of the people already believed : the unfairness of the treaty . France was reluctant to use armed force to enforce the treaty without the support of the British Government . Prior to late 1938 , the strength of public opposition to prospective involvement in another war meant that British support for the French position was unreliable . Criticism ( edit ) The French economist Étienne Mantoux criticised the impact of Keynes ' book in his book The Carthaginian Peace : or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes by saying that it did more than any other writing to discredit the Treaty of Versailles . Mantoux compared The Economic Consequences of the Peace to Edmund Burke 's Reflections on the Revolution in France because of the immediate influence on public opinion . Mantoux sought to discredit Keynes ' predictions of what the consequences of the Treaty would be . For example , Keynes believed European output in iron would decrease , but by 1929 , iron output in Europe was up 10 % from the 1913 figure . Keynes predicted that German iron and steel output would decrease , but by 1927 , steel output had increased by 30 % and iron output increased by 38 % from 1913 ( within the pre-war borders ) . Keynes also argued that German coal mining efficiency would decrease , but labour efficiency by 1929 had increased on the 1913 figure by 30 % . Keynes contended that Germany would be unable to export coal immediately , but German net coal exports had grown to 15 million tons within a year and by 1926 the tonnage exported had reached 35 million . Keynes also claimed that German national savings in the years after the treaty would be less than 2 billion marks : however , in 1925 , the German national savings figure was estimated at 6.4 billion marks and , in 1927 , 7.6 billion marks . Keynes also believed that Germany would be unable to pay the more than 2 billion marks in reparations for the next 30 years , but Mantoux contends that German rearmament spending was seven times as much as that figure in each year between 1933 and 1939 . Nevertheless , it remains true that Weimar Germany , well before Hitler secretly began to rebuild the German military , could not keep up its reparations payments , which were renegotiated several times , and were later the subject of several reorganizational schemes such as the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan . The reparation payments and other requirements of the Treaty did indeed cripple the German economy , as recognized in the United Kingdom , which proposed in 1922 the cancellation of all reparations and debts arising from the war -- including Allied debts to the United States -- a proposal which did not find favor in France or the US . The breakdown of the German economy brought great distress to the German people , which caused them to lose the minimal faith in democracy they possessed , and made them more sympathetic to the appeals of Hitler and the Nazi Party , for whom the overthrow of the `` dictat '' of Versailles was a primary goal . When the economy rebounded , and foreign loans -- especially from the United States -- became available to Germany , the Weimar government compounded the problems by borrowing prodigious amounts , even using funds from foreign loans to pay their reparations . Then , when Wall Street crashed in 1929 , beginning the Great Depression , and Germany 's loans were called , a period of deep unemployment , hyperinflation and the collapse of the German currency ensued , which Germany was not in any way able to deal with , due to its economic infrastructure being decimated by the requirements of the Versailles Treaty -- although the Weimar government bears part of the responsibility for using its foreign loans not to rebuild the basic economy but to expand it in unrealistic and sometimes frivolous ways . The historian A.J.P. Taylor has written : The war , far from weakening economic resources , stimulated them too much . The most serious blow inflicted by the war economically was to men 's minds , not to their productive powers . The old order of financial stability was shaken , never to be restored . Depreciated currencies , reparations , war debts , were the great shadows of the inter-war period -- all imaginary things , divorced from the realities of mine and factory . Taylor also claimed that Mantoux 's book refuted Keynes ' thesis . Sally Marks , writing in 2013 , claimed that Keynes ' book is `` long discredited by scholars '' and that he came to regret writing it . Others have argued that Keynes was overall prescient in his long - term analysis of the impact of the Treaty , even if the shorter - term economic specifics such as iron and steel output and coal exports , did not play out exactly the way he predicted . Although Keynes ' view that the Treaty of Versailles and its associated treaties imposed a `` Carthaginian peace '' on Germany and the other Central Powers generally remains the mainstream view , some scholars have portrayed it with the benefit of hindsight as less harsh than it was seen to be in the immediate aftermath of the Paris Peace Conference . Gideon Rose , for instance , sees it as `` more balanced '' than it seemed at the time , and `` a mixture of discordant elements that was neither Carthaginian nor Metternichian '' , while Max Hastings calls the peace treaty `` clumsy '' but writes that `` ( I ) f the Germans had instead been dictating the terms as victors , European freedom , justice and democracy would have paid a dreadful forfeit . '' . David Stevenson argues that neither the Armistice nor the Peace Treaty made World War II inevitable -- as claimed by many scholars -- and that `` the peacemakers have had an undeservedly bad press ... ( T ) hey were feeling their way in unprecedented circumstances , but the settlement that was constructed was more flexible than its critics acknowledged , and could either have accommodated a lasting reconciliation with the new Republican regime in Germany or ensured that it remained militarily harmless . The real tragedy of the inter-war years is that it did neither ... The Treaty could have stopped another bloodbath if it had been upheld . '' This , of course , is antithetical to the arguments of Keynes , or at least his followers , who draw a direct line between the economic conditions created by the Peace Treaty and the rise of belligerent regimes in Europe . For his part , revisionist historian Niall Ferguson is another who does not share the view that the Treaty of Versailles was punitive and an economic disaster : In reality , the peace terms were not unprecedented in their harshness , and the German hyperinflation was mainly due to the irresponsible fiscal and monetary policies adopted by the Germans themselves . They thought they could win the peace by economic means . In British minds they did . The Germans were also more successful than any other country in defaulting on their debts , including the reparations demanded from them by the Allies . However , this victory was pyrrhic : it was won by democratic politicians at the expense of democracy and their own power . Keynes on rearmament ( edit ) During the 1930s , Keynes , unlike many of his followers , was an early advocate of rearmament to deter what he referred to as the `` brigand powers '' of Germany , Japan and Italy . In July 1936 , Keynes wrote a letter to the editor of the New Statesman : A state of inadequate armament on our part can only encourage the brigand powers who know no argument but force , and will play , in the long run , into the hands of those who would like us to acquiesce by inaction in these powers doing pretty much what they like in the world . ( ... ) Can I not persuade you that the collective possession of preponderant force by the leading pacific powers is , in the conditions of today , the best assurance of peace . After World war II ( edit ) Keynes was a highly influential advisor to the British government during the Second World War . He was head of the British team that negotiated the Bretton Woods Agreement with the American team led by Harry Dexter White . In general , the Agreement suggested a monetary system similar to that proposed by Keynes in The Economic Consequences of the Peace . His proposal for an International Clearing Union formed the basis of proposals for the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development -- later the World Bank and Bank for International Settlements . However , the operation of these institutions was not as liberal as Keynes would have wished . Keynes was also responsible for negotiating financial support for Britain during the Second World War . While Britain struggled to afford the terms offered during the war , the credit offered by the US was much more generous . Furthermore , the Western powers did not ask for reparations from the defeated powers , although the Soviet Union forced reparations from East Germany , which it controlled . In 1948 the United States initiated the Marshall Plan of aid to assist in the rebuilding of Europe , Allies and Axis countries alike -- except for the Soviet Union , which refused to participate , and its Eastern European satellites , which were blocked from receiving aid by the Soviets . The Plan was in many ways similar to what Keynes had proposed at Versailles after World War I. As Keynes predicted , reparations and war debts were paid for by loans from the US , leaving no one better off . The postwar system led to one of the greatest general increases in prosperity in human history . From 1948 to 1971 , world trade increased by an average annual rate of 7.27 % and industrial production grew by an average of 5.6 % . That contrasts with the interwar period where world trade actually fell in the 1930s , and world industrial production grew fitfully in the 1920s and was hit by the Great Depression . See also ( edit ) The Big Four ( World War I ) Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles World War I reparations References ( edit ) Informational notes Jump up ^ The UK was overall a creditor nation in relation to World War I , so the proposal was not , as it may first appear , self - serving . Citations Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 . ^ Jump up to : Strachan 2003 , p. 333 . ^ Jump up to : Albrecht - Carrié 1965 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 417 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , pp. 52 , 55 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , pp. 211 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , pp. 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , pp. 233 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2011 , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 1996 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson 1999 , pp. 400 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , pp. 34 , 39 - 40 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1919 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Heilperin 1946 , pp. 930 - 34 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 1996 , pp. 39 -- 43 , 112 -- 13 , 128 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1963 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1991 ) The Origins of the Second World War . London : Penguin . p. 344 Jump up ^ Marks , Sally ( September 2013 ) ' Mistakes and Myths : The Allies , Germany , and the Versailles Treaty , 1918 -- 1921 ' , Journal of Modern Histor , vol. 85 , no . 3 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Rose 2010 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Hastings 2013 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , pp. 411 -- 12 , 430 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1999 , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Bredel 2007 , p. 35 n59 . Jump up ^ Reinert & Jomo 2008 . Bibliography Albrecht - Carrié , René ( 1965 ) . The Meaning of the First World War . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall . Bredel , Ralf ( 2007 ) . The Ethical Economy of Conflict Prevention And Development : Towards A Model for International Organizations . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 9789004153059 . Ferguson , Niall ( 1999 ) . The Pity of War : Explaining World War I. New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05712 - 8 . Harrod , Roy Forbes ( 1951 ) . The Life of John Maynard Keynes . Macmillan . Hastings , Max ( 2013 ) . Catastrophe 1914 : Europe Goes to War . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74383 - 1 . Heilperin , Michael A. ( December 1946 ) , `` The Carthaginian Peace , or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes by Étienne Mantoux '' , The American Economic Review , 36 ( 5 ) : 930 -- 934 , JSTOR 1801820 Hochschild , Adam ( 2011 ) . To End All Wars : A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion , 1914 - 1918 . Boston , Massachusetts : Mariner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 75031 - 6 . Johnson , Paul ( 1991 ) . A History of the Modern World : From 1917 to the 1990s . London : George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd . Keynes , John Maynard ( 1919 ) . The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( 1 ed . ) . London : Macmillan & Co. , Limited . p. 279 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 -- via Internet Archive . Mantoux , Étienne ( 1946 ) . The Carthaginian Peace : Or the Economic Consequences of Mr Keynes . Oxford University Press . Mitcham , Samuel W. , Jr. ( 1996 ) . Why Hitler ? : The Genesis of the Nazi Reich . Westport , Connecvticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95485 - 4 . Reinert , Erik S. & Jomo , Kwame Sundaram ( 2008 ) , `` The Marshall Plan at 60 : The General 's Successful War On Poverty '' , UN Chronicle , archived from the original on 14 April 2008 Rose , Gideon ( 2010 ) . How Wars End : Why We Always Fight the Last Battle . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9053 - 8 . Skidelsky , Robert ( 1994 ) . John Maynard Keynes : Hopes Betrayed , 1883 -- 1920 . Penguin . Skidelsky , Robert ( 2002 ) . John Maynard Keynes : Fighting for Freedom , 1937 -- 1946 . Penguin . Stevenson , David ( 2004 ) . Cataclysm : The First World War as Political Tragedy . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 08185 - 1 . Strachan , Hew ( 2003 ) . The First World War . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303518 - 5 . Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1963 ) . The First World War : An Illustrated History . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 002481 - 6 . External links ( edit ) The Economic Consequences of the Peace at Project Gutenberg Modern History Sourcebook on the Economic Consequences of the Peace Review of Economic Consequences of the Peace in Political Science Quarterly 35 by Thorstein Veblen Dr Julián Casanova , The Treaty of Versailles and its Consequences Walter Russell Mead , Review of John Maynard Keynes : Fighting for Freedom 1937 -- 1946 Foreign Affairs 2002 Review of R.F. Harrod , The Life of John Maynard Keynes , 1951 by Ludwig von Mises The New York Times review of John Maynard Keynes : Fighting for Freedom 1937 -- 1946 hide John Maynard Keynes Books The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( 1919 ) A Treatise on Probability ( 1921 ) A Treatise on Money ( 1930 ) The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money ( 1936 ) Family John Neville Keynes ( father ) Florence Ada Keynes ( mother ) Geoffrey Keynes ( brother ) Lydia Lopokova ( wife ) Richard Keynes ( nephew ) Quentin Keynes ( nephew ) Milo Keynes ( nephew ) Stephen Keynes ( nephew ) Keynes family Related Bloomsbury Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Peace&oldid=840954067 '' Categories : 1919 books Books about economic history Books by John Maynard Keynes 1919 in economics Harcourt ( publisher ) books Treaty of Versailles Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Euskara Français Italiano Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 03 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the economic consequences of the peace john maynard keynes	[]	[]

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