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8534980359469271636	List of active volcanoes in the Philippines	List of active volcanoes in the Philippines - wikipedia List of active volcanoes in the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search For a list of Philippine mountains which include those classified as active volcanoes , see List of mountains in the Philippines . ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Active volcanoes in the Philippines , as categorized by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ) , include volcanoes in the country having erupted within historical times ( within the last 600 years ) , with accounts of these eruptions documented by humans ; or having erupted within the last 10,000 years ( holocene ) based on analyses of datable materials . However , there is no consensus among volcanologists on how to define an `` active '' volcano . As of 2012 , PHIVOLCS lists 23 volcanoes as active in the Philippines , 21 of which have historical eruptions ; one , Cabalian , which is strongly fumarolic volcano ; and one , Leonard Kniaseff , which was active 1,800 years ago ( C14 ) . There are 50 Philippines volcanoes listed by the royal Smithsonian Institution 's Global Volcanism Program ( GVP ) at present , of which 20 are categorized as `` historical '' and 59 as `` Holocene '' . The GVP lists volcanoes with historical , Holocene eruptions , or possibly older if strong signs of volcanism are still evident through thermal features like fumaroles , hot springs , mud pots , etc . Mayon in Albay is the most active volcano in the Philippines Taal in Batangas Kanlaon in Negros island Bulusan in Sorsogon Smith in Calayan Hibok ‐ Hibok in Camiguin Pinatubo in Zambales Musuan in Bukidnon Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List ( edit ) The list below showing 25 active volcanoes in the Philippines was based on the PHIVOLCS list with some included from the GVP . The number is not definite and depends on someone 's definition of `` active '' or historical timeframe . Descriptions under Eruption were based on the GVP website . The frequency of Historical Eruptions excludes questionable or Uncertain accounts based on the two sources mentioned . Name Elevation ( ASL ) Province ( s ) Eruptions m ft Description and current status Ambalatungan Group 2,329 7,641 17 ° 18 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 06 ′ 13 '' E / 17.310982 ° N 121.103668 ° E / 17.310982 ; 121.103668 ( Ambalatungan Group ) Kalinga 0 Explosions in 1952 is uncertain . Fumarolic with solfataras and thermal springs . Babuyan Claro 843 2,766 9 ° 31 ′ 23 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 24 '' E / 9.523 ° N 121.940 ° E / 9.523 ; 121.940 ( Babuyan Claro ) Cagayan Eruptions were recorded in 1831 , 1860 and 1913 . Askedna Hot Springs is in the southern base of the volcano . Banahaw 2,169 7,116 14 ° 04 ′ N 121 ° 29 ′ E / 14.07 ° N 121.48 ° E / 14.07 ; 121.48 ( Banahaw ) Laguna , Quezon 0 Eruptions were uncertain during the mudflows of 1730 , 1743 , 1843 and 1909 . Biliran 1,340 4,400 11 ° 33 ′ 29 '' N 124 ° 30 ′ 47 '' E / 11.558 ° N 124.513 ° E / 11.558 ; 124.513 ( Biliran ) Biliran Phreatic eruption in 1939 . Fumarolic with thermal springs Bulusan 1,565 5,135 12 ° 46 ′ 12 '' N 124 ° 03 ′ 00 '' E / 12.770 ° N 124.05 ° E / 12.770 ; 124.05 ( Bulusan ) Sorsogon 17 Eruptions years are from 1886 to 2011 . Permanently monitored Cabalian 10 ° 17 ′ 13.2 '' N 125 ° 13.25 ′ 0 '' E / 10.287000 ° N 125.22083 ° E / 10.287000 ; 125.22083 ( Cabalian ) Southern Leyte Cagua 1,160 3,810 18 ° 13 ′ 19 '' N 122 ° 07 ′ 23 '' E / 18.222 ° N 122.123 ° E / 18.222 ; 122.123 ( Cagua ) Cagayan Eruption in 1860 and strong solfataric activity in 1907 . Thermal areas are near the summit and NW to NNE flanks . Camiguin de Babuyanes 712 2,336 18 ° 49 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 51 ′ 36 '' E / 18.83 ° N 121.860 ° E / 18.83 ; 121.860 ( Camiguin de Babuyanes ) Cagayan Its only recorded eruption was in 1857 . Fumarolic with thermal springs Didicas 843 2,766 19 ° 04 ′ 37 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 07 '' E / 19.077 ° N 122.202 ° E / 19.077 ; 122.202 ( Didicas ) Cagayan 6 Eruptions in 1773 , 1856 , 1900 , 1952 , 1969 and 1978 . A submarine volcano till 1952 when a permanent island was formed . Hibok ‐ Hibok 1,332 4,370 9 ° 12 ′ 11 '' N 124 ° 40 ′ 23 '' E / 9.203 ° N 124.673 ° E / 9.203 ; 124.673 ( Hibok - Hibok ) Camiguin Eruption in years 1827 , 1862 , 1871 and 1948 -- 1952 . Activity from 1897 - 1902 was only solfataric . Permanently monitored . Iraya 1,009 3,310 20 ° 28 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 36 '' E / 20.469 ° N 122.010 ° E / 20.469 ; 122.010 ( Iraya ) Batanes Last eruption was in 1454 . Seismic swarm in 1998 . Iriga 1,143 3,750 13 ° 27 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 27 ′ 25 '' E / 13.457 ° N 123.457 ° E / 13.457 ; 123.457 ( Iriga ) Camarines Sur 0 The eruption in 1628 was discredited . Jolo Group 620 2,030 6 ° 00 ′ 47 '' N 121 ° 03 ′ 25 '' E / 6.013 ° N 121.057 ° E / 6.013 ; 121.057 ( Jolo Group ) Sulu 0 Uncertain submarine eruption in 1897 . Listed as Bud Dajo , a cinder cone on Jolo Island , in the PHIVOLCS list . Kanlaon 2,435 7,989 10 ° 24 ′ 43 '' N 123 ° 07 ′ 55 '' E / 10.412 ° N 123.132 ° E / 10.412 ; 123.132 ( Kanla - on ) Negros Occidental , Negros Oriental 26 Eruptions were recorded from 1886 to 2006 . On November 23 , 2015 the volcano had a small , steam - driven explosion . PHIVOLCS raised the alert level to 1 ( mild restiveness ) . Permanently monitored . Leonard Kniaseff 200 660 7 ° 22 ′ 55 '' N 126 ° 02 ′ 49 '' E / 7.382 ° N 126.047 ° E / 7.382 ; 126.047 ( Leonard Kniaseff ) Compostela Valley 0 Last eruption was dated as c. 120 AD . Strong thermal features . Makaturing 1,940 6,360 7 ° 38 ′ 49 '' N 124 ° 19 ′ 12 '' E / 7.647 ° N 124.32 ° E / 7.647 ; 124.32 ( Makaturing ) Lanao del Sur Eruption recorded in 1865 and 1882 . The 1856 and 1858 eruptions was credited to Ragang Matutum 2,286 7,500 6 ° 22 ′ N 125 ° 04 ′ E / 6.37 ° N 125.07 ° E / 6.37 ; 125.07 ( Matutum ) South Cotabato 0 Mountain was fumarolic on March 7 , 1911 , but if an eruption occurred was uncertain . Thermal springs in Akmoan and Linan . Mayon 2,460 8,070 13 ° 15 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 41 ′ 06 '' E / 13.257 ° N 123.685 ° E / 13.257 ; 123.685 ( Mayon ) Albay 50 Eruptions were recorded from 1616 to 2013 . Permanently monitored . Volcanic activity is identified up to present . Alert Level 3 was raised . It could be advanced to Alert Level 5 . Musuan 646 2,119 7 ° 52 ′ 37 '' N 125 ° 04 ′ 05 '' E / 7.877 ° N 125.068 ° E / 7.877 ; 125.068 ( Musuan ) Bukidnon Eruptions in 1866 & 1867 . Strong seismic swarm in 1976 . Parker 1,784 5,853 6 ° 06 ′ 47 '' N 124 ° 53 ′ 31 '' E / 6.113 ° N 124.892 ° E / 6.113 ; 124.892 ( Mount Parker ) South Cotabato A caldera - forming eruption occurred on January 4 , 1641 . Pinatubo 1,445 4,741 15 ° 08 ′ N 120 ° 21 ′ E / 15.13 ° N 120.35 ° E / 15.13 ; 120.35 ( Pinatubo ) Zambales , Tarlac , Pampanga Reawakened in 1991 producing the 2nd largest eruption in the 20th century . Followed by milder eruptions in 1992 and 1993 . Ragang 2,815 9,236 7 ° 42 ′ N 124 ° 30 ′ E / 7.70 ° N 124.50 ° E / 7.70 ; 124.50 ( Ragang ) Lanao del Sur , Cotabato 7 Eruption years are from 1765 to 1873 . Eruptions were uncertain in 1915 and 1916 . San Pablo Volcanic Field 1,090 3,580 14 ° 07 ′ N 121 ° 18 ′ E / 14.12 ° N 121.30 ° E / 14.12 ; 121.30 ( San Pablo Volcanic Field ) Laguna , Batangas 0 Last activity was the formation of Sampaloc Lake around 1350 AD + / - 100 years determined by anthropology Smith 688 2,257 19 ° 32 ′ 02 '' N 121 ° 55 ′ 01 '' E / 19.534 ° N 121.917 ° E / 19.534 ; 121.917 ( Smith ) Cagayan 6 Eruption years are from 1652 to 1924 . Combined with Babuyan Claro on the GVP list . Taal 311 1,020 14 ° 00 ′ 07 '' N 120 ° 59 ′ 35 '' E / 14.002 ° N 120.993 ° E / 14.002 ; 120.993 ( Taal ) Batangas 33 Eruption years is from 1572 to 1977 . Showing signs of unrest since 1991 and permanently monitored . Unnamed volcano ( Ibugos ) − 24 − 79 20 ° 20 ′ N 121 ° 45 ′ E / 20.33 ° N 121.75 ° E / 20.33 ; 121.75 ( Unnamed volcano ( Ibugos ) ) Batanes Submarine eruptions in 1773 , 1850 and 1854 . See also ( edit ) Geomorphology Landforms List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines List of mountains in the Philippines List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines Volcanic field References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of Active Volcanoes '' . Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ) . 30 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcanoes of the Philippines and Southeast Asia '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcano Data Criteria '' . accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 18 . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Eruption History , Ambalatungan Group '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Banahaw Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Didicas Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Iriga Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Leonard Range Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Makaturing Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Makaturing '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Matutum '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Matutum Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` San Pablo Volcanic Field Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volcanoes of the Philippines . PHIVOLCS Volcano Monitoring and Classification of Volcanoes ( hide ) Geography of the Philippines Geology Manila Trench Marikina Valley Fault System Philippine Fault System Philippine Mobile Belt Philippine Rise Philippine Sea Plate Landforms Archipelagos Extreme points Headlands Hills Island groups islands Mountains ranges passes Ultras Peninsulas Plains Valleys Volcanoes active potentially active inactive Water Baselines Bays Gulfs Lakes Rivers Straits Waterfalls Wetlands Seas Bohol Camotes Celebes Philippine Samar Sibuyan Sulu South China Visayan Administrative divisions Regions Autonomous Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Purok Sitio Environment Climate Ecoregions Forests Landmarks National parks Protected areas Biosphere reserves World Heritage Sites Wildlife Fauna Flora Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines&oldid=797129238 '' Categories : Active volcanoes of the Philippines Lists of volcanoes Lists of landforms of the Philippines Volcanoes of the Philippines Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ilokano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 03 : 35 . About Wikipedia	part of the philippines has the least number of active volcano	[]	[]
-1796057700639617784	Home front during World War II	Home front during World war II - wikipedia Home front during World war II Jump to : navigation , search INF3 - 160 Fighting Fit in the Factory . Artist : A.R. Thomson . The home front covers the activities of the civilians in a nation at war . World War II was a total war ; homeland production became even more invaluable to both the Allied and Axis powers . Life on the home front during World War II was a significant part of the war effort for all participants and had a major impact on the outcome of the war . Governments became involved with new issues such as rationing , manpower allocation , home defense , evacuation in the face of air raids , and response to occupation by an enemy power . The morale and psychology of the people responded to leadership and propaganda . Typically women were mobilized to an unprecedented degree . All of the powers involved had learned from their experiences good and bad on the home front during World War I. Their success in mobilizing economic output was a major factor in supporting combat operations . Among morale - boosting activities that also benefited combat efforts , the home front engaged in a variety of scrap drives for materials crucial to the war effort such as metal , rubber , and rags . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Allies 2.1 Belgium 2.2 China 2.3 France 2.3. 1 War wives 2.3. 2 Food shortages of the home front 2.4 Netherlands 2.5 Poland 2.5. 1 Food deprivation as a Nazi weapon 2.5. 2 Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto : 1943 2.5. 3 Warsaw Uprising of 1944 2.6 Soviet Union 2.6. 1 Survival in Leningrad 2.7 United States 2.7. 1 The Philippines 2.8 Britain and Commonwealth 2.8. 1 Britain 2.8. 1.1 Mobilisation of women 2.8. 1.2 Munitions 2.8. 2 Finances 2.8. 2.1 Rationing 2.8. 2.2 Evacuation 2.8. 2.3 Belfast during the war 2.8. 2.4 Welfare state 2.8. 2.5 Memory 2.8. 3 Canada 2.8. 3.1 Ethnics from enemy countries 2.8. 3.2 Women 2.8. 4 Australia 2.8. 5 New Zealand 2.8. 6 India 2.8. 7 Hong Kong 3 Axis 3.1 Germany 3.1. 1 Forced labour 3.1. 2 Economy 3.1. 3 Rationing 3.1. 4 Nursing 3.1. 5 Displaced persons 3.1. 6 Refugees 3.2 Japan 3.2. 1 Food 3.2. 2 Deaths 3.2. 3 Condition at war 's end 4 Famines 5 Housing 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Sources 8 Bibliography 8.1 General 8.2 Britain 8.3 British Empire 8.3. 1 Australia 8.3. 2 Canada 8.3. 3 New Zealand 8.4 China 8.5 France 8.6 Germany 8.7 Greece 8.8 Italy 8.9 Japan 8.10 Low Countries 8.11 Philippines 8.12 Poland 8.13 Scandinavia 8.14 Soviet Union Overview ( edit ) Salvage -- Help put the lid on Hitler by saving your old metal and paper The major powers devoted 50 -- 61 percent of their total GDP to munitions production . The Allies produced about three times as much in munitions as the Axis powers . Munitions Production in World War II ( Expenditures in billions of dollars , US 1944 munitions prices ) Country / Alliance Year 1935 - 9 ave 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 Total 1939 -- 44 U.S.A. 0.3 1.5 4.5 20.0 38.0 42.0 106.3 Britain 0.5 3.5 6.5 9.0 11.0 11.0 41.5 U.S.S.R 1.6 5.0 8.5 11.5 14.0 16.0 56.6 Allies Total 2.4 10.0 20.0 41.5 64.5 70.5 204.4 Germany 2.4 6.0 6.0 8.5 13.5 17.0 53.4 Japan 0.4 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.5 6.0 16.9 Axis Total 2.8 7.0 8.0 11.5 18.0 23.0 70.3 Source : Goldsmith data in Harrison ( 1988 ) p. 172 Real Value Consumer Spending Country Year 1937 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Japan 100 107 109 111 108 99 93 78 Germany 100 108 117 108 105 95 94 85 USA 100 96 103 108 116 115 118 122 Source : Jerome B Cohen , Japan 's Economy in War and Reconstruction ( 1949 ) p 354 Allies ( edit ) Main article : Allies of World War II The Allies called themselves the `` United Nations '' ( even before that organization formed in 1945 ) , and pledged their support to the Atlantic Charter of 1941 . The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war : no territorial aggrandizement ; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people ; restoration of self - government to those deprived of it ; free access to raw materials ; reduction of trade restrictions ; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all ; freedom from fear and want ; freedom of the seas ; and abandonment of the use of force , as well as the disarmament of aggressor nations . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Belgium in World War II The sudden German invasion of neutral Belgium in May 1940 led in a matter of 18 days to the collapse of the Belgian army ; King Leopold obtained an armistice that involved direct German military administration . The King refused the demand of the government that he flee with them to Britain ; he remained as a puppet ruler under German control . The Belgian bureaucracy remained in place and generally cooperated with the German rulers . Two pro-German movements , the Flemish National Union comprising Flemish ( Dutch - speaking ) separatists and the Walloon ( French - speaking ) Rexists led by Léon Degrelle ( 1906 -- 94 ) supported the invaders and encouraged their young men to volunteer for the German army . Small but active resistance movements , largely Communist , provided intelligence to the Allies . During the Holocaust in Belgium , the Nazis hunted down the 70,000 Jews living in Belgium , most of them refugees , and killed 29,000 of them . The Germans expected to exploit Belgium 's industrial resources to support their war machine . Their policies created severe shortages for the Belgian people , but shipped out far less than Germany had expected . They set up the `` Armaments Inspection Board '' in 1940 to relay munitions orders to factories ; the Board came under the control of the German Minister of Armaments , Albert Speer in 1943 , and had offices in industrial areas that were supposed to facilitate orders for materiél , and supervise production . However , factory production fell sharply after 1942 . Although collaboration with the Nazis , especially among the Flemish , was evident in 1940 , it soon faded in importance . Labor strikes and systematic sabotage slowed production , as did the emigration of workers to rural areas , Allied bombing , food shortages , and worker resentment to forced labor . The Allies retook all of Belgium in September 1944 as the Germans retreated . They reappeared briefly during the hard fighting of the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 , but were finally expelled in January 1945 . The London ‐ based government ‐ in ‐ exile returned , but had to confront the resistance movements that demanded radical political change . China ( edit ) See also : Second Sino - Japanese War China suffered the second highest number of casualties of the entire war . Civilians in the occupied territories had to endure many large - scale massacres , including that in Nanking . In a few areas , Japanese forces also unleashed newly developed biological weapons on Chinese civilians leading to an estimated 200,000 dead . Tens of thousands died when Nationalist troops broke the levees of the Yangtze to stop the Japanese advance after the loss of the Chinese capital , Nanjing . Millions more Chinese died because of famine during the war . Japan captured major coastal cities like Shanghai early in the war ; cutting the rest of China off from its chief sources of finance and industry . Millions of Chinese moved to remote regions to avoid invasion . Cities like Kunming ballooned with new arrivals . Entire factories and universities were often taken along so the society could still function . Japan replied with hundreds of air raids on the new capital of Chongqing . Although China received much aid from the United States , China did not have sufficient infrastructure to properly arm or even feed its military forces , let alone its civilians . China was divided into three zones , with the Nationalists in the southwest and the Communists led by Mao Zedong ( Mao ) in control of much of the northwest . Coastal areas were occupied by the Japanese and civilians were treated harshly ; young men were drafted into a puppet Chinese army . France ( edit ) Main article : Vichy France Further information : German occupation of France during World War II and Italian occupation of France during World War II After the stunningly quick victory in June 1940 , France was knocked out of the war and part of it , with its capital in Vichy , became an informal ally of the Germans . A powerful Resistance movement sprang up , as the Germans fortified the coast against an Allied invasion and occupied the northern half of the country . The Germans captured 2,000,000 French soldiers , and kept them in prisoner of war camps inside Germany for the duration of the war , using them as hostages to guarantee French cooperation . The Vichy French government , cooperated closely with the Germans , sending food , machinery and workers to Germany . Several hundred thousand Frenchmen and women were forced to work in German factories , or volunteered to do so , as the French economy itself deteriorated . Nevertheless , there was a strong Resistance movement , with fierce anti-resistance activities carried out by the Nazis and the French police . Most Jews were rounded up by the Vichy police and handed over to the Germans , who sent them to death camps . War wives ( edit ) The two million French soldiers held as POWs and forced laborers in Germany throughout the war were not at risk of death in combat , but the anxieties of separation for their 800,000 wives were high . The government provided a modest allowance , but one in ten became prostitutes to support their families . Meanwhile , the Vichy regime promoted a highly traditional model of female roles . After the war , France gave women the vote and additional legal and political rights , although nothing on the scale of the enfranchisement that followed World War I . Food shortages of the home front ( edit ) Women suffered shortages of all varieties of consumer goods and the absence of the men in POW camps . The rationing system was stringent and badly mismanaged , leading to pronounced malnourishment , black markets and hostility to state management of the food supply . The Germans seized about 20 % of the French food production , which caused severe disruption to the household economy of the French people . French farm production fell by half because of the lack of fuel , fertilizer and workers ; even so , the Germans seized half the meat and 20 % of the produce . Supply problems quickly affected French stores , which lacked most items . The government responded by rationing , but German officials set the policies and hunger prevailed , especially affecting young people in urban areas . At shops , the queues lengthened . Some people -- including German soldiers who could take advantage of arbitrary exchange rates that favored Germany -- benefited from the black market , where food was sold without coupons at very high prices . Farmers diverted meat to the black market , which meant that there was much less for the open market . Counterfeit food coupons were also in circulation . Direct buying from farmers in the countryside and barter against cigarettes became common . These activities were strictly forbidden , and carried the risk of confiscation and fines . Food shortages were most acute in the large cities . Vitamin deficiencies and malnutrition were prevalent . Advice about eating a healthier diet and home growing produce was distributed . Slogans like ' Digging for Victory ' and ' Make Do and Mend ' appeared on national posters and became a part of the war effort . The city environment made these efforts nearly negligible . In the more remote country villages , however , clandestine slaughtering , vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted survival . The official ration provided starvation - level diets of 1,300 or fewer calories a day ( 5400 kJ ) , supplemented by home gardens and , especially , black market purchases . Netherlands ( edit ) See also : Dutch famine of 1944 The Dutch famine of 1944 , known as the Hongerwinter ( `` Hunger winter '' ) was a man - made famine imposed by Germany in the occupied western provinces during the winter of 1944 -- 1945 . A German blockade cut off food and fuel shipments from farm areas . A total of 4.5 million people were affected , of whom 18,000 died , despite an elaborate system of emergency soup kitchens . Poland ( edit ) Main articles : Occupation of Poland ( 1939 -- 1945 ) , Polish culture during World War II , and Polish Underground State Food deprivation as a Nazi weapon ( edit ) ' Harvesting ' -- Artist : Adrian Allinson. 1939 -- 1946 . The Nazi Hunger Plan was to kill the Jews of Poland quickly , and slowly to force the Poles to leave by threat of starvation , so that they could be replaced by German settlers . The Nazis coerced Poles to work in Germany by providing favorable food rations for families who had members working in the Reich . The ethnic German population in Poland ( Volksdeutsche ) were given good rations and were allowed to shop for food in special stores . The German occupiers created a draconian system of food controls , including severe penalties for the omnipresent black market . There was a sharp increase in mortality due to the general malnutrition , and a decline in birth rates . By mid 1941 , the German minority in Poland received 2,613 calories ( 11,000 kJ ) per day , while Poles received 699 and Jews in the ghetto 184 . The Jewish ration fulfilled just 7.5 % of their daily needs ; Polish rations only 26 % . Only the ration allocated to Germans provided the full required calorie intake . Distribution of food in Nazi occupied Poland as of December 1941 Nationality Daily Calorie intake Germans 2,310 Foreigners 1,790 Ukrainians 930 Poles 654 Jews 184 ( 54 ) Additionally the Generalplan Ost of the Nazis , which envisioned the elimination of the Slavic population in the occupied territories and artificial famines - as proposed in the Hunger Plan , were to be used . Jews in the Warsaw ghetto : 1943 ( edit ) On September 1 , 1939 , Germany invaded Poland , conquering it in three weeks , as the Soviets invaded the eastern areas . During the German occupation , there were two distinct civilian uprisings in Warsaw , one in 1943 , the other in 1944 . The first took place in an entity , less than two square miles ( 5 km ) in area , which the Germans had carved out of the city and called Ghetto Warschau . The Germans built high walls around the ghetto , and crowded 550,000 Polish Jews into it , many from the Polish provinces . At first , people were allowed to enter and leave the ghetto , but soon its border became an `` iron curtain '' . Unless on official business , Jews could not leave , and non-Jews , including Germans , could not enter . Entry points were guarded by German soldiers . Because of extreme conditions and hunger , mortality in the ghetto was high . In 1942 , the Germans moved 400,000 ghetto residents to Treblinka where they were gassed on arrival . By April 19 , 1943 , when the Ghetto Uprising commenced , the population of the ghetto had dwindled to 60,000 individuals . In the following three weeks , virtually all died as the Germans fought and systematically destroyed the buildings in the ghetto . Warsaw Uprising of 1944 ( edit ) The uprising by Poles began on August 1 , 1944 , when the Polish underground , the `` Home Army '' , aware that the Soviet Army had reached the eastern bank of the Vistula , sought to liberate Warsaw much as the French resistance had liberated Paris a few weeks earlier . Joseph Stalin had his own group of Communist leaders for the new Poland and did not want the Home Army or its leaders ( based in London ) to control Warsaw . So he halted the Soviet offensive and gave the Germans free rein to suppress it . During the ensuing 63 days , 250,000 Poles of the Home Army surrendered to the Germans . After the Germans forced all the surviving population to leave the city , Hitler ordered that any buildings left standing be dynamited -- 98 percent of the buildings in Warsaw were destroyed . Soviet Union ( edit ) During the invasion of the Soviet Union in the early months of the war , rapid German advances almost captured the cities of Moscow and Leningrad . The bulk of Soviet industry which could not be evacuated was either destroyed or lost due to German occupation . Agricultural production was interrupted , with grain crops left standing in the fields . This caused hunger reminiscent of the early 1930s . In one of the greatest feats of war logistics , factories were evacuated on an enormous scale , with 1,523 factories dismantled and shipped eastwards along four principal routes to the Caucasus , Central Asia , the Ural , and Siberia . In general , the tools , dies and production technology were moved , along with the blueprints and their management , engineering staffs and skilled labor . The whole of the Soviet Union become dedicated to the war effort . The people of the Soviet Union were probably better prepared than any other nation involved in World War II to endure the material hardships of the war -- primarily because they were so used to shortages and economic crisis in the past , especially during wartime -- World War I had brought similar restrictions on food . Conditions were nevertheless severe . World War II was especially devastating to citizens of the USSR because it was fought on Soviet territory and caused massive destruction . In Leningrad , under German siege , over a million people died of starvation and disease . Many factory workers were teenagers , women and old people . The government implemented rationing in 1941 and first applied it to bread , flour , cereal , pasta , butter , margarine , vegetable oil , meat , fish , sugar and confectionery all across the country . The rations remained largely stable in other places during the war . Off - ration food was often so expensive that it could not add substantially to a citizen 's food supply unless they were especially well - paid . Peasants received no rations and had to make do with any local resources they farmed themselves . Most rural peasants struggled and lived in unbearable poverty , but others sold their surplus food at a high price ; a few became rouble millionaires , until a currency reform two years after the end of the war wiped out their wealth . Despite harsh conditions , the war led to a spike in Soviet nationalism and unity . Soviet propaganda toned down extreme Communist rhetoric of the past as the people now rallied to protect their Motherland against the evils of the German invaders . Ethnic minorities thought to be collaborators were forced into exile . Religion , which was previously shunned , became a part of a Communist Party propaganda campaign to mobilize religious people . Soviet society changed drastically during the war . There was a burst of marriages in June and July 1941 between people about to be separated by the war , and in the next few years the marriage rate dropped off steeply , with the birth rate following shortly thereafter to only about half of what it would have been in peacetime . For this reason mothers with several children during the war received substantial honors and money benefits if they had several children -- mothers could earn around 1,300 rubles for having their fourth child and up to 5,000 rubles for their tenth . Survival in Leningrad ( edit ) The city of Leningrad endured more suffering and hardships than any other city in the Soviet Union during World War II . Hunger , malnutrition , disease , starvation , and even cannibalism became common during the siege , which lasted from September 1941 until January 1944 . Many people lost weight , and grew weaker and more vulnerable to disease . If malnutrition persisted for long enough , its effects were irreversible . People 's feelings of loyalty disappeared if they got hungry enough ; they would steal from their closest family members in order to survive . Only some of the citizens of Leningrad survived . Only 400,000 were evacuated before the siege began ; this left 2.5 million in Leningrad , including 400,000 children . Subsequently , more managed to escape ; especially when the nearby Lake Ladoga froze over and people could walk over the ice road -- or `` road of life '' -- to safety . Those in influential political or social positions used their connections to other elites to leave Leningrad both before and after the siege began . Some factory owners even looted state funds to secure transport out of the city during the first summer of the war . The most risky means of escape , however , was to defect to the enemy and hope to avoid governmental punishment . Most survival strategies during the siege , though , involved staying within the city and facing the problems through resourcefulness or luck : for instance by securing factory employment , because many factories became autonomous and possessed more of the requirements for survival during the winter , such as food and heat . Workers received larger rations than other civilians , and factories were likely to have electricity if they produced vital goods . Factories also served as mutual support centers , and had clinics and other services like cleaning crews and teams of women who would sew and repair clothes . Factory employees were still driven to desperation on occasion and people resorted to eating glue or horsemeat in factories where food was scarce , but factory employment was the most consistently successful method of survival , and at some food production plants not a single person died . Survival opportunities open to the wider Soviet community included barter and farming on private land . Black markets thrived as private barter and trade became more common , especially between soldiers and civilians . Soldiers , who had more food to spare , were eager to trade with civilians who had extra warm clothes to exchange . Planting vegetable gardens in the spring became popular , primarily because citizens could keep everything grown on their own plots . The campaign also had a potent psychological effect and boosted morale , a survival component almost as crucial as bread . Many of the most desperate Soviet citizens turned to crime to support themselves . Most common was the theft of food and of ration cards ; this could prove fatal for a malnourished person if their card was stolen more than a day or two before a new card was issued . For these reasons , the stealing of food was severely punished and a person could be shot for as little as stealing a loaf of bread . More serious crimes such as murder and cannibalism also occurred , and special police squads were set up to combat these crimes , though by the end of the siege , roughly 1,500 had been arrested for cannibalism . US Government publicity photo of American machine tool worker in Texas United States ( edit ) Main articles : United States home front during World War II and American propaganda during World War II In the United States , farming and other production was increased . For example , citizens were encouraged to plant `` victory gardens '' , personal farms that children sometimes worked on . Standlee ( 2010 ) argues that during the war the traditional gender division of labor changed somewhat , as the `` home '' or domestic female sphere expanded to include the `` home front '' ; meanwhile the public sphere -- the male domain -- was redefined as the international stage of military action . The Philippines ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines § World War II and Japanese occupation The Philippines was an American possession on the way to independence ( scheduled in 1946 ) and controlled its own internal affairs . The Japanese invaded and quickly conquered the islands in early 1942 . The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines and established the Philippine Executive Commission . They initially organized a Council of State , through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943 , when they declared the Philippines an independent republic . The Japanese - sponsored Second Philippine Republic headed by President José P. Laurel proved to be ineffective and unpopular as Japan maintained very tight controls . Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large - scale underground and guerrilla activity . The Philippine Army , as well as remnants of the U.S. Army Forces Far East continued to fight the Japanese in a guerrilla war . They formed an auxiliary unit of the United States Army . Their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war , Japan controlled only twelve of the forty - eight provinces . One element of resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Hukbalahap , which armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of Luzon . The Allies as well as the combined American and Filipino soldiers invaded in 1944 -- 45 ; the battle for Manila was contested street by street with large numbers of civilians killed . As in most occupied countries , crime , looting , corruption , and black markets were endemic . With a view of building up the economic base of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , the Japanese Army envisioned using the islands as a source of agricultural products needed by its industry . For example , Japan had a surplus of sugar from Taiwan , and a severe shortage of cotton , so they try to grow cotton in on sugar lands with disastrous results . They lacked the seeds , pesticides , and technical skills to grow cotton . Jobless farm workers flock to the cities , where there was minimal relief and few jobs . The Japanese Army also tried using cane sugar for fuel , castor beans and copra for oil , derris for quinine , cotton for uniforms , and abaca ( hemp ) for rope . The plans were very difficult to implement in the face of limited skills , collapsed international markets , bad weather , and transportation shortages . The program was a failure that gave very little help to Japanese industry , and diverted resources needed for food production . As Karnow reports , Filipinos `` rapidly learned as well that ' co-prosperity ' meant servitude to Japan 's economic requirements . '' Living conditions were bad throughout the Philippines during the war . Transportation between the islands was difficult because of lack of fuel . Food was in very short supply , with sporadic famines and epidemic diseases The Japanese tried to remove all Western and American cultural influences . They met fierce resistance when they tried to undermine the Catholic Church by arresting 500 Christian missionaries . The Filipinos came to feel morally superior to the brutal Japanese and rejected their advances . Newspapers and the media were tightly censored . The Japanese tried to reshape schools and impose the Japanese language . They formed neighborhood associations to inform on the opposition . Britain and Commonwealth ( edit ) The original 1939 Keep Calm and Carry On poster Britain ( edit ) See Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II . Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1837 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1918 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline Britain 's total mobilisation during this period proved to be successful in winning the war , by maintaining strong support from public opinion . The war was a `` people 's war '' that enlarged democratic aspirations and produced promises of a postwar welfare state . For the military story see Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II . Mobilisation of women ( edit ) Salvage -- `` Up Housewives and at ' em ! Put out your paper , metal , bones . '' Artist : Yates - Wilson . Historians credit Britain with a highly successful record of mobilising the home front for the war effort , in terms of mobilising the greatest proportion of potential workers , maximising output , assigning the right skills to the right task , and maintaining the morale and spirit of the people . Much of this success was due to the systematic planned mobilisation of women , as workers , soldiers and housewives , enforced after December 1941 by conscription . The women supported the war effort , and made the rationing of consumer goods a success . In some ways , the government over-responded , evacuating too many children in the first days of the war , closing cinemas as frivolous then reopening them when the need for cheap entertainment was clear , sacrificing cats and dogs to save a little space on shipping pet food , only to discover an urgent need to keep the rats and mice under control . In the balance between compulsion and voluntarism , the British relied successfully on voluntarism . The success of the government in providing new services , such as hospitals and school lunches , as well as egalitarian spirit , contributed to widespread support for an enlarged welfare state . Munitions production rose dramatically , and the quality remained high . Food production was emphasised , in large part to free shipping for munitions . Farmers increased the number of acres under cultivation from 12,000,000 to 18,000,000 ( from about 50,000 to 75,000 km ) , and the farm labour force was expanded by a fifth , thanks especially to the Women 's Land Army . Parents had much less time to supervise their children , and there were fears of juvenile delinquency , especially as older teenagers took jobs and emulated their older siblings in the service . The government responded by requiring all young people over 16 to register , and expanded the number of clubs and organisations available to them . Munitions ( edit ) In mid-1940 , the RAF ( Royal Air Force ) was called on to fight the Battle of Britain but it had suffered serious losses . It lost 458 aircraft -- more than current production -- in France and was hard pressed . The government decided to concentrate on only five types of aircraft in order to optimise output . They were : Wellingtons , Whitley Vs , Blenheims , Hurricanes and Spitfires . These aircraft received extraordinary priority . Covering the supply of materials and equipment and even made it possible to divert from other types the necessary parts , equipment , materials and manufacturing resources . Labour was moved from other aircraft work to factories engaged on the specified types . Cost was not an object . The delivery of new fighters rose from 256 in April to 467 in September -- more than enough to cover the losses -- and Fighter Command emerged triumphantly from the Battle of Britain in October with more aircraft than it had possessed at the beginning . Starting in 1941 , the US provided munitions through Lend lease that totalled $15.5 billion Finances ( edit ) Britain borrowed everywhere it could and made heavy purchases of munitions and supplies in the United States , India and Canada during the war , as well as other parts of the Empire and neutral countries . Canada also made gifts . The United States provided large amounts of Lend Lease aid in terms of food , oil , and munitions . It was ( mostly ) a gift with no repayment . Britain 's borrowing was measured by sterling balances around the world amounted to ₤ 3.4 billion in 1945 ( equivalent to about $ US 200 billion in 2016 dollars . ) However , Britain treated this as a long - term loan with no interest and no specified repayment date . Just when the money would be made available by London was an issue , for the British treasury was nearly empty by 1945 . < Rationing ( edit ) Main article : Rationing in the United Kingdom Wartime food and cookery demonstrations , 1940 . A British Restaurant in London , 1942 . 2000 were opened to serve low cost basic meals to people who had run out of rationing coupons . Food , clothing , petrol , leather and other items were rationed . However , items such as sweets and fruits were not rationed , as they would spoil . Access to luxuries was severely restricted , although there was also a significant black market . Families also grew `` victory gardens '' , and small home vegetable gardens . Many things were conserved to turn into weapons later , such as fat for nitroglycerin production . People in the countryside were less affected by rationing as they had greater access to locally sourced unrationed products than people in cities , and were more able to grow their own . The rationing system , which had been originally based on a specific basket of goods for each consumer , was much improved by switching to a points system which allowed housewives to make choices based on their own priorities . Food rationing also permitted the upgrading of the quality of the food available , and housewives approved -- except for the absence of white bread and the government 's imposition of an unpalatable wheat meal `` national loaf '' . Surveys of public opinion showed that most Britons were pleased that rationing brought equality and a guarantee of a decent meal at an affordable cost . Evacuation ( edit ) From very early in the war , it was thought that the major industrial cities of Britain , especially London , would come under Luftwaffe air attack ; this did happen with The Blitz . Some children were sent to Canada , the USA and Australia and millions of children and some mothers were evacuated from London and other major cities to safer parts of the country when the war began , under government plans for the evacuation of civilians , but they often filtered back . When the Blitz bombing began on September 6 , 1940 , they evacuated again . The discovery of the poor health and hygiene of evacuees was a shock to many Britons , and helped prepare the way for the Beveridge Report . Children were evacuated if their parents agreed ; but in some cases they had no choice . The children were only allowed to take a few things with them , including a gas mask , books , money , clothes , ration book and some small toys . Belfast during the war ( edit ) See also : Belfast Blitz A news theatre in Leicester Square -- publicity for Movietone News coverage of the `` Mareth Victory '' Belfast in Northern Ireland was a representative British city that has been well studied by historians . It was a key industrial city producing ships , tanks , aircraft , engineering works , arms , uniforms , parachutes and a host of other industrial goods . The unemployment that had been so persistent in the 1930s disappeared , and labour shortages appeared . There was a major munitions strike in 1944 . As a key industrial city , Belfast became a target for German bombing missions , but it was thinly defended ; there were only 24 anti-aircraft guns in the city for example . The Northern Ireland government under Richard Dawson Bates ( Minister for Home Affairs ) had prepared too late , assuming that Belfast was too distant . When Germany conquered France in spring 1940 it gained closer airfields . The city 's fire brigade was inadequate , there were no public air raid shelters as the Northern Ireland government was reluctant to spend money on them and there were no searchlights in the city , which made shooting down enemy bombers all the more difficult . After seeing the Blitz in London in the autumn of 1940 , the government began the construction of air raid shelters . The Luftwaffe in early 1941 , flew reconnaissance missions that identified the docks and industrial areas to be targeted . Especially hard hit were the working class areas in the north and east of the city where over a thousand were killed and hundreds were seriously injured . Many people left the city afraid of future attacks . The bombing revealed the terrible slum conditions . In May 1941 , the Luftwaffe hit the docks and the Harland and Wolff shipyard , closing it for six months . Apart from the numbers of dead , the Belfast blitz saw half of the city 's houses destroyed . Approximately twenty million pounds worth of damage was caused . The Northern Ireland government was criticised heavily for its lack of preparation . The criticism forced the resignation of Northern Ireland 's Prime Minister J.M. Andrews . The bombing raids continued until the invasion of Russia in the summer of 1941 . The American army arrived in 1942 -- 44 , setting up bases around Northern Ireland , and spending freely . Welfare state ( edit ) Main article : Beveridge Report An Emergency Hospital Service was established at the beginning of the war , in the expectation that it would be required to deal with large numbers of casualties . A common theme called for an expansion of the welfare state as a reward to the people for their wartime sacrifices The goal was operationalized in a famous report by William Beveridge It recommended that the various income maintenance services that a grown - up piecemeal since 1911 be systematised and made universal . Unemployment benefits and sickness benefits were to be universal . There would be new benefits for maternity . The old - age pension system would be revised and expanded , and require that a person retired . A full - scale National Health Service would provide free medical care for everyone . All the major parties endorsed the principles and they were largely put into effect when peace returned . Memory ( edit ) The themes of equality and sacrifice were dominant during the war , and in the memory of the war . Harris points out that the war was seen at the time and by a generation of writers as a period of outstanding national unity and social solidarity . There was little antiwar sentiment during or after the war . Furthermore , Britain turned more toward the collective welfare state during the war , expanding it in the late 1940s and reaching a broad consensus supporting it across party lines . By the 1970s and 1980s , however , historians were exploring the subtle elements of continuing diversity and conflict in society during the war period . For example , at first historians emphasized that strikes became illegal in July 1940 , and no trade union called one during the war . Later historians pointed to the many localised unofficial strikes , especially in coal mining , shipbuilding , the metal trades and engineering , with as many as 3.7 million man days lost in 1944 . The BBC collected 47,000 wartime recollections and 15,000 images in 2003 - 6 and put them online . The CD audiobook Home Front 1939 -- 45 also contains a selection of period interviews and actuality recordings . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years § World War II Two boys in Montreal gather rubber for wartime salvage , 1942 Canada joined the war effort on September 10 , 1939 ; the government deliberately waited after Britain 's decision to go to war , partly to demonstrate its independence from Britain and partly to give the country extra time to import arms from the United States as a non-belligerent . War production was ramped up quickly , and was centrally managed through the Department of Munitions and Supply . Unemployment faded away . Canada became one of the largest trainers of pilots for the Allies through the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan . Many Canadian men joined the war effort , so with them overseas and industries pushing to increase production , women took up positions to aid in the war effort . The hiring of men in many positions in civilian employment was effectively banned later in the war through measures taken under the National Resources Mobilization Act ... Shipyards and repair facilities expanded dramatically as over a thousand warships and cargo vessels were built , along with thousands of auxiliary craft , small boats and others . Canada expanded food production , but shipped so much to Britain that food rationing had to be imposed . In 1942 it shipped to Britain 25 per cent of total meat production ( including 75 % of the bacon ) , 65 % of the cheese and 13 % of the eggs . Ethnics from enemy countries ( edit ) Since 20 % of Canada 's population were not of British or French origin , their status was of special concern . The main goal was to integrate the marginalized European ethnicities -- as opposed to the First World War policy of internment camps for Ukrainians and Germans . In the case of Germany , Italy and especially Japan , the government watched the ethnics closely for signs of loyalty to their homelands . The fears proved groundless . In February 1942 21,000 Japanese Canadians were rounded up and sent to internment camps that closely resembled similar camps in the US because the two governments had agreed in 1941 to coordinate their evacuation policies . Most had lived in British Columbia , but in 1945 they were released from detention and allowed to move anywhere in Canada except British Columbia , or they could go to Japan . Most went to the Toronto area . Women ( edit ) Shop stewards in the canteen of the Burrard Dry Dock in North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Commencing in 1942 , Burrard Dry Dock hired over 1000 women , all of whom were dismissed at the end of the war to make way for returning men . Canadian women responded to urgent appeals to make - do , recycle and salvage in order to come up with needed supplies . They saved fats and grease ; gathered recycled goods , handed out information on the best methods to use that one may get the most out of recycled goods and organized many other events to decrease the amount of waste . Volunteer organizations led by women also prepared packages for the military overseas or for prisoners of war in Axis countries . With World War II came the dire need for employees in the workplace , without women to step - in , the economy would have collapsed . By autumn 1944 the number of women working full - time in Canada 's paid labour force was twice what it had been in 1939 , and that figure of between 1,000,000 and 1,200,000 did not include part - time workers or women working on farms . '' Women had to take on this intensive labour and while they did this they still had to find time to make jam , clothes and other such acts of volunteering to aid the men overseas . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Australian home front during World War II The government greatly expanded its powers in order to better direct the war effort , and Australia 's industrial and human resources were focused on supporting the Australian and American armed forces . There were a few Japanese attacks , most notably on Darwin in February 1942 , along with the widespread fear in 1942 , that Australia would be invaded . Australian women were encouraged to contribute to the war effort by joining one of the female branches of the armed forces or participating in the labour force Australia entered the war in 1939 and sent its forces to fight the Germans in the Middle East ( where they were successful ) and Singapore ( where they were captured by the Japanese in 1942 ) . By 1943 , 37 % of the Australian GDP was directed at the war effort . Total war expenditure came to £ 2,949 million between 1939 and 1945 . The Curtin Labor Government took over in October 1941 , and energised the war effort , with rationing of scarce fuel , clothing and some food . When Japan entered the war in December 1941 , the danger was at hand , and all women and children were evacuated from Darwin and northern Australia . The Commonwealth Government took control of all income taxation in 1942 , which gave it extensive new powers and greatly reduced the states ' financial autonomy . Manufacturing grew rapidly , with the assembly of high performance guns and aircraft a specialty . The number of women working in factories rose from 171,000 to 286,000 . The arrival of tens of thousands of Americans was greeted with relief , as they could protect Australia where Britain could not . The US sent in $1.1 billion in Lend Lease , and Australia returned about the same total in services , food , rents and supplies to the Americans . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand , with a population of 1.7 million , including 99,000 Maori , was highly mobilised during the war . The Labour party was in power and promoted unionisation and the welfare state . The armed forces peaked at 157,000 in September 1942 ; 135,000 served abroad , and 10,100 died . Agriculture expanded , sending record supplies of meat , butter and wool to Britain . When American forces arrived , they were fed as well . The nation spent £ 574 million on the war , of which 43 % came from taxes , 41 % from loans and 16 % from American Lend Lease . It was an era of prosperity as the national income soared from £ 158 million in 1937 to £ 292 million in 1944 . Rationing and price controls kept inflation to only 14 % during 1939 -- 45 . Montgomerie shows that the war dramatically increased the roles of women , especially married women , in the labour force . Most of them took traditional female jobs . Some replaced men but the changes here were temporary and reversed in 1945 . After the war , women left traditional male occupations and many women gave up paid employment to return home . There was no radical change in gender roles but the war intensified occupational trends under way since the 1920s . India ( edit ) Main article : India in World War II During World War II , India was a colony of Britain known as British Raj . Britain declared war on behalf of India without consulting with Indian leaders . This resulted in resignation of Congress Ministries . The British recruited some 2.5 million Indian volunteers , who played major roles as soldiers in the Middle East , North Africa and Burma in the British Indian Army . India became the main base for British operations against Japan , and for American efforts to support China . In Bengal , with an elected Muslim local government under British supervision , the cutoff of rice imports from Burma led to severe food shortages , made worse by maladministration . Prices soared and millions starved because they could not buy food . In the Bengal famine of 1943 , three million people died . A small anti-British force of about 40,000 men ( and a few women ) formed in Southeast Asia , the Indian National Army ( INA ) under Subhas Chandra Bose . It was under Japanese army control and performed poorly in combat . Its members were captured Indian soldiers from British Indian Army who gained release from extreme conditions in POW camps by joining the Japanese - sponsored INA . It participated in Battle Of Kohima and Battle of Imphal . In postwar Indian politics , some Indians called them heroes . The Congress Party in 1942 demanded immediate independence , which Britain rejected . Congress then demanded the British immediately `` Quit India '' in August 1942 , but the Raj responded by immediately jailing tens of thousands of national , state and regional leaders ; knocking Congress out of the war . Meanwhile , the Muslim League supported the war effort and gained prestige and membership , as well as British support for its demands for a separate Muslim state ( which became Pakistan in 1947 ) . Hong Kong ( edit ) Hong Kong was a British colony captured by Japan on December 25 , 1941 , after 18 days of fierce fighting . The conquest was swift , but was followed by days of large - scale looting ; over ten thousand Chinese women were raped or gang - raped by the Japanese soldiers . The population halved , from 1.6 million in 1941 to 750,000 at war 's end because of fleeing refugees ; they returned in 1945 . The Japanese imprisoned the ruling British colonial elite and sought to win over the local merchant gentry by appointments to advisory councils and neighbourhood watch groups . The policy worked well for Japan and produced extensive collaboration from both the elite and the middle class , with far less terror than in other Chinese cities . Hong Kong was transformed into a Japanese colony , with Japanese businesses replacing the British . However , the Japanese Empire had severe logistical difficulties and by 1943 the food supply for Hong Kong was problematic . The overlords became more brutal and corrupt , and the Chinese gentry became disenchanted . With the surrender of Japan the transition back to British rule was smooth , for on the mainland the Nationalist and Communists forces were preparing for a civil war and ignored Hong Kong . In the long run the occupation strengthened the pre-war social and economic order among the Chinese business community by eliminating some conflicts of interests and reducing the prestige and power of the British . Axis ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) Germany had not fully mobilized in 1939 , nor even in 1941 . Not until 1943 , under Albert Speer ( the minister of armaments in the Reich ) , did Germany finally redirect its entire economy and manpower to war production . Instead of using all available Germans , it brought in millions of slave workers from conquered countries , treating them badly ( and getting low productivity in return ) . Germany 's economy was simply too small for a longer all - out war . Hitler 's strategy was to change this by a series of surprise blitzkriegs . This failed with defeats in Russia in 1941 and 1942 , and against the economic power of the allies . Forced labour ( edit ) Main article : Forced labour under German rule during World War II Instead of expanding the economies of the occupied nations , the Nazis seized the portable machinery and rail cars , requisitioned most of their industrial output , took large quantities of food ( 15 % of French output ) , and forced the victims to pay for their military occupation . The Nazis forced 15 million people to work in Germany ( including POWs ) ; many died from bad living conditions , mistreatment , malnutrition , and executions . At its peak , forced laborers comprised 20 % of the German work force and were a vital part of the German economic exploitation of the conquered territories . They were especially concentrated in munitions and agriculture . For example , 1.5 million French soldiers were kept in POW camps in Germany as hostages and forced workers and , in 1943 , 600,000 French civilians were forced to move to Germany to work in war plants . Economy ( edit ) Although Germany had about double the population of Britain ( 80 million versus 40 million ) , it had to use far more labor to provide food and energy . Britain imported food and employed only a million people ( 5 % of the labour force ) on farms , while Germany used 11 million ( 27 % ) . For Germany to build its twelve synthetic oil plants with a capacity of 3.3 million tons a year required 2.4 million tons of structural steel and 7.5 million man - days of labor . ( Britain imported all its oil from Iraq , Persia and North America ) . To overcome this problem , Germany employed millions of forced laborers and POWs ; by 1944 , they had brought in more than five million civilian workers and nearly two million prisoners of war -- a total of 7.13 million foreign workers . Teenage girls in agricultural work in the occupied territories , one of the possible duties assigned by the Bund Deutscher Mädel ( League of Young German Women ) , the female version of the Hitler Youth , with compulsory membership for girls . The caption in Das Deutsche Mädel , in its May 1942 issue , states : `` bringing all the enthusiasm and life force of their youth , our young daughters of the Work Service make their contribution in the German territories regained in the East '' . Gertrud Scholtz - Klink , head of the women 's wing of the Nazi Party as well as the Woman 's Bureau in the German Labor Front Rationing ( edit ) Rationing in Germany was introduced in 1939 immediately upon the outbreak of hostilities . Hitler was at first convinced that it would affect public support for the war if a strict rationing program was introduced . The Nazi popularity was in fact partially due to the fact that Germany under the Nazis was relatively prosperous , and Hitler did not want to lose popularity or faith . Hitler felt that food and other shortages had been a major factor in destroying civilian morale during World War I which led to defeatism and surrender . Despite the rationing , civilians had sufficient amounts of food and clothing ; witness Howard K. Smith later wrote that `` ( f ) or a people engaged in a life - and - death war ... the German people for two years of war ate amazingly well . '' The meat ration , for example , was 500g per week per person . After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 , however , this changed to 400g per week , then fell further . Estimating that the meat ration had dropped by up to 80 % in five months of fighting in Russia , and citing many other changes in living conditions that suddenly occurred , Smith wrote that by the time he left Germany in late 1941 , `` for the first time ... the German people are undernourished '' . The system gave extra rations for men involved in heavy industry , and extremely low starvation rations for Jews and Poles in the areas occupied by Germany , but not to the Poles inside Germany many of whom had been brought in to perform heavy labor in German war industries . According to a 1997 post by Walter Felscher to the `` Memories of the 1940s '' electronic mailing list : For every person , there were rationing cards for general foodstuffs , meats , fats ( such as butter , margarine and oil ) and tobacco products distributed every other month . The cards were printed on strong paper , containing numerous small `` Marken '' subdivisions printed with their value -- for example , from `` 5 g Butter '' to `` 100 g Butter '' . Every acquisition of rationed goods required an appropriate `` Marken '' , and if a person wished to eat a certain soup at a restaurant , the waiter would take out a pair of scissors and cut off the required items to make the soup and amounts listed on the menu . In the evenings , restaurant - owners would spend an hour at least gluing the collected `` Marken '' onto large sheets of paper which they then had to hand in to the appropriate authorities . The amounts available under rationing were sufficient to live from , but clearly did not permit luxuries . Whipped cream became unknown from 1939 until 1948 , as well as chocolates , cakes with rich crèmes etc . Meat could not be eaten every day . Other items were not rationed , but simply became unavailable as they had to be imported from overseas : coffee in particular , which throughout was replaced by substitutes made from roasted grains . Vegetables and local fruit were not rationed ; imported citrus fruits and bananas were unavailable . In more rural areas , farmers continued to bring their products to the markets , as large cities depended on long distance delivery . Many people kept rabbits for their meat when it became scarce in shops , and it was often a child 's job to care for them each day . By the spring of 1945 , food distribution and the ration system was increasingly in collapse due to insurmountable transportation disruption and the rapid advance of the Allied armies from west and east with consequent loss of food storage facilities . In Berlin , during the beginning of the Battle of Berlin , the authorities announced the allocation of a special supplementary food ration on April 20 , 1945 . It consisted of a pound of bacon or sausage , half a pound of rice , half a pound of peas or pulses , a pound of sugar , four ounces of coffee substitute , one ounce of real coffee , and a tin of vegetables or fruit . Additionally , the authorities announced that standard food ration allocations for the next fortnight could be claimed in advance . The extra allocation of rations were dubbed by Berliners Himmelfahrtsrationen , Ascension - day rations , `` Because with these rations we shall now ascend to heaven '' Nursing ( edit ) Germany had a very large and well organized nursing service , with three main organizations , one for Catholics , one for Protestants , and the DRK ( Red Cross ) . In 1934 the Nazis set up their own nursing unit , the Brown nurses , and absorbed one of the smaller groups , bringing it up to 40,000 members . It set up kindergartens , hoping to seize control of the minds of the younger Germans , in competition with the other nursing organizations . Civilian psychiatric nurses who were Nazi party members participated in the killing of invalids , although the process was shrouded in euphemisms and denials . Military nursing was primarily handled by the DRK , which came under partial Nazi control . Frontline medical services were provided by male doctors and medics . Red Cross nurses served widely within the military medical services , staffing the hospitals that perforce were close to the front lines and at risk of bombing attacks . Two dozen were awarded the highly prestigious Iron Cross for heroism under fire . They are among the 470,000 German women who served with the military . Displaced persons ( edit ) The conquest of Germany in 1945 freed 11 million foreigners , called `` displaced persons '' ( DPs ) - chiefly forced laborers and POWs . In addition to the POWs , the Germans seized 2.8 million Soviet workers to labor in factories in Germany . Returning them home was a high priority for the Allies . However , in the case of Russians and Ukrainians returning often meant suspicion or prison or even death . The UNRRA , Red Cross and military operations provided food , clothing , shelter and assistance in returning home . In all , 5.2 million were repatriated to the Soviet Union , 1.6 million to Poland , 1.5 million to France , and 900,000 to Italy , along with 300,000 to 400,000 each to Yugoslavia , Czechoslovakia , the Netherlands , Hungary , and Belgium . Refugees ( edit ) In 1944 -- 45 , over 2.5 million ethnic Germans fled from Eastern Europe in family groups , desperately hoping to reach Germany before being overtaken by the Russians . Half a million died in the process , the survivors were herded into refugee camps in East and West Germany for years . Meanwhile , Moscow encouraged its troops to regard German women as targets for revenge . Russian Marshal Georgi Zhukov called on his troops to , `` Remember our brothers and sisters , our mothers and fathers , our wives and children tortured to death by Germans ... We shall exact a brutal revenge for everything . '' Upwards of two million women inside Germany were raped in 1945 in a tidal wave of looting , burning and vengeance . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Shōwa period § Second World War The Japanese home front was elaborately organized , block by block , with full - scale food rationing and many controls over labor . The government used propaganda heavily and planned in minute detail regarding the mobilization of manpower , identification of critical choke points , food supplies , logistics , air raid shelters , and the evacuation of children and civilians from targeted cities . Food supplies were very tight before the heavy bombing began in fall 1944 , then grew to a crisis . There was only a small increase of 1.4 million women entering the labor force between 1940 and 1944 . The minister of welfare announced , `` In order to secure its labor force , the enemy is drafting women , but in Japan , out of consideration for the family system , we will not draft them . '' Japanese schoolchildren evacuating to rural areas in 1944 The weaknesses in the maximum utilization of womanpower was indicated by the presence of 600,000 domestic servants in wealthy families in 1944 . The government wanted to raise the birthrate , even with 8.2 million men in the armed forces , of whom three million were killed . Government incentives helped to raise the marriage rate , but the number of births held steady at about 2.2 million per year , with a 10 % decline in 1944 -- 45 , and another 15 % decline in 1945 -- 46 . Strict rationing of milk led to smaller babies . There was little or no long - term impact on the overall demographic profile of Japan . The government began making evacuation plans in late 1943 , and started removing entire schools from industrial cities to the countryside , where they were safe from bombing and had better access to food supplies . In all 1.3 million children were moved -- with their teachers but not their parents . When the American bombing began in earnest in late 1944 , 10 million people fled the cities to the safety of the countryside , including two - thirds of the residents of the largest cities and 87 % of the children . Left behind were the munitions workers and government officials . By April 1945 , 87 % of the younger children had been moved to the countryside . Civil defense units were transformed into combat units , especially the Peoples Volunteer Combat Corps , enlisting civilian men up to the age of 60 and women to age 40 . Starting in January 1945 the government operated an intensive training program to enable the entire civilian population to fight the `` decisive battle '' with the American invaders using grenades , explosive gliders and bamboo spears . Everyone understood they would probably die in what the government called , the `` Grand Suicide of the One Hundred Million . '' Health conditions became much worse after the surrender in September 1945 , with so much housing stock destroyed , and an additional 6.6 million Japanese repatriated from Manchuria , China , Indochina , Formosa , Korea , Saipan and the Philippines . Food ( edit ) Agricultural production in the home islands held up well during the war until the bombing started . It fell from an index of 110 in 1942 to 84 in 1944 and only 65 in 1945 . Worse , imports dried up . The Japanese food rationing system was effective throughout the war , and there were no serious incidences of malnutrition . A government survey in Tokyo showed that in 1944 families depended on the black market for 9 % of their rice , 38 % of their fish , and 69 % of their vegetables . The Japanese domestic food supply depended , however , on imports , which were largely cut off by the American submarine and bombing campaigns . Likewise there was little deep sea fishing , so that the fish ration by 1941 was mostly squid harvested from coastal waters . The result was a growing food shortage , especially in the cities . There was some malnutrition but no reported starvation . Despite government rationing of food , some families were forced to spend more than their monthly income could offer on black market food purchases . They would rely on savings or exchange food for clothes or other possessions . Japanese Rice Supply Year 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Domestic production 9,928 9,862 10,324 9,107 8,245 9,999 9,422 8,784 6,445 Imports 2,173 2,546 1,634 1,860 2,517 2,581 1,183 874 268 All rice 12,101 12,408 11,958 10,967 10,762 12,580 10,605 9,658 6,713 Deaths ( edit ) The American aerial bombing of a total of 65 Japanese cities took from 400,000 to 600,000 civilian lives , with 100,000 + in Tokyo alone , over 200,000 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined . The Battle of Okinawa resulted in 80,000 -- 150,000 civilian deaths . In addition civilian death among settlers who died attempting to return to Japan from Manchuria in the winter of 1945 were probably around 100,000 . The total of Japanese military fatalities between 1937 and 1945 were 2.1 million ; most came in the last year of the war and were caused by starvation or severe malnutrition in garrisons cut off from supplies . Condition at war 's end ( edit ) Health and living conditions worsened after the surrender in September 1945 . Most of the housing stock in large cities was destroyed , just as refugees tried to return from the rural areas . Adding to the crisis there was an influx of 3.5 million returning soldiers and 3.1 million Japanese civilians forcibly repatriated from Imperial outposts in Manchuria , China , Indochina , Formosa , Korea , Saipan and the Philippines ; about 400,000 civilians were left behind and not heard of again . Meanwhile , 1.2 million Koreans , POWs and other non-Japanese left Japan . The government implemented pro-natalist policies , which led to an increase in the marriage rate , but birth rates remained steady until they declined by 10 % in the stress of the last year of the war , and another 15 % during the hardship of the postwar period . The American bombing campaign of all major cities severely impacted the economy , as did the shortages of oil and raw materials that intensified when Japanese merchant shipping was mostly sunk by American submarines . When industrial production was available to the military , for example , 24 percent of Japan 's finished steel in 1937 was allocated to the military , compared to 85 percent in 1945 . By the end of the war , output percent of the highest capacity was still 100 percent for steel , although only 75 percent for aluminum , 63 percent for machine tools , 42 percent for vacuum tubes , 54 percent cement , 32 percent cotton fabric , and 36 percent for wool . Famines ( edit ) Severe food shortages were common throughout the war zones , especially in Europe where Germany used starvation as a military weapon . Japan did not use it as a deliberate policy , but the breakdown of its transportation and distribution systems led to famine and starvation conditions among its soldiers on many Pacific islands . Bose ( 1990 ) studies the three great Asian famines that took place during the war : Bengal in India , Honan in China , and Tonkin in Vietnam . In each famine at least two million people died . They all occurred in densely populated provinces where the subsistence foundations of agriculture was failing under the weight of demographic and market pressures . In each cases famine played a role in undermining the legitimacy of the state and the preexisting social structure . Housing ( edit ) A great deal of housing was destroyed or largely damaged during the war , especially in the Soviet Union , Germany , and Japan . In Japan , about a third of the families were homeless at the end of the war . In Germany , about 25 % of the total housing stock was destroyed or heavily damaged ; in the main cities the proportion was about 45 % . Elsewhere in Europe , 22 % of the prewar housing in Poland was totally destroyed ; 21 % in Greece ; 9 % in Austria , 8 % in the Netherlands ; 8 % in France , 7 % in Britain , 5 % Italy and 4 % in Hungary . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War II home front . Role of women during World War II Lotta Svärd Rosie the Riveter Squander Bug Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II Utility furniture Veronica Foster Women 's Land Army Military production during World War II Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War Paper Salvage 1939 -- 50 References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin Conway , Collaboration in Belgium : Leon Degrelle and the Rexist Movement , 1940 -- 1944 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Bob Moore , `` Jewish Self - Help and Rescue in the Netherlands during the Holocaust in Comparative Perspective , '' Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis ( 2011 ) 124 # 4 pp 492 -- 505 . Jump up ^ José Gotovitch , `` La Rüstungs - Inspektion Belgien , '' Archives et Bibliotheques de Belgique ( 1969 ) 40 # 3 pp 436 -- 448 . Jump up ^ Peter Schrijvers , Liberators : The Allies and Belgian Society , 1944 -- 1945 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Peter Williams and David Wallace , Unit 731 : Japan 's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II ( Free Press , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Rod Kedward , Occupied France : Collaboration And Resistance 1940 -- 1944 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Matthew Cobb , The Resistance : The French Fight against the Nazis ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Julian Jackson , France : The Dark Years , 1940 -- 1944 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Sarah Fishman , We Will Wait : Wives of French Prisoners of War , 1940 -- 1945 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Miranda Pollard , Reign of Virtue : Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Hanna Diamond , Women and the Second World War in France , 1939 -- 1948 : Choices and Constraints ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ E.M. Collingham , The Taste of War : World War Two and the Battle for Food ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Kenneth Mouré , `` Food Rationing and the Black Market in France ( 1940 -- 1944 ) , '' French History , June 2010 , Vol. 24 Issue 2 , p 272 - 3 Jump up ^ Mattapan. 2010 . Vitamin D. Available from : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ British Library . 2005 . 1900s food . Available from : http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/booksforcooks/1900s/1900sfood.html Jump up ^ Mouré , `` Food Rationing and the Black Market in France ( 1940 -- 1944 ) '' pp 262 -- 282 , Jump up ^ C. Banning , C. `` Food Shortage and Public Health , First Half of 1945 , '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 245 , The Netherlands during German Occupation ( May 1946 ) , pp. 93 -- 110 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Lizzie Collingham , Taste of War : World War II and the Battle for Food ( 2011 ) pp 180 -- 218 Jump up ^ Mark Rutherford , Prelude to the final solution Jump up ^ Richard Lukas , The Other Holocaust Jump up ^ Jan Gross , Polish Society Under German Occupation Jump up ^ Roland , Charles G ( 1992 ) . `` Scenes of Hunger and Starvation '' . Courage Under Siege : Disease , Starvation and Death in the Warsaw Ghetto . Remember . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 99 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506285 - 4 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Odot '' ( PDF ) . Jerusalem : Yad Vashem . Jump up ^ Czesław Madajczyk `` Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce '' Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe , Warszawa 1970 , p. 226 volume 2 Jump up ^ Gutman ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Davies ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ p. 70 , Bishop Jump up ^ John Barber and Mark Harrison , The Soviet Home Front , 1941 -- 1945 : a social and economic history of the USSR in World War II ( 1991 ) p. 77 . Jump up ^ Barber and Harrison , The Soviet Home Front , 1941 -- 1945 pp 81 , 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Barber and Harrison , The Soviet Home Front , 1941 -- 1945 pp 91 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Barber and Harrison , The Soviet Home Front , 1941 -- 1945 pp 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Richard Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet - German War , '' in The People 's War : Responses to World WarII in the Soviet Union , eds . Robert W. Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , 88 . Jump up ^ Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad , '' p 89 . Jump up ^ Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad , '' pp 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad , '' p 97 . Jump up ^ Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad , '' p 98 . Jump up ^ `` World War II : Civic Responsibility '' ( PDF ) . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Alecea Standlee , `` Shifting Spheres : Gender , Labor and the Construction of National Identity in U.S. Propaganda during the Second World War , '' Minerva Journal of Women & War Spring 2010 , Vol. 4 Issue 1 , pp 43 -- 62 Jump up ^ `` World War II '' in Ronald E. Dolan , ed . Philippines : A Country Study ( 1991 ) online Jump up ^ Bernard Norling , The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , eds . Oxford Companion to World War II pp 877 -- 79 Jump up ^ Francis K. Danquah , `` Reports on Philippine Industrial Crops in World War II from Japan 's English Language Press , '' Agricultural History ( 2005 ) 79 # 1 pp. 74 -- 96 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Stanley Karnow , In Our Image : America 's Empire in the Philippines ( 1989 ) pp 308 -- 9 Jump up ^ Satoshi Ara , `` Food supply problem in Leyte , Philippines , during the Japanese Occupation ( 1942 -- 44 ) , '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies ( 2008 ) 39 # 1 pp 59 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Francis K. Danquah , `` Japan 's Food Farming Policies in Wartime Southeast Asia : The Philippine Example , 1942 -- 1944 , '' Agricultural History ( 1990 ) 64 # 3 pp. 60 -- 80 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Alfredo G. Parpan , `` The Japanese and the Philippine Church , 1942 -- 45 , '' Philippine Studies ( 1989 ) 37 # 4 pp 451 -- 466 . Jump up ^ Victory Gosiengfiao , `` The Japanese Occupation : ' The Cultural Campaign , ' '' Philippine Studies ( 1966 ) 14 # 2 pp 228 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Mark Donnelly , Britain in the Second World War ( 1999 ) is a short survey Jump up ^ Angus Calder , The People 's War : Britain , 1939 -- 45 ( 1969 ) is the standard scholarly history . Jump up ^ Robin Havers , The Second World War : Europe , 1939 -- 1943 ( 2002 ) Volume 4 , p 75 Jump up ^ Hancock , W.K. and Gowing , M.M. British War Economy ( 1949 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Marwick , Britain in the Century of Total War : Peace and Social Change , 1900 -- 67 ( 1968 ) , p. 258 Jump up ^ Calder , The People 's War : Britain , 1939 -- 45 ( 1969 ) pp 276 -- 83 , 411 -- 30 Jump up ^ Marwick , Britain in the Century of Total War : Peace and Social Change , 1900 -- 67 ( 1968 ) , pp. 292 -- 94 , 258 Jump up ^ Postan ( 1952 ) , Chapter 4 . Jump up ^ Hancock , British War Economy online p 353 Jump up ^ See `` Pounds Sterling to Dollars : Historical Conversion of Currency '' Jump up ^ Marcelo de Paiva Abreu , `` India as a creditor : sterling balances , 1940 - 1953 . '' ( Department of Economics , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro , 2015 ) online Jump up ^ see `` Sources for the History of London 1939 -- 45 : Rationing '' History in Focus : War Jump up ^ Calder , The People 's War : Britain , 1939 -- 45 ( 1969 ) pp 276 -- 83 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) p 454 Jump up ^ Calder , The People 's War ( 1969 ) pp 35 -- 50 Jump up ^ Brian Barton , `` The Belfast Blitz : April -- May 1941 , '' History Ireland , ( 1997 ) 5 # 3 pp 52 -- 57 Jump up ^ Robson S. Davison , `` The Belfast Blitz , '' Irish Sword : Journal of the Military History Society of Ireland , ( 1985 ) 16 # 63 pp 65 -- 83 Jump up ^ Boyd Black , `` A Triumph of Voluntarism ? Industrial Relations and Strikes in Northern Ireland in World War Two , '' Labour History Review ( 2005 ) 70 # 1 pp 5 -- 25 Jump up ^ F.M. Leventhal , Twentieth - Century Britain : an Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) pp 74 -- 75 , 830 Jump up ^ Brian Abel ‐ Smith , `` The Beveridge report : Its origins and outcomes . '' International Social Security Review ( 1992 ) 45 # 1 ‐ 2 pp 5 -- 16 . online Jump up ^ Jose Harris , `` War and social history : Britain and the home front during the Second World War , '' Contemporary European History ( 1992 ) 1 # 1 pp 17 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Paul Addison . `` The Impact of the Second World War , '' in Paul Addison and Harriet Jones , eds . A Companion to Contemporary Britain : 1939 -- 2000 ( 2005 ) pp 3 -- 22 Jump up ^ See BBC , `` WW2 People 's War '' ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Until November 1939 , the Neutrality Acts prohibited the export of arms from the United States to belligerents . Jump up ^ James Pritchard , A Bridge of Ships : Canadian Shipbuilding during the Second World War ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Keesing 's Contemporary Archives Volume IV - V , November , 1943 p. 6099 Jump up ^ Ivana Caccia , Managing the Canadian Mosaic in Wartime : Shaping Citizenship Policy , 1939 -- 1945 ( McGill - Queen 's University Press , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Roger Daniels , `` The Decisions to Relocate the North American Japanese : Another Look , '' Pacific Historical Review , February 1982 , Vol. 51 Issue 1 , pp 71 -- 77 Jump up ^ Ken Adachi , The Enemy that Never Was : A History of the Japanese Canadians ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Patricia E. Roy , The Triumph of Citizenship : The Japanese and Chinese in Canada 1941 -- 1967 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Ruth Roach Pierson , `` They 're Still Women After All , '' The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood ( McClelland & Stewart , 1986 ) p 9 . Jump up ^ Gavin Long , The Six Years War ( 1973 ) p. 474 . Jump up ^ Frank Crowley , ed . A New History Of Australia ( 1977 ) pp 459 -- 503 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton , The Oxford History of Australia : Volume 5 : 1942 -- 1995 . The Middle Way ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eli Daniel Potts and A. Potts , Yanks Down Under , 1941 -- 1945 : The American Impact on Australia ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Walter Yust , Ten Eventful Years : 1937 -- 1946 ( 1947 ) 3 : 347 -- 52 Jump up ^ J.V.T. Baker War Economy ( 1965 ) , the official history ; and Nancy M. Taylor , The Home Front Volume I NZ official history ( 1986 ) ; Volume II Jump up ^ Deborah Montgomerie , `` The Limitations of Wartime Change : Women War Workers in New Zealand , '' New Zealand Journal of History ( 1989 ) 23 # 1 pp 68 -- 86 Jump up ^ On the home front see Gwen Parsons , `` The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two , '' History Compass ( 2013 ) 11 # 6 pp 419 -- 428 , online Jump up ^ `` Making Britain : Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) '' , The Open University . Jump up ^ S.N. Sen , History : Modern India ( 2006 ) ( online ) Jump up ^ Paul R. Greenough , Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal : The Famine of 1943 -- 1944 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Snow , Philip ( 2004 ) . The Fall Of Hong Kong : Britain , China and the Japanese Occupation . Yale U.P. p. 81 . Jump up ^ Jung - Fang Tsai , `` Wartime Experience , Collective Memories and Hong Kong Identity , China Review International ( 2005 ) 12 # 1 pp 229 + online Jump up ^ Wei - Bin Zhang ( 2006 ) . Hong Kong : The Pearl Made of British Mastery And Chinese Docile - Diligence . Nova Publishers . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Richard Overy , War and Economy in the Third Reich ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Adam Tooze , Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy ( 2006 ) pp. 429seq . Jump up ^ Edward L. Homze , Foreign Labor in Nazi Germany ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Exploitation , Criminality , Resistance . The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabrück , 1939 -- 49 , '' Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 40 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 2005 ) , pp. 483 -- 502 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ulrich Herbert , `` Forced Laborers in the ' Third Reich ' '' , International Labor and Working - Class History ( 1997 ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard K. ( 1942 ) . Last Train from Berlin . Knopf . pp. 115 -- 116 , 120 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Felscher , Walter ( 1997 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Recycling and rationing in wartime Germany '' . Memories of the 1940 's mailing list archive . Archived from the original on 1997 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 28 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Read , Fisher , Anthony , David ( 1992 ) . The Fall Of Berlin ( Fifth ed . ) . London : Pimlico . p. 346 . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 5797 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Cornelius ( 2015 ) . The Last Battle ( 2015 ed . ) . London : Hodder & Stouton . ISBN 978 - 1 - 473 - 62007 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bronwyn Rebekah McFarland - Icke , Nurses in Nazi Germany ( Princeton University Press , 1999 ) Jump up ^ Gordon Williamson , World War II German Women 's Auxiliary Services ( 2003 ) pp 34 -- 36 Jump up ^ William I. Hitchcock , The Bitter Road to Freedom : The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe ( 2008 ) , pp 250 -- 56 Jump up ^ Michael R. Marrus , The Unwanted : European Refugees in the 20th Century ( 1985 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Richard Bessell , Germany : 1945 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Hitchcock , The Bitter Road to Freedom : ( 2008 ) pp 160 -- 61 ; quote p. 161 online Jump up ^ Thomas R.H. Havens , Valley of Darkness : The Japanese People and World War Two ( 1978 ) p 108 Jump up ^ Havens ( 1978 ) , pp 135 -- 37 Jump up ^ Samuel Hideo Yamashita , Daily Life in Wartime Japan , 1940 - 1945 ( 2015 ) p 124 Jump up ^ Yamashita , Daily Life in Wartime Japan , 1940 - 1945 ( 2015 ) p 172 Jump up ^ Havens ( 1978 ) , pp 145 , 154 161 -- 3 , 167 Jump up ^ Nakamura , Takafusa , et al. eds . Economic History of Japan 1914 -- 1955 : A Dual Structure ( vol 3 2003 ) , 326 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Havens , 125 Jump up ^ Collingham . The Taste of War ( 2011 ) pp 228 -- 47 Jump up ^ `` '' Food Situation , '' November 2 , 1945 , Asahi , In Press Translations Japan , Social series , No. 1 , Item 3 , Pages 2 - 3 , ATIS , G2 , SCAP , November 5 , 1945 `` . Dartmouth Digital Library . 2 Nov 1945 . Retrieved 26 Oct 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , ( 1949 ) Japan 's Economy in War and Reconstruction p 368 - 9 Jump up ^ John Dower , `` Lessons from Iwo Jima , '' Perspectives ( September 2007 ) 45 # 6 pp 54 -- 56 at ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Havens ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Nakamura , Takafusa , et al. eds . Economic History of Japan 1914 -- 1955 : A Dual Structure ( vol 3 2003 ) , p 291 Jump up ^ Nakamura , p 298 Jump up ^ Collinham ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Sugata Bose , `` Starvation amidst Plenty : The Making of Famine in Bengal , Honan and Tonkin , 1942 -- 45 , '' Modern Asian Studies , July 1990 , Vol. 24 Issue 4 , pp 699 -- 727 in JSTOR Jump up ^ One third of the Soviet housing stock was damaged or destroyed according to Jane R. Zavisca ( 2012 ) . Housing the New Russia . Cornell UP . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Niall Ferguson , `` The Second World War as an Economic Disaster '' , in : Michael J. Oliver and Derek Howard Aldcroft , eds. ( 2007 ) . Economic Disasters of the Twentieth Century . Edward Elgar . p. 83 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jeffry M. Diefendorf Professor and Chair of the History Department University of New Hampshire ( 1993 ) . In the Wake of War : The Reconstruction of German Cities after World War II : The Reconstruction of German Cities after World War II . Oxford UP . pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ W.S. Woytinsky and E.S. Woytinsky , World Population and Production : Trends and Outlook ( 1953 ) p 134 , using 1949 UN estimates Sources ( edit ) Cohen , Jerome ( 1949 ) . Japan 's Economy in War and Reconstruction . University of Minnesota Press . online version . Collingham , E.M. The Taste of War : World War Two and the Battle for Food ( 2011 ) , broad survey of most countries Davies , Norman ( 2004 ) . Rising ' 44 : The Battle for Warsaw . Vikiing . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03284 - 0 . Gutman , Israel ( 1994 ) . Resistance : The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 60199 - 0 . Hancock , W.K. and Gowing , M.M. ( 1949 ) . British War Economy : History of the Second World War : United Kingdom Civil Series . London : HMSO and Longmans , Green & Co . Available on - line at : British War Economy . Harrison , Mark ( 1988 ) . `` Resource Mobilization for World War II : The U.S.A. , UK , USSR and Germany , 1938 -- 1945 '' . In : Economic History Review , ( 1988 ) : pp 171 -- 92 . Postan , Michael ( 1952 ) . British War Production : History of the Second World War : United Kingdom Civil Series . London : HMSO and Longmans , Green & Co . Available on - line at : British War Production . Titmuss , Richard M. ( 1950 ) . Problems of Social Policy : ' History of the Second World War : United Kingdom Civil Series . London : HMSO and Longmans , Green & Co . Available on - line at : Problems of Social Policy . Bibliography ( edit ) General ( edit ) Beck , Earl R . The European Home Fronts , 1939 -- 1945 Harlan Davidson , 1993 , brief survey Bohm - Duchen , Monica . Art and the Second World War ( Princeton University Press ; 2014 ) 288 pages ; covers art produced in all the major belligerents Costello , John . Love , Sex , and War : Changing Values , 1939 -- 1945 1985 . US title : Virtue under Fire : How World War II Changed Our Social and Sexual Attitudes Collingham , E.M. The Taste of War : World War Two and the Battle for Food ( 2011 ) Dear , I.C.B. and M.R.D. Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 1995 ) , detailed articles on every country Harrison , Mark . `` Resource Mobilization for World War II : The U.S.A. , UK , USSR and Germany , 1938 -- 1945 '' . Economic History Review ( 1988 ) : 171 -- 92 . online Harrison , Mark , ed . The economics of World War II : six great powers in international comparison ( Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) Higonnet , Margaret R. , et al. , eds . Behind the Lines : Gender and the Two World Wars Yale UP , 1987 . Hitchcock , William I . The Bitter Road to Freedom : The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe ( 2009 ) Loyd , E. Lee , ed. ; World War II in Europe , Africa , and the Americas , with General Sources : A Handbook of Literature and Research Greenwood Press . 1997 . 525pp bibliographic guide Loyd , E. Lee , ed. ; World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War 's aftermath , with General Themes : A Handbook of Literature and Research Greenwood Press , 1998 Marwick , Arthur . War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century : A Comparative Study of Britain , France , Germany , Russia , and the United States 1974 . Mazower , Mark . Hitler 's Empire : How the Nazis Ruled Europe ( 2009 ) Milward , Alan . War , Economy and Society 1977 covers home front of major participants Noakes , Jeremy ed. , The Civilian in War : The Home Front in Europe , Japan and the U.S.A. in World War II Exeter , UK : University of Exeter , 1992 . Overy , Richard . The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe , 1940 -- 1945 ( Viking ; 2014 ) 562 pages ; covers the civil defence and the impact on the home fronts of Allied strategic bombing of Germany , Italy , France , the Netherlands , Belgium , Bulgaria , and Scandinavia . Wright , Gordon . The Ordeal of Total War 1968. , covers all of Europe Yust , Walter , ed. 10 Eventful Years : 1937 -- 1946 4 vol . Encyclopædia Britannica , 1947 . Highly detailed encyclopedia of events in every country . WWII Homefront -- Collection of color photographs of the home front during World War II Britain ( edit ) Braybon , Gail , and Penny Summerfield. ( 1987 ) Out of the cage : women 's experiences in two world wars Brivati , Brian , and Harriet Jones , ed. ( 1993 ) What Difference Did the War Make ? The Impact of the Second World War on British Institutions and Culture . Leicester UP ; 1993 . Calder , Angus . ( 1969 ) The People 's War : Britain 1939 -- 45 , highly influential interpretive survey excerpt Champin , David . ( 2008 ) `` ' The war has turned our lives upside - down ' : The Merit of Commercial Advertising in Documenting the Cultural History of the British Home Front in the Second World War . '' Visual Resources : An International Journal of Documentation ( 2008 ) 24 # 2 pp 145 -- 158 . Corelli , Barnett. ( 1986 ) The Audit of War : The Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation . Field , Geoffrey G. ( 2011 ) Blood , Sweat , and Toil : Remaking the British Working Class , 1939 - 1945 DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199604111.001. 0001 online Gardiner , Juliet. ( 2004 ) Wartime : Britain 1939 -- 1945 782pp ; comprehensive social history Hancock , W.K. and Gowing , M.M. ( 1949 ) British War Economy ( official History of the Second World War ) . Online at : British War Economy . Hancock , W.K. ( 1951 ) Statistical Digest of the War ( official History of the Second World War ) . Online at : Statistical Digest of the War . Harris , Carol ( 2000 ) . Women at War 1939 -- 1945 : The Home Front . Thrupp : Sutton Publishing Limited . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 2536 - 1 . Harris , Jose . `` War and social history : Britain and the home front during the Second World War , '' Contemporary European History ( 1992 ) 1 # 1 pp 17 -- 35 . historiography Hughes , J.R.T. `` Financing the British War Effort , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1958 ) 18 # 2 pp. 193 -- 199 in JSTOR Marwick , Arthur ( 1976 ) . The Home Front : The British and the Second World War ... Postan , Michael ( 1952 ) British War Production ( official History of the Second World War ) . Online at : British War Production . Rose , Sonya O. ( 2003 ) Which People 's War ? : National Identity and Citizenship in Wartime Britain 1939 -- 1945 Sheridan , Dorothy ed. ( 1991 ) Wartime Women A Mass - Observation Anthology of Women 's Writing 1937 -- 1945 online free ; primary sources Summerfield , Penny . ( 1999 ) `` What Women Learned from the Second World War , '' History of Education 18 : 213 -- 229 ; Summerfield , Penny . ( 1998 ) `` Research on Women in Britain in the Second World War : An Historiographical Essay , '' Cahiers d'Histoire du Temps Présent 4 : 207 -- 226 . Titmuss , Richard M. ( 1950 ) Problems of Social Policy . ( official History of the Second World War ) . London : HMSO and Longmans , Green & Co . Available on line at : Problems of Social Policy official history Zweiniger - Bargielowska , Ina . Austerity in Britain : Rationing , Controls & Consumption , 1939 -- 1955 ( 2000 ) 286p . online British Empire ( edit ) Khan , Yasmin . The Raj At War : A People 's History Of India 's Second World War ( 2015 ) a major , comprehensive scholarly study Australia ( edit ) Hasluck , Paul The Government and the People , 1939 -- 41 ( 1965 ) online vol 1 ; The Government and the People , 1942 -- 45 ( 1970 ) online vol 2 Butlin , S.J. War Economy , 1939 -- 42 ( 1955 ) online Butlin , S.J. and C.B. Schedvin , War Economy 1942 -- 1945 , ( 1977 ) online Darian - Smith , Kate . On the Home Front : Melbourne in Wartime , 1939 -- 1945 . Australia : Oxford UP , 1990 . Saunders , Kay . War on the Homefront : State Intervention in Queensland , 1938 -- 1948 ( 1993 ) Canada ( edit ) Bray , Bonita . `` From Flag - Waving to Pragmatism : Images of Patriotism , Heroes and War in Canadian World War II Propaganda Posters . '' Material Culture Review / Revue de la culture matérielle ( 1995 ) 42 # 1 online Broad , Graham . A Small Price to Pay : Consumer Culture on the Canadian Home Front , 1939 -- 45 ( 2013 ) Bruce , Jean . Back the attack ! : Canadian women during the Second World War , at home and abroad ( Macmillan of Canada , 1985 ) Douglas , William Alexander Binny , and Brereton Greenhous , eds . Out of the shadows : Canada in the Second World War ( Dundurn , 1995 ) Durflinger , Serge . Fighting from Home : The Second World War in Verdun , Quebec ( UBC Press , 2011 ) Granatstein , J.L. Canada 's War : The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government . Oxford UP , ( 1975 ) . Granatstein , J.L. , and Desmond Morton . A Nation Forged in Fire : Canadians and the Second World War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1989 ) . Keshen , Jeffrey A. Saints , Sinners , and Soldiers : Canada 's Second World War ( 2004 ) Latta , Ruth . The Memory of All That : Canadian Women Remember World War II . ( Burnstown , Ontario : The General Store Publishing House , 1992 ) . Perrun , Jody . The Patriotic Consensus : Unity , Morale , and the Second World War in Winnipeg ( 2014 ) Pierson , Ruth Roach . They 're Still Women After All : The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood ( McClelland and Stewart , 1986 ) the Second World War ) 144,000 newspaper articles New Zealand ( edit ) Baker , J.V.T. War Economy ( 1965 ) NZ official history Taylor , Nancy M. The Home Front Volume I NZ official history ( 1986 ) ; Volume II Whitfeld , Frederick Lloyd . Political and External Affairs ( 1958 ) NZ official history Hall , D.O.W. `` Women at War , '' in Episodes & Studies Volume 1 ( Historical Publications Branch , Wellington , New Zealand , 1948 ) pp 1 -- 33 online China ( edit ) Coble , Parks M. `` China 's ' New Remembering ' of the Anti-Japanese War of Resistance , 1937 -- 1945 , '' The China Quarterly ( 2007 ) , 190 : 394 -- 410 . Eastman , Lloyd . Seeds of Destruction : Nationalist China in War and Revolution , 1937 -- 1945 . Stanford University Press , 1984 Fairbank , John , and Albert Feuerwerker , eds. , Republican China 1912 -- 1949 in The Cambridge History of China , vol. 13 , part 2 . Cambridge University Press , 1986 . Guo Rugui , editor - in - chief Huang Yuzhang , China 's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations Jiangsu People 's Publishing House , 2005 Hsiung , James C. , and Steven I. Levine , eds . China 's Bitter Victory : The War with Japan , 1937 -- 1945 M.E. Sharpe , 1992 Hsi - sheng , Ch'i Nationalist China at War : Military Defeats and Political Collapse , 1937 -- 1945 University of Michigan Press , 1982 Hsu , Long - hsuen and Chang , Ming - kai History of The Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) 2nd Ed . Chung Wu Publishers. 1972 Lary , Diana . The Chinese People at War : Human Suffering and Social Transformation , 1937 -- 1945 ( 2010 ) ; France ( edit ) Diamond , Hanna . Women and the Second World War in France , 1939 -- 1948 : Choices and Constraints ( 1999 ) Fishman , Sarah , et al. France at War : Vichy and the Historians online 360 pp Gildea , Robert ( 2002 ) . Marianne in Chains : In Search of the German Occupation 1940 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 78230 - 9 Gordon , B. , ed . Historical Dictionary of World War Two France : The Occupation , Vichy and the Resistance , 1938 -- 1946 ( 1998 ) Hall , W. - D . The Youth of Vichy France ( Oxford , 1981 ) . Jackson , Julian . France : The Dark Years , 1940 -- 1944 ( 2003 ) 660pp online edition Simon Kitson 's Vichy webpage articles , document & excerpts ; extensive coverage edited by British scholar Kedward , H.R. Occupied France : Collaboration and Resistance ( Oxford UP , 1985 ) Paxton , Robert O. Vichy France 1940 -- 1944 : Old Guard and New Order , 1940 -- 1944 ( 2nd ed. 2001 ) Germany ( edit ) Bessel , Richard . Germany : 1945 ( 2009 ) Biddiscombe , Perry `` Into the Maelstrom : German Women in Combat , 1944 -- 45 , '' War & Society ( 2011 ) 30 : 61 -- 89 Burleigh , Michael . The Third Reich : A New History ( 2000 ) Echternkamp , Jörg . ed . Germany and the Second World War Volume IX / I : German Wartime Society 1939 -- 1945 : Politicization , Disintegration , and the Struggle for Survival ( 2008 ) Evans , Richard J. The Third Reich at War ( 2010 ) Hagemann , Karen and Stefanie Schüler - Springorum ; Home / Front : The Military , War , and Gender in Twentieth - Century Germany Berg , 2002 Hagemann , Karen . `` Mobilizing Women for War : The History , Historiography , and Memory of German Women 's War Service in the Two World Wars , '' Journal of Military History ( 2011 ) 75 : 1055 -- 1093 . Kalder N. `` The German War Economy '' . Review of Economic Studies 13 ( 1946 ) : 33 -- 52 . in JSTOR Klemperer , Victor . I Will Bear Witness 1942 -- 1945 : A Diary of the Nazi Years ( 2001 ) , memoir by partly Jewish professor Milward , Alan . The German Economy at War 1965 . Overy , Richard . War and Economy in the Third Reich Oxford UP , 1994 . Owings , Alison ed . Frauen : German Women Recall the Third Reich ( 1995 ) ; primary source Speer , Albert . Inside the Third Reich : Memoirs 1970 ; primary source Tooze , J. Adam . The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy ( 2008 ) Greece ( edit ) Iatrides , John O. , ed . Greece in the 1940s : A Nation In Crisis ( 1981 ) Mazower , Mark . After the War Was Over : Reconstructing the Family , Nation and State in Greece , 1943 -- 1960 ( 2000 ) Sweet - Escott , Bickham . Greece : A Political and Economic Survey , 1939 -- 1953 ( 1954 ) Italy ( edit ) Absalom , R , `` Italy '' , in J. Noakes ( ed . ) , The Civilian in War : The Home Front in Europe , Japan and the U.S.A. in World War II . Exeter : Exęter University Press . 1992 . Bosworth , R.J.B. Mussolini 's Italy : Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship , 1915 -- 1945 ( 2007 ) De Grazia , Victoria . How Fascism Ruled Women : Italy , 1922 -- 1945 ( 1993 ) Tracy Koon , Believe , Obey , Fight : Political Socialization in Fascist Italy 1922 -- 1943 ( U North Carolina Press , 1985 ) , Morgan , D. Italian Fascism , 1919 -- 1945 ( 1995 ) Wilhelm , Maria de Blasio . The Other Italy : Italian Resistance in World War II . W.W. Norton , 1988 . 272 pp . Williams , Isobel . Allies and Italians under Occupation : Sicily and Southern Italy , 1943 - 45 ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 ) . xiv + 308 pp. online review Willson , Perry . `` Empire , Gender and the ' Home Front ' in Fascist Italy . '' Women 's History Review 16 # 4 ( 2007 ) : 487 - 500 . Japan ( edit ) Cohen , Jerome . Japan 's Economy in War and Reconstruction . University of Minnesota Press , 1949 . online version Cook , Haruko Taya , and Theodore Cook . Japan at War : An Oral History ( 1992 ) , interviews . Dower , John . Japan in War and Peace 1993 . Duus , Peter , Ramon H. Myers , and Mark R. Peattie . The Japanese Wartime Empire , 1931 -- 1945 . Princeton UP 1996 . 375p . Havens , Thomas R. Valley of Darkness : The Japanese People and World War II . 1978 . Havens , Thomas R. `` Women and War in Japan , 1937 -- 1945 . '' American Historical Review 80 ( 1975 ) : 913 -- 934 . online in JSTOR Nakamura , Takafusa , et al. eds . Economic History of Japan 1914 -- 1955 : A Dual Structure ( vol 3 2003 ) , pp 247 -- 332 . Noakes , Jeremy , ed . The Civilian in War : The Home Front in Europe , Japan and the USA in World War II ( U of Exeter Press , 1992 ) . Perez , Louis G. , ed. Japan at War : An Encyclopedia ( 2013 ) pp 477 -- 98 excerpts and text search Yamashita , Samuel Hideo . Daily Life in Wartime Japan , 1940 - 1945 ( 2015 ) . Yoshimi , Yoshiaki . Grassroots Fascism : The War Experience of the Japanese People ( Columbia UP , 2015 ) . 360 pp. online review ATIS , G2 , SCAP . `` Food Situation '' 2 Nov 1945 . Asahi , in Press Translations Japan , Social series No. 1 , Item 3 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Japanese newspaper translations Low Countries ( edit ) Geller , Jay Howard . `` The Role of Military Administration in German - occupied Belgium , 1940 -- 1944 , '' Journal of Military History , January 1999 , Vol. 63 Issue 1 , pp 99 -- 125 , Sellin , Thorsten , ed . `` The Netherlands during German Occupation , '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 245 , May 1946 pp i to 180 in JSTOR , 21 essays by experts Van Der Wee , Herman , and Monique Verbreyt . A Small Nation in the Turmoil of the Second World War : Money , Finance and Occupation ( 2010 ) , on Belgium Warmbrunn , Werner . The Dutch under German Occupation 1940 -- 1945 ( Stanford U.P. 1963 ) Wouters , Nico . `` Municipal Government during the Occupation ( 1940 -- 5 ) : A Comparative Model of Belgium , the Netherlands and France , '' European History Quarterly , April 2006 , Vol. 36 Issue 2 , pp 221 -- 246 Philippines ( edit ) Agoncillo Teodoro A . The Fateful Years : Japan 's Adventure in the Philippines , 1941 -- 1945 . Quezon City , PI : R.P. Garcia Publishing Co. , 1965 . 2 vols Hartendorp A.V.H. The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines . Manila : Bookmark , 1967 . 2 vols . Lear , Elmer . The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines : Leyte , 1941 -- 1945 . Southeast Asia Program , Department of Far Eastern Studies , Cornell University , 1961 . 246p . emphasis on social history Steinberg , David J. Philippine Collaboration in World War II . University of Michigan Press , 1967 . 235p . Poland ( edit ) Chodakiewicz , Marek Jan . Between Nazis and Soviets : Occupation Politics in Poland , 1939 -- 1947 ( Lexington Books , 2004 ) Coutouvidi , John , and Jaime Reynold . Poland , 1939 -- 1947 ( 1986 ) Davies , Norman . Rising ' 44 : The Battle for Warsaw ( 2004 ) Gross , Jan T. Polish Society under German Occupation : The Generalgouvernement , 1939 -- 1944 . Princeton UP , 1979 . Gross , Jan T. Revolution from Abroad : The Soviet Conquest of Poland 's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia ( 1988 ) . Gutman , Israel . Resistance : The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ( 1998 ) Kochanski , Halik . The Eagle Unbowed : Poland and the Poles in the Second World War ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Redlich , Shimon . Together and Apart in Brzezany : Poles , Jews , and Ukrainians , 1919 -- 1945 . Indiana U. Press , 2002 . 202 pp . Wrobel , Piotr . `` The Devil 's Playground : Poland in World War II ' ( The Canadian Foundation for Polish Studies of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences , online ) `` Poland At War 1939 -- 1945 Resources '' , English bibliography Scandinavia ( edit ) Andenaes , Johs , et al. Norway and the Second World War ( ISBN 82 - 518 - 1777 - 3 ) Oslo : Johan Grundt Tanum Forlag , 1966 . Kinnunen , Tiina , and Ville Kivimäki . Finland in World War II : History , Memory , Interpretations ( 2011 ) Nissen , Henrik S. Scandinavia During the Second World War ( 1983 ) Salmon ; Patrick , ed . Britain and Norway in the Second World War London : HMSO , 1995 . Soviet Union ( edit ) Barber , John , and Mark Harrison . The Soviet Home Front : A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II , Longman , 1991 . Berkhoff , Karel C. Harvest of Despair : Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule . Harvard U. Press , 2004 . 448 pp . Berkhoff , Karel C. Motherland in Danger : Soviet Propaganda during World War II ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search covers both propaganda and reality of home front conditions Braithwaite , Rodric . Moscow 1941 : A City and Its People at War ( 2006 ) Dallin , Alexander . Odessa , 1941 -- 1944 : A Case Study of Soviet Territory under Foreign Rule . Portland : Int . Specialized Book Service , 1998 . 296 pp . Kucherenko , Olga. Little Soldiers : How Soviet Children Went to War , 1941 -- 1945 ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Overy , Richard . Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 ( 1998 ) 432pp excerpt and txt search Thurston , Robert W. , and Bernd Bonwetsch , eds . The People 's War : Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union ( 2000 ) Vallin , Jacques ; Meslé , France ; Adamets , Serguei ; and Pyrozhkov , Serhii . `` A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s . '' Population Studies ( 2002 ) 56 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 264 . in JSTOR Reports life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males in the period 1941 -- 44 . 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6393522314800476605	Appalachia	Appalachia - wikipedia Appalachia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the region in the United States . For other uses , see Appalachia ( disambiguation ) . Appalachia Region Downtown Roanoke , Virginia , from atop Mill Mountain Areas included under the Appalachian Regional Commission 's charter Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ N 81 ° 00 ′ W / 38.80 ° N 81.00 ° W / 38.80 ; - 81.00 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ N 81 ° 00 ′ W / 38.80 ° N 81.00 ° W / 38.80 ; - 81.00 Counties or county - equivalents 420 States 13 Population ( 2010 ) Total 25 million Demonym ( s ) Appalachian Appalachia ( / ˌæpəˈlætʃə , - ˈleɪtʃə / ) is a cultural region in the Eastern United States that stretches from the Southern Tier of New York to northern Alabama , Mississippi and Georgia . While the Appalachian Mountains stretch from Belle Isle ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) in Canada to Cheaha Mountain in Alabama , the cultural region of Appalachia typically refers only to the central and southern portions of the range . As of the 2010 United States Census , the region was home to approximately 25 million people . Since its recognition as a distinctive region in the late 19th century , Appalachia has been a source of enduring myths and distortions regarding the isolation , temperament , and behavior of its inhabitants . Early 20th century writers often engaged in yellow journalism focused on sensationalistic aspects of the region 's culture , such as moonshining and clan feuding , and often portrayed the region 's inhabitants as uneducated and prone to impulsive acts of violence . Sociological studies in the 1960s and 1970s helped to re-examine and dispel these stereotypes . While endowed with abundant natural resources , Appalachia has long struggled and been associated with poverty . In the early 20th century , large - scale logging and coal mining firms brought wage - paying jobs and modern amenities to Appalachia , but by the 1960s the region had failed to capitalize on any long - term benefits from these two industries . Beginning in the 1930s , the federal government sought to alleviate poverty in the Appalachian region with a series of New Deal initiatives , such as the construction of dams to provide cheap electricity and the implementation of better farming practices . On March 9 , 1965 , the Appalachian Regional Commission was created to further alleviate poverty in the region , mainly by diversifying the region 's economy and helping to provide better health care and educational opportunities to the region 's inhabitants . By 1990 , Appalachia had largely joined the economic mainstream , but still lagged behind the rest of the nation in most economic indicators . Contents ( hide ) 1 Defining the Appalachian region 1.1 Etymology and pronunciation 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 The Appalachian frontier 2.3 Early 19th century 2.4 The U.S. Civil War 2.5 Late 19th and early 20th centuries 2.5. 1 Economic boom 2.5. 2 Stereotypes 2.5. 3 Feuds 2.6 Modern Appalachia 3 Cities 4 Culture 4.1 Ethnic groups 4.2 Religion 4.3 Dialect 4.4 Education 4.5 Music 4.6 Literature 4.7 Folklore 4.8 Urban Appalachians 4.9 Communications 4.10 Appalachian studies 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Logging 5.3 Coal mining 5.4 Manufacturing 5.5 Tourism 5.6 Poverty in Appalachia 5.7 Tax revenue and absentee land ownership 5.8 Appalachian Regional Commission 5.9 Transportation 6 Popular culture 6.1 ' Appalachia ' as the United States 7 Physiographic provinces 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Defining the Appalachian region ( edit ) See also : Social and economic stratification in Appalachia and List of Appalachian Regional Commission counties William G. Frost Since Appalachia lacks definite physiographical or topographical boundaries , there has been some disagreement over what exactly the region encompasses . The most commonly used modern definition of Appalachia is the one initially defined by the Appalachian Regional Commission in 1965 and expanded over subsequent decades . The region defined by the Commission currently includes 420 counties and eight independent cities in 13 states , including all of West Virginia , 14 counties in New York , 52 in Pennsylvania , 32 in Ohio , 3 in Maryland , 54 in Kentucky , 25 counties and 8 cities in Virginia , 29 in North Carolina , 52 in Tennessee , 6 in South Carolina , 37 in Georgia , 37 in Alabama , and 24 in Mississippi . When the Commission was established , counties were added based on economic need , however , rather than any cultural parameters . The first major attempt to map Appalachia as a distinctive cultural region came in the 1890s with the efforts of Berea College president William Goodell Frost , whose `` Appalachian America '' included 194 counties in 8 states . In 1921 , John C. Campbell published The Southern Highlander and His Homeland in which he modified Frost 's map to include 254 counties in 9 states . A landmark survey of the region in the following decade by the United States Department of Agriculture defined the region as consisting of 206 counties in 6 states . In 1984 , Karl Raitz and Richard Ulack expanded the ARC 's definition to include 445 counties in 13 states , although they removed all counties in Mississippi and added two in New Jersey . Historian John Alexander Williams , in his 2002 book Appalachia : A History , distinguished between a `` core '' Appalachian region consisting of 164 counties in West Virginia , Kentucky , Virginia , Tennessee , North Carolina , and Georgia , and a greater region defined by the ARC . In the Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( 2006 ) , Appalachian State University historian Howard Dorgan suggested the term `` Old Appalachia '' for the region 's cultural boundaries , noting an academic tendency to ignore the southwestern and northeastern extremes of the ARC 's pragmatic definition . Etymology and pronunciation ( edit ) Detail of Gutierrez ' 1562 map showing the first known cartographic appearance of a variant of the name `` Appalachia '' While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528 , the members of the Narváez expedition , including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , found a Native American village near present - day Tallahassee , Florida , whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen ( IPA : ( apaˈlatʃen ) ) . The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north . Pánfilo de Narváez 's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15 , 1528 , and applied the name . Now spelled `` Appalachian '' , it is the fourth oldest surviving European place - name in the U.S. After the de Soto expedition in 1540 , Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves . The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutiérrez ' map of 1562 ; the first use for the mountain range is the map of Jacques le Moyne de Morgues in 1565 . Le Moyne was also the first European to apply `` Apalachen '' specifically to a mountain range as opposed to a village , native tribe , or a southeastern region of North America . The name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century . A competing and often more popular name was the `` Allegheny Mountains '' , `` Alleghenies '' , and even `` Alleghania . '' In the early 19th century , Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either `` Appalachia '' or `` Alleghania '' . In northern U.S. dialects , the mountains are pronounced / æpəˈleɪtʃənz / or / æpəˈleɪʃənz / . The cultural region of Appalachia is pronounced / æpəˈleɪʃ ( i ) ə / , also / æpəˈleɪtʃ ( i ) ə / , all with a third syllable like `` lay '' . In southern U.S. dialects , the mountains are called the / æpəˈlætʃənz / , and the cultural region of Appalachia is pronounced / ˈæpəˈlætʃ ( i ) ə / , both with a third syllable like the `` la '' in `` latch '' . This pronunciation is favored in the `` core '' region in central and southern parts of the Appalachian range . The occasional use of the `` sh '' sound for the `` ch '' in the last syllable in northern dialects was popularized by Appalachian Trail organizations in New England in the early 20th century . History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Native American hunter - gatherers first arrived in what is now Appalachia over 16,000 years ago . The earliest discovered site is the Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Washington County , Pennsylvania , which some scientists claim is pre-Clovis culture . Several other Archaic period ( 8000 -- 1000 BC ) archaeological sites have been identified in the region , such as the St. Albans site in West Virginia and the Icehouse Bottom site in Tennessee . In the 16th century , the de Soto and Juan Pardo expeditions explored the mountains of South Carolina , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Georgia , and encountered complex agrarian societies consisting of Muskogean - speaking inhabitants . De Soto indicated that much of the region west of the mountains was part of the domain of Coosa , a paramount chiefdom centered around a village complex in northern Georgia . By the time English explorers arrived in Appalachia in the late 17th century , the central part of the region was controlled by Algonquian tribes ( namely the Shawnee ) and the southern part of the region was controlled by the Cherokee . The French based in modern - day Quebec also made inroads into the northern areas of the region in modern - day New York state and Pennsylvania . By the mid 18th century the French had outposts such as Fort Duquesne and Fort Le Boeuf controlling the access points of the Allegheny River valley and upper Ohio valley after exploration by Celeron de Bienville . Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap ( George Caleb Bingham , oil on canvas , 1851 -- 52 ) European migration into Appalachia began in the 18th century . As lands in eastern Pennsylvania , the Tidewater region of Virginia and the Carolinas filled up , immigrants began pushing further and further westward into the Appalachian Mountains . A relatively large proportion of the early backcountry immigrants were Ulster Scots -- later known as `` Scotch - Irish '' -- who were seeking cheaper land and freedom from Quaker leaders , many of whom considered the Scotch - Irish `` savages '' . Others included Germans from the Palatinate region and English settlers from the Anglo - Scottish border country . Between 1730 and 1763 , immigrants trickled into western Pennsylvania , the Shenandoah Valley area of Virginia , and western Maryland . Thomas Walker 's discovery of Cumberland Gap in 1750 and the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 lured settlers deeper into the mountains , namely to upper east Tennessee , northwestern North Carolina , upstate South Carolina , and central Kentucky . Between 1790 and 1840 , a series of treaties with the Cherokee and other Native American tribes opened up lands in north Georgia , north Alabama , the Tennessee Valley , the Cumberland Plateau regions , and the Great Smoky Mountains along what is now the Tennessee - North Carolina border . The last of these treaties culminated in the removal of the bulk of the Cherokee population ( as well as Choctaw , Chickasaw and others ) from the region via the Trail of Tears from 1831 until 1838 . The Appalachian frontier ( edit ) The Earnest Fort - house in Greene County , Tennessee . Built around 1782 during the Cherokee -- American wars , it is located just south of Chuckey on the banks of the Nolichucky River . Appalachian frontiersmen have long been romanticized for their ruggedness and self - sufficiency . A typical depiction of an Appalachian pioneer involves a hunter wearing a coonskin cap and buckskin clothing , and sporting a long rifle and shoulder - strapped powder horn . Perhaps no single figure symbolizes the Appalachian pioneer more than Daniel Boone ( 1734 -- 1820 ) , a long hunter and surveyor instrumental in the early settlement of Kentucky and Tennessee . Like Boone , Appalachian pioneers moved into areas largely separated from `` civilization '' by high mountain ridges , and had to fend for themselves against the elements . As many of these early settlers were living on Native American lands , attacks from Native American tribes were a continuous threat until the 19th century . As early as the 18th century , Appalachia ( then known simply as the `` backcountry '' ) began to distinguish itself from its wealthier lowland and coastal neighbors to the east . Frontiersmen often bickered with lowland and tidewater `` elites '' over taxes , sometimes to the point of armed revolts such as the Regulator Movement ( 1767 -- 1771 ) in North Carolina . In 1778 , at the height of the American Revolution , backwoodsmen from Pennsylvania , Virginia , and what is now Kentucky took part in George Rogers Clark 's Illinois campaign . Two years later , a group of Appalachian frontiersmen known as the Overmountain Men routed British forces at the Battle of Kings Mountain after rejecting a call by the British to disarm . After the war , residents throughout the Appalachian backcountry -- especially the Monongahela region in western Pennsylvania , and antebellum northwestern Virginia ( now the north - central part of West Virginia ) -- refused to pay a tax placed on whiskey by the new American government , leading to what became known as the Whiskey Rebellion . The resulting tighter Federal controls in the Monongahela valley resulted in many whiskey / bourbon makers migrating via the Ohio River to Kentucky and Tennessee where the industry could flourish . Early 19th century ( edit ) In the early 19th century , the rift between the yeoman farmers of Appalachia and their wealthier lowland counterparts continued to grow , especially as the latter dominated most state legislatures . People in Appalachia began to feel slighted over what they considered unfair taxation methods and lack of state funding for improvements ( especially for roads ) . In the northern half of the region , the lowland `` elites '' consisted largely of industrial and business interests , whereas in the parts of the region south of the Mason -- Dixon line , the lowland elites consisted of large - scale land - owning planters . The Whig Party , formed in the 1830s , drew widespread support from disaffected Appalachians . Tensions between the mountain counties and state governments sometimes reached the point of mountain counties threatening to break off and form separate states . In 1832 , bickering between western Virginia and eastern Virginia over the state 's constitution led to calls on both sides for the state 's separation into two states . In 1841 , Tennessee state senator ( and later U.S. president ) Andrew Johnson introduced legislation in the Tennessee Senate calling for the creation of a separate state in East Tennessee . The proposed state would have been known as `` Frankland '' and would have invited like - minded mountain counties in Virginia , North Carolina , Georgia , and Alabama to join it . The U.S. Civil War ( edit ) Map of the county secession votes of 1860 -- 1861 in Appalachia within the ARC definition . Virginia and Tennessee show the public votes , while the other states show the vote by county delegates to the conventions . By 1860 , the Whig Party had disintegrated . Sentiments in northern Appalachia had shifted to the pro-abolitionist Republican Party . In southern Appalachia , abolitionists still constituted a radical minority , although several smaller opposition parties ( most of which were both pro-Union and pro-slavery ) were formed to oppose the planter - dominated Southern Democrats . As states in the southern United States moved toward secession , a majority of Southern Appalachians still supported the Union . In 1861 , a Minnesota newspaper identified 161 counties in Southern Appalachia -- which the paper called `` Alleghenia '' -- where Union support remained strong , and which might provide crucial support for the defeat of the Confederacy . However , many of these Unionists -- especially in the mountain areas of North Carolina , Georgia , and Alabama -- were `` conditional '' Unionists in that they opposed secession , but also opposed violence to prevent secession , and thus when their respective state legislatures voted to secede , their support shifted to the Confederacy . Kentucky sought to remain neutral at the outset of the conflict , opting not to supply troops to either side . After Virginia voted to secede , several mountain counties in northwestern Virginia rejected the ordinance and with the help of the Union Army established a separate state , admitted to the Union as West Virginia in 1863 . However , half the counties included in the new state , comprising two - thirds of its territory , were secessionist and pro-Confederate . This caused great difficulty for the new Unionist state government in Wheeling , both during and after the war . A similar effort occurred in East Tennessee , but the initiative failed after Tennessee 's governor ordered the Confederate Army to occupy the region , forcing East Tennessee 's Unionists to flee to the north or go into hiding . The one exception was the so - called Free and Independent State of Scott . Both central and southern Appalachia suffered tremendous violence and turmoil during the Civil War . While there were two major theaters of operation in the region -- namely the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia ( and present - day West Virginia ) and the Chattanooga area along the Tennessee - Georgia border -- much of the violence was caused by bushwhackers and guerrilla war . The northernmost battles of the entire war were fought in Appalachia with the Battle of Buffington Island and the Battle of Salineville resulting from Morgan 's Raid . Large numbers of livestock were killed ( grazing was an important part of Appalachia 's economy ) , and numerous farms were destroyed , pillaged , or neglected . The actions of both Union and Confederate armies left many inhabitants in the region resentful of government authority and suspicious of outsiders for decades after the war . Late 19th and early 20th centuries ( edit ) Economic boom ( edit ) Entrance to mine shaft in West Virginia , photographed by Lewis Wickes Hine in 1908 After the war , northern parts of Appalachia experienced an economic boom , while economies in the southern parts of the region stagnated , especially as Southern Democrats regained control of their respective state legislatures at the end of Reconstruction . Pittsburgh as well as Knoxville grew into major industrial centers , especially regarding iron and steel production . By 1900 , the Chattanooga area and north Georgia and northern Alabama had experienced similar changes due to manufacturing booms in Atlanta and Birmingham at the edge of the Appalachian region . Railroad construction between the 1880s and early 20th century gave the greater nation access to the vast coalfields in central Appalachia , making the economy in that part of the region practically synonymous with coal mining . As the nationwide demand for lumber skyrocketed , lumber firms turned to the virgin forests of southern Appalachia , using sawmill and logging railroad innovations to reach remote timber stands . The Tri-Cities area of Tennessee and Virginia and the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia became major petrochemical production centers . Stereotypes ( edit ) The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw the development of various regional stereotypes . Attempts by President Rutherford B. Hayes to enforce the whiskey tax in the late 1870s led to an explosion in violence between Appalachian `` moonshiners '' and federal `` revenuers '' that lasted through the Prohibition period in the 1920s . The breakdown of authority and law enforcement during the Civil War may have contributed to an increase in clan feuding , which by the 1880s was reported to be a problem across most of Kentucky 's Cumberland region as well as Carter County in Tennessee , Carroll County in Virginia , and Mingo and Logan counties in West Virginia . Regional writers from this period such as Mary Noailles Murfree and Horace Kephart liked to focus on such sensational aspects of mountain culture , leading readers outside the region to believe they were more widespread than in reality . In an 1899 article in The Atlantic , Berea College president William G. Frost attempted to redefine the inhabitants of Appalachia as `` noble mountaineers '' -- relics of the nation 's pioneer period whose isolation had left them unaffected by modern times . Today , residents of Appalachia are viewed by many Americans as uneducated and unrefined , resulting in culture - based stereotyping and discrimination in many areas , including employment and housing . Such discrimination has prompted some to seek redress under prevailing federal and state civil rights laws . Feuds ( edit ) Appalachia , and especially Kentucky , became nationally known for its violent feuds , especially in the remote mountain districts . They pitted the men in extended clans against each other for decades , often using assassination and arson as weapons , along with ambushes , gunfights , and pre-arranged shootouts . The infamous Hatfield - McCoy Feud of the 19th century was the best known of these family feuds . Some of the feuds were continuations of violent local Civil War episodes . Journalists often wrote about the violence , using stereotypes that `` city folks '' had developed about Appalachia ; they interpreted the feuds as the natural products of profound ignorance , poverty , and isolation , and perhaps even inbreeding . In reality , the leading participants were typically well - to - do local elites with networks of clients who were fighting for local political power . Modern Appalachia ( edit ) Logging firms ' rapid devastation of the forests of the Appalachians sparked a movement among conservationists to preserve what remained and allow the land to `` heal '' . In 1911 , Congress passed the Weeks Act , giving the federal government authority to create national forests east of the Mississippi River and control timber harvesting . Regional writers and business interests led a movement to create national parks in the eastern United States similar to Yosemite and Yellowstone in the west , culminating in the creation of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Tennessee and North Carolina , Shenandoah National Park in Virginia , Cumberland Gap National Historical Park in Kentucky , Virginia and Tennessee , and the Blue Ridge Parkway ( connecting the two ) in the 1930s . During the same period , New England forester Benton MacKaye led the movement to build the 2,175 - mile ( 3,500 km ) Appalachian Trail , stretching from Georgia to Maine . By the 1950s , poor farming techniques and the loss of jobs to mechanization in the mining industry had left much of central and southern Appalachia poverty - stricken . The lack of jobs also led to widespread difficulties with outmigration . Beginning in the 1930s , federal agencies such as the Tennessee Valley Authority began investing in the Appalachian region . Sociologists such as James Brown and Cratis Williams and authors such as Harry Caudill and Michael Harrington brought attention to the region 's plight in the 1960s , prompting Congress to create the Appalachian Regional Commission in 1965 . The commission 's efforts helped to stem the tide of outmigration and diversify the region 's economies . Although there have been drastic improvements in the region 's economic conditions since the commission 's founding , the ARC still listed 82 counties as `` distressed '' in 2010 , with nearly half of them ( 40 ) in Kentucky . There are growing IT sectors in many parts of the region . Titan , the fastest supercomputer in the United States and third fastest in the world as of 2016 , is currently housed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory near Knoxville , Tennessee . Cities ( edit ) Within Appalachia , there are several areas of urban concentration , the largest being the Pittsburgh metropolitan area in Pennsylvania . In Alabama , the Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is the largest urban concentration followed by the Huntsville metropolitan area . In Tennessee , the Knoxville metropolitan area and the Chattanooga metropolitan area are the urban clusters . Other notable areas include Asheville and the Greenville metropolitan area in the Carolinas , and in West Virginia , the Charleston metropolitan area . Culture ( edit ) Ethnic groups ( edit ) An estimated 90 % of Appalachia 's earliest European settlers originated from the Anglo - Scottish border country -- namely the English counties of Cumberland , Westmorland , Northumberland , County Durham , Lancashire and Yorkshire , and the Lowland Scottish counties of Ayrshire , Dumfriesshire , Roxburghshire , Berwickshire and Wigtownshire . Most of these were from families who had been resettled in the Ulster Plantation in northern Ireland in the 17th century , but some came directly from the Anglo - Scottish border region . In America , these people are often grouped under the single name `` Scotch - Irish '' or `` Scots - Irish '' . While various 20th century writers tried to associate Appalachia with Scottish highlanders , Highland Scots were a relatively insignificant percentage of the region 's early European immigrants . Although Swedes and Finns formed only a tiny portion of the Appalachian settlers it was Swedish and Finnish settlers of New Sweden who brought the northern European woodsman skills such as log cabin construction which formed the basis of backwoods Appalachian material culture . Germans were a major pioneer group to migrate to Appalachia , settling mainly in western Pennsylvania and southwest Virginia . Smaller numbers of Germans were also among the initial wave of migrants to the southern mountains . In the 19th century , Welsh immigrants were brought into the region for their mining and metallurgical expertise , and by 1900 over 100,000 Welsh immigrants were living in western Pennsylvania alone . Thousands of German - speaking Swiss migrated to Appalachia in the second half of the 19th century , and their descendants remain in places such as East Bernstadt , Kentucky , and Gruetli - Laager , Tennessee . The coal mining and manufacturing boom in the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought large numbers of Italians and Eastern Europeans to Appalachia , although most of these families left the region when the Great Depression shattered the economy in the 1930s . African Americans have been present in the region since the 18th century , and currently make up 8 % of the ARC - designated region , mostly concentrated in urban areas and former mining and manufacturing towns . Native Americans , the region 's original inhabitants , are only a small percentage of the region 's present population , their most notable concentration being the reservation of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina . The Melungeons , a group of mixed African , European , and Native American ancestry , are scattered across northeastern Tennessee , eastern Kentucky , and southwestern Virginia . Religion ( edit ) Baptism in Morehead , Kentucky , photographed by Marion Post Wolcott in 1940 Christianity has long been the main religion in Appalachia . Religion in Appalachia is characterized by a sense of independence and a distrust of religious hierarchies , both rooted in the evangelical tendencies of the region 's pioneers , many of whom had been influenced by the `` New Light '' movement in England . Many of the denominations brought from Europe underwent modifications or factioning during the Second Great Awakening ( especially the holiness movement ) in the early 19th century . A number of 18th and 19th - century religious traditions are still practiced in parts of Appalachia , including natural water ( or `` creek '' ) baptism , rhythmically chanted preaching , congregational shouting , snake handling , and foot washing . While most church - goers in Appalachia attend fairly well organized churches affiliated with regional or national bodies , small unaffiliated congregations are not uncommon in rural mountain areas . Protestantism is the most dominant denomination in Appalachia , although there is a significant Roman Catholic presence in the northern half of the region and in urban areas , like Pittsburgh . The region 's early Lowland and Ulster Scot immigrants brought Presbyterianism to Appalachia , eventually organizing into bodies such as the Cumberland Presbyterian Church . English Baptists -- most of whom had been influenced by the Separate Baptist and Regular Baptist movements -- were also common on the Appalachian frontier , and today are represented in the region by groups such as the Free Will Baptists , the Southern Baptists , Missionary Baptists , and `` old - time '' groups such as the United Baptists and Primitive Baptists . Circuit riders such as Francis Asbury helped spread Methodism to Appalachia in the early 19th century , and today 9.2 % of the region 's population is Methodist , represented by such bodies as the United Methodist Church , the Free Methodist Church , and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church . Pentecostal movements within the region include the Church of God ( based in Cleveland , Tennessee ) and the Assemblies of God . Scattered Mennonite colonies exist throughout the region . Dialect ( edit ) See also : Appalachian English The Appalachian dialect is a dialect of Midland American English known as the Southern Midland dialect , and is spoken primarily in central and southern Appalachia . The Northern Midland dialect is spoken in the northern parts of the region , while Pittsburgh English ( more commonly known as `` Pittsburghese '' ) is strongly influenced by Appalachian dialect . The Southern Appalachian dialect is considered part of the Southern American dialect , although the two are distinguished by the rhotic nature of the Appalachian dialect . Early 20th century writers believed the Appalachian dialect to be a surviving relic of Old World Scottish or Elizabethan dialects . Recent research suggests , however , that while the dialect has a stronger Scottish influence than other American dialects , most of its distinguishing characteristics are American in origin . Education ( edit ) For much of the region 's history , education in Appalachia has lagged behind the rest of the nation due in part to struggles with funding from respective state governments and an agrarian - oriented population that often failed to see a practical need for formal education . Early education in the region evolved from teaching Christian morality and learning to read the Bible into small , one - room schoolhouses that convened in months when children were not needed to help with farm work . After the Civil War , mandatory education laws and state assistance helped larger communities begin to establish graded schools and high schools . During the same period , many of the region 's institutions of higher education were established or greatly expanded . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , service organizations such as Pi Beta Phi and various religious organizations established settlement schools and mission schools in the region 's more rural areas . In the 20th century , national trends began to have more of an effect on education in Appalachia , sometimes clashing with the region 's traditional values . The Scopes Trial -- the nation 's most publicized debate over the teaching of the theory of evolution -- took place in Dayton , Tennessee , in southern Appalachia in 1925 . In spite of consolidation and centralization , schools in Appalachia struggled to keep up with federal and state demands into the 21st century . Since 2001 , a number of the region 's public schools were threatened with loss of funding due to difficulties fulfilling the demands of No Child Left Behind . Music ( edit ) Main article : Appalachian music Appalachian music is one of the best - known manifestations of Appalachian culture . Traditional Appalachian music is derived primarily from the English and Scottish ballad tradition and Irish and Scottish fiddle music . African - American blues musicians played a significant role in developing the instrumental aspects of Appalachian music , most notably with the introduction of the five - stringed banjo -- one of the region 's iconic symbols -- in the late 18th century . Another instrument known in Appalachian culture was the Appalachian dulcimer which , in a practical way , is a guitar - shaped instrument laid on its side with a flat bottom and the strings plucked in a manner to make alternating notes . In the years following World War I , British folklorist Cecil Sharp brought attention to Southern Appalachia when he noted that its inhabitants still sang hundreds of English and Scottish ballads that had been passed down to them from their ancestors . Commercial recordings of Appalachian musicians in the 1920s would have a significant impact on the development of country music , bluegrass , and old - time music . Appalachian music saw a resurgence in popularity during the American folk music revival of the 1960s , when musicologists such as Mike Seeger , John Cohen , and Ralph Rinzler traveled to remote parts of the region in search of musicians unaffected by modern music . Today , dozens of annual music festivals held throughout the region preserve the Appalachian music tradition . Literature ( edit ) Former site of Proctor , North Carolina , setting of Kephart 's book , Our Southern Highlanders Early Appalachian literature typically centered on the observations of people from outside the region , such as Henry Timberlake 's Memoirs ( 1765 ) and Thomas Jefferson 's Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1784 ) , although there are notable exceptions , including Davy Crockett 's A Narrative of the Life of Davy Crockett ( 1834 ) . Travellers ' accounts published in 19th - century magazines gave rise to Appalachian local color , which reached its height with George Washington Harris 's Sut Lovingood character of the 1860s and native novelists such as Mary Noailles Murfree . Works such as Rebecca Harding Davis 's Life in the Iron Mills ( 1861 ) , Emma Bell Miles ' The Spirit of the Mountains ( 1905 ) , and Horace Kephart 's Our Southern Highlanders ( 1913 ) marked a shift in the region 's literature from local color to realism . The transition from an agrarian society to an industrial society and its effects on Appalachia are captured in works such as Olive Tilford Dargan 's Call Home to the Heart ( 1932 ) , Agnes Sligh Turnbull 's The Rolling Years ( 1936 ) , James Still 's The River of Earth ( 1940 ) , Harriette Simpson Arnow 's The Dollmaker ( 1954 ) , and Harry Caudill 's Night Comes to the Cumberlands ( 1962 ) . In the 1970s and 1980s , the rise of authors like Breece D'J Pancake , Dorothy Allison , and Lisa Alther brought greater literary diversity to the region . Along with the above - mentioned , some of Appalachia 's best known writers include James Agee ( A Death in the Family ) , Anne W. Armstrong ( This Day and Time ) , Wendell Berry ( Hannah Coulter , The Unforeseen Wilderness : An Essay on Kentucky 's Red River Gorge , Selected Poems of Wendell Berry ) , Jesse Stuart ( Taps for Private Tussie , The Thread That Runs So True ) , Denise Giardina ( The Unquiet Earth , Storming Heaven ) , Lee Smith ( Fair and Tender Ladies , On Agate Hill ) , Silas House ( Clay 's Quilt , A Parchment of Leaves ) , Wilma Dykeman ( The Far Family , The Tall Woman ) , Maurice Manning ( Bucolics , A Companion for Owls ) , Anne Shelby ( Appalachian Studies , We Keep a Store ) , George Ella Lyon ( Borrowed Children , Do n't You Remember ? ) , Pamela Duncan ( Moon Women , The Big Beautiful ) , David Joy ( `` Where All Light Tends to Go , '' `` The Weight of This World '' ) , Chris Offutt ( No Heroes , The Good Brother ) , Charles Frazier ( Cold Mountain , Thirteen Moons ) , Sharyn McCrumb ( The Hangman 's Beautiful Daughter ) , Robert Morgan ( Gap Creek ) , Jim Wayne Miller ( The Brier Poems ) , Gurney Norman ( Divine Right 's Trip , Kinfolks ) , Ron Rash ( Serena ) , Elizabeth Madox Roberts ( `` The Great Meadow , `` The Time of Man '' ) , Thomas Wolfe ( Look Homeward Angel , You Ca n't Go Home Again ) , Rachel Carson ( The Sea Around Us , Silent Spring ; Presidential Medal of Freedom ) , and Jeannette Walls ( The Glass Castle ) . Appalachian literature crosses with the larger genre of Southern literature . Internationally renowned writers such as William Faulkner and Cormac McCarthy have made notable contributions to the American canon with tales set within Appalachia . McCarthy 's Suttree ( 1979 ) is an intense vision of the squalidness and brutality of life along the Tennessee River , in the heart of Appalachia . Other McCarthy novels set in Appalachia include The Orchard Keeper ( 1968 ) and Child of God ( 1973 ) . Appalachia also serves as the origin point for the kid , the protagonist of McCarthy 's Western masterpiece Blood Meridian . Faulkner 's hometown of Oxford , Mississippi , is on the borderlands of what is considered Appalachia , but his fictional Yoknapatawpha should be considered part of the region . Almost all of the fiction which earned him the Nobel Prize is set there , including Light in August and Absalom , Absalom . Folklore ( edit ) Statue of legendary railroad worker John Henry in Talcott , West Virginia Appalachian folklore has a strong mixture of European , Native American ( especially Cherokee ) , and Biblical influences . The Cherokee taught the region 's early European pioneers how to plant and cultivate crops such as corn and squash and how to find edible plants such as ramps . The Cherokee also passed along their knowledge of the medicinal properties of hundreds of native herbs and roots , and how to prepare tonics from such plants . Before the introduction of modern agricultural techniques in the region in the 1930s and 1940s , many Appalachian farmers followed the Biblical tradition of planting by `` the signs '' , such as the phases of the moon , or when certain weather conditions occurred . Cherokee folklore continues to influence storytelling in the Appalachians , including depictions and characteristics of regional animals . As told by Eastern Band Cherokee and western North Carolina storyteller Jerry Wolfe , these creatures include the chipmunk , also known as `` seven stripes '' from an angry bear scratching him down the back -- four claw marks and the spaces in between making seven -- and the copperhead who sneaks and thieves his way into becoming venomous . Appalachian folk tales are rooted in English , Scottish , and Irish fairy tales , as well as regional heroic figures and events . Jack tales , which tend to revolve around the exploits of a simple - but - dedicated figure named `` Jack '' , are popular at story - telling festivals . Other stories involve wild animals , such as hunting tales . In the industrial areas of western Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia the composite Joe Magarac steelworker story has been handed down . Regional folk heroes such as the railroad worker John Henry and frontiersmen Davy Crockett , Mike Fink and Johnny Appleseed are examples of real - life figures that evolved into popular folk tale subjects . Murder stories , such as Omie Wise and John Hardy , are popular subjects for Appalachian ballads . Ghost stories , or `` haint tales '' in regional English , are a common feature of southern oral and literary tradition . Ghost stories native to the region include the story of the Greenbrier Ghost , which is rooted in a Greenbrier County , West Virginia , murder . Since the 1960s the Point Pleasant , West Virginia , legend of Mothman has originated and been explored in popular culture including the 2002 film The Mothman Prophecies loosely retelling the original tale . Urban Appalachians ( edit ) Main article : Urban Appalachians Urban Appalachians are people from Appalachia who are living in metropolitan areas outside the Appalachian region . In the decades following the Great Depression and World War II , many Appalachian residents moved to industrial cities in the north and west in a migration that became known as the `` Hillbilly Highway '' . Mechanization of coal mining during the 1950s and 1960s was the major source of unemployment in central Appalachia . Many migration streams covered relatively short distances , with West Virginians moving to Cleveland and other cities in eastern and central Ohio , and eastern Kentuckians moving to Cincinnati and southwest Ohio in search of jobs . More distant cities like Detroit and Chicago attracted migrants from many states . Enclaves of Appalachian culture can still be found in some of these communities . Communications ( edit ) In the 1940s through the 1960s , Wheeling , West Virginia , became a cultural center of the region because it had a clear - channel AM radio station , WWVA , which could be heard throughout the entirety of the eastern United States at night . Although Pittsburgh 's KDKA was a 50 kilowatt clear channel station that dated back to the early 1920s ( as well as spanning all the East Coast in signal strength ) , WWVA prided itself on rural and farm programming that appealed to a wider audience in the rural region . Cincinnati 's WLW also was relied on by many in the central and northern areas of Appalachia . In the southern part of the region , WSB - AM Atlanta and WSM - AM Nashville , flagship of the Grand Ole Opry , were major stations for the region 's population during the 20th century , and remain strong in the sub-region . Appalachian studies ( edit ) Main article : Appalachian studies Appalachia as an academic interest was the product of a critical scholarship that emerged across the disciplines in the 1960s and 1970s . With a renewed interest in issues of power , scholars could not dismiss the social inequity , class conflict , and environmental destruction encountered by America 's so - called `` hillbillies '' . Appalachia 's emergence in academia is a result of the intersection between social conditions and critical academic interests , and has resulted in the development of many Appalachian studies programs in colleges and universities across the region , as well as in the Appalachian Studies Association . Economy ( edit ) The economy of Appalachia traditionally rested on agriculture , mining , timber , and in the cities , manufacturing . Since the late 20th century , tourism and second - home developments have assumed an increasingly major role . Agriculture ( edit ) A highland pasture near Maggie Valley , North Carolina While the climate of the Appalachian region is suitable for agriculture , the region 's hilly terrain greatly limits the size of the average farm , a problem exacerbated by population growth in the latter half of the 19th century . Subsistence farming was the backbone of the Appalachian economy throughout much of the 19th century , and while economies in places such as western Pennsylvania , the Great Valley of Virginia , and the upper Tennessee Valley in east Tennessee , transitioned to a large - scale farming or manufacturing base around the time of the Civil War , subsistence farming remained an important part of the region 's economy until the 1950s . In the early 20th century , Appalachian farmers were struggling to mechanize , and abusive farming practices had over the years left much of the already - limited farmland badly eroded . Various federal entities intervened in the 1930s to restore damaged areas and introduce less - harmful farming techniques . In recent decades , the concept of sustainable agriculture has been applied to the region 's small farms , with some success . Nevertheless , the number of farms in the Appalachian region continues to dwindle , plunging from 354,748 farms on 47 million acres ( 190,000 km ) in 1969 to 230,050 farms on 35 million acres ( 140,000 km ) in 1997 . Early Appalachian farmers grew both crops introduced from their native Europe as well as crops native to North America ( such as corn and squash ) . Tobacco has long been an important cash crop in Southern Appalachia , especially since the land is ill - suited for cash crops such as cotton . Apples have been grown in the region since the late 18th century , their cultivation being aided by the presence of thermal belts in the region 's mountain valleys . Hogs , which could free range in the region 's abundant forests , often on chestnuts , were the most popular livestock among early Appalachian farmers . The American chestnut was also an important human food source until the chestnut blight struck in the 20th century . The early settlers also brought cattle and sheep to the region , which they would typically graze in highland meadows known as balds during the growing season when bottomlands were needed for crops . Cattle , mainly the Hereford , Angus , and Charolais breeds , are now the region 's chief livestock . Logging ( edit ) Sawmill and millpond in Erwin , West Virginia , photographed by Marion Post Wolcott in 1938 The mountains and valleys of Appalachia once contained what seemed to be an inexhaustible supply of timber . The poor roads , lack of railroads , and general inaccessibility of the region , however , prevented large - scale logging in most of the region throughout much of the 19th century . While logging firms were established in the Carolinas and the Kentucky River valley before the Civil War , most major firms preferred to harvest the more accessible timber stands in the Midwestern and Northeastern parts of the country . By the 1880s , these stands had been exhausted , and a spike in the demand for lumber forced logging firms to seek out the virgin forests of Appalachia . The first major logging ventures in Appalachia transported logs using mule teams or rivers , the latter method sometimes employing splash dams . In the 1890s , innovations such as the Shay locomotive , the steam - powered loader , and the steam - powered skidder allowed massive harvesting of the most remote forest sections . Logging in Appalachia reached its peak in the early 20th century , when firms such as the Ritter Lumber Company cut the virgin forests on an alarming scale , leading to the creation of national forests in 1911 and similar state entities to better manage the region 's timber resources . Arguably the most successful logging firm in Appalachia was the Georgia Hardwood Lumber Company , established in 1927 and renamed Georgia - Pacific in 1948 when it expanded nationally . Although logging in Appalachia declined as the industry shifted focus to the Pacific Northwest in the 1950s , rising overseas demand in the 1980s brought a resurgence in Appalachian logging . In 1987 , there were 4,810 lumber firms operating in the region . In the late 1990s , the Appalachian lumber industry was a multibillion - dollar industry , employing 50,000 people in Tennessee , 26,000 in Kentucky , and 12,000 in West Virginia alone . By 1999 , 1.4 million acres were extinguished as a result of deforestation by natural resource industries . Pollution from mining processes and disruption of the land ensued numerous environmental issues . Removal of vegetation and other alterations in the land increased erosion and flooding of surrounding areas . Water quality and aquatic life were also affected . Coal mining ( edit ) See also : Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia Coal company houses in Jenkins , Kentucky , photographed by Ben Shahn in 1935 Coal mining is the industry most frequently associated with the region in outsiders ' minds , due in part to the fact that the region once produced two - thirds of the nation 's coal . At present , however , the mining industry employs just 2 % of the Appalachian workforce . The region 's vast coalfield covers 63,000 square miles ( 160,000 km ) between northern Pennsylvania and central Alabama , mostly along the Cumberland Plateau and Allegheny Plateau regions . Most mining activity has been concentrated in eastern Kentucky , southwestern Virginia , West Virginia , and western Pennsylvania , with smaller operations in western Maryland , Tennessee and Alabama . The Pittsburgh coal seam , which has produced 13 billion tons of coal since the early 19th century , has been called the world 's most valuable mineral deposit . There are over 60 major coal seams in West Virginia , and over 80 in eastern Kentucky . Most of the coal mined is bituminous , although significant anthracite deposits exist on the fringe of the region in central Pennsylvania . About two - thirds of Appalachia 's coal is produced by underground mining , the rest by surface mining . Mountaintop removal , a form of surface mining , is a highly controversial mining practice in central Appalachia due to its negative impacts on the environment and health of local residents . In the late 19th century , the post-Civil War Industrial Revolution and the expansion of the nation 's railroads brought a soaring demand for coal , and mining operations expanded rapidly across Appalachia . Hundreds of thousands of workers poured into the region from across the United States and from overseas , essentially overhauling the cultural makeup of eastern Kentucky , West Virginia , and western Pennsylvania . Mining corporations gained considerable influence in state and municipal governments , especially as they often owned the entire towns in which the miners lived . The mining industry was vulnerable to economic downturns , however , and booms and busts were frequent , with major booms occurring during World War I and II , and the worst bust occurring during the Great Depression . The Appalachian mining industry also saw some of the nation 's bloodiest labor strife between the 1890s and the 1930s . Mining - related injuries and deaths were not uncommon , and ailments such as black lung disease afflicted miners throughout the 20th century . After World War II , innovations in mechanization ( such as longwall mining ) and competition from oil and natural gas led to a decline in the region 's mining operations . Environmental restrictions , such as those placed on high - sulfur coal in the 1980s , brought further mine closures . While with annual earnings of $55,000 , Appalachian miners make more than most other local workers , Appalachian coal mining employed just under 50,000 in 2004 . Coal mining has made a comeback in some regions in the early 21st century because of the increased prominence of Consol Energy , based in Pittsburgh . The Quecreek Mine rescue in 2002 and continuing mine subsidence problems in abandoned coal mines in western Pennsylvania as well as the Sago Mine disaster and Upper Big Branch Mine disaster in West Virginia and other regions have also been highlighted in recent times . Manufacturing ( edit ) Storage tanks at the Institute plant along the Kanawha River in West Virginia , photographed late 1930s / early 1940s The manufacturing industry in Appalachia is rooted primarily in the ironworks and steelworks of early Pittsburgh and Birmingham , and in the textile mills that sprang up in North Carolina 's Piedmont region in the mid-19th century . Factory construction increased greatly after the Civil War , and the region experienced a manufacturing boom between 1890 and 1930 . This economic shift led to a mass migration from small farms and rural areas to large urban centers , causing the populations of cities such as Birmingham , Knoxville , Tennessee , and Asheville , North Carolina , to swell exponentially . Manufacturing in the region suffered a setback during the Great Depression , but recovered during World War II and peaked in the 1950s and 1960s . However , difficulties paying retiree benefits , environmental struggles , and the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) in 1994 led to a decline in the region 's manufacturing operations . Pittsburgh lost 44 % of its factory jobs in the 1980s , and between 1970 and 2001 , the number of apparel workers in the Appalachian region decreased from 250,000 to 83,000 and the number of textile workers decreased from 275,000 to 193,000 . U.S. Steel , founded in Pittsburgh in 1901 , was the world 's first corporation with more than a billion dollars in initial capitalization . Another Pittsburgh company , Alcoa , helped establish the nation 's aluminum industry in the early 20th century , and has had a significant impact on the economies of western Pennsylvania and east Tennessee . Union Carbide built the world 's first petrochemical plant in Clendenin , West Virginia , in 1920 , and in subsequent years the Kanawha Valley became known as the `` Chemical Capital of the World '' . Eastman Chemical , also established in 1920 , is Tennessee 's largest single employer . Companies such as Champion Fibre and Bowater established large pulp operations in Canton , North Carolina , and Greenville , South Carolina , respectively , although the former was dogged by battles with environmentalists throughout the 20th century . Tourism ( edit ) The Homestead , a resort hotel in Bath County , Virginia , photographed in 1903 One of the region 's oldest industries , tourism became a more important part of the Appalachian economy in the latter half of the 20th century as mining and manufacturing steadily declined . In 2000 -- 2001 , tourism in Appalachia accounted for nearly $30 billion and over 600,000 jobs . The mountain terrain -- with its accompanying scenery and outdoor recreational opportunities -- provide the region 's primary attractions . The region is home to one of the world 's most well - known hiking trails ( the Appalachian Trail ) , the nation 's most - visited national park ( the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ) , and the nation 's most visited national parkway ( the Blue Ridge Parkway ) . The craft industry , including the teaching , selling , and display or demonstration of regional crafts , also accounts for an important part of the Appalachian economy , bringing ( for example ) over $100 million annually to the economy of western North Carolina and over $80 million to the economy of West Virginia . Important heritage tourism attractions in the region include the Biltmore Estate and the Eastern Band of the Cherokee reservation in North Carolina , Cades Cove in Tennessee , and Harpers Ferry in West Virginia . Important theme parks include Dollywood and Ghost Town Village , both on the periphery of the Great Smoky Mountains . The mineral - rich mountain springs of the Appalachians -- which for many years were thought to have health - restoring qualities -- were drawing visitors to the region as early as the 18th century with the establishment of resorts at Hot Springs , Virginia , White Sulphur Springs , West Virginia , and what is now Hot Springs , North Carolina . Along with the mineral springs , the cool and clear air of the range 's high elevations provided an escape for lowland elites , and elaborate hotels -- such as The Greenbrier in West Virginia and the Balsam Mountain Inn in North Carolina -- were built throughout the region 's remote valleys and mountain slopes . The end of World War I ( which opened up travel opportunities to Europe ) and the arrival of the automobile ( which changed the nation 's vacation habits ) led to the demise of all but a few of the region 's spa resorts . The establishment of national parks in the 1930s brought an explosion of tourist traffic to the region , but created problems with urban sprawl in the various host communities . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , states have placed greater focus on sustaining tourism while preserving host communities . Poverty in Appalachia ( edit ) A 1930s - era TVA photograph showing a young girl in front of her family 's house in the lower Clinch River valley in East Tennessee Poverty had plagued Appalachia for many years but was not brought to the attention of the rest of the United States until 1940 , when James Agee and Walker Evans published Let Us Now Praise Famous Men , a book that documented families in Appalachia during the Great Depression in words and photos . In 1963 , John F. Kennedy established the President 's Appalachian Regional Commission . His successor , Lyndon B. Johnson , crystallized Kennedy 's efforts in the form of the Appalachian Regional Commission , which passed into law in 1965 . In Appalachia , severe poverty and desolation were paired with the necessity for careful cultural sensitivity . Many Appalachian people feared that the birth of a new modernized Appalachia would lead to the death of their traditional values and heritage . Because of the isolation of the region , Appalachian people had been unable to catch up to the modernization that lowlanders have achieved . In the 1960s , many people in Appalachia had a standard of living comparable to Third World countries ' . The film series `` West Virginia '' , produced during the term of Governor Gaston Caperton , makes the point that at least on some level images of poverty were contrived . Lyndon B. Johnson declared a `` War on Poverty '' while standing on the front porch of an Inez , Kentucky , home whose residents had been suffering from a long - ignored problem . The Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 stated : The Appalachian region of the United States , while abundant in natural resources and rich in potential , lags behind the rest of the Nation ... its people have not shared properly in the Nation 's prosperity . Since the creation of the Appalachian Regional Commission ( ARC ) in 1965 , the region has seen dramatic progress . New roads , schools , health care facilities , water and sewer systems , and other improvements have brought a better life to many Appalachian residents . In the 1960s , 219 counties in the 13 - state Appalachian Region were considered economically distressed . Now that list has been cut by more than half , to 82 counties , but these are `` hard - core '' pockets of poverty , seemingly impervious to all efforts at improving their lot . Martin County , Kentucky , the site of Johnson 's 1964 speech , is one such county still ranked as `` distressed '' by the ARC . As of 2000 , the per capita income in Martin County was $10,650 , and 37 % of its residents lived below the poverty line . Like Johnson , President Bill Clinton brought attention to the remaining areas of poverty in Appalachia . On July 5 , 1999 , he made a public statement concerning the situation in Tyner , Kentucky . Clinton told the enthusiastic crowd : I 'm here to make a simple point . This is the time to bring more jobs and investment to parts of the country that have not participated in this time of prosperity . Any work that can be done by anybody in America can be done in Appalachia . The region 's poverty has been documented often since the early 1960s . John Cohen documents rural lifestyle and culture in The High Lonesome Sound , while photojournalist Earl Dotter has been visiting and documenting poverty , healthcare and mining in Appalachia for nearly forty years . Another photojournalist , Shelby Lee Adams , has been photographing Appalachian families and lifestyle for decades . Tax revenue and absentee land ownership ( edit ) In 1982 a seven - volume study conducted by the Appalachian Land Ownership Task Force was issued by the Appalachian Regional Commission which investigated the issue of absentee land ownership . The study covered 80 counties in six states approximating the area designated `` Southern Appalachia '' as defined by Thomas R. Ford 's 1962 work . The states selected were Alabama ( 15 counties ) , Kentucky ( 12 counties ) , North Carolina ( 12 counties ) , Tennessee ( 14 counties ) , Virginia ( 12 counties ) , and West Virginia ( 15 counties ) . Map showing the 80 counties included in the 1982 report by the Appalachian Land Ownership Task Force In its summary the report stated that `` over 55,000 parcels of property in 80 counties were studied , representing some 20,000,000 acres of land and mineral rights ... '' It found that `` 41 % of the 20 million acres of land and minerals ... are held by only 50 private owners and 10 government agencies . The federal government is the single largest owner in Appalachia , holding over 2,000,000 acres . '' The study found that the extractive industries , i.e. , timber , coal , etc. , were `` greatly underassessed for property tax purposes . Over 75 % of the mineral owners in this survey pay under 25 cents per acre in property taxes . '' In the major coal counties surveyed the average tax per ton of known coal reserves is only $. 0002 ( 1 / 50th of a cent ) . The government - held lands are tax exempt , but the government makes a payment in lieu of taxes , which is usually less than the normal tax rates . `` Taken together , the failure to tax minerals adequately , the underassessment of surface lands , and the revenue loss from concentrated federal holdings has a marked impact on local governments in Appalachia . The effect , essentially , is to produce a situation in which a ) the small owners carry a disproportionate share of the tax burden ; b ) counties depend upon federal and state funds to provide revenues , while the large , corporate and absentee owners of the regions 's resources go relatively tax - free ; and c ) citizens face a poverty of needed services despite the presence in their counties of taxable property wealth , especially in the form of coal and other natural resources . '' In 2013 , a similar study that concentrated solely on West Virginia found that 25 private owners hold 17.6 % of the state 's private land of 13 million acres . The federal government owns 1,133,587 acres in West Virginia , 7.4 % of the total state acreage of 15,410,560 acres . In 11 counties the top ten absentee landowners own 41 % to almost 72 % of the private land in each county . Appalachian Regional Commission ( edit ) Main article : Appalachian Regional Commission The Appalachian Regional Commission ( ARC ) was created by the U.S. Congress in 1965 to bring poor areas of the 13 U.S. states of the main ( southern ) range of the Appalachians into the mainstream of the American economy . The commission is a partnership of federal , state , and local governments , and was created to promote economic growth and improve the quality of life in the region . The region as defined by the ARC includes 420 counties , including all of West Virginia ; counties in 13 other states : Alabama , Georgia , Kentucky , Maryland , Mississippi , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia ; and also eight cities in Virginia , where state law makes cities administratively separate from counties . The ARC is a planning , research , advocacy and funding organization ; it does not have any governing powers . The ARC 's geographic range of coverage was defined broadly so as to cover as many economically underdeveloped areas as possible ; it extends well beyond the area usually thought of as `` Appalachia '' . For instance , parts of Alabama and Mississippi were included in the commission because of problems with unemployment and poverty similar to those in Appalachia proper , and the ARC region extends into the Northeastern states , which are not traditionally considered part of Appalachia culturally ( though a `` northern Appalachia '' identity has emerged in recent times in parts of both NY and PA , particularly in rural areas ) . More recently , the Youngstown , Ohio , region was declared part of Appalachia by the ARC due to the collapse of the steel industry in the region in the early 1980s and the continuing unemployment problems in the region since , though aside from Columbiana County , Ohio , the Youngstown DMA is n't traditionally or culturally considered part of the region . The ARC 's wide scope also grew out of the `` pork barrel '' phenomenon , as politicians from outside the traditional Appalachia area saw a new way to bring home federal money to their areas . However , former Ohio governor Bob Taft has stated , `` What is good for Appalachia is good for all of Ohio . '' Transportation ( edit ) The New River Gorge Bridge in West Virginia is the longest steel span in the western hemisphere and at 876 feet ( 267 m ) , the third highest in the United States Main article : Transportation in Appalachia Transportation has been the most challenging and expensive issue in Appalachia since the arrival of the first European settlers in the 18th century . With the exception of the October 1 , 1940 , opening of the Pennsylvania Turnpike , the region 's mountainous terrain continuously thwarted major federal intervention attempts at major road construction until the 1970s . This left large parts of the region virtually isolated and slowing economic growth . Before the Civil War , major cities in the region were connected via wagon roads to lowland areas , and flatboats provided an important means for transporting goods out of the region . By 1900 , railroads connected most of the region with the rest of the nation , although the poor roads made travel beyond railroad hubs difficult . When the Appalachian Regional Commission was created in 1965 , road construction was considered its most important initiative , and in subsequent decades the commission spent more on road construction than all other projects combined . The effort to connect Appalachia with the outside world has required numerous civil engineering feats . Millions of tons of rock were removed to build road segments such as Interstate 40 through the Pigeon River Gorge at the Tennessee - North Carolina state line and U.S. Route 23 in Letcher County , Kentucky . Large tunnels were built through mountain slopes at Cumberland Gap to speed up travel along U.S. Route 25E . The New River Gorge Bridge in West Virginia , completed in 1977 , was the longest and is now the fourth - longest single - arch bridge in the world . The Blue Ridge Parkway 's Linn Cove Viaduct , the construction of which required the assembly of 153 pre-cast segments 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) up the slopes of Grandfather Mountain , has been designated a historic civil engineering landmark . Popular culture ( edit ) `` The Moonshine Man of Kentucky '' , an 1877 illustration from Harper 's Weekly Depictions of Appalachia and its inhabitants in popular media are typically negative , making the region an object of humor , derision , and social concern . Ledford writes , `` Always part of the mythical South , Appalachia continues to languish backstage in the American drama , still dressed , in the popular mind at least , in the garments of backwardness , violence , poverty , and hopelessness . '' Otto argues that comic strips Li'l Abner by Al Capp and Barney Google by Billy DeBeck , which both began in 1934 , caricatured the laziness and weakness for `` corn squeezin 's '' ( moonshine ) of these `` hillbillies '' . The popular 1960s Andy Griffith Show and The Beverly Hillbillies on television and James Dickey 's 1970 novel Deliverance perpetuated the stereotype , although the region itself underwent so many changes after 1945 that it scarcely resembles the comic images . The Trail of the Lonesome Pine , The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come , and other early 20th - century novels of John Fox Jr. , set in the Appalachian town of Big Stone Gap , Virginia , and surrounding areas , gave readers an image of frontier life in Appalachia and were made into popular films . Fox himself graduated from Harvard and was a bon vivant newspaperman in New York City . He returned home to the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee to write his stories because of poor health . Big Stone Gap also is the setting for the early 21st - century Big Stone Gap series by Adriana Trigiani . The motion pictures Coal Miner 's Daughter ( based on the life of noted country singer Loretta Lynn ) , Where the Lilies Bloom and Songcatcher attempt an accurate portrayal of life in Appalachia which stresses the tensions between Appalachian traditions and the values of urbanized America . Songcatcher takes place in rural Appalachia in 1907 and features the `` lost '' ballads of the Scots - Irish brought over in the 19th century and a musicologist 's quest to preserve them . Stranger with a Camera is a documentary film from Appalshop about the representation of Appalachian communities by outsiders in film and video . The 1972 film Deliverance takes place in southern Appalachia . The film perpetuated extremely negative stereotypes of subhumanity . Large - format photographer Shelby Lee Adams , himself a son of Appalachian emigrants , has portrayed the Appalachian family life sympathetically in several books . Appalachian Spring is the name of a musical composition by Aaron Copland and a ballet of the same name by Martha Graham . Copland did not intend for his music , which he composed for Graham and which incorporates Shaker melodies , to have an Appalachian theme . Graham gave the work its name ; her ballet told the story of a young couple living on the frontier in western Pennsylvania . English composer Frederick Delius wrote a theme and variations entitled Appalachia ; he first composed this music , subtitled `` Variations on an Old Slave Song with final chorus '' , in 1896 . Alan Hovhaness in 1985 composed a tone poem named To the Appalachian Mountains ( Symphony no . 60 ) . Author Catherine Marshall wrote Christy , loosely based on her mother 's years as a teacher in the Appalachian region . The novel was highly popular and became the basis of a short - lived television series of the same name in 1994 . The novel Prodigal Summer by Barbara Kingsolver explores the ecology of the region and how the removal of the predators , wolves and coyotes , affected the environment . Some comic strips often featured Appalachia , especially `` Li'l Abner '' by Al Capp ( 1909 -- 1979 ) . Inge notes that this comic strip , which ran 1934 -- 77 , largely ignored religion , politics , blacks and the Civil War , but instead focused its humor on the morality of Dogpatch , examining its memorable and often eccentric people who typically relied on violence to control the social order , and held deep to their faith in land , home , self - sufficiency , and antipathy to outsiders . Arnold finds that starting with World War II Capp increasingly emphasized sex and violence . The fictional television program Justified is set in the eastern hills of Kentucky in and around Harlan County and was filmed in the Pittsburgh area originally . `` Face of Appalachia '' is a song that appeared first on the album Tarzana Kid by John Sebastian in 1974 . The song , co-written by Sebastian and Lowell George , was described by Joel Canfield as follows : `` Sebastian 's lyrics weave a heart - rending picture of an old man 's struggle to impart his childhood memories to his grandson ; memories of places and people who no longer exist ; of an era long gone . '' Cover versions of the song have been recorded by Valerie Carter ( 1977 ) , Wendy Matthews ( 1992 ) and Julie Miller ( 1997 ) . The fourth track of Chelsea Wolfe 's album Unknown Rooms : A Collection of Acoustic Songs is `` Appalachia '' . Much of the popular book series The Hunger Games is set in `` an area that used to be called Appalachia '' which is referred to in the book as District 12 . Much of the surroundings and culture reflect present - day Appalachia , such as reliance on coal mining as an industry . ' Appalachia ' as the United States ( edit ) In 1839 Washington Irving proposed to rename the United States `` Alleghania '' or `` Appalachia '' in place of America , since the name belonged to Latin America too . Edgar Allan Poe later took up the idea , and considered Appalachia a much better name than America or Alleghania ; he thought it better defined the United States as a distinct geographical entity , separate from the rest of the Americas , and he also thought it did honor to both Irving and the natives who the Appalachian Mountains had been named after . At the time , however , the United States had already reached far beyond the greater Appalachian region , but the `` magnificence '' of Appalachia Poe considered enough to rechristen the nation with a name that would be unique to its own character . However , Poe 's popular influence only grew decades after his death , and so the name was never seriously considered . Physiographic provinces ( edit ) See also : Geology of the Appalachians The six physiographic provinces that in whole or in part are commonly treated as components of Appalachia are : Appalachian Plateau Allegheny Mountains Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Great Appalachian Valley Blue Ridge Mountains Piedmont See also ( edit ) United States portal Appalachian Ohio Childbirth in rural Appalachia Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia Hillbilly Elegy Museum of Appalachia Ozark culture Upland South Urban Appalachians References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Appalachian Region '' . Appalachian Regional Commission . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Census Population Change , 2000 -- 2010 '' . Appalachian Regional Commission . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abramson , Rudy . Introduction to Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. xix -- xxv . Jump up ^ Sokol , Anna . `` Economic Redevelopment in Appalachia : The Appalachian Regional Commission '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ziliak , James P. ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` The Appalachian Regional Development Act and Economic Change '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ In Virginia , all municipalities incorporated as `` cities '' are legally separate from counties . ^ Jump up to : John Alexander Williams , Appalachia : A History ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Abramson , Rudy , and Jean Haskell , eds. , Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1287 -- 88 . Jump up ^ After Florida , Dry Tortugas and Cape Canaveral : Stewart , George ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : Random House . pp. 11 -- 13 , 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Walls , David ( 1977 ) , `` On the Naming of Appalachia , '' In An Appalachian Symposium , pp. 56 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Blaustein , Richard ( 2003 ) , The Thistle and the Brier : Historical Links and Cultural Parallels Between Scotland and Appalachia , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1967 ) . Names on the Land . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . Jump up ^ Walls , David ( 2006 ) . `` Appalachia . '' The Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press ) , pp. 1006 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Webster 's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged ( Springfield , Mass. : Merriam - Webster , 1993 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Charles . The Juan Pardo Expeditions : Explorations of the Carolinas and Tennessee , 1566 -- 1568 ( Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , 2005 ) , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Caudill , Harry . Night Comes to the Cumberlands ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard . A History of Appalachia ( Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Lacy , Eric . Vanquished Volunteers : East Tennessee Sectionalism from Statehood to Secession ( Johnson City : East Tennessee State University Press , 1965 ) , pp. 122 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon McKinney , `` The Civil War . '' Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1579 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Curry , Richard O. A House Divided , Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia , Univ. of Pittsburgh Press , 1964 , pgs. 141 -- 147 . Twenty - four of the most mountainous counties of West Virginia had voted for the Secession Ordinance on May 23 , 1861 . Jump up ^ `` Most of West Virginia went through the Civil War not as an asset to the Union but as a troublesome battleground , while the Unionist Ohio River counties struggled to cope with the tide of refugees fleeing to their sanctuary from the interior . '' Weigley , Russell F. A Great Civil War , W.W. Norton , 2003 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Binnicker , Margaret D. , `` Scott County '' , Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Encyclopedia , Tennesseeencyclopedia.net , retrieved February 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ E.g. see Walker , Matthew H. `` Discrimination Based on National Origin and Ancestry : How the Goals of Equality Have Failed to Address the Pervasive Stereotyping of the Appalachian Tradition '' , 38 U. Dayton L. Rev. 335 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Otterbein , Keith F. `` Five Feuds : An Analysis of Homicides in Eastern Kentucky in the Late Nineteenth Century , '' American Anthropologist , June 2000 , Vol. 102 Issue 2 , pp 231 -- 43 , provides a theoretical analysis . Jump up ^ Billings , Dwight B. , and Kathleen M. Blee , `` ' Where the Sun Set Crimson and the Moon Rose Red ' : Writing Appalachia and the Kentucky Mountain Feuds , '' Southern Cultures , Summer 1996 , Vol. 2 Issue 3 / 4 , pp 329 -- 352 Jump up ^ `` ARC - Designated Distressed Counties , Fiscal Year 2010 '' . Appalachian Regional Commission . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Linda ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Tennessee 's a hot job market ( If you 're in the right field ) '' . Nashville Ledger . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Most importantly , this Brookings report indicates that our state is getting higher - paying jobs that will have a meaningful impact on Tennessee residents , with big gains among engineering , computer science and automotive - related jobs since 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rick ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Is Red Hat at its peak ? Earnings beat generates little heat '' . WRAL TechWire . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top500 List '' . TOP500 . June 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newhall , David , `` English . '' Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 253 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Rouse , Parke Jr. , The Great Wagon Road , Dietz Press , 2004 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Leyburn , James G. , The Scotch - Irish : A Social History , Univ. of NC Press , 1962 , p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , David Hackett , Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 ) , pp. 620 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` DANIEL BOONE 'S CULTURAL ANCESTORS , if not actually his genetic ones , ... '' Stoll , Steven . Ramp Hollow : The Ordeal of Appalachia ( p. 86 - 88 ) . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Ellis , John , `` Welsh '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Betler , Bruce , `` Swiss '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 281 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Billings , Dwight , and Kathleen Blee , `` African - American Families and Communities . '' Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Ima , `` Black Dutch '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Dorgan , Howard , Introduction to the `` Religion '' section , Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1281 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Grammich , Clifford , `` Baptists , the Old - Time Groups '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1298 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Ostwalt , Conrad , `` Presbyterian , Denominational Family '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1342 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Bean , Heather Ann Ackley , `` Methodists '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1330 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Stanley , Patrick Alexander , and Gary McGee , `` Pentecostals '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1336 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Neufeldt , Harvey , `` Mennonites '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1327 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Johnstone , Barbara . `` Steel Town Speak '' . Language magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Labov , William , Sharon Ash & Charles Boberg , Atlas of North American English , Mouton de Gruyter , 2005 Jump up ^ South Regional Map Jump up ^ Montgomery , Montgomery , `` Language -- Introduction '' , The Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 999 -- 1004 . ^ Jump up to : DeYoung , Alan , Introduction to Education section , Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1517 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Alvic , Philis , `` Settlement , Mission , and Sponsored Schools , '' Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , p. 1551 . Jump up ^ Olson , Ted , `` Music -- Introduction '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1109 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Grace Toney , `` Literature -- Introduction , '' Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 1035 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Deborah Thompson and Irene Moser , `` Appalachian Folklife . '' A Handbook to Appalachia : An Introduction to the Region ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 143 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Saundra Gerrell ( 2011 ) . Southern Appalachian Storytellers : Interviews with Sixteen Keepers of the Oral Tradition . Jefferson : McFarland Publishing . p. 205 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of American Regional English , Belknap Press , 1985 Jump up ^ Flora , Joseph M. , Lucinda Hardwick MacKethan , Todd W. Taylor , The Companion to Southern Literature , Louisiana State University Press , 2001 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Appalachian Odyssey , ed . Phillip J. Obermiller et al. ( Westport , CT : Praeger , 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : Best , Michael , and Curtis Wood , Introduction to the Agriculture section in the Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 395 -- 402 . ^ Jump up to : Paulson , Linda Daily , `` Lumber Industry '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 501 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Weals , Vic . The Last Train to Elkmont ( Knoxville , Tennessee : Olden Press , 1993 ) , pp. 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Jones , E.B. Dale III ; Helfman , Gene S. ; Harper , Joshua O. ; Bolstad , Paul V. ( 1 January 1999 ) . `` Effects of Riparian Forest Removal on Fish Assemblages in Southern Appalachian Streams '' . Conservation Biology . 13 ( 6 ) : 1454 -- 1465 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1999. 98172. x . JSTOR 2641969 . Jump up ^ `` Coal - Bearing Areas of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Coal mines and facilities '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Abramson , Rudy , `` Bituminous Coal Industry . '' Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 457 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coal Production by State , Region and Method of Mining -- 2007 '' ( PDF ) . National Mining Association . Jump up ^ `` Profile of the U.S. Coal Miner -- 2007 '' ( PDF ) . National Mining Association . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coal Mine Employment by State , Region and Method of Mining -- 2007 '' ( PDF ) . National Mining Association . ^ Jump up to : Hurst , Jack , Introduction to Business , Technology , and Industry section , Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee , 2006 ) , pp. 441 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Janice Willis , `` Aluminum Industry '' , Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 449 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Egan , Martha Avaleen , `` Chemical Industry '' , Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee , 2006 ) , pp. 468 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Varat , Daniel , `` Champion Fibre '' , Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 466 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Benita , `` Tourism '' . Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 611 -- 16 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Effects of Tourism in Appalachia '' Archived August 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Appalachian Regional Commission Online Resource Center . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Official site . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blue Ridge Parkway . Official site . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Appalachian Regional Commission Tourism Council , Roadmap for Tourism & Craft Archived August 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... July 2003 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ARC History Archived December 22 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( April 23 , 2008 ) . `` McCain 's economics talk follows LBJ path '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` United States Code Title 40 Subtitle IV -- Appalachian Regional Development '' . Appalachian Regional Commission . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Appalachian Regional Commission Arc.gov Archived April 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dotter , Earl . `` Coalfield Generations : Health , Mining and the Environment '' Southern Spaces , July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Land Ownership Patterns and Their Impacts on Appalachian Communities . A Survey of 80 Counties , pgs. 27 -- 29 Jump up ^ Federal Land Ownership : Overview and Data Jump up ^ Who Owns West Virginia in the 21st Century Jump up ^ `` Counties in Appalachia '' . Appalachian Regional Commission . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Youngstown , Appalachia ? -- Metro Monthly . Metromonthly.wordpress.com ( September 1 , 2007 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Progress through Partnership : Reflections on ARC 's 40th Anniversary Archived May 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Mark , and Richard Hatcher , Introduction to Transportation section , Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , pp. 685 -- 90 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crane , D. Russell ; Heaton , Tim B. ( 2008 ) . Handbook of Families and Poverty . SAGE . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 5042 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ledford , Katherine ( 2000 ) . Back Talk from Appalachia : Confronting Stereotypes . Univ . Press of Kentucky . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9001 - 3 . Jump up ^ Otto , John Solomon ( 1986 ) . `` ' Hillbilly Culture ' : The Appalachian Mountain Folk in History and Popular Culture '' . Southern Quarterly . 24 ( 3 ) : 25 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Edward L ( 1972 ) . `` John Fox , Jr. , Bon Vivant and Mountain Chronicler '' . Virginia Cavalcade. 21 ( 4 ) : 18 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Sharon B. ( 2008 ) . Big Stone Gap . Arcadia Publishing . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5393 - 1 . Jump up ^ Banes , Ruth A ( 1985 ) . `` Mythology in Music : The Ballad of Loretta Lynn '' . Canadian Review of American Studies . 16 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 300 . doi : 10.3138 / cras - 016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Kimberley M. ( 2003 ) . From a race of storytellers : Essays on the ballad novels of Sharyn McCrumb . Mercer University Press . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 893 - 0 . Jump up ^ Appalshop website Jump up ^ O'Brien , John . At Home in the Heart of Appalachia ( 2002 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ Drake , Richard B. ( 2003 ) . A History of Appalachia . University Press of Kentucky . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9060 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kapilow , Robert ; Adams , John ( 1999 ) , `` Milestones of the Millennium : `` Appalachian Spring '' by Aaron Copland `` , NPR 's Performance Day , National Public Radio Jump up ^ Woodstra , Chris ; Brennan , Gerald ; Schrott , Allen ( 2005 ) . All Music Guide to Classical Music : The Definitive Guide to Classical Music . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 364 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 865 - 0 . Jump up ^ March , Ivan ; Greenfield , Edward ; Layton , Robert ; Czajkowski , Paul ( 2008 ) . The Penguin Guide to Recorded Music . Penguin . p. 588 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103335 - 8 . Jump up ^ Satterwhite , Emily . Dear Appalachia : Readers , Identity , and Popular Fiction Since 1878 ( 2011 ) Chapter 4 , Part I Jump up ^ Kingsolver , Barbara ; Mendes , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` Messing with the Sacred : An Interview with Barbara Kingsolver '' . Appalachian Journal . 28 ( 3 ) : 304 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Inge , M. Thomas ( 2001 ) . `` Al Capp 's South : Appalachian Humor in Li'l Abner '' . Studies in American Humor. 3 ( 8 ) : 4 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Edwin T ( 1997 ) . `` Abner Unpinned : Al Capp 's ' Li'l Abner , ' 1940 -- 1955 '' . Appalachian Journal . 24 ( 4 ) : 420 -- 436 . Jump up ^ Canfield , Joel . `` Ride of the Tarzana Kid '' . Know your music . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Face of Appalachia '' . SecondHandSongs . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gresh , Lois H. The Hunger Games Companion : The Unauthorized Guide to the Series ( 2011 ) p. 188 Jump up ^ Poe , Edgar Allan ( 2006 ) . `` The Name of the Nation '' . In Kennedy , Gerald . The Portable Edgar Allan Poe . Penguin Books . p. 600 . Abramson , Rudy , and Haskell , Jean , editors ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Appalachia , University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 456 - 8 Becker , Jane S. Inventing Tradition : Appalachia and the Construction of an American Folk , 1930 -- 1940 ( 1998 ) . Biggers , Jeff ( 2006 ) . The United States of Appalachia : How Southern Mountaineers Brought Independence , Culture and Enlightenment to America ( New ed . ) . Shoemaker and Hoard . ISBN 1 - 59376 - 031 - 0 . Caudill , Harry M. ( 1962 ) . Night Comes to the Cumberlands . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 13212 - 8 . Davis , Donald Edward . Where There Are Mountains : An Environmental History of the Southern Appalachians , 2000 . Dawley , Jr. , Thomas R. ( March 1910 ) . `` Our Southern Mountaineers : Removal the Remedy for the Evils That Isolation and Poverty Have Brought '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XIX : 12704 -- 14 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Dotter , Earl . `` Coalfield Generations : Health , Mining and the Environment '' Southern Spaces , July 16 , 2008 . Eller , Ronald D. ( 2008 ) . Uneven Ground : Appalachia Since 1945 . The University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2523 - 7 . Eller , Ronald D. Miners , Millhands , and Mountaineers : Industrialization of the Appalachian South , 1880 -- 1930 1982 . Ford , Thomas R. ed . The Southern Appalachian Region : A Survey . ( 1967 ) , includes highly detailed statistics . Kephart , Horace ( 1922 ) . Our Southern Highlanders ( New and revised ed . ) . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 203 - 9 . text online Lee , Tom , `` Southern Appalachia 's Nineteenth - Century Bright Tobacco Boom : Industrialization , Urbanization , and the Culture of Tobacco , '' Agricultural History 88 ( Spring 2014 ) , 175 -- 206 . online Lewis , Ronald L. Transforming the Appalachian Countryside : Railroads , Deforestation , and Social Change in West Virginia , 1880 -- 1920 ( 1998 ) online edition Light , Melanie and Ken Light ( 2006 ) . Coal Hollow . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24654 - 6 Noe , Kenneth W. and Shannon H. Wilson , Civil War in Appalachia ( 1997 ) Obermiller , Phillip J. , Thomas E. Wagner , and E. Bruce Tucker , editors ( 2000 ) . Appalachian Odyssey : Historical Perspectives on the Great Migration . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96851 - 0 Olson , Ted ( 1998 ) . Blue Ridge Folklife . University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 023 - 0 Pudup , Mary Beth , Dwight B. Billings , and Altina L. Waller , eds . Appalachia in the Making : The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century . ( 1995 ) . Sarnoff , Susan ; Yoon , Hong - Sik ( 2003 ) . `` Central Appalachia -- Still the Other America '' . Journal of Poverty . The Haworth Press . 7 ( 1 & 2 ) : 123 -- 39 . doi : 10.1300 / J134v07n01_06 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2007 . Slap , Andrew L. , ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . Reconstructing Appalachia : The Civil War 's Aftermath Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . Stewart , Bruce E. ( ed . ) ( 2012 ) . Blood in the Hills : A History of Violence in Appalachia . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . Walls , David ( 1977 ) . `` On the Naming of Appalachia '' An Appalachian Symposium . Edited by J.W. Williamson . Boone , NC : Appalachian State University Press . Williams , John Alexander . Appalachia : A History ( 2002 ) online edition External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Appalachia . Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Appalachia . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Appalachia . Scholarly articles from the Appalachian Journal , 1972 -- present 1965 Original Congressional definition Appalachia at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Appalachia : Hollow Promises '' , a comprehensive 1999 series of articles on the region and the ARC published in The Columbus Dispatch Appalachian Center for Economy and the Environment Digital Library of Appalachia Morehead State University Center for Virtual Appalachia University of Kentucky Appalachian Center `` Space , Place , and Appalachia '' , Southern Spaces , June 3 , 2009 . 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-2275100162550838727	The Sacred Riana	The Sacred Riana - wikipedia The Sacred Riana The Sacred Riana Marie Antoinette Riana Graharani ( 1992 - 07 - 13 ) July 13 , 1992 ( age 26 ) Jakarta , Indonesia Nationality Indonesia Other names Riana Antoinette Alma mater St. Ursula Catholic School University of Bunda Mulia Occupation Magician Illusionist Years active 2012 -- present Known for The Next Mentalist ( season 1 runner - up ) Asia 's Got Talent ( season 2 winner ) America 's Got Talent ( season 13 quarterfinalist ) Parent ( s ) Chrisiandy Yuniarto ( father ) Marie Antoinette Riana Graharani , commonly known as The Sacred Riana , is an Indonesian magician and illusionist . She is best known as a bizarre illusionist , who does occasionally break her creepy ghostlike character offstage , but normally does not . In 2017 , Riana joined the second season of Asia 's Got Talent where she was declared the winner after beating the Filipino hip - hop dance group DM - X Comvaleñoz based on the audience votes in the grand final . There have been over 70 million views on Facebook and YouTube of her magic performances onstage . In 2018 , she appeared on season 13 of America 's Got Talent where she was eliminated in the quarterfinals . Contents 1 About 1.1 Characteristics on stage 2 Filmography 2.1 Television 3 References 4 External links About ( edit ) Riana 's gimmick is a reference to Sadako in the Japanese horror classic The Ring , with a similarity to her long hair falling in front of her face , while her doll calls to mind Annabelle from The Conjuring film . Riana and her manager chose `` The Sacred '' name because they think that doing magic is a sacred thing for some people . On 21 August 2018 , during the America 's Got Talent quarterfinals live show , Riana 's act was abruptly cut to black and a commercial break before the end of her performance , which confused many viewers about what had just happened and quickly provoked a huge question on social media , but according to a set of production notes which have been posted on Twitter , the dramatic `` cut - to - black '' moment was actually part of the plan all along . Characteristics on stage ( edit ) Riana has a distinctive appearance , characterized by head and hand twitching movement , always stands with one of her legs bent and a flat facial expression . Riana always appears with long and loose hair that covers most of her face . In each stage appearance , Riana always wears a long - sleeved dress and white tights and also holds her doll , Riani which wears her dresses too . She only talks while performing her magic act onstage with a vibrating and unclear voice . Filmography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Television ( edit ) Riana has appeared on several television shows or joined several talent search shows . She was the second winner of Asia 's Got Talent and the second Indonesian to enter America 's Got Talent live shows after Demian Aditya . She finished as a quarterfinalist ( Top 36 ) . Year ( s ) Network Show Role Note 2012 Indosiar Hizteria Guest / Performer 2013 -- 14 Trans7 The Next Mentalist Contestant Runner - up , Season 1 2014 Trans7 Indonesia Lawak Klub Guest / Performer On 6 February 2014 Hitam Putih Guest On 10 February 2014 antv Campur - Campur Guest On 2 March 2014 Trans7 Opera Van Java Guest On 13 March 2014 2014 -- 15 Trans TV The Magic Show Performer On 19 December 2014 On 25 January 2015 2015 MNCTV Kontes Final KDI Performer On 21 May 2015 2017 Rumah Mama Amy Guest / Performer On 11 November 2017 Trans7 Hitam Putih Guest / Performer On 24 November 2017 AXN Asia Asia 's Got Talent Contestant Winner , Season 2 antv Pesbukers Guest / Performer On 22 December 2017 NET . Tonight 's Primetime Guest / Performer 2018 RCTI Dahsyatnya Awards 2018 Performer On 25 January 2018 NBC America 's Got Talent Contestant Quarter - finalist , Season 13 NET . Ini Talkshow Guest / Performer On 10 September 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Profil The Sacred Riana '' ( in Indonesian ) . Viva . Retrieved 23 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mengenal Kembali Sosok Riana , Peserta Asia 's Got Talent '' ( in Indonesian ) . Tribun Jogja. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian illusionist edges out Filipino dance group to win AXN 's ' Asia 's Got Talent ' '' . Interaksyon. 17 December 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesian magician The Sacred Riana is crowned winner of Asia 's Got Talent Season 2 '' . Straits Time . 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia 's The Sacred Riana beats Filipino dance group DMX to Asia 's Got Talent title '' . Yahoo Lifestyle. 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Creepy Indonesian illusionist The Sacred Riana wins Asia 's Got Talent 2 '' . Asia One . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Illusionist `` The Sacred Riana '' The Winner Of Asia 's Got Talent 2017 , Creeps Out The Judges With Her Performance `` . PH Trending. 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arti di Balik Nama The Sacred Riana '' ( in Indonesian ) . Kompas. 19 December 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent viewers left stumped after show cuts to advert break during act '' . Metro. 22 August 2018 . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 Ciri Khas The Sacred Riana yang Bikin Takluk Para Juri '' ( in Indonesian ) . Tempo. 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sacred Riana moves on to ' America 's Got Talent ' live quarterfinals '' . The Jakarta Post . 1 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Sacred Riana on Instagram America 's Got Talent Seasons 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Shin Lim Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Zurcaroh Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Alexandr Magala Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. 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-769772854371041520	Nineteen Eighty-Four	Nineteen Eighty - Four - wikipedia Nineteen Eighty - Four Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1949 novel by George Orwell . For other uses , see 1984 ( disambiguation ) . Nineteen Eighty - Four First edition cover Author George Orwell Cover artist Michael Kennard Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Dystopian , political fiction , social science fiction Set in London , Oceania Publisher Secker & Warburg Publication date 8 June 1949 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Awards NPR Top 100 Science Fiction and Fantasy Books OCLC 52187275 Dewey Decimal 823.912 Nineteen Eighty - Four , often published as 1984 , is a dystopian novel published in 1949 by English author George Orwell . The novel is set in Airstrip One , formerly Great Britain , a province of the superstate Oceania . Oceania is a world of perpetual war , omnipresent government surveillance and public manipulation . Oceania 's residents are dictated by a political regime euphemistically named English Socialism ( shortened to `` Ingsoc '' in Newspeak , the government 's invented language ) . The superstate is under the control of the privileged , elite Inner Party . The Inner Party , or Party , persecutes individualism and independent thinking known as `` thoughtcrimes '' and is enforced by the `` Thought Police '' . The tyranny is ostensibly overseen by Big Brother , the Party leader who enjoys an intense cult of personality , but who may not even exist . The Party `` seeks power entirely for its own sake . It is not interested in the good of others ; it is interested solely in power . '' The protagonist of the novel , Winston Smith , is a member of the Outer Party , who works for the Ministry of Truth , or Minitrue in Newspeak . The Minitrue is responsible for propaganda and historical revisionism . His job is to rewrite past newspaper articles , so that the historical record always supports the Party line . The workers are told they are correcting misquotations , when in actuality , they are writing false information as truth . The Minitrue also destroys all documents that have not been edited ; in this way , there is no proof that the government is lying . Smith is a diligent and skillful worker , but he secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion against Big Brother. Smith 's love interest and heroine of the novel , Julia , is based on Orwell 's second wife , Sonia Orwell. Smith 's attempts at self - education and rebellion are ultimately quashed when he is arrested by O'Brien of the Ministry of Love ( or Miniluv ) , which is tasked with arresting and torturing dissidents and is forced into the horror chamber Room 101 . As literary political fiction and dystopian science - fiction , Nineteen Eighty - Four is a classic novel in content , plot , and style . Many of its terms and concepts , such as Big Brother , doublethink , thoughtcrime , Newspeak , Room 101 , telescreen , 2 + 2 = 5 , and memory hole , have entered into common use since its publication in 1949 . Nineteen Eighty - Four popularised the adjective Orwellian , which describes official deception , secret surveillance , brazenly misleading terminology , and manipulation of recorded history by a totalitarian or authoritarian state . In 2005 , the novel was chosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 best English - language novels from 1923 to 2005 . It was awarded a place on both lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels , reaching number 13 on the editor 's list , and 6 on the readers ' list . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 8 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and title 1.1 Copyright status 2 Background 3 Plot 4 Characters 4.1 Main characters 4.2 Secondary characters 5 World in novel 5.1 Ingsoc 5.2 Ministries of Oceania 5.2. 1 Ministry of Peace 5.2. 2 Ministry of Plenty 5.2. 3 Ministry of Truth 5.2. 4 Ministry of Love 5.3 Doublethink 5.4 Political geography 5.5 The Revolution 5.6 The War 5.7 Living standards 6 Themes 6.1 Nationalism 6.2 Futurology 6.3 Censorship 6.4 Surveillance 7 Newspeak appendix 8 Sources for literary motifs 9 Influences 10 Critical reception 11 In other media 12 Cultural impact 13 Brave New World comparisons 14 See also 15 References 16 Sources 17 External links History and title ( edit ) A 1947 draft manuscript of the first page of Nineteen Eighty - Four , showing the editorial development . Orwell `` encapsulate ( d ) the thesis at the heart of his unforgiving novel '' in 1944 , the implications of dividing the world up into zones of influence , which had been conjured by the Tehran Conference . Three years later , he wrote most of it on the Scottish island of Jura from 1947 to 1948 despite being seriously ill with tuberculosis . On 4 December 1948 , he sent the final manuscript to the publisher Secker and Warburg , and Nineteen Eighty - Four was published on 8 June 1949 . By 1989 , it had been translated into 65 languages , more than any other novel in English until then . The title of the novel , its themes , the Newspeak language and the author 's surname are often invoked against control and intrusion by the state , and the adjective Orwellian describes a totalitarian dystopia that is characterised by government control and subjugation of the people . Orwell 's invented language , Newspeak , satirises hypocrisy and evasion by the state : the Ministry of Love ( Miniluv ) oversees torture and brainwashing , the Ministry of Plenty ( Miniplenty ) oversees shortage and rationing , the Ministry of Peace ( Minipax ) oversees war and atrocity and the Ministry of Truth ( Minitrue ) oversees propaganda and historical revisionism . The Last Man in Europe was an early title for the novel , but in a letter dated 22 October 1948 to his publisher Fredric Warburg , eight months before publication , Orwell wrote about hesitating between that title and Nineteen Eighty - Four . Warburg suggested choosing the main title to be the latter , a more commercial one . In the novel 1985 ( 1978 ) , Anthony Burgess suggests that Orwell , disillusioned by the onset of the Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) , intended to call the book 1948 . The introduction to the Penguin Books Modern Classics edition of Nineteen Eighty - Four reports that Orwell originally set the novel in 1980 but that he later shifted the date to 1982 and then to 1984 . The introduction to the Houghton Mifflin Harcourt edition of Animal Farm and 1984 ( 2003 ) reports that the title 1984 was chosen simply as an inversion of the year 1948 , the year in which it was being completed , and that the date was meant to give an immediacy and urgency to the menace of totalitarian rule . Throughout its publication history , Nineteen Eighty - Four has been either banned or legally challenged , as subversive or ideologically corrupting , like Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World ( 1932 ) , We ( 1924 ) by Yevgeny Zamyatin , Darkness at Noon ( 1940 ) by Arthur Koestler , Kallocain ( 1940 ) by Karin Boye and Fahrenheit 451 ( 1951 ) by Ray Bradbury . Some writers consider the Russian dystopian novel We by Zamyatin to have influenced Nineteen Eighty - Four , and the novel bears significant similarities in its plot and characters to Darkness at Noon , written years before by Arthur Koestler , who was a personal friend of Orwell . Copyright status ( edit ) The novel is in the public domain in Canada , South Africa , Argentina , Australia , and Oman . It will be in the public domain in the United Kingdom and Brazil in 2021 ( 70 years after the author 's death ) , and in the United States in 2044 . Background ( edit ) The banner of the Party in the 1984 film adaptation of the book . Party flags are mentioned , but never described in the actual novel . Nineteen Eighty - Four is set in Oceania , one of three inter-continental superstates that divided the world after a global war . Smith 's memories and his reading of the proscribed book , The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism by Emmanuel Goldstein , reveal that after the Second World War , the United Kingdom became involved in a war fought in Europe , western Russia , and North America during the early 1950s . Nuclear weapons were used during the war , leading to the destruction of Colchester . London would also suffer widespread aerial raids , leading Winston 's family to take refuge in a London Underground station . Britain fell to civil war , with street fighting in London , before the English Socialist Party , abbreviated as Ingsoc , emerged victorious and formed a totalitarian government in Britain . The British Commonwealth was absorbed by the United States to become Oceania . Eventually , the English Socialist Party , abbreviated as Ingsoc , emerged to form a totalitarian government in the country . Simultaneously , the Soviet Union conquered continental Europe and established the second superstate of Eurasia . The third superstate of Eastasia would emerge in the Far East after several decades of fighting . The three superstates wage perpetual war for the remaining unconquered lands of the world in `` a rough quadrilateral with its corners at Tangier , Brazzaville , Darwin , and Hong Kong '' through constantly shifting alliances . Although each of the three states are said to have sufficient natural resources , the war continues in order to maintain ideological control over the people . However , due to the fact that Winston barely remembers these events and due to the Party 's manipulation of history , the continuity and accuracy of these events are unclear . Winston himself notes that the Party has claimed credit for inventing helicopters , airplanes and trains , while Julia theorizes that the perpetual bombing of London is merely a false - flag operation designed to convince the populace that a war is occurring . If the official account was accurate , Smith 's strengthening memories and the story of his family 's dissolution suggest that the atomic bombings occurred first , followed by civil war featuring `` confused street fighting in London itself '' and the societal postwar reorganisation , which the Party retrospectively calls `` the Revolution '' . Most of the plot takes place in London , the `` chief city of Airstrip One '' , the Oceanic province that `` had once been called England or Britain '' . Posters of the Party leader , Big Brother , bearing the caption `` BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU '' , dominate the city , while the ubiquitous telescreen ( transceiving television set ) monitors the private and public lives of the populace . Military parades , propaganda films , and public executions are said to be commonplace . The class hierarchy of Oceania has three levels : ( I ) the upper - class Inner Party , the elite ruling minority , who make up 2 % of the population . ( II ) the middle - class Outer Party , who make up 13 % of the population . ( III ) the lower - class Proletariat , who make up 85 % of the population and represent the uneducated working class . As the government , the Party controls the population with four ministries : the Ministry of Peace deals with war and defence . the Ministry of Plenty deals with economic affairs ( rationing and starvation ) . the Ministry of Love deals with law and order ( torture and brainwashing ) . the Ministry of Truth deals with news , entertainment , education and art ( propaganda ) . The protagonist Winston Smith , a member of the Outer Party , works in the Records Department of the Ministry of Truth as an editor , revising historical records , to make the past conform to the ever - changing party line and deleting references to unpersons , people who have been `` vaporised '' , i.e. , not only killed by the state but denied existence even in history or memory . The story of Winston Smith begins on 4 April 1984 : `` It was a bright cold day in April , and the clocks were striking thirteen . '' Yet he is uncertain of the true date , given the regime 's continual rewriting and manipulation of history . Plot ( edit ) Winston Smith is a man who lives in Airstrip One , the remnants of Britain broken down by war , civil conflict , and revolution in the year 1984 . A member of the middle class Outer Party , Winston lives in a one - room London flat in the Victory Mansions. Smith lives on rations consisting of black bread , synthetic meals , and `` Victory '' - branded gin . Telescreens in every building , accompanied by microphones and cameras , allow the Thought Police to identify anyone who might compromise the Party 's regime , and threat of surveillance forces citizens to display an obligatory optimism regarding the country , who are afraid for being arrested for thoughtcrime , the infraction of expressing thoughts contradictory to the Party 's ideology . Children are encouraged to inform the officials about potential thought criminals , including their parents , and are indoctrinated by Party propaganda from an early age . Winston 's neighbor , Mr. Parsons , is deeply involved in patriotic activism , and his children are highly indoctrinated with Party propaganda and desensitized to violence . Winston works at the Ministry of Truth , or `` Minitrue '' , as an editor . He is responsible for historical negationism ; he rewrites records and alters photographs to conform to the state 's ever - changing version of history itself , rendering the deleted people `` unpersons '' ; the original documents are destroyed by fire in a `` memory hole '' . At work , he re-writes a Times article reporting on a government official condemned as a thoughtcriminal by writing a story on a nonexistent war hero named `` Comrade Ogilvy '' , and notes the state - sponsored media reporting an increase in the chocolate ration during an actual decrease . Despite his proficiency in his profession , Winston becomes mesmerized by the true past after seeing a photograph of three former high - ranking upper class Inner Party officials in New York , discounting the official government account that they had been collaborating with Eurasian officials . Winston tries to get more information about the true past , and purchases an old journal in an antiques shop in a proletarian neighborhood of London . In a place beside his flat 's telescreen where he believes he can not be seen , he begins writing a journal criticizing the Party and its enigmatic leader , Big Brother . By doing so , he commits a crime that , if discovered by the Thought Police , warrants certain death , and Winston quickly resigns himself to the fact that he will eventually be arrested for thoughtcrime . In the journal , he records his sexual frustration over a young woman maintaining the novel - writing machines at the ministry named Julia , whom Winston is attracted to but suspects is an informant . He also suspects that his superior , an Inner Party official named O'Brien , is a secret agent for an enigmatic underground resistance movement known as the Brotherhood , a group formed by Big Brother 's reviled political rival Emmanuel Goldstein . The next day , Julia surreptitiously hands Winston a note confessing her love for him . Winston and Julia begin an affair after Winston realizes she shares his loathing of the Party , first meeting in the country , and eventually in a rented room at the top of the antiques shop where Winston purchased the diary , which is owned by the seemingly kindly Mr. Charrington . They believe that the shop is safe , as the room has no telescreen . During his affair with Julia , Winston remembers the death of his family ; during the civil war of the 1950s , Winston stole rationed chocolate from his malnourished infant sister and his mother , and would return home to discover that they had disappeared . He also recounts his terse relationship with his ex-wife Katharine , whom he was forced to have sex with and despised to such an extent that he considered pushing her off a cliff during a nature walk . Winston also interacts with his colleague Syme , who is writing a dictionary for a revised version of the English language called Newspeak . After Syme insightfully reveals that the true purpose of Newspeak is to reduce the capacity of human thought , Winston speculates that he will be vaporized . He is later proven correct when Syme disappears without a trace , and no one acknowledges his absence . Weeks later , Winston is approached by O'Brien . They arrange a meeting at O'Brien's flat where both Winston and Julia swear allegiance to the Brotherhood . A week later , O'Brien clandestinely sends Winston a copy of `` The Book '' , The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism by Emmanuel Goldstein , the publicly reviled leader of the Brotherhood . Through The Book , the author explains the structure and practices of Oceania . In particular , The Book explains the concept of perpetual war , the true meanings of the slogans `` War is peace '' , `` Freedom is slavery '' , and `` Ignorance is strength '' , and how the Party can be overthrown through means of the political awareness of the proles ( proletarians ) . The Thought Police capture Winston along with Julia in their rented room . The two are then delivered to the Ministry of Love ( Miniluv ) for interrogation . Mr. Charrington , the shopkeeper who rented the room to them , reveals himself as a Thought Police agent . O'Brien is also an agent of the Thought Police . He is part of a special sting operation used by the police to find and arrest suspected thoughtcriminals . Winston is placed in a prison cell with Parsons , who had been reported by his children and believes himself to be guilty . O'Brien interrogates and tortures Winston with electroshock , telling Winston that he can `` cure '' himself of his `` insanity '' -- his manifest hatred for the Party -- through controlled manipulation of perception . Winston is held in the prison for an unspecified length of time , and confesses to crimes that O'Brien tells him to say that he has committed , but O'Brien understands that Winston has not betrayed Julia . After awakening from a nightmare in which he confesses his love for Julia , O'Brien sends him to Room 101 for the final stage of re-education , a room which contains each prisoner 's worst fear . Winston shouts `` Do it to Julia ! '' as a wire cage holding hungry rats is fitted onto his face , thus betraying her . After being put back into society , Winston meets Julia in a park . She admits that she was also tortured , and both reveal betraying the other . Later , Winston sits alone in the Chestnut Tree Cafe . As he remembers a rare happy memory of his family , he convinces himself that it is false . A raucous celebration begins outside , celebrating Oceania 's `` decisive victory '' over Eurasian armies in Africa , and Winston imagines himself as a part of the crowd . As Winston imagines a gun being pointed at his head , he feels that he has at last ended his `` stubborn , self - willed exile '' from the love of Big Brother -- a love Winston returns quite happily as he looks up in admiration at a portrait of Big Brother . Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Winston Smith -- the protagonist who is a phlegmatic everyman . Julia -- Winston 's lover who is a covert `` rebel from the waist downwards '' who publicly espouses Party doctrine as a member of the fanatical Junior Anti-Sex League . Big Brother -- the dark - eyed , mustachioed embodiment of the Party who rules Oceania . O'Brien -- a member of the Inner Party who poses as a member of The Brotherhood , the counter-revolutionary resistance , in order to deceive , trap , and capture Winston and Julia . O'Brien has a servant named Martin . Emmanuel Goldstein -- ostensibly a former leader of the Party , counter-revolutionary leader of the Brotherhood , and author of The Book , The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism , Goldstein is the symbolic enemy of the state -- the national nemesis who ideologically unites the people of Oceania with the Party , especially during the Two Minutes Hate and other fearmongering . Winston eventually learns that The Book is the product of an Inner Party committee that includes O'Brien . Whether Goldstein or his Brotherhood are real or fabrications of Party propaganda is something that neither Winston nor the reader are permitted to know . Secondary characters ( edit ) Aaronson , Jones , and Rutherford -- former members of the Inner Party whom Winston vaguely remembers as among the original leaders of the Revolution , long before he had heard of Big Brother . They confessed to treasonable conspiracies with foreign powers and were then executed in the political purges of the 1960s . In between their confessions and executions , Winston saw them drinking in the Chestnut Tree Café -- with broken noses , suggesting that their confessions had been obtained by torture . Later , in the course of his editorial work , Winston sees newspaper evidence contradicting their confessions , but drops it into a memory hole . Eleven years later , he is confronted with the same photograph during his interrogation . Ampleforth -- Winston 's one - time Records Department colleague who was imprisoned for leaving the word `` God '' in a Kipling poem as he could not find another rhyme for `` rod '' ; Winston encounters him at the Miniluv . Ampleforth is a dreamer and intellectual who takes pleasure in his work , and respects poetry and language , traits which cause him disfavour with the Party . Charrington -- an officer of the Thought Police posing as a sympathetic antiques dealer . Katharine Smith -- the emotionally indifferent wife whom Winston `` ca n't get rid of '' . Despite disliking sexual intercourse , Katharine married Winston because it was their `` duty to the Party '' . Although she was a `` goodthinkful '' ideologue , they separated because she could not have children . Divorce is not permitted , but couples who can not have children may live separately . For much of the story Winston lives in vague hope that Katharine may die or could be `` got rid of '' so that he may marry Julia . He regrets not having killed her by pushing her over the edge of a quarry when he had the chance many years previously . Tom Parsons -- Winston 's naive neighbour , and an ideal member of the Outer Party : an uneducated , suggestible man who is utterly loyal to the Party , and fully believes in its perfect image . He is socially active and participates in the Party activities for his social class . He is friendly towards Smith , and despite his political conformity punishes his bullying son for firing a catapult at Winston . Later , as a prisoner , Winston sees Parsons is in the Ministry of Love , as his daughter had reported him to the Thought Police , hearing him speak against the Party in his sleep . Even this does not dampen his belief in the Party , and he states he could do `` good work '' in the hard labour camps . Mrs. Parsons -- Parsons 's wife is a wan and hapless woman who is intimidated by her own children . The Parsons children -- members of the Party Youth League , representing the new generation of Oceanian citizens , without memory of life before Big Brother , and without family ties or emotional sentiment ; the model society envisioned by the Inner Party . Syme -- Winston 's colleague at the Ministry of Truth , whom the Party `` vaporised '' because he remained a lucidly thinking intellectual . He was a lexicographer who helped develop the language and the dictionary of Newspeak , in the course of which he enjoyed destroying words , and wholeheartedly believed that Newspeak would replace Oldspeak ( Standard English ) by the year 2050 . Although Syme 's politically orthodox opinions aligned with Party doctrine , Winston notes that `` He is too intelligent . He sees too clearly and speaks too plainly . '' After noting that Syme 's name was erased from the members list of the Chess Club , Winston infers he became an unperson . World in novel ( edit ) Ingsoc ( edit ) Main article : Ingsoc Ingsoc ( English Socialism ) is the predominant ideology and pseudophilosophy of Oceania , and Newspeak is the official language of official documents . Ministries of Oceania ( edit ) Main article : Ministries of Nineteen Eighty - Four In London , the capital city of Airstrip One , Oceania 's four government ministries are in pyramids ( 300 m high ) , the façades of which display the Party 's three slogans . The ministries ' names are the opposite ( doublethink ) of their true functions : `` The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war , the Ministry of Truth with lies , the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation . '' ( Part II , Chapter IX -- The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism ) Ministry of peace ( edit ) The Ministry of Peace supports Oceania 's perpetual war against either of the two other superstates : The primary aim of modern warfare ( in accordance with the principles of doublethink , this aim is simultaneously recognized and not recognized by the directing brains of the Inner Party ) is to use up the products of the machine without raising the general standard of living . Ever since the end of the nineteenth century , the problem of what to do with the surplus of consumption goods has been latent in industrial society . At present , when few human beings even have enough to eat , this problem is obviously not urgent , and it might not have become so , even if no artificial processes of destruction had been at work . Ministry of Plenty ( edit ) The Ministry of Plenty rations and controls food , goods , and domestic production ; every fiscal quarter , it publishes false claims of having raised the standard of living , when it has , in fact , reduced rations , availability , and production . The Ministry of Truth substantiates Ministry of Plenty 's claims by revising historical records to report numbers supporting the current , `` increased rations '' . Ministry of Truth ( edit ) The Ministry of Truth controls information : news , entertainment , education , and the arts . Winston Smith works in the Minitrue RecDep ( Records Department ) , `` rectifying '' historical records to concord with Big Brother 's current pronouncements so that everything the Party says is true . Ministry of Love ( edit ) The Ministry of Love identifies , monitors , arrests , and converts real and imagined dissidents . In Winston 's experience , the dissident is beaten and tortured , and , when near - broken , he is sent to Room 101 to face `` the worst thing in the world '' -- until love for Big Brother and the Party replaces dissension . Doublethink ( edit ) Main article : Doublethink The keyword here is blackwhite . Like so many Newspeak words , this word has two mutually contradictory meanings . Applied to an opponent , it means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white , in contradiction of the plain facts . Applied to a Party member , it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this . But it means also the ability to believe that black is white , and more , to know that black is white , and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary . This demands a continuous alteration of the past , made possible by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest , and which is known in Newspeak as doublethink . Doublethink is basically the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one 's mind simultaneously , and accepting both of them . -- Part II , Chapter IX -- The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism Political geography ( edit ) Main article : Nations of Nineteen Eighty - Four Perpetual War : The news report Oceania has captured Africa in 1984 . Three perpetually warring totalitarian super-states control the world : Oceania ( ideology : Ingsoc , i.e. , English Socialism ) ; its core territories are the Western Hemisphere , the British Isles , Australasia , Polynesia and Southern Africa . Eurasia ( ideology : Neo-Bolshevism ) ; its core territories are Continental Europe and Russia , including Siberia . Eastasia ( ideology : Obliteration of the Self , `` Death worship '' ) ; its core territories are China , Japan , Korea and Indochina . The perpetual war is fought for control of the `` disputed area '' lying `` between the frontiers of the super-states '' , which forms `` a rough parallelogram with its corners at Tangier , Brazzaville , Darwin and Hong Kong '' , and Northern Africa , the Middle East , India and Indonesia are where the superstates capture and use slave labour . Fighting also takes place between Eurasia and Eastasia in Manchuria , Mongolia and Central Asia , and all three powers battle one another over various Atlantic and Pacific islands . Goldstein 's book , The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism , explains that the superstates ' ideologies are alike and that the public 's ignorance of this fact is imperative so that they might continue believing in the detestability of the opposing ideologies . The only references to the exterior world for the Oceanian citizenry ( the Outer Party and the Proles ) are Ministry of Truth maps and propaganda to ensure their belief in `` the war '' . The revolution ( edit ) Main article : The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism Winston Smith 's memory and Emmanuel Goldstein 's book communicate some of the history that precipitated the Revolution . Eurasia was formed when the Soviet Union conquered Continental Europe , creating a single state stretching from Portugal to the Bering Strait . Eurasia does not include the British Isles because the United States annexed them along with the rest of the British Empire and Latin America , thus establishing Oceania and gaining control over a quarter of the planet . Eastasia , the last superstate established , emerged only after `` a decade of confused fighting '' . It includes the Asian lands conquered by China and Japan . Although Eastasia is prevented from matching Eurasia 's size , its larger populace compensates for that handicap . The annexation of Britain occurred about the same time as the atomic war that provoked civil war , but who fought whom in the war is left unclear . Nuclear weapons fell on Britain ; an atomic bombing of Colchester is referenced in the text . Exactly how Ingsoc and its rival systems ( Neo-Bolshevism and Death Worship ) gained power in their respective countries is also unclear . While the precise chronology can not be traced , most of the global societal reorganization occurred between 1945 and the early 1960s . Winston and Julia once meet in the ruins of a church that was destroyed in a nuclear attack `` thirty years '' earlier , which suggests 1954 as the year of the atomic war that destabilised society and allowed the Party to seize power . It is stated in the novel that the `` fourth quarter of 1983 '' was `` also the sixth quarter of the Ninth Three - Year Plan '' , which implies that the first quarter of the first three - year plan began in July 1958 . By then , the Party was apparently in control of Oceania . The war ( edit ) See also : Perpetual war In 1984 , there is a perpetual war between Oceania , Eurasia and Eastasia , the superstates that emerged from the global atomic war . The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism , by Emmanuel Goldstein , explains that each state is so strong it can not be defeated , even with the combined forces of two superstates , despite changing alliances . To hide such contradictions , history is rewritten to explain that the ( new ) alliance always was so ; the populaces are accustomed to doublethink and accept it . The war is not fought in Oceanian , Eurasian or Eastasian territory but in the Arctic wastes and in a disputed zone comprising the sea and land from Tangiers ( Northern Africa ) to Darwin ( Australia ) . At the start , Oceania and Eastasia are allies fighting Eurasia in northern Africa and the Malabar Coast . That alliance ends and Oceania , allied with Eurasia , fights Eastasia , a change occurring on Hate Week , dedicated to creating patriotic fervour for the Party 's perpetual war . The public are blind to the change ; in mid-sentence , an orator changes the name of the enemy from `` Eurasia '' to `` Eastasia '' without pause . When the public are enraged at noticing that the wrong flags and posters are displayed , they tear them down ; the Party later claims to have captured Africa . Goldstein 's book explains that the purpose of the unwinnable , perpetual war is to consume human labour and commodities so that the economy of a superstate can not support economic equality , with a high standard of life for every citizen . By using up most of the produced objects like boots and rations , the proles are kept poor and uneducated and will neither realise what the government is doing nor rebel . Goldstein also details an Oceanian strategy of attacking enemy cities with atomic rockets before invasion but dismisses it as unfeasible and contrary to the war 's purpose ; despite the atomic bombing of cities in the 1950s , the superstates stopped it for fear that would imbalance the powers . The military technology in the novel differs little from that of World War II , but strategic bomber aeroplanes are replaced with rocket bombs , helicopters were heavily used as weapons of war ( they did not figure in World War II in any form but prototypes ) and surface combat units have been all but replaced by immense and unsinkable Floating Fortresses , island - like contraptions concentrating the firepower of a whole naval task force in a single , semi-mobile platform ( in the novel , one is said to have been anchored between Iceland and the Faroe Islands , suggesting a preference for sea lane interdiction and denial ) . Living standards ( edit ) The society of Airstrip One and , according to `` The Book '' , almost the whole world , lives in poverty : hunger , disease and filth are the norms . Ruined cities and towns are common : the consequence of the civil war , the atomic wars and the purportedly enemy ( but possibly false flag ) rockets . Social decay and wrecked buildings surround Winston ; aside from the ministerial pyramids , little of London was rebuilt . Members of the Outer Party consume synthetic foodstuffs and poor - quality `` luxuries '' such as oily gin and loosely - packed cigarettes , distributed under the `` Victory '' brand . ( That is a parody of the low - quality Indian - made `` Victory '' cigarettes , widely smoked in Britain and by British soldiers during World War II . They were smoked because it was easier to import them from India than it was to import American cigarettes from across the Atlantic because of the War of the Atlantic . ) Winston describes something as simple as the repair of a broken pane of glass as requiring committee approval that can take several years and so most of those living in one of the blocks usually do the repairs themselves ( Winston himself is called in by Mrs. Parsons to repair her blocked sink ) . All Outer Party residences include telescreens that serve both as outlets for propaganda and to monitor the Party members ; they can be turned down , but they can not be turned off . In contrast to their subordinates , the Inner Party upper class of Oceanian society reside in clean and comfortable flats in their own quarter of the city , with pantries well - stocked with foodstuffs such as wine , coffee and sugar , all denied to the general populace . Winston is astonished that the lifts in O'Brien's building work , the telescreens can be switched off and O'Brien has an Asian manservant , Martin . All members of the Inner Party are attended to by slaves captured in the disputed zone , and `` The Book '' suggests that many have their own motorcars or even helicopters . Nonetheless , `` The Book '' makes clear that even the conditions enjoyed by the Inner Party are only `` relatively '' comfortable , and standards would be regarded as austere by those of the prerevolutionary élite . The proles live in poverty and are kept sedated with alcohol , pornography and a national lottery whose winnings are never actually paid out ; that is obscured by propaganda and the lack of communication within Oceania . At the same time , the proles are freer and less intimidated than the middle - class Outer Party : they are subject to certain levels of monitoring but are not expected to be particularly patriotic . They lack telescreens in their own homes and often jeer at the telescreens that they see . `` The Book '' indicates that is because the middle class , not the lower class , traditionally starts revolutions . The model demands tight control of the middle class , with ambitious Outer - Party members neutralised via promotion to the Inner Party or `` reintegration '' by the Ministry of Love , and proles can be allowed intellectual freedom because they lack intellect . Winston nonetheless believes that `` the future belonged to the proles '' . The standard of living of the populace is low overall . Consumer goods are scarce , and all those available through official channels are of low quality ; for instance , despite the Party regularly reporting increased boot production , more than half of the Oceanian populace goes barefoot . The Party claims that poverty is a necessary sacrifice for the war effort , and `` The Book '' confirms that to be partially correct since the purpose of perpetual war consumes surplus industrial production . Outer Party members and proles occasionally gain access to better items in the market , which deals in goods that were pilfered from the residences of the Inner Party . Themes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nationalism ( edit ) Nineteen Eighty - Four expands upon the subjects summarised in Orwell 's essay `` Notes on Nationalism '' about the lack of vocabulary needed to explain the unrecognised phenomena behind certain political forces . In Nineteen Eighty - Four , the Party 's artificial , minimalist language ' Newspeak ' addresses the matter . Positive nationalism : Oceanians ' perpetual love for Big Brother ; Neo-Toryism , Celtic nationalism and British Israelism are , as Orwell argues , defined by love . Negative nationalism : Oceanians ' perpetual hatred for Emmanuel Goldstein ; Stalinism , Anglophobia and antisemitism are , as Orwell argues , defined by hatred . Transferred nationalism : Oceania 's enemy changes , and an orator changes mid-sentence . The crowd instantly transfers its hatred to the new enemy . Transferred nationalism swiftly redirects emotions from one power unit to another ( for example , Communism , Pacifism , Colour Feeling and Class Feeling ) . It happens during Hate Week , a Party rally against the original enemy . The crowd goes wild and destroys the posters that are now against their new friend , and many say that they must be the act of an agent of their new enemy and former friend . Many of the crowd must have put up the posters before the rally but think that the state of affairs had always been the case . O'Brien concludes : `` The object of persecution is persecution . The object of torture is torture . The object of power is power . '' Futurology ( edit ) In the book , Inner Party member O'Brien describes the Party 's vision of the future : There will be no curiosity , no enjoyment of the process of life . All competing pleasures will be destroyed . But always -- do not forget this , Winston -- always there will be the intoxication of power , constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler . Always , at every moment , there will be the thrill of victory , the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless . If you want a picture of the future , imagine a boot stamping on a human face -- forever . -- Part III , Chapter III , Nineteen Eighty - Four Censorship ( edit ) A 21st - century printing by Penguin Books with a censored cover A major theme of Nineteen Eighty - Four is censorship , especially in the Ministry of Truth , where photographs are modified and public archives rewritten to rid them of `` unpersons '' ( persons who are erased from history by the Party ) . On the telescreens , figures for all types of production are grossly exaggerated or simply invented to indicate an ever - growing economy , when the reality is the opposite . One small example of the endless censorship is Winston being charged with the task of eliminating a reference to an unperson in a newspaper article . He proceeds to write an article about Comrade Ogilvy , a made - up party member who displayed great heroism by leaping into the sea from a helicopter so that the dispatches he was carrying would not fall into enemy hands . Surveillance ( edit ) The inhabitants of Oceania , particularly the Outer Party members , have no real privacy . Many of them live in apartments equipped with two - way telescreens so that they may be watched or listened to at any time . Similar telescreens are found at workstations and in public places , along with hidden microphones . Written correspondence is routinely opened and read by the government before it is delivered . The Thought Police employ undercover agents , who pose as normal citizens and report any person with subversive tendencies . Children are encouraged to report suspicious persons to the government , and some denounce their parents . Citizens are controlled , and the smallest sign of rebellion , even something so small as a facial expression , can result in immediate arrest and imprisonment . Thus , citizens , particularly party members , are compelled to obedience . Newspeak appendix ( edit ) Main articles : Newspeak and List of Newspeak words `` The Principles of Newspeak '' is an academic essay appended to the novel . It describes the development of Newspeak , the Party 's minimalist artificial language meant to ideologically align thought and action with the principles of Ingsoc by making `` all other modes of thought impossible '' . ( A linguistic theory about how language may direct thought is the Sapir -- Whorf hypothesis . ) Whether or not the Newspeak appendix implies a hopeful end to Nineteen Eighty - Four remains a critical debate , as it is in Standard English and refers to Newspeak , Ingsoc , the Party etc. , in the past tense : `` Relative to our own , the Newspeak vocabulary was tiny , and new ways of reducing it were constantly being devised '' p. 422 ) . Some critics ( Atwood , Benstead , Milner , Pynchon ) claim that for the essay 's author , both Newspeak and the totalitarian government are in the past . Sources for literary motifs ( edit ) Nineteen Eighty - Four uses themes from life in the Soviet Union and wartime life in Great Britain as sources for many of its motifs . American producer Sidney Sheldon wrote to Orwell in the early 1950s , interested in adapting the novel to the Broadway stage . Orwell sold the American stage rights to Sheldon , explaining that his basic goal with Nineteen Eighty - Four was imagining the consequences of Stalinist government ruling British society : ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) was based chiefly on communism , because that is the dominant form of totalitarianism , but I was trying chiefly to imagine what communism would be like if it were firmly rooted in the English speaking countries , and was no longer a mere extension of the Russian Foreign Office . The statement `` 2 + 2 = 5 '' , used to torment Winston Smith during his interrogation , was a communist party slogan from the second five - year plan , which encouraged fulfillment of the five - year plan in four years . The slogan was seen in electric lights on Moscow house - fronts , billboards and elsewhere . The switch of Oceania 's allegiance from Eastasia to Eurasia and the subsequent rewriting of history ( `` Oceania was at war with Eastasia : Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia . A large part of the political literature of five years was now completely obsolete '' ; ch 9 ) is evocative of the Soviet Union 's changing relations with Nazi Germany . The two nations were open and frequently vehement critics of each other until the signing of the 1939 Treaty of Non-Aggression . Thereafter , and continuing until the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , no criticism of Germany was allowed in the Soviet press , and all references to prior party lines stopped -- including in the majority of non-Russian communist parties who tended to follow the Russian line . Orwell had criticised the Communist Party of Great Britain for supporting the Treaty in his essays for Betrayal of the Left ( 1941 ) . `` The Hitler - Stalin pact of August 1939 reversed the Soviet Union 's stated foreign policy . It was too much for many of the fellow - travellers like Gollancz ( Orwell 's sometime publisher ) who had put their faith in a strategy of construction Popular Front governments and the peace bloc between Russia , Britain and France . '' The description of Emmanuel Goldstein , with a `` small , goatee beard '' , evokes the image of Leon Trotsky . The film of Goldstein during the Two Minutes Hate is described as showing him being transformed into a bleating sheep . This image was used in a propaganda film during the Kino - eye period of Soviet film , which showed Trotsky transforming into a goat . Goldstein 's book is similar to Trotsky 's highly critical analysis of the USSR , The Revolution Betrayed , published in 1936 . The omnipresent images of Big Brother , a man described as having a moustache , bears resemblance to the cult of personality built up around Joseph Stalin . The news in Oceania emphasised production figures , just as it did in the Soviet Union , where record - setting in factories ( by `` Heroes of Socialist Labor '' ) was especially glorified . The best known of these was Alexey Stakhanov , who purportedly set a record for coal mining in 1935 . The tortures of the Ministry of Love evoke the procedures used by the NKVD in their interrogations , including the use of rubber truncheons , being forbidden to put your hands in your pockets , remaining in brightly lit rooms for days , torture through the use of provoked rodents , and the victim being shown a mirror after their physical collapse . The random bombing of Airstrip One is based on the Buzz bombs and the V - 2 rocket , which struck England at random in 1944 -- 1945 . The Thought Police is based on the NKVD , which arrested people for random `` anti-soviet '' remarks . The Thought Crime motif is drawn from Kempeitai , the Japanese wartime secret police , who arrested people for `` unpatriotic '' thoughts . The confessions of the `` Thought Criminals '' Rutherford , Aaronson and Jones are based on the show trials of the 1930s , which included fabricated confessions by prominent Bolsheviks Nikolai Bukharin , Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev to the effect that they were being paid by the Nazi government to undermine the Soviet regime under Leon Trotsky 's direction . The song `` Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree '' ( `` Under the spreading chestnut tree , I sold you , and you sold me '' ) was based on an old English song called `` Go no more a-rushing '' ( `` Under the spreading chestnut tree , Where I knelt upon my knee , We were as happy as could be , ' Neath the spreading chestnut tree . '' ) . The song was published as early as 1891 . The song was a popular camp song in the 1920s , sung with corresponding movements ( like touching your chest when you sing `` chest '' , and touching your head when you sing `` nut '' ) . Glenn Miller recorded the song in 1939 . The `` Hates '' ( Two Minutes Hate and Hate Week ) were inspired by the constant rallies sponsored by party organs throughout the Stalinist period . These were often short pep - talks given to workers before their shifts began ( Two Minutes Hate ) , but could also last for days , as in the annual celebrations of the anniversary of the October revolution ( Hate Week ) . Orwell fictionalized `` newspeak '' , `` doublethink '' , and `` Ministry of Truth '' as evinced by both the Soviet press and that of Nazi Germany . In particular , he adapted Soviet ideological discourse constructed to ensure that public statements could not be questioned . Nikolai Yezhov walking with Stalin in the top photo from the mid 1930s . Following his execution in 1940 , Yezhov was edited out of the photo by Soviet censors . Yezhov became an `` unperson '' . Winston Smith 's job , `` revising history '' ( and the `` unperson '' motif ) are based on the Stalinist habit of airbrushing images of ' fallen ' people from group photographs and removing references to them in books and newspapers . In one well - known example , the Soviet encyclopaedia had an article about Lavrentiy Beria . When he fell in 1953 , and was subsequently executed , institutes that had the encyclopaedia were sent an article about the Bering Strait , with instructions to paste it over the article about Beria . Big Brother 's `` Orders of the Day '' were inspired by Stalin 's regular wartime orders , called by the same name . A small collection of the more political of these have been published ( together with his wartime speeches ) in English as `` On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union '' By Joseph Stalin . Like Big Brother 's Orders of the day , Stalin 's frequently lauded heroic individuals , like Comrade Ogilvy , the fictitious hero Winston Smith invented to ' rectify ' ( fabricate ) a Big Brother Order of the day . The Ingsoc slogan `` Our new , happy life '' , repeated from telescreens , evokes Stalin 's 1935 statement , which became a CPSU slogan , `` Life has become better , Comrades ; life has become more cheerful . '' In 1940 Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges published Tlön , Uqbar , Orbis Tertius which described the invention by a `` benevolent secret society '' of a world that would seek to remake human language and reality along human - invented lines . The story concludes with an appendix describing the success of the project . Borges ' story addresses similar themes of epistemology , language and history to 1984 . Influences ( edit ) During World War II , Orwell believed that British democracy as it existed before 1939 would not survive the war . The question being `` Would it end via Fascist coup d'état from above or via Socialist revolution from below '' ? Later , he admitted that events proved him wrong : `` What really matters is that I fell into the trap of assuming that ' the war and the revolution are inseparable ' . '' Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) and Animal Farm ( 1945 ) share themes of the betrayed revolution , the person 's subordination to the collective , rigorously enforced class distinctions ( Inner Party , Outer Party , Proles ) , the cult of personality , concentration camps , Thought Police , compulsory regimented daily exercise , and youth leagues . Oceania resulted from the US annexation of the British Empire to counter the Asian peril to Australia and New Zealand . It is a naval power whose militarism venerates the sailors of the floating fortresses , from which battle is given to recapturing India , the `` Jewel in the Crown '' of the British Empire . Much of Oceanic society is based upon the USSR under Joseph Stalin -- Big Brother . The televised Two Minutes Hate is ritual demonisation of the enemies of the State , especially Emmanuel Goldstein ( viz Leon Trotsky ) . Altered photographs and newspaper articles create unpersons deleted from the national historical record , including even founding members of the regime ( Jones , Aaronson and Rutherford ) in the 1960s purges ( viz the Soviet Purges of the 1930s , in which leaders of the Bolshevik Revolution were similarly treated ) . A similar thing also happened during the French Revolution in which many of the original leaders of the Revolution were later put to death , for example Danton who was put to death by Robespierre , and then later Robespierre himself met the same fate . In his 1946 essay `` Why I Write '' , Orwell explains that the serious works he wrote since the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) were `` written , directly or indirectly , against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism '' . Nineteen Eighty - Four is a cautionary tale about revolution betrayed by totalitarian defenders previously proposed in Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ) and Animal Farm ( 1945 ) , while Coming Up for Air ( 1939 ) celebrates the personal and political freedoms lost in Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) . Biographer Michael Shelden notes Orwell 's Edwardian childhood at Henley - on - Thames as the golden country ; being bullied at St Cyprian 's School as his empathy with victims ; his life in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma and the techniques of violence and censorship in the BBC as capricious authority . Other influences include Darkness at Noon ( 1940 ) and The Yogi and the Commissar ( 1945 ) by Arthur Koestler ; The Iron Heel ( 1908 ) by Jack London ; 1920 : Dips into the Near Future by John A. Hobson ; Brave New World ( 1932 ) by Aldous Huxley ; We ( 1921 ) by Yevgeny Zamyatin which he reviewed in 1946 ; and The Managerial Revolution ( 1940 ) by James Burnham predicting perpetual war among three totalitarian superstates . Orwell told Jacintha Buddicom that he would write a novel stylistically like A Modern Utopia ( 1905 ) by H.G. Wells . Extrapolating from World War II , the novel 's pastiche parallels the politics and rhetoric at war 's end -- the changed alliances at the `` Cold War 's '' ( 1945 -- 91 ) beginning ; the Ministry of Truth derives from the BBC 's overseas service , controlled by the Ministry of Information ; Room 101 derives from a conference room at BBC Broadcasting House ; the Senate House of the University of London , containing the Ministry of Information is the architectural inspiration for the Minitrue ; the post-war decrepitude derives from the socio - political life of the UK and the US , i.e. , the impoverished Britain of 1948 losing its Empire despite newspaper - reported imperial triumph ; and war ally but peace - time foe , Soviet Russia became Eurasia . The term `` English Socialism '' has precedents in his wartime writings ; in the essay `` The Lion and the Unicorn : Socialism and the English Genius '' ( 1941 ) , he said that `` the war and the revolution are inseparable ... the fact that we are at war has turned Socialism from a textbook word into a realisable policy '' -- because Britain 's superannuated social class system hindered the war effort and only a socialist economy would defeat Adolf Hitler . Given the middle class 's grasping this , they too would abide socialist revolution and that only reactionary Britons would oppose it , thus limiting the force revolutionaries would need to take power . An English Socialism would come about which `` will never lose touch with the tradition of compromise and the belief in a law that is above the State . It will shoot traitors , but it will give them a solemn trial beforehand and occasionally it will acquit them . It will crush any open revolt promptly and cruelly , but it will interfere very little with the spoken and written word . '' In the world of Nineteen Eighty - Four , `` English Socialism '' ( or `` Ingsoc '' in Newspeak ) is a totalitarian ideology unlike the English revolution he foresaw . Comparison of the wartime essay `` The Lion and the Unicorn '' with Nineteen Eighty - Four shows that he perceived a Big Brother regime as a perversion of his cherished socialist ideals and English Socialism . Thus Oceania is a corruption of the British Empire he believed would evolve `` into a federation of Socialist states , like a looser and freer version of the Union of Soviet Republics '' . Critical reception ( edit ) When first published , Nineteen Eighty - Four was generally well received by reviewers . V.S. Pritchett , reviewing the novel for the New Statesman stated : `` I do not think I have ever read a novel more frightening and depressing ; and yet , such are the originality , the suspense , the speed of writing and withering indignation that it is impossible to put the book down . '' P.H. Newby , reviewing Nineteen Eighty - Four for The Listener magazine , described it as `` the most arresting political novel written by an Englishman since Rex Warner 's The Aerodrome . '' Nineteen Eighty - Four was also praised by Bertrand Russell , E.M. Forster and Harold Nicolson . On the other hand , Edward Shanks , reviewing Nineteen Eighty - Four for The Sunday Times , was dismissive ; Shanks claimed Nineteen Eighty - Four `` breaks all records for gloomy vaticination '' . C.S. Lewis was also critical of the novel , claiming that the relationship of Julia and Winston , and especially the Party 's view on sex , lacked credibility , and that the setting was `` odious rather than tragic '' . In other media ( edit ) Main article : Nineteen Eighty - Four in other media Nineteen Eighty - Four has been adapted for the cinema , radio , television and theatre at least twice each , as well as for other art media , such as ballet and opera . Cultural impact ( edit ) Further information : Nineteen Eighty - Four in popular media `` Happy 1984 '' ( in Spanish ) stencil graffito , denoting mind control via a PlayStation controller , on a standing piece of the Berlin Wall , 2005 . The effect of Nineteen Eighty - Four on the English language is extensive ; the concepts of Big Brother , Room 101 , the Thought Police , thoughtcrime , unperson , memory hole ( oblivion ) , doublethink ( simultaneously holding and believing contradictory beliefs ) and Newspeak ( ideological language ) have become common phrases for denoting totalitarian authority . Doublespeak and groupthink are both deliberate elaborations of doublethink , and the adjective `` Orwellian '' means similar to Orwell 's writings , especially Nineteen Eighty - Four . The practice of ending words with `` - speak '' ( such as mediaspeak ) is drawn from the novel . Orwell is perpetually associated with 1984 ; in July 1984 , an asteroid was discovered by Antonín Mrkos and named after Orwell . In 1955 , an episode of The Goon Show , 1985 , was broadcast , written by Spike Milligan and Eric Sykes and based on Nigel Kneale 's television adaptation . It was re-recorded about a month later with the same script but a slightly - different cast . 1985 parodies many of the main scenes in Orwell 's novel . In 1974 , David Bowie released the album Diamond Dogs . It is thought to be loosely based on the novel 1984 . It includes the tracks `` We Are The Dead '' , `` 1984 '' and `` Big Brother '' . Before the album was made , Bowie 's management ( MainMan ) had planned for Bowie and Tony Ingrassia ( MainMan 's creative consultant ) to co-write and direct a musical production of Orwell 's 1984 , but apparently , Bowie loathed doing anything on assignment and showed his disinterest by not getting out of bed to work on the project . Orwell 's widow was appalled at the idea and refused to give MainMan the rights . In 1977 , the British rock band The Jam released the album This Is the Modern World , which includes the track `` Standards '' by Paul Weller . This track concludes with the lyrics `` ... and ignorance is strength , we have god on our side , look , you know what happened to Winston . '' In 1984 , Apple Computer made a Super Bowl advertisement for the Mac , which stated , `` 1984 wo n't be like ' 1984 ' '' . The ad was suggesting that the Apple Mac would be freedom from Big Brother , the IBM PC . In 1984 : Love Is ( Suicide ) by Iain Williams & the 1984 Project . Love Is ( Suicide ) was recorded by Iain Williams & the 1984 Project at Trident Recording Studios in Soho , London , in January 1984 . The dance track was co-produced by Fiachra Trench and Iain Williams ( Big Bang ) . An episode of Doctor Who , called `` The God Complex '' , depicts an alien ship disguised as a hotel containing Room 101 - like spaces , and quotes the nursery rhyme as well . In 2007 , the song Welcome To 1984 by the American punk rock band Anti-Flag was released on the Punk Goes Acoustic Vol. 2 compilation . In September 2009 , the English progressive rock band Muse released The Resistance , which included songs influenced by 1984 . In 1966 Frank Zappa 's song Who Are The Brain Police ? is according to Zappa is a song of religious theme . However it may also seem to be inspired by Orwell 's 1984 Thought Police . Wall of an industrial building in Donetsk , Ukraine References to the themes , concepts and plot of Nineteen Eighty - Four have appeared frequently in other works , especially in popular music and video entertainment . An example is the worldwide hit reality television show Big Brother , in which a group of people live together in a large house , isolated from the outside world but continuously watched by television cameras . In November 2011 , the US government argued before the US Supreme Court that it wants to continue utilizing GPS tracking of individuals without first seeking a warrant . In response , Justice Stephen Breyer questioned what that means for a democratic society by referencing Nineteen Eighty - Four . Justice Breyer asked , `` If you win this case , then there is nothing to prevent the police or the government from monitoring 24 hours a day the public movement of every citizen of the United States . So if you win , you suddenly produce what sounds like Nineteen Eighty - Four ... '' The book touches on the invasion of privacy and ubiquitous surveillance . From mid-2013 it was publicized that the NSA has been secretly monitoring and storing global internet traffic , including the bulk data collection of email and phone call data . Sales of Nineteen Eighty - Four increased by up to seven times within the first week of the 2013 mass surveillance leaks . The book again topped the Amazon.com sales charts in 2017 after a controversy involving Kellyanne Conway using the phrase `` alternative facts '' to explain discrepancies with the media . The book also shows mass media as a catalyst for the intensification of destructive emotions and violence . Since the 20th century , news and other forms of media have been publicizing violence more often . In 2013 , the Almeida Theatre and Headlong staged a successful new adaptation ( by Robert Icke and Duncan Macmillan ) , which twice toured the UK and played an extended run in London 's West End . The play opened on Broadway in 2017 . Brave New World comparisons ( edit ) In the decades since the publication of Nineteen Eighty - Four , there have been numerous comparisons to the Aldous Huxley 's novel Brave New World , which had been published 17 years earlier , in 1932 . They are both predictions of societies dominated by a central government and are both based on extensions of the trends of their times . However , members of the ruling class of Nineteen Eighty - Four use brutal force , torture and mind control to keep individuals in line , but rulers in Brave New World keep the citizens in line by addictive drugs and pleasurable distractions . In October 1949 , after reading Nineteen Eighty - Four , Huxley sent a letter to Orwell and wrote that it would be more efficient for rulers to stay in power by the softer touch by allowing citizens to self - seek pleasure to control them rather than brute force and to allow a false sense of freedom : Within the next generation I believe that the world 's rulers will discover that infant conditioning and narco - hypnosis are more efficient , as instruments of government , than clubs and prisons , and that the lust for power can be just as completely satisfied by suggesting people into loving their servitude as by flogging and kicking them into obedience . Elements of both novels can be seen in modern - day societies , with Huxley 's vision being more dominant in the West and Orwell 's vision more prevalent with dictators in ex-communist countries and the theocracies and the dictatorships of the Middle East , as is pointed out in essays that compare the two novels , including Huxley 's own Brave New World Revisited . However , that assessment was reconsidered in 2017 with the presidency of Donald Trump and the associated burst in popularity of Orwell 's novel . Comparisons with other dystopian novels like The Handmaid 's Tale , Virtual Light , The Private Eye and Children of Men have also been drawn . See also ( edit ) Authoritarian personality Closed - circuit television ( CCTV ) Culture of fear Ideocracy Language and thought List of stories set in a future now past Mass surveillance New World Order ( conspiracy theory ) Psychological projection Scapegoating Utopian and dystopian fiction Moscow 2042 The Glass Fortress ( 2016 film ) Totalitarianism We Wir ( 1982 film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OCLC Classify '' . classify.oclc.org . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Bruce ( 1996 ) . Benét 's reader 's encyclopedia . New York : Harper Collins . p. 734 . ISBN 0061810886 . ^ Jump up to : Aaronovitch , David ( 8 February 2013 ) . `` 1984 : George Orwell 's road to dystopia '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Barbara ; Vallasi , George ( 1993 ) . The Columbia Encyclopedia ( 5th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 2030 . OCLC 334011745 . Jump up ^ `` Nineteen Eighty - Four , '' p. 272 . ^ Jump up to : Drabble , Margaret ( 2000 ) . The Oxford companion to English literature ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 726 . ISBN 0198662440 . OCLC 925316343 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Jeremy ( 19 May 2002 ) . `` Dedicated follower of passions '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Stacy ( 15 June 2003 ) . `` The Widow Orwell '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ; Lacayo , Richard ( 6 October 2005 ) . `` All - Time 100 Novels. 1984 ( 1949 ) , by George Orwell '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 19 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Novels '' . Modern Library . Retrieved 19 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2012 Jump up ^ Letter to Roger Senhouse , 26 December 1948 , reprinted in Collected Works : It Is What I Think , p. 487 Jump up ^ Bowker , Chapter 18 . `` thesis '' : pp. 368 -- 69 Jump up ^ Bowker 2003 , pp. 383 , 399 Jump up ^ `` Charles ' George Orwell Links '' . Netcharles.com . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ John Rodden . The Politics of Literary Reputation : The Making and Claiming of `` St. George '' Orwell Jump up ^ CEJL , iv , no . 125 . Jump up ^ Crick , Bernard . Introduction to Nineteen Eighty - Four ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1984 ) Jump up ^ Introduction to Animal Farm and 1984 by Christopher Hitchens , ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 101026 - 4 ; p. x ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2003 ) Jump up ^ Marcus , Laura ; Nicholls , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge History of Twentieth - Century English Literature . Cambridge University Press . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82077 - 4 . Brave New World ( is ) traditionally bracketed with Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four as a dystopia ... Jump up ^ `` Freedom and Happiness '' ( a review of We by Yevgeny Zamyatin ) by Orwell , The Express Tribune , 4 January 1946 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 thoughtcrime ? Does it matter that George Orwell pinched the plot ? '' , Paul Owen , The Guardian , 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Road Warrior '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Canadian protection covers the author 's life and 50 years from the end of the calendar year of his or her death . Jump up ^ South African copyright law protects literary works for the author 's life plus fifty years ; see the Copyright Act , No. 98 of 1978 , as amended Archived 16 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` 1984 , de Orwell , 60 años después -- 25.07. 2009 -- lanacion.com '' . Lanacion.com.ar. 25 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Australian law stipulates life plus 70 years , since 2005 . The law is not retrospective and excludes works published in the lifetime of an author who died in 1956 or earlier Jump up ^ Omani law provides for a copyright duration of 70 years after the death of the author since 2008 , prior to this the copyright duration was only 50 years after the death of the author , and as the new law explicitly provides that it does not apply to works already in the public domain , this work remains in the public domain . Jump up ^ Law No. 9.610 of February 19 , 1998 on Copyright and Neighboring Rights . WIPO , 2013 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirtle , Peter B. `` Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States '' . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . As a work published between 1923 and 1963 , with renewed notice and copyright , it remains protected for 95 years from its publication date Jump up ^ Part I , Ch. 1 . Jump up ^ Part I , Ch. 3 . Jump up ^ `` striking thirteen '' ( 1 : 00 pm ) . In Nineteen Eighty - Four , the 24 - hour clock is modern , the 12 - hour clock is old - fashioned , Part I , Ch. 8 . Jump up ^ Martyris , Nina ( 18 September 2014 ) . `` George Orwell Weighs In on Scottish Independence '' . LA Review of Books . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ This may be a reference to `` McAndrew 's Hymn '' , which includes the lines `` From coupler - flange to spindle - guide I see Thy Hand , O God -- / Predestination in the stride o ' yon connectin ' - rod '' . ^ Jump up to : Part II , Ch. 9 Jump up ^ Reed , Kit ( 1985 ) . `` Barron 's Booknotes - 1984 by George Orwell '' . Barron 's Educational Series . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 '' . Part 2 , Chapter 9 Jump up ^ Lines 29 -- 35 , p. 229 , Chapter X , Part II of the Penguin paperback edition of 1984 : `` The proles were immortal , you could not doubt it when you looked at that valiant figure in the yard . In the end their awakening would come . And until that happened , though it might be a thousand years , they would stay alive against all the odds , like birds , passing on from body to body the vitality which the Party did not share and could not kill '' . Jump up ^ `` George Orwell : `` Notes on Nationalism '' `` . Resort.com . May 1945 . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Margaret Atwood : `` Orwell and me '' . The Guardian 16 June 2003 Jump up ^ Benstead , James ( 26 June 2005 ) . `` Hope Begins in the Dark : Re-reading Nineteen Eighty - Four '' . Jump up ^ Andrew Milner : Locating Science Fiction . Liverpool F.C. : Liverpool University Press , 2012 , pp. 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Thomas Pynchon : Foreword to the Centennial Edition to Nineteen eighty - four , pp. vii -- xxvi . New York : Plume , 2003 . In shortened form published also as The Road to 1984 in The Guardian ( Analysis ) Jump up ^ Sheldon , Sidney ( 2006 ) The Other Side of Me `` , Grand Central Publishing , p. 213 Jump up ^ Tzouliadis , Tim ( 2008 ) . The Forsaken : An American Tragedy in Stalin 's Russia . New York : Penguin Press . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 168 - 4 . Jump up ^ Perry , Matt . Review of `` Left Book Club Anthology '' ( review no . 261 ) Ed . Paul Laity . London , Gollancz , 2001 , ISBN 9780575072213 ; Reviews in History for the Institute of Historical Review at the University of London School of Advanced Study . Retrieved 28 October 2015 Jump up ^ Vertov , Dziga ( 1985 ) . Kino - Eye : The Writings of Dziga Vertov . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05630 - 5 . Jump up ^ Senyonovna , Eugenia ( 1967 ) . Journey into the Whirlwind . New York : Harcourt , Brace & World , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Sheila ( 1999 ) . Everyday Stalinism . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505001 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Go No More a-Rushing ( Riddle Song ) '' . Sniff.numachi.com . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Jeffrey . Thank you , comrade Stalin ! Soviet public culture from revolution to Cold War . New Jersey Princeton University Presss . p. 9 . ISBN 0691004110 . OCLC 900266028 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Martin ( 2014 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union . Taylor and Francis . p. 298 . ISBN 9781317867838 . OCLC 869093605 . Jump up ^ `` Newseum : The Commissar Vanishes '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . Jump up ^ King , David ( 1997 ) . The Commissar Vanishes : The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin 's Russia . Metropolitan / Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5294 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schacter , Daniel L. ; Scarry , Elaine , eds. ( 2001 ) . Memory , brain , and belief . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674007192 . OCLC 803952174 . Jump up ^ Stalin , Joseph ( 1944 ) . On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union . Moscow : Foreign Languages Press . Jump up ^ `` Order of the Day , No. 130 , May 1st , 1942 '' . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Stalin , Joseph ( 1970 ) . On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union . Foreign Language Press -- Peking . Jump up ^ `` Twentieth - century Spanish American Literature to 1960 '' . Jump up ^ `` London Letter to Partisan Review , December 1944 , quoted from vol. 3 of the Penguin edition of the Collected Essays , Journalism and Letters . Jump up ^ `` George Orwell : Why I Write '' . Resort.com . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Shelden , Michael ( 1991 ) . Orwell -- The Authorized Biography . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 430 -- 34 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092161 - 7 . Jump up ^ John A. Hobson , 1920 : Dips into the Near Future Jump up ^ George Orwell , `` Review '' , Tribune , 4 January 1946 . paraphrasing Rayner Heppenstall , he reportedly said `` that he was taking it as the model for his next novel '' . Bowker , p. 340 . Jump up ^ `` The real room 101 '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 5 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 December 2006 . Meyers ( 2000 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Orwell , Sonia and Angus , Ian ( eds ) . The Collected Essays , Journalism and Letters of George Orwell , Volume 2 : `` My Country Right or Left '' ( 1940 -- 43 ; Penguin ) Jump up ^ Orwell , George ( 2000 ) . Orwell , Sonia ; Angus , Ian , eds . George Orwell : the Collected Essays , Journalism & Letters ( 1st Nonpareil ed . ) . Boston : Nonpareil Books . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56792 - 134 - 2 . The third was to develop a positive imperial policy , and aim at transforming the Empire into a federation of Socialist states , like a looser and freer version of the Union of Soviet Republics . Jump up ^ Irving Howe , Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four : Text , Sources , Criticism . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 565811 - 5 pp. 290 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Bites : Nineteen Eighty - Four . Nigel Fountain , The Guardian , June 14 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Clive Staple ( 1966 ) . On Stories : And Other Essays on Literature . George Orwell . Harcourt . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Ralph ( 2009 ) . I Love It When You Talk Retro . St Martins . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Wilmut , Roger ; Jimmy Grafton ( 1976 ) . The Goon Show Companion -- A History and Goonography . Robson Books . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Stardust The David Bowie Story , Henry Edwards and Tony Zanetta , 1986 , McGraw - Hill Book Company , p. 220 Jump up ^ Love Is ( Suicide ) by Iain Williams & the 1984 Project Jump up ^ Mulkern , Patrick ( 18 September 2011 ) . `` Doctor Who : The God Complex '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muse Discuss The Resistance , Their ' Very Personal ' New Album '' . MTV . Retrieved 19 October 2012 Jump up ^ Wikipedia Jump up ^ `` Justice Breyer warns of Orwellian government '' . The Hill . 8 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ' 1984 ' sales skyrocket in wake of US spy scandal , Agence France - Presse , 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Sales of Orwell 's ' 1984 ' Increase as Details of NSA Scandal Emerge , ABC News , 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ George Orwell 's ' 1984 ' Book Sales Skyrocket In Wake Of NSA Surveillance Scandal , The Huffington Post , 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` Why ' 1984 ' Is a 2017 Must - Read '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Freytas - Tamura , Kimiko de ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` George Orwell 's ' 1984 ' Is Suddenly a Best - Seller '' . New York Times . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossman , Sean ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` George Orwell 's ' 1984 ' leaps to top of Amazon bestseller list '' . USA Today . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kellyanne Conway 's `` Alternative Facts '' Claim Sends ' 1984 ' Book Sales Soaring `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Savage , Robert ( 1989 ) . The Orwell Moment . London : University Arkansas Press . Jump up ^ Gleason , `` On Nineteen Eighty Four '' Jump up ^ `` 1984 ? Brave New World ? Why I love a little dystopia '' . Jump up ^ Juxtapoz Magazine January 2011 Jump up ^ `` 2011 : A Brave New Dystopia : Chris Hedges '' . 27 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 vs. Brave New World : Comparison '' . Study.com . Jump up ^ Letter from Aldous Huxley to George Orwell . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Aldous Huxley ; s Brave New World Revisited Jump up ^ `` Which Dystopian Novel Got It Right : Orwell 's ' 1984 ' or Huxley 's ' Brave New World ' ? '' . The New York Times . 2017 - 02 - 13 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Orwell 's `` 1984 '' and Trump 's America `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Nineteen Eighty - Four . These five dystopias better reflect Trump 's US '' . The Guardian . 2017 - 01 - 26 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dystopian Novels for Modern Times '' . Rebel Princess Reader. 2017 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Sources ( edit ) Aubrey , Crispin ; Chilton , Paul , eds. ( 1983 ) . Nineteen Eighty - four in 1984 : Autonomy , Control , and Communication ( Repr . ed . ) . London : Comedia Pub . Group . ISBN 0 - 906890 - 42 - X . Bowker , Gordon ( 2003 ) . Inside George Orwell : A Biography . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 23841 - X . Hillegas , Mark R. ( 1967 ) . The Future As Nightmare : H.G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians . Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 0676 - X Howe , Irving , ed. ( 1983 ) . 1984 Revisited : Totalitarianism in Our Century . New York : Harper Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 080660 - 5 . Meyers , Jeffery . Orwell : Wintry Conscience of a Generation . W.W. Norton . 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32263 - 7 Orwell , George ( 1949 ) . Nineteen Eighty - Four . A novel . London : Secker & Warburg . Orwell , George ( 1984 ) . Davison , Peter , ed . Nineteen Eighty - Four : The Facsimile Manuscript . London , United Kingdom : Secker and Warburg . ISBN 0 - 436 - 35022 - X . Orwell , George ( 1949 ) . Nineteen Eighty - Four . A novel . New York : Harcourt , Brace & Co . Orwell , George ( 1977 ) . 1984 . Erich Fromm ( Foreword ) ( reissue ed . ) . Signet Classics . ISBN 0 - 451 - 52493 - 4 . Orwell , George ( 2003 ) . Nineteen Eighty - Four . Thomas Pynchon ( Foreword ) ; Erich Fromm ( Afterword ) . Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 28423 - 6 . Afterword by Erich Fromm ( 1961 ). , pp. 324 -- 37 . Orwell 's text has a `` Selected Bibliography '' , pp. 338 -- 39 ; the foreword and the afterword each contain further references . The Plume edition is an authorised reprint of a hardcover edition published by Harcourt , Inc . The Plume edition is also published in a Signet edition . The copyright page says this , but the Signet ed. does not have the Pynchon forward . Copyright is explicitly extended to digital and any other means . Orwell , George . 1984 ( Vietnamese edition ) , translation by Đặng Phương - Nghi , French preface by Bertrand Latour ISBN 0 - 9774224 - 5 - 3 . Shelden , Michael ( 1991 ) . Orwell : The Authorised Biography . London : Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 69517 - 3 . Smith , David ; Mosher , Michael ( 1984 ) . Orwell for Beginners ( 1st ed . ) . ( London ) , Eng. : Writers and Readers Pub . Cooperative . ISBN 0 - 86316 - 066 - 2 . Steinhoff , William R. ( 1975 ) . George Orwell and the Origins of 1984 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 87400 - 4 . Tuccille , Jerome ( 1975 ) . Who 's afraid of 1984 ? The case for optimism in looking ahead to the 1980s . New Rochelle , N.Y. : Arlington House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 87000 - 308 - 9 . West , W.J. ( 1992 ) . The Larger Evils -- Nineteen Eighty - Four : the Truth Behind the Satire . Edinburgh : Canongate Press . ISBN 0 - 86241 - 382 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : Nineteen Eighty - Four ( in the public domain in Canada ) Find more aboutNineteen Eighty - Fourat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Nineteen Eighty - Four at DMOZ Nineteen Eighty - Four at the Internet Book List Nineteen Eighty - Four at the British Library On - line comic version of Nineteen Eighty - Four 1984 : The Opera Nineteen Eighty - Four at the Open Library Nineteen Eighty - Four title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database 1953 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive Historian Sarah Wise on the London of Nineteen Eighty - Four on the London Fictions website Electronic editions 1984 ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) at Faded Page ( Canada ) George Orwell -- Eric Arthur Blair Project Gutenberg Australia ( e-text ) HTML and EPUB editions from The University of Adelaide Library ( hide ) George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) Characters Winston Smith Julia O'Brien Big Brother Emmanuel Goldstein Places Nations of Nineteen Eighty - Four Ministries of Nineteen Eighty - Four Groups Social classes Inner Party Outer Party Proles The Brotherhood Thought Police Concepts Ingsoc Newspeak wordlist Doublethink Two + two = five Thoughtcrime Telescreen Memory hole Goldstein 's book Two Minutes Hate Hate week Prolefeed Related articles Adaptations Nineteen Eighty - Four in popular media Book : Nineteen Eighty - Four George Orwell Bibliography Novels Burmese Days ( 1934 ) A Clergyman 's Daughter ( 1935 ) Keep the Aspidistra Flying ( 1936 ) Coming Up for Air ( 1939 ) Animal Farm ( 1945 ) Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) Nonfiction Down and Out in Paris and London ( 1933 ) The Road to Wigan Pier ( 1937 ) Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ) Essays `` A Hanging '' ( 1931 ) `` The Spike '' ( 1931 ) `` Bookshop Memories '' ( 1936 ) `` Shooting an Elephant '' ( 1936 ) `` Spilling the Spanish Beans '' ( 1937 ) `` Boys ' Weeklies '' ( 1940 ) `` Inside the Whale '' ( 1940 ) `` My Country Right or Left '' ( 1940 ) `` England Your England '' ( 1941 ) `` The Lion and the Unicorn : Socialism and the English Genius '' ( 1941 ) `` The Art of Donald McGill '' ( 1940 ) `` Poetry and the Microphone '' ( 1943 ) `` Raffles and Miss Blandish '' ( 1944 ) `` Good Bad Books '' ( 1945 ) `` Notes on Nationalism '' ( 1945 ) `` Books v. Cigarettes '' ( 1946 ) `` Confessions of a Book Reviewer '' ( 1946 ) `` Decline of the English Murder '' ( 1946 ) `` A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray '' ( 1946 ) `` How the Poor Die '' ( 1946 ) `` The Moon Under Water '' ( 1946 ) `` A Nice Cup of Tea '' ( 1946 ) `` Pleasure Spots '' ( 1946 ) `` Politics and the English Language '' ( 1946 ) `` The Politics of Starvation '' ( 1946 ) `` Politics vs. Literature : An Examination of Gulliver 's Travels '' ( 1946 ) `` The Prevention of Literature '' ( 1946 ) `` Riding Down from Bangor '' ( 1946 ) `` Second Thoughts on James Burnham '' ( 1946 ) `` Some Thoughts on the Common Toad '' ( 1946 ) `` Why I Write '' ( 1946 ) `` Lear , Tolstoy and the Fool '' ( 1947 ) `` The English People '' ( 1947 ) `` Such , Such Were the Joys '' ( 1952 ) Related `` As I Please '' ( 1943 -- 1947 ) `` London Letters '' ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Betrayal of the Left ( 1941 ) Inside the Whale and Other Essays ( 1940 ) Critical Essays ( 1946 ) Searchlight Books Secker and Warburg Victor Gollancz Ltd Eileen O'Shaughnessy Sonia Orwell Orwell 's list ( 1949 ) Eric & Us Why Orwell Matters Orwell Award Orwell Prize Orwellian VIAF : 311544287 LCCN : n82094035 GND : 4099325 - 5 SUDOC : 027384187 BNF : cb119437788 ( data ) NLA : 35401803 England portal Books portal Novels portal Speculative fiction portal Mass surveillance portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&oldid=808503242 '' Categories : Nineteen Eighty - Four British novels adapted into films British science fiction novels Dystopian novels English novels Historical revisionism ( negationism ) Mass surveillance Novels by George Orwell Political novels Prometheus Award - winning works 1940s science fiction novels 1949 British novels 1984 in fiction Novels about revolutionaries Novels about totalitarianism Novels about propaganda Mind control in fiction Books about freedom of speech Secker & Warburg books Propaganda in fiction Totalitarianism in fiction Social science fiction Novels set in London Mass surveillance in fiction Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into operas British novels adapted into plays Novels set in the future Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2013 Articles with Wikilivres links Articles with DMOZ links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 07 : 05 . 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-8492379786294510488	List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics	List of Arsenal F.C. Records and Statistics - wikipedia List of Arsenal F.C. Records and Statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article is about all - time records . For a season - by - season statistical breakdown , see List of Arsenal F.C. seasons . Thierry Henry became Arsenal 's record goalscorer in October 2005 . Arsenal Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Holloway , London . The club was formed in Woolwich in 1886 as Dial Square before being renamed as Royal Arsenal , and then Woolwich Arsenal in 1893 . In 1914 , the club 's name was shortened to Arsenal F.C. after moving to Highbury a year earlier . After spending their first four seasons solely participating in cup tournaments and friendlies , Arsenal became the first southern member admitted into the Football League in 1893 . In spite of finishing fifth in the Second Division in 1919 , the club was voted to rejoin the First Division at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur . Since that time , they have not fallen below the first tier of the English football league system and hold the record for the longest uninterrupted period in the top flight . The club remained in the Football League until 1992 , when its First Division was superseded as English football 's top level by the newly formed Premier League , of which they were an inaugural member . The list encompasses the honours won by Arsenal at national , regional , county and friendly level , records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section itemises the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first - team competitions . It also records notable achievements by Arsenal players on the international stage , and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club . Attendance records at Highbury , the Emirates Stadium , the club 's home ground since 2006 , and Wembley Stadium , their temporary home for UEFA Champions League games between 1998 and 1999 , are also included . Arsenal have won 13 top - flight titles , and also hold the record for the most FA Cup wins , with 13 . The club 's record appearance maker is David O'Leary , who made 722 appearances between 1975 and 1993 . Thierry Henry is Arsenal 's record goalscorer , scoring 228 goals in total . All figures are correct as of the match played on 22 October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Honours and achievements 1.1 EFL and Premier League 1.2 The FA 1.3 UEFA 1.4 County FAs 1.4. 1 London FA 1.4. 2 Kent County FA 1.5 Other 1.5. 1 Wartime 1.5. 2 Mid-season 1.5. 3 Pre-season 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.1. 1 Most appearances 2.2 Goalscorers 2.2. 1 Top goalscorers 2.3 International 2.4 Transfers 2.4. 1 Record transfer fees paid 2.4. 2 Record transfer fees received 3 Managerial records 4 Club records 4.1 Matches 4.1. 1 Firsts 4.1. 2 Record wins 4.1. 3 Record defeats 4.1. 4 Record consecutive results 4.2 Goals 4.3 Points 4.4 Attendances 5 European statistics 6 Global records 7 Footnotes 8 References Honours and achievements ( edit ) After Arsenal completed the only 38 - match season unbeaten , the Premier League commissioned a unique gold trophy to commemorate the achievement . Arsenal 's first ever silverware was won as the Royal Arsenal in 1890 . The Kent Junior Cup , won by Royal Arsenal 's reserves , was the club 's first trophy , while the first team 's first trophy came three weeks later when they won the Kent Senior Cup . Their first national senior honour came in 1930 , when they won the FA Cup . The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s , winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles . Arsenal won their first league and cup double in the 1970 -- 71 season and twice repeated the feat , in 1997 -- 98 and 2001 -- 02 , as well as winning a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup in 1992 -- 93 . In 2003 -- 04 , Arsenal recorded an unbeaten top - flight league season , something achieved only once before by Preston North End in 1888 -- 89 , who only had to play 22 games . To mark the achievement , a special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season . Their most recent success came in 2017 , when they became the most successful club in FA Cup history with 13 titles . English Champions and FA Cups Timeline view discuss edit 1880 -- -- 1890 -- -- 1900 -- -- 1910 -- -- 1920 -- -- 1930 -- -- 1940 -- -- 1950 -- -- 1960 -- -- 1970 -- -- 1980 -- -- 1990 -- -- 2000 -- -- 2010 -- -- Outside FL Second tier WWI WWII 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🏆 English League Champions 🥇 FA Cup Winners Arsenal 's honours and achievements include the following : EFL and Premier League ( edit ) First Division ( until 1992 ) and Premier League Winners ( 13 ) : 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1937 -- 38 , 1947 -- 48 , 1952 -- 53 , 1970 -- 71 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Runners - up ( 9 ) : 1925 -- 26 , 1931 -- 32 , 1972 -- 73 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2015 -- 16 Second Division ( until 1992 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 League Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1986 -- 87 , 1992 -- 93 Runners - up ( 5 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1987 -- 88 , 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 League Centenary Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1988 ( record ) The FA ( edit ) FA Cup Winners ( 13 ) : 1929 -- 30 , 1935 -- 36 , 1949 -- 50 , 1970 -- 71 , 1978 -- 79 , 1992 -- 93 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ( record ) Runners - up ( 7 ) : 1926 -- 27 , 1931 -- 32 , 1951 -- 52 , 1971 -- 72 , 1977 -- 78 , 1979 -- 80 , 2000 -- 01 FA Community Shield ( FA Charity Shield before 2002 ) Winners ( 15 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1933 , 1934 , 1938 , 1948 , 1953 , 1991 ( shared ) , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Runners - up ( 7 ) : 1935 , 1936 , 1979 , 1989 , 1993 , 2003 , 2005 UEFA ( edit ) UEFA Champions League ( European Cup before 1992 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2005 -- 06 UEFA Europa League ( UEFA Cup before 2009 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( European Cup Winners ' Cup before 1994 ) Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 -- 94 Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1979 -- 80 , 1994 -- 95 UEFA Super Cup ( European Super Cup before 1995 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1994 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1969 -- 70 County FAs ( edit ) London FA ( edit ) London Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1890 -- 91 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 London Challenge Cup Winners ( 11 ) : 1921 -- 22 , 1923 -- 24 , 1930 -- 31 , 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 36 , 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 , 1957 -- 58 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1969 -- 70 ( record ) Runners - up ( 6 ) : 1914 -- 15 , 1925 -- 26 , 1936 -- 37 , 1960 -- 61 , 1965 -- 66 London Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 Kent County FA ( edit ) Kent Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 Other ( edit ) Wartime ( edit ) London Wartime League Winners ( 2 ) : 1941 -- 42 , 1942 -- 43 ( shared record ) South Regional Wartime League A Winners ( 1 ) : 1939 -- 40 Football League War Cup Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1940 -- 41 , 1942 -- 43 Football League Southern War Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1942 -- 43 ( shared record ) Mid-season ( edit ) Zenith Data Systems British Championship Winners ( 2 ) : 1953 , 1989 ( shared record ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1933 Sheriff of London Charity Shield Winners ( 4 ) : 1931 , 1933 , 1965 , 1966 ( shared record ) Southern Professional Floodlit Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1958 -- 59 ( shared record ) Jean Bernard - Levy Trophy Winners ( 2 ) : 1951 , 1954 ( record ) Will Mather Manor House Hospital Memorial Trophy Winners ( 2 ) : 1949 , 1950 Mayor of Colchester 's Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1939 Bath Coronation Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1937 Footballers ' Battalion Charity Fund Match Winners ( 1 ) : 1915 London Professional Footballers ' Association Charity Fund Match Winners ( 5 ) : 1908 , 1910 , 1911 , 1912 , 1914 ( record ) Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1909 , 1913 Southern Professional Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1905 -- 06 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 Pre-season ( edit ) Emirates Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 ( record ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2014 FAW Toyota Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2017 Audi Football Summit Shanghai Winners ( 1 ) : 2017 Super Match Winners ( 2 ) : 2013 , 2016 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2012 MLS All - Star Game Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 Premier League Asia Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2015 New York Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2014 Saitama City Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2013 Indonesia Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2013 Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust Challenge Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 ( shared ) Malaysia Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 2011 , 2012 Markus Liebherr Memorial Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 Eusébio Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2011 Amsterdam Tournament Winners ( 3 ) : 2005 , 2007 , 2008 Herbert Chapman Memorial Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2008 Maurice Lacroix Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2002 Wembley International Tournament Winners ( 3 ) : 1988 , 1989 , 1994 ( shared record ) Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1990 , 1991 United Bank International Soccer Festival Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 Caltex Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1990 , 1991 ( record ) Zenith Data Systems Challenge Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1989 Bielefeld Tournament Winners ( 1 ) : 1984 City of Edinburgh Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1941 Norfolk & Norwich Hospital Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1914 , 1935 Northampton Hospital Charity Shield Winners ( 3 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1932 Southend Hospital Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1920 -- 21 , 1921 -- 22 Metropolitan Hospital Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1920 -- 21 Player records ( edit ) See also : List of Arsenal F.C. players Appearances ( edit ) Most league appearances : David O'Leary , 558 Most FA Cup appearances : David O'Leary , 70 Most League Cup appearances : David O'Leary , 70 Most European appearances : Thierry Henry , 86 Youngest first - team player : Cesc Fàbregas , 16 years , 177 days ( against Rotherham United , League Cup third round , 28 October 2003 ) Oldest first - team player : Jock Rutherford , 41 years 159 days ( against Manchester City , First Division , 20 March 1926 ) Most consecutive appearances : Tom Parker , 172 ( from 3 April 1926 to 26 December 1929 ) Most separate spells with the club : Hugh McDonald , 3 ( 1905 -- 06 ; 1908 -- 10 and 1912 -- 13 ) Most appearances ( edit ) Competitive matches only , includes appearances as substitute . Numbers in brackets indicate goals scored . # Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total O'Leary , David David O'Leary 1975 -- 1993 558 ( 11 ) 70 ( 1 ) 70 ( 2 ) 21 ( 0 ) 3 ( 0 ) 722 ( 14 ) Adams , Tony Tony Adams 1983 -- 2002 504 ( 32 ) 54 ( 8 ) 59 ( 5 ) 48 ( 3 ) 4 ( 0 ) 669 ( 48 ) Armstrong , George George Armstrong 1961 -- 1977 500 ( 53 ) 60 ( 10 ) 35 ( 3 ) 26 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 621 ( 68 ) Dixon , Lee Lee Dixon 1988 -- 2002 458 ( 25 ) 54 ( 1 ) 45 ( 0 ) 57 ( 2 ) 5 ( 0 ) 619 ( 28 ) 5 Winterburn , Nigel Nigel Winterburn 1987 -- 2000 440 ( 8 ) 47 ( 0 ) 49 ( 3 ) 43 ( 1 ) 5 ( 0 ) 584 ( 12 ) 6 Seaman , David David Seaman 1990 -- 2003 405 ( 0 ) 48 ( 0 ) 38 ( 0 ) 69 ( 0 ) 4 ( 0 ) 564 ( 0 ) 7 Rice , Pat Pat Rice 1964 -- 1980 397 ( 12 ) 67 ( 1 ) 36 ( 0 ) 27 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 528 ( 13 ) 8 Storey , Peter Peter Storey 1965 -- 1977 391 ( 9 ) 51 ( 4 ) 37 ( 2 ) 22 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 501 ( 17 ) 9 Radford , John John Radford 1964 -- 1976 379 ( 111 ) 44 ( 15 ) 34 ( 12 ) 24 ( 11 ) 0 ( 0 ) 481 ( 149 ) 10 Simpson , Peter Peter Simpson 1964 -- 1978 370 ( 10 ) 53 ( 1 ) 33 ( 3 ) 21 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 477 ( 15 ) a . Includes the Football League and the Premier League . b . Includes goals and appearances ( including those as a substitute ) in the FA Charity / Community Shield . Goalscorers ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Ted Drake , 44 goals ( in the 1934 -- 35 season ) Most league goals in a season : Ted Drake , 42 goals in the First Division , 1934 -- 35 Most goals in a 38 - game league season : Thierry Henry , 30 goals ( in the Premier League , 2003 -- 04 ) , Robin van Persie , 30 goals ( in the Premier League , 2011 -- 12 ) Most goals in a match : Ted Drake , 7 goals ( against Aston Villa , First Division , 14 December 1935 ) Youngest goalscorer : Cesc Fàbregas , 16 years , 212 days ( against Wolverhampton Wanderers , League Cup fourth round , 2 December 2003 ) Youngest hat - trick scorer : John Radford , 17 years , 315 days ( against Wolverhampton Wanderers , First Division , 2 January 1965 ) Oldest goalscorer : Jock Rutherford , 39 years , 352 days ( against Sheffield United , First Division , 20 September 1924 ) Top goalscorers ( edit ) Thierry Henry is the all - time top goalscorer for Arsenal . He passed Ian Wright 's eight - year record after scoring twice in a European tie against Sparta Prague in October 2005 . Henry was Arsenal 's leading goalscorer for seven consecutive seasons , from 1999 -- 2000 to 2005 -- 06 . Competitive matches only . Numbers in brackets indicate appearances made . # Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 2012 175 ( 258 ) 08 ( 26 ) 02 0 ( 3 ) 42 ( 86 ) 1 ( 4 ) 228 ( 377 ) Wright , Ian Ian Wright 1991 -- 1998 128 ( 221 ) 12 ( 16 ) 29 ( 29 ) 15 ( 21 ) 1 ( 1 ) 185 ( 288 ) Bastin , Cliff Cliff Bastin 1929 -- 1947 150 ( 350 ) 26 ( 42 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 2 ( 4 ) 178 ( 396 ) Radford , John John Radford 1964 -- 1976 111 ( 379 ) 15 ( 44 ) 12 ( 34 ) 11 ( 24 ) 0 ( 0 ) 149 ( 481 ) 5 Brain , Jimmy Jimmy Brain 1923 -- 1931 125 ( 204 ) 14 ( 27 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 1 ) 139 ( 232 ) Drake , Ted Ted Drake 1934 -- 1945 124 ( 168 ) 12 ( 14 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 3 ( 2 ) 139 ( 184 ) 7 Lishman , Doug Doug Lishman 1948 -- 1956 125 ( 226 ) 10 ( 17 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1 ) 137 ( 244 ) 8 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie 2004 -- 2012 096 ( 193 ) 10 ( 17 ) 06 ( 12 ) 20 ( 53 ) 0 ( 2 ) 132 ( 278 ) 9 Hulme , Joe Joe Hulme 1926 -- 1938 107 ( 333 ) 17 ( 39 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 125 ( 374 ) 10 Jack , David David Jack 1928 -- 1934 113 ( 181 ) 10 ( 25 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 124 ( 208 ) a . Includes the Football League and the Premier League . b . Includes goals and appearances ( including those as a substitute ) in the FA Charity / Community Shield . International ( edit ) Caesar Jenkyns was the first Arsenal player to receive an international cap . This section refers only to caps won while an Arsenal player . First capped player : Caesar Jenkyns , for Wales against Scotland on 21 March 1896 First capped player for England : Jimmy Ashcroft , against Ireland on 17 February 1906 Most capped player : Thierry Henry with 81 caps Most capped player for England : Kenny Sansom with 77 caps First players to play in the World Cup finals : Dave Bowen and Jack Kelsey , for Wales against Hungary on 8 June 1958 First players to play in a World Cup for England : Graham Rix and Kenny Sansom against France on 16 June 1982 Most players from one club in an England starting line - up : 7 , against Italy -- the so - called `` Battle of Highbury '' on 14 November 1934 First player to play in a World Cup final : Emmanuel Petit for France against Brazil on 12 July 1998 First players to win a World Cup winners ' medal : Emmanuel Petit and Patrick Vieira ( 1998 FIFA World Cup ) First players to play in a European Championship final : Thierry Henry and Patrick Vieira for France against Italy on 2 July 2000 First players to win a European Championship winners ' medal : Thierry Henry , Emmanuel Petit and Patrick Vieira ( UEFA Euro 2000 ) First player to win a Copa América winners ' medal : Alexis Sánchez ( 2015 Copa América ) At 17 years and 75 days , Theo Walcott became the youngest player to earn an England cap , against Hungary on 30 May 2006 . Transfers ( edit ) For consistency , fees in the record transfer tables below are all sourced from the London Evening Standard 's contemporary reports of each transfer . Where the report mentions an initial fee potentially rising to a higher figure depending on contractual clauses being satisfied in the future , only the initial fee is listed in the tables . Record transfer fees paid ( edit ) Alexandre Lacazette , the club 's record signing # Fee Paid to For Date Notes Ref £ 45m Olympique Lyonnais Alexandre Lacazette 5 July 2017 A further £ 7m in add - ons . £ 38.2 m Real Madrid Mesut Özil 2 September 2013 A further £ 4.3 m in add - ons . £ 35m Valencia CF Shkodran Mustafi 30 August 2016 £ 33.8 m Borussia Mönchengladbach Granit Xhaka 25 May 2016 5 £ 31.7 m Barcelona Alexis Sánchez 10 July 2014 Record transfer fees received ( edit ) # Fee Received from For Date Notes Ref £ 40m Liverpool Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 31 August 2017 £ 29.8 m Barcelona Cesc Fàbregas 15 August 2011 A further £ 5.3 m in add - ons . £ 25m Barcelona Marc Overmars 28 July 2000 £ 25m Manchester City Emmanuel Adebayor 19 July 2009 5 £ 24m Manchester City Samir Nasri 24 August 2011 Managerial records ( edit ) See also : List of Arsenal F.C. managers First full - time manager : Thomas Mitchell managed Arsenal from March 1897 to 1898 . Longest - serving manager : Arsène Wenger -- 7003771400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 44 days ( 1 October 1996 to present ) Shortest tenure as manager : Pat Rice -- 2 weeks , 3 days ( 13 September 1996 to 30 September 1996 ) Highest win percentage : Arsène Wenger , 57.65 % Lowest win percentage : Steve Burtenshaw , 27.27 % Club records ( edit ) Matches ( edit ) Firsts ( edit ) First match : Eastern Wanderers 0 -- 6 Royal Arsenal , friendly , 11 December 1886 First FA Cup match : Royal Arsenal 11 -- 0 Lyndhurst , first qualifying round , 5 October 1889 First Football League match : Woolwich Arsenal 2 -- 2 Newcastle United , Second Division , 2 September 1893 First match at Highbury : Woolwich Arsenal 2 -- 1 Leicester Fosse , Second Division , 6 September 1913 First League Cup match : Arsenal 1 -- 1 Gillingham , second round , 13 September 1966 First European match : Stævnet ( Copenhagen XI ) 1 -- 7 Arsenal , Inter-Cities Fairs Cup first round , 25 September 1963 First home match at Wembley Stadium : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Panathinaikos , UEFA Champions League group stage , 30 September 1998 First match at the Emirates Stadium : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Ajax , testimonial match for Dennis Bergkamp , 22 July 2006 Record wins ( edit ) Record league win : 12 -- 0 against Loughborough , Second Division , 12 March 1900 Record FA Cup win : 12 -- 0 against Ashford United , first qualifying round , 14 October 1893 Record League Cup win : 7 -- 0 against Leeds United , second round , 4 September 1979 Record European win : 7 -- 0 against Standard Liège , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup second round , 3 November 1993 7 -- 0 against Slavia Prague , UEFA Champions League group stage , 23 October 2007 Record defeats ( edit ) Record league defeat : 0 -- 8 against Loughborough , Second Division , 12 December 1896 Record FA Cup defeat : 0 -- 6 against Sunderland , first round , 21 January 1893 0 -- 6 against Derby County , first round , 28 January 1899 0 -- 6 against West Ham United , third round , 5 January 1946 Record League Cup defeat : 0 -- 5 against Chelsea , fourth round , 11 November 1998 Record European defeat : 0 -- 4 against Milan , UEFA Champions League round of 16 , 15 February 2012 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League group stage , 4 November 2015 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League Last 16 , 15 February 2017 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League Last 16 , 7 March 2017 Record consecutive results ( edit ) Arsenal hold several English football records , including the longest unbeaten sequence in the top flight , with 49 . In the 2001 -- 02 season , en route to winning the title , the club had won their remaining 13 matches . A 2 -- 0 win against Birmingham City in the first match of the following season meant Arsenal broke the national record for the most consecutive league wins in the top division . Arsenal scored in all 55 league matches from between 19 May 2001 to 30 November 2002 and also hold the longest unbeaten away sequence in league football with 27 , from 5 April 2003 to 25 September 2004 . Record consecutive wins : 14 , from 12 September 1987 to 11 November 1987 Record consecutive league wins : 14 , from 10 February 2002 to 18 August 2002 Record consecutive wins coming from behind : 4 , from 11 February 2012 to 12 March 2012 Record consecutive defeats : 8 , from 12 February 1977 to 12 March 1977 Record consecutive league defeats : 7 , from 12 February 1977 to 12 March 1977 Record consecutive draws : 6 , from 3 March 1961 to 1 April 1961 Record consecutive matches without a defeat : 28 , from 9 April 2007 to 24 November 2007 Record consecutive league matches without a defeat : 49 , from 7 May 2003 to 16 October 2004 Record consecutive matches without a win : 19 , from 28 September 1912 to 15 January 1913 Record consecutive league matches without a win : 23 , from 28 September 1912 to 1 March 1913 Goals ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : 127 in 42 matches , First Division , 1930 -- 31 Fewest league goals scored in a season : 26 in 38 matches , First Division , 1912 -- 13 Most league goals conceded in a season : 86 in 42 matches , First Division , 1926 -- 27 and 1927 -- 28 Fewest league goals conceded in a season : 17 in 38 matches , Premier League , 1998 -- 99 Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : Two points for a win : 66 in 42 matches , First Division , 1930 -- 31 Three points for a win : 90 in 38 matches , Premier League , 2003 -- 04 Fewest points in a season : Two points for a win : 18 in 38 matches , First Division , 1912 -- 13 Three points for a win : 51 in 42 matches , Premier League , 1994 -- 95 Attendances ( edit ) This section applies to attendances at Highbury , where Arsenal played their home matches from 1913 to 2006 , the Emirates Stadium , the club 's present home , and Wembley Stadium , which acted as Arsenal 's home in the UEFA Champions League during the 1998 -- 99 and 1999 -- 2000 seasons . Arsenal 's attendance figures since the move to the Emirates Stadium have been measured by tickets sold . Highest attendance at Highbury : 73,295 , against Sunderland , First Division , 9 March 1935 Lowest attendance at Highbury : 4,554 , against Leeds United , First Division , 5 May 1966 Highest attendance at the Emirates Stadium : 60,161 , against Manchester United , Premier League , 3 November 2007 Lowest attendance at the Emirates Stadium : 46,539 , against Shrewsbury Town , League Cup third round , 20 September 2011 Highest attendance Wembley Stadium : 73,707 , against Lens , UEFA Champions League group stage , 25 November 1998 Lowest attendance at Wembley Stadium : 71,227 , against AIK , UEFA Champions League group stage , 22 September 1999 On 17 January 1948 , a league - record attendance of 83,260 watched Manchester United play Arsenal at Maine Road . All of the top three attendances in league football occurred at Arsenal games . European Statistics ( edit ) Main article : Arsenal F.C. in European football Arsenal have won two European honours : the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1970 and the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1994 . They also reached the final of the UEFA Cup in 2000 , and became the first London team to appear in a UEFA Champions League final in 2006 . Despite having never won the UEFA Champions League , Arsenal have set numerous records in the competition . Between 1998 -- 99 and the current season , 2016 -- 17 , they participated in nineteen successive seasons , a record only surpassed in Europe by Real Madrid . Goalkeeper Jens Lehmann kept ten consecutive clean sheets in the run - in to Arsenal 's first UEFA Champions League final and the defence went 995 minutes until conceding a goal . Arsenal were also the first British side to defeat Real Madrid and Borussia Dortmund away from home , and both Milanese teams : Internazionale and Milan at the San Siro . Thierry Henry holds the club record for most appearances with 86 , and is the club 's record goalscorer in European competitions with 42 goals . Global records ( edit ) In August 1928 , Arsenal , alongside Chelsea , made history by becoming the first football clubs to wear numbered shirts . A year earlier the first ever live radio commentary of a football match took place , between Arsenal and Sheffield United . Arsenal played in the first match broadcast live on television , against their reserve counterparts in 1937 and have since participated in the world 's first live 3D and interactive football matches , both with Manchester United . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a record of all matches participated in by Arsenal , see the AISA Arsenal History Society 's line - ups database . For corroboration , multiple other sources exist . Jump up ^ Although not organised by UEFA , UEFA took over the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1971 and reformed it into the UEFA Cup ( now UEFA Europa League ) . As the official precursor to the UEFA Europa League , it is included here under UEFA . Jump up ^ The Sheriff of London Charity Shield was replaced by the FA Charity Shield ( now FA Community Shield ) in 1908 . Although it is the official precursor to the FA Community Shield , it is not included here under The Football Association because Arsenal only won the fundraising matches that followed the Sheriff of London Charity Shield 's 1931 revival . Jump up ^ Laurie Scott and George Eastham were called up to England squads ( 1950 , and 1962 and 1966 , respectively ) , but did not play . Jump up ^ George Eastham was retrospectively awarded a medal for being a non-playing member of England 's 1966 World Cup - winning side . Jump up ^ Unusually , Arsenal were forced to play two matches on the same day on 12 December 1896 ; while the first team took on Loughborough in the League , the reserves played Leyton in the FA Cup . The irony is that the reserves won handsomely , 5 -- 0 , whilst the seniors suffered Arsenal 's record league defeat . Additionally , Arsenal lost 0 -- 9 to Chelsea in a wartime London Combination match on 21 April 1916 , but this is not counted as an official first - class match . References ( edit ) General Harris , Jeff & Hogg , Tony ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) . Arsenal Who 's Who . London : Independent UK Sports . ISBN 1 - 899429 - 03 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Joy , Bernard ( 1952 ) . Forward , Arsenal ! . London : GCR Books Limited . ISBN 0 - 9559211 - 1 - 2 . McColl , Brian ( 2014 ) . A Record of British Wartime Football . London : Lulu . ISBN 1 - 291 - 84089 - 3 . Peters , Paul ( 2014 ) . Arsenal : The England Story . London : Lulu . ISBN 1 - 291 - 77255 - 3 . Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 2011 ) . Arsenal 125 : The Official Illustrated History 1886 -- 2011 . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 35871 - 2 . Specific Jump up ^ Soar & Tyler ( 2011 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ; Heneghan , Michael ; Orford , Stuart ; Culliton , Eoin ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888 -- 2016 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodrigues , Jason ( 2 February 2012 ) . `` Premier League football at 20 : 1992 , the start of a whole new ball game '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` 122 years ago today -- Arsenal 's first Silverware '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . 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Jump up ^ Dutton , Tom ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Arsenal on the brink of sealing £ 43m Mesut Ozil deal as playmaker undergoes medical '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Benge , James ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Shkodran Mustafi signs for Arsenal : Gunners complete deal to bring in German international defender '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Benge , James ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Granit Xhaka signs for Arsenal : Gunners complete deal for Swiss international midfielder '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Simon ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Arsenal transfer news : Ivan Gazidis says Alexis Sanchez is just the start as Gunners target four more star signings '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ; Olley , James ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain completes £ 40m Liverpool move after rejecting new Arsenal contract '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Olley , James ( 15 August 2011 ) . `` Cesc Fabregas finally goes to Barcelona '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 28 July 2000 ) . `` £ 25 million ; Arsenal sell Overmars to Barcelona in record English transfer deal '' . London Evening Standard . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Olley , James ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` Emmanuel Adebayor : I want cups , not money '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samir Nasri takes parting shot at Arsenal fans ' lack of ' passion ' '' . London Evening Standard . 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( 30 March 2013 ) . `` 30 March 1897 -- Arsenal 's First Manager Takes Office '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsène Wenger '' . Arsenal F.C . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 14 September 1996 ) . `` Red faces as Houston walks out '' . The Independent . London . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Richard ( 28 September 2006 ) . `` Wenger 1996 to 2006 : the French evolutionary '' . Arsenal F.C . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsene Wenger 's managerial career '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Attwood , Tony ( 24 June 2012 ) . `` Arsenal Managers : Steve Burtenshaw , our least successful manager '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Royal Arsenal ' formed in Woolwich '' . Arsenal F.C. 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ May , John ( 15 April 2002 ) . `` Arsenal 's FA Cup roots '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firsts '' . Arsenal F.C. 8 July 2008 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback : Panathinaikos v Arsenal '' . Arsenal F.C. 18 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record Scorelines '' . Arsenal F.C . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ashdown , John ; Smyth , Rob ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Have Manchester United just set a record for consecutive league wins ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 12 December : One of the days when we played two matches at once '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Division '' . Lincolnshire Echo. 22 April 1916 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ McColl ( 2014 ) , p. 8 : `` During the Great War , although the Football League officially abolished points for wins and draws , newspapers of the time continued to print tables and declare champions . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal : Records '' . Statto Organisation . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal ease past Birmingham '' . BBC Sport. 18 August 2002 . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sequences '' . Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal come from behind a record fourth time in a row to complete win over Newcastle '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal first team line up '' . The Arsenal History . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Note : Information is in the section 1912 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal win their first league title '' . Arsenal F.C. 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highbury -- A history '' . Arsenal F.C. 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal in the Record Books '' . Arseweb. 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 14 August 2002 ) . `` Wenger 's record - busters two steps from heaven '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Chapman -- Overview '' . Arsenal F.C. 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Dall , James ( 5 February 2008 ) . `` Wenger targets 90s '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal complete history '' . Statto Organisation . Archived from the original on 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Solhekol , Kaveh ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Request reveals 170,000 Arsenal fans did not show up at Emirates Stadium last season '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` League attendances '' . The Football League . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 14 August 2007 ) . `` Arsenal 's European frustration '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Matt ( 26 April 2006 ) . `` Gunners to rake in the riches after Spanish survival '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Dinamo Zagreb 2 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 / 06 : Ronaldinho delivers for Barça '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 17 May 2006 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` Where does Arsenal 's win in Dortmund rank among their best European wins ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` A brief history of the Arsenal - Chelsea rivalry and why it matters '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Audrey ( 14 January 2002 ) . `` Radio football down the years '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` How Arsenal blazed TV trail , jostling for airtime with cartoons and smut '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sky : 20 years on ... '' BSkyB. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Manchester United broadcast live in 3D on Sky Sports '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ( hide ) Arsenal Football Club Players Managers Seasons Under - 23s / Academy Records & statistics Supporters Ownership Current season History 1886 to 1966 1966 to present Europe Home stadium Manor Ground ( 1888 -- 1890 & 1893 -- 1913 ) Invicta Ground ( 1890 -- 93 ) Highbury ( 1913 -- 2006 ) Emirates Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Training ground UCL Ground London Colney Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Other teams Arsenal Women Rivalries League record by opponent North London derby Chelsea rivalry Manchester United rivalry Media Arsenal TV The Arsenal Stadium Mystery The Gooner Fever Pitch Related articles Arsenal Supporters ' Trust The Invincibles Tuesday Club Affiliated academies Barnet F.C. Colorado Rapids Hoang Anh Gia Lai Richmond Strikers Wadi Degla Sporting Club Book : Arsenal F.C. Category : Arsenal F.C. Portal : Association football Arsenal task force Commons : Arsenal F.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arsenal_F.C._records_and_statistics&oldid=807652569 '' Categories : English football club statistics History of Arsenal F.C. Arsenal F.C. - related lists Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles with hCards CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Македонски Polski Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 09 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has scored the most goals for arsenal	[ "Arsenal have won 13 top-flight titles, and also hold the record for the most FA Cup wins, with 13. The club's record appearance maker is David O'Leary, who made 722 appearances between 1975 and 1993. Thierry Henry is Arsenal's record goalscorer, scoring 228 goals in total." ]	[ "Thierry Henry" ]
-2621063436521343911	Treaty of Alliance (1778)	Treaty of alliance ( 1778 ) - wikipedia Treaty of alliance ( 1778 ) Jump to : navigation , search Left : Original Franco - American treaty , signed February 6 , 1778 Right : Text of the 1778 Franco - American treaty , in a 1782 publication . The Treaty of Alliance with France or Franco - American Treaty was a defensive alliance between France and the United States of America , formed in the midst of the American Revolutionary War , which promised mutual military support in case fighting should break out between French and British forces , as the result signing the previously concluded Treaty of Amity and Commerce . The alliance was planned to endure indefinitely into the future . Delegates of King Louis XVI of France and the Second Continental Congress , who represented the United States at this time , signed the two treaties along with a separate and secret clause dealing with future Spanish involvement , at the hôtel de Coislin ( 4 , place de la Concorde ) in Paris on February 6 , 1778 . The Franco - American alliance would technically remain in effect until the 1800 Treaty of Mortefontaine , despite being annulled by the United States Congress in 1793 when George Washington gave his Neutrality Proclamation speech saying that America would stay neutral in the French Revolution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The agreement 2.1 Articles 1 -- 4 : Terms of the defensive alliance 2.2 Articles 5 -- 9 : Terms and conditions of peace treaties with England 2.3 Article 10 : Open invitation to other nations 2.4 Article 11 : Pledge to honor land claims 2.5 Article 12 -- 13 : Effective dates of the treaty , ratification , and signing delegates 3 Aftermath 3.1 Deteriorating relations 3.2 The end of the Treaty of Alliance 4 References 5 Further reading Background ( edit ) When the thirteen British colonies in America declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776 , their most obvious potential ally was France , a long - time enemy of Britain and a colonial rival who had lost much of their lands in the Americas after the French and Indian War . France 's leadership had been alarmed by Britain 's victory in the Seven Years ' War which had shifted the European balance of power and had been planning for a war of revenge since the Treaty of Paris that had ended the conflict in 1763 . The French foreign minister Choiseul had envisaged this taking place in alliance with Spain and involving a Franco - Spanish invasion of Britain . Choiseul had been ready go to war in 1770 during the Falklands Crisis , but Louis XV had been alarmed by the British naval mobilization and instead dismissed Choiseul and backed down . As a result , John Adams began drafting conditions for a possible commercial treaty between France and the future independent colonies of the United States , which declined the presence of French troops and any aspect of French authority in colonial affairs . On September 25 the Continental congress ordered commissioners , led by Benjamin Franklin , to seek a treaty with France based upon Adams draft treaty that had later been formalized into a Model Treaty which sought the establishment of reciprocal trade relations with France but declined to mention any possible military assistance from the French government . Despite orders to seek no direct military assistance from France , the American commissioners were instructed to work to acquire most favored nation trading relations with France , along with additional military aid , and were encouraged to reassure any Spanish delegates that the United States had no desire to acquire Spanish lands in the Americas , in hopes that Spain would in turn enter a possible Franco - American alliance . Despite an original openness to the alliance , after word of the Declaration of Independence and a British evacuation of Boston reached France , the French Foreign Minister , Comte de Vergennes , put off signing a formal alliance with the United States after receiving news of British victories over General George Washington in the New York and New Jersey campaign . With the help of the Committee of Secret Correspondence , established by the U.S. Continental Congress to promote the American cause in France , and his standing as a model of republican simplicity within French society , Benjamin Franklin was able to gain a secret loan and clandestine military assistance from the Foreign Minister but was forced to put off negotiations on a formal alliance while the French government negotiated a possible alliance with Spain . Benjamin Franklin 's celebrity - like status in France helped win French support for the United States during the American Revolutionary War . With the defeat of Britain at the Battle of Saratoga and growing rumors of secret British peace offers to Franklin , Spain sought to seize an opportunity to take advantage of the rebellion and abandoned negotiations with Holland to begin discussions with the United States on a formal alliance . With official approval to begin negotiations on a formal alliance given by King Louis XVI , the colonies turned down a British proposal for reconciliation in January 1778 and began negotiations that would result in the signing of The Treaty of Amity and Commerce and The Treaty of Alliance . The agreement ( edit ) The Treaty of Alliance was in effect an insurance policy for France which guaranteed the support of the United States if Britain were to break the current peace they had with the French , `` either by direct hostilities , or by ( hindering ) her commerce and navigation , '' as a result of the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce . The treaty lays out the terms and conditions of this military alliance , establishes requirements for the signing of future peace treaties to end hostilities with the British , and provides a secret clause which leaves open the possibility of Spain and other European nations , `` who may have received injuries from England , '' to join the alliance . Articles 1 -- 4 : terms of the defensive alliance ( edit ) The first articles of the treaty establish that in the case that war were to break out between France and Britain , during the continuing hostilities of the American Revolutionary War , a military alliance would be formed between France and the United States which would combine each respective military force , and efforts for the direct purpose of maintaining the `` liberty , Sovereignty , and ( independence ) absolute and unlimited of the said united States , as well in Matters of ( Government ) as of commerce . '' Articles 5 -- 9 : terms and conditions of peace treaties with England ( edit ) This portion of the treaty is used to preemptively divide up any lands obtained from Great Britain due to successful military campaigns or concessions made by Britain in peace treaties to end hostilities with the signing nations . The United States is effectively guaranteed control of any land it is able to gain possession of in North America , besides the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon which France had retained possession of after the Seven Years ' War , and of the Islands of Bermuda due to King Louis XVI of France , renouncing `` for ever the possession of the Islands of Bermudas as well as of any part of the continent of North America which before the treaty of Paris in 1763 , or in virtue of that Treaty , were acknowledged to belong to the Crown of Great Britain , or to the United States heretofore called British Colonies , or which are at this Time or have lately been under the Power of The King and Crown of Great Britain . '' In return the King is guaranteed `` any of the Islands situated in the ( Gulf ) of Mexico , or near that ( Gulf ) '' which France is able to gain possession of . Additional clauses insure that neither France nor the United States will seek to make any additional claims of compensation for their services during the conflict , and that neither side will cease fighting , nor sign a peace treaty with Britain , without the consent of the other nation and insurances that the independence of the United States will be recognized by Britain . Article 10 : open invitation to other nations ( edit ) Article 10 of the treaty , although largely directed to Spain , invites any other nations `` who may have received injuries from England '' to negotiate terms and conditions for joining the alliance . Article 11 : pledge to honor land claims ( edit ) Article 11 pledges to honor the lands claims of both nations forever into the future with the United States guaranteeing full support of France 's current land claims , and any lands they may acquire during the war , against all other nations , and France in turn pledging support for the United States land claims and guaranteeing to help preserve the country 's `` liberty , Sovereignty , and Independence absolute , and unlimited , as well in Matters of Government as commerce . '' Article 12 -- 13 : effective dates of the treaty , ratification , and signing delegates ( edit ) Article 12 establishes the agreement as a conditional treaty which will only take effect upon a declaration of war between France and Britain , and further makes the land , and diplomatic guarantees laid out in the treaty dependent upon the completion of The American Revolutionary War and a peace treaty which formally establishes each nation 's land possessions . Aftermath ( edit ) Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown by John Trumbull , 1820 On March 17 , 1778 , four days after a French ambassador informed the British government that France had officially recognized the United States as an independent nation with the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance , Great Britain declared war on France , thereby engaging that nation in the American Revolutionary War . French entry into the war would lead to further escalation of the war when Spain entered the fight against Britain as France 's ally , after the signing of the Treaty of Aranjuez on April 12 , 1779 , and again in December 1780 when Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic after seizing a Dutch merchant ship they claimed was carrying contraband to France during the Affair of Fielding and Bylandt . After the signing of the treaty French supplies of arms , ammunition , and uniforms proved vital for the Continental Army , while their actions in the Anglo French War of 1778 - 83 in the West Indies and elsewhere forced Britain to redeploy troops and naval units away from the North American colonies to secure their holdings . French involvement in the war would prove to be exceedingly important during the Siege of Yorktown when 10,800 French regulars and 29 French warships , under the command of the Comte de Rochambeau and Comte de Grasse respectively , joined forces with Gen. George Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette to obtain the surrender of Lord Cornwallis 's Southern army , and effectively bringing an end to the fighting on the North American mainland for the remainder of the war . Despite efforts by Britain to negotiate separate treaties with their opponents in the American Revolutionary War , Spain , France , and the United States held together during their negotiations with Britain and concluded hostilities by signing the 1783 Treaty of Paris . Deteriorating relations ( edit ) Almost immediately after the signing of the 1783 Treaty of Paris , Americans began to question whether the failure of the treaty to note an end date of the military alliance meant that the treaty continued indefinitely into the future , and in effect created a perpetual alliance between the United States and France . Those Americans who disliked the proposition of being eternally tied to France , most notably the Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and his supporters in the Federalist Party , seized on the French Revolution as a chance to officially nullify the treaty . Despite a consensus of European monarchs who considered the treaty nullified by the execution of King Louis XVI during the French Revolution , President George Washington sided with his Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and declared the treaty would remain in effect , despite the regime change in France . Although the Washington Administration had declared that the treaty remained valid , President Washington 's formal Proclamation of Neutrality , and the subsequent Neutrality Act of 1794 , effectively invalidated the military provisions of the treaty and touched off a period of increasingly deteriorated relations between the two nations . The efforts of the new French Minister Edmond - Charles Genêt to raise militias and privateers to attack Spanish lands and British warships , during the Citizen Genet Affair and despite Washington 's pledge of neutrality , turned public opinion against the French and led to the resignation of Thomas Jefferson , a longtime supporter of the French cause , as Secretary of State . In turn , the signing of Treaty of London of 1794 , or Jay 's Treaty , convinced many of the French people that the United States were traitors who had surrendered to British demands and abandoned them , despite the assistance they had provided the United States in their own fight for independence during the American Revolutionary War . The alliance was further attacked in President Washington 's Farewell Address , in which he declared that the United States was not obligated to honor the military provisions of the treaty , and furthermore warned Americans of the dangers of the same kind of permanent alliances that the United States was currently engaged in with France , as a result of the Treaty of Alliance . The growing public sentiment against the treaty culminated during the Presidency of John Adams , in the official annulment of the treaty by the United States Congress on July 7 , 1798 . after France 's refusal to receive American envoys , and normalize relations , during the XYZ Affair . The waging of an undeclared war against France , known as the Quasi-War , by the Adam 's Administration in retaliation for French seizures of American naval vessels during the French Revolutionary Wars , effectively made the Treaty of Alliance a mockery , as it represented an official declaration of military alliance , maintained solely by the French government , between two nations who were unofficially at war with each other . The end of the treaty of alliance ( edit ) Despite the deteriorated relations , and the previously stated official and mutual public sentiment against the alliance , it would not be until September 30 , 1800 , that the treaty would officially be absolved by both signing parties with the signing of the Treaty of Mortefontaine , or Convention of 1800 , and the Franco - American Alliance that began in 1778 was ended . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Preamble to Treaty of Alliance . `` particularly in case Great Britain in Resentment of that connection and of the good correspondence which is the object of the ( Treaty of Amity and Commerce ) , should break the Peace with France , either by direct hostilities , or by hindering her commerce and navigation , in a manner contrary to the Rights of Nations , and the Peace subsisting between the two Crowns . '' Jump up ^ Treaties of 1778 Between the United States and France Jump up ^ The XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War with France , 1798 -- 1800 SS Dept of State , via archive.org Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simms , Brendan . Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire . London , 2007 . pp. 502 -- 31 Jump up ^ Longmate , Norman . Island Fortress : The Defense of Great Britain , 1604 -- 1945 . Pimlico , 1991 . pp. 183 -- 85 ^ Jump up to : Model Treaty ( 1776 ) , US Dept of State , via archive.org ^ Jump up to : French Alliance , French Assistance , and European diplomacy during the American Revolution , 1778 -- 1782 US Dept of State via archive.org ^ Jump up to : `` Perspective On The French - American Alliance '' . Xenophongroup.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avalon Project : Treaty of Alliance Between The United States and France ; February 6 , 1778 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edler 2001 , pp. 163 -- 166 ^ Jump up to : `` French - American Relations in the Age of Revolutions : From Hope to Disappointment ( 1776 -- 1800 ) '' . Xenophongroup.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Statutes at Large '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Hoffman , Ronald ; Albert , Peter J. , eds . Diplomacy and Revolution : the Franco -- American Alliance of 1778 ( Charlottesville : Univ . Press of Virginia , 1981 ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 0864 - 9 . Ross , Maurice . Louis XVI , Forgotten Founding Father , with a survey of the Franco -- American Alliance of the Revolutionary period ( New York : Vantage Press , 1976 ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 533 - 02333 - 2 . Corwin , Edward Samuel . French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 ( New York : B. Franklin , 1970 ) . 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( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. 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Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) John Adams 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)&oldid=830480502 '' Categories : Diplomacy during the American Revolutionary War 1778 in France 1778 in the United States Legal history of France Treaties of the United States 1778 treaties 18th - century military alliances Treaties of the Kingdom of France Ordinances of the Continental Congress Military alliances involving France Military alliances involving the United States France -- United States relations Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 02 : 29 . 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-6382712426029954130	Gregg Sulkin	Gregg Sulkin - wikipedia Gregg Sulkin Jump to : navigation , search Gregg Sulkin Sulkin at the 2014 PaleyFest Fall TV Premiere presentation for MTV 's Faking It ( 1992 - 05 - 29 ) 29 May 1992 ( age 26 ) City of Westminster , London , England Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Actor Years active 2002 -- present Gregg Sulkin ( / ˈsʌlkɪn / ; born 29 May 1992 ) is an English actor . At age ten he made his film debut in the 2002 Doctor Zhivago mini-series . He later landed the starring role in the 2006 British release Sixty Six , and subsequently became known for appearing in the Disney Channel comedy series As the Bell Rings and Wizards of Waverly Place . In 2010 , he starred in the Disney Channel television movie Avalon High . He also appeared in the television special The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex . He starred on MTV 's show Faking It as Liam Booker from 2014 until its cancellation in 2016 . He also appeared on Pretty Little Liars as Ezra 's brother , Wesley `` Wes '' Fitzgerald . In 2016 , he starred in the role of Sam Fuller in the horror - thriller film , Do n't Hang Up . He is currently starring as Chase Stein in the TV show Runaways , based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Sulkin was born in Westminster , London . He is Jewish and had his Bar Mitzvah at the Western Wall in Jerusalem . He attended Highgate School in North London . Career ( edit ) Sulkin posing with a fan in January 2012 Sulkin made his acting debut in the 2002 mini-series Doctor Zhivago . He subsequently starred in the comedy Sixty Six , as Bernie Rubens , alongside Helena Bonham Carter , Eddie Marsan and Catherine Tate . Sulkin also played the role of JJ in the Disney Channel comedy , As the Bell Rings , worked on a CBBC children sci - fi show The Sarah Jane Adventures ( spin - off of Doctor Who ) , playing Adam in series 3 two - episode story The Mad Woman in the Attic . Sulkin was part of Disney Channel 's Pass the Plate as Gregg from the UK . He had a recurring guest role on the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place , where he played Alex 's love interest Mason Greyback he reprised his role in 4 episodes of season 3 and returned to the series in its fourth season , and through to its finale . Sulkin has also landed a role in the thriller The Heavy . In 2010 , he went to New Zealand to film the Disney Channel Original Movie Avalon High , which premiered on November 12 , 2010 . In an interview with Kyle Martino , aired on Soccer Talk Live on the Fox Soccer Channel in the US , Sulkin announced that he was a fan of Arsenal . Sulkin participated the Disney Channel 's Friends for Change Games and was on the Yellow Team . He reprised his role as Mason Greyback in ' ' The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex which premiered on Disney Channel in March 2013 . In 2012 , Sulkin starred in the American teen drama series Pretty Little Liars as a recurring character , Wesley Fitzgerald , brother of Ezra Fitz . In February 2013 , it was announced that Sulkin would play Julian Fineman in FOX 's television adaptation of Lauren Oliver 's young adult novel , Delirium . On 8 May , it was reported that Fox has decided not to pick up Delirium . Since 2014 , Sulkin has starred in the MTV comedy Faking It . Sulkin portrays Liam Booker . Sulkin defeated Victoria Justice on 30 July 2015 episode of Spike TV 's Lip Sync Battle , where he wore a wig and went shirtless to perform the hit Kelis song `` Milkshake '' . Sulkin starred in the leading role of Sam Fuller in the horror - thriller film , Do n't Hang Up which was released in theatres on 10 February 2017 . Sulkin currently plays Chase Stein on Runaways a Hulu series set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Personal Life ( edit ) Sulkin dated actress Bella Thorne from 2015 to 2016 . He is a fan of Arsenal F.C. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Sixty Six Bernie Rubens 2009 The Heavy Teen Two 2011 Camilla Dickinson Frank Rowan 2012 White Frog Randy Goldman 2013 Another Me Drew 2014 Affluenza Dylan Carson 2015 A Mouse Tale The Dark Rodent Voice role ; direct - to - DVD 2015 Yak : The Giant King Flapper Voice role 2015 Anti-Social Dee 2016 Do n't Hang Up Sam Fuller 2018 Status Update Derek Lowe Post-production 2018 Oh , Boy TBA Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Doctor Zhivago Seryozha Television miniseries ( ITV ) 2006 Pass the Plate Himself 2006 Man on the Moon Michael Aldrin Television special ( Channel 4 ) 2007 -- 2008 As the Bell Rings JJ Main role 2009 The Sarah Jane Adventures Adam 2 episodes Avalon High Will Wagner Disney Channel Original Movie 2010 -- 2012 Wizards of Waverly Place Mason Greyback Recurring role ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) ; 15 episodes 2011 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour Matt Episode : `` The Perfect Brother '' 2011 Get the Look Himself 2012 Melissa & Joey Haskell Davis 3 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Wesley Fitzgerald Recurring role ; 4 episodes 2013 The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex Mason Greyback Television special ( Disney Channel ) 2013 Delirium Julian Fineman Unsold television pilot 2014 A Daughter 's Nightmare Ben Woods Television movie ( Lifetime ) 2014 -- 2016 Faking It Liam Booker Main role 2016 Life in Pieces Jake Episode : `` Prank Assistant Gum Puppy '' 2016 Young & Hungry Rick Episode : `` Young & Assistant '' 2017 Drink , Slay , Love Jadrien Television movie ( Lifetime ) 2017 -- present Runaways Chase Stein Main role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Awards Recipient Result Refs 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Star : Male Faking It Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Star : Male Faking It Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Gregg Sulkin , `` England and Wales Birth Registration Index , 1837 -- 2008 '' -- FamilySearch.org `` . familysearch.org . Jump up ^ Thomas Commonwealth . `` ( TB EXCLUSIVE ) JOE JOHNSON BEGS YOU -- `` DON 'T HANG UP '' `` . The Tracking Board . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Fujikawa , Jenn ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways : Meet the Steins ' '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Sulkin on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Gorov , Lynda ( 17 August 2008 ) . `` Just a Jewish mum ( no corset , cauldron ) '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Gregg Sulkin Talks Disney , Turning 21 and his Bar Mitzvah '' . Shalom Life . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Srulowitz , Rebecca ( 23 July 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus ' boyfriend kicks around Israel '' . JWeekly . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallis , Lauren . `` The barmitzvah boy '' . TotallyJewish.com . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McPartland , Ben ( 20 April 2007 ) . `` Highgate 's Sixty Six star is getting dizzy with his Disney days '' . Hampstead and Highgate Express . Archived from the original on 9 May 2009 . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 22 October 2005 ) . `` Four goals and a Bar Mitzvah : ' 66 World Cup made into film '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The magic continues as Disney Channel orders fourth season of Emmy award - winning series `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' `` . Disney Channel . 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 4 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Sulkin Talks About Wizards Finale '' . Sinchronicity. 11 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sixty Six Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . p. 15 . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Production has begun in New Zealand on `` Avalon High , '' a Disney Channel original film that brings Arthurian legend alive at a contemporary high school `` . Disney Channel . 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel & Disney XD Present Programming Plans for 2010 - 11 '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Help People and the Planet , Friends for Change . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 8 May 2013 ) . `` Fox rejects ' Delirium ' pilot starring Emma Roberts '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Emery , Debbie ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Nickelodeon Star Victoria Justice Takes on Gregg Sulkin in Sticky Lip Sync Battle Video '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Commonwealth . `` ( TB EXCLUSIVE ) JOE JOHNSON BEGS YOU -- `` DON 'T HANG UP '' `` . The Tracking Board . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Dont-Hang-Up-(UK)#tab=summary Jump up ^ `` Gregg Sulkin , Bella Thorne 's Boyfriend : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Briones , Isis ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` Bella Thorne and Gregg Sulkin Have Broken Up '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Sulkin : Arsenal Fan '' . Twitter.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gregg Sulkin . Gregg Sulkin on IMDb Gregg Sulkin at the Music Television Gregg Sulkin on Twitter LCCN : no2015120414 VIAF : 317285323 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregg_Sulkin&oldid=843591538 '' Categories : 1992 births English male child actors English male film actors English male television actors Jewish English male actors Living people People from Swiss Cottage Male actors from London People educated at Highgate School Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays mason on wizards of waverly place	[]	[]
-235590181457297957	Fruit of the Loom	Fruit of the Loom - wikipedia Fruit of the Loom Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fruit of the Loom , Inc . Industry Retail Founded 1851 ; 166 years ago ( 1851 ) Warwick , Rhode Island , United States Founder Robert Knight Headquarters Bowling Green , Kentucky , United States Area served Worldwide Products Clothing , Underwear Parent Berkshire Hathaway ( since 2002 ) Subsidiaries Russell Brands Website www.fruit.com Fruit of the Loom is an American company that manufactures clothing , particularly underwear . The company 's world headquarters is in Bowling Green , Kentucky . Since 2002 it has been a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway . Contents ( hide ) 1 Company profile 2 History 3 References 4 External links Company profile ( edit ) Fruit of the Loom headquarters building in Bowling Green , Kentucky Fruit of the Loom is one of the largest manufacturers and marketers of men 's and boys ' underwear , women 's and girls ' underwear , printable T - shirts and fleece for the activewear industry , casualwear , women 's jeanswear and childrenswear . The company employs more than 32,400 people worldwide . Fruit of the Loom also controls another long - known underwear brand , B.V.D. ( Bradley , Voorhees , and Day ) . Other brands also manufactured and sold by the company are Funpals / FunGals , Screen Stars and Underoos . Brands once owned or marketed by Fruit of the Loom include Gitano , Munsingwear , Salem Sportswear , and Pro Player , which once had the naming rights to what is now Hard Rock Stadium ( originally Joe Robbie Stadium ) in Miami Gardens , Florida from 1996 to 2005 , despite bankruptcy by the parent company in 1999 . Hanes and Jockey are the main competitors of Fruit of the Loom . The company 's familiar logo comprising a red apple , leaves , green grapes , currants , and purple grapes forms a widely recognizable trademark . The company is a vertically integrated manufacturer . In TV commercials for the brand , actors play the roles of only four of the logo 's parts : the apple , green grapes , purple grapes , and leaves . The role of `` Apple '' is played by Rad Daly , and the `` Leaf '' was at one time played by Academy Award - winning actor F. Murray Abraham , and has been played by Gene Steichen since the Fruit Guys were re-introduced to the public in 2001 . `` Green Grapes '' is played by Richard Steven Horvitz . `` Purple Grapes '' is played by Wayne Wilderson . Robert Knight , founder of Fruit of the Loom Fruit of the Loom acquired Russell . Brands includes Russell Athletic , Brooks Running and Spalding among other names in athletic wear . History ( edit ) 1921 newspaper ad for Fruit of the Loom muslin fabric The Fruit of the Loom brand dates back to 1851 in Rhode Island when Robert Knight , a textile mill owner , visited his friend , Rufus Skeel . Skeel owned a small shop in Providence that sold cloth from Knight 's mill . Skeel 's daughter painted images of apples and applied them to the bolts of cloth . The ones with the apple emblems proved most popular . Mr. Knight thought the labels would be the perfect symbol for his trade name , Fruit of the Loom -- an expression referring to clothes , paralleling the phrase `` fruit of the womb '' meaning `` children '' , which can be traced back to use in the Bible ( Psalm 127 : 3 ) . In 1871 , just one year after the first trademark laws were passed by Congress , Knight received trademark number 418 for the brand `` Fruit of the Loom '' . Much of its athletic outerwear was sold under the `` Pro Player '' label , a now defunct division . The company was part of Northwest Industries , Inc. , until NWI was purchased by William F. Farley in 1985 and renamed Farley Industries , Inc . Farley served as president , chief executive officer ( CEO ) , and majority shareholder for 15 years . Fruit of the Loom 's sales revenue rose from approximately $500 million at the time of NWI 's purchase to roughly $2.5 billion nearly 15 years later . Debt financing , once seen as brilliant , proved difficult to manage even as sales revenue quintupled . On March 23 , 1987 , it sold its subsidiary General Battery to Exide Corporation . Fruit of the Loom filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1999 shortly after posting a net loss of $576.2 million . Its 66 million shares of outstanding common stock dropped in value from about $44 per share in early 1997 to just more than $1 by spring 2000 . Reasons for the bankruptcy are varied . A large debt load which was assumed in the 1980s , a common practice at the time , did not help . William F. Farley , the company 's former chairman , CEO , and chief operating officer ( COO ) , was forced out prior to bankruptcy in late 1999 , after having piloted the company into massive debt and unproductive business ventures , including structuring the company into an off - shore entity in the Cayman Islands to avoid taxes . The company was bought from bankruptcy by Berkshire Hathaway Corporation , controlled by investor Warren Buffett , who wanted the valuable brand . He agreed in January 2002 to purchase the company for approximately $835 million in cash . The deal was concluded on April 29 , 2002 . A condition of the purchase required that former COO and then interim CEO John Holland remain available to be the CEO for the company . The company purchased Russell Corporation , effectively taking the former competitor private , in a deal valued at $598.3 million that was completed August 1 , 2006 . The company announced the purchase of VF Corporation 's intimate apparel company named Vanity Fair Intimates for $350 million in cash on January 23 , 2007 . In 2010 , Rick Medlin was named president and CEO of Fruit of the Loom . Longtime CEO John Holland became the company 's chairman . In 2014 , the company closed its Jamestown ( Kentucky ) plant , which had once been the second manufacturing plant in the state , and laid off all 600 employees . The company said it was moving the plant 's operations to Honduras to reduce production costs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fruit of the Loom '' . fotlinc.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Margaret ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` Why Fruit Of The Loom Is Designing More Than Just Undies '' . Fast Co Design . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northwest Industries Inc . The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago , 2005 Chicago Historical Society . Jump up ^ company - news - fruit - of - the - loom. html Jump up ^ `` Fruit of the Loom Files for Chapter 11 '' . Los Angeles Times . December 30 , 1999 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buffett , Warren ( February 28 , 2002 ) . `` Chairman 's letter '' . Berkshire Hathaway . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Berkshire agrees to buy Russell for $598.3 M in cash '' . MarketWatch. April 17 , 2006 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VF Corp. sells intimate apparel unit to Fruit of the Loom '' . MarketWatch . January 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . This company was renamed Vanity Fair Brands and is operated as a wholly owned subsidiary . Jump up ^ Maze , Brent ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` New CEO to lead Fruit The Alexander City Outlook '' . AlexCityOutlook.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Estep , Bill ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` Jobs gone , Fruit of the Loom 's unpaid property tax bill remains in Russell County '' . Lexington Herald Leader . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beam , Adam ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Fruit of the Loom to close U.S. plant , move jobs to Honduras '' . St. Louis Post Dispatch . Associated Press . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Kentucky portal Companies portal Fashion portal External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fruit of the Loom . Fruit of the Loom underwear The Fruit of the Loom Guys Creator Farley looks for Congressional help November 1 , 1999 . Berkshire Hathaway Announcement of Fruit of the Loom Acquisition April 30 , 2002 . Buffett 's Berkshire to buy Russell April 17 , 2006 . Berkshire Hathaway Board of directors Warren Buffett ( Chairman and CEO ) Charlie Munger Howard Graham Buffett Susan Decker Bill Gates David Gottesman Charlotte Guyman Donald Keough Thomas Murphy Ronald Olson Walter Scott Jr . 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DKNY Dolce & Gabbana Emporio Armani Fruit of the Loom Hanes Hugo Boss Jockey International Joe Boxer Mundo Unico Munsingwear Pringle John Smedley 's Stanfield 's Under Armour XTG Extreme Game Bowling Green , Kentucky Subject areas Attractions Economy Education Geography History Media Parks People Sports Transportation Attractions Beech Bend Park Capitol Arts Center Greenwood Mall The Historic Railpark and Train Museum Houchens Industries -- L.T. Smith Stadium Lost River Cave National Corvette Homecoming National Corvette Museum Riverview at Hobson Grove Industry Bowling Green Assembly Plant Camping World Fruit of the Loom Holley Performance Products Houchens Industries Jr . Food Stores Minit Mart Foods Inc . Education Greenwood High School GEO International High School Lighthouse Academy High School South Warren High School Southcentral Kentucky Community and Technical College Warren Central High School Western Kentucky University Sports Bowling Green Ballpark Bowling Green Hot Rods E.A. Diddle Arena Nick Denes Field WKU Hilltoppers and Lady Toppers Newspapers The Daily News Park City Daily News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fruit_of_the_Loom&oldid=798237342 '' Categories : Berkshire Hathaway Lingerie brands Underwear brands Bowling Green , Kentucky Companies based in Kentucky Companies established in 1851 1851 establishments in Rhode Island Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 18 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the name fruit of the loom come from	[ "The Fruit of the Loom brand dates back to 1851 in Rhode Island[1][2] when Robert Knight, a textile mill owner, visited his friend, Rufus Skeel. Skeel owned a small shop in Providence that sold cloth from Knight's mill. Skeel's daughter painted images of apples and applied them to the bolts of cloth. The ones with the apple emblems proved most popular. Mr. Knight thought the labels would be the perfect symbol for his trade name, Fruit of the Loom – an expression referring to clothes, paralleling the phrase \"fruit of the womb\" meaning \"children\", which can be traced back to use in the Bible (Psalm 127:3)." ]	[ "Fruit of the Loom – an expression referring to clothes, paralleling the phrase \"fruit of the womb\" meaning \"children\", which can be traced back to use in the Bible (Psalm 127:3)" ]
6717652040390879236	Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie	Jonah : a VeggieTales Movie - wikipedia Jonah : a VeggieTales Movie Jump to : navigation , search Jonah : A VeggieTales Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Phil Vischer Mike Nawrocki Produced by Ameake Owens Written by Phil Vischer Mike Nawrocki Starring Phil Vischer Mike Nawrocki Tim Hodge Lisa Vischer Dan Anderson Shelby Vischer Kristin Blegen Jim Poole Music by Kurt Heinecke David Mullen Phil Vischer Edited by John Wahba Production company Big Idea Productions F.H.E. Pictures Distributed by Artisan Entertainment Release date October 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 04 ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $14 million Box office $25.6 million Jonah : A VeggieTales Movie is a 2002 American computer - animated comedy adventure musical film , based on VeggieTales , produced by Big Idea Productions and it was released by Artisan Entertainment through its F.H.E. Pictures label . The film premiered on October 4 , 2002 . It is the first feature - length film in the VeggieTales series . The film also came out on VHS and DVD on March 4 , 2003 as a worldwide home video release in both full - screen and anamorphic widescreen formats . The themes for the film are compassion and mercy . The film weaves two stories together to illustrate these themes . The first takes place in the current day and concerns a mishap that occurs on the way to a concert . The second , set in ancient Israel , is based directly on the biblical story of Jonah . Through both stories viewers learn that they should be compassionate and merciful and that all people deserve a second chance . This film features the popular `` Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything '' in both segments . They were first seen in the Silly Song of the same name in Very Silly Songs ! and later hosted The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown . Most of the animation was done in house by Big Idea Productions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Music 4 Reception 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Bob the Tomato and Dad Asparagus are driving Veggie children to see the popular singer `` Twippo '' in concert . During the drive , Laura taunts the other children because she won a backstage pass , which particularly annoys Junior . Bob briefly loses control of the van after being hit in the back of the head by a guitar , and Laura loses ticket in the chaos . To make matters worse , soon afterwards a porcupine shoots out two of the van 's tires , and the van veers off the road and careens down a hill , stopping short of a river . In a nearby restaurant , Bob blames Dad Asparagus for the crash and Junior tells Laura losing her pass was her own fault . Junior is met by The Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything , who tell Junior he was being rather tough on his friend and encourage him to show some compassion . To illustrate their point , they tell all the Veggies a story about a man of God named Jonah . Jonah is a Prophet of ancient Israel who goes from town to town delivering God 's messages . One night , God asks him to deliver a message to Nineveh ; however , Jonah is unwilling to preach a word of repentance to the corrupt Ninevites and instead tries to flee from the Lord by having The Pirates sail him to Tarshish . After leaving port , a guilt - stricken Jonah goes below deck to rest where he meets a salesman caterpillar named Khalil , who agrees to go with Jonah to sell his merchandise . After experiencing a nightmare , Jonah awakens to find the ship beset by a great storm . Captain Pa Grape concludes the storm has been sent because God is angry at someone on the ship . The group decides to play Go Fish to divine who is at fault . Jonah loses the game and is forced to walk the plank and as soon as Jonah is off the ship , the skies clear . The Pirates attempt to reel Jonah back in , but before they can do so , Jonah is swallowed by a giant whale . The pirates attack the whale using a cannon with a bowling ball as ammo . The whale swallows the ball ( which Khalil is hiding in ) , disgorges Jonah 's lifebelt , and swims away . Inside the belly of the whale , Khalil finds a grieving Jonah and the pair are soon visited by a host of God 's angels , who explain if Jonah repents , God will grant him a second chance . Upon repenting , Jonah and Khalil are spit up onto the shore , where they ride Jonah 's camel Reginald to Nineveh . After Jonah is denied entrance to the city , the Pirates appear , explaining they won the Mr. Twisty 's Twisted Cheese Curls sweepstakes which grants them free access to Nineveh where they are produced . The group is soon arrested after Larry tries to steal the King 's Cheese Curls and are sentenced to death . As a last request , they are granted an audience with King Twistomer . Jonah then delivers the message given to him by God the Ninevites should immediately repent of their ways forever or Nineveh will be destroyed ; King Twistomer and the Ninevites quickly agree . Still expecting God to destroy Nineveh for their past sins , Jonah watches and waits from a distance in the hot sun . God provides a plant to shade Jonah , only for Khalil to eat a single leaf off the plant , which kills it . Jonah laments the dead plant , and Khalil is disappointed Jonah shows compassion for a plant , but not the Ninevites . Khalil then tries to explain God is compassionate and merciful and that he wants to give everyone , both Israelites and non-Israelites , a second chance . Jonah refuses to accept this and states it would be better if he was dead . The story ends with Khalil and Reginald leaving Jonah to his sulking . Back in the present day , the Veggies are disappointed in the anti-climactic ending , but come to understand the point of the story : God wants everybody to show compassion and mercy , even to those that do not seem to deserve it . Twippo then appears in the restaurant unexpectedly and offers to give everybody a lift to the concert , while Bob forgives Dad Asparagus and Junior gives his Twippo ticket to Laura . The film ends with a song and the arrival of a tow truck driver , who is none other than Khalil . Voice cast ( edit ) Phil Vischer as Bob the Tomato / Archibald Asparagus ( as Jonah and Twippo ) / Mr. Lunt / Pa Grape / Mr. Nezzer / Apollo Gourd ( as King Twistomer ) / Jimmy Gourd / Phillipe Pea Mike Nawrocki as Larry the Cucumber / Jerry Gourd / Jean Claude Pea Tim Hodge as Khalil Dan Anderson as Dad Asparagus Lisa Vischer as Junior Asparagus Kristin Blegen as Laura Carrot Shelby Vischer as Annie Jim Poole as Scooter Music ( edit ) `` Billy Joe McGuffrey '' `` Bald Bunny '' `` Steak and Shrimp '' `` The Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything '' , sung by Relient K `` Message from the Lord '' `` It Cannot Be '' `` Second Chances '' , sung by Anointed `` Jonah Was a Prophet '' `` In the Belly of the Whale '' , sung by Newsboys `` The Credits Song '' ( end credits only ) `` Billy Joe McGuffrey '' ( Single Version ) , sung by Chris Rice ( soundtrack only ) Reception ( edit ) Based on 55 reviews collected by critical response aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Jonah has a 65 % approval rating from critics , with an average score of 5.8 out of 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Jonah teaches wholesome messages to children in a funny , bouncy package . '' Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 58 , based on 20 reviews . Sequel ( edit ) In 2008 , Universal Pictures and Big Idea , Inc. released a quasi-sequel to Jonah : A VeggieTales Movie called The Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything : A VeggieTales Movie . It was the first movie from Big Idea that was n't animated by Big Idea ; most of the animation was produced at Starz Animation . Larry , Pa Grape , and Mr. Lunt as The Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything were the only returning characters from Jonah , and the movie made no reference to the previous film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jonah - A VeggieTales Movie '' . rottentomatoes.com . October 4 , 2002 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jonah : A VeggieTales Movie '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jonah : A VeggieTales Movie on IMDb Jonah : A VeggieTales Movie at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) VeggieTales Created by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki Big Idea Entertainment , LLC . Feature films Jonah : A VeggieTales Movie ( 2002 ) The Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything : A VeggieTales Movie ( 2008 ) Episodes Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared ? ( 1993 ) God Wants Me to Forgive Them ! ? ! ( 1994 ) Are You My Neighbor ? ( 1995 ) Rack , Shack & Benny ( 1995 ) Dave and the Giant Pickle ( 1996 ) Josh and the Big Wall ! ( 1997 ) Madame Blueberry ( 1998 ) King George and the Ducky ( 2000 ) Esther ... The Girl Who Became Queen ( 2000 ) Lyle the Kindly Viking ( 2001 ) The Ballad of Little Joe ( 2003 ) An Easter Carol ( 2004 ) A Snoodle 's Tale ( 2004 ) Sumo of the Opera ( 2004 ) Duke and the Great Pie War ( 2005 ) Lord of the Beans ( 2005 ) Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler ( 2006 ) Gideon : Tuba Warrior ( 2006 ) Moe and the Big Exit ( 2007 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's ( 2007 ) Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry 's Big River Rescue ( 2008 ) Abe and the Amazing Promise ( 2009 ) Pistachio -- The Little Boy That Wood n't ( 2010 ) Sweetpea Beauty : A Girl After God 's Own Heart ( 2010 ) It 's a Meaningful Life ( 2010 ) Twas The Night Before Easter ( 2011 ) Princess and the Popstar ( 2011 ) Robin Good and His Not - So - Merry Men ( 2012 ) The Penniless Princess ( 2012 ) The Little House That Stood ( 2013 ) MacLarry and the Stinky Cheese Battle ( 2013 ) Veggies in Space : The Fennel Frontier ( 2014 ) Celery Night Fever ( 2014 ) Beauty and the Beet ( 2014 ) Noah 's Ark ( 2015 ) Christmas The Toy That Saved Christmas ( 1996 ) The Star of Christmas ( 2002 ) Saint Nicholas : A Story of Joyful Giving ( 2009 ) The Little Drummer Boy ( 2011 ) Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas ( 2013 ) Larryboy Larry - Boy ! And the Fib from Outer Space ! ( 1997 ) Larry - Boy and the Rumor Weed ( 1999 ) LarryBoy and the Bad Apple ( 2006 ) The League of Incredible Vegetables ( 2012 ) Silly Songs with Larry Very Silly Songs ! ( 1997 ) The End of Silliness ? ( 1998 ) The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown ( 2001 ) Minnesota Cuke Minnesota Cuke and the Coconut Apes ( 2003 ) Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson 's Hairbrush ( 2005 ) Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah 's Umbrella ( 2009 ) Other Jonah Sing - Along Songs and More ! ( 2002 ) The Wonderful World of Auto - Tainment ! ( 2003 ) Bob and Larry 's How to Draw ! ( 2004 ) Video games Spin - offs Larryboy : The Cartoon Adventures ( 2002 -- 03 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 -- present ) Lists Compilation videos Characters Musical albums Crew Phil Vischer Mike Nawrocki Tim Hodge Kurt Heinecke Ron Smith Alan Lee Cam Clarke Yuri Lowenthal Rob Paulsen Tress MacNeille Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonah:_A_VeggieTales_Movie&oldid=798832648 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2002 animated films Artisan Entertainment films Films about Christianity Computer - animated films Animated musical films Films based on the Hebrew Bible VeggieTales films Pirate films Jonah 2000s musical films Films set in the 8th century BC 2000s American animated films 2002 computer - animated films Big Idea Entertainment films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Estremeñu Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 02 : 37 . 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-6939341671823159062	Tornado records	Tornado records - wikipedia Tornado records Jump to : navigation , search A map of the tornado paths in the 1974 Super Outbreak This article lists various tornado records . The most `` extreme '' tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State Tornado , which spread through parts of Missouri , Illinois , and Indiana on March 18 , 1925 . It is considered an F5 , though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale in that era . It holds records for longest path length at 219 miles ( 352 km ) , longest duration at about 31⁄2 hours , and fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at 73 mph ( 117 km / h ) anywhere on Earth . In addition , it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities . It was also the third - costliest tornado in history at the time , but has been surpassed by several others non-normalized . When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation , it still ranks third today . The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daulatpur -- Saturia tornado in Bangladesh on April 26 , 1989 , which killed approximately 1,300 people . In its history Bangladesh has had at least 19 tornadoes kill more than 100 people , almost half of the total for the rest of the world . For 37 years , the most extensive tornado outbreak on record , in almost every category , was the 1974 Super Outbreak , which affected a large area of the central United States and extreme southern Ontario in Canada on April 3 and April 4 , 1974 . Not only did this outbreak feature 148 tornadoes in only 18 hours , but an unprecedented number of them were violent ; 7 were of F5 intensity and 23 were F4 . During the peak of this outbreak there were 16 tornadoes on the ground at the same time . More than 300 people , possibly as many as 330 , were killed by tornadoes during this outbreak . However , this record was later broken during the 2011 Super Outbreak , which resulted in 362 tornadoes and 324 tornadic fatalities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tornado outbreaks 1.1 Most tornadoes in single 24 - hour period 1.2 Longest continuous outbreak and largest autumnal outbreak 1.3 Greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane 2 Tornado casualties and damage 2.1 Deadliest single tornado in world history 2.2 Deadliest single tornado in US history 2.3 Most damaging tornado 3 Largest and most powerful tornadoes 3.1 Highest winds observed in a tornado 3.2 Longest damage path and duration 3.3 Longest path and duration tornado family 3.4 Largest path width 3.5 Highest forward speed 3.6 Greatest pressure drop 4 Early tornadoes 4.1 Earliest - known tornado in Europe 4.2 Earliest - known tornado in the Americas 4.3 First confirmed tornado and first tornado fatality in present - day United States 5 Exceptional tornado droughts 5.1 Longest span without a tornado rated F5 or EF5 6 Exceptional survivors 6.1 Longest distance carried by a tornado 7 Exceptional coincidences 7.1 Codell , Kansas 7.2 Tanner / Harvest , Alabama 7.3 Moore , Oklahoma 7.4 Jackson , Tennessee 7.5 Grand Island , Nebraska 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Tornado outbreaks ( edit ) Most tornadoes in single 24 - hour period ( edit ) The 2011 Super Outbreak was the most prolific tornado outbreak in USA history . It produced 362 tornadoes , with 218 of those in a single 24 - hour period on April 27 , including 11 EF4 and 4 EF5 tornadoes. 348 deaths occurred in that outbreak , of which 324 were tornado related . The outbreak helped smash the record for most tornadoes in the month of April with 772 tornadoes , almost triple the prior record ( 267 in April 1974 ) . The overall record for a single month was 542 in May 2003 , which was also broken . The infamous 1974 Super Outbreak of April 3 -- 4 , 1974 , which spawned 148 confirmed tornadoes across eastern North America , held the record for the most prolific tornado outbreak for many years . Not only did it produce an exceptional number of tornadoes , but it was also an inordinately intense outbreak producing dozens of large , long - track tornadoes , including 7 F5 and 23 F4 tornadoes . More significant tornadoes occurred within 24 hours than any other week in the tornado record . Due to a secular trend in tornado reporting , the 2011 and 1974 tornado counts are not directly comparable . Longest continuous outbreak and largest autumnal outbreak ( edit ) Most tornado outbreaks in North America occur in the spring , but there is a secondary peak of tornado activity in the fall which is less consistent but can include exceptionally large and / or intense outbreaks . In 1992 , an estimated 95 tornadoes broke out in a record 41 hours of continuous tornado activity from November 21 to 23 . This is also among the largest - known outbreaks in areal expanse . Many other very large outbreaks have occurred in autumn , especially in October and November . Greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane ( edit ) The greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane is 118 from Hurricane Ivan in 2004 . Caution is advised comparing the raw number of counted tornadoes from recent decades to decades prior to the 1990s since more tornadoes that occur are now recorded than in the past . Tornado casualties and damage ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths . 10 deadliest Canadian tornadoes Rank Location Date Deaths = 5 = 5 7 = 8 = 8 = 10 = 10 Regina , Saskatchewan Edmonton , Alberta Windsor -- Tecumseh , Ontario Pine Lake , Alberta Salaberry - de-Valleyfield , Quebec Windsor , Ontario Barrie , Ontario Sudbury , Ontario Sainte - Rose , Quebec Bouctouche , New Brunswick Portage la Prairie , Manitoba June 30 , 1912 July 31 , 1987 June 17 , 1946 July 14 , 2000 August 16 , 1888 April 3 , 1974 May 31 , 1985 August 20 , 1970 June 8 , 1953 August 6 , 1879 June 22 , 1922 ≥ 28 27 17 12 9 9 8 6 6 5 5 Source : Environment Canada ( PDF ) 10 deadliest American tornadoes Rank Name ( location ) Date Deaths 5 6 7 8 9 10 `` Tri-State '' ( Missouri , Illinois and Indiana ) Natchez , Mississippi St. Louis , Missouri and East St. Louis , Illinois Tupelo , Mississippi Gainesville , Georgia Woodward , Oklahoma Joplin , Missouri Amite , Louisiana and Purvis , Mississippi New Richmond , Wisconsin Flint , Michigan March 18 , 1925 May 7 , 1840 May 27 , 1896 April 5 , 1936 April 6 , 1936 April 9 , 1947 May 22 , 2011 April 24 , 1908 June 12 , 1899 June 8 , 1953 695 317 255 216 203 181 158 143 117 116 Source : Storm Prediction Center 25 deadliest U.S. tornadoes Rank Name ( location ) Date Deaths 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 - - - 13 14 15 16 17 - - - 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 `` Tri-State '' ( Missouri , Illinois and Indiana ) Natchez , Mississippi St. Louis , Missouri and East St. Louis , Illinois Tupelo , Mississippi Gainesville , Georgia Woodward , Oklahoma Joplin , Missouri Amite , Louisiana and Purvis , Mississippi New Richmond , Wisconsin Flint , Michigan Waco , Texas Goliad , Texas Omaha , Nebraska Mattoon , Illinois Shinnston , West Virginia Marshfield , Missouri Gainesville and Holland , Georgia Poplar Bluff , Missouri Snyder , Oklahoma Worcester , Massachusetts Camanche , Iowa Natchez , Mississippi Starkville , Mississippi and Waco , Alabama Lorain and Sandusky , Ohio Udall , Kansas March 18 , 1925 May 6 , 1840 May 27 , 1896 April 5 , 1936 April 6 , 1936 April 9 , 1947 May 22 , 2011 April 24 , 1908 June 12 , 1899 June 8 , 1953 May 11 , 1953 May 18 , 1902 March 23 , 1913 May 26 , 1917 June 23 , 1944 April 18 , 1880 June 1 , 1903 May 9 , 1927 May 10 , 1905 June 9 , 1953 June 3 , 1860 April 24 , 1908 April 20 , 1920 June 28 , 1924 May 25 , 1955 695 317 255 216 203 181 158 143 117 116 114 114 103 101 100 99 98 98 97 94 92 91 88 85 80 Sources : Storm Prediction Center : The 25 Deadliest U.S. Tornadoes , SPC Annual U.S. Killer Tornado Statistics , Tornado Project 10 costliest U.S. tornadoes Rank Area affected Date Damage Adjusted Damage 5 6 7 8 9 10 Joplin , Missouri Tuscaloosa , Alabama Moore , Oklahoma Oklahoma City Metro , Oklahoma Hackleburg , Alabama Wichita Falls , Texas Omaha , Nebraska Washington , Illinois Lubbock , Texas Topeka , Kansas May 22 , 2011 April 27 , 2011 May 20 , 2013 May 3 , 1999 April 27 , 2011 April 10 , 1979 May 6 , 1975 November 17 , 2013 May 11 , 1970 June 8 , 1966 2800 2450 2000 1000 1290 400 250 935 250 250 3046 2665 2101 1468 1403 1348 1136 982 851 753 Source : Brooks , Harold E. ; C.A. Doswell ( Feb 2001 ) . `` Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States : 1890 -- 1999 '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 16 ( 1 ) : 168 -- 76 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 2001 ) 016 < 0168 : NDFMTI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . 1 . These are the unadjusted damage totals in millions of US dollars . 2 . Raw damage totals adjusted for inflation , in millions of 2017 USD . 3 . A search of NCDC Storm Data indicates no tornadoes between 1999 and 2010 have caused more than $400 million in damage . Deadliest tornadoes by state State Location Date Deaths Alabama Many towns April 27 , 2011 72 Arizona San Xavier Mission Indian Village August 27 , 1964 Arkansas Fort Smith Warren January 11 , 1898 January 3 , 1949 55 Colorado Thurman August 10 , 1924 10 Connecticut Wallingford August 9 , 1878 34 Delaware Hartly July 21 , 1983 Florida Kissimmee February 22 , 1998 25 Georgia Gainesville April 6 , 1936 203 Idaho Ruebens June 7 , 1936 Illinois Many towns March 18 , 1925 613 Indiana Many towns March 18 , 1925 71 Iowa Dewitt / Camanche June 3 , 1860 92 Kansas Udall May 25 , 1955 82 Kentucky Louisville March 27 , 1890 76 Louisiana Gilliam May 13 , 1908 49 Maine Caribou August 11 , 1954 1 * Maryland La Plata November 9 , 1926 16 Massachusetts Worcester June 9 , 1953 94 Michigan Flint June 8 , 1953 115 Minnesota St. Cloud / Sauk Rapids April 14 , 1886 72 Mississippi Natchez May 7 , 1840 317 Missouri Joplin May 22 , 2011 158 Montana Reserve July 26 , 2010 2 * Nebraska Omaha March 23 , 1913 101 New Hampshire Corydon September 9 , 1821 6 New Jersey New Brunswick June 19 , 1835 5 New Mexico Clovis March 23 , 2007 2 * New York Smithfield July 8 , 2014 North Carolina Philadelphia February 19 , 1884 23 North Dakota Fargo June 20 , 1957 10 Ohio Lorain / Sandusky June 28 , 1924 85 Oklahoma Woodward April 9 , 1947 113 Oregon Long Creek June 3 , 1894 3 * Pennsylvania Many towns June 23 , 1944 26 South Carolina Aiken / Timmonsville April 30 , 1924 53 South Dakota Wilmot June 17 , 1944 8 Tennessee Henderson March 21 , 1952 38 Texas Goliad Waco May 18 , 1902 May 11 , 1953 114 Utah Salt Lake City August 11 , 1999 1 * Virginia Scott County May 2 , 1929 13 Washington Vancouver April 5 , 1972 6 West Virginia Many towns June 23 , 1944 100 Wisconsin New Richmond June 12 , 1899 117 Wyoming Wright August 12 , 2005 2 * Source : Tornado Project * Most recent tornado with this number of deaths . Alaska , California , Hawaii , Nevada , Rhode Island and Vermont are excluded from this list because they have no recorded tornadic deaths . Deadliest single tornado in world history ( edit ) On April 26 , 1989 in Bangladesh a massive tornado took at least 1,300 lives . Deadliest single tornado in US history ( edit ) The Tri-State Tornado of March 18 , 1925 killed 695 people in Missouri ( 11 ) , Illinois ( 613 ) , and Indiana ( 71 ) . The outbreak it occurred with was also the deadliest known tornado outbreak , with a combined death toll of 747 across the Mississippi River Valley . Most damaging tornado ( edit ) Similar to fatalities , damage ( and observations ) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas . That is , destructive tornadoes are in a sense `` accidents '' of a large tornado striking a large population . In addition to population and changes thereof , comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation . The 1896 St. Louis -- East St. Louis tornado on May 27 , incurred the most damages adjusted for wealth and inflation , at an estimated $2.9 billion ( 1997 USD ) . In raw numbers , the Joplin tornado of May 22 , 2011 is considered the costliest tornado in recent history , with damage totals near $2.8 billion ( 2011 USD ) . Until 2011 , the `` Bridge Creek - Moore tornado '' of May 3 , 1999 was the most damaging . Largest and most powerful tornadoes ( edit ) Highest winds observed in a tornado ( edit ) During the F5 1999 Bridge Creek -- Moore tornado on May 3 , 1999 in the southern Oklahoma City metro area , a Doppler on Wheels situated near the tornado measured winds of 302 ± 20 mph ( 486 ± 32 km / h ) momentarily in a small area inside the funnel approximately 100 m ( 330 ft ) above ground level . These are also the highest wind speeds observed on Earth . On May 31 , 2013 , a tornado hit rural areas near El Reno , Oklahoma . The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage ; however , after mobile radar data analysis was conducted , it was concluded to have been an EF5 due to a measured wind speed of greater than 296 mph ( 476 km / h ) , second only to the Bridge Creek - Moore tornado . Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of 302 mph ( 486 km / h ) well above ground level and ≥ 291 mph ( 468 km / h ) below 10 m ( 33 ft ) with some subvortices moving at 175 mph ( 282 km / h ) . These winds may possibly be as high or higher than the winds recorded on May 3 , 1999 . Despite the recorded windspeed , the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no EF5 damage was found , likely due to the lack of sufficient damage indicators in the largely rural area west of Oklahoma City . Winds were measured at 257 -- 268 mph ( 414 -- 431 km / h ) using portable Doppler radar in the Red Rock , Oklahoma tornado during the April 26 , 1991 tornado outbreak in north - central Oklahoma . Though these winds are possibly indicative of an F5 strength tornado , this particular tornado 's path never encountered any significant structures and caused minimal damage . Thus it was rated an F4 . Longest damage path and duration ( edit ) The longest - known track for a single tornado is the Tri-State Tornado with a path length of 151 to 235 mi ( 243 to 378 km ) . For years there was debate whether the originally recognized path length of 219 mi ( 352 km ) over 3.5 hours was from one tornado or a series . Some very long track ( VLT ) tornadoes were later determined to be successive tornadoes spawned by the same supercell thunderstorm , which are known as a tornado family . The Tri-State Tornado , however , appeared to have no gaps in the damage . A six - year reanalysis study by a team of severe convective storm meteorologists found insufficient evidence to make firm conclusions but does conclude that it is likely that the beginning and ending of the path was resultant of separate tornadoes comprising a tornado family . It also found that the tornado began 15 mi ( 24 km ) to the west and ended 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) farther east than previously known , bringing the total path to 235 mi ( 378 km ) . The 174 mi ( 280 km ) segment from central Madison County , Missouri to Pike County , Indiana is likely one continuous tornado and the 151 mi ( 243 km ) segment from central Bollinger County , Missouri to western Pike County , Indiana is very likely a single continuous tornado . Another significant tornado was found about 65 mi ( 105 km ) east - northeast of the end of aforementioned segment ( s ) of the Tri-State Tornado Family and is likely another member of the family . Its path length of 20 mi ( 32 km ) over about 20 minutes makes the known tornado family path length total to 320 mi ( 510 km ) over about 51⁄2 hours . Grazulis in 2001 wrote that the first 60 mi ( 97 km ) of the ( originally recognized ) track is probably the result of two or more tornadoes and that a path length of 157 mi ( 253 km ) was seemingly continuous . Longest path and duration tornado family ( edit ) What at one time was thought to be the record holder for the longest tornado path is now thought to be the longest tornado family , with a track of at least 293 miles ( 472 km ) on May 26 , 1917 from the Missouri border across Illinois into Indiana . It caused severe damage and mass casualties in Charleston and Mattoon , Illinois . What was probably the longest track supercell thunderstorm tracked 790 miles ( 1,270 km ) across 6 states in 17.5 hours on March 12 , 2006 as part of the March 2006 tornado outbreak sequence . It began in Noble County , Oklahoma and ended in Jackson County , Michigan , producing many tornadoes in Missouri and Illinois . Largest path width ( edit ) Officially , the widest tornado on record is the El Reno , Oklahoma tornado of May 31 , 2013 with a width of 2.6 miles ( 4.2 km ) at its peak . This is the width found by the National Weather Service based on preliminary data from University of Oklahoma RaxPol mobile radar that also sampled winds of 296 mph ( 476 km / h ) which was used to upgrade the tornado to EF5 . However , it was revealed that these winds did not impact any structures , and as a result the tornado was downgraded to EF3 based on damage . However , another possible contender for the widest tornado as measured by radar was the F4 Mulhall tornado in north - central Oklahoma which occurred during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak . The diameter of the maximum winds ( over 110 mph ( 49 m / s ) ) was over 5,200 feet ( 1,600 m ) as measured by a DOW radar . Although the tornado passed largely over rural terrain , the width of the wind swath capable of producing damage was as wide as 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) . The F4 Hallam , Nebraska tornado during the outbreak of May 22 , 2004 was the previous official record holder for the widest tornado , surveyed at 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) wide . A similar size tornado struck Edmonson , Texas on May 31 , 1968 , when a damage path width between 2 to 3 miles ( 3.2 to 4.8 km ) was recorded from an F3 tornado . Highest forward speed ( edit ) Seventy - three miles per hour ( 117 km / h ) from the Tri-State Tornado ( other weak tornadoes have approached or exceeded this speed , but this is the fastest forward movement observed in a major tornado ) . Greatest pressure drop ( edit ) A pressure deficit of 100 millibars ( 2.95 inHg ) was observed when a violent tornado near Manchester , South Dakota on June 24 , 2003 passed directly over an in - situ probe that storm chasing researcher Tim Samaras deployed . In less than a minute , the pressure dropped to 850 millibars ( 25.10 inHg ) , which are the greatest pressure decline and the lowest pressure ever recorded at the Earth 's surface when adjusted to sea level . On April 21 , 2007 , a 194 - millibar ( 5.73 inHg ) pressure deficit was reported when a tornado struck a storm chasing vehicle in Tulia , Texas . The tornado caused EF2 damage as it passed through Tulia . The reported pressure drop far exceeds that which would be expected based on theoretical calculations . There is a questionable and unofficial citizen 's barometer measurement of a 192 - millibar ( 5.67 inHg ) drop around Minneapolis in 1904 . Early tornadoes ( edit ) Earliest - known tornado in Europe ( edit ) The earliest recorded tornado in Europe struck Rosdalla , near Kilbeggan , Ireland on April 30 , 1054 . The earliest - known British tornado hit central London on October 23 , 1091 and was especially destructive . Earliest - known tornado in the Americas ( edit ) An apparent tornado is recorded to have struck Tlatelolco ( present day Mexico City ) , on August 21 , 1521 , two days before the Aztec capital 's fall to Cortés . Many other tornadoes are documented historically within the Basin of Mexico . First confirmed tornado and first tornado fatality in present - day United States ( edit ) August 1671 - Rehoboth , Massachusetts July 8 , 1680 - Cambridge , Massachusetts - 1 dead Exceptional tornado droughts ( edit ) Longest span without a tornado rated F5 or EF5 ( edit ) Before the Greensburg EF5 tornado on May 4 , 2007 , it had been 8 years and one day since the US had a confirmed F5 or EF5 tornado . The last confirmed F5 or EF5 had hit southern Oklahoma City metro area and surrounding communities during the May 3 , 1999 event . This is the longest interval without an F5 or EF5 tornado since official records began in 1950 . Exceptional survivors ( edit ) Longest distance carried by a tornado ( edit ) Matt Suter of Fordland , Missouri holds the record for the longest - known distance traveled by anyone picked up by a tornado who lived to tell about it . On March 12 , 2006 he was carried 1,307 feet ( 398 m ) , 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) shy of one - quarter mile ( 400 m ) , according to National Weather Service measurements . Exceptional coincidences ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Codell , Kansas ( edit ) The small town of Codell , Kansas , was hit by a tornado on the same date ( May 20 ) three consecutive years : 1916 , 1917 , and 1918 . The U.S. has about 100,000 thunderstorms a year ; less than one percent produce a tornado . The odds of this coincidence occurring again is extremely small . Tanner / Harvest , Alabama ( edit ) Tanner , a small town in northern Alabama , was hit by an F5 tornado on April 3 , 1974 and was struck again 45 minutes later by a second F5 ( however , the rating is disputed and it may have been high - end F4 ) , demolishing what remained of the town . Thirty - seven years later , on April 27 , 2011 ( the largest and deadliest outbreak since 1974 ) , Tanner was hit yet again by the EF5 2011 Hackleburg -- Phil Campbell , Alabama tornado , which produced high - end EF4 damage in the southern portion of town . The suburban community of Harvest , Alabama , just to the northeast , also sustained major impacts from all three Tanner tornadoes , and was also hit by destructive tornadoes in 1995 and 2012 . Moore , Oklahoma ( edit ) The south Oklahoma City suburb of Moore , Oklahoma was hit by tornadoes in 1973 , 1999 , 2003 , 2010 , 2013 , and 2015 , five of which were of F4 / EF4 strength or greater , although it was determined that the tornado in 2003 caused no F4 damage within Moore itself , but in areas to its northeast . The 1999 and 2013 events were rated F5 and EF5 , respectively . In total , about 23 tornadoes have struck within the immediate vicinity of Moore since 1890 , the most recent of which was an EF2 on March 25 , 2015 . Jackson , Tennessee ( edit ) The city of Jackson , Tennessee has been hit by an F4 / EF4 tornado three separate times , in 1999 , 2003 , and 2008 . Interestingly , all three of these tornadoes occurred after dark and were preceded or followed by a separate F3 / EF3 tornado that caused additional destruction in the Jackson area . Grand Island , Nebraska ( edit ) Grand Island , Nebraska was hit by seven tornadoes in 4 hours . See also ( edit ) Weather records List of tropical cyclone extremes Tornado myths List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks List of tornado - related deaths at schools List of tornadoes by calendar day References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Thomas P. ( July 1993 ) . Significant Tornadoes 1680 -- 1991 : A Chronology and Analysis of Events . St. Johnsbury , VT : The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . ISBN 1 - 879362 - 03 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Harold E. ; Doswell , Charles A III ( September 2000 ) . `` Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States : 1890 -- 1999 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Paul , Bhuiyan ( 2004 ) . `` The April 2004 Tornado in North - Central Bangladesh : A Case for Introducing Tornado Forecasting and Warning Systems '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hoxit , Lee R ; Chappell , Charles F ( October 1975 ) . `` Tornado Outbreak of April 3 -- 4 , 1974 ; Synoptic Analysis '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` April 2011 tornado information '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Russell ; H.E. Brooks ; J.T. Schaefer ( October 2004 ) . `` Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences : historic events and climatology ( 1875 - 2003 ) '' . 22nd Conf Severe Local Storms . Hyannis , MA : American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ Edwards , Roger ( 2012 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes : A Review of Knowledge in Research and Prediction '' ( PDF ) . E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 7 ( 6 ) : 3 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Tom ( 2000 ) . `` Tornadoes in Bangladesh '' . Worldwide Tornadoes . The Tornado Project . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Tornado Facts for Kids - Tornado Information for Students and Kids Jump up ^ Tri-State Tornado information , facts and history . Jump up ^ Brooks , Harold E. ; Charles A. Doswell III ( February 2001 ) . `` Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States : 1890 -- 1999 '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 16 ( 1 ) : 168 -- 176 . Bibcode : 2001WtFor ... 16 ... 168B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 2001 ) 016 < 0168 : NDFMTI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Wurman , Joshua ( 2007 ) . `` Doppler On Wheels '' . Center for Severe Weather Research . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Jeff ; Bluestein , H.B. ( 2014 ) . `` Some Considerations for the Use of High - Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination '' . Weather Forecast . Bibcode : 2014WtFor ... 29 ... 799S . doi : 10.1175 / WAF - D - 14 - 00026.1 . Jump up ^ By , Forecast . `` Capital Weather Gang '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Wright , Celine ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Discovery Channel to air special for fallen ' Storm Chasers ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Bluestein , Howard B. ; J.G. Ladue ; H. Stein ; D. Speheger ; W.P. Unruh ( August 1993 ) . `` Doppler Radar Wind Spectra of Supercell Tornadoes '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 121 ( 8 ) : 2200 -- 22 . Bibcode : 1993MWRv ... 121.2200 B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1993 ) 121 < 2200 : DRWSOS > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Johns , Robert H. ; D.W. Burgess ; C.A. Doswell III ; M.S. Gilmore ; J.A. Hart ; S.F. Piltz ( 2013 ) . `` The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System '' . E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 8 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Thomas P. ( 2001 ) . The Tornado : Nature 's Ultimate Windstorm . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3258 - 2 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Jason T. ( August 2007 ) . `` A detailed analysis of an extremely long - tracked supercell '' . Preprints of the 33rd Conference on Radar Meteorology . Cairns , Australia : American Meteorological Society and Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre . Jump up ^ `` Central Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding - May 31 , 2013 '' . National Weather Service Norman Oklahoma . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Event Details '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wurman , Joshua ; C. Alexander ; P. Robinson ; Y. Richardson ( January 2007 ) . `` Low - Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas '' . Bull . Am. Meteorol . Soc. 88 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 46 . Bibcode : 2007BAMS ... 88 ... 31W . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 88 - 1 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lee , Wen - Chau ; J. Wurman ( 2005 ) . `` Diagnosed Three - Dimensional Axisymmetric Structure of the Mulhall Tornado on 3 May 1999 '' . J. Atmos . Sci. 62 ( 7 ) : 2379 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2005JAtS ... 62.2373 L . doi : 10.1175 / JAS3489. 1 . Jump up ^ `` May 1968 Storm Data '' . National Climatic Data Center . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Julian J. ; T.P. Samaras ; C.R. Young ( October 2004 ) . `` Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F - 4 tornado '' . 22nd Conf Severe Local Storms . Hyannis , Massachusetts : American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ `` World : Lowest Sea Level Air Pressure ( excluding tornadoes ) '' . World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive . Arizona State University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cerveny , Randall S. ; J. Lawrimore ; R. Edwards ; C. Landsea ( 2007 ) . `` Extreme Weather Records : Compilation , Adjudication , and Publication '' . Bull . Am. Meteorol . Soc. 88 ( 6 ) : 853 -- 60 . Bibcode : 2007BAMS ... 88 ... 853C . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 88 - 6 - 853 . Jump up ^ Blair , Scott F. ; D.R. Deroche ; A.E. Pietrycha ( 2008 ) . `` In Situ Observations of the 21 April 2007 Tulia , Texas Tornado '' . Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 3 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , W. - C. ; J. Wurman ( Jul 2005 ) . `` The diagnosed structure of the Mulhall tornado '' . J. Atmos . Sci. 62 ( 7 ) : 2373 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2005JAtS ... 62.2373 L . doi : 10.1175 / JAS3489. 1 . Jump up ^ Samaras , Tim M. ( October 2004 ) . `` A historical perspective of In - Situ observations within Tornado Cores '' . Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms . Hyannis , MA : American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ British & European Tornado Extremes Jump up ^ Fuentes , Oscar Velasco ( November 2010 ) . `` The Earliest Documented Tornado in the Americas : Tlatelolco , August 1521 '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 91 ( 11 ) : 1515 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2010BAMS ... 91.1515 F . doi : 10.1175 / 2010BAMS2874. 1 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Thomas P. ( 2001 ) . The Tornado : Nature 's Ultimate Windstorm . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3258 - 2 . Jump up ^ Erck , Amy ( December 26 , 2005 ) . `` Answers archive : Tornado history , climatology '' . USA Today Weather . USA Today . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Baker , Tim . `` Tornado History '' . tornadochaser.net . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mo . Teen Survives Tornado , Confronts Media Storm '' . USA Today . March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HE SURVIVED A RIDE IN A TORNADO ! Archived 2012 - 10 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tornado Climatology '' . A SEVERE WEATHER PRIMER : Questions and Answers about TORNADOES . Jump up ^ Fun Tornado Facts - Interesting and Fun Tornado Facts Jump up ^ `` Moore , Oklahoma Tornadoes ( 1890 - Present ) '' . National Weather Service Norman Oklahoma . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . External links ( edit ) More on tornadoes : Records , the Fujita scale , and our observations by Chuck Doswell Tornado Records from the Global Weather & Climate Extremes ( World Meteorological Organization ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tornado_records&oldid=822325619 '' Categories : Tornado Tornadoes Tornado - related lists Lists of weather records Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 18 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the deadliest tornado in the united states	[ "This article lists various tornado records. The most \"extreme\" tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State Tornado, which spread through parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It is considered an F5, though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale in that era. It holds records for longest path length at 219 miles (352 km), longest duration at about 3½ hours, and fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at 73 mph (117 km/h) anywhere on Earth. In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities.[1] It was also the third-costliest tornado in history at the time, but has been surpassed by several others non-normalized. When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it still ranks third today.[2]" ]	[ "the Tri-State Tornado" ]
-5376917808639730236	The Ten Commandments (1956 film)	The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) - Wikipedia The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 1923 film , see The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) . The Ten Commandments Original theatrical release poster Directed by Cecil B. DeMille Produced by Cecil B. DeMille Screenplay by Aeneas MacKenzie Jesse L. Lasky Jr . Jack Gariss Fredric M. Frank Based on Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson Pillar of Fire by J.H. Ingraham On Eagle 's Wings by A.E. Southon Book of Exodus Starring Charlton Heston Yul Brynner Anne Baxter Edward G. Robinson Yvonne De Carlo Debra Paget John Derek Narrated by Cecil B. DeMille Music by Elmer Bernstein Cinematography Loyal Griggs Edited by Anne Bauchens Production company Cecil B DeMille production Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 5 , 1956 ( 1956 - 10 - 05 ) ( US ) Running time 220 minutes ( with intermission ) Country United States Language English Budget $13 million Box office $122.7 million ( initial release ) The Ten Commandments is a 1956 American biblical epic film produced , directed , and narrated by Cecil B. DeMille , shot in VistaVision ( color by Technicolor ) , and released by Paramount Pictures . The film is based on Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson , Pillar of Fire by J.H. Ingraham , On Eagle 's Wings by A.E. Southon , and the Book of Exodus . The Ten Commandments dramatizes the biblical story of the life of Moses , an adopted Egyptian prince who becomes the deliverer of his real brethren , the enslaved Hebrews , and therefore leads the Exodus to Mount Sinai , where he receives , from God , the Ten Commandments . The film stars Charlton Heston in the lead role , Yul Brynner as Rameses , Anne Baxter as Nefretiri , Edward G. Robinson as Dathan , Yvonne De Carlo as Sephora , Debra Paget as Lilia , and John Derek as Joshua ; and features Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Sethi , Nina Foch as Bithiah , Martha Scott as Yoshebel , Judith Anderson as Memnet , and Vincent Price as Baka , among others . Filmed on location in Egypt , Mount Sinai and the Sinai Peninsula , the film was DeMille 's last and most successful work . It is a partial remake of his 1923 silent film of the same title , and features one of the largest sets ever created for a film . The film was released to cinemas in the US on October 5 , 1956 and , at the time of its release , was the most expensive film ever made . In 1957 , the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture , winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects ( John P. Fulton , A.S.C. ) . Charlton Heston was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture ( Drama ) for his role as Moses . Yul Brynner won the National Board of Review Award for Best Actor for his role as Rameses and his other roles in Anastasia and The King and I. It is also one of the most financially successful films ever made , grossing approximately $122.7 million at the box office during its initial release ; it was the most successful film of 1956 and the second - highest - grossing film of the decade . According to Guinness World Records , in terms of theatrical exhibition it is the seventh most successful film of all - time when the box office gross is adjusted for inflation . In 1999 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . The film was listed as the tenth best film in the epic genre . Network television has aired the film in prime time during the Passover / Easter season every year since 1973 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Art direction 3.4 Special effects 3.5 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Popularity 7 Home media 8 Television broadcast 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Sources 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Pharaoh Rameses I of Egypt orders the death of all firstborn Hebrew males . Yoshebel saves her infant son by setting him adrift in a basket on the Nile . Bithiah , the Pharaoh 's daughter , finds the basket and decides to adopt the boy even though her servant , Memnet , recognizes the child is Hebrew . Bithiah names the baby Moses . Prince Moses grows up to become a successful general , winning a war with Ethiopia and establishing an alliance . Moses and princess Nefretiri fall in love , but she must marry the next Pharaoh . While working on the building of a city for Pharaoh Sethi 's jubilee , Moses meets the stonecutter Joshua , who tells him of the Hebrew God . Moses saves an elderly woman from being crushed , and he reprimands the taskmaster and overseer Baka . Moses does not know that the woman is his biological mother , Yoshebel . Moses reforms the treatment of slaves on the project , but Prince Rameses , Moses 's adoptive brother , charges him with planning an insurrection . Moses says he is making his workers more productive . Rameses wonders if Moses is the man the Hebrews are calling the Deliverer . Nefretiri learns from Memnet that Moses is the son of Hebrew slaves . She kills Memnet but reveals the story to Moses only after he finds the piece of Levite cloth he was wrapped in as a baby , which Memnet had kept . Moses follows Bithiah to Yoshebel 's house where he meets his birth mother and family . Moses learns more about the slaves by working with them . Nefretiri urges him to return to the palace so he may help his people when he becomes pharaoh , to which he agrees after he completes a final task . Moses saves Joshua from death by choking Baka to death while also breaking the latter 's neck in the process , telling Joshua that he too is Hebrew . The confession is witnessed by the overseer Dathan . Dathan tells Rameses , who then arrests Moses . Moses explains that he is not the Deliverer , but would free the slaves if he could . Rameses is declared the next Pharaoh . Rameses banishes Moses to the desert . Moses makes his way across the desert to a well in Midian . After defending seven sisters from Amalekites , Moses is housed with the girls ' father Jethro , a Bedouin sheik , who worships the God of Abraham . Moses marries Jethro 's eldest daughter Sephora . Moses finds Joshua , who has escaped hard labor . Moses sees the burning bush on the summit of Mount Sinai and hears the voice of God . Moses returns to Egypt to free the Hebrews . Moses comes before Rameses , now pharaoh , to win the slaves ' freedom , turning his staff into a cobra . Jannes performs the same trick with his staves , but Moses 's snake is superior . Rameses prohibits straw from being provided to the Hebrews to make their bricks . Nefretiri rescues Moses from being stoned to death by the Hebrews . He tells her he is married . Egypt is visited by plagues . Moses turns the river Nile to blood at a festival of Khnum and brings burning hail down upon Pharaoh 's palace . Moses warns him the next plague to fall upon Egypt will be summoned by Pharaoh himself . Enraged at the plagues , Rameses orders all first - born Hebrews to die . Instead , a cloud of death kills all the firstborn of Egypt , including the child of Rameses and Nefretiri . Angrily , Pharaoh exiles the Hebrews , which begins the Exodus from Egypt . Rameses takes his army and pursues the Hebrews to the Red Sea . Moses uses God 's help to stop the Egyptians with a pillar of fire . Moses parts the Red Sea and the Hebrews struggle toward the other side . Moses releases the walls of water , drowning the Egyptian army . Rameses returns empty - handed to Nefretiri , telling her , `` His god is God '' . Moses again ascends the mountain with Joshua . Impatiently , Dathan urges the Hebrews to construct a golden calf idol as a gift for Rameses . A wild and decadent orgy is held by most of the Hebrews . Moses sees the Ten Commandments created by God in two stone tablets . Moses descends from the mountain to the sight of decadence . He throws the tablets at the golden calf , which explodes , killing the wicked revelers . Forty years later , an elderly Moses leads the Hebrews to Canaan . He names Joshua as leader , and walks alone out of Israel . Cast ( edit ) Charlton Heston as Moses and the voice of God at the Burning Bush Fraser Heston as The Infant Moses Yul Brynner as Rameses II Anne Baxter as Nefretiri Edward G. Robinson as Dathan Yvonne De Carlo as Sephora Debra Paget as Lilia John Derek as Joshua Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Sethi Nina Foch as Bithiah Martha Scott as Yochabel Judith Anderson as Memnet Vincent Price as Baka John Carradine as Aaron Olive Deering as Miriam Douglass Dumbrille as Jannes Frank de Kova as Abiram Henry Wilcoxon as Pentaur Eduard Franz as Jethro Donald Curtis as Mered Lawrence Dobkin as Caleb H.B. Warner as Amminadab Julia Faye as Elisheba Lisa Mitchell as Jethro 's daughter ( Lulua ) Noelle Williams as Jethro 's daughter Joanna Merlin as Jethro 's daughter Pat Richard as Jethro 's daughter Joyce Vanderveen as Jethro 's daughter Diane Hall as Jethro 's daughter John Miljan as The Blind One Francis J. McDonald as Simon Ian Keith as Rameses I Paul De Rolf as Eleazar Woodrow Strode as King of Ethiopia Tommy Duran as Gershom Eugene Mazzola as Rameses ' Son , Amun Ramsay Hill as Korah Joan Woodbury as Korah 's Wife Esther Brown as Princess Tharbis Babette Bain as Little Miriam Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) The final shooting script was written by Aeneas MacKenzie , Jesse L. Lasky Jr. , Jack Gariss , and Fredric M. Frank . It also contained material from the books Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson , Pillar of Fire by Joseph Holt Ingraham , and On Eagle 's Wings by Arthur Eustace Southon . Henry Noerdlinger , the film 's researcher , consulted ancient historical texts such as the Midrash Rabbah , Philo 's Life of Moses , and the writings of Josephus and Eusebius in order to `` fill in '' the missing years of Moses ' life , and as the film 's last opening title card states , `` the Holy Scriptures . '' Casting ( edit ) Charlton Heston , who had previously worked with DeMille in The Greatest Show on Earth , won the part of Moses after he impressed DeMille ( at his audition ) with his knowledge of ancient Egypt . Interestingly enough , William Boyd , DeMille 's first choice to be auditioned to be Moses in the film , refused the part . Heston was also chosen to be the voice of God in the form of a burning bush , toned down to a softer and lower register . Heston 's newborn son , Fraser ( born February 12 , 1955 ) , was cast by DeMille ( on the suggestion of Henry Wilcoxon , who said to him `` The timing 's just right . If it 's a boy , who better to play the Baby Moses ? '' ) as soon as Heston announced to DeMille that his wife Lydia was pregnant . Fraser Heston was three months old during filming . The part of Nefretiri , the Egyptian throne princess , was considered `` the most sought after role of the year '' in 1954 . Ann Blyth , Vanessa Brown , Joan Evans , Rhonda Fleming , Coleen Gray , Jane Griffiths , Audrey Hepburn , Jean Marie , Vivien Leigh , Jane Russell , and Joan Taylor were considered for the part . DeMille liked Audrey Hepburn but dismissed her because of her figure , which was considered too slim for the character 's Egyptian gowns . Anne Baxter ( who was considered for the part of Moses ' wife ) was cast in the role . Judith Ames , Anne Bancroft , Anne Baxter , Shirley Booth , Diane Brewster , Peggie Castle , June Clayworth , Linda Darnell , Laura Elliot , Rhonda Fleming , Rita Gam , Grace Kelly , Jacqueline Green , Barbara Hale , Allison Hayes , Frances Lansing , Patricia Neal , Marie Palmer , Jean Peters , Ruth Roman , Barbara Rush , and Elizabeth Sellers were considered for the part of Sephora. Grace Kelly , DeMille 's first choice , was unavailable . DeMille was `` very much impressed '' with Yvonne De Carlo 's performance as a `` saintly type of woman '' in MGM 's Sombrero . He `` sensed in her a depth , an emotional power , a womanly strength which the part of Sephora needed and which she gave it . '' Sephora is the Douay -- Rheims version of the name of Zipporah . Merle Oberon and Claudette Colbert were considered for the role of Bithiah before DeMille chose Jayne Meadows ( who declined ) and finally cast Nina Foch , on the suggestion of Henry Wilcoxon , who had worked with her in Scaramouche . For the role of Memnet , Flora Robson was considered and Bette Davis was interviewed ( DeMille 's casting journal also notes Marjorie Rambeau and Marie Windsor ) but DeMille chose Judith Anderson after screening Alfred Hitchcock 's Rebecca . Henry Wilcoxon 's wife Joan Woodbury was cast as Korah 's wife in the Golden Calf sequence . DeMille was reluctant to cast anyone who had appeared in 20th Century Fox 's The Egyptian , a rival production at the time . Several exceptions to this are the casting of John Carradine and Mimi Gibson ( in credited supporting roles ) and Michael Ansara and Peter Coe ( in uncredited minor roles ) , who appeared in both films . For the Large Crowd shots , at least 14,000 extras and 15,000 animals were used while filming this movie . Art Direction ( edit ) The Ten Commandments ( shortened version ) written in 10th century BC characters , like on DeMille 's tablets Commentary for the film 's DVD edition chronicles the historical research done by DeMille and associates . Katherine Orrison says that many details of Moses ' life left out of the Bible are present in the Quran , which was sometimes used as a source . She also presents some coincidences in production . The man who designed Moses ' distinctive rust - white - and - black - striped robe used those colors because they looked impressive , and only later discovered that these are the actual colors of the Tribe of Levi . Arnold Friberg would later state that he was the one who designed Moses ' costume . As a gift , after the production , DeMille gave Moses ' robe to Friberg , who had it in his possession until his death in 2010 . Moses ' robe as worn by Charlton Heston was hand - woven by Dorothea Hulse , one of the world 's finest weavers . She also created costumes for The Robe , as well as textiles and costume fabrics for Samson and Delilah , David and Bathsheba , and others . Jesse Lasky Jr. , a co-writer on The Ten Commandments , described how DeMille would customarily spread out prints of paintings by Lawrence Alma - Tadema to inform his set designers on the look he wanted to achieve . Arnold Friberg , in addition to designing sets and costumes , also contributed the manner in which Moses ordained Joshua to his mission at the end of the film : by the laying on of hands , placing his hands on Joshua 's head . Friberg , a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , demonstrated the LDS manner of performing such ordinations , and DeMille liked it . Pharaoh is usually shown wearing the red - and - white crown of Upper and Lower Egypt or the nemes royal headdress . For his pursuit of the Israelites , he wears the blue Khepresh helmet - crown , which the pharaohs wore for battle . Sets , costumes and props from the film The Egyptian were bought and re-used for The Ten Commandments . As the events in The Egyptian take place 70 years before the reign of Rameses II , an unintentional sense of continuity was created . An Egyptian wall painting was also the source for the lively dance performed by a circle of young women at Seti 's birthday gala . Their movements and costumes are based on art from the Tomb of the Sixth Dynasty Grand Vizier Mehu . Some of the film 's cast members , such as Baxter , Paget , Derek , and Foch , wore brown contact lenses , at the behest of DeMille , in order to conceal their light - colored eyes which were considered inadequate for their roles . Paget once said that , `` If it had n't been for the lenses I would n't have got the part . '' However , she also said that the lenses were `` awful to work in because the kleig lights heat them up '' . When DeMille cast Yvonne De Carlo as Sephora , she was worried about having to wear these contact lenses ; she also believed that her gray eyes were her best feature . She asked DeMille to make an exception for her . He agreed , expressing the idea that De Carlo 's role was special , and that Moses was to fall in love with her . Special effects ( edit ) Rear projection , an in - camera effect , placed cloud effects behind Charlton Heston The `` blue screen '' technique was used for this composite shot The special photographic effects in The Ten Commandments were created by John P. Fulton , A.S.C. ( who received an Academy Award for his effects in the film ) , head of the special effects department at Paramount Pictures , assisted by Paul Lerpae , A.S.C. in Optical Photography ( blue screen `` travelling matte '' composites ) and Farciot Edouart , A.S.C. , in Process Photography ( rear projection effects ) . Fulton 's effects included the building of Sethi 's Jubilee treasure city , the Burning Bush , the fiery hail from a cloudless sky , the Angel of Death , the composites of the Exodus , the Pillar of Fire , the giving of the Ten Commandments , and the tour de force , the parting of the Red Sea . The parting of the Red Sea was considered the most difficult special effect ever performed up to that time . This effect took about six months of VistaVision filming , and combined scenes shot on the shores of the Red Sea in Egypt , with scenes filmed at Paramount Studios in Hollywood of a huge water tank split by a U-shaped trough , into which approximately 360,000 gallons of water were released from the sides , as well as the filming of a giant waterfall also built on the Paramount backlot to create the effect of the walls of the parted sea out of the turbulent backwash . All of the multiple elements of the shot were then combined in Paul Lerpae 's optical printer , and matte paintings of rocks by Jan Domela concealed the matte lines between the real elements and the special effects elements . Unlike the technique used by ILM for Raiders of the Lost Ark and Poltergeist of injecting poster paints into a glass tank containing a salt water inversion layer , the cloud effects for The Ten Commandments were formed with white Britt smoke filmed against a translucent sky backing , and colors were added optically . Striking portraits of Charlton Heston as Moses and three women in front of menacing clouds were photographed by Wallace Kelly , A.S.C. in Farciot Edouart 's process ( rear projection ) department , in what are still considered unforgettable scenes . DeMille used these scenes to break up the montage , framing his subjects like a Renaissance master . An abundance of blue screen spillage or `` bleeding '' can be seen , particularly at the top of the superimposed walls of water , but rather than detracting from the shot , this ( unintentionally ) gives the scene an eerie yet spectacular appearance . The parting of the Red Sea sequence is considered by many to be one of the greatest special effects of all time . DeMille was reluctant to discuss technical details of how the film was made , especially the optical tricks used in the parting of the Red Sea . It was eventually revealed that footage of the Red Sea was spliced with film footage ( run in reverse ) of water pouring from large U-shaped trip - tanks set up in the studio backlot . Music ( edit ) The score for The Ten Commandments was composed and conducted by Elmer Bernstein . Initially , DeMille hired Bernstein , then a relatively unknown film composer , to write and record only the diegetic music required for the film 's dance sequences and other onscreen musical passages , with the intention of employing frequent collaborator Victor Young to write the score proper . However , Young turned down the assignment due to his own failing health , causing DeMille to hire Bernstein to write the underscore as well . In total , Bernstein composed two and a half hours of music for the film , writing for a full symphony orchestra augmented with various ethnic and unusual instruments such as the shofar , the tiple , and the theremin . The score is written in a highly Romantic style , featuring unique musical leitmotifs for the film 's characters ( God , Moses , Rameses , Nefretiri , etc . ) used in a manner inspired , at DeMille 's direction , by the opera scores of Richard Wagner . Bernstein recorded both the diegetic music and the score at the Paramount Studios Recording Stage in sessions spread from April 1955 to August 1956 . A double - LP monaural soundtrack album was released in 1957 by Dot Records , utilizing excerpts from the original film recordings . A stereo version of the 1957 album was released in 1960 containing new recordings conducted by Bernstein , as the original film recordings , while recorded in three - channel stereo , were not properly balanced for an LP stereo release , as the intent at the time of recording had been to mix the film masters to mono for the film soundtrack itself ; this recording was later issued on CD by MCA Classics in 1989 . For the film 's tenth anniversary , United Artists Records released a second stereo re-recording in 1966 , also conducted by Bernstein and employing different orchestral arrangements unique to this release . For the film 's 60th anniversary , Intrada Records released a six - CD album of the score in 2016 . The Intrada release contains the complete two and a half hour score as originally recorded by Bernstein , with much of it remixed in true stereo for the first time . In addition , the 2016 release contains all the diegetic music recorded for the film , the original 1957 Dot album ( in mono ) , the 1960 Dot album ( in stereo ) , and the 1966 United Artists album , as well a 12 - minute recording of Bernstein auditioning his thematic ideas for DeMille on the piano . Release ( edit ) Charlton Heston and Yul Brynner at the New York premiere Anne Baxter at the New York premiere Yvonne De Carlo and Bob Morgan , her husband , at the New York premiere Cecil B. DeMille promoted the film by placing Ten Commandment monuments as a publicity stunt for the film in cities across the United States . The Ten Commandments premiered at New York City 's Criterion Theatre on November 8 , 1956 . Among those who attended the premiere were Cecil B. DeMille and his daughter Cecilia DeMille Harper , Charlton Heston and his wife Lydia Clarke , Yul Brynner , Anne Baxter , Edward G. Robinson , Yvonne De Carlo and her husband Bob Morgan , Martha Scott and her husband and son , John Wayne and his wife Pilar Pallete , Tony Curtis , Janet Leigh , and Barney Balaban . It played on a roadshow basis with reserved seating until mid-1958 , when it finally entered general release . It was re-released in 1966 and 1972 , and one more time in 1989 . The 1972 and 1989 re-issues included 70mm and 35mm prints that reframed the picture 's aspect ratio to 2.20 : 1 and 2.35 : 1 , respectively , cropping the top and bottom of the picture 's original 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio . The Ten Commandments was released on DVD on March 30 , 1999 ; March 9 , 2004 , as a Special Collector 's Edition ; and March 29 , 2011 , as a Special edition and Standard edition . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Ten Commandments was the highest - grossing film of 1956 and the second most successful film of the decade . By April 1957 , the film had earned an unprecedented $10 million from engagements at just eighty theaters , averaging about $1 million per week , with more than seven million people paying to watch it . During its initial release , it earned theater rentals ( the distributor 's share of the box office gross ) of $31.3 million in North America and $23.9 million from the foreign markets , for a total of $55.2 million ( equating to approximately $122.7 million in ticket sales ) . It was hugely profitable for its era , earning a net profit of $18,500,000 , against a production budget of $13.27 million ( the most a film had cost up to that point ) . By the time of its withdrawal from distribution at the end of 1960 , The Ten Commandments had overtaken Gone with the Wind at the box office in the North American territory , and mounted a serious challenge in the global market -- the worldwide takings for Gone with the Wind were reported to stand at $59 million at the time . Gone with the Wind would be re-released the following year as part of the American Civil War Centennial , and reasserted its supremacy at the box office by reclaiming the US record . Also at this time , Ben - Hur -- another biblical epic starring Charlton Heston released at the end of 1959 -- would go on to eclipse The Ten Commandments at the box office . A 1966 reissue earned $6,000,000 , and further re-releases brought the total American theater rentals to $43 million , equivalent to gross ticket sales of $89 million at the box office . Globally , it ultimately collected $90,066,230 in revenues up to 1979 . It remains one of the most popular films ever made . Adjusted for inflation , it has earned a box office gross equivalent to $2 billion at 2011 prices , according to Guinness World Records ; only Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , Avatar ( 2009 ) , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , Titanic ( 1997 ) , The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) have generated higher grosses in constant dollars . Critical response ( edit ) As Mr. DeMille presents it in this three - hour - and - thirty - nine - minute film , which is by far the largest and most expensive that he has ever made , it is a moving story of the spirit of freedom rising in a man , under the divine inspiration of his Maker . And , as such , it strikes a ringing note today . Bosley Crowther for The New York Times The Ten Commandments received generally positive reviews after its release , although some reviewers noted its divergence from the biblical text . Bosley Crowther for The New York Times was among those who lauded DeMille 's work , acknowledging that `` in its remarkable settings and décor , including an overwhelming facade of the Egyptian city from which the Exodus begins , and in the glowing Technicolor in which the picture is filmed -- Mr. DeMille has worked photographic wonders . '' Variety described the `` scenes of the greatness that was Egypt , and Hebrews by the thousands under the whip of the taskmasters '' as `` striking , '' and believed that the film `` hits the peak of beauty with a sequence that is unelaborate , this being the Passover supper wherein Moses is shown with his family while the shadow of death falls on Egyptian first - borns . '' The film 's cast was also complimented . Variety called Charlton Heston an `` adaptable performer '' who , as Moses , reveals `` inner glow as he is called by God to remove the chains of slavery that hold his people . '' It considered Yul Brynner `` expert '' as Rameses , too . Anne Baxter 's performance as Nefretiri was criticized by Variety as leaning `` close to old - school siren histrionics , '' but Crowther believed that it , along with Brynner 's , is `` unquestionably apt and complementary to a lusty and melodramatic romance . '' The performances of Yvonne De Carlo and John Derek were acclaimed by Crowther as `` notably good . '' He also commended the film 's `` large cast of characters '' as `` very good , from Sir Cedric Hardwicke as a droll and urbane Pharaoh to Edward G. Robinson as a treacherous overlord . '' Leonard Maltin , a contemporary film critic , gave the film four out of four stars and described it as `` vivid storytelling at its best ... parting of the Red Sea , writing of the holy tablets are unforgettable highlights . '' Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 33 reviews and gave the film a rating of 94 % `` Certified fresh '' approval rating , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 and the site 's consensus stating : `` Bombastic and occasionally silly but extravagantly entertaining , Cecil B. DeMille 's all - star spectacular is a muscular retelling of the great Bible story . '' Camille Paglia has called The Ten Commandments one of the ten greatest films of all time . Accolades ( edit ) The Ten Commandments won the Academy Award for Best Special Effects ( John P. Fulton ) . It was also nominated for Best Color Art Direction ( art directors Hal Pereira , Walter H. Tyler , and Albert Nozaki and set decorators Sam Comer and Ray Moyer ) , Best Color Cinematography ( Loyal Griggs ) , Best Color Costume Design ( Edith Head , Ralph Jester , John Jensen , Dorothy Jeakins , and Arnold Friberg ) , Best Film Editing ( Anne Bauchens ) , Best Motion Picture ( Cecil B. DeMille ) and Best Sound Recording ( Paramount Studio Sound Department and sound director Loren L. Ryder ) . Paramount submitted the names of Yvonne De Carlo , John Derek , and Debra Paget for the supporting player categories ( even though they received star billing in the film ) at the 29th Academy Awards , but the actors did not receive nominations . Charlton Heston 's performance as Moses was ranked as the 4th Best Performance by a Male Star of 1956 by The Film Daily 's Filmdom 's Famous Five Poll . Heston was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama and later won the Fotograma de Plata Award for Best Foreign Performer in 1959 . Yul Brynner won the National Board of Review Award for Best Actor for his performance as Rameses . Cecil B. DeMille won many special awards for the film . He received , among others , the Los Angeles Examiner Award , the Boxoffice Blue Ribbon Award for the Best Picture of the Month ( January 1957 ) , the Photoplay Achievement Award , and The Christian Herald 's Reader 's Award for the Picture of the Year ( 1957 ) . The Maryland State Council of the American Jewish Congress awarded the Stephen S. Wise Medallion to DeMille for `` most inspiring film of the year . '' Charlton Heston , Yul Brynner , Edward G. Robinson , Sir Cedric Hardwicke , Nina Foch , and Martha Scott also received awards for their acting . The film was also included in several of the annual top ten film lists , such as those featured in The Film Daily and Photoplay . The American Film Institute included the film as # 10 in the epic film category in AFI 's 10 Top 10 , # 79 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers , and named Moses as the # 43 hero in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains . Popularity ( edit ) Critics have argued that considerable liberties were taken with the biblical story of Exodus , compromising the film 's claim to authenticity , but neither this nor its nearly four - hour length has had any effect on its popularity . In fact , many of the supposed inaccuracies were actually adopted by DeMille from extra-biblical ancient sources , such as Josephus , the Sepher ha - Yashar , and the Chronicle of Moses . Moses 's career in Ethiopia , for instance , is based on ancient midrashim . For decades , a showing of The Ten Commandments was a popular fundraiser among revivalist Christian Churches , while the film was equally treasured by film buffs for DeMille 's `` cast of thousands '' approach and the heroic but antiquated early - talkie - type acting . Home Media ( edit ) The artist 's rendering of Charlton Heston as Moses added increased muscle , as per modern physique standards , when the DVD was released The Ten Commandments has been released on DVD in the United States on four occasions : the first edition ( Widescreen Collection ) was released on March 30 , 1999 as a two - disc set , the second edition ( Special Collector 's Edition ) was released on March 9 , 2004 , as a two - disc set with commentary by Katherine Orrison , the third edition ( 50th Anniversary Collection ) was released on March 21 , 2006 as a three - disc set with the 1923 version and special features , and the fourth edition ( 55th Anniversary Edition ) was released on DVD again in a two - disc set on March 29 , 2011 , and for the first time on Blu - ray in a two - disc set and a six - disc limited edition gift set with the 1923 version and DVD copies . In 2012 , the limited edition gift set won the Home Media Award for Best Packaging ( Paramount Pictures and JohnsByrne ) . Television broadcast ( edit ) With the exception of 1999 , The Ten Commandments has been broadcast annually on the ABC network since 1973 , traditionally during the Passover and Easter holidays . Since 2006 the network has typically aired The Ten Commandments on the Saturday night prior to Easter , with the broadcast starting at 7 : 00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones and 6 : 00 p.m. Central and Mountain . The film is the only pre-scheduled ABC Saturday Movie of the Week of the year . Unlike many lengthy films of the day , which were usually broken up into separate airings over at least two nights , ABC elected to show The Ten Commandments in one night and has done so every year it has carried the film , with one exception ; in 1997 , ABC elected to split the movie in two and aired half of it in its normal Easter Sunday slot , which that year was March 30 , with the second half airing on Monday , March 31 as counterprogramming to the other networks ' offerings , which included CBS ' coverage of the NCAA Men 's Basketball Championship Game . The length of the film combined with the necessary advertisement breaks has caused its broadcast window to vary over the years , and today , ABC 's total run time for The Ten Commandments stands at four hours and forty - four minutes . This requires the network to overrun into the 11 : 00 pm ( 10 : 00 pm CT / MT ) timeslot that belongs to the local affiliates , thus delaying their late local news and any other programming the station may air in the overnight hours ( with some stations forgoing a late newscast entirely and giving personnel the evening off ) . When the film has aired on Easter Sunday , affiliates are given the ability to tape delay the showing an hour ahead to 8 p.m. ET / PT to keep their schedules in line for early evening , though at the cost of delaying their local newscasts to 12 : 45 a.m. ( 11 : 45 p.m. CT / MT ) . In 2010 , the film was broadcast in high definition for the first time , which allowed the television audience to see it in its original VistaVision aspect ratio . In 2015 , for the first time in several years , the network undertook a one - off airing of the film on Easter Sunday night , which fell on April 5 . Ratings by year ( since 2007 ) Year Airdate Rating Share Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) 2007 4 - 07 - 2007 TBA 7.87 TBA TBA TBA TBA 2008 3 - 22 - 2008 4.7 9 2.3 / 7 7.91 2009 4 - 11 - 2009 4.2 8 1.7 / 6 6.81 4 - 03 - 2010 TBA TBA 1.4 / 5 5.88 2011 4 - 23 - 2011 1.6 / 5 7.05 2012 4 - 07 - 2012 6.90 TBA TBA 2013 3 - 30 - 2013 1.2 / 4 5.90 2014 4 - 19 - 2014 1.0 / 4 5.87 2015 4 - 05 - 2015 1.4 / 5 6.80 TBA TBA 2016 3 - 26 - 2016 0.8 / 3 5.42 2017 4 - 15 - 2017 5.18 2018 3 - 31 - 2018 0.6 / 3 4.75 See also ( edit ) List of films based on the Bible List of American films of 1956 The Prince of Egypt List of films featuring slavery Whitewashing in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Louvish 2008 , p. 481 . ^ Jump up to : Reported budgets : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 159 . `` ... a record $13,266,491 '' . Birchard 2004 , ch. 70 . The Ten Commandments . `` $13,272,381 '' . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 327 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ten Commandments '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Dorothy Clarke ( 1949 ) . Prince of Egypt ( 1st ed . ) . London : Westminster Press . ISBN 9781938659034 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , J.H. ( 2013 ) . The Pillar of Fire ( Release ed . ) . India : Palala Press . ASIN 1340906422 . ISBN 978 - 1340906429 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Southon , A.E. ( 1939 ) . On Eagles ' Wings . Oxford : Lowe and Brydone . OCLC 1436234 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Magazine - Nov 12 , 1956 , pg. 115 '' . Life . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ten Commandments '' . Box Office Mojo . October 5 , 1956 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Internet Movie Database -- Awards for The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) '' . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ American Film Institute ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Epic '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Riselle Bain : Called by the spotlight '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Sarasota , Florida : New Media Investment Group . December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . When legendary director Cecile B. DeMille was screening schoolchildren for the role of Moses ' older sister Miriam , he asked Riselle Bain if she could recite a poem from memory ... Bain completed all four verses of `` Daffodils '' and that 's the short version of how she wound up in the 1956 classic The Ten Commandments ... She would likely have introduced herself as Babette , her second name , which is how she is credited in the DeMille film and her other Hollywood endeavors . ( front page newspaper story with video , Sarasota , Florida ) Photo as Miriam . Jump up ^ Orrison 1999 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Eyman 2010 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Wilcoxon and Orrison , Lionheart in Hollywood . p. 245 Jump up ^ Orrison 1999 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Louella ( June 4 , 1954 ) . `` Joan Bennett Gets Top Role in Bogart Film '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orrison 1999 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Orrison 1999 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Orrison 1999 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Orrison 1999 , p. 54 - 55 . Jump up ^ Hopper , Hedda ( December 29 , 1956 ) . `` Yvonne DeCarlo Settles Down to Domestic Life '' . The Spokesman - Review . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Valerie J. ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Actress Yvonne De Carlo , of ' Munsters ' fame , dies '' . The Spokesman - Review . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeMille 1959 , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Noerdlinger 1956 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Orrison 1999 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Orrison 1999 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Wilcoxon and Orrison , Lionheart in Hollywood , p. 309 Jump up ^ Orrison 1999 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Orrison 1999 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) Trivia '' . Jump up ^ `` Party Time in Ancient Egypt '' . ^ Jump up to : Belser , Emily ( June 1 , 1955 ) . `` Now Stars Change Eyes Just Like Pair Of Shoes '' . The Miami News . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Katherine Orrison 's audio commentary for The Ten Commandments 50th Anniversary Collection DVD ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Ten Commandments ( Motion picture ) credits : DeMille , Cecil B . ^ Jump up to : Brosnan , John ( 1974 ) . Movie Magic ( 1st ed . ). St. Martin 's Press , Inc. : New York . Pp. 77 - 80 . ISBN 0356046990 . Jump up ^ The Ten Commandments ( Documentary : `` Making Miracles '' ) ( Six - Disc Limited Edition Blu - Ray / DVD Combo ) Cecil B. DeMille / Paramount . Hollywood , California : Paramount Pictures. 2011 Jump up ^ Matte Shot -- A Tribute to Golden Era Special FX : The Wild and Wonderful World of John P. Fulton . http://nzpetesmatteshot.blogspot.com/2010/08/wild-and-wonderful-world-of-john.html Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mandell , Paul R. ( April 1983 ) `` Parting the Red Sea ( and Other Miracles ) '' . American Cinematographer , pp. 125 - 126 . Jump up ^ Stanbury , Patrick , ( 5 April 2004 ) Cecil B. DeMille : American Epic . Turner Classic Movies ( TCM ) . Jump up ^ Den of Geek . `` Top 50 Movie Special Effects Shots '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ PBS . `` NOVA Online / Special Effects / All About Special Effects / Trivia Quiz ( Answers ) '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Parting Of The Red Sea '' . The Art & Science of Movie Special Effects . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DeWald , Frank K. ( 2016 ) . `` So Let It Be Written . So Let It Be Done '' . The Ten Commandments : 60th Anniversary Soundtrack Collection . Intrada Records . Jump up ^ `` Technical Notes '' . The Ten Commandments : 60th Anniversary Soundtrack Collection . Intrada Records . 2016 . Jump up ^ Fake , Douglas ( 2016 ) . `` Tech Talk from the Producer '' . The Ten Commandments : 60th Anniversary Soundtrack Collection . Intrada Records . Jump up ^ `` MPR : The Ten Commandments : Religious or historical symbol ? '' . News.minnesota.publicradio.org . September 10 , 2001 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ( 2010 ) . Empire of Dreams : The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 1439180415 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) -- Notes '' . TCM database . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ The Ten Commandments . Paramount Home Media Distribution . Paramount Pictures . March 30 , 1999 . ASIN 0792154649 . OCLC 982298797 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Steinberg , Cobbett ( 1980 ) . Film Facts . New York : Facts on File , Inc. p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 313 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Oviatt , Ray ( April 16 , 1961 ) . `` The Memory Is n't Gone With The Wind '' . Toledo Blade . p. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Holston , Kim R. ( 2012 ) . Movie Roadshows : A History and Filmography of Reserved - Seat Limited Showings , 1911 -- 1973 . McFarland . ISBN 0786460628 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Top Film Rentals '' . Variety . 1998 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 1999 . Retrieved October 7 , 1999 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Stempel , Tom ( 2001 ) . American Audiences on Movies and Moviegoing . University Press of Kentucky . p. 24 . ISBN 9780813121833 . Jump up ^ Birchard 2004 , ch. 70 . The Ten Commandments . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2011 ) . Гиннесс . Мировые рекорды 2012 ( Guinness World Records 2012 ) ( in Russian ) . Translated by P.I. Andrianov & I.V. Palova . Moscow : Astrel . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 271 - 36423 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Crowther , Bosley . New York Times Film Reviews : Best Picture Picks from the 1950s . The New York Times . New York City : The New York Times Company . ISBN 1625395590 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : `` The Ten Commandments '' `` . Varietypublisher = Penske Media Corporation . United States . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2009 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2010 Movie Guide . New York City : Plume . ISBN 1101108762 . Jump up ^ The Ten Commandments at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ al. , Nick James , et . `` BFI - Sight & Sound - Top Ten Poll 2002 - How the directors and critics voted '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The 29th Academy Awards ( 1957 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Reduces ' Ten ' Billings Of De Carlo , Derek , Paget To Get ' Em In Oscar Race '' . Variety . January 4 , 1957 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bahn , Chester B. ( December 26 , 1956 ) . `` Brynner , Magnani Cop Filmland 's Poll Stevens ' Direction of ' Giant ' Votes Year 's Best In National Poll Of Critics ; Perkins Is ' 56 Discovery ; 3 Honors To Strasberg '' . The Sandusky Register . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Ten Commandments ( 1 nomination ) '' . goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palmarés década 50 - Fotogramas de Plata '' . fotogramas.es . Fotogramas ( es ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review of Motion Pictures - Awards - Best Actor '' . nbrmp.org . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Register of the Cecil B. DeMille Photographs , ca . 1900s - 1950s , 1881 - 1959 '' . Brigham Young University . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxoffice Magazine - February 16 , 1957 , pg. 26 '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Report : Baltimore '' . Boxoffice . May 4 , 1957 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DeMille Honored For Bible Movie '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . March 19 , 1957 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Award For DeMille '' . The Spokesman - Review . March 20 , 1957 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ L. Ginzberg , The Legends of the Jews , Philadelphia 1967 ; A. Shinan , `` Moses and the Ethiopian Woman : Sources of a Story in The Chronicle of Moses '' , Scripta Hierosolymitana 27 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Colin . `` The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) - DVD Movie Guide '' . DVD Movie Guide . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Ten Commandments ( Special Collector 's Edition ) '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Ten Commandments - 50th Anniversary Collection '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Woodward ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Paramount has revealed official details on the 1956 Charlton Hestone movie '' . DVD Active . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Home Media Award Winners by Category '' . Home Media Magazine . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( April 5 , 1999 ) . `` The ' Ten Commandments ' : ABC 's Exodus ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ TV Guide listings for March 29 -- April 4 , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` ABC to Broadcast `` The Ten Commandments '' on Easter `` . Channel Guide Magazine . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( April 4 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Duke Blows Past West Virginia , Moses '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Network Overnight Daily TV Nielsen Ratings -- Saturday , April 23 , 2011 '' . Television-Ratings.INFO. April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc . `` The Ten Commandments Lifts ABC to Saturday Victory '' . TV Media Insights . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Saturday : NCAA Basketball Easily Wins Pre-Easter Saturday '' . TV by the Numbers . March 31 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Saturday : Moses Knocks Out ' UFC on FOX ' as ' The Ten Commandments ' Wins Night ; ' Dateline ' & ' 48 Hours ' Rise '' . TV by the Numbers. April 20 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Madam Secretary ' Slides , ' The Good Wife ' Stays at Low + ' American Odyssey ' Premieres Soft as ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' Tops Night '' . TV by the Numbers. April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : NCAA dominates for CBS , ' Ten Commandments ' down a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : ' Ransom ' finale falls , NHL Playoffs perform well '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` TV ratings Saturday : ' The Ten Commandments , ' ' Dateline , ' and ' 48 Hours ' lead another quiet night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Birchard , Robert ( 2004 ) . Cecil B. DeMille 's Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0813123240 . Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780061963452 . DeMille , Cecil B. ( 1959 ) . The Autobiography of Cecil B. DeMille . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0824057570 . Eyman , Scott ( 2010 ) . Empire of Dreams : The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 1439180415 . Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , spectacles , and blockbusters : a Hollywood history . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . Louvish , Simon ( 2008 ) . Cecil B. DeMille : A Life in Art . Macmillan . ISBN 0312377339 . Noerdlinger , Henry ( 1956 ) . Moses and Egypt . University of Southern California Press . ISBN 1258130270 . Reid , John Howard ( 2013 ) . Big Screen Bible Lore . Raleigh , North Carolina : Lulu Books . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 1304300300 . Reid , John Howard ( 2006 ) . Hollywood Classics Title Index to All Movies Reviewed in Books 1 - 24 . Raleigh , North Carolina : Lulu Books . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 0557720866 . Orrison , Katherine ( 1999 ) . Written in Stone : Making Cecil B. DeMille 's The Ten Commandments . Vestal Press . ISBN 1461734819 . Wilcoxon , Henry ; Orrison , Katherine ( 1991 ) . Lionheart in Hollywood : the autobiography of Henry Wilcoxon . Metuchen , NJ and London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2476 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) Official website The Ten Commandments on IMDb The Ten Commandments at the TCM Movie Database The Ten Commandments at Box Office Mojo The Ten Commandments at Rotten Tomatoes Production design drawings for The Ten Commandments , Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Costume design drawings for The Ten Commandments , Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Films directed by Cecil B. DeMille Silent The Squaw Man ( 1914 ) Brewster 's Millions ( 1914 ) The Master Mind ( 1914 ) The Only Son ( 1914 ) The Man on the Box ( 1914 ) The Call of the North ( 1914 ) The Virginian ( 1914 ) What 's His Name ( 1914 ) The Man from Home ( 1914 ) Rose of the Rancho ( 1914 ) The Ghost Breaker ( 1914 ) The Girl of the Golden West ( 1915 ) After Five ( 1915 ) The Warrens of Virginia ( 1915 ) The Unafraid ( 1915 ) The Captive ( 1915 ) The Wild Goose Chase ( 1915 ) The Arab ( 1915 ) Chimmie Fadden ( 1915 ) Kindling ( 1915 ) Carmen ( 1915 ) Chimmie Fadden Out West ( 1915 ) The Cheat ( 1915 ) Temptation ( 1915 ) The Golden Chance ( 1915 ) The Trail of the Lonesome Pine ( 1916 ) The Heart of Nora Flynn ( 1916 ) Maria Rosa ( 1916 ) The Dream Girl ( 1916 ) Joan the Woman ( 1916 ) Lost and Won ( 1917 ) A Romance of the Redwoods ( 1917 ) The Little American ( 1917 ) The Woman God Forgot ( 1917 ) Nan of Music Mountain ( 1917 ) The Devil - Stone ( 1917 ) The Whispering Chorus ( 1918 ) Old Wives for New ( 1918 ) We Ca n't Have Everything ( 1918 ) Till I Come Back to You ( 1918 ) The Squaw Man ( 1918 ) Do n't Change Your Husband ( 1919 ) For Better , for Worse ( 1919 ) Male and Female ( 1919 ) Why Change Your Wife ? ( 1920 ) Something to Think About ( 1920 ) Forbidden Fruit ( 1921 ) The Affairs of Anatol ( 1921 ) Fool 's Paradise ( 1921 ) Saturday Night ( 1922 ) Manslaughter ( 1922 ) Adam 's Rib ( 1923 ) The Ten Commandments ( 1923 ) Triumph ( 1924 ) Feet of Clay ( 1924 ) The Golden Bed ( 1925 ) The Road to Yesterday ( 1925 ) The Volga Boatman ( 1926 ) The King of Kings ( 1927 ) Walking Back ( 1928 ) The Godless Girl ( 1929 ) Sound Dynamite ( 1929 ) Madam Satan ( 1930 ) The Squaw Man ( 1931 ) The Sign of the Cross ( 1932 ) This Day and Age ( 1933 ) Four Frightened People ( 1934 ) Cleopatra ( 1934 ) The Crusades ( 1935 ) The Plainsman ( 1936 ) The Buccaneer ( 1938 ) Union Pacific ( 1939 ) North West Mounted Police ( 1940 ) Reap the Wild Wind ( 1942 ) The Story of Dr. Wassell ( 1944 ) Unconquered ( 1947 ) Samson and Delilah ( 1949 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) The Buccaneer ( 1958 ) Book of Exodus media Art The Crossing of the Red Sea ( 1482 ) Crossing of the Red Sea ( 1542 ) The Crossing of the Red Sea ( 1634 ) The Adoration of the Golden Calf ( 1634 ) Victory O Lord ! ( 1871 ) Film Biblical The Ten Commandments ( 1923 ) The Moon of Israel ( 1924 ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) Moses und Aron ( 1973 ) Moses the Lawgiver ( 1974 ) Moses ( 1995 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Exodus Decoded ( 2006 ) The Ten Commandments ( 2006 ) The Ten Commandments ( 2007 ) Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) The Ten Commandments : The Movie ( 2016 ) Modern settings The Abominable Dr. Phibes ( 1971 ) The Reaping ( 2007 ) Exodus ( 2007 ) Musical Les Dix Commandements ( 2000 ) The Ten Commandments : The Musical ( 2004 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 2015 ) Opera Mosè in Egitto ( 1818 ) Moses und Aron ( 1951 ) Music Creeping Death Exodus ( 2002 ) Plague Songs ( 2006 ) Television `` Duke and the Great Pie War '' ( 2005 ) `` Moe and the Big Exit '' ( 2007 ) Os Dez Mandamentos ( 2015 telenovela ) Literature Exodus Moon of Israel ( 1918 ) The Tables of the Law ( 1944 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)&oldid=835921274 '' Categories : 1956 films English - language films Ten Commandments 1950s drama films American films American drama films American epic films Films directed by Cecil B. DeMille Cultural depictions of Moses Cultural depictions of Ramesses II Films scored by Elmer Bernstein Films about slavery Films about the ten plagues of Egypt Films based on multiple works Films based on the Hebrew Bible Films set in ancient Egypt Films set in the 13th century BC Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award God in fiction Religious epic films Sound film remakes of silent films United States National Film Registry films Paramount Pictures films Films about Jews and Judaism Films about Christianity Seti I Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Interlanguage link template link number All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 15 : 56 . 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6710691639329749977	Matthew 6:26	Matthew 6 : 26 - wikipedia Matthew 6 : 26 Matthew 6 : 26 is the twenty - sixth verse of the sixth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . This verse continues the discussion of worry about material provisions . In this verse Jesus tells his followers not to be anxious about food , but to rely on God as the birds , who are worth far less than people , are fully provided for . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : Behold the fowls of the air : for they sow not , neither do they reap , nor gather into barns ; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them . Are ye not much better than they ? The World English Bible translates the passage as : See the birds of the sky , that they do n't sow , neither do they reap , nor gather into barns . Your heavenly Father feeds them . Are n't you of much more value than they ? For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 6 : 26 The opening verb in this verse can mean either consider or behold . The second meaning implies that Jesus , speaking in the open air , pointed to some birds nearby while speaking these lines . Birds of the sky literally translates as `` birds in heaven , '' but this was a common expression for birds in flight through the air and does not imply the birds were with God . There are several debates over this verse . Firstly it can be interpreted as a commandment to idleness , to not farm or work for your food as God will provide for you . This view can be countered by pointing out that birds are far from idle , having to go to a great deal of effort to gather their food . Martin Luther commented on this verse that God provides food , but does not drop it in their beaks . But as Hendriksen notes , this raises the question that if the birds have to do so much work to get their food , is God really the one providing for them ? Hendriksen counters that God provided for them by creating a world filled with food , and giving the birds the instincts to collect it . The verse could also be read as a call for self - sufficiency or for a return to a hunter gatherer lifestyle , something advocated by the philosopher Seneca . Other verses make fairly clear this is not what is meant . How birds are without worry is also an open question . Fowler argues that it is because they are creatures of instinct . They follow the natural laws laid out by God without choice or deviation . If humans were equally as focused upon following the commands of God without hesitation we too would be without worry and anxiety . Nolland notes that this reference to animals does n't fully reflect biological reality . There are many creatures that store and save food , and there are also many animals that die from starvation . This verse quite clearly reflects the anthropocentrism that is found in both the Old and New Testaments . Jewish thought of the period and Christian theology since , have always placed man , who was created in God 's image , above the animals and the rest of nature . Fowler argues the superiority of humans to birds in this verse is not so much one of theology , but more one of ability . Humans have the ability to farm , to store food in barns , and to plan for the future . Birds have no such gifts and their lives are ones of hard work for little reward . Despite these greater burdens birds have , they are not anxious about the future . This verse is paralleled in Luke 12 : 23 , but Luke has ravens instead of birds . Harrington notes that ravens were considered unclean and they might have been removed from Matthew for this reason . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ France , R.T. . The Gospel of Matthew . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2007 pg. 268 Jump up ^ Hendriksen , William . The Gospel of Matthew . Edinburgh : Banner of Truth Trust , 1976 Jump up ^ Fowler , Harold . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume One . Joplin : College Press , 1968 Jump up ^ Nolland , John . The Gospel of Matthew : a commentary on the Greek text . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2005 pg. 311 Jump up ^ Fowler , Harold . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume One . Joplin : College Press , 1968 Jump up ^ Harrington , Daniel J. The Gospel of Matthew . Liturgical Press , 1991 pg. 102 Preceded by Matthew 6 : 25 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 6 Succeeded by Matthew 6 : 27 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 Verse Matthew 6 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Places Galilee Terms Lord 's Prayer Sermon on the Mount ← chapter 5 Gospel of Matthew chapter 7 → Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_6:26&oldid=711431770 '' Categories : Matthew 6 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 March 2016 , at 21 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	bible verse about how god takes care of the birds	[]	[]
-3345346113299418550	Federalism in India	Federalism in India - wikipedia Federalism in India This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Federalism in India describes the distribution of legal authority across national , state and local governments in the nation of India . The Constitution of India establishes a federal structure to the Indian government , declaring it to be a `` Union of States '' . Part XI of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative , administrative and executive powers between the Union / Federal / Central government and the States of India . The legislative powers are categorised under a Union List , a State List and a Concurrent List , representing , respectively , the powers conferred upon the Union government , those conferred upon the State governments and powers shared among them . This federalism is asymmetric in that the devolved powers of the constituent units are not all the same . The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded a higher degree of autonomy than other States under Article 370 . Union Territories are unitary type , directly governed by the Union government . Article 1 ( 1 ) of the constitution stipulates two tier - governance with an additional local elected government . Delhi and Puducherry were accorded legislatures under Article 239AA and 239A , respectively . Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The fundamental rights of citizens vary by state per Article 31 ( B ) , as changes are added to Constitution schedule IX by constitutional amendments . Contents 1 Legislative powers 1.1 Union List 1.2 State List 1.3 Concurrent List 1.4 Other ( residuary ) subjects 2 Executive powers 3 Financial powers 4 Disputes 5 Territories 6 Jammu and Kashmir 7 Issues 7.1 Unitary bias 7.2 Appointment and role of governors 7.3 Economic federalism 7.4 Political economy 8 Government of India Act ( 1935 ) vs Constitution of India ( 1950 ) 9 Comparison with USA and EU 10 See also 11 References Legislative powers ( edit ) The divsion of powers are defined by the constitution and the legislative powers are divided into three lists : Union List ( edit ) Main article : Union List Union List consists of 100 items ( earlier 97 ) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate including : defence , armed forces , arms and ammunition , atomic energy , foreign affairs , war and peace , citizenship , extradition , railways , shipping and navigation , airways , posts and telegraphs , telephones , wireless and broadcasting , currency , foreign trade , inter-state trade and commerce , banking , insurance , control of industries , regulation and development of mines , mineral and oil resources , elections , audit of Government accounts , constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court , High Courts and union public service commission , income tax , custom duties and export duties , duties of excise , corporation tax , taxes on capital value of assets , estate duty and terminal taxes . State List ( edit ) Main article : State List State List consists of 61 items ( earlier 66 items ) . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list : maintaining law and order , police forces , healthcare , transport , land policies , electricity in the state , village administration , etc . The state legislature has exclusive power to make laws on these subjects . In certain circumstances , the parliament can make laws on subjects mentioned in the State List , but to do so the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) must pass a resolution with a two - thirds majority that it is expedient to legislate in the national interest . Though states have exclusive powers to legislate with regards to items on the State List , articles 249 , 250 , 252 , and 253 mention situations in which the Union government can legislate . Concurrent List ( edit ) Main article : Concurrent List Concurrent List consists of 52 ( earlier 47 ) items . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list . The list mentions : marriage and divorce , transfer of property other than agricultural land , education , contracts , bankruptcy and insolvency , trustees and trusts , civil procedure , contempt of court , adulteration of foodstuffs , drugs and poisons , economic and social planning , trade unions , labour welfare , electricity , newspapers , books and printing press NS stamp duties . Other ( residuary ) subjects ( edit ) Subjects not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects . However , many provisions in the constitution outside these lists permit parliament or state legislative assembly to legislate . Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per Article 245 , the power to legislate on such subjects , rests with the parliament exclusively per Article 248 . Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the Article 368 procedure as constitutional amendments . In case the above lists are to be expanded or amended , the legislation should be done by the Parliament under its constituent power per Article 368 with ratification by the majority of the states . Federalism is part of the basic structure of the Indian constitution which can not be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing judicial review by the Supreme Court . Executive powers ( edit ) The Union and States have independent executive staffs controlled by their respective governments . In legislative and administrative matters , the Central government can not overrule the constitutional rights / powers of a state government except when presidential rule is declared in a State . The Union 's duty is to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution as per Article 355 and Article 256 . The State governments can not violate the Central laws in administrative matters . When a State violates the Constitution , Presidential rule is imposed under Article 356 and the President takes over the State 's administration with ex post facto consent of the Parliament per Article 357 . Financial powers ( edit ) Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending financial resources available to the states for public purpose . Article 293 allows States to borrow without limit without consent from the Union government . However , the Union government can insist upon compliance with its loan terms when a state has outstanding loans charged to the consolidated fund of India or a federally - guaranteed loan . The President of India constitutes a Finance Commission every five years to recommend devolution of Union revenues to State governments . Under Article 360 , the President can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or of any part of its territory is threatened . However , no guidelines define `` financial emergency '' for the country or a state or a union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months by a simple majority and has never been declared . A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President . The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials , including judges of the supreme court and high courts , in cases of a financial emergency . All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for approval . He can direct the state to observe economy measures . Disputes ( edit ) States can make agreements among themselves . When a dispute arises with other states or a Union Territory or the central government , the Supreme Court adjudicates per Article 141 . However , Article 262 excludes Supreme Court jurisdiction with respect to adjudication of disputes in the use , distribution or control of interstate river waters . Under Article 263 the President can establish an interstate council to coordinate / resolve disputes between states and the Union . Territories ( edit ) Article 1 ( 1 ) says that India is a Union of States as elaborated under Parts V ( The Union ) and VI ( The States ) of the Constitution . Article 1 ( 3 ) says territories of India constitute states , union territories and other acquired territories . The concept of union territory was established by the Seventh Amendment . References to Territories of India , are applicable to the whole country including union territories . References to only India , are applicable to states , but not to union territories . Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) The state of Jammu and Kashmir ( J&K ) has a separate set of applicable laws under Article 370 read with Application to Jammu and Kashmir Order , 1954 ( Appendix I and II ) of the Indian constitution . Only matters related to defence , foreign relations and communications of Jammu and Kashmir are under the jurisdiction of Union government . Laws enacted by the parliament ( including amendments to the constitution ) applicable to rest of India are not valid in J&K unless ratified by its state assembly . The Government of India can declare a state of emergency in J&K and impose governor 's rule in certain conditions . The state has its own constitution other than applicable Indian constitution . Part XII of the J&K state constitution makes provision to amend its constitution with two - thirds majority by the state assembly . Part VI ( The states ) and Part XIV ( Services ) of the Indian constitution are not applicable to J&K per Article 152 and Article 308 . Issues ( edit ) The Government of India Act 1935 aimed to establish India as a Federation of States . It emphasized division of powers , independent and apolitical Governors and Governors - General and introduced provincial autonomy for the first time in India . On 26 January 1950 , India adopted a new constitution . Unitary bias ( edit ) Article 1 ( 1 ) of the constitution says India shall be a union of states and its citizens shall have at least two tiered governance . The people of a Union Territory have every right to opt for statehood . However , the amended ( in 1956 ) Article 3 , allows the union government power with prior consent of the President ( common head of states and union governments ) to ( a ) form a new state / UT by separating a territory of any state , or by uniting two or more states / UTs or parts of states / UTs , or by uniting any territory to a part of any state / UT ; ( b ) the power to establish new states / UT ( which were not previously under India 's territory ) which were not in existence before . Appointment and role of Governors ( edit ) Governor appointments are the responsibility of the President , on the advice of the Union Government . Governors are generally not residents of the state . Should the constitutional machinery in a state break down , Article 356 allows a state of emergency that dissolves the state government and establishes Presidential rule . No emergency at the centre can dissolve the Union government . Misuse of Article 356 was rampant in the decades following its adoption , during the Indira Gandhi era . In 1991 the Supreme court passed a landmark judgement acknowledging misuse of the article and establishing principles for the Union government to follow before a state emergency can be invoked . The Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories of India are designed as administrators and are appointed by the President on the advice of the Union government . Lieutenant Governors can override local government policies . Economic federalism ( edit ) States are at liberty to manage their finances as long as that does not lead to financial emergency as per Article 360 . The Government of India is trying to impose uniform taxation throughout India and to take over states ' tax collection mechanisms without regard to the impacts on individual states . Recently the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional right of states to impose an Entry Tax which is against the principle of a general sales tax ( GST ) . Control of industries , which was a subject in the concurrent list in the 1935 act , was transferred to the Union List . The Union government in 1952 introduced the freight equalisation policy that damaged many Indian states , including West Bengal , Bihar ( including present - day Jharkhand ) , Madhya Pradesh ( including present - day Chhattisgarh ) and Orissa . These states lost their competitive advantage of holding mineral resources , as factories could now operate anywhere in India . This was not the case in the pre-independence era when business houses such as the Tatas and the Dalmias set up industries in these states , and most of the engineering industry was located in West Bengal . Following the end of the policy in the early 1990s , these states did not catch up with more industrialised states . In 1996 , the Commerce & Industry Minister of West Bengal complained that `` the removal of the freight equalisation and licensing policies can not compensate for the ill that has already been done '' . National laws permit a private / public limited company to raise loans internally and externally to its capacity . The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 limits state borrowing even when they have not defaulted / faced a financial emergency . The employees ' salary and pension expenditure of many state governments exceed their total revenue , without the President declaring a financial emergency . Article 47 of Directive Principles of the state policy prohibits intoxicating drinks that are injurious to health but is not enforced . Instead many states promote and tax liquor sales . Political economy ( edit ) The government is devolving central funds to the states under specific schemes ( NREGA , etc . ) whose implementation by the states is controversially subject to government approval , which violates Article 282 . The controversy arises from the fact that the grants for centrally sponsored schemes and central plan schemes are under the ruling party 's control and discretion . In 2017 , the ruling party was accused of ignoring states in need or where poor people are concentrated , in order to pursue partisan goals . This was described as pork - barrel politics . The party 's nomenclature is designed to convey that the central government is the source of these policies . Government of India Act ( 1935 ) vs constitution of India ( 1950 ) ( edit ) Government of India Act 1935 Constitution of India Defines India as a Federation of States Defines India as a Union of States Princely states could choose to join or stay out of the federation via the Instrument of Accession States have no right to secede . The Instrument of Accession only applies for the state of J&K via Article 370 . Princely states could have their own constitution Only J&K has its own constitution . Many states had the right to mint supplementary coins , use state flags , independent civil and criminal codes and maintain state paramilitary forces With the exception of J&K , no state can follow a separate criminal code . Only Goa has a different civil code . Paramilitary forces are controlled by Union government only . No state can mint currency . The Emperor of India and Governor - General of India are apolitical heads of state The President of India is an indirectly elected head of state . Provincial governors are appointed by the Governor - General and apolitical Governors are appointed by President on the advice of the Union government . Governors of provinces need not be residents of the state Governors of states need not be residents of the state . Right to create , modify or dissolve provinces is solely vested in the hands of the Governor - General of India Right to create , modify or dissolve states is solely vested in the hands of the Parliament of India . Powers are divided into Federal , Concurrent and Provincial lists Powers are divided into Union , Concurrent and State lists Residuary powers are vested with the Governor - General of India Residuary powers are vested with the Parliament of India . A provincial emergency is declared by the Governor - General and the Governor alone can make laws for the province during this period . Provincial assembly remains dissolved . State emergency is declared by the President on the advice of the Union government and the Parliament alone has the power to make laws for the state during the period . State assembly remains dissolved . A central emergency is declared by the Governor - General and he alone can make laws for the federation during this period . Central legislative assembly remains dissolved . There is no concept of central or Union emergency . Parliament should always be functional . Judicial matters such as clemency petitions shall be decided by the Governor - General on the advice of judicial councils Judicial matters shall be decided by the President on the advice of the Union government . Railways and Industries are subject matters in concurrent list Railways and Industries are subject matters in Union List . Freedom of movement throughout the British Empire and right to own property and settle only in respective provinces Freedom of movement throughout India and right to own property and settle anywhere in India except J&K . Amendment in the Act is not possible unless made by the Parliament of the United Kingdom Amendment of many articles in the constitution can be made by two - thirds of majority in the Parliament . Some articles would need the assent of half of the state legislatures as well . Comparison with usa and eu ( edit ) Indian federalism comparison with United States ( USA ) and European Union ( EU ) USA EU India A state can not come out of the Union It is a loosely held federation of sovereign countries with monetary union only . A state can leave the union at any time Territorial integrity is not part of the basic structure of the constitution . Territory is ceded to Bangladesh under the 9th and 100th constitutional amendment acts . Merging or splitting of a state not allowed except with the consent of the states affected and the Congress Merging or splitting of a country possible with the citizens consent of respective countries Constitution provides provision for merging with another state or splitting of a state into few states and such powers are vested with the Union government alone under Article 3 . Head of the Union is directly elected by its citizens through popular electoral college . It is a presidential democracy No head of the Union created . Head of the Union ( President of India ) is indirectly elected whereas head of the Union government ( Prime Minister ) is usually a leader of the party with majority or largest party in the House of the People who is not directly elected by the people throughout the country and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Lok Sabha constituency as a member of House of the People or can be indirectly elected as the member of Council of States . Heads of the States are directly elected by their citizens . Heads of constituent units are directly or indirectly elected Head of the States ( Governors ) are appointed by the President with the advice of Union government whereas Heads of the State governments ( Chief Ministers ) are usually leaders of the party with majority or largest party in the State legislative assemblies who are not directly elected by the people throughout the state and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Vidhan Sabha constituency or can be indirectly elected as the member of State legislative councils . Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states The main purpose of the Union is for the free movement of labour and goods across the states Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states per Articles 301 and 303 . Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 protects the interests of migrant workmen . A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of union government A single currency , individual foreign policy and individual armed forces A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of Union government . Every state has constitutional rights to impose taxes and raise debt . EU body has no power to raise taxes and works as a common central bank of all countries except for the United Kingdom Every state has constitutional rights to impose certain taxes and raise debt . Part of Union government revenue is devolved to the states for public purposes . Predominantly , people speak one language and follow one religion under a secular constitution Multilingual people with predominantly following one religion under secular constitutions Multilingual people following multiple religions under a secular constitution . Highly developed democratic country Highly developed democratic countries Developing and largest democratic country with one sixth of the world population . Highly efficient executive and dedicated lawmakers . Highly efficient executive and dedicated lawmakers . The effectiveness of executive and lawmakers hampered by inefficient functioning and corruption . Uneasy relationship of the executive with judiciary with attempts to bring latter under its control . Instances of attempts by Central Government to try to topple opposition - ruled states by unconstitutional means . Natur of Indian union and the position of state High standard and prompt justice delivery set up . Substandard and delayed justice delivery set up in a constitutional democracy . Judges of Supreme Court or High Courts do not give any reasons for not taking up a case for proceedings and many important cases which needs constitutional interpretation keep on pending for many years under the pressure of executive . Highest Judiciary does not take any responsibility morally and sometimes issue name sake written apologies in their judgements . See also ( edit ) Lawmaking procedure in India President 's rule President of India Governors of states of India Part I of the Constitution of India List of amendments of the Constitution of India List of Acts of the Parliament of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IX Schedule laws open to review '' . 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Hardgrave and Stanley A. Koachanek ( 2008 ) . India : Government and politics in a developing nation ( Seventh ed . ) . Thomson Wadsworth . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Babulal Fadia ( 1984 ) . State politics in India Volume I. Radiant publishers , New Delhi . pp. 92 -- 122 . Jump up ^ `` Pages 311 & 312 of A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supreme Court Judgement : Bhim Singh vs U.O.I & Ors on 6 May , 2010 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article 293 and its application '' ( PDF ) . Fincomindia.nic.in . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Act , 1956 '' . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central acts applicable to J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Jklaw.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Jklegislativeassembly.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Prabhat ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Has Article 356 been the Centre 's AK - 56 ? '' . Livemint.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact - Check on the Use and Abuse of President 's Rule in India '' . Thequint.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegde , Sanjay . `` The Judiciary Can Stop the Misuse of Article 356 , If It Chooses to Act - The Wire '' . Thewire.in . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Article 356 : Its Use and Misuse '' . Jagranjosh.com. 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court refuses to stay order declaring L-G Jung Delhi 's boss '' . Hindustantimes.com. 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat opposes GST regime '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` There is merit in Jayalalithaa 's arguments against GST bill says Subramanian Swamy '' . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court rules states have right to levy entry tax on goods coming in '' . Dnaindia.com . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Aseema Sinha ( 2005 ) . The Regional Roots Of Developmental Politics In India : A Divided Leviathan . Indiana University Press . pp. 114 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34404 - 5 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` A Situational Theory of Pork - Barrel Politics : The Shifting Logic of Discretionary Allocations in India '' . GIGA Hamburg . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` A situational theory of pork - barrel politics '' . India Review . 16 : 14 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` Who Gets the Most and Why ? New Lessons in Pork Barrel Politics from India '' . BW Business World . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Government Of India ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` The Government Of India Act 1935 '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prez assents : Constitution ( One Hundredth Amendment ) Act , 2015 '' . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution ( ninth amendment ) act , 1960 '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Trade , Commerce and Intercourse in India '' . Desikanoon.co.in . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India ranks 76 in Corruption Perception Index '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution '' . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC declares NJAC unconstitutional , upholds Collegium '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shailesh Gandhi , Ex Central Information Commissioner . `` Do n't need 70,000 judges . Just fill vacancies to cut backlog '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of law index , 2016 '' . Data.worldjusticeproject.org . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Government biggest litigant need to lessen load on judiciary , PM Modi '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court judgement on `` The Punjab termination of agreement Act , 2004 ( last page ) '' ( PDF ) . Supremecourtofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts State governments of India State governments Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_India&oldid=864983181 '' Categories : Federalism by country Federalism in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 22 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who divides the power between central and state government	[]	[]
-232971065891709705	Damarious Randall	Damarious Randall - wikipedia Damarious Randall Jump to : navigation , search Damarious Randall Randall with the Packers in 2015 No. 23 -- Cleveland Browns Position : Safety Born : ( 1992 - 08 - 29 ) August 29 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Pensacola , Florida Height : 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Weight : 196 lb ( 89 kg ) Career information High school : Pensacola ( FL ) College : Arizona State NFL Draft : 2015 / Round : 1 / Pick : 30 Career history Green Bay Packers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Browns ( 2018 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career NFL statistics as of 2017 Total tackles : 144 Pass deflections : 32 Interceptions : 10 Total touchdowns : 2 Player stats at NFL.com Damarious Wayne Randall ( born August 29 , 1992 ) is an American football safety for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Arizona State and was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the first round of the 2015 NFL Draft . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Green Bay Packers 3.1. 1 2015 3.1. 2 2016 3.1. 3 2017 3.2 Cleveland Browns 4 NFL career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Postseason 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early years ( edit ) Randall played as a cornerback , safety and wide receiver and returned punts and kickoffs at Pensacola High School , earning all - state recognition as a senior and all - conference honors as a junior and senior . He helped lead the team to a Class 3A title as a senior in 2009 , when the Tigers outscored their opponents 95 - 13 in the postseason . He also lettered all four years in baseball as a shortstop and four years in track & field , participating in the long jump ( 23'11 `` ) and the 4x100 relay ( 44.10 seconds ) . College career ( edit ) Randall played college baseball at Butler Community College for a year before transferring to Mesa Community College to play college football . He saw his first action in 2012 and recorded 69 tackles , ten interceptions and five total touchdowns . The next year , he transferred to Arizona State University . He entered his first year at Arizona State and missed the first four games because of a lower leg injury and then started the rest of the season and recorded 71 tackles , three interceptions and a touchdown . As a senior in 2014 , Randall started all 13 games . He finished the year with a team - leading 106 tackles , three interceptions , 4 forced fumbles , one sack and a touchdown . Professional career ( edit ) On December 14 , 2014 , it was announced that Randall accepted his invitation to play in the 2015 Senior Bowl . On January 24 , 2015 , Randall played in the Reese 's Senior Bowl and recorded a tackle and a pass breakup as part of Arizona Cardinals ' head coach Ken Whisenhunt 's North team that defeated the South 34 - 13 . Randall was one of 54 defensive backs that attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis , Indiana . He completed all of the combine drills and finished eighth among defensive backs in the vertical jump and tenth among his position group in the 40 - yard dash and three - cone drill . On March 6 , 2015 , Randall attended Arizona State 's pro day , along with Jaelen Strong , Marcus Hardison , Jamil Douglas , Taylor Kelly , and eight other prospects . He chose to stand on his combine numbers and only ran positional drills for scouts and team representatives from all 32 NFL teams . During the draft process , Randall attended private visits and workouts with 11 NFL teams , including the New England Patriots , Seattle Seahawks , Philadelphia Eagles , New York Giants , Dallas Cowboys , Carolina Panthers , and Cleveland Browns . At the conclusion of the pre-draft process , Randall was projected to be a late first round or second round pick by NFL draft experts and analysts . He was ranked the top safety prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock , was ranked the top free safety in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com , was ranked the second best safety by NFL analyst Charles Davis , and was ranked the seventh best safety by Sports Illustrated . Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad BP Wonderlic 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 196 lb ( 89 kg ) 30 ⁄ in ( 0.77 m ) 8 ⁄ in ( 0.22 m ) 4.46 s 1.55 s 2.58 s 4.07 s 6.83 s 38 in ( 0.97 m ) 10 ft 0 in ( 3.05 m ) 14 reps 18 All values from NFL Combine Green Bay Packers ( edit ) 2015 ( edit ) The Green Bay Packers selected Randall in the first round ( 30th overall ) of the 2015 NFL Draft . He was the first safety selected in 2015 and was the highest draft pick from Arizona State since Terrell Suggs in 2003 . On June 16 , 2015 , the Packers signed Randall to a four - year , $7.91 million contract that includes $5.96 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $4.0 million . Despite playing safety in college , the Packers drafted him with plans to strictly play him at cornerback . He entered training camp slated as the third cornerback on the depth chart behind Sam Shields and Casey Hayward . Head coach Mike McCarthy officially named him the third cornerback to start the regular season . He made his professional regular season debut in the Packers ' season - opening at the Chicago Bears and recorded one tackle and two pass deflections during their 31 -- 23 victory . On October 18 , 2015 , Randall earned his first career start and recorded a season - high seven solo tackles and deflected two passes during the Packers ' 27 -- 20 victory against the San Diego Chargers . During the game Randall deflected a game - tying touchdown pass by Philip Rivers and earned Castrol Edge Clutch Performer of the Week for his performance . In Week 8 , he made seven combined tackles , deflected a pass , and made his first career interception off a pass attempt by Peyton Manning in Green Bay 's 29 -- 10 loss at the Denver Broncos . The following week , Randall started at outside cornerback in place of Sam Shields , who suffered a shoulder injury the previous week . Randall collected five solo tackles , deflected two passes , and intercepted Carolina Panthers ' quarterback Cam Newton during a 37 -- 29 loss . In Week 12 , Randall made two solo tackles in a 17 -- 13 loss to the Chicago Bears . He left the game after suffering a knee injury and was inactive for Week 13 . On December 20 , 2015 , he made his fifth start in place of Sam Shields and recorded seven combined tackles , deflected a pass , and returned an interception by Derek Carr for a 43 - yard touchdown in the Packers ' 30 -- 20 victory at the Oakland Raiders . It marked the first touchdown of Randall 's career . He finished his rookie season with a career - high 58 combined tackles ( 53 solo ) , 14 pass deflections , three interceptions , and a touchdown in 15 games and nine starts . The Packers finished second in the NFC North the 2015 season with a 10 - 6 record . On January 10 , 2016 , Randall started in his first career playoff game and recorded eight combined tackles and defended a pass in a 35 -- 14 win at the Washington Redskins in the NFC Wildcard game . The following week , he made three combined tackles , deflected a pass , and intercepted a pass attempt by Carson Palmer during a 26 -- 20 loss at the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Divisional round . 2016 ( edit ) Throughout training camp , Randall competed against Quinten Rollins and LaDarius Gunter for the vacant starting cornerback position after Casey Hayward departed for the San Diego Chargers in free agency . He was named the starting cornerback along with Sam Shields to start the regular season . He started the Packers ' season - opener at the Jacksonville Jaguars and recorded a season - high six solo tackles and two pass deflections during a 27 - 23 victory . On September 25 , 2016 , he made two combined tackles , defended a pass , and returned an interception by Matthew Stafford 44 - yards in the Packers ' 34 - 27 victory against the Detroit Lions . He suffered a groin injury in Week 4 and was inactive the following week . On October 16 , 2016 , Randall made two solo tackles in a 30 - 16 loss to the Dallas Cowboys . He aggravated his groin injury and missed the next five games ( Weeks 7 - 11 ) after undergoing surgery . On December 11 , 2016 , Randall made five combined tackles , deflected two passes , and intercepted Seattle Seahawks ' quarterback Russell Wilson twice during a 37 - 10 victory . Randall finished the 2016 season with 39 combined tackles ( 35 solo ) , nine pass deflections , and three interceptions in ten games and nine starts . The Packers finished atop the NFC North with a 10 - 6 record . On January 8 , 2017 , Randall made five combined tackles three pass deflections , and an interception during their 38 - 13 NFC Wildcard victory over the New York Giants . After defeating the Dallas Cowboys , the Packers were defeated by the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship . 2017 ( edit ) Head coach Mike McCarthy named Randall the starting cornerback , along with Davon House , after the Packers chose not to resign Sam Shields . He started the Packers ' season - opener against the Seattle Seahawks and recorded a season - high six solo tackles and a pass breakup in their 17 - 9 victory . On October 8 , 2017 , Randall made one tackle , deflected a pass , and returned an interception by Dak Prescott for a 21 - yard touchdown during the Packers ' 35 - 31 victory at the Dallas Cowboys . In Week 7 , he collected three combined tackles , broke up a pass , and made an interception during a 26 - 17 loss to the New Orleans Saints . It was his third consecutive game with an interception . On December 22 , 2017 , the Packers placed Randall on injured / reserve for the remainder of the season after he suffered a knee injury . He finished the 2017 season with 47 combined tackles ( 38 solo ) , nine pass deflections , four interceptions , and a touchdown in 14 games and 12 starts . Cleveland Browns ( edit ) On March 9 , 2018 , the Packers agreed to trade Randall to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for DeShone Kizer and a swap of both fourth and fifth - round draft picks . The deal became official on March 14 , 2018 , at the start of the NFL year . On April 30 , 2018 , the Browns exercised the fifth - year option on Randall 's contract . NFL career statistics ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS Tackles Interceptions Fumbles Total Solo Ast Sck SFTY PDef Int Yds Avg Lng TDs FF FR 2015 GB 15 9 58 53 5 0.0 0 14 47 15.7 43 0 0 2016 GB 10 9 39 35 0.0 0 9 91 30.3 44 0 0 0 2017 GB 14 12 47 38 9 0.0 0 9 35 8.8 21 0 0 Total 39 30 144 126 18 0.0 0 32 10 173 17.3 44 0 0 Source : NFL.com Postseason ( edit ) Year Team GP GS Tackles Interceptions Fumbles Total Solo Ast Sck SFTY PDef Int Yds Avg Lng TDs FF FR 2015 GB 11 7 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 2016 GB 12 11 0.0 0 78 78.0 78 0 0 0 Total 5 23 18 5 0.0 0 5 78 39.0 78 0 0 0 Source : pro-football-reference.com Personal life ( edit ) Early in his tenure with the Browns , Randall incited anger from Clevelanders by openly cheering for the Golden State Warriors to defeat the hometown Cavs in the NBA Finals . As a make - good , he offered to purchase jerseys for everyone who retweeted one of his posts if the Cavs did indeed go on to win the championship. Retweeters include sports stars such as Aaron Rodgers , Tom Brady , Lebron James , and Shawn Paulson . That tweet became the most re-tweeted ever for an NFL player . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Senior Bowl player Randall says switch from baseball to football ' best decision in my life ' Jump up ^ Most important player : Arizona State Jump up ^ Sun Devils expect breakout season from free safety Randall Jump up ^ ASU 's Jaelen Strong , Damarious Randall make SI.com All - America team Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Draft : Senior Bowl , Shrine Game , and Other All - Star Game Invite Tracker '' . thesportsdaily.com . December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Senior Bowl : North Vs. South '' . profootballfocus.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adam Stites ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Combine 2015 : Full results for defensive backs '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gil Brandt ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Jaelen Strong catches everything at Arizona State 's pro day '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaelen Strong , Damarious Randall make good of ASU football pro day '' . foxsports.com . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brandon Lee Gowton ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 NFL Draft : Eagles to host safety Damarious Randall for a visit '' . bleedinggreennation.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ed Valentine ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 NFL Draft : Safety Damarious Randall gets private workout with Giants '' . bigblueview.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Moore . `` Future Cowboys ? 14 national players scheduled to visit Valley Ranch in pre-draft visits '' . sportsday.dallasnews.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Events : Draft Player Profiles - Damarious Randall '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mayock , Mike ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Mock draft 1.0 : Titans do n't trade No. 2 pick '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Bucky ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Mock draft 5.0 : Mariota lands with Rams '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mayock , Mike ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Mike Mayock 's 2015 NFL Draft position rankings 4.0 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Damarious Randall , DS # 1 FS , Arizona State '' . nfldraftscout.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Charles Davis ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 NFL Draft prospect rankings by position '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Doug Farrar ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 NFL Draft Positional Rankings : Safeties '' . si.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers picks in the 2015 NFL draft '' . JSOnline.com. April 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James Brady ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Draft Picks 2015 : Damarious Randall taken by Packers at No. 30 '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Football Database : Arizona State NFL draft History '' . footballdb.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Demovsky , Rob ( 2015 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Breaking down Damarious Randall 's contract with the Packers '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Spotrac.com : Damarious Randall contract '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers ' set ' on playing Damarious Randall at cornerback , not safety '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evan Massey ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Green Bay Packers 2015 Training Camp Profile : DB Damarious Randall '' . rantsports.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ourlads.com : Green Bay Packers ' depth chart : 10 / 01 / 2015 '' . Ourlads.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://packers.com/news-and-events/article-press-release/article-1/Damarious-Randall-named-Clutch-Performer-of-Week/52bd7356-5cee-4239-b6ba-6bce70fc71ae Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Latest : Sam Shields out with shoulder injury '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ rotowire ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Packers ' Damarious Randall : Picks up knee injury '' . cbssports.Com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Player stats : Damarious Randall ( 2015 ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meanwhile , Casey Hayward is tearing it up '' . totalpackers.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tom Silverstein ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Quinten Rollins making a strong case to start '' . PackersNews.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Packers 2016 Depth Chart Projection for Week 1 '' . acmepackingcompany.com . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evan Western ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Damarious Randall Injury : Packers CB likely out several weeks after groin surgery '' . acmepackingcompany.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Week 14 - 2016 : Seattle Seahawks @ Green Bay Packers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Player stats : Damarious Randall ( 2016 ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evan Western ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Packers projected depth chart following 2017 final cuts '' . acmepackingcompany.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Player stats : Damarious Randall ( 2017 ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zach Kruse ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Packers add top cornerback Damarious Randall to injury report '' . packerswire.usatoday.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Packers trading Damarious Randall for Browns ' Kizer '' . NFL.com . March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gribble , Andrew ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Browns land versatile DB Damarious Randall , trade QB DeShone Kizer to Green Bay '' . ClevelandBrowns.com . Jump up ^ Teope , Herbie ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Cleveland Browns pick up Damarious Randall 's option '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Browns ' Damarious Randall on the hook for millions if Cavs win '' . ESPN.com . May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Damarious Randall has the most retweeted tweet of any NFL player , ever '' . ProFootballTalk.com . May 29 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Green Bay Packers bio Arizona State Sun Devils bio Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN CBS Sports Yahoo ! Sports Pro-Football - Reference Cleveland Browns current roster Active roster 2 Zane Gonzalez 3 Brogan Roback 4 Britton Colquitt 5 Tyrod Taylor 6 Baker Mayfield 8 Justin Vogel 9 Drew Stanton 10 Da'Mari Scott 11 Antonio Callaway 12 Josh Gordon 13 Jeff Janis 15 Ricardo Louis 16 C.J. Board 18 Damion Ratley 19 Corey Coleman 20 Briean Boddy - Calhoun 21 Denzel Ward 22 Jabrill Peppers 23 Damarious Randall 24 Howard Wilson 26 Derrick Kindred 27 Matthew Dayes 28 E.J. Gaines 29 Duke Johnson 30 Montrel Meander 31 Nick Chubb 33 Simeon Thomas 34 Carlos Hyde 35 Micah Hannemann 35 Dontrell Hilliard 36 Derron Smith 37 Denzel Rice 38 T.J. Carrie 39 Terrance Mitchell 40 Danny Vitale 41 Michael Jordan 42 Justin Currie 42 Marquez Williams 43 Elijah Campbell 44 Nate Orchard 47 Charley Hughlett 48 Jermaine Grace 49 Devon Cajuste 49 DeMarquis Gates 50 Chris Smith 51 Jamie Collins 52 James Burgess 53 Joe Schobert 54 Anthony Fabiano 55 Genard Avery 56 B.J. Bello 57 Marcell Frazier 58 Christian Kirksey 59 Tank Carder 60 Fred Lauina 61 Christian DiLauro 62 Austin Reiter 63 Austin Corbett 64 JC Tretter 65 Larry Ogunjobi 66 Spencer Drango 67 Avery Gennesy 68 Victor Salako 69 Desmond Harrison 70 Kevin Zeitler 71 Donald Stephenson 72 Shon Coleman 74 Chris Hubbard 75 Joel Bitonio 77 Trenton Thompson 78 Roderick Johnson 79 Geoff Gray 80 Jarvis Landry 81 Rashard Higgins 84 Derrick Willies 85 David Njoku 86 Julian Allen 87 Seth DeValve 88 Darren Fells 89 Evan Berry 90 Emmanuel Ogbah 91 Lenny Jones 92 Chad Thomas 93 Trevon Coley 94 Carl Nassib 95 Myles Garrett 96 Daniel Ekaule 97 Jeremy Faulk 98 Jamie Meder 99 Caleb Brantley Reserve lists 25 Tigie Sankoh ( Exempt ) AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA 2015 NFL draft first - round selections Jameis Winston Marcus Mariota Dante Fowler Jr . Amari Cooper Brandon Scherff Leonard Williams Kevin White Vic Beasley Ereck Flowers Todd Gurley Trae Waynes Danny Shelton Andrus Peat DeVante Parker Melvin Gordon Kevin Johnson Arik Armstead Marcus Peters Cameron Erving Nelson Agholor Cedric Ogbuehi Bud Dupree Shane Ray D.J. Humphries Shaq Thompson Breshad Perriman Byron Jones Laken Tomlinson Phillip Dorsett Damarious Randall Stephone Anthony Malcom Brown Green Bay Packers first - round draft picks Letlow Jankowski Isbell Buhler Van Every Paskvan Odson Wildung Pregulman Schlinkman Strzykalski Case Girard Heath Tonnemaker Gain Parilli Carmichael Hunter Switzer Bettis Losch Hornung Kramer Currie Duncan Moore Adderley Gros Robinson Voss Anderson Elkins Grabowski Gillingham Hyland Horn Carr Lueck Moore McCoy McGeorge Brockington Buchanon Tagge Barry Smith Barty Smith Koncar Butler E. Johnson Lofton J. Anderson Ivery B. Clark Cumby Campbell Hallstrom Lewis Carreker Ruettgers Fullwood Sharpe Mandarich Bennett Thompson V. Clark Buckley Simmons Teague Taylor Newsome Michels Verba Holliday Edwards Franks Reynolds Walker Barnett Carroll Rodgers Hawk Harrell Raji Matthews Bulaga Sherrod Perry Jones Clinton - Dix Randall K. Clark Alexander Green Bay Packers 2015 NFL draft selections Damarious Randall Quinten Rollins Ty Montgomery Jake Ryan Brett Hundley Aaron Ripkowski Christian Ringo Kennard Backman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damarious_Randall&oldid=843668506 '' Categories : 1992 births Living people Sportspeople from Pensacola , Florida Players of American football from Florida American football safeties American football cornerbacks Butler Grizzlies baseball players Mesa Thunderbirds football players Arizona State Sun Devils football players Green Bay Packers players Cleveland Browns players Hidden categories : Cleveland Browns currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-1149934264024978565	French colonization of the Americas	French colonization of the Americas - wikipedia French colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search Map of North America ( 1750 ) - France ( blue ) , Britain ( pink ) , and Spain ( orange ) The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century , and continued on into the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere . France founded colonies in much of eastern North America , on a number of Caribbean islands , and in South America . Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish , rice sugar , and furs . As they colonized the New World , the French established forts and settlements that would become such cities as Quebec and Montreal in Canada ; Detroit , Green Bay , St. Louis , Cape Girardeau , Mobile , Biloxi , Baton Rouge and New Orleans in the United States ; and Port - au - Prince , Cap - Haïtien ( founded as Cap - Français ) in Haiti , Cayenne in French Guiana and São Luís ( founded as Saint - Louis de Maragnan ) in Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 1.1 Background 1.2 Colonization 1.3 French Florida 1.4 Canada and Acadia 1.5 Louisiana 1.5. 1 The Mississippi Bubble 1.6 Dissolution 2 West Indies 3 South America 3.1 Brazil 3.1. 1 1557 Calvinist arrival 3.1. 2 Portuguese intervention 3.2 Equinoctial France 3.3 History of France Équinoxiale 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 In French North America ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The French first came to the New World as explorers , seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean and wealth . Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I , King of France . In 1524 , Francis sent Italian - born Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the region between Florida and Newfoundland for a route to the Pacific Ocean . Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain and English Newfoundland , thus promoting French interests . Colonization ( edit ) Main article : New France Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel , arr. 1844 In 1534 , Francis I of France sent Jacques Cartier on the first of three voyages to explore the coast of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence River . He founded New France by planting a cross on the shore of the Gaspé Peninsula . The French subsequently tried to establish several colonies throughout North America that failed , due to weather , disease , or conflict with other European powers . Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in North America at Cap - Rouge ( Quebec City ) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and attacks from Native Americans in the area . A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island , South Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort , but left after a year when they were not resupplied by France . Fort Caroline established in present - day Jacksonville , Florida , in 1564 , lasted only a year before being destroyed by the Spanish from St. Augustine . An attempt to settle convicts on Sable Island off Nova Scotia in 1598 failed after a short time . In 1599 , a sixteen - person trading post was established in Tadoussac ( in present - day Quebec ) , of which only five men survived the first winter . In 1604 Pierre Du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain founded a short - lived French colony , the first in Acadia , on Saint Croix Island , presently part of the state of Maine , which was much plagued by illness , perhaps scurvy . The following year the settlement was moved to Port Royal , located in present - day Nova Scotia . Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec ( 1608 ) and explored the Great Lakes . In 1634 , Jean Nicolet founded La Baye des Puants ( present - day Green Bay ) , which is one of the oldest permanent European settlements in America . In 1634 , Sieur de Laviolette founded Trois - Rivières . In 1642 , Paul de Chomedey , Sieur de Maisonneuve , founded Fort Ville - Marie which is now known as Montreal . Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette founded Sault Sainte Marie ( 1668 ) and Saint Ignace ( 1671 ) and explored the Mississippi River . At the end of the 17th century , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle established a network of forts going from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River . Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685 , but was gone by 1688 . Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit ( modern - day Detroit ) in 1701 and Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville founded La Nouvelle Orléans ( New Orleans ) in 1718 . Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founded Baton Rouge in 1719 . Governor Frontenac performing a tribal dance with Indian allies . The French were eager to explore North America but New France remained largely unpopulated . Due to the lack of women , intermarriages between French and Indians were frequent , giving rise to the Métis people . Relations between the French and Indians were usually peaceful . As the 19th - century historian Francis Parkman stated : `` Spanish civilization crushed the Indian ; English civilization scorned and neglected him ; French civilization embraced and cherished him '' -- Francis Parkman . To boost the French population , Cardinal Richelieu issued an act declaring that Indians converted to Catholicism were considered as `` natural Frenchmen '' by the Ordonnance of 1627 : `` The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country ( New France ) , together with all the Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it , shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen , and as such may come to live in France when they want , and acquire , donate , and succeed and accept donations and legacies , just as true French subjects , without being required to take no letters of declaration of naturalization . '' Louis XIV also tried to increase the population by sending approximately 800 young women nicknamed the `` King 's Daughters '' . However , the low density of population in New France remained a very persistent problem . At the beginning of the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) , the British population in North America outnumbered the French 20 to 1 . France fought a total of six colonial wars in North America ( see the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) . See also : Franco - Indian alliance French Florida ( edit ) Map of French Florida In 1562 , Charles IX , under the leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny sent Jean Ribault and a group of Huguenot settlers in an attempt to colonize the Atlantic coast and found a colony on a territory which will take the name of the French Florida . They discovered the probe and Port Royal Island , which will be called by Parris Island in South Carolina , on which he built a fort named Charlesfort . The group , led by René Goulaine de Laudonnière , moved to the south where they founded the Fort Caroline on the Saint John 's river in Florida on June 22 , 1564 . This irritated the Spanish who claimed Florida and opposed the Protestant settlers for religious reasons . In 1565 , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés led a group of Spaniards and founded Saint Augustine , 60 kilometers south of Fort Caroline . Fearing a Spanish attack , Ribault planned to move the colony but a storm suddenly destroyed his fleet . On 20 September 1565 the Spaniards , commanded by Menéndez de Avilés , attacked and massacred all the Fort Caroline occupants including Jean Ribault . Canada and Acadia ( edit ) Political map of the Northeastern part of North America in 1664 . The French interest in Canada focused first on fishing off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . However , at the beginning of the 17th century , France was more interested in fur from North America . The fur trading post of Tadoussac was founded in 1600 . Four years later , Champlain made his first trip to Canada in a trade mission for fur . Although he had no formal mandate on this trip , he sketched a map of the St. Lawrence River and in writing , on his return to France , a report entitled Savages ( Relation of his stay in a tribe of Montagnais near Tadoussac ) . Champlain needed to report his findings to Henry IV . He participated in another expedition to New France in the spring of 1604 , conducted by Pierre Du Gua de Monts . It helped the foundation of a settlement on Saint Croix Island , the first French settlement in the New World , which would be given up the following winter . The expedition then founded the colony of Port - Royal . In 1608 , Champlain founded a fur post that would become the city of Quebec , which would become the capital of New France . In Quebec , Champlain forged alliances between France and the Huron and Ottawa against their traditional enemies , the Iroquois . Champlain and other French travelers then continued to explore North America , with canoes made from Birch bark , to move quickly through the Great Lakes and their tributaries . In 1634 , the Normand explorer Jean Nicolet pushed his exploration to the West up to Wisconsin . Following the capitulation of Quebec by the Kirke brothers , the British occupied the city of Quebec and Canada from 1629 to 1632 . Samuel de Champlain was taken prisoner and there followed the bankruptcy of the Company of One Hundred Associates . Following the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , France took possession of the colony in 1632 . The city of Trois - Rivières was founded in 1634 . In 1642 , the Angevin Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière founded Ville - Marie ( later Montreal ) which was at that time , a fort as protection against Iroquois attacks ( the first great Iroquois war lasted from 1642 to 1667 ) . A new map of the north parts of America claimed by France in 1720 , according to the London cartographer Herman Moll . Despite this rapid expansion , the colony developed very slowly . The Iroquois wars and diseases were the leading causes of death in the French colony . In 1663 when Louis XIV provided the Royal Government , the population of New France was only 2500 European inhabitants . That year , to increase the population , Louis XIV sent between 800 and 900 ' King 's Daughters ' to become the wives of French settlers . The population of New France reached subsequently 7000 in 1674 and 15000 in 1689 . From 1689 to 1713 , the French settlers were faced with almost incessant war during the French and Indian Wars . From 1689 to 1697 , they fought the British in the Nine Years ' War . The war against the Iroquois continued even after the Treaty of Rijswijk until 1701 , when the two parties agreed on peace . Then , the war against the English took over in the War of the Spanish Succession . In 1690 and 1711 , Quebec City had successfully resisted the attacks of the English navy and then British army . Nevertheless , the British took advantage of the second war . With the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , France ceded to Britain Acadia ( with a population of 1700 people ) , Newfoundland and Hudson Bay . Under the Sovereign Council , the population of the colony grew faster . However , the population growth was far inferior to that of the British Thirteen Colonies to the south . In the middle of the 18th century , New France accounted for 60,000 people while the British colonies had more than one million people . This placed the colony at a great military disadvantage against the British . The war between the colonies resumed in 1744 , lasting until 1748 . A final and decisive war began in 1754 . The Canadiens and the French were helped by numerous alliances with Native Americans , but they were usually outnumbered on the battlefield . Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana before 1736 On May 17 , 1673 , explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi River , known to the Sioux as does Tongo , or to the Miami - Illinois as missisipioui ( the great river ) . They reached the mouth of the Arkansas and then up the river , after learning that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and not to the California Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) . In 1682 , the Normand Cavelier de la Salle and the Italian Henri de Tonti came down the Mississippi to its Delta . They left from Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois River , along with 23 French and 18 Native Americans . In April 1682 , they arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi ; they planted a cross and a column bearing the arms of the king of France . La Salle returned to France and won over the Secretary of State of the Navy to give him the command of Louisiana . He believed that it was close to New Spain by drawing a map on which the Mississippi seemed much further west than its actual rate . He set up a maritime expedition with four ships and 320 emigrants , but it ended in disaster when he failed to find the Mississippi Delta and was killed in 1687 . In 1698 , Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville left La Rochelle and explored the area around the mouth of the Mississippi . He stopped between Isle - aux - Chats ( now Cat Island ) and Isle Surgeres ( renamed Isle - aux - Vascular or Ship Island ) on February 13 , 1699 and continued his explorations to the mainland , with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to Biloxi . He built a precarious fort , called ' Maurepas ' ( later ' Old Biloxi ' ) , before returning to France . He returned twice in the Gulf of Mexico and established a fort at Mobile in 1702 . From 1699 to 1702 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was governor of Louisiana . His brother succeeded him in that post from 1702 to 1713 . He was again governor from 1716 to 1724 and again 1733 to 1743 . In 1718 , Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville commanded a French expedition in Louisiana . He founded the city of New Orleans , in homage to Regent Duke of Orleans . The architect Adrian de Pauger drew the orthogonal plane of the Old Square . The Mississippi bubble ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Company In Weigel 's map ( 1719 ) intended to promote sales of the Mississippi Company in Germany ; most of the present - day United States appears under the name `` Louisiana '' . In 1718 , there were only 700 Europeans in Louisiana . The Mississippi Company arranged for ships to bring 800 more , who landed in Louisiana in 1718 , doubling the European population . John Law encouraged Germans , particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule , and the Swiss to emigrate . Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 onwards , under the condition that they marry prostitutes and go with them to Louisiana . The newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation . In May 1720 , after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants , the French government prohibited such deportations . However , there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721 . Dissolution ( edit ) The last French and Indian War resulted in the dissolution of New France , with Canada going to Great Britain and Louisiana going to Spain . Only the islands of Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon are still in French hands . In 1802 Spain returned Louisiana to France , but Napoleon sold it to the United States in 1803 . The French left many toponyms ( Illinois , Vermont , Bayous ... ) and ethnonyms ( Sioux , Coeur d'Alene , Nez Percé ... ) in North America . West indies ( edit ) Further information : French West Indies A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola , where France established the colony of Saint - Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664 . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , Saint - Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean due to slave plantation production of sugar cane . It had the highest slave mortality rate in the western hemisphere . A 1791 slave revolt , the only ever successful slave revolt , began the Haitian Revolution , led to freedom for the colony 's slaves in 1794 and , a decade later , complete independence for the country , which renamed itself Haiti . France briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island , which is now the Dominican Republic . During the 17th and 18th centuries , France ruled much of the Lesser Antilles at various times . Islands that came under French rule during part or all of this time include Dominica , Grenada , Guadeloupe , Marie - Galante , Martinique , St. Barthélemy , St. Croix , St. Kitts , St. Lucia , St. Martin , St. Vincent and Tobago . Control of many of these islands was contested between the French , the British and the Dutch ; in the case of St. Martin , the island was divided in two , a situation that persists to this day . Great Britain captured some of France 's islands during the Seven Years ' War and the Napoleonic Wars . Following the latter conflict , France retained control of Guadeloupe , Martinique , Marie - Galante , St. Barthélemy , and its portion of St. Martin ; all remain part of France today . Guadeloupe ( including Marie - Galante and other nearby islands ) and Martinique each is an overseas department of France , while St. Barthélemy and St. Martin each became an overseas collectivity of France in 2007 . South America ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Wording , and the need to add more relevant wikilinks to newly added material Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brazil ( edit ) France Antarctique ( formerly also spelled France antartique ) was a French colony south of the Equator , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which existed between 1555 and 1567 , and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio . The colony quickly became a haven for the Huguenots , and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567 . On November 1 , 1555 , French vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( 1510 -- 1575 ) , a Catholic knight of the Order of Malta , who later would help the Huguenots to find a refuge against persecution , led a small fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists , and took possession of the small island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay , in front of present - day Rio de Janeiro , where they built a fort named Fort Coligny . The fort was named in honor of Gaspard de Coligny ( then a Catholic statesman , who about a year later would become a Huguenot ) , an admiral who supported the expedition and would use the colony in order to protect his co-religionists . To the still largely undeveloped mainland village , Villegaignon gave the name of Henriville , in honour of Henry II , the King of France , who also knew of and approved the expedition , and had provided the fleet for the trip . Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoio and Tupinambá Indians of the region , who were fighting the Portuguese . 1557 calvinist arrival ( edit ) Unchallenged by the Portuguese , who initially took little notice of his landing , Villegaignon endeavoured to expand the colony by calling for more colonists in 1556 . He sent one of his ships , the Grande Roberge , to Honfleur , entrusted with letters to King Henry II , Gaspard de Coligny and according to some accounts , the Protestant leader John Calvin . After one ship was sent to France to ask for additional support , three ships were financed and prepared by the king of France and put under the command of Sieur De Bois le Comte , a nephew of Villegagnon . They were joined by 14 Calvinists from Geneva , led by Philippe de Corguilleray , including theologians Pierre Richier and Guillaume Chartrier . The new colonists , numbering around 300 , included 5 young women to be wed , 10 boys to be trained as translators , as well as 14 Calvinists sent by Calvin , and also Jean de Léry , who would later write an account of the colony . They arrived in March 1557 . The relief fleet was composed of : The Petite Roberge , with 80 soldiers and sailors was led by Vice Admiral Sieur De Bois le Comte . The Grande Roberge , with about 120 on board , captained by Sieur de Sainte - Marie dit l'Espine . The Rosée , with about 90 people , led by Captain Rosée . Doctrinal disputes arose between Villegagnon and the Calvinists , especially in relation to the Eucharist , and in October 1557 the Calvinists were banished from Coligny island as a result . They settled among the Tupinamba until January 1558 , when some of them managed to return to France by ship together with Jean de Léry , and five others chose to return to Coligny island where three of them were drowned by Villegagnon for refusing to recant . Portuguese intervention ( edit ) In 1560 Mem de Sá , the new Governor - General of Brazil , received from the Portuguese government the command to expel the French . With a fleet of 26 warships and 2,000 soldiers , on 15 March 1560 , he attacked and destroyed Fort Coligny within three days , but was unable to drive off their inhabitants and defenders , because they escaped to the mainland with the help of the Native Brazilians , where they continued to live and to work . Admiral Villegaignon had returned to France in 1558 , disgusted with the religious tension that existed between French Protestants and Catholics , who had come also with the second group ( see French Wars of Religion ) . Urged by two influential Jesuit priests who had come to Brazil with Mem de Sá , named José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega , and who had played a big role in pacifying the Tamoios , Mem de Sá ordered his nephew , Estácio de Sá to assemble a new attack force . Estácio de Sá founded the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1 , 1565 , and fought the Frenchmen for two more years . Helped by a military reinforcement sent by his uncle , on January 20 , 1567 , he imposed final defeat on the French forces and decisively expelled them from Brazil , but died a month later from wounds inflicted in the battle . Coligny 's and Villegaignon 's dream had lasted a mere 12 years . Equinoctial France ( edit ) Equinoctial France was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America , around the line of Equator , before `` tropical '' had fully gained its modern meaning : Equinoctial means in Latin `` of equal nights '' , i.e. , on the Equator , where the duration of days and nights is nearly the same year round . The French colonial empire in the New World also included New France ( Nouvelle France ) in North America , particularly in what is today the province of Quebec , Canada , and for a very short period ( 12 years ) also Antarctic France ( France Antarctique , in French ) , in present - day Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . All of these settlements were in violation of the papal bull of 1493 , which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal . This division was later defined more exactly by the Treaty of Tordesillas . History of France Équinoxiale ( edit ) France Équinoxiale started in 1612 , when a French expedition departed from Cancale , Brittany , France , under the command of Daniel de la Touche , Seigneur de la Ravardière , and François de Razilly , admiral . Carrying 500 colonists , it arrived in the Northern coast of what is today the Brazilian state of Maranhão . De la Ravardière had discovered the region in 1604 but the death of the king postponed his plans to start its colonization . The colonists soon founded a village , which was named `` Saint - Louis '' , in honor of the French king Louis IX . This later became São Luís in Portuguese , ( 1 ) the only Brazilian state capital founded by France . On 8 September , Capuchin friars prayed the first mass , and the soldiers started building a fortress . An important difference in relation to France Antarctique is that this new colony was not motivated by escape from religious persecutions to Protestants ( see French Wars of Religion ) . The colony did not last long . A Portuguese army assembled in the Captaincy of Pernambuco , under the command of Alexandre de Moura , was able to mount a military expedition , which defeated and expelled the French colonists in 1615 , less than four years after their arrival in the land . Thus , it repeated the disaster spelt for the colonists of France Antarctique , in 1567 . A few years later , in 1620 , Portuguese and Brazilian colonists arrived in number and São Luís started to develop , with an economy based mostly in sugar cane and slavery . French traders and colonists tried again to settle a France Équinoxiale further North , in what is today French Guiana , in 1626 , 1635 ( when the capital , Cayenne , was founded ) and 1643 . Twice a Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale was founded , in 1643 and 1645 , but both foundered as a result of misfortune and mismanagement . It was only after 1674 , when the colony came under the direct control of the French crown and a competent Governor took office , that France Équinoxiale became a reality . To this day , French Guiana is a department of France . French Guiana located in the South American continent . French Guiana was first settled by the French in 1604 , although its earliest settlements were abandoned in the face of hostilities from the indigenous population and tropical diseases . The settlement of Cayenne was established in 1643 , but was abandoned . It was re-established in the 1660s . Except for brief occupations by the English and Dutch in the 17th century , and by the Portuguese in the 19th century , Guiana has remained under French rule ever since . From 1851 to 1951 it was the site of a notorious penal colony , Devil 's Island ( Île du Diable ) . Since 1946 , French Guiana has been an overseas department of France . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Atlantic World History of Canada Former colonies and territories in Canada French and Indian Wars Franco - Indian alliance French colonial empire French in Canada French in the United States French intervention in Mexico Illinois Country List of French possessions and colonies List of French forts in North America Military of New France Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Canadian French Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas B. Costain , The white and the gold : the French regime in Canada ( Doubleday , 2012 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/champlain-and-the-settlement-of-acadia-1604-1607/ Jump up ^ Francis PArkman , The Pioneers of France in the New World ( 1865 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted in Cave , p. 42 Jump up ^ Acte pour l'établissement de la Compagnie des Cent Associés pour le commerce du Canada , contenant les articles accordés à la dite Compagnie par M. le Cardinal de Richelieu , le 29 avril 1627 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter N. Moogk , La Nouvelle - France : the making of French Canada : a cultural history ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ John T. McGrath , The French in early Florida : in the eye of the hurricane ( U Press of Florida , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Bartolome Barrientos , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés : Founder of Florida ( University of Florida Press , 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Des sauvages , ou , Voyage de Samuel Champlain , de Brouage , fait en la France Nouuelle , l'an mil six cens trois , A Paris : Chez Claude de Monstr'œil , tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais , au nom de Iesus , 1603 . OCLC 71251137 Jump up ^ James MacPherson Le Moine , Quebec , Past and Present : a history of Quebec , 1608 - 1876 ( 1876 ) . online Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV ( 1877 ) Jump up ^ Hubert , et al. Charbonneau , `` The population of the St - Lawrence Valley , 1608 -- 1760 . '' in A population history of North America ( 2000 ) : 99 - 142 . Jump up ^ R. Cole Harris , Historical Atlas of Canada : Volume I : From the Beginning to 1800 ( University of Toronto Press , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Bennett H Wall and John C. Rodrigue , Louisiana : A History ( 2014 ( ch 1 Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , La Salle and the discovery of the Great West ( 1891 ) . online Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cat Island : The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island , By John Cuevas Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola Article '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33272 - 2 . Jump up ^ As the French and Indian War started two years earlier , and continued until the signing of the peace treaty , the name Seven Years ' War is more properly applied to the European phase of the war . Jump up ^ Philip Boucher , `` French Proprietary Colonies In The Greater Caribbean , 1620s -- 1670s . '' in Constructing Early Modern Empires ( Brill , 2007 ) pp. 163 - 188 . Jump up ^ Joshua R. Hyles ( 2013 ) . Guiana and the Shadows of Empire : Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World . Lexington Books . References ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of Canadian history § Prior to 1763 Brecher , Frank W. Losing a Continent : France 's North American Policy , 1753 - 1763 ( 1998 ) Dechêne , Louise Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth - Century Montreal ( 2003 ) Eccles , W.J. The Canadian Frontier , 1534 - 1760 ( 1983 ) Eccles , W.J. Essays on New France ( 1988 ) Eccles , W.J. The French in North America , 1500 - 1783 ( Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited , 1998 . ) , a standard scholarly survey Havard , Gilles , and Cécile Vidal , `` Making New France New Again : French historians rediscover their American past , '' Common - Place ( July 2007 ) v 7 # 4 Holbrook , Sabra ( 1976 ) , The French Founders of North America and Their Heritage , New York : Atheneum , ISBN 0 - 689 - 30490 - 0 Katz , Ron . French America : French Architecture from Colonialization to the Birth of a Nation . Editions Didier Millet , 2004 . McDermott , John Francis . The French in the Mississippi Valley ( University of Illinois Press , 1965 ) McDermott , John F. , ed . Frenchmen and French ways in the Mississippi Valley ( 1969 ) Moogk , Peter N. La Nouvelle France : The Making of French Canada - A Cultural History ( 2000 ) . 340 pp . Trudel , Marcel . The Beginnings of New France 1524 - 1663 ( 1973 ) White , Sophie . Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians : Material Culture and Race in Colonial Louisiana ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2013 ) In French ( edit ) Balvay , Arnaud . L'épée et la plume : Amérindiens et soldats des troupes de la marine en Louisiane et au Pays d'en Haut ( 1683 - 1763 ) ( Presses Université Laval , 2006 ) Balvay , Arnaud . La Révolte des Natchez ( Editions du Félin , 2008 ) Halford , Peter Wallace , and Pierre - Philippe Potier . Le français des Canadiens à la veille de la conquête : témoignage du père Pierre Philippe Potier , SJ . ( Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa , 1994 ) Moussette , Marcel & Waselkov , Gregory A. : Archéologie de l'Amérique coloniale française . Lévesque éditeur , Montréal 2014 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 38 - 1 ( print ) ; ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 39 - 8 ( eBook ) Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Category Portal Commons History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=815852354 '' Categories : French colonization of the Americas Former French colonies French colonial empire France in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who founded the first french colony in north america	[ "In 1534, Francis I of France sent Jacques Cartier on the first of three voyages to explore the coast of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence River. He founded New France by planting a cross on the shore of the Gaspé Peninsula. The French subsequently tried to establish several colonies throughout North America that failed, due to weather, disease, or conflict with other European powers. Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in North America at Cap-Rouge (Quebec City) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and attacks from Native Americans in the area. A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island, South Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort, but left after a year when they were not resupplied by France. Fort Caroline established in present-day Jacksonville, Florida, in 1564, lasted only a year before being destroyed by the Spanish from St. Augustine. An attempt to settle convicts on Sable Island off Nova Scotia in 1598 failed after a short time. In 1599, a sixteen-person trading post was established in Tadoussac (in present-day Quebec), of which only five men survived the first winter. In 1604[2] Pierre Du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain founded a short-lived French colony, the first in Acadia, on Saint Croix Island, presently part of the state of Maine, which was much plagued by illness, perhaps scurvy. The following year the settlement was moved to Port Royal, located in present-day Nova Scotia." ]	[ "Jacques Cartier" ]
-5071502686557184147	Chitin	Chitin - wikipedia Chitin This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with chiton , chitlin , or keratin . For the village in Iran , see Chetan , Iran . Structure of the chitin molecule , showing two of the N - acetylglucosamine units that repeat to form long chains in β - ( 1 → 4 ) - linkage . Haworth projection of the chitin molecule . A close - up of the wing of a leafhopper ; the wing is composed of chitin . Chitin ( C H O N ) ( / ˈkaɪtɪn / KY - tin ) , a long - chain polymer of N - acetylglucosamine , is a derivative of glucose . It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi , the exoskeletons of arthropods , such as crustaceans ( e.g. , crabs , lobsters and shrimps ) and insects , the radulae of molluscs , cephalopod beaks , and the scales of fish and lissamphibians . The structure of chitin is comparable to another polysaccharide - cellulose , forming crystalline nanofibrils or whiskers . In terms of function , it may be compared to the protein keratin . Chitin has proved useful for several medicinal , industrial and biotechnological purposes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Chemistry , physical properties and biological function 3 Health effects 3.1 Humans and other mammals 3.2 Plants 4 Fossil record 5 Uses 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Industrial 6 Research 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) The English word `` chitin '' comes from the French word chitine , which was derived in 1821 from the Greek word χιτών ( chiton ) , meaning covering . A similar word , `` chiton '' , refers to a marine animal with a protective shell . Chemistry , physical properties and biological function ( edit ) Chemical configurations of the different monosaccharides ( glucose and N - acetylglucosamine ) and polysaccharides ( chitin and cellulose ) presented in Haworth projection The structure of chitin was determined by Albert Hofmann in 1929 . Chitin is a modified polysaccharide that contains nitrogen ; it is synthesized from units of N - acetyl - D - glucosamine ( to be precise , 2 - ( acetylamino ) - 2 - deoxy - D - glucose ) . These units form covalent β - ( 1 → 4 ) - linkages ( similar to the linkages between glucose units forming cellulose ) . Therefore , chitin may be described as cellulose with one hydroxyl group on each monomer replaced with an acetyl amine group . This allows for increased hydrogen bonding between adjacent polymers , giving the chitin - polymer matrix increased strength . A cicada emerges from its chitinous larval exoskeleton . In its pure , unmodified form , chitin is translucent , pliable , resilient , and quite tough . In most arthropods , however , it is often modified , occurring largely as a component of composite materials , such as in sclerotin , a tanned proteinaceous matrix , which forms much of the exoskeleton of insects . Combined with calcium carbonate , as in the shells of crustaceans and molluscs , chitin produces a much stronger composite . This composite material is much harder and stiffer than pure chitin , and is tougher and less brittle than pure calcium carbonate . Another difference between pure and composite forms can be seen by comparing the flexible body wall of a caterpillar ( mainly chitin ) to the stiff , light elytron of a beetle ( containing a large proportion of sclerotin ) . In butterfly wing scales , chitin is organized into stacks of gyroids constructed of chitin photonic crystals that produce various iridescent colors serving phenotypic signaling and communication for mating and foraging . The elaborate chitin gyroid construction in butterfly wings creates a model of optical devices having potential for innovations in biomimicry . Scarab beetles in the genus Cyphochilus also utilize chitin to form extremely thin scales ( five to fifteen micrometres thick ) that diffusely reflect white light . These scales are networks of randomly ordered filaments of chitin with diameters on the scale of hundreds of nanometres , which serve to scatter light . The multiple scattering of light is thought to play a role in the unusual whiteness of the scales . In addition , some social wasps , such as Protopolybia chartergoides , orally secrete material containing predominantly chitin to reinforce the outer nest envelopes , composed of paper . Chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin ; chitosan is soluble in water , while chitin is not . Nanofibrils have been made using chitin and chitosan . Health Effects ( edit ) Chitin producing organisms like protozoa , fungi , arthropods , and nematodes are often pathogens in other species . Humans and other mammals ( edit ) Humans and other mammals have chitinase and chitinase - like proteins that can degrade chitin ; they also possess several immune receptors that can recognize chitin and its degradation products in a pathogen - associated molecular pattern , initiating an immune response . Chitin is sensed mostly in the lungs or gastrointestinal tract where it can activate the innate immune system through eosinophils or macrophages , as well as an adaptive immune response through T helper cells . Keratinocytes in skin can also react to chitin or chitin fragments . According to in vitro studies , chitin is sensed by receptors , such as FIBCD1 , KLRB1 , REG3G , Toll - like receptor 2 , CLEC7A , and mannose receptors . The immune response can sometimes clear the chitin and its associated organism , but sometimes the immune response is pathological and becomes an allergy ; allergy to house dust mites is thought to be driven by a response to chitin . Plants ( edit ) Plants also have receptors that can cause a response to chitin , namely chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 and chitin elicitor - binding protein . The first chitin receptor was cloned in 2006 . When the receptors are activated by chitin , genes related to plant defense are expressed , and jasmonate hormones are activated , which in turn activate systematic defenses . Commensal fungi have ways to interact with the host immune response that as of 2016 were not well understood . Some pathogens produce chitin - binding proteins that mask the chitin they shed from these receptors . Zymoseptoria tritici is an example of a fungal pathogen that has such blocking proteins ; it is a major pest in wheat crops . Fossil record ( edit ) For more on the preservation potential of chitin and other biopolymers , see taphonomy . Chitin was probably present in the exoskeletons of Cambrian arthropods such as trilobites . The oldest preserved chitin dates to the Oligocene , about 25 million years ago , consisting of a scorpion encased in amber . Uses ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) Chitin is a good inducer of plant defense mechanisms for controlling diseases . It has also been assessed as a fertilizer that can improve overall crop yields . Industrial ( edit ) Chitin is used in industry in many processes . Examples of the potential uses of chemically modified chitin in food processing include the formation of edible films and as an additive to thicken and stabilize foods . Processes to size and strengthen paper employ chitin and chitosan . Research ( edit ) How chitin interacts with the immune system of plants and animals has been an active area of research , including the identity of key receptors with which chitin interacts , whether the size of chitin particles is relevant to the kind of immune response triggered , and mechanisms by which immune systems respond . Chitin and chitosan have been explored as a vaccine adjuvant due to its ability to stimulate an immune response . Chitin and chitosan are under development as scaffolds in studies of how tissue grows and how wounds heal , and in efforts to invent better bandages , surgical thread , and materials for allotransplantation . Sutures made of chitin have been explored for many years , but as of 2015 , none were on the market ; their lack of elasticity and problems making thread have prevented commercial development . In 2014 , a method for using chitosan as a reproducible form of biodegradable plastic was introduced . Chitin nanofibers are extracted from crustacean waste and mushrooms for possible development of products in tissue engineering , medicine , and industry . See also ( edit ) Biopesticide Chitobiose Lorica Sporopollenin Tectin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tang , WJ ; Fernandez , JG ; Sohn , JJ ; Amemiya , CT . `` Chitin is endogenously produced in vertebrates '' . Curr Biol. 25 : 897 -- 900 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2015.01. 058 . PMC 4382437 . PMID 25772447 . Jump up ^ Auguste Odier ( presented : 1821 ; published : 1823 ) `` Mémoire sur la composition chimique des parties cornées des insectes '' ( Memoir on the chemical composition of the horny parts of insects ) , Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris , 1 : 29 - 42 . From page 35 : `` ... la Chitine ( c'est ainsi que je nomme cette substance de chiton , χιτον , enveloppe ) ... '' ( ... chitine ( it is thus that I name this substance from chiton , χιτον , covering ) ... ) Jump up ^ Hofmann hydrolyzed chitin using a crude preparation of the enzyme chitinase , which he obtained from the snail Helix pomatia . See : A. Hofmann ( 1929 ) `` Über den enzymatischen Abbau des Chitins und Chitosans '' ( On the enzymatic degradation of chitin and chitosan ) , Ph. D. thesis , University of Zurich ( Zurich , Switzerland ) . P. Karrer and A. Hofmann ( 1929 ) `` Polysaccharide XXXIX . Über den enzymatischen Abbau von Chitin and Chitosan I , '' Helvetica Chimica Acta , 12 ( 1 ) : 616 - 637 . Nathaniel S. Finney and Jay S. Siegel ( 2008 ) `` In Memorian : Albert Hofmann ( 1906 - 2008 ) , '' Chimia , 62 ( 5 ) : 444 - 447 ; see page 444 . Available on - line at : University of Zurich Jump up ^ Campbell , N.A. ( 1996 ) Biology ( 4th edition ) Benjamin Cummings , New Work . p. 69 ISBN 0 - 8053 - 1957 - 3 Jump up ^ Gilbert , Lawrence I. ( 2009 ) . Insect development : morphogenesis , molting and metamorphosis . Amsterdam Boston : Elsevier / Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 375136 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Saranathan V , Osuji CO , Mochrie SG , Noh H , Narayanan S , Sandy A , Dufresne ER , Prum RO ( 2010 ) . `` Structure , function , and self - assembly of single network gyroid ( I4132 ) photonic crystals in butterfly wing scales '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 107 ( 26 ) : 11676 -- 81 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0909616107 . PMC 2900708 . PMID 20547870 . Jump up ^ Dasi Espuig M ( 16 August 2014 ) . `` Beetles ' whiteness understood '' . BBC News : Science and Environment . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Burresi , Matteo ; Cortese , Lorenzo ; Pattelli , Lorenzo ; Kolle , Mathias ; Vukusic , Peter ; Wiersma , Diederik S. ; Steiner , Ullrich ; Vignolini , Silvia ( 2014 ) . `` Bright - white beetle scales optimise multiple scattering of light '' . Scientific Reports . 4 : 6075 . doi : 10.1038 / srep06075 . PMC 4133710 . PMID 25123449 . Jump up ^ Kudô , K. Nest materials and some chemical characteristics of nests of a New World swarm - founding polistine wasp , ( Hymenoptera Vespidae ) . Ethology , ecology & evolution 13.4 Oct 2001 : 351 - 360 . Dipartimento di biologia animale e genetica , Università di Firenze. 16 Oct 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bedian , L ; Villalba - Rodríguez , AM ; Hernández - Vargas , G ; Parra - Saldivar , R ; Iqbal , HM ( May 2017 ) . `` Bio-based materials with novel characteristics for tissue engineering applications - A review '' . International journal of biological macromolecules. 98 : 837 -- 846 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijbiomac. 2017.02. 048 . PMID 28223133 . Jump up ^ Jeffryes , C ; Agathos , SN ; Rorrer , G ( June 2015 ) . `` Biogenic nanomaterials from photosynthetic microorganisms '' . Current Opinion in Biotechnology . 33 : 23 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. copbio. 2014.10. 005 . PMID 25445544 . ^ Jump up to : Elieh Ali Komi , D ; Sharma , L ; Dela Cruz , CS ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Chitin and Its Effects on Inflammatory and Immune Responses '' . Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology . doi : 10.1007 / s12016 - 017 - 8600 - 0 . PMID 28251581 . ^ Jump up to : Gour , N ; Lajoie , S ( September 2016 ) . `` Epithelial Cell Regulation of Allergic Diseases '' . Current Allergy and Asthma Reports . 16 ( 9 ) : 65 . doi : 10.1007 / s11882 - 016 - 0640 - 7 . PMID 27534656 . ^ Jump up to : Gómez - Casado , C ; Díaz - Perales , A ( October 2016 ) . `` Allergen - Associated Immunomodulators : Modifying Allergy Outcome '' . Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 64 ( 5 ) : 339 -- 47 . doi : 10.1007 / s00005 - 016 - 0401 - 2 . PMID 27178664 . ^ Jump up to : Sánchez - Vallet , A ; Mesters , JR ; Thomma , BP ( March 2015 ) . `` The battle for chitin recognition in plant - microbe interactions '' . FEMS microbiology reviews . 39 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 83 . doi : 10.1093 / femsre / fuu003 . ISSN 0168 - 6445 . PMID 25725011 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Russell G. ( 21 November 2013 ) . `` A Review of the Applications of Chitin and Its Derivatives in Agriculture to Modify Plant - Microbial Interactions and Improve Crop Yields '' . Agronomy. 3 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 793 . doi : 10.3390 / agronomy3040757 . Jump up ^ Rovenich , H ; Zuccaro , A ; Thomma , BP ( December 2016 ) . `` Convergent evolution of filamentous microbes towards evasion of glycan - triggered immunity '' . The New Phytologist. 212 ( 4 ) : 896 -- 901 . doi : 10.1111 / nph. 14064 . PMID 27329426 . ^ Jump up to : Kettles , GJ ; Kanyuka , K ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` Dissecting the Molecular Interactions between Wheat and the Fungal Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici '' . Frontiers in Plant Science . 7 : 508 . doi : 10.3389 / fpls. 2016.00508 . PMC 4832604 . PMID 27148331 . Jump up ^ Briggs , DEG ( 29 January 1999 ) . `` Molecular taphonomy of animal and plant cuticles : selective preservation and diagenesis '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 354 ( 1379 ) : 7 -- 17 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1999.0356 . PMC 1692454 . Jump up ^ El Hadrami , A ; Adam , L.R. ; El Hadrami , I ; Daayf , F ( 2010 ) . `` Chitosan in Plant Protection '' . Marine Drugs . 8 ( 4 ) : 968 -- 987 . doi : 10.3390 / md8040968 . PMC 2866471 . Jump up ^ Chitosan # Agricultural . 26 Horticultural use Jump up ^ Shahidi , F. ; Arachchi , J.K.V. ; Jeon , Y. - J. ( 1999 ) . `` Food applications of chitin and chitosans '' . Trends in Food Science & Technology . 10 : 37 -- 51 . doi : 10.1016 / s0924 - 2244 ( 99 ) 00017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hosokawa J , Nishiyama M , Yoshihara K , Kubo T ( 1990 ) . `` Biodegradable film derived from chitosan & homogenized cellulose '' . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 : 646 -- 650 . Jump up ^ Gaellstedt M , Brottman A , Hedenqvist MS ( 2005 ) . `` Packaging related properties of protein and chitosan coated paper '' . Packaging Technology and Science . 18 : 160 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Cheung , R.C. ; Ng , T.B. ; Wong , J.H. ; Chan , W.Y. ( 2015 ) . `` Chitosan : An Update on Potential Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications '' . Marine Drugs . 13 ( 8 ) : 5156 -- 5186 . doi : 10.3390 / md13085156 . PMC 4557018 . Jump up ^ Ducheyne , Paul ; Healy , Kevin ; Hutmacher , Dietmar E. ; Grainger , David W. ; Kirkpatrick , C. James , eds. ( 2011 ) . Comprehensive biomaterials . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 230 . ISBN 9780080552941 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard researchers develop bioplastic made from shrimp shells '' . Fox News . 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ifuku , Shinsuke ( 2014 ) . `` Chitin and Chitosan Nanofibers : Preparation and Chemical Modifications '' . Molecules. 19 ( 11 ) : 18367 -- 80 . doi : 10.3390 / molecules191118367 . PMID 25393598 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chitin . Types of carbohydrates General Aldose Ketose Furanose Pyranose Geometry Anomer Cyclohexane conformation Mutarotation Monosaccharides Dioses Aldodiose Glycolaldehyde Trioses Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone Tetroses Aldotetroses Erythrose Threose Ketotetrose Erythrulose Pentoses Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose Idose Mannose Talose Ketohexoses Fructose Psicose Sorbose Tagatose Deoxy sugars Fucose Fuculose Rhamnose Heptoses Ketoheptoses Mannoheptulose Sedoheptulose Above 7 Octoses Nonoses Neuraminic acid Multiple Disaccharides Cellobiose Isomaltose Isomaltulose Lactose Lactulose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Turanose Trisaccharides Maltotriose Melezitose Raffinose Tetrasaccharides Stachyose Other oligosaccharides Acarbose Fructooligosaccharide ( FOS ) Galactooligosaccharide ( GOS ) Isomaltooligosaccharide ( IMO ) Maltodextrin Mannan - oligosaccharides ( MOS ) Polysaccharides Beta - glucan Oat beta - glucan Lentinan Sizofiran Zymosan Cellulose Chitin Chitosan Dextrin / Dextran Fructose / Fructan Inulin Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2 → 6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum GND : 4147737 - 6 NDL : 00575854 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitin&oldid=818993032 '' Categories : Acetamides Biomolecules Biopesticides Polysaccharides Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 19 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is chitin found in the human body	[]	[]
-1123276669967747401	Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction	Speed limits in the United states by jurisdiction - wikipedia Speed limits in the United states by jurisdiction Main article : Speed limits in the United States Speed limits in the United States vary depending on jurisdiction , with 75 to 80 mph ( 120 to 130 km / h ) common in the Western United States and 65 to 75 mph ( 100 to 120 km / h ) common in the Eastern United States . States may also set special speed limits for trucks and night travel along with minimum speed limits . The highest speed limit in the country is 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) , which is posted on a single stretch of tollway in rural Texas . Contents 1 Alabama 2 Alaska 3 American Samoa 4 Arizona 5 Arkansas 6 California 6.1 Basic speed law 6.2 Speed limits 7 Colorado 7.1 Night speed limits 8 Connecticut 9 Delaware 10 Florida 11 Georgia 12 Guam 13 Hawaii 14 Idaho 15 Illinois 16 Indiana 17 Iowa 18 Kansas 19 Kentucky 20 Louisiana 20.1 Other laws 21 Maine 22 Maryland 23 Massachusetts 24 Michigan 25 Midway Atoll 26 Minnesota 27 Mississippi 28 Missouri 28.1 Variable speed limits 28.2 Exceptions to the statutory limits 29 Montana 29.1 Reasonable and prudent 29.2 No speed limit 29.3 75 and 80 mph speed limits 30 Nebraska 31 Nevada 32 New Hampshire 33 New Jersey 34 New Mexico 35 New York 35.1 History 36 North Carolina 36.1 60 mph speed limits 37 North Dakota 38 Northern Mariana Islands 39 Ohio 40 Oklahoma 41 Oregon 41.1 Engineering studies 41.2 Attempts to raise speed limits 41.3 School speed limits 42 Pennsylvania 43 Puerto Rico 44 Rhode Island 45 South Carolina 46 South Dakota 47 Tennessee 48 Texas 48.1 Truck speed limits 48.2 Night speed limits 48.3 Environmental speed limits 48.4 Elimination of Dallas - Fort Worth region environmental speed limits 48.5 75 mph limits 48.6 80 and 85 mph limits 49 US Virgin Islands 50 Utah 50.1 80 mph speed limit 51 Vermont 52 Virginia 53 Wake Island 54 Washington 55 West Virginia 56 Wisconsin 57 Wyoming 58 See also 59 Notes 60 References 61 Law review Alabama ( edit ) In Alabama , it is illegal to drive at a speed that is not `` reasonable and prudent '' for the current conditions and hazards . Drivers must also not drive so slowly that they impede the flow of traffic . If the speed limit is not otherwise posted , it is : 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) in urban areas 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) on unpaved roads 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) on rural paved county roads 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) on other two - lane roads 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) on four - lane roads 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) on Interstate Highways Trucks carrying hazardous materials are not to exceed 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) . Alaska ( edit ) In Alaska , many of the major highways carry a 65 - mile - per - hour ( 105 km / h ) speed limit , including : A majority of the Parks Highway between Fairbanks and Willow ( excepting slower zones through Nenana , Denali Park , Cantwell , and Healy ) Most of the Richardson Highway between Valdez and North Pole On the Glenn Highway , the 35 - mile ( 56 km ) freeway between Wasilla and Anchorage , and most of the 100 miles west of Glennallen The Seward Highway freeway in Anchorage between 36th Avenue and Rabbit Creek Road , and other non-freeway parts of the Seward Highway south of Bird Point Most of the Alaska Highway between the Canadian border and Delta Junction The Minnesota Drive Expressway features a 60 - mile - per - hour ( 97 km / h ) speed limit , as does the Richardson Highway between Fairbanks and North Pole . Since the mid-1990s , Alaska 's major highways have gradually been upgraded from 55 mph to 60 or 65 mph . However , several continue to carry the default 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) speed limit , including : The Sterling Highway The Tok Cut - Off The Haines Highway Portions of the Parks Highway and Seward Highway designated `` safety zones '' Portions of the Elliott Highway and Steese Highway close to Fairbanks Engineering studies are needed to define which road segments to post a speed limit higher than 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) . The Dalton Highway and parts of the Elliot Highway are 50 mph . Default speed limits in Alaska are : 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) in alleys 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) in a business district 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) in a residential district 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) on other roads The speed limit when towing a mobile home is 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) . American Samoa ( edit ) The speed limit in American Samoa is 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) , with 25 - 45 mph ( 40 - 72 km / h ) in undivided rural areas and 20 - 25 mph ( 32 - 40 km / h ) in residential areas . Arizona ( edit ) The default speed limit outside of `` business or residential '' districts in Arizona is 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) , within those districts the default speed limit is 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) . The school zone speed limit is 15 miles per hour ( 24 km / h ) , while some may be 25 to 35 miles per hour ( 40 to 56 km / h ) . Exceeding these limits only in the best of driving conditions is considered prima facie evidence of speeding . Altered speed limits are not prima facie . The maximum speed limit on Interstate Highways is 75 miles per hour ( 121 km / h ) . This limit may be applied outside of `` urbanized areas '' , where speeds of over 85 miles per hour ( 137 km / h ) on any highway ( regardless of the posted speed limit ) is considered a criminal ( rather than civil ) offense . However , Interstate 10 near the California border is reduced to 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) . Some portions of Interstate 15 have the same regulations due to sharp curves . There is an exception of urban highway in Casa Grande , with a speed limit of 75 miles per hour ( 121 km / h ) , while other urban highways are capped at 55 or 65 miles per hour ( 89 or 105 km / h ) . Within `` business or residential '' districts , exceeding the speed limit by more than 20 miles per hour ( 32 km / h ) is considered criminal . Within `` urbanized areas '' , 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) speed limit citations are given for `` waste of a finite resource '' . This exception only applies within a 10 - mile - per - hour ( 16 km / h ) threshold . As long as the speed does not exceed 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) , the infraction is not recorded as a traffic violation for the purposes of a point system . Non-passenger vehicles in excess of 13 short tons ( 12 t ) , or `` vehicles drawing a pole trailer '' weighing more than 3 short tons ( 2.7 t ) may not exceed 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) unless signs are posted that allow such a speed . Yet this does not differ from the default speed limit , and has the practical effect of requiring extra consideration for posting a standard speed limit sign in excess of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) . A non-numeric minimum speed limit is incorporated with the basic speed rule in Arizona , which also prohibits speeds higher than would be `` reasonable and prudent '' . Night speed limit signs are posted on some roads within Tucson city limits that do not have street lights . Examples : Fort Lowell Road from Oracle Road to Country Club Road , 22nd Street from Interstate 10 to Cherry Avenue . Arkansas ( edit ) Urban districts by default are posted at 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) . Outside of the municipal limits , two - lane state and federal highways have a speed limit of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) unless otherwise posted , and 2 lane county roads have a speed limit of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) unless otherwise posted . In June 2015 , the Arkansas Highway Commission authorized the Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department ( AHTD ) to raise the speed limit on undivided 4 and 5 lane roads from 55 to 60 mph ( 89 to 97 km / h ) while divided 4 lane roads are set to go from 55 to 65 mph ( 89 to 105 km / h ) , these changes affect 285 miles ( 459 km ) of Arkansas highways . Furthermore , AHTD has established freeway default speed limits . Along rural freeways the limit is 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) while suburban freeways are posted at 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . School zone speed limits apply only when children are present , or when a lighted beacon is on if one is provided and such speed limits are set at 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) unless otherwise posted . It is fairly common however that schools serving only higher grade levels will not have a school speed limit in rural areas or where such school sits more than 500 feet ( 150 m ) off of the highway or street . On March 16 , 2017 , the Arkansas House introduced a bill that would allow the state highway commission to increase speed limits up to 75 mph in rural interstate freeways and sets rural non-divided highway speed limits to 65 mph . This bill became law on April 7 , 2017 . The new 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) speed limit does n't apply to trucks . Trucks will still be limited to 70 mph . ( Fact check , this provision was removed from act 1097 . ) As of October 31 , 2017 , the speed limit law is being broken into four categories : rural interstates , Urban Interstates , rural divided unlimited access highways , and two lane highways . There are studies being made to increase rural interstate speed limits to 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) , urban interstate speed limits to a uniform 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) speed limit , rural divided unlimited access highways to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) unless the DOT warrants a lower speed , and maintaining a 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) speed limit with the option of increasing the limit to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) where higher speed limits can be warranted on two lane highways ( as of July 1 , 2018 , no freeways in Arkansas have been increased to 75 mph ) . California ( edit ) Basic speed law ( edit ) California 's `` Basic Speed Law '' , part of the California Vehicle Code , defines the maximum speed at which a car may travel as a `` reasonable and prudent '' speed , given road conditions . The reasonable speed may be lower than the posted speed limit in conditions such as fog , heavy rain , ice , snow , gravel , sharp corners , blinding glare , darkness , crossing traffic , or when there is an obstructed view of orthogonal traffic -- such as by road curvature , parked cars , vegetation , or snow banks -- thus limiting the Assured Clear Distance Ahead ( ACDA ) . Basic speed laws are statutized reinforcements of the centuries - old common law negligence doctrine as specifically applied to vehicular speed . California Vehicle Code section 22350 is typical ; it states that `` No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable ... and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property '' . Speed limits in California are mandated by statute to be set : ( 1 ) at or below the 85th percentile operating speed ; as determined by a traffic and engineering survey -- this is the speed that no more than 15 % of traffic exceeds ; or ( 2 ) the prima facie limits mandated when certain criteria are met as described in the vehicle code . These criteria include school zone , alleyway , and residential area . If the 85th percentile operating speed as measured by a Traffic and Engineering Survey exceeds the design speed , compulsory legal protection is given to that speed -- even if it is unsafe with regard to certain technical aspects such as sight distance . This speed creep may continue until the 85th percentile operating speed is comparable to speed psychologically perceived as uncomfortably hazardous . The theory behind California 's 85th percentile statute is that , as a policy , most of the electorate should be seen as lawful , and limits must be practical to enforce . However , there are some circumstances where motorists do not tend to process all the risks involved , and as a mass choose a poor 85th percentile speed . This rule in substance is a process for voting the speed limit by driving ; and in contrast to delegating the speed limit to an engineering expert . The numerical limit set by Caltrans engineers for speed limit signs , generally found on all non-controlled - access routes , is considered a presumptive maximum `` reasonable and prudent '' speed . Many speed limit signs are identified as `` maximum speed '' , usually when the limit is 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) or more . When the National Maximum Speed Law was enacted , California was forced to create a new legal signage category , `` Maximum Speed '' , to indicate to drivers that the Basic Speed Law did not apply for speeds over the federally mandated speed cap ; rather , it would be a violation to exceed the fixed maximum speed indicated on the sign , regardless of whether the driver 's speed could be considered `` reasonable and prudent '' . A driver can receive a traffic citation for violating the Basic Speed Law even if their speed is below the `` maximum speed limit '' if road , weather , or traffic conditions make that speed unsafe . However , because the Basic Speed Law establishes prima facie limits , not absolute ones , they can also defend against a citation for speeding `` by competent evidence that the speed in excess of said limits did not constitute a violation of the basic speed law at the time , place and under the conditions then existing '' , per section 22351 ( b ) of the California Vehicle Code . As attorney David W. Brown says in his book Fight Your Ticket & Win in California , `` a person traveling over the speed limit -- but less than the usual 65 mph maximum speed ( 55 mph for two - lane undivided highways ) -- is n't necessarily violating the law '' and that `` you can defend against a charge of violating the Basic Speed Law not only by showing you were n't exceeding the speed limit , but also by establishing that even if you were over the limit , your speed was nevertheless ' safe ' under the circumstances . '' Speed limits ( edit ) Rural freeways , such as parts of I - 5 , I - 8 , I - 10 , I - 15 , I - 40 , I - 215 , I - 505 , I - 580 ( between I - 205 and I - 5 ) , U.S. 101 between San Miguel and King City , and SR 99 south of Madera and Fresno , have 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) speed limits . The highest speed limit on I - 80 is 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) because it passes exclusively through urban and mountainous areas . However , the speed limit on the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge and in San Francisco is only 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . In downtown Los Angeles , the maximum speed limit is 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . This includes the entire length of the Pasadena Freeway between Pasadena and downtown Los Angeles , and portions of the Hollywood , Santa Ana , Santa Monica , and Harbor Freeways . The default limit on 2 - lane roads is 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . However , Caltrans or a local agency can post a speed of up to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) after an engineering study . There is a 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) speed limit for trucks with 3 or more axles and all vehicles while towing . In California , the Maximum Speed in school zones is 15 or 25 mph ( 24 or 40 km / h ) , but may only be in effect when children are present within that school zone . Colorado ( edit ) The maximum speed limit in Colorado is 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) on rural Interstate highways and the toll road portion of SH 470 ( E-470 ) , even though Interstate 70 in the Rocky Mountains has a 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) limit because of steep grades and curves and a 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) limit at the east and west ends of the Eisenhower Tunnel . The maximum speed limit on other rural highways is 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . There are also basic prima facie speed limits in Colorado . 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) on narrow , winding mountain roads 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) in any business district 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) in any residential district 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) on open mountain highways Night speed limits ( edit ) On certain stretches of rural highways , notably US 160 between Durango and Pagosa Springs and US 550 between Durango and Silverton , nighttime speed limits are in effect during peak migratory periods for area wildlife . Speeding fines are doubled when nighttime speed limits are in effect . Connecticut ( edit ) Speed limits in Connecticut are normally 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) on rural freeways ; up to 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) on rural divided and up to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) on rural undivided highways . In urban areas speed limits vary from 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) on residential streets and central business districts , 30 to 40 mph ( 48 -- 64 km / h ) on arterial roadways , and from 45 to 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) on urban freeways . Limited - access divided highways have a minimum speed of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) , but this is not always posted , and rarely enforced . Connecticut was among the last states to raise its maximum speed limit from 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) originally established by the National Maximum Speed Law in 1974 . The statewide maximum speed limit was increased from 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) on October 1 , 1998 , making Connecticut the last state in the continental United States to raise its speed limit above 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . Speed limits for all roads within Connecticut -- including local streets -- are established by the State Traffic Commission , an agency composed of members of the Department of Motor Vehicles ( CTDMV ) , the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection ( DESPP ) , and the Department of Transportation ( CONNDOT ) . The State Traffic Commission typically sets speed limits following engineering studies performed by CONNDOT . Data used in setting speed limits includes traffic volume vs. roadway capacity , design speed , road geometry , the spacing of intersections and / or interchanges , the number of driveways and curb cuts , and accident rates . Municipalities are normally required to seek approval from the State Traffic Commission for changes to the posted speed limits on locally owned streets after appropriate engineering studies are performed . Speeding fines are doubled in school zones when children are present , and construction areas when workers are present . Prior to enactment of the National Speed Limit Law in 1974 , Connecticut permitted a maximum speed limit of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) on rural freeways . On March 26 , 2018 contractors started installing new speed limit signs on I - 84 between the Waterbury / Cheshire line and the interchange with CT Route 9 , increasing the speed limit to 65 mph . This action follows a DOT study showing the 85th percentile speed of free flowing traffic on this segment averaged 77 mph . Delaware ( edit ) In Delaware , three roads carry a 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) speed limit : Interstate 495 , the toll road portion of Delaware Route 1 and the freeway portion of Route 1 up to exit 160 ( US 40 ) , and Interstate 95 from the Maryland line to the southern junction with I - 495 . The remainder of Interstate 95 between the southern junction with I - 495 and the Pennsylvania line and the freeway portion of Delaware Route 141 are 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) while I - 295 is 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . Prior to the National Maximum Speed Law that went into effect nationwide , I - 95 used to have a 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) speed limit except around Wilmington . In May 2015 , the state of Delaware increased the speed limit on Interstate 95 from 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) between the Maryland state line and the I - 495 interchange . In January 2017 , the speed limit on Delaware Route 1 between Trap Shooters Road and the Puncheon Run Connector in Dover was increased from 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) while the speed limit on the Puncheon Run Connector was increased from 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . All rural two - lane state - owned roads have 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) speed limits , while all urban speed limits , regardless of location , are held at 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) for two - lane roads and up to 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) for four - lane roads . Four lane highways such as US 13 , US 113 , portions of US 40 near Bear and Glasgow , and the at - grade portions of DE 1 are normally 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . School zones have 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) speed limits . Interstate 495 , which forms a bypass around Wilmington , features variable speed limit signs for environmental purposes . These signs typically display a 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) speed limit , but this limit changes to 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) on days when air quality is a concern . The limit is also lowered during construction , weather conditions , and when accidents occur . All neighborhoods and subdivisions in Delaware have a maximum speed limit of 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) as set by state law . Frequent advertising campaigns on in - state radio stations remind residents of this ( as of January 2013 ) . Florida ( edit ) Florida has a maximum speed limit of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) , found on freeways , including rural Interstate Highways , some urban freeways including I - 4 in Lakeland , I - 75 in Tampa and Miami ( where I - 75 ends ) , I - 95 near Daytona Beach and from Military Trail to Florida State Route 706 in Palm Beach County , portions of the Orlando area Toll Roads such as SR 417 and SR 429 , Florida 's Turnpike through Port St Lucie and Orlando , I - 10 close to Tallahassee , and most other rural limited access toll roads such as the Suncoast Parkway and the Beachline Expressway and rural portions of Florida 's Turnpike . 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) is typical on rural 4 - lane highways ( such as US - 19 north of St. Petersburg , among other US Highways ) as well as most other urban freeways and tollways . Rural two - lane roads typically have a speed limit of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) ( the default limit for such roads ) , although FDOT is permitted to post 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) on appropriately - suited highways . This is typically done on very rural state roads ( such as SR 471 ) and US Highways ( such as US 98 along most of the state 's panhandle ) . Florida typically does not post night speed limits , but there are a few exceptions . For the most part , these night time reduced speeds are located in wildlife preserves for such endangered species as the Florida panther and the key deer . Most of the Tamiami Trail through the Big Cypress National Preserve has a 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) night speed limit . On some stretches of road where the speed limit is reduced at night , the daytime speed limit sign is non-reflective , such that at night , only the night limit is visible . Florida 's minimum speed limit on Interstate Highways is 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) in 70 mph zones . In 55 mph , and 65 mph urban interstate zones , the minimum is 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) . At one time , these minimum speeds required signage , but these limits have since been codified in state law ; signs indicating these minimum speeds still exist , but now simply serve as a reminder . Urban freeways with speed limits of 50 mph typically do not have minimum speed limits , such as on I - 375 in St. Petersburg . Additionally , the new Gandy Freeway in St Petersburg has a speed limit as low as 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) . Florida also does not impose lower truck speed limits . As such , all traffic is permitted to travel at the same speed . School zones in Florida usually have 10 -- 20 mph ( 16 -- 32 km / h ) limits . Most have flashing yellow lights activated during the times they are in effect as well as accompanying signs that post the times these reduced speed limits are effective . All are strictly enforced and carry an increased penalty for violations . Georgia ( edit ) Rural Interstate Highways are posted at 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Until 2014 , sections of Interstates passing through a municipality or metropolitan area with a population over fifty thousand were capped at 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) . However , a new law has permitted urban interstates to now be posted as high as 70 mph , and some have already reflected this change , such as I - 95 through Brunswick , I - 85 in Gwinnett County , and I - 75 in Macon , Valdosta , and Tifton . Most urban interstates , however , still remain at or below 65 mph . I - 285 in the Atlanta area was recently increased from 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) ( with Variable speed limits on the north portion ) . I - 95 and I - 16 through suburban Savannah ( the 65 mph limit on I - 95 is only for a 1.5 mile section in the vicinity of the I - 16 interchange ) , I - 16 from the interchange with I - 75 in central Macon eastbound past Exit 2 is at 65 mph , and I - 185 in Columbus remain at 65 mph , while the Downtown Connector and portions of I - 20 in Atlanta are posted as low as 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . Most non-interstate freeways such as SR 400 and the Athens perimeter highway , are posted at 55 to 65 mph . Four lane arterials and expressways can be posted as high as 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . However , Dillon 's Rule enables counties outside municipalities to keep four - lane GRIP corridors at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . However , in recent years , US 1 between Augusta and Wrens raised the speed limit to 65 mph . Other rural four - lane highways with a 65 mph include portions of US 441 near Irwinton , US 25 between Augusta and Statesboro , SR 88 between Sandersville and Wrens , SR 16 between Griffin and I - 75 , much of US 341 between Brunswick and I - 75 , and much of US 82 in South Georgia . Two lane state roads by default are posted at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . County maintained roads will rarely have speed limits above 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) in middle & south Georgia , 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) in north Georgia . Both in the Atlanta area , Ronald Reagan Parkway is posted at 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) as a county maintained freeway and Sugarloaf Parkway is posted at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) along its new eastern freeway portion . Inside the municipality , speed limits are generally posted at 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) while it is 25 -- 30 mph ( 40 -- 48 km / h ) in the downtown area . All roadways maintained by GDOT that are subject to speed limit reductions are given advanced notice with signage that says `` REDUCED SPEED AHEAD '' . Furthermore , GDOT has a policy of doing 5 -- 10 mph ( 8.0 -- 16.1 km / h ) increments but never higher than 10 mph . Georgia is one of few states with anti-speed trap laws passed in the late 1990s . Speed violations less than 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) over the speed limit will have no points assessed . Fines are not assessed for motorists going less than 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) over the speed limit . In 2009 , Georgia introduced the `` Super Speeder '' law , which adds an additional speeding fine of $200 for motorists convicted of traveling 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) or more on a two - lane or undivided road and 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) or more on a divided highway . Guam ( edit ) The speed limit in Guam is 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) , with 35 - 45 mph ( 56 - 72 km / h ) in undivided rural areas and 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) in rural areas . Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaii was the last state to raise its maximum speed limit after the National Maximum Speed Law was repealed in 1995 , and still has the lowest maximum speed limit of any state . In 2002 , following public outcry after a controversial experiment with speed enforcement using traffic enforcement cameras , the state Department of Transportation raised the speed limit to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) on Interstate H - 1 between Kapolei and Waipahu , and Interstate H - 3 between the Tetsuo Harano Tunnels and the junction with H - 1 . All other freeways , including Interstate H - 2 , have a maximum speed limit of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) , with the limit dropping to 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) in central Honolulu . Other highways generally have speed limits of 55 mph and in many cases much less . On July 6 , 2016 , Governor David Ige has signed a bill to allow the Speed Limit on Saddle Road to increase from 55 mph to 60 mph ( the limit was increased to 60 mph the week of February 5 , 2017 ) . Hawaii has a minimum speed along much of Interstate H - 1 of only 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) below the speed limit . The minimum speed is usually 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) when the speed limit is 55 , and 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) when the speed limit is 50 . Idaho ( edit ) The speed limit on a freeway in Idaho is generally 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) in rural areas and 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) in urban areas . Trucks are limited to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Generally , both single - and multi-lane rural roads have 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) limits . Roads with traffic lights are posted at 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) or below . The school zone speed limit in Idaho is 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) . Idaho senator Bart Davis brought SB 1284a to the House of Representatives for discussion in early 2014 . The bill passed the Senate on February 25 and was signed into law by Governor Butch Otter on March 18 , 2014 , which was set to raise the speed limit on rural interstates to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) on July 1 , 2014 , the same date Wyoming raised its speed limit . Days before the law was to go into effect , however , it was put on hold in order to allow a more thorough review of the effects of a raised speed limit . A vote on July 14 , 2014 approved the 80 mph increase on limited sections of interstates in the southern portions of Idaho . Studies will begin for other areas later of that summer . The bill also would raise truck and two - lane highway speed limits to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . As of July 24 , 2014 , the new 80 mph signs are up on rural Idaho Interstates . On March 22 , 2017 the speed limit on a four - lane , divided stretch of US 20 between Idaho Falls and Ashton was raised from 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) to 70 mph . Illinois ( edit ) Interstate Highways in Illinois are usually posted with both minimum and maximum speed limits , except in some urban areas , particularly Chicago . The standard speed limit is 70 mph for rural freeways , a 45 mph minimum speed limit , 65 mph for other 4 lane divided highways , and 55 mph for all other highways . Urban freeway / interstate speed limits can range from as low as 45 mph in downtown Chicago , where all the major interstates merge , to as high as 65 mph in the outer portions of the Chicago metro and East St. Louis metro areas , and in some smaller cities . Some interstates in small cities ( e.g. I - 55 / 74 through Bloomington - Normal , I - 39 / 90 through the Rockford area , I - 57 & I - 74 through Champaign - Urbana ) do not have reduced speed limits , and a stretch of I - 355 between I - 55 and I - 80 in the southwest suburbs of Chicago is signed at 70 mph . Most freeways and interstates in Cook , DuPage , and Lake Counties , and some interstates and freeways in Will County maintain a 55 - 60 mph speed limit . Due to the high population density , the only freeways in Cook County that exceed a speed limit of 60 mph are I - 57 at the southern edge of the county , part of I - 80 between Central Ave and Harlem Ave , and the southern segment of I - 355 , which passes through Cook County briefly before crossing into Will County to both the north and south . As of January 2010 , a reduced speed limit posted in a construction zone must be obeyed 24 hours a day , regardless of whether workers are present . On February 10 , 2017 , a bill was introduced to raise the speed limit on select rural interstate freeways and highways to 75 mph . The bill also contains a provision to increase maximum speed limits to 60 mph for all rural highways , roads , and streets that do not have 4 or more lanes of traffic . This bill and one filed in 2018 died in the legislature . As of March 27 , 2018 , the speed limit on I - 90 from Randall Rd. in Elgin to Mt . Prospect Rd. in Des Plaines has been increased to 70 mph , and from Mt . Prospect Rd. to the beginning of the Kennedy Expressway , it has been increased to 60 mph . I - 290 is posted at 60 mph for a few miles near Schaumburg , from IL - 72 down to shortly before the I - 355 exit . Indiana ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Indiana speed limits on Interstate Highways are usually 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) for cars and 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) for trucks with a gross vehicular weight ( GVW ) of 26,000 pounds ( 12,000 kg ) or greater . In urban areas , it is generally 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) , except stretches of Interstate 70 in Indianapolis where it is 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . In suburban areas , it is 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) for cars and 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) for trucks . Most non-Interstate Highways are 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) , but some rural four - lane divided highways are set at 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . These limits often decrease to 30 -- 50 mph ( 48 -- 80 km / h ) approaching urban areas , and within cities a speed limit of 20 -- 30 mph ( 32 -- 48 km / h ) is not uncommon , though larger arterial roads within cities may reach as high as 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) . On February 6 , 2012 the Indiana toll road was raised from the Illinois state line to mile marker 20 to 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) after a major highway reconstruction project . Iowa ( edit ) In Iowa , the majority of highways have a 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) speed limit . Rural Interstate Highways carry a 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) limit and a 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) minimum . Urban Interstate limits generally range from 55 to 65 mph ( 90 to 105 km / h ) , but may be lower in areas . The Interstate 74 Bridge from Bettendorf to Moline , Illinois , for instance , has a 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) limit because the bridge is narrow and has no shoulders . Four - lane roads may have a 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) limit . If the road is built to freeway standards , such as US 20 between I - 35 and Dubuque , it may have a minimum speed limit , but otherwise four - lane roads carry no minimum limit so slow - moving farm vehicles may use the roadway . On February 21 , 2017 , a bill was introduced to raise speed limits from 70 mph to 75 mph on interstate freeways , however it was not enacted . Kansas ( edit ) After the National Maximum Speed Limit was repealed , Kansas raised its general interstate speed limit to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) ; a study found `` no statistically significant increases in crash , fatal crash and fatality rates were noted during the after period on either rural or urban interstate highway networks . On the other hand , statistically significant increases in crash , fatal crash and fatality rates were observed on the 2 - lane rural highway network . '' . In 2011 Governor Sam Brownback signed legislation raising Kansas ' top speed limit to 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) on Rural Interstates and limited access portions of U.S. Routes , effective July 1 , 2011 . The Kansas Department of Transportation announced on June 21 , 2011 , that 807 miles of roadway , comprising the rural areas of I - 70 , I - 35 , I - 135 , the Kansas Turnpike and the freeway - improved sections of US - 69 and US - 81 , will be raised to 75 mph . Other four - lane , non-limited access divided highways have a speed limit of 70 mph , with 65 mph on two - lane undivided roads , and 55 mph on township roads . Prior to the National Maximum Speed Limit , the speed limit on the Kansas Turnpike used to be 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) , but was reduced to 75 mph on August 17 , 1970 . The minimum speed limit on Kansas Interstates is 40 mph . Kentucky ( edit ) Kentucky generally has a 70 mph speed limit on rural freeways as of 2007 . The speed limit is reduced to 55 on multi-lane highways in some urban areas ( I - 71 / 75 south of Cincinnati , I - 64 , I - 65 , I - 71 and I - 264 in Louisville , U.S. 60 bypass in Owensboro ) , and KY 4 in Lexington . There are two 50 mph areas in Louisville . One approaching the Sherman Minton Bridge crossing the Ohio River into Indiana on I - 64 , and one approaching the Kennedy Bridge on I - 65 towards Indiana . The Transportation Cabinet is now authorized to raise any multilane , divided rural highway up to 65 MPH based on speed and design studies . Anyone may request an increase by contacting their local Transportation Cabinet office and specifying the roadway to be raised . Two - lane , undivided highways are limited to 55 MPH . Points are not assessed for speeds less than 10 mph over the speed limit only on limited access highways , or for tickets received by Kentucky licensed drivers out of state . Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana 's highest speed limit is 75 mph , found on 154 miles of Interstate 49 in Saint Landry , Avoyelles , Evangeline , Rapides , Natchitoches , DeSoto and Caddo parishes . The 75 zone was established by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development in 2011 after a 2010 bill authorized the DOTD to implement 75 zones where proven to be safe . 70 mph is posted on Interstates 10 , 12 , 20 , 49 , 55 , 59 , 220 , and 310 . A speed limit of 60 mph is posted on I - 10 in Lake Charles , Baton Rouge , and from LaPlace to New Orleans , I - 12 in Baton Rouge , I - 20 in Shreveport and Monroe , I - 49 in Alexandria and Shreveport , I - 310 in Destrehan , I - 220 in Shreveport , U.S. Routes 71 and 167 in Kingsville , LA 3132 , and Interstates 110 , 210 , 510 , 610 , and 910 ( note : part of I - 10 in Baton Rouge was raised to 70 mph , and part of I - 12 in Baton Rouge was also raised to 65 mph ) . Most two - lane highways in Louisiana have a maximum speed limit of 55 mph . In August 2003 , Governor Mike Foster announced speed and lane restrictions on trucks on the 18 mile ( 29 km ) stretch of Interstate 10 known as the Atchafalaya Swamp Freeway . The restrictions lower the truck speed limit to 55 mph and restrict them to the right lane for the entire length of the elevated freeway . Other laws ( edit ) There are exceptions to the basic highway and speed laws Divided highways in rural areas have a 65 mph speed limits . Louisiana law R.S. 32 : 61 ( B ) & 32 : 62 ( A ) states ; 65 mph on other multi-lane divided highways which have partial or no control of access . Louisiana operates under the reasonable and prudent basic law ; No person shall drive a vehicle at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions and potential hazards then existing , having due regard for the traffic on , and the surface and width of , the highway , and the condition of the weather . R.S. 32 : 64 ( A ) A person , who is operating a motor vehicle on a multilane highway at less than the normal speed of traffic , shall drive in the right - hand lane then available for traffic . R.S. 32 : 71 ( B ) ( 1 ) Maine ( edit ) Maine carries the highest speed limit on the East Coast , with Interstate 95 carrying a 75 mph limit between Old Town and Houlton . Sections of I - 95 south of Old Town as well as 295 carry 70 mph limits , except for brief 50 - 65 zones in more populated areas ( NOTE : the speed limit on I - 295 was recently restored to 65 mph between Falmouth and Topsham as of March 27 , 2017 ) . The Saco stub I - 195 is 60 mph , and I - 395 is 60 mph in Bangor and 65 mph in Brewer . Default speed limits in Maine are : 20 mph in a school zone within 30 minutes of the beginning or end of a school day , or during recess 20 mph near an intersection `` when the operator 's view is obstructed '' , unless right - of - way is given via signage 25 mph in business or residential districts , or other built - up areas 45 mph on other roads In Maine , school buses may not exceed 45 mph on roads with higher speed limits while transporting students . At other times , the limit is 55 mph , unless on an Interstate highway , in which case the posted limit applies . Also the speed limit on county road is 30 MPH Fines for speeding are at least $50 by law . Exceeding the speed limit by 30 mph or more is considered a criminal offense . Maryland ( edit ) The speed limit on Maryland 's Interstate Highways are posted by default at 65 mph although 70 mph limits can be posted after a traffic and engineering study . Effective October 1 , 2015 the speed limit on I - 68 is 70 mph except for a seven - mile section around Cumberland . Effective April 4 , 2016 , the speed limit on I - 70 has been increased to 70 mph from the Pennsylvania state line to MD 180 in Frederick County and from MD 144 in Frederick County to US 29 in Howard County . Maryland 's urban freeways normally have speed limits of 55 mph ( like I - 495 ) or 60 mph , although some stretches are signed for 65 mph travel such as portions of I - 95 and I - 97 in and around the Baltimore suburbs , I - 70 around Frederick , and I - 81 around Hagerstown . I - 70 around Hagerstown is posted at 70 mph . More restrictive limits are found on I - 83 south of North Avenue when approaching downtown Baltimore and on I - 68 through Cumberland , both sections being marked at 40 mph . Four lane non-interstates and non-freeways are posted at 55 mph . This includes the expressway grade roadways like US 50 and US 301 east of the Bay Bridge , US 15 north of Frederick to the Pennsylvania state line , MD 404 around Denton and US 29 between I - 495 and I - 70 . Normally , speed limit drops are in 5 mph to 10 mph increments . However , one speed zone drops from 55 to 25 mph along US 301 southbound at the Nice Bridge for the toll plaza . Two lane roads are generally posted at 50 mph but there are a handful of routes posted at 55 mph . It is more common to see 55 mph on the Eastern Shore and in Frederick and Carroll counties than the Baltimore - Washington corridor and Western Maryland . Two lane routes that have a speed limit of 55 mph enforce mandatory headlight use . Urban and downtown speed limits are generally posted at 30 mph . Massachusetts ( edit ) As prescribed by Massachusetts law , default speed limits are the following : 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) in the area of a vehicle ( for example , an ice cream truck ) that is selling merchandise and is displaying flashing amber lights 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) in a school zone when children are present 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) on a road in a `` thickly settled '' or business district for at least ⁄ mile ( 200 m ) 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) on a road outside of a `` thickly settled '' or business district for at least ⁄ mile ( 400 m ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) on a divided highway outside of a `` thickly settled '' or business district for at least ⁄ mile ( 400 m ) State highways and other arterials are often posted at 35 to 40 mph ( 56 -- 64 km / h ) in urban areas and 45 to 50 mph ( 72 -- 80 km / h ) in rural areas . A select number of undivided roads are posted at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . Divided highways are usually posted at 45 to 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) in rural areas as well as business districts . Interstate highways and some non-Interstate controlled - access highways in suburban and rural areas are posted at 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , but many non-Interstate highways are posted at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) , such as the freeway portions of US 3 , US 6 , Route 2 , and Route 128 , or 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) , such as Massachusetts Route 3 South of Boston . Urban freeways are often posted at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) and occasionally lower , but some rural freeways that pass through urban areas maintain their 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) speed limit , such as the Massachusetts Turnpike through the Springfield and Worcester areas . A `` thickly settled district '' is an area where building structures such as residential and commercial are less than 200 feet ( 61 m ) apart for a distance of 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) or more . This can be subjective since a large part of eastern Massachusetts is built up with many different jurisdictions and different speed limits assigned . Michigan ( edit ) The maximum speed limit in Michigan is 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . Michigan uses a formula based on the number of driveways and streets , or on the 85th percentile of free - flowing traffic , and if none those methods are used a 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) default applies . In rural areas , speed limits are as follows : Freeway speeds for passenger vehicles range from 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) to 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . Freeway speeds for trucks and military vehicles is 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . Non-freeway speeds for passenger vehicles and trucks range from 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . Freeways in Michigan are usually signed with both minimum and maximum speeds . By default , the freeway speed limit is 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) , with a minimum speed of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) for all vehicles , despite a truck speed limit of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) -- effectively permitting trucks only a 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) range of legal speeds . The Mackinac Bridge , due to its substandard design , has a speed limit of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) for passenger vehicles and 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) for trucks . The Michigan Department of Transportation and the Michigan State Police may raise the speed limit to 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) after it is deemed safe to do so . MDOT and the MSP announced on April 26 , 2017 that the speed limit was increased to 75 mph on several Michigan freeways , including I - 75 from Bay City to Sault Ste . Marie ( excluding the Mackinac Bridge ) , I - 69 from Business Loop 69 in Clinton County to I - 94 in St. Clair County ( excluding the section in and around Flint , which remains at 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) ) , US 127 from I - 69 in Clinton County to I - 75 in Crawford County ( excluding the 15 - mile stretch between St. Johns and Ithaca , which is not freeway standard ) , and US 131 from M - 57 in Kent County to the end of the freeway north of Manton . These increases commenced on May 1 , 2017 and were completed by May 15 , 2017 . Speed limits in freeway work zones are statutorily limited to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 24 hours per day . If workers are present ( and not behind a barrier wall ) , drivers must slow to 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) for the workers ' safety . Michigan 's speed limits on urban Interstates are typically higher than its neighboring states . For example , in the Detroit metro area , I - 75 southbound enters Detroit at M - 102 ( 8 Mile Road , exit 59 ) and maintains a 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) limit all the way until the interchange with I - 94 ( exit 53 ) , where the speed limit drops to 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . Other freeways in Detroit such as I - 94 and I - 96 also have 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) speed limits in and around the city 's downtown area , but rise to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) relatively soon after leaving the downtown area . In Downtown Grand Rapids , I - 196 has a speed limit of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , the only other urban Interstate Highway to have a reduced speed limit . US 131 in Grand Rapids is one of the only non-Interstate urban freeways in Michigan with a 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) speed limit , which was raised from 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) since 2013 . Furthermore , speed limits in smaller cities , such as Kalamazoo , Ann Arbor , and Lansing ( the state capital ) remain at 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . The default speed on all other highways , whether two or four lanes , is 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . However , Michigan permits speed limits of up to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) after a safety study concludes the higher limit is safe to implement . Until 2016 , this provision only applied to four - lane divided non-limited access highways . A 20 - mile ( 32 km ) stretch of US 127 between St. Johns and Ithaca was posted at 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , as a compromise to allow a freer flow of traffic due to insufficient funds to improve the section to freeway standards . The speed limit on US 2 between Rapid River and Gladstone in the Upper Peninsula was also raised to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . In Summer 2017 Speed limits began increasing to 65 mph on several select two - lane roads in both the Lower and Upper Peninsulas of Michigan , including US 2 from St. Ignace to Rapid River and M - 28 from I - 75 to Munising . Midway Atoll ( edit ) The speed limit in Midway Atoll is 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) . Minnesota ( edit ) A 70 mph speed limit is only allowed on Minnesota 's Interstates outside of urban areas . A speed limit of 55 mph is typically used in urban areas where a higher speed limit might be used , but traffic congestion or other reasons require a lower speed limit . Examples include I - 94 , I - 35W and I - 35E in and around Minneapolis , Moorhead and Saint Paul . 35E goes down to a speed limit of 45 mph in some areas of Saint Paul . A speed limit of 60 mph is typically used in suburban areas such as I - 494 and I - 694 loops in the Twin Cities metro area . Non-Interstate divided highways ( both freeways and expressways ) have speed limits of 65 mph in rural areas and up to 60 mph in urban or suburban areas ( NOTE : some non-interstate divided highways have gotten speed limit increases in November 2017 such as US Route 169 in the Twin Cities Metropolitan area ) . Rural two lane State and US highways in Minnesota have a default speed limits of 55 mph although several 60 mph speed limits have been posted after a traffic and engineering study that will continue until 2019 . County roads have speed limits of up to 55 mph for 2 lanes and 60 for divided sections . Mississippi ( edit ) A speed limit of 70 mph is only allowed on Mississippi 's rural freeways ; only the Interstates ( except I - 110 ) , U.S. Highway 78 , Mississippi Highway 304 , and a portion of U.S. Highway 82 have speed limits of 70 mph , with these lengths making up approximately 86 % of the state 's freeway mileage . A speed limit of 65 mph is typically used on the state 's four - lane divided highways , which include parts of the following roadways : U.S. Route 45 / U.S. Route 45 Alternate U.S. Route 49 / U.S. Route 49W U.S. Route 61 U.S. Route 72 U.S. Route 82 U.S. Route 84 U.S. Route 90 U.S. Route 98 U.S. Route 278 MS 15 MS 19 MS 25 MS 39 MS 57 MS 63 MS 67 MS 302 MS 605 MS 607 A speed limit of 60 mph is typically used in urban areas where a higher speed limit might be used , but traffic or geometric conditions constitute a lower speed limit , including the following areas : Interstate 20 in Vicksburg , from Jackson to Pearl , and Meridian Interstate 55 from Jackson to Ridgeland Interstate 59 in Laurel and Meridian U.S. Route 61 in Tunica Resorts U.S. Route 78 in New Albany U.S. Route 82 in Columbus House Bill 3 , passed during the 2008 First Extraordinary Session of the state legislature , permits speed limits up to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) on toll roads in the state ; however , as of 2016 , no such road has been constructed . Mississippi has a minimum speed of 30 mph on four - lane U.S. highways when no hazard exists . Strangely , there is no law for the minimum speed of the state 's growing number of four - lane state highways . The minimum is 40 mph on Interstate Highways and on four - lane U.S. designated highways that have a 70 mph speed limit . In 2004 , Mississippi posted minimum speed limits ( 40 mph ) on all rural Interstates , but this minimum speed limit was already state law before then . Missouri ( edit ) Statutory speed limits in Missouri are as follows : Interstate highways and freeways in rural areas : 70 mph Expressways in rural areas : 65 mph ( notable exceptions being the US 54 & US 63 Expressways to the north of Jefferson City , which are at - grade expressways with a 70 mph speed limit ) Interstates , freeways , and expressways in urban areas : 60 mph Other numbered state - maintained rural highways : 60 mph State lettered highways : 55 mph Freeways are defined as : `` a limited access divided highway of at least ten miles in length with four or more lanes which is not part of the federal interstate system of highways which does not have any crossovers or accesses from streets , roads or other highways at the same grade level as such divided highway within such ten miles of divided highway . '' Expressways are defined as : `` a divided highway of at least ten miles in length with four or more lanes which is not part of the federal interstate system of highways which has crossovers or accesses from streets , roads or other highways at the same grade level as such divided highway . '' Urban Areas are defined as : `` an area of fifty thousand population at a density at or greater than one thousand persons per square mile '' . The highways and transportation commission may raise or lower the speed limit on these highways , but no speed limit may be set above 70 mph on a numbered highway and 60 mph on a lettered highway . Interstate highways have minimum speed limits of 40 mph . There have been talks of 75 mph being enforced on Interstate highways , but a bill allowing the law has yet to be enforced . Variable speed limits ( edit ) Missouri concluded a two - year experiment with variable speed limits along I - 270 around St. Louis . Digital signs had been erected along the freeway as well as additional signs alerting drivers about the use of variable speed limits . The limits will vary between 40 and 60 miles per hour , depending on traffic conditions , and could change by up to 5 mph every 5 minutes . These speed limits , as of January 2012 , are now posted as `` Advisory Speed Limits '' . During the closure and major rebuild of I - 64 in St. Louis , an additional lane was added to I - 44 and I - 70 , and the speed limit was thus reduced to 55 mph on those roads within the St. Louis County and City . The I - 64 construction has been completed , and the extra lanes were removed in 2010 . In October 2010 , the speed limit was restored to 60 mph on both I - 44 and I - 70 . Exceptions to the statutory limits ( edit ) Most two - lane roads with shoulders have a 60 mph speed limit in Missouri . Two - lane roads without shoulders are usually , but not always , limited to 55 mph . However , the following two - lane highways have a 65 mph speed limit when bypassing or outside of incorporated areas . US - 54 from El Dorado Springs west to the Kansas state line ; from the MO - 73 intersection southwest of Macks Creek to just west of the Niangua River bridge ; and also along the Mexico bypass . US - 63 from Vienna south to Thayer , near the Arkansas state line . Some of this route has three lanes , with the passing lane alternating between northbound and southbound traffic . MO - 5 between Camdenton and Lebanon . This road has three lanes , with the passing lane alternating between northbound and southbound traffic . MO - 43 from US - 54 south to Joplin MO - 96 from I - 44 west to Carthage Most rural expressways have a 65 mph speed limit , but the following have a 70 mph speed limit . US - 54 from the south end of the Mexico bypass to the Route W interchange just across the Missouri River from Jefferson City , with the exception of the I - 70 interchange area at Kingdom City , which is 45 mph . US - 54 also has a 70 mph speed limit from Fall Hill Road in Cole County to just north of the Business Route 54 intersection in Lake Ozark . US - 63 from the south end of the Kirksville bypass to US - 54 north of Jefferson City , with the exception of the section through Columbia from Route B to Route AC , which is 65 mph . MO - 7 from I - 49 to just west of Clinton . The US - 71 expressway from Carthage to Harrisonville had a 70 mph limit before it was upgraded to I - 49 . MO - 360 and US 160 outside of the Springfield , Missouri border has an upgraded speed limit of 70 MPH from the speed limit of 60 MPH Most Missouri lettered highways are 55 mph , and in densely populated areas they can be less . There are several that have a speed limit of 60 mph , though . Route M in Jefferson County is an expressway for most of its length , and most of the highway has a speed limit of 60 mph . Route A in Jefferson County , an upgraded two lane road with shoulders , has a 60 mph speed limit . Route A travels between Hillsboro and Festus . Route B in Boone County is mostly an upgraded two lane road with shoulders . As such , it has a 60 mph speed limit from just north of Columbia to the end of the upgraded section 1 mile south of Hallsville . Route B in Cole County is a four - lane divided highway from US 54 to Lorenzo Greene Dr in Jefferson City , and is an upgraded two - lane highway with shoulders for the rest of the way south to Wardsville . Both sections have a 60 mph speed limit . Route C in Cole County is an upgraded two - lane highway with shoulders , and has a 60 mph speed limit from just west of Jefferson City to just east of Russellville . Route A in Osage County follows the former routing of US Route 50 from its intersection with modern - day US 50 to Loose Creek . Since the roadway is designed to the same standards as a major highway , the speed limit is 60 on that stretch of road . In the urban areas of : St. Louis , Kansas City , Columbia , St. Joseph , and Springfield , the speed limit typically drops to 60 mph on Interstates and freeways . In addition , on I - 44 in Rolla the speed limit is reduced to 60 mph from just west of Exit 184 to Exit 186 because of a substandard design . Freeway speed limits in urban areas can be as low as 45 or 50 mph in a few very short sections in downtown Kansas City and St. Louis , or as high as 65 mph in the outer portions of the St. Louis , Kansas City and St. Joseph areas . The Cape Girardeau and Joplin areas have no reduced freeway speed limits , and I - 435 around Kansas City has a 70 mph limit from I - 35 in Claycomo to the Kansas State Line around the northern and western part of the metro area . I - 29 in Kansas City has a limit of 70 mph north of Barry Road in Platte County to south of Highway 169 in Buchanan County where the limit drops to 65 mph . North of Frederick Road in Buchanan County the limit returns to 70 mph until the Iowa state line . Montana ( edit ) As of October 1 , 2015 , the maximum speed limit in Montana is 80 mph . On May 5 , 2015 , a bill to increase Montana 's rural interstate highway speed limit to 80 mph was signed into law by Governor Steve Bullock . Reasonable and prudent ( edit ) Typical speed limit sign that one would see at the Montana state line from December 1995 to June 1999 In the years before the 1974 national 55 mph limit , and for three years after the 1995 repeal of the increased 65 mph limit , Montana had a non-numeric `` reasonable and prudent '' speed limit during the daytime on most rural roads . Montana Code Annotated ( MCA ) Section 61 - 8 - 303 said `` A person ... shall drive the vehicle ... at a rate of speed no greater than is reasonable and proper under the conditions existing at the point of operation ... so as not to unduly or unreasonably endanger the life , limb , property , or other rights of a person entitled to the use of the street or highway . '' Montana law also specified a few numeric limits : a night speed limit , usually 55 or 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) , depending on road type ; 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) in urban districts and 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) in construction zones . The phrase `` reasonable and prudent '' is found in the language of most state speed laws . This allows prosecution under non-ideal conditions such as rain or snow when the speed limit would be imprudently fast . No speed limit ( edit ) On March 10 , 1996 , a Montana patrolman issued a speeding ticket to a driver traveling at 85 mph ( 136 km / h ) on a stretch of State Highway 200 . The 50 ‐ year ‐ old driver ( Rudy Stanko ) was operating a 1996 Chevrolet Camaro with less than 10,000 miles ( 16,093 km ) on the odometer . Although the officer gave no opinion as to what would have been a reasonable speed , the driver was convicted . The driver appealed to the Montana Supreme Court . The Court reversed the conviction in case No. 97 - 486 on December 23 , 1998 ; it held that a law requiring drivers to drive at a non-numerical `` reasonable and proper '' speed `` is so vague that it violates the Due Process Clause ... of the Montana Constitution '' . Effective May 28 , 1999 , as a result of that decision , the Montana Legislature established a speed limit of 75 mph . Montana 's US , State , and even Secondary roads have speed limits posted 70 mph / night : 65 ; truck : 60 / night : 55 . Seven years later , a research study conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety , a long - time advocate of the federal National Maximum Speed Law , showed Montana 's 75 mph speed limit on rural Interstates was well received by motorists ; traffic speed measurements taken by IIHS showed 76 percent of cars in compliance with 75 mph on those roads . IIHS also found large trucks subject to Montana 's unchanged 65 mph speed limit for large trucks on rural Interstates slowed down dramatically , from a mean speed of 70 mph in 1996 to 65 mph in 2006 , with the 85th percentile large truck speed dropping 11 mph , from 79 mph in 1996 to 68 mph in 2006 . 75 and 80 mph speed limits ( edit ) Despite this reversal , Montana 's then - governor , Marc Racicot , did not convene an emergency session of the legislature . Montana technically had no speed limit whatsoever until June 1999 , after the Montana legislature met in regular session and enacted a new law . The law 's practical effect was to require numeric speed limits on all roads and disallow any speed limit higher than 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . Montana law still contains a section that says `` a person shall operate a vehicle in a careful and prudent manner and at a reduced rate of speed no greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions existing at the point of operation , taking into account the amount and character of traffic , visibility , weather , and roadway conditions . '' However , this is a standard clause that appears in other state traffic codes and has the practical effect of requiring a speed lower than the speed limit where a lower speed is necessary to maintain a reasonable and prudent road manner . Montana also has limited sections of night speed limits . Other speed limits in Montana are 15 - 35 mph in a school zone , 30 mph in a residential district , 35 - 45 mph on boulevards , 55 mph on traffic - light highways , 65 - 70 mph on rural divided 4 - lane highways , and 55 - 70 mph on rural 2 - lane undivided highways . Nebraska ( edit ) The maximum speed limit in Nebraska is 75 mph on rural Interstate highways . This speed limit only applies to Interstate 80 between Omaha and Lincoln , and west of Lincoln to the Wyoming state line , as well as the small section of Interstate 76 that enters the southwestern corner of the state from Colorado to join I - 80 . Freeways and expressways in urban areas are posted at 65 mph . The speed limit in rural areas of Nebraska is 65 mph unless otherwise posted , although rural divided highways and Super two highways are posted at 70 mph . The most recent change to Nebraska 's speed limits was enacted on April 17 , 2018 , which resulted in all maximum speed limits in the state ( except those for rural Interstate highways ) being raised by five miles per hour . Nevada ( edit ) The maximum speed limits in Nevada are 70 -- 80 mph ( 110 -- 130 km / h ) on rural freeways , 65 -- 75 mph ( 100 -- 120 km / h ) on other rural divided highways , 55 -- 70 mph ( 90 -- 110 km / h ) on primary undivided roads , and 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) on urban freeways . I - 15 is posted 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) south of Las Vegas to match California 's 70 mph posted limit , and 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) northeast of Las Vegas . US 95 north of Las Vegas is 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . From south of US 93 near Boulder City south to SR 163 , it is 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . I - 80 from Reno , Nevada to Utah varies from 65 -- 80 mph ( 100 -- 130 km / h ) . Most rural sections are posted at 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . The sections East of Oasis to the Utah Border and between Fernley and Winnemucca are 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) as of 2018 except the portion in Lovelock . Mountainous sections and those laid through narrow valleys are usually 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . West of Reno , I - 80 is posted at 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) as it quickly transitions from suburban Reno to crossing the Sierra Nevada into California , where the limit is also 65 mph . US 50 from Lake Tahoe to Ely and Utah is 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . I - 580 from exit 44 to just south of exit 56 is 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) after which it is 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . US 95 , I - 15 , and I - 215 through downtown Las Vegas are all posted at 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . Prior to the imposition of the 50 and 55 mph ( 80 and 90 km / h ) speed limit in late 1973 , Nevada also had a `` reasonable and proper '' speed Limit ( non-numeric ) on most of its rural highways , both freeway and others . The speed limit on certain two - lane highways is 70 mph including US 95 to the Oregon border ( where the speed limit drops to 65 mph for trucks ) and on certain sections of US 6 and 50 as they cross the Nevada desert . Speed limits are 15 to 25 mph in school zones and 25 to 30 mph in residential districts . In 2015 , the Nevada State Legislature voted to increase the statewide maximum speed limit to 80 mph to take effect in October of that year . However , between October 2015 and May 2017 , no 80 mph speed limits were posted in the state . On May 8th , 2017 , the Nevada DOT installed 80 mph speed limit signs on the 130 mile stretch of I - 80 between Fernley and Winnemucca , excluding the Lovelock ( exits 106 and 107 ) area . On February 21st , 2018 , the Nevada DOT increased the speed limit on I - 80 to 80 mph between Oasis and West Wendover . New Hampshire ( edit ) Antique New Hampshire speed limit sign The highest speed limit in New Hampshire is 70 mph ( 112.7 km / h ) . It can be found on Interstate 93 from mile marker 45 to the Vermont border ( excluding the Franconia Notch Parkway ) . All other freeways and turnpikes have a maximum of 65 mph . The minimum speed on Interstate Highways in New Hampshire is 45 mph where posted . Provided that no hazard exists that requires lower speed , the speed of any vehicle not in excess of the limit is deemed to be prima facie lawful . The limit for `` rural residential districts '' and Class V highways outside the city or town compact is 35 mph . The limit for any `` business or urban residence district '' is 30 mph . School zones receive a 10 mph reduction in the limit 45 minutes before and after the beginning and end of a school day . The speed limit for a road work or construction area is 10 mph lower than the normal speed limit , but not more than 45 mph , when work is in progress . The speed limit for all other locations is 55 mph . The minimum limit that a speed can be set in a rural or urban district is 25 mph . The speed limit on Interstate 93 through Franconia Notch State Park falls to 45 mph where the highway narrows to one lane in each direction , but rises back to 70 mph ( in 10 mph increments going south ) once the highway leaves Franconia Notch . Interstate 393 in Concord has a 55 mph posted speed limit for its entire length , with the exception of 45 mph and 35 mph zones on the westbound portion closest to the city center and the end of the highway . Interstate 293 's speed limit through downtown Manchester falls to 50 mph as it runs along the Merrimack River , but increases to 55 mph on either side of the city center . Prior to 1974 , the New Hampshire Turnpike , along with rural sections of Interstates 89 and 93 , were posted at 70 mph . New Jersey ( edit ) New Jersey 's only statutory speed limits are 50 mph rural , 25 mph urban . Since the state is largely suburbanized , it ranges between 25 -- 50 mph depending the jurisdiction of the road and whether the municipality is township , village , borough or city status . The common limited access freeway speed limit is 65 mph . However , shorter length freeways such as US 202 , Route 15 , and Route 33 remain at 55 mph . In all 65 mph speed zones , the fines for speeding and other moving violations are doubled . This was the condition set for higher speed limits in New Jersey back in the late 1990s . Urban freeway speed limits are 50 to 55 mph . However , some freeways in urban areas retain a 65 mph speed limit such as the New Jersey Turnpike up to Exit 13 ( Interstate 278 ) , I - 80 from the Delaware Water Gap ( Exit 4 ) to the Passaic River ( Exit 53 ) and I - 78 from the Delaware River to the Newark border ( Exit 55 ) . Only the New Jersey Turnpike has variable speed limits on its entire length . Four lane or greater state highways ( often with a jersey divider or grass median ) are generally posted at 55 mph ( Such as Route 73 from CR 544 in Evesham Township to the Atlantic City Expressway ) . County four - lane highways and municipal maintained four - lane roads ( with a jersey divider or grass median ) are not posted above 50 mph . Two - lane rural state highways and county maintained roads generally have 40 to 50 mph limits . The only two lane surface roads posted at 55 mph in New Jersey are County Route 539 , Route 70 , and Route 72 in the Pine Barrens of Ocean and Burlington Counties and Route 54 in Atlantic County . The Route 33 Freehold Bypass section where it is a super two freeway is also 55 mph . Urban two lane roads in boroughs and cities are typically 25 mph or 35 mph . Residential streets at the municipal or county level are generally posted at 25 mph speed limits in boroughs and cities . However , they can be as high as 40 to 45 mph at the county level , less likely in municipal maintained roads . Generally , anything above 40 mph becomes uncommon . However , there are a handful of 45 mph residential stretches such as Terill Road in Scotch Plains and Woodbridge Avenue ( CR 514 ) in Edison . All rural non posted roads have a speed limit of 50 mph , as per state law . School zones through urban and suburban areas on two lane roadways normally have a speed limit of 25 mph when children are present . However , this limit can be as low as 20 mph and as high as 35 mph in some areas . New Mexico ( edit ) With the exception of wartime , New Mexico had no default numeric speed limit until the early 1950s . Prior to the national 55 mph limit in 1974 , the speed limit on rural Interstates was 75 miles per hour during the day and 70 mph at night . Primary highways in open areas had daytime speed limits of 70 mph and nighttime ones of 60 mph . Secondary highways in open areas had daytime speed limits of 60 mph and nighttime ones of 50 mph . Before the end of federal speed controls , the maximum speed limit was 65 mph on Interstate routes and 55 mph elsewhere . In May 1996 legislation enacted by Governor Gary Johnson raised the absolute speed limit in New Mexico to 75 mph . Signs are posted on the vast majority of the mileage of Interstate routes to that effect . The default speed limit for any road where no speed limit is posted is 55 mph . New Mexico has six major freeway facilities , which include three lengthy Interstate routes . Part of US - 70 ( as a divided highway ) between Las Cruces and Alamogordo is the only section of non-Interstate route as well as being the only road in New Mexico that 's not a freeway to have the 75 mph limit ; New Mexico , Nevada ( US 95 south of US 93 ) , and Texas are the only three states with 75 mph limits on roads that are n't freeways . There is no statutory requirement for reduced speeds on urban freeways so that , for example at Santa Fe and Las Vegas the speed limit remains 75 mph on I - 25 . New Mexico , Kansas , North Dakota , Colorado , and Texas are the only states to have a speed limit greater than 70 mph in urban highways . Nonetheless , there are 65 mph limits on freeways in more heavily urbanized areas such as Albuquerque and Las Cruces . Other reduced speed limits do exist , but the lowest speed limit under normal conditions on New Mexico 's freeways is 55 mph , which can be found on two sections of Interstate 25 : The first section being three miles from the Big I to Gibson Boulevard in Albuquerque , and the second being a short stretch near Raton Pass . These particular stretches of I - 25 were originally built as relocations of US - 85 , whose design and construction predate the interstate highway era . As such , these stretches do not meet modern interstate highway standards , and have closely spaced interchanges , sharp curves , and / or limited sight distances . By statute , other state maintained roads may have speed limits of up to 75 mph . Four - lane divided highways in open areas often have 65 mph limits , with some 70 mph limits , such as almost the entire length of US 550 from Bloomfield to Bernalillo . There is a trend toward posting a 70 mph limit on these highways , such as the recent 70 mph speed limit posting ( increased from 65 mph ) on a 23 - mile stretch of U.S. 70 west of Roswell . Primary two - lane highways in open areas with parking shoulders often have 65 mph limits . Most primary two - lane highways without parking shoulders in open and mixed rural areas still have a 55 mph limit , but some have 60 mph limits . A 65 mph left lane minimum speed limit is sometimes indicated on 75 mph roads with steep grades , `` slower traffic keep right '' is also in effect . On one - way roadways state law reserves the left and center lanes of two or more lanes for passing . There are reduced advisory speed limits for some roads during poor weather . Speeding fines are doubled in construction zones and designated safety corridors , with signs often stating this . There are no longer night speed limits , nor are there any differential speed limits for heavy trucks . There are two other statutory speed limits in New Mexico that are often altered , especially on urban arterials or even city or countywide : thirty miles per hour in a `` business or residence district '' and fifteen miles per hour near schools at certain times . For example , in Albuquerque the default speed limit is thirty miles per hour as per state law , but many streets have a different speed limit . Some school zones there have twenty miles per hour speed limits . The city of Santa Fe 's default speed limit is twenty five miles per hour . Although there are no signs to make drivers aware of the altered limit , the limit is signed on most roads where it applies . Los Alamos County alters the urban default and absolute speed limits to twenty five miles per hour and 50 mph respectively , but posts signs at county lines . The speed limit on NM 502 between San Ildefonso Pueblo and Pojoaque Valley High School had a 65 - mph speed limit . In November 2005 , the stretch between NM - 4 and Pojoaque became a safety corridor . In 2007 , the speed limit on the San Ildefonso - Pojoaque stretch was lowered to 55 mph . On Highway 68 , the speed limit is 60 mph on much of the four - lane stretch between Española and Velarde . Minimum 65 left lane signs are posted on I - 40 west of Albuquerque , a night speed limit of 30 mph is posted on State Highway 7 west of White 's City going into Carlsbad Caverns . Truck speed limit signs are rarely posted . One road has a posted limit of 45 mph / trucks : 35 in Escondida , just north of Socorro , and US 82 east of Alamogordo has a posted limit of 55 mph / trucks : 50 for approximately a two - mile stretch . As of December 24 , 2009 , US 54 still has a 55 mph speed limit north of Tularosa . Yet NM - 9 and CR - A003 have a 65 mph speed limit east of Columbus to NM 136 near Santa Teresa . CR - A003 ( Columbus - Santa Teresa Highway ) is the only county road in New Mexico to exceed the statutory maximum 55 mph speed limit for county roads . Interstate 10 was 70 mph between the Texas - New Mexico state line and two miles south of I - 25 in Las Cruces until October 2012 , when it was raised to 75 mph . While it is 75 mph in the rest of New Mexico , the speed limit is 65 mph in Las Cruces , Deming , and Lordsburg . I - 25 was posted 70 mph in Sandoval County from the Bernalillo - Sandoval county line to US 550 , but the limit was raised to 75 mph in May 2014 . State Highway 30 , a paved two - lane road with shoulders , has a 55 mph speed limit from NM 502 to the junction with the road for Santa Clara Pueblo , then reduces to 45 mph and then to 40 mph upon entering the Española city limits . Prior to 2008 the speed limits were 60 mph from NM 502 until the junction with the road for Santa Clara Pueblo where it reduced to 45 mph , raised back to 60 mph until the Española city limits where it reduced to 50 mph , and then to 40 mph near its northern terminus at US 84 / 285 . US 84 / 285 between Santa Fe and Pojoaque , before it was upgraded to a freeway , had a 45 mph limit from Guadalupe Road in Santa Fe to the interchange with NM 599 , increased to 55 mph to the southern terminus of Santa Fe County Road 73 , increased to 60 mph until entering Cuyamungue , decreased to 55 mph , and then to 45 mph upon entering Pojoaque . Since it was upgraded to a full freeway in 2005 , the speed limit from Guadalupe Road to NM 599 is now 55 mph , increases to 65 mph until Pojoaque where it briefly reduces to 50 mph and then to 45 mph . The posted speed limit on Silver Avenue in Albuquerque is 18 mph . When the route was designated as a bicycle route in the late 2000s , Albuquerque officials established the unusual 18 mph speed limit on Silver Avenue to increase motorists ' awareness of the street 's designation as a city bicycle route . Outside of Bernalillo County , no points are assessed to one 's license for speeding in rural areas in New Mexico , unless the excessive speed was a contributing factor to a traffic accident . New York ( edit ) A standard - style New York State speed sign indicating the state speed limit Speed limits are statutory ( set by law ) or regulatory ( enacted by regulation ) , not necessarily by engineering standards . New York has a blanket statutory `` Reasonable and Prudent '' speed law . The highest posted speed limit in New York is 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , found only on limited - access freeways ( including some state highways , most of the New York State Thruway and select Interstate Highways ) . The default speed limit , posted as the `` State Speed Limit '' , is 55 mph , which is in effect unless otherwise posted or in the absence of speed limit signs . The New York State Department of Transportation sets speed limits in the vast majority of the state . Counties and most towns must petition DOT to change a speed limit . State law allows villages , cities , towns with more than 50,000 residents , and certain towns defined by law to be `` suburban '' to set speed limits on state , county , and local roads within their borders . There is no state law regarding minimum speed limits , but minimum speed limit of 40 mph has been set on the entire length of Interstate 787 and the entire length of Interstate 495 ( the Long Island Expressway ) . The New York State Thruway does not have a firm minimum speed , but there are signs advising drivers to use their flashers when traveling at speeds below 40 mph . While New York does not have truck speed restrictions per se , the New England Thruway ( Interstate 95 ) features `` State Speed Limit 55 '' signs right next to `` Truck Speed Limit 50 '' signs . New York law allows area speed limits . An area speed limit applies to all highways within a specified area , except those specifically excluded . The area may be an entire municipality , or only a specific neighborhood . The defined area may also be the grounds of a school , hospital , or other institution . Area speed limits are signed at their perimeters with signs reading `` Area Speed Limit '' and the speed limit value shown below . `` Area '' may be replaced with a term that more precisely defines the area boundaries , such as `` Town '' , `` City '' , `` Park '' , `` Village '' or `` Campus '' . The phrase `` End 30 Mile Speed '' is occasionally seen on old signage marking the end of a speed zone ; it was phased out in the 1980s . Normally , the end of a lowered speed limit is marked with a sign reading `` State Speed Limit 55 '' , indicating that the statewide speed limit applies . In areas where a curve or other road condition makes the state speed limit inadvisable , a sign reading `` End XX m.p.h. Limit '' may be used , with XX replaced with the speed limit value . A `` State Speed Limit 55 '' sign should be installed after the curve . This sign is sometimes misused in locations where the speed limit changes to a speed other than 55 mph . This is mainly applied on both undivided and divided rural non-freeway routes . Though rarely seen , some divided roadways are set as low as 45 mph but mainly stay at the state speed limit of 55 mph ; in one exceptional case , that of the Scajaquada Expressway , the speed limit was lowered to 30 mph in 2016 after a fatality . The top speed limit in most residential / urban and business district areas is at 30 mph , and state law prohibits speed limits below 25 mph on most common residential areas , though a speed limit of 25 is mainly only used in the New York City area and rarely seen outside of said area . However , School speed limits may be set as high as 30 mph to as low as 20 mph . New York City has established a number of 20 mph `` Neighborhood Slow Zones '' in residential neighborhoods . In residential neighborhood areas outside of New York City range between 30 -- 40 mph and 35 -- 45 mph on suburban / urban arterial routes . New York 's Criminal Procedure Law prevents law enforcement personnel from issuing a ticket for any offense that they did not witness personally , meaning that , among other ramifications , the state 's electronic toll collection system can not be used for speed enforcement . History ( edit ) Many expressways and parkways in the New York City suburbs were posted as high as 65 mph . During the 1973 Oil Embargo , New York lowered its speed limit to 50 . The National Maximum Speed Law brought statewide speed limits up to 55 . The city of New York , being a city , retained the 50 mph speed limit . New York did not take advantage of the 1987 Congressional provision allowing 65 mph zones on rural freeways , instead waiting until NMSL 's repeal in late 1995 ( actually , portions of the NY State Thruway , I - 88 , I - 84 ( west of the Hudson River ) , I - 81 and the Adirondack Northway ( I - 87 north of exit 7 ) were increased to 65 mph on August 1 , 1995 , prior to the elimination of the NMSL ) . Until September 2003 , the state legislature needed to approve individual 65 mph zones , a lengthy process taking months or years of politically motivated debate . Then - Governor George Pataki signed legislation in September 2003 that enables NYSDOT and New York State Thruway Authority to raise speed limits to 65 mph on its roads that meet established design and safety standards . This legislation became active in March 2004 , and was the reason for the 65 zones on NY Route 7 ( locally known as `` Alternate Route 7 '' ) , Interstate 684 and ( ( Interstate 84 east of the Hudson River in New York Interstate 84 ) ) . North Carolina ( edit ) Sometimes , speed limits not ending in a 5 or a 0 are used to get drivers ' attention ; here , the limit is 3 instead of the expected 5 in a Durham municipal parking lot . Along rural primary and secondary roads outside municipal limits in North Carolina , the statutory speed limit is 55 mph unless otherwise posted . Prior to the National Maximum Speed Law that went into effect nationwide , North Carolina used to have 60 mph speed limits on two - lane primary and secondary roads . Inside the municipal limits , the statutory speed limit is 35 mph unless otherwise posted . The downtown statutory speed limit is 20 mph unless otherwise posted . `` Reduce Speed Ahead '' ( RSA ) signage is the norm whenever the speed limit drops at any level . Note that the NC DOT uses the imperative verb `` reduce '' instead of the adjectival form `` reduced '' that is standard in other states , although some municipalities now use `` reduced '' in their signs . In addition , a speed limit drop of 15 mph or greater normally includes a second warning sign after the RSA . For example , in a 55 mph zone , a sign prior to the RSA sign would say `` BEGIN 35 1000 FEET AHEAD '' and then the 35 mph posted speed limit . Three to eight lane boulevards with or without center turn lanes , range from 35 mph to 50 mph within municipal limits statewide . It is rare that NCDOT will assign a speed drop greater than 20 mph . In Bertie County , the US 17 bypass in Windsor drops from 70 mph to 45 mph . In Moore County , Shady Lane Road outside of Carthage in the Hillcrest community drops from 55 mph to 30 mph . School zone speed limits generally entail a 10 to 20 mph reduction below the original speed limit during times of day used for school arrivals and departures . Such a speed limit would be indicated when entering the school zone . Also , the default or modified speed limit is indicated after leaving the school zone . A school zone speed limit can not be less than 20 mph . Military bases are generally posted at a maximum of 50 mph . As of May 2010 , Fort Bragg military two - lane roadways are now posted at 55 mph instead of 50 mph . Prior to May 2010 , the speed limits higher than 50 mph through military bases were only on N.C. Highway 690 along the north side of Fort Bragg , Murchison Road ( also known as N.C. Highway 210 ) and the All American Freeway ( which is classified and numbered as a state - maintained secondary road even though it is a freeway ) . The state park speed limit is 25 mph unless otherwise posted . These are not limited to places such as Hanging Rock State Park and Mount Mitchell State Park . The Blue Ridge Parkway is 45 mph . However , there are occasional 35 mph stretches . The National Park Service is responsible for highway maintenance and speed enforcement on the Parkway . The county governments of North Carolina do not have any control over speed limits or any other aspect of road operation , as there are no county roads in the state . Municipalities , on the other hand , can set speed limits on city - controlled roadways , subject to applicable state laws . Freeways and expressways with no primary route number are part of the state secondary road system and bear route numbers of 1000 or greater . Their maximum posted speed limit is 55 mph with four exceptions . A speed limit of 70 mph is relatively uncommon in much of metropolitan North Carolina , though it applies to many rural interstate highways in the state , as well as several non-interstate freeways . The following are the only roads with 70 mph limits : Interstate 40 from Old Fort to Morganton , from Statesville to Clemmons , and from Clayton to Wilmington Interstate 73 / 74 south of Asheboro to Ellerbee . Interstate 77 north of Statesville Interstate 85 from Mile Marker 70 south of Salisbury to Mile Marker 130 east of Greensboro. and through Granville County ( as of October 2015 ) . Interstate 95 from the SC state line to Exit 10 ( Chicken Road ) , along the Fayetteville Bypass and north of Kenly to the VA state line . Interstate 140 on the Wilmington bypass Interstate 485 for the entire length . Interstate 540 for the entire length . Interstate 795 from Goldsboro to Wilson Triangle Expressway for the entire length . US Highway 1 from the southern end of the Sanford Bypass to NC 55 in Apex . US Highway 17 on the Elizabeth City and Windsor bypasses . US Highway 29 from Reidsville to the Virginia state line . US Highway 64 from Interstate 440 to Williamston ( except on the Rocky Mount bypass ) and from Plymouth to Columbia US Highway 70 on the Clayton bypass , and from Dover to New Bern US Highway 74 / Future Interstate 74 on the Rockingham - Hamlet Bypass and from Chadbourn to Whiteville , as well as a section from NC 108 east of I - 26 in Polk County to mile 187 in Rutherford County . US Highway 264 from Wendell to Greenville NC Route 147 between NC Route 540 and I - 40 . These lengths make up approximately 589 miles , or 27 % , of the total freeway mileage in North Carolina ( 405 miles or 31 % of the state 's growing Interstate system ) . Four - lane freeway - grade highways are generally posted at 65 mph through the state of North Carolina . 60 mph speed limits ( edit ) Interstate freeways with 60 mph speed limits are found along on I - 26 between Asheville and Hendersonville and north of Asheville to Tennessee ; I - 40 between Asheville and Waynesville and through Greensboro ; on I - 85 in Gaston ( east of US 321 to the Mecklenburg County line ) and Mecklenburg counties and through Durham ; on I - 440 along the northern half of Raleigh 's Beltline Non-Interstate Freeways ( US Highways ) with 60 mph speed limits are found along on the US 1 Henderson Bypass ( as of December 2011 ) ; US - 23 Waynesville Bypass ; US 64 over the Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge between Manns Harbor and Manteo ; US 74 Laurinburg bypass and in Brunswick County from the Leland Industrial Park to NC 133 ; US 301 / Business 95 between Fayetteville and Eastover ; the US - 311 High Point Bypass and the US - 401 Fayetteville bypass . Only two State Secondary Road freeways in the state that has a 60 mph speed limit are the Wade Avenue Extension as of February 2012 and Aviation Parkway ( from south of Globe Rd to Airport Blvd ) as of July 2014 , which are both in Raleigh . 60 mph speed limits along non-freeway segments are growing in popularity and have replaced 55 mph limits on several boulevard and expressway segments throughout the state . The boulevard speed limit changes go against the NCDOT rationale behind signing 60 mph speed limits along only freeway and expressway segments . As of June 1 , 2008 , some examples of the affected boulevards are US 17 north of Elizabeth City , US 74 east of Wadesboro and NC 11 in Pitt County . 60 mph speed limits along Expressways are US 1 in northeastern Moore County , US 17 on bypass routes in Brunswick County , US 74 east of I - 95 , US 117 in Wayne County & Duplin County , US 220 in Rockingham County only along bypass segments and on NC 16 in Lincoln and Catawba counties ( as of October 2012 ) . Previously , the entire US 220 alignment from NC 68 to the Virginia state line was 60 mph but went back to 55 mph between NC 68 and NC 704 . Three State Secondary road expressways in the state that have a 60 mph speed limit are the US 117 Connector in Sampson and Duplin Counties between US 117 and I - 40 ( The designation in Sampson County leaving I - 40 towards Duplin County is SR 1783 / Connector Road ) and the un-numbered connector northwest of Kinston serving the Global Transpark . There is a default minimum speed limit on Interstate and primary highways only when signs are present . The minimum is 40 mph if the maximum is 55 mph . The minimum is 45 mph if the maximum is at least 60 mph . These minimums do not apply to vehicles that are towing other vehicles . North Carolina as well as other states operates a Safe Driving Incentive Plan ( SDIP ) , a program that leads to insurance surcharges for moving violations based on a point system . In general , for speeding violations less than 10 mph over the posted speed limit in a speed zone less than 55 mph , one point is assessed ; two points are assessed for exceeding 10 mph over the limit or speeding in a zone with a speed limit of greater than 55 mph . A driver 's licence will be suspended for travelling faster than 15 mph over the speed limit , provided the speed travelled is greater than 55 mph ; suspensions can result for other speeding infractions , such as travelling faster than 75 mph in a 65 mph or less zone or faster than 80 mph in a 70 mph zone . North Dakota ( edit ) North Dakota 's major interstates , I - 29 and I - 94 , hold a 75 mph speed limit in most rural areas , with 55 - 65 mph zones within portions of the Fargo and Bismarck / Mandan urban areas ( I - 29 in Grand Forks is signed at 75 mph ) . The state 's 4 lane Divided Highways as well as 2 short stretches of undivided 4 lane highways ( US 2 around Rugby and U.S. 83 as it passes the eastern Lake Sakakawea Reservoir ) usually carry a 70 mph limit , with 2 lane restricted to up to a 65 mph limit , and gravel roads have up to 55 mph limits . Roads within cities hold their own defined limits with 25 MPH speed limits common in residential streets and 30 - 40 mph limits on Urban 4 - 6 lane divided streets , with school zones at 15 -- 25 mph . On January 3 , 2017 , a bill was introduced to increase the rural speed limit on I - 29 and I - 94 to 80 mph . The bill also would have called for 75 mph speed limits on 4 - lane divided highways and 70 mph speed limits for two lane roads . However state Senate rejected both bills . Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) The speed limit in the Northern Mariana Islands is 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) . Ohio ( edit ) Prima facie speed limits defined in Ohio Rev. Code § 4511.21 ( B ) . Other divisions of section 4511.21 define processes by which these speed limits may be increased or decreased along specific roadways . The maximum speed limit found on highways in Ohio is 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) on the Ohio Turnpike , Rural Freeways , and both the Expressway and Freeway portions of US 30 from Mansfield , Ohio to the Indiana State Line and US 33 from Wapakoneta to St. Mary 's Ohio . The speed limit ranges from 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) to 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) on other divided highways . A small portion of the westbound lane ( less than 500 feet ) of State Route 16 in Licking County is signed at 70 MPH slightly before the route upgrades from a two - lane non-divided to a four - lane divided highway , but otherwise , no non-divided highway in the state currently has a speed limit higher than 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) , though ODOT is now permitted to increase undivided roads to 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) . Ohio is the only state east of the Mississippi River to allow 70 mph speed limits on non freeway roads . Both divided and non divided roads . Ohio has an urban speed limit of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) on Interstates by state law , yet many urban areas have lower speed limits due to safety concerns found in speed studies . These commonly are in the 50 -- 60 mph range . For instance , in most of metro Dayton and Cincinnati , as well as in downtown Columbus , the speed limit is 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) , while in Cleveland , Toledo , and Akron the speed limit is 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) ; however , in central Cleveland along the Inner Belt , the speed limit is 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) . On one case , however , the Ohio Turnpike has a 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) in the outer suburbs of Toledo , Akron , and Cleveland , even since all 241 miles of the highway has the 70 mph speed limit . Some urban areas are also posted with minimum speed limits , usually with a minimum of 40 or 45 . At one time , portions of Interstate 76 and Interstate 77 in downtown Akron had a maximum speed limit of 50 mph and a minimum speed limit of 35 mph . School zones in Ohio normally have a 20 mph speed limit , regardless of the road 's normal speed limit , in effect during school hours . Oklahoma ( edit ) In Oklahoma , the maximum posted speed limit is 75 miles per hour on turnpikes and 70 mph on all other freeways . Most other rural highways , divided or undivided , have a 65 mph speed limit ( although some rural divided highways have a 70 mph limit ) . The minimum speed limit on almost all Interstate Highways , freeways , and turnpikes is 40 mph , except when the speed limit is 75 mph ( found only on turnpikes ) , in which case the minimum speed is 50 mph . In addition , rural sections of turnpike are supplemented with a sign warning `` no tolerance '' . On May 9 , 2016 , Governor Fallin signed HB 3167 which removes numerical caps on rural highway speed limits in Oklahoma which takes effect in November 2016 . Even with this bill the speed limits across the state are not expected to change because of budget issues in doing studies Oregon ( edit ) A standard - style Oregon speed sign removing the word `` limit '' The highest posted speed limit in Oregon is 70 mph on I - 84 east of The Dalles , I - 82 and US 95 ( trucks 65 mph ) . Oregon state statutes allow for a maximum speed limit of 70 mph on rural interstate highways , and the law gives the Oregon Department of Transportation ( ODOT ) discretion to define which freeway segments to post the 70 mph speed limit . ODOT did not raise speed limits beyond 65 mph on other freeways , and strongly opposed legislative efforts to raise the maximum allowable speed limit . However , in July 2015 , Governor Kate Brown signed a bill raising speed limits on several highways in eastern Oregon ; the bill included provisions to raise the speed limit to 70 mph on I - 84 and US 95 . It was announced on October 6 , 2017 that the truck speed limit will be increasing to 60 mph on rural interstate highways where the car speed limit is 65 mph as soon as new signs are posted . Engineering studies ( edit ) Although the speed limit can be raised to 70 mph based on engineering studies under current law , ODOT has not identified any freeway sections that it believes should be raised beyond the 65 mph limit . In 2004 , ODOT had released an engineering study on the average and 85th percentile speeds on interstate highways . This study found that the 85th percentile speed on rural interstates by passenger cars was 71.1 mph with a statewide average of 66.3 mph . The engineering study recommended raising the speed limit on rural interstates to 70 mph . Despite this , ODOT initially refused to post the 70 mph limit due to safety concerns and its associated monetary costs ; however , there appears to be no higher fatality levels in other states when the limit was raised . In all rural areas in Oregon , the speed limit is 55 unless otherwise posted . Until 2002 , Oregon state law required that all speed limit signs omit the word LIMIT from their display . The reasoning behind this was related to the explicit `` basic speed '' law that existed , which allowed citation for exceeding speeds `` too fast for conditions '' regardless of the posted speed . The typeface of the numerals on the signs varies greatly depending on which jurisdiction made the sign , due to its non-standardized design . In 2002 , the Oregon Department of Transportation revised its supplement to the MUTCD , mandating the omission of the word LIMIT except on signs posted on Interstate highways and within city limits . As of 2014 , ODOT has replaced nearly all SPEED signs posted on Interstates with SPEED LIMIT signs , but it was left to the various city governments to replace signs in their jurisdictions at their leisure , if at all . Thus , older SPEED signs are still a common sight across the state . Attempts to raise speed limits ( edit ) Throughout the late 1990s the Oregon state legislature passed multiple bills that would have raised the speed limit to 75 miles per hour on rural Interstate Highways and up to 70 mph on certain rural two - lane highways in the eastern portions of the state . Each year Governor John Kitzhaber vetoed the bill due to safety concerns and he was worried that the 20 mph increase in car and truck speeds would raise road hazards . In 2003 , the Oregon state legislature passed a bill that would have raised the maximum permissible speed limit on Interstate Highways to 70 mph for cars with a 5 mph differential for trucks , up from the previous 65 mph limit for cars with a 10 mph differential ; this bill was signed into law by then newly elected Governor Ted Kulongoski on September 26 , 2003 . Although ODOT 's 2004 study revealed that it is safe for cars to be traveling at 70 mph and trucks at 60 mph the Oregon Department of Transportation decided to not initially implement the increase out of concerns that it would not be safe to have trucks traveling at 65 mph . Prior to the National Maximum Speed Law , the speed limit on Oregon freeways was 75 mph with some 70 limits on two - lane roads in eastern portions of the state . On July 20 , 2015 , Governor Brown signed HB 3402 into law . This bill raises the speed limit on I - 84 east of The Dalles , I - 82 ( HB 4047 signed 2 / 23 / 16 ) and US 95 to 70 mph for cars and 65 mph for trucks . It also increases speed limits on several other two lane rural highways to 65 mph for cars and 60 mph for trucks in Eastern Oregon . The law took effect on March 1 , 2016 . School speed limits ( edit ) In 2004 , a law was passed revising Oregon 's school speed limit laws . In school zones , on roads with speed limits of 30 mph or below , drivers were required to slow to 20 mph 24 hours a day , 365 days a year , regardless of whether or not children were present . This replaced most ' when children are present ' placards . If the speed limit was 35 mph or higher , the school zone limit would be imposed either by flashing yellow lights or a placard denoting times and days of the week when the limit was in effect . The at - all - times rule was highly unpopular with motorists and was widely ignored . In 2006 , the law was revised again , taking away the ' at all times ' requirement and replacing it with a time - of - day system ( usually school days , 7 a.m. to 5 pm ) . School crossings with flashing yellow lights remain . In many communities , school zones are strictly enforced and speed traps in these areas are commonly employed . ODOT has not chosen a variation of speed between two - lane roads in Oregon , regardless of the terrain . Any rural two - lane road in the state has a default speed limit of 55 mph . Town speed limits are 20 mph in an alley , 20 mph in a school zone , 35 mph on boulevards , and 45 mph on roads with traffic lights . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Speed limit signs on the Pennsylvania Turnpike 1942 sign showing 70 mph speed limit 2014 sign showing 70 mph speed limit In Pennsylvania the maximum freeway speed limit is generally 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , with select sections of rural freeway and most of the Pennsylvania Turnpike signed at 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) , or 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) such as most of standalone Interstate 70 . The speed limit on urban freeways ranges from a low of 40 mph in downtown Pittsburgh and Philadelphia to a high of 70 mph in some suburban areas . In 1940 , when the Pennsylvania Turnpike was opened between Irwin and Carlisle , the entire 160 mile limited - access toll road did not have a speed limit , similar to that of the German Autobahns . In 1941 , a speed limit of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) was established , only to be reduced to 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) during the war years ( 1942 -- 45 ) . After WWII , the limit was raised to 70 mph on the four - lane sections , with the two - lane tunnels having 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) for cars and 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) for trucks . Prior to the 1974 federal speed limit law , all Interstates and the Turnpike had a 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) speed limit on rural stretches and 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) speed limit in urban areas . In 1995 , the state raised the speed limit on rural stretches of Interstate Highways and the Pennsylvania Turnpike system to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , with urban areas having a 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) limit . In 1997 , PennDOT raised the speed limit to some rural non-Interstate Highway bypasses to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . In 2005 , with the change in the designation of `` urban zones '' in the state ( actually the law eliminating the prohibition against 65 mph limits in urban areas was enacted in 2000 . It took PennDOT and the PTC 5 years to realize the law had been changed ) , the entire lengths of both the Pennsylvania Turnpike 's east -- west mainline and Northeast Extension were given 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) limits , except at the tunnels and through the very winding 5.5 mile ( 9 km ) eastern approach to the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel . The 70 mph speed limit was authorized by House Bill 1060 , which was signed by Governor Tom Corbett on November 25 , 2013 . On July 18 , 2014 , the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission announced the return of the 70 mph speed limit on a 97 - mile stretch of the mainline from the Blue Mountain interchange ( MP 201 ) to the Morgantown interchange ( MP 298 ) . Signs were erected on July 22 , 2014 . On July 23 , 2014 , PennDOT announced the speed limit will be increased to 70 mph on I - 80 between interchange 101 in DuBois , Clearfield County and milepost 189 in Clinton County and on I - 380 between interchange 8 ( MP 10 ) near Mount Pocono , Monroe County and the junction with I - 84 in Lackawanna County , on or around August 11 , 2014 as a pilot project . On March 15 , 2016 , the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission approved raising the speed limit on the remaining 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) sections of the turnpike to 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) ; sections that are posted at 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) will retain that speed limit . On May 2 , 2016 , PennDOT announced that the speed limit will be increased to 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) on about 800 miles ( 1,300 km ) of roadway across the state , with conversion to take place on May 3 . A total of 396 miles ( 637 km ) of the Pennsylvania Turnpike system will increase from 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) to 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) , including the extensions in Southwestern Pennsylvania . The speed limit of the Pennsylvania Turnpike will remain 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) within construction zones and tunnels , at mainline toll plazas , on the eastern approach of the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel , and between Bensalem and the Delaware River Bridge . The speed limit will also be increased to 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) on 400 miles ( 640 km ) of highway maintained by PennDOT , including rural stretches of I - 79 , I - 80 , I - 99 , I - 380 , and US 15 . On non-freeway roads , speed limits are generally held at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) for rural four - lane roads , 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) for rural two - lane roads , 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) for urban four lane roads and 40 -- 45 ( sometimes , but rarely , 50 mph ) mph ( 64 -- 72 km / h ) for urban two lane roads , 35 -- 45 mph for roads in commercial business areas , 30 - 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) for major roads in residential areas , 20 - 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) for most municipal residential streets , including main north -- south and east -- west roads in county seats and other mid-sized to large towns , and 15 - 20 mph ( 24 km / h ) for school zones during school arrival and departure times only . It is also only in effect on days that the school the road goes near is in session . Many schools have signs that blink when the school speed limit is in effect . There is no reduced school speed on divided highways , even if the school sits right beside the highway . All state - owned two - lane roads in rural areas within Pennsylvania have a default speed limit of 55 mph unless otherwise posted . The Pennsylvania Turnpike has a minimum speed limit of 15 mph below the posted maximum speed , though the minimum is only sporadically posted . This is not enforced for slow - moving trucks in areas with steep grades and signs are posted that instruct drivers to use their flashers if traveling below 50 mph ( 40 if the speed limit is 55 ) . Pennsylvania has no default minimum speed limit on any other roads . However , minimum speed limits on certain highways may be enacted and posted as provided by Section 3364 ( c ) of the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle Code ( Title 75 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes ) . § 3364 ( a ) also requires , `` Except when reduced speed is necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law , whenever any person drives a vehicle upon a roadway having width for not more than one lane of traffic in each direction at less than the maximum posted speed and at such a slow speed as to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic , the driver shall , at the first opportunity when and where it is reasonable and safe to do so and after giving appropriate signal , drive completely off the roadway and onto the berm or shoulder of the highway . The driver may return to the roadway after giving appropriate signal only when the movement can be made in safety and so as not to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic . '' Drivers can not be stopped by police for driving less than 6 mph over the posted speed limit ( 10 mph if the speed limit is less than 55 mph and non-radar timing devices are used , as use of radar devices is limited to `` members of the Pennsylvania State Police '' by § 3368c2 ) . Puerto Rico ( edit ) The US territory of Puerto Rico regulates and posts speed limits in miles per hour , although highway signage for distances are in kilometers . Some people are hoping to have the speed limit in autopistas raised to 70 mph , along with 60 mph for trucks . Tolled Autopistas as of 2015 , can have speed limits up to 65 mph , while other expressways have speed limits up to 60 mph . The rural default speed limit is 45 mph but may be increased to 55 mph . In residential areas , only multilane roads have limits up to 35 mph , other roads are restricted to a maximum speed of 25 mph . Only rural school zones have the higher 25 mph limit . Speed limits for `` heavy motor vehicles '' , such as school buses , are always 10 mph lower than that allowed for lighter vehicles , except in urban school zones where the limit is 20 mph . Vehicles carrying hazardous materials are limited to 30 mph in rural areas and 20 mph in urban ones . Rhode Island ( edit ) Along two - lane roadways , the default speed limit is 50 mph during the daytime outside a business or residential district . `` Daytime '' means a half - hour before sunset and a half - hour after sunrise . At night time and also uncommon on the East Coast , the default speed limit is 45 mph outside a business or residential district . Through the CBD and residential district , the default speed limit is 25 mph . Through school zones within 300 feet , the default speed limit is 20 mph . Local governments are barred from raising the default speed limits during the day and at night . Divided highways such as rural Interstates are generally posted at 65 mph but 55 mph closer to Providence . Divided arterials and expressways are posted no higher than 55 mph . This includes US 1 south of RI 4 to Westerly . A speed limit of 65 mph may be allowed on rural interstates based on engineering studies . Currently , however , the only interstates raised to 65 are Interstate 95 from exits 1 - 9 and Interstate 295 . South Carolina ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Interstate speed limits in South Carolina are posted at 70 mph . Interstates passing through `` Urban '' areas are dropped to 60 mph . The urban area assignment of 60 mph usually includes the metropolitan area and the actual inner city area . The three exceptions to the rule are I - 385 in Greenville , the SC 31 freeway around Myrtle Beach and I - 95 around Florence . I - 385 has a 55 mph speed limit at its terminus within the Greenville area . SC 31 is posted at 65 mph even though it is in the greater Myrtle Beach area . SC 31 was originally posted at 60 mph when it was built in 2004 . I - 95 even as a 6 lane semi-urban built freeway , maintains a 70 mph speed limit through the Florence area ( as of June 2013 , from just south of exit 160 to just south of exit 164 , the speed limit has been reduced to 60 mph , a textbook speed trap ) . It is 6 lanes from SC 327 to I - 20 . Four - lane arterials by default are posted at 60 mph . Four - lane bypasses at 60 mph can be found in Marion and Sumter , but others remain at 55 mph . It is not uncommon that 55 mph can be expected in more built - up areas prior to municipalities and / or if the engineering on the highway is below standards . However , U.S. Route 123 has a divided segment where the speed limit is 65 mph . Two - lane roads are 55 mph by default . However , a handful of counties maintained as either state secondary roads or county roads are posted at 45 mph . Central business districts ( CBDs ) are posted at 30 mph . Unlike North Carolina with their default downtown speed limit of 20 mph , they are rare to find in South Carolina in downtown areas . A recent trend is occurring with CBD speed limits that they are being signed at 25 mph in random municipalities around the state . Speed limit drops generally are done in 10 mph increments but 20 mph are not uncommon . Improvements in the mid-2000s were done by SCDOT to warn motorists ahead of time for speed drops on various roadways . However , there are still some roadways that have not received that treatment . However , there are a couple roadways that get 25 mph to 30 mph drops as well . The speed limit drops from 55 mph to 25 mph at a traffic circle with US 378 and SC 391 in eastern Saluda County . On US 52 northbound approaching Kingstree , the speed limit drops from 60 mph to 35 mph South Dakota ( edit ) Shortly after the December 1995 repeal of the 65 / 55 mph National Maximum Speed Law , South Dakota raised its general rural speed limits to 75 mph on freeways and 65 mph on other roads along with 70 on a few 4 lane divided highways . Almost a decade after posting the 75 mph limit , average speeds on South Dakotan rural freeways remain at or below the speed limit . In the urban areas of Sioux Falls and Rapid city , a 65 mph speed limit is posted on Interstates 90 and 29 . In March 2015 , SD State Legislature has passed the bill to raise the speed limit on Interstate 29 and Interstate 90 to 80 mph . It was signed into law and took effect in April 2015 . While the 80 MPH speed limit was initially signed on all rural freeways in the state , the Interstate 90 stretch from Rapid City to the Wyoming Border returned to 75 mph due to safety concerns . Tennessee ( edit ) An `` environmental '' speed limit along I - 75 near Loudon , Tennessee . These were enacted in some of the major metropolitan areas of Tennessee after all of Tennessee 's major cities failed to meet the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) 's guidelines for air quality . However , some motorists believed that the actual intent was to increase revenues from speeding tickets . Tennessee generally posts its rural interstates at 70 mph . These include all of the state 's two - digit Interstates except Interstate 55 and Interstate 26 . The only auxiliary interstates in Tennessee with a 70 mph speed limit are Interstate 155 and Interstate 840 . 70 mph speed limits are allowed on all other controlled access highways , and are found on controlled - access portions of U.S. 51 and S.R. 22 , 111 , 386 , and 396 . In 70 mph zones , the default minimum speed limit is 55 . Urban interstates are generally posted at 55 to 65 mph , however , portions of Interstates 24 , 40 , and 65 and S.R. 386 in Davidson County , as well as I - 24 in Clarksville are posted at 70 mph . Four - lane divided highways are posted as high as 65 mph but are sometimes 55 mph . These are often hotbeds for speed camera enforcement leading into a municipality. 55 mph speed limits are allowed on two - lane state maintained roads , but some contain 45 and 50 mph limits , even in rural areas , primarily as a result of local policies . In East Tennessee , most mountain roads leading to North Carolina are poorly posted at 45 mph . Furthermore , two - lane roads such as US 321 and S.R. 91 have the same mountain and road width characteristics when leaving Tennessee into North Carolina or Virginia at 55 mph . Inside a municipality , speed limit assignments are often a mystery on state - maintained roads . This could range from 15 to 55 mph depending on the type of roadway . This is because the state of Tennessee grants strong home rule powers to municipalities and Dillon 's Rule for unincorporated areas in the county for speed limit assignments on non-controlled access state - maintained roads , requiring that they fall within established constraints . Unlike other states , this weakens TennDOT 's ability to sign predictable speed limits in a reasonable and prudent matter . Also , Tennessee has a high percentage of roadways maintained by the counties . In the 2000s , all of the major cities in Tennessee except for Nashville and Clarksville petitioned TDOT to enact environmental speed limits in their respective counties after failing to meet EPA air quality standards , reducing speed limits from 70 mph to 65 mph and 55 mph for trucks . Knox County ( Knoxville ) also petitioned the state to enact these speed limits in all of the neighboring counties of the Knoxville Metropolitan Area , as well as Jefferson County . These moves were controversial , as people believed the actual purpose was to increase revenue from speeding tickets , and the Tennessee Highway Patrol ( THP ) reportedly started enforcing these as 70 mph zones in the Knoxville area after multiple truckers successfully won court cases and had their tickets dismissed . In Nashville , speed limits for freeways are posted at 55 mph at the center of the city , and 65 and 70 mph beyond , with no separate restrictions for trucks . Prior to 1974 , the maximum speed limit on Tennessee 's Interstate highways was 75 mph day or night for cars and 65 mph day or night for trucks . Other rural highways had a maximum speed limit of 65 mph day and 55 mph night for cars and 50 mph day or night for trucks . Many of these other class roadways also had separate day and night speed limits as well . Texas ( edit ) Typical Texas rural speed limit sign before September 2011 . Note the black backgrounded 65 mph night speed limit sign , which was common on Texas roads . ( No other state had a universal night speed limit . ) This sign is on southbound U.S. 69 / 96 / 287 just north of Beaumont . Note that night speed limits have been abolished since this photo was taken . Texas is the only state that does not prescribe a different speed limit for each road type in its state or federal highway system . Texas law generally prescribes a statutory speed limit of 70 miles per hour ( 113 km / h ) for any rural road that is numbered by the state or federal government ( United States Numbered Highways and Interstate Highways ) -- whether two lane , four lane , freeway , or otherwise -- 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) for roads outside an urban district that are not federal or state highways , and 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) for streets in an urban district . The law allows raising or lowering the statutory limit only if an engineering and traffic investigation indicates that a different limit is appropriate . Texas allows a speed limit of up to 75 miles per hour ( 121 km / h ) to be posted on federal or state highways , city maintained roads , and toll roads , and up to 70 miles per hour ( 113 km / h ) on county roads . Through a separate provision , speed limits up to 80 or 85 mph can be established on certain highways . Truck speed limits ( edit ) Example of 70 mph truck speed limit sign immediately behind an 80 mph speed limit sign , before truck speed limits were abolished Texas once had separate , systemwide truck speed limits , but they were repealed in 1999 and 2011 . The truck speed limit used to be 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) day / 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) night when the regular limit was higher . This speed limit did not apply to buses or to trucks transporting United States Postal Service mail . Truck speed limits disappeared when all speed limits were capped at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) in 1974 . They reappeared with the introduction of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) limits in 1987 . Effective September 1 , 1999 , Texas repealed truck speed limits on all roads except farm to market and ranch to market roads . In 2001 , a bill allowing 75 mph speed limit on roads in certain counties excluded trucks , introducing a 70 mph truck speed limit on roads with a higher limit . A bill in 2005 allowing 80 mph speed limits still excluded trucks . However , truck speed limits were fully repealed in 2011 . Night speed limits ( edit ) Before September 1 , 2011 , Texas had a statutory 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) night speed limit on all roads with a higher daytime limit . In 2011 , the Texas Legislature banned night speed limits effective September 1 , 2011 . However as of June 2013 , night speed limits ( 55 ) were retained on some county roads where the speed limit is 60 mph in Scurry County , just outside of Snyder , Texas . Environmental speed limits ( edit ) 55 mph speed limit signs photographed on August 20 , 2002 . These signs were on southbound I - 45 at the north border of Montgomery County . Immediately before this point , the speed limit was 70 mph . These were part of an unpopular 55 mph speed limit cap in the Houston -- Galveston area . Same location as prior picture with the more recent 65 mph speed limit , photographed on August 4 , 2005 Texas is the first state to lower speed limits for air quality reasons , although the lowered limits may not meaningfully improve air quality . In roughly a 50 - mile ( 80 km ) radius of the Houston -- Galveston and Dallas -- Ft . Worth regions , the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality convinced the Texas Department of Transportation to reduce the speed limit on all roads with 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) or 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) speed limits by 5 mph . This was instituted as part of a plan to reduce smog - forming emissions in areas out of compliance with the federal Clean Air Act . Initial studies found that lower speed limits could provide roughly 1.5 % of the emissions reductions required for Clean Air Act compliance . However , follow - up studies found that the actual reduction is far less : The emissions modeling software initially used , MOBILE 5a , overestimated the emissions contribution of speed limit reductions . Rerunning the models with the next generation software , MOBILE 6 , produced dramatically lower emissions reductions . Speed checks in the Dallas area performed 1 year after implementation of speed limit reductions show that actual speed reductions are only about 1.6 mph , a fraction of the anticipated 10 % ( 5.5 mph ) speed reduction . With both of these facts combined , it is possible that the speed limit reductions only provide a thousandth of the total emissions reductions necessary for Clean Air Act compliance . In mid-2002 , all speed limits in the Houston -- Galveston area were capped at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . Facing immense opposition , poor compliance , and the finding that lowered speed limits produced only a fraction of the originally estimated emissions reductions , the TCEQ relented and reverted to the 5 mph reduction scheme . Due to its enormous unpopularity , the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality examined alternatives to the 55 mph speed cap . Analysis suggested that the vast majority of emissions reductions were from reduced heavy truck emissions . A proposed alternative was to restore passenger vehicle limits but retain a 55 mph truck speed limit . Concerns about safety problems and enforceability of such a large differential ( up to 15 mph on many roads ) scuttled that proposal , and a compromise plan , described above , was enacted that retained uniform , but still reduced , speed limits . In 2003 , the Texas Legislature prospectively banned environmental speed limits , effective September 1 , 2003 . The wording of the bill allows environmental speed limits already in place to remain , but no new miles of roadway may be subjected to environmental speed limits . Elimination of Dallas - Fort Worth region environmental speed limits ( edit ) In 2009 , the North Texas Tollway Authority raised the speed limit by 10 mph on two tollways . Several miles of these tollways had 60 mph environmental speed limits . These new 70 mph limits exceeded what is allowable under the environmental speed limit regime . NTTA was allowed to raise the speed limits by offsetting the higher limits ' theoretical emissions increases with other transportation - related emissions reduction measures , including implementation of all - electronic tolling , which eliminated the need for some vehicles to stop at a toll booth . In 2015 , the Texas Department of Transportation cancelled all remaining environmental speed limits in the Dallas - Fort Worth region . Some speed limits were changed back to those in place before the environmental speed limits were enacted . On some roads the speed limit was not changed . On other roads , including some that never had environmental speed limits , speed limits were raised higher than they were before the environmental speed limits were enacted . 75 mph limits ( edit ) Because Texas law allows 75 mph speed limits on any numbered state highway or city maintained road , it is the only state with 75 mph limits on two - lane roads . Speed studies undertaken by TxDOT in response to legislation passed in 2011 took about 2 years , and the result is that the mileage of highway with a speed limit of 75 mph has increased from about 1,400 to about 19,000. 70 mph speed limits have become rare on Texas interstates . They are retained in stretches of I - 10 and I - 35 in Bexar County , on I - 410 , on I - 35 from San Antonio to Austin , and I - 35W in Denton County well Most Texas interstates had been posted at 70 mph , notably in east Texas and the panhandle for 16 years from December 1995 / early 1996 to early 2012 . Also , there are multiple urban Interstates and Tollways in Texas where there can be a 75 mph speed limit such as parts of State Highway 45 , I - 20 in Odessa and Midland ( prior to Feb 2016 , it is now 65 mph on I - 20 in Odessa - Midland ) , and I - 10 in the outer parts of San Antonio 80 and 85 mph limits ( edit ) Texas Legislator Pete Gallego unveiling a new 80 mph speed limit sign on Interstate 10 near Fort Stockton , Texas . Note that night speed limits have been abolished since this photo was taken . Texas statutorily allows 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) speed limits on I - 10 and I - 20 in certain counties named in the statute , each of which has a low population density . Additionally , the Texas Transportation Commission may set a speed limit up to 85 mph on any part of the state highway system if that part is `` designed to accommodate travel at that established speed or a higher speed '' and an `` engineering and traffic investigation '' determines the speed is `` reasonable and safe '' . As of now , the roads with an 80 mph limit are : I - 10 between mile 61.8 in Hudspeth County ( 31 ° 24 ′ 31 '' N 105 ° 58 ′ 21 '' W / 31.408667 ° N 105.972404 ° W / 31.408667 ; - 105.972404 ) and mile 494 in Kerr County ( 30 ° 11 ′ 00 '' N 99 ° 18 ′ 07 '' W / 30.183446 ° N 99.302038 ° W / 30.183446 ; - 99.302038 ) I - 20 between mile 0 in Reeves County ( 31 ° 05 ′ 24 '' N 104 ° 03 ′ 31 '' W / 31.089949 ° N 104.058509 ° W / 31.089949 ; - 104.058509 ) and mile 89 in Ward County ( 31 ° 38 ′ 19 '' N 102 ° 46 ′ 03 '' W / 31.638654 ° N 102.767521 ° W / 31.638654 ; - 102.767521 ) . State Highway 45 South from the northern junction with US 183 to the southern junction with I - 35 in Travis County . SH 45 North from the northern terminus of its concurrency with SH 130 to the northern junction with US 183 near the Travis / Williamson County border remains at 75 mph . State Highway 130 from I - 35 north of Georgetown to the northern terminus of its concurrency with US - 183 south of Austin . As of now , the only road with an 85 mph speed limit is a 41 - mile portion of Texas State Highway 130 from the northern terminus of its concurrency with US - 183 ( 30 ° 04 ′ 32 '' N 97 ° 41 ′ 33 '' W / 30.075512 ° N 97.692387 ° W / 30.075512 ; - 97.692387 ) , southward to I - 10 near Seguin ( 29 ° 36 ′ 48 '' N 97 ° 52 ′ 35 '' W / 29.613349 ° N 97.876287 ° W / 29.613349 ; - 97.876287 ) . US virgin Islands ( edit ) For `` motorcars , pick - up trucks , or motorcycles '' , the fastest speed limit in this territory is 55 mph and is found on one road , the divided highway and freeway known as the Melvin H. Evans Highway on the island of St. Croix . Outside of towns , these vehicles are limited to 35 mph unless posted lower , except on the above - mentioned divided highway and parts of Centerline Road , which is limited to 40 mph . Within towns , these vehicles are limited to 20 mph . `` Motor trucks and buses '' are limited to 40 mph on St. Croix 's main divided highway , 30 mph on other highways outside of towns , and 15 mph within towns . Utah ( edit ) 80 miles per hour speed limit sign on Interstate 15 south of Nephi , Utah In Utah , there is a minimum speed limit of 45 mph on Interstate Highways when conditions permit . The maximum speed limit on Interstates is normally 70 mph in cities and , on most highways , 80 mph elsewhere . UDOT has now implemented HB83 , raising the speed limit to 80 mph on an additional 289 miles of rural interstate , including I - 80 from Nevada to mile marker 99 , I - 84 from Idaho to I - 15 , and I - 15 between Saint George , Utah and Mona , Utah . Although 80 mph is posted on most interstates , some stretches of I - 80 and I - 84 are posted at 70 mph east of Salt Lake City . I - 80 is briefly posted 65 mph / truck speed : 55 between US 40 and Wanship . Speeds between Salt Lake City and Park City on I - 80 are variable based on road conditions . Speed limit from Ogden to Spanish Fork on I - 15 is 70 mph . From Mona south until Cedar City , excluding curvy sections and mountain passes , the speed limit is 80 miles per hour . Excluding a rural break in Iron and Washington counties , the speed limit on I - 15 in the urban areas of Washington , and St George is 70 miles per hour until the southern border of Arizona . The speed limit on I - 15 in Cedar City is 75 miles per hour . The Legacy Parkway , running between North Salt Lake and Farmington , has posted speed limits of 55 mph along its entire length ( of ten miles ) due to environmental concerns at the time of its construction . 80 mph speed limit ( edit ) On April 3 , 2013 , Utah Department of Transportation spokesman John Gleason said `` We 'd only do it in a situation that would make sense : flat , straight roadways . The Utah Department of Transportation is looking at expanding zones where it can increase the speed limit from 75 to 80 miles per hour . The Utah State Legislature recently approved a bill allowing for a series of zones to become permanent , as well as expanding them in other places around the state . UDOT began a study on Monday ( April 1 , 2013 ) to place more zones on rural parts of I - 15 , I - 80 and I - 84 . The areas under consideration , UDOT spokesman said , are on I - 80 from Grantsville ( exit 99 ) to Wendover , on the Utah - Nevada border ; I - 84 from Tremonton to the Utah - Idaho border ; I - 15 from Brigham City ( North interchange ) to the Utah - Idaho border ; and I - 15 from Santaquin to North Leeds . '' The speed limit on these sections has been increased from 80 mph as of September 17 , 2013 . On February 13 , 2014 , UDOT voted to increase the speed limit on I - 80 from Salt Lake City across the Bonneville Salt Flats to the Nevada border to 80 miles per hour ( 130 km / h ) . The change went into effect on July 1 , 2014 . By July 1 , 2014 , the state raised the speed limit on all rural interstates in Utah to 80 mph except I - 80 from the Wyoming border to Salt Lake City , on I - 84 from its junction with I - 80 to Ogden and on twisty sections of Interstate 70 from its I - 15 junction to the Colorado border ( the speed limit on I - 70 still varies between 60 mph and 80 mph depending on the topography of the section of freeway . ) . The speed limit on every other highway is 55 mph unless otherwise posted , although several two - lane , undivided roads have 65 mph speed limits , with divided sections of U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 189 posted at 65 mph as well . By the end of 2016 , UDOT raised speed limits to 80 mph on additional sections of I - 15 and I - 70 . Vermont ( edit ) The standard speed limit in Vermont stands at 50 mph . This is applied to rural two - lane roads . On urban freeways , divided at - grade expressways , and rural two - lane limited access roads , the speed limit is 55 mph , such as on I - 189 and Interstate 89 in Burlington , and US Route 7 and Vermont State Route 279 outside of Bennington . Rural freeways are posted at 65 mph . Furthermore , the speed limit drops from 65 mph on rural highways to 40 mph at the approach to the Canada -- US border on Interstates 89 and 91 , at Highgate and Derby Line , respectively . In school zones , the speed limit can range from 20 mph to 25 mph , depending on local authority . The minimum speed is defined at 40 mph only on Interstate highways . That includes where the limit is posted at 55 and 65 mph . However , as old signs are being replaced , the `` 40 MINIMUM '' is being phased out , keeping only `` SPEED LIMIT 65 '' . Virginia ( edit ) A Virginia statute provides that the default speed limit `` shall be 55 mph on interstate highways or other limited access highways with divided roadways , nonlimited access highways having four or more lanes , and all state primary highways '' . `` The maximum speed limit on all other highways shall be 55 miles per hour if the vehicle is a passenger motor vehicle , bus , pickup or panel truck , or a motorcycle , but 45 miles per hour on such highways if the vehicle is a truck , tractor truck , or combination of vehicles designed to transport property , or is a motor vehicle being used to tow a vehicle designed for self - propulsion , or a house trailer . '' The same statute contains a number of exceptions , however , allowing higher speed limits `` where indicated by lawfully placed signs , erected subsequent to a traffic engineering study and analysis of available and appropriate accident and law - enforcement data '' . This provision allows speed limits of up to 70 mph on Interstate highways ; multilane , divided , limited - access highways ; and express or high - occupancy vehicle lanes if said lanes are physically separated from the regular travel lanes . ( As of August 2015 , Virginia has three such barrier - separated facilities : high - occupancy vehicle lanes on I - 64 in the Tidewater area ; as well as high - occupancy / toll `` Express Lanes '' on I - 495 and I - 95 , and HOT / HOV lanes on I - 395 , all in Northern Virginia . ) The statute also allows 60 - mph speed limits on a number of specified non-limited access , multilane , divided highways . The 70 - mph provision was added to Section 46.2 - 870 via an amendment effective on July 1 , 2010 . The previous version of the statute had authorized a 70 - mph speed limit only on I - 85 ; the maximum limit permitted elsewhere was 65 mph . Notably , the revised statute does not require a 70 - mph speed limit on any road nor make such limit automatic , due to the requirement for traffic and engineering studies . The Virginia Department of Transportation began studying Interstate highways with 65 - mph speed limits during April 2010 to determine which roads should receive the 70 - mph limit and announced that the studies would be conducted in three phases over a period of several months , with the initial phase focusing on 323 miles of highway with `` no significant levels of crashes and congestion '' . As of July 1 , 2010 , VDOT increased the speed limit to 70 mph on a portion of one highway ( I - 295 south of I - 64 ) . On October 20 , 2010 , Governor Bob McDonnell announced that by the end of 2010 , VDOT would post 70 - mph speed limits on 680 miles of Virginia Interstates located outside of urban areas , representing 61 percent of Virginia 's total 1,119 miles of Interstate highways . While the statute allows for speed limits up to 70 mph on urban Interstates , as of March 2015 VDOT has declined to post a limit higher than 65 mph on any urban highway other than I - 295 in Richmond . The statute also allows 70 - mph speed limits on routes other than Interstates . Initially VDOT declined to consider any such routes for the higher limit , but in early 2012 VDOT posted a 70 - mph limit on a portion of US - 29 near Lynchburg . Other Virginia statutes prescribe exceptions to the general rules set forth above . The notable aspect of Virginia 's current speed limit laws is that the Department of Transportation has no authority to raise speed limits above the statutory limits unless the General Assembly passes a statute permitting the change . Since the National Maximum Speed Law was repealed in 1995 , such statutory exceptions were largely confined to a highway - by - highway basis , as evidenced by the list of 60 - mph exceptions in Va . Code § 46.2 - 870 . Notably , Virginia 's reckless driving statute provides that driving 20 mph over the speed limit , or in excess of 80 mph regardless of the posted speed limit , is grounds for a reckless driving ticket . Thus , in a 70 - mph zone traveling 11 mph over the speed limit is prosecutable as a misdemeanor with penalties of up to a $2,500 fine and / or 12 months in jail . Virginia law does not prescribe a fixed minimum speed limit , although a statute does authorize the posting of such limits where traffic and engineering studies indicate that they would be appropriate . Virginia is the only state that prohibits the use of radar detectors ( the District of Columbia does as well , though it is not a state ) . Effective July 1 , 2018 , higher speed limits ( 60 mph ) should be coming to the expressway portions of U.S. 301 , U.S. 501 between South Boston and the NC line ( HB 55 ) and more sections of U.S. 17 . In addition expressway portions of VA routes 3 and 207 are scheduled to see increases to 60 mph . ( SB 466 , HB 73 and 684 . ) Wake Island ( edit ) The speed limit on Wake Island is 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) . Washington ( edit ) The Revised Code of Washington permits speed limits of 75 mph in sections deemed appropriate by an engineering study . As of February 2016 , the typical speed limit on a Washington freeway is 70 mph rural , 60 mph urban ( the speed limits on these types of freeways only vary in the Tri Cities ) , with a truck speed limit no higher than 60 mph . The posted truck speed limit does not apply to any auto stage towing a trailer or trucks less than 10,000 pounds gross weight . Limits were raised to current speeds following the elimination of the federal 55 mph speed limit , to more closely reflect the common speeds of traffic at that time . However , Washington State does not have a standard legislated statewide speed limit , leaving it to WSDOT to set individual speed limits for specific segments of road . This has resulted in a wide range of speed limits statewide , with many rural undivided 2 lane highways set at 65 mph , while some congested urban divided highways have limits as low as 40 mph . The default speed limit on a rural 2 - lane highway in Washington is 60 ; however , the limit on undivided highways varies . In mountainous country like the Cascades and Olympic Mountains , certain twisty roads are limited to 55 mph , whereas some flat , straight highways in eastern Washington have a limit of 65 . The speed limit for motorhomes and autos with trailers is 60 like it is for trucks . Roads with traffic lights are limited to 55 mph . The school zone speed limit is 20 mph but is in effect only if children are present . Divided highways in Washington are rare , however , U.S. Route 395 between Pasco and Ritzville is a high - speed divided highway with a maximum speed limit of 70 mph . Some areas within Washington State use variable speed limits such as on portions of I - 90 between Seattle and Issaquah and over Snoqualmie Pass . On January 23rd , 2017 , the WSDOT considered raising the speed limit on I - 90 between Ellensburg and Spokane to 75 mph , but decided to retain the 70 mph limit . West Virginia ( edit ) The speed limit on most rural Interstates is 70 mph . Urban Interstate speed limits generally vary from 55 mph to 65 mph . Sections of I - 64 and I - 68 have lower truck speed limits because of steep grades ; otherwise , West Virginia does not post separate truck speed limits . The West Virginia Turnpike between Chelyan and Mahan has a 60 mph speed limit because of sharp curves . Speed limits on 4 - lane divided highways are normally 65 mph although some stretches within cities are posted as low as 50 mph . Open country highways have a statutory limit of 55 mph , which includes most rural two - lane highways and even includes some one lane back country roads or any road without a posted speed limit . Cities and towns set their own speed limits , which are usually between 25 and 55 mph . School zones have a statutory speed limit of 20 mph . Speed limits are commonly reduced by 15 mph in work zones . On April 7 , 2017 , the House of Delegates passed a resolution that asks the Department of Highways to study increasing the speed limit to 75 mph on rural interstates where deemed safe . On January 10 , 2018 , West Virginia lawmakers made a bill which would increase speed limits on interstates and limited access highways in rural areas to 80 mph . If that is done , West Virginia could become the 8th state to increase its speed limit to 80 mph , and it would be the third eastern state with a speed limit of greater than 70 mph . Wisconsin ( edit ) The state of Wisconsin 's speed limits are set out in statutory law but may often be modified by the maintaining government entity . In addition to a basic speed rule , Wisconsin law specifies certain occasions where reduced speeds are required including -- and not limited to the approaches and traverses of rail crossings , winding roads , roads where people are present , and the crests of grades . Although there is no numeric minimum speed limit , state law prohibits the impediment of traffic by unreasonably slow speeds . Vehicles that lack rubber tires filled with compressed air and / or carry a slow moving vehicle orange safety triangle have a hard limit of 20 mph . The state of Wisconsin has four default speed limits . 20 mph limits apply in school zones ( on major roads during school arrival and dismissal periods only ) , near parks with children , and in alleys. 10 mph default speed limits apply , unless modified by the managing authority , on `` service roads '' within corporate limits . Within municipal boundaries and in areas of dense urban development a 35 mph limit is in effect unless another speed limit is indicated . In some jurisdictions , the 25 mph limit is the default speed limit for residential areas . The entry to such an area is to be marked by speed limit signs . Outside of built - up areas ( these include denser business , industrial or residential land uses according to the relevant law ) a 55 mph limit is effective in the absence of other indications . While all 2 lane roads maintained by WisDOT as of 2015 have a 55 mph maximum , a small portion of Minnesota State Highway 23 that passes through the state south of Superior but is maintained by MNDOT has a 60 mph limit through the state . Along with the aforementioned default speed limits , there are other statutory speed limits that more often require signs to be effective . 70 mph limits on freeways and 65 mph limits on expressways require signs to be effective . The default speed limit on these types of roads is 55 mph as they do not directly interact with the built - up environment . In the densest urban districts a statutory 25 mph limit is effective when adequate signage is used , as are 35 mph limits in areas of light development . The same applies to 45 mph limits on highways designated as `` rustic '' roads . However , `` an alleged failure to post ( such a speed limit sign ) is not a defense to a prosecution '' in the case of such statutory limits . Wyoming ( edit ) Wyoming 's highest speed limit is 80 mph , found on its Interstate highways , and 70 mph on its four lane divided highways . The speed limit for school zones is 20 mph , 30 mph in urban districts and residential areas , 70 mph for other paved roads , and 55 mph for unpaved roads . On I - 80 in Evanston and Cheyenne , I - 25 in Cheyenne and Casper , and I - 90 in Buffalo , the speed limit is 65 mph . In February 2014 , the state Assembly passed a bill that would raise the speed limit from 75 to 80 mph on certain freeway segments that would meet safety standards . The bill passed the Senate on Feb 25 and raised the speed limit on certain freeway sections to 80 mph on July 1 , 2014 . However , an attempt to raise the speed limit to 70 on two lane highways such as Wyoming 120 and US 14 was turned down that same month , but this same provision became law in February 2015 . On February 1 , 2016 , the speed limit on WY 120 ( two lane highway ) from the Chief Joseph Highway to the Montana border increased to 70 mph . Two other two lane highway sections , WYO 130 from Interstate 80 south to Saratoga and US 85 from east of I - 25 to Newcastle , increased to 70 mph . See also ( edit ) Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Solomon curve Traffic violations reciprocity Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Public opposition to speed limits being set by an authority , often arise because such agency has been viewed as abusing its power -- such as by arbitrary indiscretion or by creating `` speed traps '' . Because an expert can theoretically calculate a safer speed limit , than the populace 's vote by driving , it is beneficial that local governments preserve strong public trust with their integrity in speed regulation . See A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets , AASHTO , 4th Ed. , 2001 ; ISBN 1 - 56051 - 156 - 7 Jump up ^ For clarity , a substantial portion of NTTA roadways were never subjected to environmental speed limits , including the parts of the Dallas North Tollway that never had a 65 mph or higher limit or any road segment opened after the Texas Legislature 's prospective environmental speed limit ban . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reasonable and prudent speed '' . Code of Alabama . sec. 32 - 5A - 170 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum speed regulation '' . Code of Alabama . sec. 32 - 5A - 174 . Jump up ^ `` Maximum limits '' . Code of Alabama . sec. 32 - 5A - 171 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska Speed Limit Rules '' . Safe Motorist . Jump up ^ http://www.frommers.com/destinations/americansamoa/3038010002.html Frommers . American Samoa . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Arizona Statutes Chapter 3 Article 6 28 - 701 State Legislature Jump up ^ Arizona Statutes Chapter 3 Article 6 28 - 709 State Legislature Jump up ^ `` Some Rural Arkansas Highways Getting Higher Speed Limits '' . Truckinginfo.com . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Shawnya ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Proposed Bill Would Increase Speed Limits to 75 MPH '' . Fort Smith / Fayetteville News . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kee , Meghan ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` House Bill 2057 proposes to increase speed limit to 75 mph on some highways '' . 40 / 29 News . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas House Wants to Increase Speed Limit to 75 Mph '' . US News . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Information '' . www.arkleg.state.ar.us . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ section 22350 - 22351 . Leginfo.ca.gov ( March 1 , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ `` Scott v. Nevis , 120 Cal . App . 2d 619 '' . Official California Appellate Reports , 2nd Series . California Appellate Court ; Bancroft - Whitney ; LexisNexis. 120 : 619 . October 15 , 1953 . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . ( Driver entering narrow bridge at 30 mph when fog obscured view of other end of bridge properly found to be negligent because of unsafe speed . See CA Reports Official Headnote # ( 5 ) ) and California Official Reports : Online Opinions Jump up ^ `` Cannon v. Kemper , 23 Cal . App . 2d 239 '' . Official California Appellate Reports , 2nd Series . California Appellate Court ; Bancroft - Whitney ; LexisNexis. 23 : 239 . October 21 , 1937 . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Driver traveling at 35 mph when rain limited visibility to 25 feet held negligent when 65 feet were required to stop car on wet road . See California Official Reports : Online Opinions Jump up ^ `` Dorman v. Taylor , 113 Cal . App . 2d 505 '' . Official California Appellate Reports , 2nd Series . California Appellate Court ; Bancroft - Whitney ; LexisNexis. 113 : 505 . October 3 , 1952 . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . ( driver negligent in negotiating turn at speed too great to control vehicle . See CA Reports Official Headnote # ( 3 ) ) and California Official Reports : Online Opinions Jump up ^ `` Hatzakorzian v. Rucker - Fuller Desk Co. , 197 Cal. 82 '' . Official California Reports , Vol. 197 , p. 82 ( California Supreme Court reporter ) . September 21 , 1925 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Under the circumstances of the present case -- the narrowness of the unpaved portion of the highway , the darkness of the night and the blinding of Kennell by the glare of the lights reflected from the headlights of the approaching machine -- the highway over which Kennell was traveling was beset by danger of an extraordinary character from the time his vision became so obscured as to make it impossible for him to see plainly the road before him to the time that he struck the deceased . Thus the ordinary care with which Kennell was charged in driving his car over the highway required such an amount of such care as was commensurate with the exactions of the extraordinary dangerous circumstances under which he was then operating his car . The respective rights and duties of drivers of automobiles and other vehicles and of pedestrians have repeatedly been by the courts of this state clearly pointed out ... Jump up ^ `` Bove v. Beckman , 236 Cal . App . 2d 555 '' . Official California Appellate Reports , 2nd Series . California Appellate Court ; Bancroft - Whitney ; LexisNexis. 236 : 555 . August 16 , 1965 . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . `` A person driving an automobile at 65 miles an hour on a highway on a dark night with his lights on low beam affording a forward vision of only about 100 feet was driving at a negligent and excessive speed which was inconsistent with any right of way that he might otherwise have had . '' ( CA Reports Official Headnote # ( 8 ) ) See California Official Reports : Online Opinions Jump up ^ `` Allin v. Snavely , 100 Cal . App . 2d 411 '' . Official California Appellate Reports ( 2nd Series Vol. 100 , p. 411 ) . November 14 , 1950 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . `` A driver by insisting on his lawful right of way may violate the basic speed law as provided by Veh . Code , § 22350 , and thus become guilty of negligence . '' ( CA Reports Headnote # ( 2 ) ) See California Official Report Online Jump up ^ `` Lutz v. Schendel , 175 Cal . App . 2d 140 '' . Official California Appellate Reports , 2nd Series . California Appellate Court ; Bancroft - Whitney ; LexisNexis. 175 : 140 . November 6 , 1959 . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . It is the duty of the driver of a motor vehicle using the public highways to be vigilant at all times and to keep the vehicle under such control that to avoid a collision he can stop as quickly as might be required of him by eventualities that would be anticipated by an ordinarily prudent driver in like position . See California Official Reports : Online Opinions Jump up ^ `` Falasco v. Hulen , 6 Cal . App . 2d 224 '' . Official California Appellate Reports , 2nd Series . California Appellate Court ; Bancroft - Whitney ; LexisNexis. 6 : 224 . April 17 , 1935 . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . `` Driving between 60 and 65 miles an hour over the brow of a hill , where one 's view is obstructed and one can not see what is on the opposite side of the hill for a sufficient distance to control the speed of his car , is an act showing a reckless disregard of the safety of others ; and in said action , under the evidence , the jury was entitled to conclude either that defendant was driving at such a reckless speed that he could not control the car , or that he was driving at such a high speed that he did not perceive that the highway ahead of him afforded an unobstructed passage . '' ( CA Reports Official Headnote # ( 9 ) ) See California Official Reports : Online Opinions Jump up ^ `` Riggs v. Gasser Motors , 22 Cal . App . 2d 636 '' . Official California Appellate Reports ( 2nd Series Vol. 22 , p. 636 ) . September 25 , 1937 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . It is common knowledge that intersecting streets in cities present a continuing hazard , the degree of hazard depending upon the extent of the use of the intersecting streets and the surrounding circumstances or conditions of each intersection . Under such circumstances the basic ( speed ) law ... is always governing . See Official Reports Opinions Online Jump up ^ `` Leeper v. Nelson , 139 Cal . App . 2d 65 '' . Official California Appellate Reports ( 2nd Series Vol. 139 , p. 65 ) . February 6 , 1956 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . The operator of an automobile is bound to anticipate that he may meet persons or vehicles at any point of the street , and he must in order to avoid a charge of negligence , keep a proper lookout for them and keep his machine under such control as will enable him to avoid a collision with another automobile driven with care and caution as a reasonably prudent person would do under similar conditions . See Huetter v. Andrews , 91 Cal . App . 2d 142 , Berlin v. Violett , 129 Cal. App . 337 , Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co. , 189 Cal. 335 , and Official Reports Opinions Online Jump up ^ `` Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co. , 189 Cal. 335 '' . Official California Reports , Vol. 189 , p. 335 , ( California Supreme Court reporter ) . July 27 , 1922 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . This is but a reiteration of the rule , in statutory form , which has always been in force without regard to a statutory promulgation to the effect that drivers or operators of vehicles , and more particularly motor vehicles , must be specially watchful in anticipation of the presence of others at places where other vehicles are constantly passing , and where men , women , and children are liable to be crossing , such as corners at the intersections of streets or other similar places or situations where people are likely to fail to observe an approaching automobile . Jump up ^ `` California Vehicle Code section 22350 : Basic Speed Law '' . California Department of Motor Vehicles . September 20 , 1963 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather , visibility , the traffic on , and the surface and width of , the highway , and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property . Jump up ^ `` California Vehicle Code § 21400 ( b ) '' . The State of California . January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . The Department of Transportation shall revise the California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices , as it read on January 1 , 2012 , to require the Department of Transportation or a local authority to round speed limits to the nearest five miles per hour of the 85th percentile of the free - flowing traffic . However , in cases in which the speed limit needs to be rounded up to the nearest five miles per hour increment of the 85thpercentile speed , the Department of Transportation or a local authority may decide to instead round down the speed limit to the lower five miles per hour increment , but then the Department of Transportation or a local authority shall not reduce the speed limit any further for any reason . Jump up ^ MUTCD Sections 2B. 13 - 16 # 12 Jump up ^ `` CVC § 627 Traffic and Engineering Survey '' . CA DMV . ^ Jump up to : `` California Vehicle Code § 22352 Prima Facie Speed Limits '' . The State of California . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California Vehicle Code § 22349 Maximum Speed Limit '' . The State of California . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California Vehicle Code § 22356 Increase of Freeway Speed Limit to 70 Miles Per Hour '' . The State of California . January 7 , 1996 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California Vehicle Code § 22348 Excessive Speed and Designated Lane Use '' . The State of California . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` California Vehicle Code § 22358.4 Decrease of Local Limits Near Schools or Senior Centers '' . The State of California . January 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Traffic and Engineering Survey Jump up ^ `` Design Speed , Operating Speed , and Posted Speed Practice '' ( PDF ) . Transportation Research Board . 2003 : 88 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USLIMITS2 : A Tool to Aid Practitioners in Determining Appropriate Speed Limit Recommendations Jump up ^ Speed Law Violations California Vehicle Code , section 22351 ( b ) . Dmv.ca.gov ( May 22 , 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : Brown , David W. ( 2005 ) . `` Speed Violations and Radar '' . Fight Your Ticket & Win in California ( 11th ed . ) . Berkeley , CA : Nolo . pp. 4 / 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4133 - 0641 - 5 . Jump up ^ WAIS Document Retrieval . Leginfo.ca.gov . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , CDOT Establishing Realistic Speed Limits Brochure . Jump up ^ Connecticut General Statutes § 14 -- 220 Archived September 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Speed Limit '' . 2016 - 11 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Scrapbook 1969 - 1988 '' ( PDF ) . Delaware Public Archives . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Jeff ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Coming to Delaware 's I - 95 : 65 mph speed limit ( this occurred from May 18 to May 21 , 2015 ) '' . The News Journal . Wilmington , DE . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TRAFFIC ALERT - State Route 1 and Puncheon Run Connector Speed Limit Increases '' ( Press release ) . Delaware Department of Transportation . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tamiami Trail -- Miami to the Western Everglades '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Statutes & Constitution : View Statutes : Online Sunshine . 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DOTD : DOTD announces speed limit increase along I - 49 in DeSoto Parish Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ La . DOTD : DOTD announces speed limit increase along I - 49 in Avoyelles , Natchitoches and Rapides parishes Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lower Speed Limits and Lane Restrictions for Trucks on I - 10 over Atchafalaya Basin Jump up ^ ( 2 ) - Louisiana divided highway speed limit . Jump up ^ `` Title 29 - A , § 2074 : Rates of speed '' . Maine Legislature Revised Statutes . Office of the Revisor of Statutes. 1993 -- 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Speed limit increases to 70 mph on parts of I - 70 '' . Baltimore , MD : WBAL - TV . April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mass . Gen. L. c. 90 , § 17 Jump up ^ Carr , John . Map of Massachusetts speed limits ( GIF ) ( Map ) . Jump up ^ `` NMA Michigan '' . National Motorist Association . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Public Michigan Vehicle code : Speed Restrictions '' . 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Jump up ^ New Mexico Statutes Chapter 66 Article 7 Part 4 Statute 66 - 7 - 301 ( and in subsequent references − 303 , − 305 , − 308 , − 311 , − 316 , − 317 ) New Mexico State Legislature or nmlaws.org Jump up ^ New Mexico Statutes Chapter 66 Article 7 Part 4 Statute 66 - 7 - 305 , − 308 , − 311 , − 316 , − 317 New Mexico State Legislature or nmlaws.org Jump up ^ New Mexico Statutes Chapter 66 Article 7 Part 4 Statute 66 - 7 - 301 , − 303 New Mexico State Legislature or nmlaws.org Jump up ^ City of Santa Fe Code Chapter XXIV ExhibitA 12 - 6 - 1.2 A. 70.168. 205.112 . Jump up ^ Laws of New York . Public.leginfo.state.ny.us . Jump up ^ NYS DMV drivers ' handbook Jump up ^ N.Y.S Supplement to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways ( 2009 Edition ) ( PDF ) . New York State Department of Transportation . March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Neighborhood Slow Zones '' . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ http://limaohio.com/news/6069/speed-limit-on-u-s-30-bumped-to-70-mph Jump up ^ http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/28/70-mph-speed-limit-is-days-away-on-rural-freeways.html Jump up ^ http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/capitol_report/speed-limits-not-expected-to-increase-under-new-law-odot/article_0221cd43-3978-5ff9-bb22-b1cb27f0a4b0.html Jump up ^ `` Speed Limits : Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Motorists Association . Jump up ^ `` Recommendation for Setting Speed Limits on Interstate Highways in Oregon '' ( PDF ) . oregon.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 '' ( PDF ) . oregon.gov . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Bill Could Mean Big Speed Variance '' . Trucking Info . Jump up ^ `` Another step toward unsplitting speeds '' . Land Line . Retrieved November 2003 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` HB3402 : Oregon Legislature Bill Tracker '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Letter to EPA about Environmental Speed Limits . People.smu.edu ( October 24 , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` SIP Revisions - Houston / Galveston , December 2000 '' . Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Air Alliance Houston . Ghasp.org . Jump up ^ Scientist testifies against 55 mph speed limit -- by Environment & Climate News staff -- The Heartland Institute . Heartland.org . Jump up ^ TTI : Groups : : Archived February 6 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ EPA Region 6 News Release : Speed Limits in Houston / Galveston Area May Be Increased 11 / 04 / 2002 Archived February 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` SIP Revision - Houston / Galveston , Dec 13 , 2002 '' . Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ ; North Central Texas Council of Governments -- NCTCOG.org Jump up ^ North Texas Tollway Authority . NTTA . Jump up ^ North Texas Tollway Authority . NTTA . Jump up ^ Carol Rawson ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Minute Order '' ( PDF ) . Texas Transportation Commission . Jump up ^ TxDOT Commission meetings see speed zone minute orders in monthly agendas Jump up ^ 82 ( R ) History for HB 1201 . Texas state legislature . ^ Jump up to : TxDOT Odessa District News Release Archived February 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Speed Limits - 75 and 80 Mile Per Hour . Txdot.gov . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Wells ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Two Highways You 'll Soon Be Able to Drive 80 mph On '' . Austin , TX : KUT - FM . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Texas in November to open 85 mph toll way wfaa.com Dallas -- Fort Worth . Wfaa.com ( September 6 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nation 's fastest road to open in Central Texas '' . Houston , TX : KTRK . October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Section 494 . speed limits , Chapter 43 , Part II , Title 20 of the Virgin Islands Code ( 5 ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140814053916/http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/f?p=100:pg:0:::1:T,V:64,67335 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://blog.udot.utah.gov/2014/01/variable-speed-limit-signs-now-activated-on-i-80/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bill will add more 80 mph speed limit areas in Utah '' . Standard Examiner . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Utah adds 289 miles of roads with 80 mph speed limits '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jasen ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` UDOT to raise speed limits in rural areas of I - 15 and I - 70 '' . KSL.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Va . Code § 46.2 - 870 , `` Maximum speed limits generally '' . Leg1.state.va.us . ^ Jump up to : Id ... Leg1.state.va.us . Jump up ^ Va . Dept. of Transportation , Speed Limits , ( 6 ) ( posted June 7 , 2010 ; accessed June 16 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Stretch of I - 295 will have 70 - mph speed limit . Richmond Times - Dispatch ( June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Gov. McDonnell : Interstate speed limits can increase to 70 mph . Roanoke Times ( 2010 - 10 - 20 , retrieved October 20 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Scott Marshall ( February 24 , 2012 ) . Speed limit on part of U.S. 29 in Amherst County to go up . The News & Advance ( Retrieved February 27 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Virginia code 46.2 - 862 retrieved January 14 , 2011 Jump up ^ Va . Code § 46.2 - 877 , `` Minimum speed limits '' . Leg1.state.va.us . Jump up ^ http://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2002/04/09/02-8303/wake-island-code Wake Island Code . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Revised Code of Washington , `` Increases by secretary of transportation '' Jump up ^ The Seattle Times , `` State Releases Plan To Raise Speed Limits '' Jump up ^ `` West Virginia Automotive Facts '' . CarInsurancePedia . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Katy . `` W.Va . House passes resolution to increase speed limit to 75 mph '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Proposal would raise speed limits to 80 mph in areas '' . Jump up ^ Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 346 `` Rules of the Road '' , Subchapter IX , `` Speed Restrictions '' § 57 ( 346.57 ) . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 346 `` Rules of the Road '' , Subchapter IX `` Speed Restrictions '' § 57 subsections 2 & 3 ( 346.57 ) . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 346 `` Rules of the Road '' , Subchapter IX `` Speed Restrictions '' § 59 `` Minimum speed regulation '' ( 346.59 ) . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 346 `` Rules of the Road '' , Subchapter IX `` Speed Restrictions '' § 58 `` Special speed restrictions for certain vehicles '' ( 346.58 ) . ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 346 `` Rules of the Road '' , Subchapter IX `` Speed Restrictions '' § 57 subsection 4 ( 346.57 ) . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Report on the Evaluation of Certain Highway Speed Limits '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota Department of Transportation . January 2015 . Jump up ^ Rachelle Baillon ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Drivers take note : 70 m.p.h. speed limit added to several new routes in southeast Wisconsin '' . Fox6now.com . Jump up ^ Article 3 - Speed Regulations Jump up ^ Kyle Roerink ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wyoming House endorses higher highway speed limit '' . Billings Gazette . Casper Star - Tribune . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Law Review ( edit ) R.A. Vinluan ( 2008 ) . `` Indefiniteness of automobile speed regulations as affecting validity '' . American Law Reports -- Annotated , 3rd Series . 6 . The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company ; Bancroft - Whitney ; West Group Annotation Company . p. 1326 . C.C. Marvel ( 2010 ) . `` Meaning of `` residence district '' , `` business district '' , `` school area '' , and the like , in statutes and ordinances regulating speed of motor vehicles `` . American Law Reports -- Annotated , 2nd Series . 50 . The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company ; Bancroft - Whitney ; West Group Annotation Company . p. 343 . 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7954263438595763674	Alternative dispute resolution	Alternative dispute resolution - wikipedia Alternative dispute resolution This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alternative dispute resolution Arbitration Conciliation Mediation Negotiation Collaborative law Conflict resolution Dispute resolution Lawyer - supported mediation Party - directed mediation Restorative justice Alternative dispute resolution ( ADR ; known in some countries , such as India , as external dispute resolution ) includes dispute resolution processes and techniques that act as a means for disagreeing parties to come to an agreement short of litigation . It is a collective term for the ways that parties can settle disputes , with the help of a third party . Despite historic resistance to ADR by many popular parties and their advocates , ADR has gained widespread acceptance among both the general public and the legal profession in recent years . In fact , some courts now require some parties to resort to ADR of some type , usually mediation , before permitting the parties ' cases to be tried ( indeed the European Mediation Directive ( 2008 ) expressly contemplates so - called `` compulsory '' mediation ; this means that attendance is compulsory , not that settlement must be reached through mediation ) . Additionally , parties to merger and acquisition transactions are increasingly turning to ADR to resolve post-acquisition disputes . The rising popularity of ADR can be explained by the increasing caseload of traditional courts , the perception that ADR imposes fewer costs than litigation , a preference for confidentiality , and the desire of some parties to have greater control over the selection of the individual or individuals who will decide their dispute . Some of the senior judiciary in certain jurisdictions ( of which England and Wales is one ) are strongly in favour of this ( ADR ) use of mediation to settle disputes . Contents 1 Salient features 1.1 Benefits and disadvantages 1.2 Modern era 2 Country - specific examples 2.1 Roman Empire 2.2 Iceland 2.3 India 2.3. 1 Arbitration and Conciliation Act , 1996 2.3. 1.1 Arbitration 2.3. 1.2 Conciliation 2.3. 2 Lok Adalat 2.3. 2.1 Permanent Lok Adalat for public utility services 2.4 Pakistan 2.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.6 United Kingdom 2.7 U.S. Navy 3 Additional resources 3.1 Cardozo School of Law 's Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution 3.2 Cornell University 's Scheinman Institute on Conflict Resolution 3.3 Fordham Law School 's Dispute Resolution Program 3.4 Harvard Program on Negotiation 3.5 Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution 3.6 CUNY Dispute Resolution Consortium 3.7 CPR Institute for Dispute Resolution 3.8 ICAR 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Salient features ( edit ) Alternative dispute resolution ( ADR ) is generally classified into at least four types : negotiation , mediation , collaborative law , and arbitration . Sometimes , conciliation is included as a fifth category , but for simplicity may be regarded as a form of mediation . ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as Sharia courts within common law jurisdictions , such as the UK . ADR traditions vary somewhat by country and culture . There are significant common elements which justify a main topic , and each country or region 's difference should be delegated to sub-pages . ADR is of two historic types . First , methods for resolving disputes outside of the official judicial mechanisms . Second , informal methods attached to or pendant to official judicial mechanisms . There are in addition free - standing and or independent methods , such as mediation programs and ombuds offices within organizations . The methods are similar , whether or not they are pendant , and generally use similar tool or skill sets , which are basically sub-sets of the skills of negotiation . ADR includes informal tribunals , informal mediative processes , formal tribunals and formal mediative processes . The classic formal tribunal forms of ADR are arbitration ( both binding and advisory or non-binding ) and private judges ( either sitting alone , on panels or over summary jury trials ) . The classic formal mediative process is referral for mediation before a court - appointed mediator or mediation panel . Structured transformative mediation as used by the U.S. Postal Service is a formal process . Classic informal methods include social processes , referrals to non-formal authorities ( such as a respected member of a trade or social group ) and intercession . The major differences between formal and informal processes are ( a ) pendency to a court procedure and ( b ) the possession or lack of a formal structure for the application of the procedure . For example , freeform negotiation is merely the use of the tools without any process . Negotiation within a labor arbitration setting is the use of the tools within a highly formalized and controlled setting . Calling upon an organizational ombudsman 's office is never , by itself , a formal procedure . ( Calling upon an organizational ombudsman is always voluntary ; by the International Ombudsman Association Standards of Practice , no one can be compelled to use an ombuds office . ) Organizational ombuds offices refer people to all conflict management options in the organization : formal and informal , rights - based and interest - based . But , in addition , in part because they have no decision - making authority , ombuds offices can , themselves , offer a wide spectrum of informal options . This spectrum is often overlooked in contemporary discussions of `` ADR '' . `` ADR '' often refers to external conflict management options that are important , but used only occasionally . An organizational ombuds office typically offers many internal options that are used in hundreds of cases a year . These options include : delivering respect , for example , affirming the feelings of a visitor , while staying explicitly neutral on the facts of a case , active listening , serving as a sounding board , providing and explaining information , one - on - one , for example , about policies and rules , and about the context of a concern , receiving vital information , one - on - one , for example , from those reporting unacceptable or illegal behavior , reframing issues , helping to develop and evaluate new options for the issues at hand , offering the option of referrals to other resources , to `` key people '' in the relevant department , and to managers and compliance offices , helping people help themselves to use a direct approach , for example , helping people collect and analyze their own information , helping people to draft a letter about their issues , coaching and role - playing , offering shuttle diplomacy , for example , helping employees and managers to think through proposals that may resolve a dispute , facilitating discussions , offering mediation inside the organization , `` looking into '' a problem informally , facilitating a generic approach to an individual problem , for example instigating or offering training on a given issue , finding ways to promulgate an existing policy , identifying and communicating throughout the organization about `` new issues '' , identifying and communicating about patterns of issues , working for systems change , for example , suggesting new policies , or procedures , following up with a visitor , following up on a system change recommendation . ( See Rowe , Mary , Informality -- The Fourth Standard of Practice , in JIOA , vol 5 , no 1 , ( 2012 ) pp 8 -- 17 . ) Informal referral to a co-worker known to help people work out issues is an informal procedure . Co-worker interventions are usually informal . Conceptualizing ADR in this way makes it easy to avoid confusing tools and methods ( does negotiation once a lawsuit is filed cease to be ADR ? If it is a tool , then the question is the wrong question ) ( is mediation ADR unless a court orders it ? If you look at court orders and similar things as formalism , then the answer is clear : court annexed mediation is merely a formal ADR process ) . Dividing lines in ADR processes are often provider driven rather than consumer driven . Educated consumers will often choose to use many different options depending on the needs and circumstances that they face . Finally , it is important to realize that conflict resolution is one major goal of all the ADR processes . If a process leads to resolution , it is a dispute resolution process . The salient features of each type are as follows : In negotiation , participation is voluntary and there is no third party who facilitates the resolution process or imposes a resolution . ( NB -- a third party like a chaplain or organizational ombudsperson or social worker or a skilled friend may be coaching one or both of the parties behind the scene , a process called `` Helping People Help Themselves '' -- see Helping People Help Themselves , in Negotiation Journal July 1990 , pp. 239 -- 248 , which includes a section on helping someone draft a letter to someone who is perceived to have wronged them . ) In mediation , there is a third party , a mediator , who facilitates the resolution process ( and may even suggest a resolution , typically known as a `` mediator 's proposal '' ) , but does not impose a resolution on the parties . In some countries ( for example , the United Kingdom ) , ADR is synonymous with what is generally referred to as mediation in other countries . In collaborative law or collaborative divorce , each party has an attorney who facilitates the resolution process within specifically contracted terms . The parties reach agreement with support of the attorneys ( who are trained in the process ) and mutually agreed experts . No one imposes a resolution on the parties . However , the process is a formalized process that is part of the litigation and court system . Rather than being an Alternative Resolution methodology it is a litigation variant that happens to rely on ADR like attitudes and processes . In arbitration , participation is typically voluntary , and there is a third party who , as a private judge , imposes a resolution . Arbitrations often occur because parties to contracts agree that any future dispute concerning the agreement will be resolved by arbitration . This is known as a ' Scott Avery Clause ' . In recent years , the enforceability of arbitration clauses , particularly in the context of consumer agreements ( e.g. , credit card agreements ) , has drawn scrutiny from courts . Although parties may appeal arbitration outcomes to courts , such appeals face an exacting standard of review . Beyond the basic types of alternative dispute resolutions there are other different forms of ADR : Case evaluation : a non-binding process in which parties present the facts and the issues to a neutral case evaluator who advises the parties on the strengths and weaknesses of their respective positions , and assesses how the dispute is likely to be decided by a jury or other adjudicator . Early neutral evaluation : a process that takes place soon after a case has been filed in court . The case is referred to an expert who is asked to provide a balanced and neutral evaluation of the dispute . The evaluation of the expert can assist the parties in assessing their case and may influence them towards a settlement . Family group conference : a meeting between members of a family and members of their extended related group . At this meeting ( or often a series of meetings ) the family becomes involved in learning skills for interaction and in making a plan to stop the abuse or other ill - treatment between its members . Neutral fact - finding : a process where a neutral third party , selected either by the disputing parties or by the court , investigates an issue and reports or testifies in court . The neutral fact - finding process is particularly useful for resolving complex scientific and factual disputes . Ombuds : third party selected by an institution -- for example a university , hospital , corporation or government agency -- to deal with complaints by employees , clients or constituents . An organizational ombudsman works within the institution to look into complaints independently and impartially . `` Alternative '' dispute resolution is usually considered to be alternative to litigation . It also can be used as a colloquialism for allowing a dispute to drop or as an alternative to violence . In recent years there has been more discussion about taking a systems approach in order to offer different kinds of options to people who are in conflict , and to foster `` appropriate '' dispute resolution . That is , some cases and some complaints in fact ought to go to formal grievance or to court or to the police or to a compliance officer or to a government IG . Other conflicts could be settled by the parties if they had enough support and coaching , and yet other cases need mediation or arbitration . Thus `` alternative '' dispute resolution usually means a method that is not the courts . `` Appropriate '' dispute resolution considers all the possible responsible options for conflict resolution that are relevant for a given issue . ADR can increasingly be conducted online , which is known as online dispute resolution ( ODR , which is mostly a buzzword and an attempt to create a distinctive product ) . It should be noted , however , that ODR services can be provided by government entities , and as such may form part of the litigation process . Moreover , they can be provided on a global scale , where no effective domestic remedies are available to disputing parties , as in the case of the UDRP and domain name disputes . In this respect , ODR might not satisfy the `` alternative '' element of ADR . Benefits and disadvantages ( edit ) ADR has several advantages over litigation : Suitable for multi-party disputes Lower costs Likelihood and speed of settlements Flexibility of process Parties ' control of process Parties ' choice of forum Practical solutions Wider range of issues can be considered Shared future interests may be protected Confidentiality Risk management However , ADR less suitable than litigation when there is : A need for precedent A need for court orders A need for interim orders A need for evidential rules A need for enforcement Power imbalance between parties Quasi-criminal allegations Complexity in the case Modern era ( edit ) Traditional people 's mediation has always involved the parties remaining in contact for most or all of the mediation session . The innovation of separating the parties after ( or sometimes before ) a joint session and conducting the rest of the process without the parties in the same area was a major innovation and one that dramatically improved mediation 's success rate . Traditional arbitration involved heads of trade guilds or other dominant authorities settling disputes . The modern innovation was to have commercial vendors of arbitrators , often ones with little or no social or political dominance over the parties . The advantage was that such persons are much more readily available . The disadvantage is that it does not involve the community of the parties . When wool contract arbitration was conducted by senior guild officials , the arbitrator combined a seasoned expert on the subject matter with a socially dominant individual whose patronage , good will and opinion were important . Private judges and summary jury trials are cost - and time - saving processes that have had limited penetration due to the alternatives becoming more robust and accepted . Country - specific examples ( edit ) Somalia -- -- - Somalia has cultural and historic mediation and justice system known as ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution which is informal justice system . is a kind of justice system which the arbiter makes to listen both side of dispute and them concludes the solution and both side will accept that decision of the mediator person . Ahmed Mohamed Abdullahi . Roman Empire ( edit ) Latin has a number of terms for mediator that predate the Roman Empire . Any time there are formal adjudicative processes it appears that there are informal ones as well . It is probably fruitless to attempt to determine which group had mediation first . Iceland ( edit ) Njáls saga is an Icelandic story of a mediator who was so successful that he eventually threatened the local power structure . It ends in tragedy with the unlawful burning of Njal alive in his home , the escape of a friend of the family , a mini-war and the eventual ending of the dispute by the intermarriage of the two strongest survivors . It illustrates that mediation was a powerful process in Iceland . India ( edit ) Alternative dispute resolution in India is not new and it was in existence even under the previous Arbitration Act , 1940 . The Arbitration and Conciliation Act , 1996 has been enacted to accommodate the harmonisation mandates of UNCITRAL Model . To streamline the Indian legal system the traditional civil law known as Code of Civil Procedure , ( CPC ) 1908 has also been amended and section 89 has been introduced . Section 89 ( 1 ) of CPC provides an option for the settlement of disputes outside the court . It provides that where it appears to the court that there exist elements , which may be acceptable to the parties , the court may formulate the terms of a possible settlement and refer the same for arbitration , conciliation , mediation or judicial settlement . Due to extremely slow judicial process , there has been a big thrust on Alternate Dispute Resolution mechanisms in India . While Arbitration and Conciliation Act , 1996 is a fairly standard western approach towards ADR , the Lok Adalat system constituted under National Legal Services Authority Act , 1987 is a uniquely Indian approach . A study on commercial dispute resolution in south India has been done by a think tank organization based in Kochi , Centre for Public Policy Research . The study reveals that the Court - annexed Mediation Centre in Bangalore has a success rate of 64 % , and its counterpart in Kerala has an average success rate of 27.7 % . Further , amongst the three southern states ( Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , and Kerala ) , Tamil Nadu is said to have the highest adoption of dispute resolution , Kerala the least . Arbitration and conciliation Act , 1996 ( edit ) Part I of this act formalizes the process of Arbitration and Part III formalizes the process of Conciliation . ( Part II is about Enforcement of Foreign Awards under New York and Geneva Conventions . ) Arbitration ( edit ) The process of arbitration can start only if there exists a valid Arbitration Agreement between the parties prior to the emergence of the dispute . As per Section 7 , such an agreement must be in writing . The contract regarding which the dispute exists , must either contain an arbitration clause or must refer to a separate document signed by the parties containing the arbitration agreement . The existence of an arbitration agreement can also be inferred by written correspondence such as letters , telex , or telegrams which provide a record of the agreement . An exchange of statement of claim and defense in which existence of an arbitration agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by other is also considered as valid written arbitration agreement . Any party to the dispute can start the process of appointing arbitrator and if the other party does not cooperate , the party can approach the office of Chief Justice for appointment of an arbitrator . There are only two grounds upon which a party can challenge the appointment of an arbitrator -- reasonable doubt in the impartiality of the arbitrator and the lack of proper qualification of the arbitrator as required by the arbitration agreement . A sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators so appointed constitute the Arbitration Tribunal . Except for some interim measures , there is very little scope for judicial intervention in the arbitration process . The arbitration tribunal has jurisdiction over its own jurisdiction . Thus , if a party wants to challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitration tribunal , it can do so only before the tribunal itself . If the tribunal rejects the request , there is little the party can do except to approach a court after the tribunal makes an award . Section 34 provides certain grounds upon which a party can appeal to the principal civil court of original jurisdiction for setting aside the award . The period for filing an appeal for setting aside an award is over , or if such an appeal is rejected , the award is binding on the parties and is considered as a decree of the court . Conciliation ( edit ) Conciliation is a less formal form of arbitration . This process does not require an existence of any prior agreement . Any party can request the other party to appoint a conciliator . One conciliator is preferred but two or three are also allowed . In case of multiple conciliators , all must act jointly . If a party rejects an offer to conciliate , there can be no conciliation . Parties may submit statements to the conciliator describing the general nature of the dispute and the points at issue . Each party sends a copy of the statement to the other . The conciliator may request further details , may ask to meet the parties , or communicate with the parties orally or in writing . Parties may even submit suggestions for the settlement of the dispute to the conciliator . When it appears to the conciliator that elements of settlement exist , he may draw up the terms of settlement and send it to the parties for their acceptance . If both the parties sign the settlement document , it shall be final and binding on both . Note that in the US , this process is similar to mediation . However , in India , mediation is different from conciliation and is a completely informal type of ADR mechanism . Lok Adalat ( edit ) Etymologically , Lok Adalat means `` people 's court '' . India has had a long history of resolving disputes through the mediation of village elders . The current system of Lok Adalats is an improvement on that and is based on Gandhian principles . This is a non-adversarial system , whereby mock courts ( called Lok Adalats ) are held by the State Authority , District Authority , Supreme Court Legal Services Committee , High Court Legal Services Committee , or Taluk Legal Services Committee , periodically for exercising such jurisdiction as they thinks fit . These are usually presided by retired judge , social activists , or members of legal profession . It does not have jurisdiction on matters related to non-compoundable offences . While in regular suits , the plaintiff is required to pay the prescribed court fee , in Lok Adalat , there is no court fee and no rigid procedural requirement ( i.e. no need to follow process given by ( Indian ) Civil Procedure Code or Indian Evidence Act ) , which makes the process very fast . Parties can directly interact with the judge , which is not possible in regular courts . Cases that are pending in regular courts can be transferred to a Lok Adalat if both the parties agree . A case can also be transferred to a Lok Adalat if one party applies to the court and the court sees some chance of settlement after giving an opportunity of being heard to the other party . The focus in Lok Adalats is on compromise . When no compromise is reached , the matter goes back to the court . However , if a compromise is reached , an award is made and is binding on the parties . It is enforced as a decree of a civil court . An important aspect is that the award is final and can not be appealed , not even under Article 226 of the Constitution of India ( which empowers the litigants to file Writ Petition before High Courts ) because it is a judgement by consent . All proceedings of a Lok Adalat are deemed to be judicial proceedings and every Lok Adalat is deemed to be a Civil Court . Permanent Lok Adalat for public utility Services ( edit ) In order to get over the major drawback in the existing scheme of organisation of Lok Adalats under Chapter VI of the Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 , in which if the parties do not arrive at any compromise or settlement , the unsettled case is either returned to the back to the court or the parties are advised to seek remedy in a court of law , which causes unnecessary delay in dispensation of justice , Chapter VI A was introduced in the Legal Services Authorities Act , 1987 , by Act No. 37 / 2002 with effect from 11 - 06 - 2002 providing for a Permanent Lok Adalat to deal with pre-litigation , conciliation and settlement of disputes relating to Public Utility Services , as defined u / sec. 22 A of the Legal Services Authorities Act , 1987 , at pre-litigation stage itself , which would result in reducing the work load of the regular courts to a great extent . Permanent Lok Adalat for Public Utility Services , Hyderabad , India The Lok Adalat is presided over by a sitting or retired judicial officer as the chairman , with two other members , usually a lawyer and a social worker . There is no court fee . If the case is already filed in the regular court , the fee paid will be refunded if the dispute is settled at the Lok Adalat . The procedural laws , and the Evidence Act are not strictly followed while assessing the merits of the claim by the Lok Adalat . Main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute should agree for settlement . The decision of the Lok Adalat is binding on the parties to the dispute and its order is capable of execution through legal process . No appeal lies against the order of the Lok Adalat . Lok Adalat is very effective in settlement of money claims . Disputes like partition suits , damages and matrimonial cases can also be easily settled before Lok Adalat as the scope for compromise through an approach of give and take is high in these cases . Lok Adalat is a boon to the litigant public , where they can get their disputes settled fast and free of cost . Pakistan ( edit ) The relevant laws ( or parlour provisions ) dealing with the ADR are summarised as under : S. 89 - A of the Civil Procedure Code , 1908 ( Indian but amended in 2002 ) read with Order X Rule 1 - A ( deals with alternative dispute resolution methods ) . The Small Claims and Minor Offences Courts Ordinance , 2002 . Sections 102 -- 106 of the Local Government Ordinance , 2001 . Sections 10 and 12 of the Family Courts Act , 1964 . Chapter XXII of the Code of Criminal Procedure , 1898 ( summary trial provisions ) . The Arbitration Act , 1940 ( Indian ) . Articles 153 -- 154 of the Constitution of Pakistan , 1973 ( Council of Common Interest ) Article 156 of the Constitution of Pakistan , 1973 ( National Economic Council ) Article 160 of the Constitution of Pakistan , 1973 ( National Finance Commission ) Article 184 of the Constitution of Pakistan , 1973 ( Original Jurisdiction when federal or provincial governments are at dispute with one another ) Arbitration ( International Investment Disputes ) Act , 2011 Recognition and Enforcement ( Arbitration Agreements and Foreign Arbitral Awards ) Act , 2011 Sub-saharan Africa ( edit ) Before modern state law was introduced under colonialism , African customary legal systems mainly relied on mediation and conciliation . In many countries , these traditional mechanisms have been integrated into the official legal system . In Benin , specialised tribunaux de conciliation hear cases on a broad range of civil law matters . Results are then transmitted to the court of first instance where either a successful conciliation is confirmed or jurisdiction is assumed by the higher court . Similar tribunals also operate , in varying modes , in other francophone African countries . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , ADR is encouraged as a mean of resolving taxpayers ' disputes with Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs . In the regulated sectors , finance , telecoms and energy ADR providers exist . Outside of the regulated areas there are schemes in many sectors which provide schemes for voluntary membership . Two sets of regulations , in March and June 2015 , were laid in Parliament to implement the European Directive on alternative dispute resolution in the UK . U.S. navy ( edit ) SECNAVINST 5800.13 A established the DON ADR Program Office with the following missions : Coordinate ADR policy and initiatives ; Assist activities in securing or creating cost effective ADR techniques or local programs ; Promote the use of ADR , and provide training in negotiation and ADR methods ; Serve as legal counsel for in - house neutrals used on ADR matters ; and , For matters that do not use in - house neutrals , the program assists DON attorneys and other representatives concerning issues in controversy that are amenable to using ADR . The ADR Office also serves as the point of contact for questions regarding the use of ADR . The Assistant General Counsel ( ADR ) serves as the `` Dispute Resolution Specialist '' for the DON , as required by the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996 . Members of the office represent the DON 's interests on a variety of DoD and interagency working groups that promote the use of ADR within the Federal Government . Additional resources ( edit ) Cardozo School of Law 's Kukin program for Conflict resolution ( edit ) Cardozo School of Law 's Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution is the seventh ranked alternative dispute resolution program in the country . The program includes : courses in negotiation , mediation , arbitration and dispute resolution processes ; out - of - the - classroom - applied learning and scholarship in Cardozo 's Mediation Clinic and Securities Arbitration Clinic ; the Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution , a student - run triannual publication ; the Cardozo Dispute Resolution Society ; and a Certificate in Dispute Resolution , awarded to J.D. students who complete coursework , writing and service requirements . LL. M. students can also receive an LL. M. in Dispute Resolution and Advocacy . Cornell University 's Scheinman Institute on Conflict resolution ( edit ) Cornell 's ILR School has joined forces with Cornell 's Law School to present the country 's most comprehensive conflict resolution program focusing on workplace alternative dispute resolution ( ADR ) . The Martin and Laurie Scheinman Institute on Conflict Resolution mission is to educate the next generation of neutrals -- arbitrators , mediators and facilitators -- who can help resolve disputes between employers and employees , both unionized and non-unionized . The Institute provides training for undergraduate and graduate students , consultation and evaluation , and conducts research . It also offers courses in two - to five - day sessions designed for professionals who are interested in or practicing in the workplace dispute resolution field . These highly intensive and participatory courses are coordinated by Cornell ILR faculty and are held in the ILR School 's conference center in Manhattan and on the Ithaca campus . Participants can earn two certificates , Workplace Alternative Dispute Resolution and Conflict Management and Labor Arbitration . Fordham Law School 's dispute resolution program ( edit ) Fordham Law School 's Dispute Resolution program placed in the top 10 of U.S. News & World Report 's 2008 rankings of the best Dispute Resolution programs in the nation , according to the recently released rankings . Along with Fordham 's Clinical Training program , the Dispute Resolution program is the top - ranked specialty program at Fordham Law School . The Alternative Dispute Resolution program at Fordham combines an integrated agenda of teaching , scholarship , and practice in conflict resolution within the national and international communities . In addition to the classroom and clinical experience , the law school 's student - run Dispute Resolution Society competes in ABA - sponsored interschool competitions as well as international mediation and arbitration competitions . In 2008 the Society 's teams won the ABA Regional Negotiation Competition , placed third overall in the International Chamber of Commerce Commercial Mediation Competition in Paris , and reached the semifinals of the Willem C. Vis ( East ) International Commercial Arbitration Competition in Hong Kong . Additionally , Fordham 's Dispute Resolution Society hosts an annual symposium on current Dispute Resolution topics and also teaches a class on dispute resolution skills to seniors at the Martin Luther King , Jr . High School in New York City . Harvard program on negotiation ( edit ) `` The ( Harvard ) Program on Negotiation ( PON ) is a university consortium dedicated to developing the theory and practice of negotiation and dispute resolution . As a community of scholars and practitioners , PON serves a unique role in the world negotiation community . Founded in 1983 as a special research project at Harvard Law School , PON includes faculty , students , and staff from Harvard University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Tufts University . '' Harvard currently offers 12 - week courses on negotiation and mediation for participants from all disciplines and professions as well as weekend seminars taught by their professors . The Harvard PON program is currently ranked # 3 falling from # 2 last year according to the U.S. World and News Report , and has also remained among the top 10 schools over the last decade . Straus Institute for dispute resolution ( edit ) Pepperdine University School of Law 's Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution provides professional training and academic programs in dispute resolution including a Certificate , Masters in Dispute Resolution ( MDR ) and Masters of Law in Dispute Resolution ( LLM ) . Straus provides education to law and graduate students , as well as mid-career professionals in areas of mediation , negotiation , arbitration , international dispute resolution and peacemaking . The Straus Institute is ranked the number one dispute resolution school in the nation by US News and World Report . CUNY dispute resolution consortium ( edit ) The City University of New York Dispute Resolution Consortium ( CUNY DRC ) serves as an intellectual home to dispute - resolution faculty , staff and students at the City University of New York and to the diverse dispute - resolution community in New York City . At the United States ' largest urban university system , the CUNY DRC has become a focal point for furthering academic and applied conflict resolution work in one of the world 's most diverse cities . The CUNY DRC conducts research and innovative program development , has co-organized countless conferences , sponsored training programs , resolved a wide range of intractable conflicts , published research working papers and a newsletter . It also maintains an extensive database of those interested in dispute resolution in New York City , a website with resources for dispute resolvers in New York City and since 9 / 11 , the CUNY DRC assumed a leadership role for dispute - resolvers in New York City by establishing an extensive electronic mailing list , sponsoring monthly breakfast meetings , conducting research on responses to catastrophes , and managing a public awareness initiative to further the work of dispute resolvers . CPR Institute for dispute resolution ( edit ) The International Institute for Conflict Prevention and Resolution , known as the CPR Institute , is a New York City membership - based nonprofit organization that `` promotes excellence and innovation in public and private dispute resolution '' . To this end , it serves as a `` primary multinational resource for avoidance , management , and resolution of business - related disputes '' . The CPR Institute was founded in 1979 as the Center for Public Resources by a coalition of leading corporate general counsel dedicated to identifying and applying appropriate alternative solutions to business disputes , thereby mitigating the extraordinary costs of lengthy court trials . Today , the CPR Institute is a nonprofit educational corporation existing under the New York state laws , and is tax exempt pursuant to Section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code . It is governed by a board of directors , and its priorities and policies are guided in large part by consultation with an executive advisory committee . Its funding is primarily derived from the annual contributions of its member organizations , and from its mission - related programming . The various operations and activities that fulfill the Institute 's mission are captured in the acronym of its name : C : CPR convenes legal and business leadership to develop , and encourage the exchange of , best practices in avoiding , managing and resolving disputes . P : CPR publishes its own work and that of other like - minded organizations , making resources available to a global community of problem - solvers . R : CPR helps to resolve complex disputes among sophisticated parties , by devising rules , protocols and best practices , and by providing disputants with resources and consulting expertise in selecting appropriate methods and neutrals to assist in the dispute resolution process . Icar ( edit ) Established at George Mason as an alternative to a sociology program due to Virginia 's then policy against duplicating graduate schools , it was the nation 's first major dispute resolution graduate program . It has been a major success . See also ( edit ) Conflict resolution research Creative Peacebuilding Family therapy National Academy of Arbitrators Ombudsman Society of Construction Arbitrators Teen courts Turnaround ADR References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Australian Securities and Investments Commission - Complaints resolution schemes Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Asic.gov.au . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Litvak , Jeff ; Miller , Brent . `` Using Due Diligence and Alternative Dispute Resolutions to Resolve Post-Acquisition Disputes '' . Transaction Advisors . ISSN 2329 - 9134 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Totaro , Gianna. , `` Avoid court at all costs '' The Australian Financial Review Nov. 14 2008 . ( April 19 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Clift , Noel Rhys ( 3 May 2010 ) . `` The Phenomenon of Mediation : Judicial Perspectives and an Eye on the Future '' -- via papers.ssrn.com . Jump up ^ Taken with permission from a presentation by Stephen R. Marsh of `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott v. Avery , 5 House of Lords , 811 , 854 Jump up ^ Schwartz , David S. , `` Mandatory Arbitration and Fairness . '' 84 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1247 ( April 19 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ International Institute for Conflict Prevention & Resolution . `` Arbitration Appeal Procedure . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What You Need to Know about Dispute Resolution : The Guide to Dispute Resolution Processes . '' American Bar Association . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lynch , J. `` ADR and Beyond : A Systems Approach to Conflict Management '' , Negotiation Journal , Volume 17 , Number 3 , July 2001 , Volume , p. 213 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 20 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' See You In Court '' Or `` See You Out Of Court '' ? A Burdened Judicial System ; Can ADR System Be An Answer ? ... '' Archived from the original on 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Dominik Kohlhagen , ADR and Mediation : the Experience of French - Speaking Countries , Addis Abada , 2007 ( on ADR in Africa Archived 6 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ HMRC ' Tax disputes : Alternative Dispute Resolution ( ADR ) ' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . accessed 23 September 2015 Jump up ^ Cardozo School of Law 's Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution Archived 12 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Welcome to the Program on Negotiation ( PON ) Archived 23 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Pon.harvard.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Best Dispute Resolution Programs Top Law Schools US News Best Graduate Schools Archived 1 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution School of Law Pepperdine University Archived 30 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Law.pepperdine.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` # 1 Ranked Dispute Resolution Program - Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution - School of Law - Pepperdine University '' . law.pepperdine.edu . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Law Schools Specialty Rankings : Dispute Resolution . '' U.S. World and News Report `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Archived 24 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Lynch , J. `` ADR and Beyond : A Systems Approach to Conflict Management '' , Negotiation Journal , Volume 17 , Number 3 , July 2001 , Volume , p. 213 . Gary Born . `` International Commercial Arbitration '' ( 2009 Kluwer ) . William Ury , Roger Fisher , Bruce Patton . `` Getting to Yes '' ( 1981 Penguin Group ) . External links ( edit ) European Mediation Training for Practitioners of Justice - EMTPJ Party - Directed Mediation : Facilitating Dialogue Between Individuals by Gregorio Billikopf , free complete book PDF download , at the University of California ( 3rd Edition , posted 24 March 2014 ) Party - Directed Mediation : Facilitating Dialogue Between Individuals by Gregorio Billikopf , free complete book download , from Internet Archive ( 3rd Edition , multiple file formats including PDF , EPUB , and others ) Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution - CADR an institution provides training and accreditation for ADR practitioners . ADR International Register : ISO - based registration and certification for ADR practitioners such as arbitrators , conflictcoaches , mediators and negotiators . Jump up ^ `` Professional certified and registered ADR practitioners - ADR register '' . www.adr-register.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_dispute_resolution&oldid=854106633 '' Categories : Dispute resolution Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2007 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Монгол 日本語 Русский سنڌي ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 00 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the types of alternative dispute resolution	[ "Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration. Sometimes, conciliation is included as a fifth category, but for simplicity may be regarded as a form of mediation. ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as Sharia courts within common law jurisdictions, such as the UK.\n", "Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration. Sometimes, conciliation is included as a fifth category, but for simplicity may be regarded as a form of mediation. ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as Sharia courts within common law jurisdictions, such as the UK.\n", "Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration. Sometimes, conciliation is included as a fifth category, but for simplicity may be regarded as a form of mediation. ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as Sharia courts within common law jurisdictions, such as the UK.\n", "Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration. Sometimes, conciliation is included as a fifth category, but for simplicity may be regarded as a form of mediation. ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as Sharia courts within common law jurisdictions, such as the UK.\n" ]	[ "negotiation", "mediation", "collaborative law", "arbitration" ]
2020916821229021681	2018 NBA draft	2018 NBA draft - wikipedia 2018 NBA draft 2018 NBA draft General information Date ( s ) June 21 , 2018 Time 7 : 00 pm ( EDT ) Location Barclays Center , Brooklyn , New York Network ( s ) ( US ) ESPN , Yahoo Sports First selection Deandre Ayton , Phoenix Suns ← 2017 NBA draft 2019 → The 2018 NBA draft was held on June 21 , 2018 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur United States college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . It was televised nationally by ESPN . This draft was the last to use the original weighted lottery system that gives teams near the bottom of the NBA draft better odds at the top three picks of the draft while teams higher up had worse odds in the process ; the rule was agreed upon by the NBA on September 28 , 2017 , but would not be implemented until the 2019 draft . It would also be considered the final year where undrafted college underclassmen were forced to begin their professional careers early ; on August 8 , 2018 , the NCAA announced that players who declared for the NBA draft and were n't selected would have the opportunity to return to their school for at least another year . With the last year of what was , at the time , the most recent lottery system ( with the NBA draft lottery being held in Chicago instead of in New York ) , the Phoenix Suns won the first overall pick on May 15 , 2018 , with the Sacramento Kings at the second overall pick and the Atlanta Hawks at third overall pick . The Suns ' selection is their first No. 1 overall selection in franchise history . They would use that selection on the Bahamian center Deandre Ayton from the nearby University of Arizona . This draft was also notable for its lack of draft - day trades involving NBA veterans . An average of more than five veterans per year were traded on the day of the last three drafts , but this draft was the first since 2003 in which no such trades were announced . Contents 1 Draft selections 2 Combine 3 Draft lottery 4 Eligiblity and entrants 4.1 Early entrants 4.1. 1 College underclassmen 4.1. 2 International players 4.2 Automatically eligible entrants 5 Trades involving draft picks 5.1 Pre-draft trades 5.2 Draft - day trades 6 Invited attendents 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Draft selections ( edit ) PG Point guard SG Shooting guard SF Small forward PF Power forward Center Deandre Ayton was selected first overall by the Phoenix Suns . Marvin Bagley III was selected second by the Sacramento Kings . Luka Dončić was selected third by the Atlanta Hawks and was traded to the Dallas Mavericks . Jaren Jackson Jr. ( in white ) was selected fourth by the Memphis Grizzlies . Trae Young was selected fifth by the Dallas Mavericks and was traded to the Atlanta Hawks . Mohamed Bamba ( right ) was selected sixth by the Orlando Magic . Michael Porter Jr. , a top high school recruit , fell all the way down to the fourteenth pick , and was selected by the Denver Nuggets . * Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game and All - NBA Team Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - NBA Team Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs Rnd . Pick Player Pos . Nationality Team School / club team Deandre Ayton Bahamas Phoenix Suns Arizona ( Fr . ) Marvin Bagley III PF United States Sacramento Kings Duke ( Fr . ) Luka Dončić PG / SG / SF Slovenia Atlanta Hawks ( traded to Dallas ) Real Madrid ( Spain ) Jaren Jackson Jr . PF United States Memphis Grizzlies Michigan State ( Fr . ) 5 Trae Young PG United States Dallas Mavericks ( traded to Atlanta ) Oklahoma ( Fr . ) 6 Mohamed Bamba United States Orlando Magic Texas ( Fr . ) 7 Wendell Carter United States Chicago Bulls Duke ( Fr . ) 8 Collin Sexton PG United States Cleveland Cavaliers ( from Brooklyn via Boston ) Alabama ( Fr . ) 9 Kevin Knox SF United States New York Knicks Kentucky ( Fr . ) 10 Mikal Bridges SF United States Philadelphia 76ers ( from L.A. Lakers via Phoenix ; traded to Phoenix ) Villanova ( Jr . ) 11 Shai Gilgeous - Alexander PG Canada Charlotte Hornets ( traded to the L.A. Clippers ) Kentucky ( Fr . ) 12 Miles Bridges SF United States Los Angeles Clippers ( from Detroit , traded to Charlotte ) Michigan State ( So . ) 13 Jerome Robinson SG United States Los Angeles Clippers Boston College ( Jr . ) 14 Michael Porter Jr . SF United States Denver Nuggets Missouri ( Fr . ) 15 Troy Brown Jr . SF United States Washington Wizards Oregon ( Fr . ) 16 Zhaire Smith SG United States Phoenix Suns ( from Miami ; traded to Philadelphia ) Texas Tech ( Fr . ) 17 Donte DiVincenzo SG United States Milwaukee Bucks Villanova ( So . ) 18 Lonnie Walker SG United States San Antonio Spurs Miami ( Fr . ) 19 Kevin Huerter SG United States Atlanta Hawks ( from Minnesota ) Maryland ( So . ) 20 Josh Okogie SG United States Nigeria Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Oklahoma City via Utah ) Georgia Tech ( So . ) 21 Grayson Allen SG United States Utah Jazz Duke ( Sr . ) 22 Chandler Hutchison SF / SG United States Chicago Bulls ( from New Orleans ) Boise State ( Sr . ) 23 Aaron Holiday PG United States Indiana Pacers UCLA ( Jr . ) 24 Anfernee Simons SG United States Portland Trail Blazers IMG Academy ( Bradenton , Florida ; HS Pg . ) 25 Moritz Wagner PF Germany Los Angeles Lakers ( from Cleveland via Portland and Cleveland ) Michigan ( Jr . ) 26 Landry Shamet PG United States Philadelphia 76ers Wichita State ( So . ) 27 Robert Williams PF United States Boston Celtics Texas A&M ( So . ) 28 Jacob Evans SG United States Golden State Warriors Cincinnati ( Jr . ) 29 Džanan Musa SF Bosnia and Herzegovina Brooklyn Nets ( from Toronto ) Cedevita Zagreb ( Croatia ) 30 Omari Spellman PF United States Atlanta Hawks ( from Houston via L.A. Clippers ) Villanova ( Fr . ) 31 Élie Okobo PG France Phoenix Suns Pau - Lacq - Orthez ( France ) 32 Jevon Carter PG United States Memphis Grizzlies West Virginia ( Sr . ) 33 Jalen Brunson PG United States Dallas Mavericks Villanova ( Jr . ) 34 Devonte ' Graham PG United States Atlanta Hawks ( traded to Charlotte ) Kansas ( Sr . ) 35 Melvin Frazier SF United States Orlando Magic Tulane ( Jr . ) 36 Mitchell Robinson United States New York Knicks ( from Chicago via Oklahoma City ) Chalmette HS ( Chalmette , Louisiana ; HS Sr . ) 37 Gary Trent Jr . SG United States Sacramento Kings ( traded to Portland ) Duke ( Fr . ) 38 Khyri Thomas SG United States Philadelphia 76ers ( from Brooklyn , traded to Detroit ) Creighton ( Jr . ) 39 Isaac Bonga SF Germany Philadelphia 76ers ( from New York , traded to the L.A. Lakers ) Frankfurt Skyliners ( Germany ) 40 Rodions Kurucs SF Latvia Brooklyn Nets ( from L.A. Lakers via Orlando and Toronto ) FC Barcelona Lassa ( Spain ) 41 Jarred Vanderbilt SF United States Orlando Magic ( from Charlotte via Memphis and Phoenix , traded to Denver ) Kentucky ( Fr . ) 42 Bruce Brown Jr . SG United States Detroit Pistons Miami ( So . ) 43 Justin Jackson SF Canada Denver Nuggets ( from L.A. Clippers via Philadelphia and New York , traded to Orlando ) Maryland ( So . ) 44 Issuf Sanon PG Ukraine Washington Wizards Olimpija Ljubljana ( Slovenia ) 45 Hamidou Diallo SG United States Brooklyn Nets ( from Milwaukee , traded to Oklahoma City via Charlotte ) Kentucky ( Fr . ) 46 De'Anthony Melton SG United States Houston Rockets ( from Miami via Memphis ) USC ( So . ) 47 Sviatoslav Mykhailiuk SG Ukraine Los Angeles Lakers ( from Denver via Utah and Chicago ) Kansas ( Sr . ) 48 Keita Bates - Diop SF United States Minnesota Timberwolves Ohio State ( Jr . ) 49 Chimezie Metu PF United States San Antonio Spurs USC ( Jr . ) 50 Alize Johnson PF United States Indiana Pacers Missouri State ( Sr . ) 51 Tony Carr PG United States New Orleans Pelicans ( previously from Chicago via New Orleans , Miami , and New Orleans ) Penn State ( So . ) 52 Vincent Edwards SF United States Utah Jazz ( traded to Houston ) Purdue ( Sr . ) 53 Devon Hall SG United States Oklahoma City Thunder Virginia ( Sr . ) 54 Shake Milton PG United States Dallas Mavericks ( from Portland via Denver , traded to Philadelphia ) SMU ( Jr . ) 55 Arnoldas Kulboka SF Lithuania Charlotte Hornets ( from Cleveland via Brooklyn and Philadelphia ) Orlandina Basket ( Italy ) 56 Ray Spalding PF United States Philadelphia 76ers ( traded to Dallas ) Louisville ( Jr . ) 57 Kevin Hervey PF United States Oklahoma City Thunder ( from Boston ) Texas - Arlington ( Sr . ) 58 Thomas Welsh United States Denver Nuggets ( from Golden State ) UCLA ( Sr . ) 59 George King SG United States Phoenix Suns ( from Toronto ) Colorado ( Sr . ) 60 Kostas Antetokounmpo SF / PF Greece Philadelphia 76ers ( from Houston , traded to Dallas ) Dayton ( Fr . ) Combine ( edit ) Main article : NBA Draft Combine The invitation - only NBA Draft Combine was held in Chicago from May 16 to 20 . The on - court element of the combine took place on May 18 and 19 . A total of 69 players were invited for the NBA Draft Combine , with two top talents in Deandre Ayton and Luka Dončić declining invitations for the event this year , with the latter player being involved with the 2018 EuroLeague Final Four at the time . Both mystery man Mitchell Robinson and Chandler Hutchison would remove themselves from the event at the last minute , although two other players would enter the event instead of them , leaving the proper number of official participants at 69 . At the end of the draft deadline for international players , 12 players that entered the NBA Draft Combine that year ultimately withdrew from the NBA Draft , with 11 players returning to college and Brian Bowen planning on playing professionally before trying another NBA Draft instead . Draft lottery ( edit ) Main article : NBA draft lottery The NBA draft lottery took place during the playoffs on May 15 , 2018 . This year will be the last time it uses what was originally the updated system for the NBA draft lottery to upgrade draft odds for teams in the lower regions of the NBA . Starting in 2019 onward , the newer updated draft lottery will give the bottom 3 teams equal odds for the No. 1 pick , while some of the teams higher up the NBA draft would get an increased chance for a top - four pick instead of a top - three pick like in this year , thus hoping to discourage teams from potentially losing games on purpose for higher draft picks ( and potentially better talent in the process ) . There were also two tiebreakers involved for lottery odds this season ; the first involved the Dallas Mavericks having one more result favoring them having the No. 1 pick over Atlanta after splitting the odds together , while the second tiebreaker had the Chicago Bulls splitting odds with the Sacramento Kings , resulting in the Bulls having slightly better odds on their end in the process . Funnily enough , both of the teams mentioned that lost the tiebreakers would wind up being in the Top 3 at the end of the NBA draft lottery . Furthermore , the Hawks would trade their Top 3 selection to Dallas for their selection in the draft instead . Denotes the actual lottery result Team 2017 -- 18 record Lottery chances Lottery probabilities 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Phoenix Suns 21 -- 61 250 . 250 . 215 . 178 . 358 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Memphis Grizzlies 22 -- 60 199 . 199 . 188 . 171 . 319 . 124 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Dallas Mavericks 24 -- 58 138 . 138 . 142 . 145 . 238 . 290 . 045 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Atlanta Hawks 24 -- 58 137 . 137 . 142 . 145 . 085 . 323 . 155 . 013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Orlando Magic 25 -- 57 88 . 088 . 096 . 106 -- . 262 . 359 . 084 . 004 -- -- -- -- -- -- Chicago Bulls 27 -- 55 53 . 053 . 060 . 070 -- -- . 440 . 331 . 045 . 001 -- -- -- -- -- Sacramento Kings 27 -- 55 53 . 053 . 060 . 070 -- -- -- . 573 . 226 . 018 . 000 -- -- -- -- Brooklyn Nets 28 -- 54 28 . 028 . 033 . 039 -- -- -- -- . 725 . 168 . 008 . 000 -- -- -- New York Knicks 29 -- 53 17 . 017 . 020 . 024 -- -- -- -- -- . 813 . 122 . 004 . 000 -- -- Los Angeles Lakers 35 -- 47 11 . 011 . 013 . 016 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 870 . 089 . 002 . 000 -- Charlotte Hornets 36 -- 46 8 . 008 . 009 . 012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 908 . 063 . 001 . 000 Detroit Pistons 39 -- 43 7 . 007 . 008 . 010 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 935 . 039 . 000 Los Angeles Clippers 42 -- 40 6 . 006 . 007 . 009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 960 . 018 Denver Nuggets 46 -- 36 5 . 005 . 006 . 007 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 982 ^ 1 : The Brooklyn Nets ' pick was automatically conveyed to the Cleveland Cavaliers this year . ^ 2 : The Los Angeles Lakers ' pick was conveyed to the Philadelphia 76ers since the pick turned unprotected for them this year and was n't in the Nos. 2 - 5 range . ^ 3 : The Detroit Pistons ' pick was conveyed to the Los Angeles Clippers since it was outside the top 4 . Eligiblity and entrants ( edit ) Main article : Eligibility for the NBA draft The draft is conducted under the eligibility rules established in the league 's 2017 collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) with its player 's union . The previous CBA that ended the 2011 lockout instituted no immediate changes to the draft , but called for a committee of owners and players to discuss future changes . All drafted players must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft . In terms of dates , players who are eligible for the 2018 draft must be born on or before December 31 , 1999 . Since the 2016 draft , the following rules , as implemented by the NCAA Division I council for that division , are : Declaration for the draft no longer results in automatic loss of college eligibility . As long as a player does not sign a contract with a professional team outside the NBA , or sign with an agent , he will retain college eligibility as long as he makes a timely withdrawal from the draft . NCAA players now have until 10 days after the end of the NBA Draft Combine to withdraw from the draft . Since the combine is held in mid-May , the current deadline is about five weeks after the previous mid-April deadline . NCAA players may participate in the draft combine , and are allowed to attend one tryout per year with each NBA team without losing college eligibility . NCAA players may now enter and withdraw from the draft up to two times without loss of eligibility . Previously , the NCAA treated a second declaration of draft eligibility as a permanent loss of college eligibility . The NBA has since expanded the draft combine to include players with remaining college eligibility ( who , like players without college eligibility , can only attend by invitation ) . Early entrants ( edit ) Players who are not automatically eligible have to declare their eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 60 days before the draft . For the 2018 draft , the date fell on April 22 . After that date , `` early entry '' players are able to attend NBA pre-draft camps and individual team workouts to show off their skills and obtain feedback regarding their draft positions . Under the CBA a player may withdraw his name from consideration from the draft at any time before the final declaration date , which is 10 days before the draft . Under current NCAA rules , players had until May 30 ( 10 days after the draft combine ) to withdraw from the draft and retain college eligibility . A player who has hired an agent forfeits his remaining college eligibility regardless of whether he is drafted . College underclassmen ( edit ) A record - high 236 underclassed draft prospects ( i.e. , players with remaining college eligibility ) had declared by the April 22 deadline , with 181 of these players being from college . The names listed here mean they have hired an agent , or have announced that they plan to do so before the night of the draft . At the end of the deadline , 77 players declared their intentions to enter the draft with an agent ( with one player announcing his entry after the deadline ) while 100 players announced their return to college for at least one more season . Meanwhile , Matur Maker , Brian Bowen , Micah Seaborn and Tavarius Shine did not enter the draft after letting their deadlines to retain college eligibility expire . These players instead decided to enter in 2019 via either the NBA G League or another professional league . / Deng Adel -- F , Louisville ( junior ) Rawle Alkins -- G , Arizona ( sophomore ) Mike Amius -- F , Western Carolina ( junior ) Kostas Antetokounmpo -- F , Dayton ( freshman ) Deandre Ayton -- C , Arizona ( freshman ) Marvin Bagley III -- F / C , Duke ( freshman ) Mohamed Bamba -- C , Texas ( freshman ) Keita Bates - Diop -- F , Ohio State ( junior ) Tashawn Berry -- G , Dakota College ( sophomore ) Leron Black -- F , Illinois ( junior ) Jordan Brangers -- G , South Plains College ( sophomore ) Mikal Bridges -- F , Villanova ( junior ) Miles Bridges -- F , Michigan State ( sophomore ) Bruce Brown Jr . -- G , Miami ( sophomore ) Troy Brown Jr . -- F , Oregon ( freshman ) Jalen Brunson -- G , Villanova ( junior ) Elijah Bryant -- G , BYU ( junior ) Tony Carr -- G , Penn State ( sophomore ) Wendell Carter -- F / C , Duke ( freshman ) Kameron Chatman -- G / F , Detroit ( junior ) Bryant Crawford -- G , Wake Forest ( junior ) Eric Davis -- G , Texas ( junior ) / Tyler Davis -- C , Texas A&M ( junior ) Marcus Derrickson -- F , Georgetown ( junior ) Hamidou Diallo -- G , Kentucky ( freshman ) Donte DiVincenzo -- G , Villanova ( sophomore ) Dikembe Dixson -- F , UIC ( sophomore ) Trevon Duval -- G , Duke ( freshman ) Drew Eubanks -- F , Oregon State ( junior ) Jacob Evans -- G / F , Cincinnati ( junior ) Tremaine Fraiser -- G , Westchester CC ( sophomore ) Melvin Frazier -- G / F , Tulane ( junior ) / Wenyen Gabriel -- F , Kentucky ( sophomore ) Kaiser Gates -- F , Xavier ( junior ) Shai Gilgeous - Alexander -- G , Kentucky ( freshman ) D.J. Hogg -- F , Texas A&M ( junior ) Aaron Holiday -- G , UCLA ( junior ) Kevin Huerter -- G , Maryland ( sophomore ) DeAngelo Isby -- G / F , Utah State ( junior ) Jaren Jackson Jr . -- F , Michigan State ( freshman ) Justin Jackson -- F / G , Maryland ( sophomore ) Ismaila Kane -- F , Atlanta Metropolitan State College ( freshman ) Devonte Klines -- G , Montana State ( junior ) Kevin Knox -- F , Kentucky ( freshman ) Terry Larrier -- F , Connecticut ( junior ) Marquez Letcher - Ellis -- F , Nevada ( sophomore ) Makinde London -- F , Chattanooga ( junior ) Brandon McCoy -- C , UNLV ( freshman ) De'Anthony Melton -- G , USC ( sophomore ) Chimezie Metu -- F , USC ( junior ) Shake Milton -- G , SMU ( junior ) Max Montana -- F , San Diego State ( junior ) Doral Moore -- C , Wake Forest ( junior ) Malik Newman -- G , Kansas ( sophomore ) / Josh Okogie -- G , Georgia Tech ( sophomore ) Ajdin Penava -- F , Marshall ( junior ) Michael Porter Jr . -- F , Missouri ( freshman ) Jerome Robinson -- G , Boston College ( junior ) Mitchell Robinson -- C , Western Kentucky ( freshman ) Brandon Sampson -- G , LSU ( junior ) Corey Sanders -- G , Rutgers ( junior ) Collin Sexton -- G , Alabama ( freshman ) Landry Shamet -- G , Wichita State ( sophomore ) / Yankuba Sima -- F , Oklahoma State ( junior ) Anfernee Simons -- G , IMG Academy ( Postgraduate ) Fred Sims -- G , Chicago State ( junior ) Zhaire Smith -- G / F , Texas Tech ( freshman ) Ray Spalding -- F / C , Louisville ( junior ) Omari Spellman -- F / C , Villanova ( freshman ) Khyri Thomas -- G , Creighton ( junior ) Gary Trent Jr . -- G , Duke ( freshman ) Allonzo Trier -- G , Arizona ( junior ) Jarred Vanderbilt -- F , Kentucky ( freshman ) Moritz Wagner -- F , Michigan ( junior ) Lonnie Walker IV -- G , Miami ( freshman ) Robert Williams -- F / C , Texas A&M ( sophomore ) Trae Young -- G , Oklahoma ( freshman ) International players ( edit ) International players that had declared this year and did not previously declare in another prior year can drop out of the draft about 10 days before the draft begins on June 11 . Initially , there were 55 players who originally expressed interest in entering the 2018 draft , one of which was a player who came directly out of high school from Canada . However , by the end of the deadline , 43 of those players ( including the aforementioned Canadian high schooler ) would ultimately pull their names out of the draft , leaving only 11 true international players entering the NBA Draft this year ( the NBA link mentions LiAngelo Ball as an international player in the loosest sense of the word , but not Billy Preston there ) . Combining both the amount of players listed previously and both LiAngelo Ball and Billy Preston as now automatically eligible underclassmen under unique situations , the total amount of underclassmen rounds out to 90 overall players . Isaac Bonga -- G , Frankfurt Skyliners ( Germany ) Luka Dončić -- G / F , Real Madrid ( Spain ) Tryggvi Hlinason -- C , Valencia Basket ( Spain ) Michał Kolenda -- F , Trefl Sopot ( Poland ) Arnoldas Kulboka -- F , Betaland Capo d'Orlando ( Italy ) Rodions Kurucs -- F , FC Barcelona Lassa ( Spain ) Džanan Musa -- F , Cedevita Zagreb ( Croatia ) Williams Narace -- SLUC Nancy Basket ( France ) Élie Okobo -- G , Élan Béarnais Pau - Lacq - Orthez ( France ) Issuf Sanon -- G , Olimpija Ljubljana ( Slovenia ) Filip Zagrajski -- G , Vrijednosnice Osijek ( Croatia ) Automatically eligible entrants ( edit ) Players who do not meet the criteria for `` international '' players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria : They have completed four years of their college eligibility . If they graduated from high school in the U.S. , but did not enroll in a U.S. college or university , four years have passed since their high school class graduated . They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team not in the NBA , anywhere in the world , and have played under that contract . Players who meet the criteria for `` international '' players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria : They are at least 22 years old during the calendar year of the draft . In terms of dates , players born on or before December 31 , 1996 are automatically eligible for the 2018 draft . They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team not in the NBA within the United States , and have played under that contract . Other automatically eligible players Player Team Note Ref . LiAngelo Ball Vytautas Prienai -- Birštonas ( Lithuania ) Removed himself from UCLA in 2017 . Darin Johnson Delaware 87ers ( NBA G League ) Left Cal State Northridge in 2017 ; playing professionally since 2017 -- 18 season . Billy Preston Igokea Laktaši ( Bosnia & Herzegovina ) Removed himself from Kansas in 2018 . Maverick Rowan Lakeland Magic ( NBA G League ) Left NC State in 2017 ; playing professionally since 2017 -- 18 season . Trades involving draft picks ( edit ) Pre-draft trades ( edit ) Prior to the day of the draft , the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams below . ^ Jump up to : July 12 , 2013 : Brooklyn Nets to Boston Celtics Boston acquired Gerald Wallace , Kris Humphries , Keith Bogans , MarShon Brooks , Kris Joseph , a 2014 first - round pick , a 2016 first - round pick , the option to swap 2017 first - round picks , and a 2018 first - round pick Brooklyn acquired Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett , Jason Terry and D.J. White ; Brooklyn also acquired Boston 's 2017 second - round pick for compensation after the 2015 -- 16 season ended . August 30 , 2017 : Boston Celtics to Cleveland Cavaliers Cleveland acquired Isaiah Thomas , Jae Crowder , Ante Žižić , the Brooklyn Nets ' 2018 first - round pick , and the Miami Heat 's 2020 second - round pick ( latter pick added as compensation for Thomas ' failed physical ) Boston acquired Kyrie Irving ^ Jump up to : July 7 , 2012 : Los Angeles Lakers to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired a 2013 first - round pick , a 2013 second - round pick , a 2014 second - round pick , and an unprotected 2018 first - round pick L.A. Lakers acquired Steve Nash February 19 , 2015 : Phoenix Suns to Philadelphia 76ers ( three - team trade with Milwaukee ) Philadelphia acquired the L.A. Lakers ' 2018 first - round pick from Phoenix Phoenix acquired Brandon Knight and Kendall Marshall from Milwaukee Milwaukee acquired Michael Carter - Williams from Philadelphia , Miles Plumlee and Tyler Ennis from Phoenix ^ Jump up to : January 29 , 2018 : Detroit Pistons to Los Angeles Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Avery Bradley , Tobias Harris , Boban Marjanović , and a top - 4 protected 2018 first - round pick Detroit acquired Blake Griffin , Brice Johnson , and Willie Reed Jump up ^ February 19 , 2015 : Miami Heat to Phoenix Suns ( three - team trade with New Orleans Pelicans ) Phoenix acquired John Salmons from New Orleans , Danny Granger , a top - 7 protected 2018 first - round pick , a 2021 unprotected first - round pick , and a traded player exception from Miami Miami acquired Goran Dragić and Zoran Dragić from Phoenix New Orleans acquired Norris Cole , Shawne Williams , Justin Hamilton , and cash considerations from Miami Jump up ^ February 10 , 2015 : Minnesota Timberwolves to Atlanta Hawks Atlanta acquired a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick Minnesota acquired Adreian Payne Jump up ^ February 19 , 2015 : Oklahoma City Thunder to Utah Jazz ( three - team trade with Detroit Pistons ) Utah acquired a 2017 second - round pick from Detroit , Kendrick Perkins , Grant Jerrett , the player rights to Tibor Pleiß , and a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick from Oklahoma City Oklahoma City acquired Enes Kanter and Steve Novak , D.J. Augustin , Kyle Singler , and a 2019 second - round pick from Detroit Detroit acquired Reggie Jackson June 30 , 2017 : Utah Jazz to Minnesota Timberwolves Minnesota acquired a lottery protected 2018 Oklahoma City first - round pick Utah acquired Ricky Rubio ^ Jump up to : February 1 , 2018 : New Orleans Pelicans to Chicago Bulls Chicago acquired Tony Allen , Jameer Nelson , Ömer Aşık , a top - 5 protected 2018 first - round pick , and the rights to swap 2021 second - round picks New Orleans acquired Nikola Mirotić and reacquired their 2018 second - round pick once again Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Portland Trail Blazers Portland acquired Anderson Varejão and a 2018 protected first - round pick Cleveland acquired a 2020 second round pick January 6 , 2017 : Portland Trail Blazers to Cleveland Cavaliers Cleveland reacquired their rights to that 2018 protected first - round pick ( protections removed ) Portland acquired a 2017 first round pick February 8 , 2018 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Los Angeles Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired Isaiah Thomas , Channing Frye and a top - 3 protected 2018 first - round pick Cleveland acquired Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr . ^ Jump up to : July 13 , 2017 : Toronto Raptors to Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn acquired DeMarre Carroll , a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick , and the worst 2018 second - round pick between Orlando and the L.A. Lakers Toronto acquired Justin Hamilton Jump up ^ June 28 , 2017 : Houston Rockets to Los Angeles Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Patrick Beverley , Sam Dekker , Montrezl Harrell , Darrun Hilliard , DeAndre Liggins , Lou Williams , Kyle Wiltjer , and a top - 3 protected 2018 first - round pick Houston acquired Chris Paul July 7 , 2017 : Los Angeles Clippers to Atlanta Hawks ( three - team trade with Denver Nuggets ) Atlanta acquired Jamal Crawford , Diamond Stone , a top - 3 protected 2018 Houston first - round pick and cash considerations from the L.A. Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Danilo Gallinari from Denver Denver acquired the Washington Wizards ' 2019 second - round pick from Atlanta Jump up ^ February 23 , 2017 : Chicago Bulls to Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City acquired Taj Gibson , Doug McDermott , and a 2018 second round pick Chicago acquired Joffrey Lauvergne , Anthony Morrow , and Cameron Payne September 25 , 2017 : Oklahoma City Thunder to New York Knicks New York acquired Enes Kanter , Doug McDermott , and Chicago 's 2018 second round pick Oklahoma City acquired Carmelo Anthony ^ Jump up to : December 11 , 2014 : Brooklyn Nets to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Andrei Kirilenko , Jorge Gutiérrez , the right to swap 2018 second - round picks between Cleveland and Brooklyn , a 2020 second - round pick , and cash considerations Brooklyn acquired Brandon Davies and the Cleveland Cavaliers ' 2018 second - round pick ^ Jump up to : October 27 , 2014 : New York Knicks to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Travis Outlaw , the right to swap 2018 second - round picks between New York and the L.A. Clippers , and a 2019 second - round pick New York acquired Arnett Moultrie Jump up ^ June 20 , 2018 : Philadelphia 76ers to Los Angeles Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired New York 's second - round pick Philadelphia acquired Chicago 's 2019 second - round pick from Los Angeles and cash considerations Jump up ^ August 10 , 2012 : Los Angeles Lakers to Orlando Magic ( four - team trade with Philadelphia and Denver ) Orlando acquired Arron Afflalo , Al Harrington , a 2013 second - round pick , and the worse of Denver 's and New York 's 2014 first - round picks from Denver ; Nikola Vučević , Maurice Harkless , and a 2015 conditional first - round pick that was conveyed in 2017 for the Sacramento Kings from Philadelphia ; Josh McRoberts , Christian Eyenga , a 2015 protected second - round pick , and the Lakers ' 2017 protected first - round pick ( converted to the Lakers ' 2017 second - round pick and 2018 second - round pick ) from the L.A. Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired Dwight Howard , Earl Clark , and Chris Duhon from Orlando Philadelphia acquired Jason Richardson from Orlando and Andrew Bynum from the L.A. Lakers Denver acquired Andre Iguodala from Philadelphia May 25 , 2017 : Orlando Magic to Toronto Raptors Toronto acquired the worse 2018 second - round pick between Orlando and the L.A. Lakers ; Orlando acquired the contractual release of Toronto general manager Jeff Weltman , whom the Magic immediately signed as their new president of basketball operations ^ Jump up to : February 16 , 2016 : Charlotte Hornets to Memphis Grizzlies ( three - team trade with Miami ) Memphis acquired P.J. Hairston , a 2018 second - round pick , and Brooklyn 's 2019 second - round pick from Charlotte ; Chris Andersen , a 2018 second - round pick , and a top - 55 protected 2019 second - round pick from Miami Charlotte acquired Courtney Lee and cash considerations from Memphis Miami acquired Brian Roberts from Charlotte Jump up ^ September 22 , 2017 : Memphis Grizzlies to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired Troy Daniels and a 2018 second - round pick for the middle choice between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Memphis acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 Phoenix second - round pick ( which would not be conveyed ) February 8 , 2018 : Phoenix Suns to Orlando Magic Orlando acquired a 2018 second - round pick for the middle choice between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Phoenix acquired Elfrid Payton Jump up ^ February 20 , 2014 : Los Angeles Clippers to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Byron Mullens and a 2018 second - round pick ( which would later be swapped with the New York Knicks ) L.A. Clippers acquired a protected 2014 second - round pick ( which ultimately was n't conveyed ) ^ Jump up to : February 8 , 2018 : Denver Nuggets to Dallas Mavericks ( three - team trade with New York ) Dallas acquired Doug McDermott and the Portland Trail Blazers ' 2018 second - round pick from Dallas Denver acquired Devin Harris from Dallas and the L.A. Clippers ' 2018 second - round pick from New York New York acquired Emmanuel Mudiay from Denver Jump up ^ February 5 , 2018 : Milwaukee Bucks to Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn acquired Rashad Vaughn and a 2018 protected second - round pick Milwaukee acquired Tyler Zeller Jump up ^ June 22 , 2017 : Memphis Grizzlies to Houston Rockets Houston acquired the worst 2018 second - round pick between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Memphis acquired the draft rights to Dillon Brooks ^ Jump up to : July 10 , 2013 : Utah Jazz to Denver Nuggets ( three - team trade with Golden State ) Utah acquired a 2018 second - round pick from Denver , Andris Biedriņš , Richard Jefferson , Brandon Rush , a 2014 first - round pick , a 2016 second - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , a 2017 second - round pick , and cash considerations from Golden State ; Denver acquired Randy Foye from Utah and a 2018 second - round pick from Golden State ; Golden State acquired Andre Iguodala from Denver via sign - and - trade and Kevin Murphy from Utah Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : Utah Jazz to Chicago Bulls ( three - team trade with Atlanta ) Chicago acquired Justin Holiday from Atlanta and a 2018 second - round pick from Utah ; Utah acquired Shelvin Mack from Atlanta ; Atlanta acquired Kirk Hinrich from Chicago July 7 , 2016 : Chicago Bulls to Los Angeles Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired José Calderón , Denver 's 2018 second - round pick , and Chicago 's 2019 second - round pick ; Chicago acquired the player rights to Ater Majok Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : New Orleans Pelicans to Miami Heat Miami acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 second - round pick New Orleans acquired Jarnell Stokes and cash considerations July 10 , 2016 : Miami Heat to New Orleans Pelicans New Orleans reacquired their own 2018 second - round pick ( protections removed ) Miami acquired Luke Babbitt September 1 , 2017 : New Orleans Pelicans to Chicago Bulls Chicago acquired Quincy Pondexter , a 2018 second - round pick , and cash considerations New Orleans acquired the player rights to Ater Majok Jump up ^ February 12 , 2017 : Portland Trail Blazers to Denver Nuggets Denver acquired Mason Plumlee , the least favorable 2018 second - round pick between Portland and Sacramento , and cash considerations Portland acquired Jusuf Nurkić and Memphis ' 2017 first - round pick Jump up ^ September 27 , 2014 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Keith Bogans and a 2018 second - round pick Cleveland acquired a conditional 2015 second - round pick ( that ultimately was n't conveyed ) Jump up ^ June 25 , 2015 : Brooklyn Nets to Charlotte Hornets Charlotte acquired the least valuable 2018 second - round pick between Brooklyn and Cleveland , a 2019 second - round pick , and cash considerations Brooklyn acquired the draft rights to Juan Pablo Vaulet Jump up ^ July 14 , 2015 : Boston Celtics to Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 second - round pick Boston acquired Perry Jones , a 2019 second - round pick , and cash considerations Jump up ^ February 23 , 2017 : Toronto Raptors to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired Jared Sullinger , a 2017 second - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick Toronto acquired P.J. Tucker Jump up ^ June 28 , 2017 : Houston Rockets to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired a 2018 second - round pick and cash considerations Houston acquired Shawn Long Draft - day trades ( edit ) Draft - day trades occurred on June 21 , 2018 , the day of the draft . ^ Jump up to : June 21 , 2018 : Atlanta Hawks to Dallas Mavericks Dallas acquired Atlanta 's first round pick ( No. 3 - Luka Dončić ) Atlanta acquired Dallas ' first round pick ( No. 5 - Trae Young ) and a protected 2019 first round selection ^ Jump up to : June 21 , 2018 : Philadelphia 76ers to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired Philadelphia 's first round pick ( No. 10 - Mikal Bridges ) Philadelphia acquired Phoenix 's first round pick ( No. 16 - Zhaire Smith ) and the Miami Heat 's 2021 first round selection ^ Jump up to : June 21 , 2018 : Charlotte Hornets to Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Clippers acquired Charlotte 's first round pick ( No. 11 - Shai Gilgeous - Alexander ) Charlotte acquired the Los Angeles Clippers ' first round pick ( No. 12 - Miles Bridges ) and two future second round selections Jump up ^ June 21 , 2018 : Atlanta Hawks to Charlotte Hornets Charlotte acquired Atlanta 's second round pick Atlanta acquired Charlotte 's 2019 and 2023 second round selections Jump up ^ June 21 , 2018 : Sacramento Kings to Portland Trail Blazers Portland acquired Sacramento 's second round pick Sacramento acquired two future second round selections and cash considerations Jump up ^ June 21 , 2018 : Philadelphia 76ers to Detroit Pistons Detroit acquired Philadelphia 's second - round pick Philadelphia acquired two future second round selections ^ Jump up to : June 21 , 2018 : Orlando Magic to Denver Nuggets Denver acquired Orlando 's second - round pick ( No. 41 - Jarred Vanderbilt ) Orlando acquired Denver 's second - round pick ( No. 43 - Justin Jackson ) and a future second round selection Jump up ^ June 21 , 2018 : Utah Jazz to Houston Rockets Houston acquired Utah 's second - round pick Utah acquired cash considerations ^ Jump up to : June 21 , 2018 : Dallas Mavericks to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Dallas ' second round selection ( No 54 - Shake Milton ) Dallas acquired two of Philadelphia 's second round selections ( No. 56 - Ray Spalding and No. 60 - Kostas Antetokounmpo ) Invited attendents ( edit ) The NBA annually invites around 15 -- 20 players to sit in the so - called `` green room '' , a special room set aside at the draft site for the invited players plus their families and agents . When their names are called , the player leaves the room and goes up on stage . Other players who are not invited are allowed to attend the ceremony . They sit in the stands with the fans and walk up on stage when ( or if ) they are drafted . On June 15 , 2018 , 19 total players were announced as invites for the NBA Draft that year ( all of whom coming out of college this year ) , while potential top 3 pick Luka Dončić was initially not invited to the event due to the Liga ACB Finals potentially extending through the draft . On June 19th , ESPN reported that Dončić would attend the draft after all , following Real Madrid 's championship victory the previous night . The following players ( listed alphabetically ) have been confirmed as invites for the event this year : Deandre Ayton , Arizona Marvin Bagley III , Duke Mohamed Bamba , Texas Mikal Bridges , Villanova Miles Bridges , Michigan State Wendell Carter , Duke Donte DiVincenzo , Villanova Luka Dončić , Real Madrid ( Spain ) Shai Gilgeous - Alexander , Kentucky Aaron Holiday , UCLA Chandler Hutchison , Boise State Jaren Jackson Jr. , Michigan State Kevin Knox , Kentucky Michael Porter Jr. , Missouri Jerome Robinson , Boston College Collin Sexton , Alabama Zhaire Smith , Texas Tech Lonnie Walker , Miami Robert Williams , Texas A&M Trae Young , Oklahoma Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nationality indicates the player 's national team or representative nationality . If a player has not competed at the international level , then the nationality indicates the national team which the player is eligible to represent according to FIBA rules . Jump up ^ Josh Okogie was born in Nigeria , but raised in Atlanta . He also played for the Under - 19 U.S. National Team in 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Robinson tried to attend Western Kentucky University earlier the previous year , but left before attending a single practice there in order to train by himself until draft night . The last place he played for was at Chalmette High School as a proper high school senior . Jump up ^ While his official team was for the Brose Baskets in Germany , throughout the season , Kulboka was mainly loaned to the Orlandina Basket in Italy instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft Live ( Video ) '' . Yahoo Sports . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Draft Lottery leaving New York Area heading to Chicago '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ncaa.org/about/flexibility-going-pro-and-getting-degree Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Mather , Victor ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` N.B.A. Draft Lottery 2018 : Phoenix Suns Get Top Pick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` How this draft sets up future trades and free agency '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks acquire draft rights to third - overall pick Luka Doncic '' . Mavs.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Complete Trade With Brooklyn Nets '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Four - Time All - Star Kyrie Irving '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Cavs add 2nd - round pick from Celtics to complete Kyrie Irving - Isaiah Thomas trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc Stein ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Steve Nash headed to Lakers '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Suns Acquire Brandon Knight in Three - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Add Ayton , Bridges , Okobo , King In 2018 NBA Draft '' . Suns.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hornets Acquire Draft Rights to Miles Bridges and Devonte ' Graham '' . Hornets.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons acquire Blake Griffin , Willie Reed , Brice Johnson from L.A. '' NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns trade Goran Dragic to Heat '' . ESPN.com . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WOLVES ACQUIRE FORWARD ADREIAN PAYNE FROM ATLANTA '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.startribune.com/wolves-take-georgia-tech-guard-josh-okogie-at-no-20/486217621/ Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Reggie Jackson dealt to Pistons '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PG Ricky Rubio acquired by Jazz for 2018 protected first - rounder '' . ESPN.com . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martel , Brett ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Chicago Bulls trade Nikola Mirotic to New Orleans Pelicans '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Acquire Future First - Round Draft Pick , Anderson Varejao From Cleveland '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Acquire Unprotected 2017 First Round Pick from Cleveland '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Acquire Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr . From Lakers '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BROOKLYN NETS ACQUIRE DEMARRE CARROLL AND DRAFT PICKS FROM TORONTO '' . NBA.com . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rockets Acquire Nine - Time All - Star Chris Paul '' . NBA.com . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks Acquire First - Round Pick , Diamond Stone and Jamal Crawford '' . NBA.com . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Gibson , McDermott and Draft Pick '' . NBA.com . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Trade Carmelo Anthony To Oklahoma City '' . NBA.com . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TRAIL BLAZERS ACQUIRE DRAFT RIGHTS TO GARY TRENT JR '' . TrailBlazers.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nets Acquire Brandon Davies '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Acquire Draft Rights to Khyri Thomas and Select Bruce Brown Jr. in the 2018 Draft '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knicks Complete Trade with Philadelphia Jump up ^ Houghton , Matt ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` - Sixers trade No. 39 pick to Lakers for 2019 2nd - rounder , cash '' . NBC Sports Philadelphia . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Acquire Six Players , Five Draft Picks in Howard Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors receive 2018 2nd - round pick for Weltman ; ca n't trade with Magic for a year '' . RaptorsRepublic . Raptors Republic Inc . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Acquire Lee from Memphis in 3 - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Acquire Troy Daniels From Memphis '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns acquire Elfrid Payton from Orlando Magic '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Continue to Add Length in Second Round '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Draft Trade Tracker '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CLIPPERS FINALIZE TRADES WITH HAWKS AND 76ERS '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks acquire Emmanual Mudiay in 3 - team trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BUCKS ACQUIRE TYLER ZELLER FROM BROOKLYN NETS '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies acquire draft rights to Ivan Rabb and Dillon Brooks '' . NBA.com . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Acquire Andre Iguodala from Denver Nuggets as Part of Three - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Acquire Shelvin Mack from Atlanta '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls trade Jose Calderon to Los Angeles Lakers '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Trade Stokes to New Orleans '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat acquire Luke Babbitt '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls acquire Quincy Pondexter & future draft pick from Pelicans '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Acquire Two Players in 2018 NBA Draft '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets trade Jusef Nurkic to Blazers for Mason Plumlee '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks acquire draft rights to Ray Spalding and Kostas Antetokounmpo '' . Mavs.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs Complete Trade with Philadelphia '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nets acquire Juan Pablo Vaulet from Hornets '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Trade Exception and Protected Second Round Draft Pick '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors acquire Tucker from the Suns '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/complete-2018-nba-draft-combine-list-211843026.html Jump up ^ http://stats.nba.com/draft/combine-anthro/#!?sort=PLAYER_NAME&dir=-1 Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` College players given extra time to mull NBA draft decision '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` NCAA proposes new NBA draft rule to allow early entrants back in school '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nba.com/article/2018/04/24/nba-announces-early-entry-candidates-2018-nba-draft Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/article/2018/06/04/100-early-entry-candidates-withdraw-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://www.hoopsrumors.com/2018/06/draft-decisions-antetokounmpo-bowen-kurucs-bonga.html Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/article/2018/06/12/forty-three-international-early-entry-candidates-withdraw-nba-draft-2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Article X , Section 1 '' ( PDF ) . National Basketball Players Association . January 19 , 2017 . p. 273 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22930807/ex-ucla-player-liangelo-ball-declaring-nba-draftaft Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( June 18 , 2011 ) . `` NBA issues ' green room ' invitations '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/23845013/2018-nba-draft-luka-doncic-attend-draft-real-madrid-wins-title External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Official site NBA drafts Draft lottery Draft Combine Eligibility Territorial picks First overall picks High school draftees Undrafted players Supreme Court case WNBA draft 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Expansion drafts 1961 1966 1967 1968 1970 1980 1988 1989 1995 2018 -- 19 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NBA_draft&oldid=854644650 '' Categories : 2018 -- 19 NBA season National Basketball Association draft National Basketball Association lists June 2018 sports events in the United States 2018 in New York City 2018 in sports in New York ( state ) Basketball in New York City Sports in Brooklyn Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first draft pick in the 2018 nba	[ "2018 NBA draft\nGeneral informationDate(s)\nJune 21, 2018Time\n7:00 pm (EDT)Location\nBarclays Center, Brooklyn, New YorkNetwork(s) (US)\nESPN, Yahoo Sports[1]First selection\nDeandre Ayton, Phoenix Suns\n← 2017NBA draft2019 →" ]	[ "Deandre Ayton" ]
3547944120599912551	Box-spring	Box - spring - wikipedia Box - spring This article is about the frame used to support a mattress . For the spring in Yellowstone Park , see Box Spring . For other uses , see Box Springs . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Queen size box - spring on metal bed frame 8 - way hand - tied box spring A box - spring ( or divan in some countries ) is a type of bed base typically consisting of a sturdy wooden frame covered in cloth and containing springs . Usually the box - spring is placed on top of a wooden or metal bedframe that sits on the floor and acts as a brace , except in the UK where the divan is more often fitted with small casters . The box - spring is usually the same size as the much softer mattress that is placed on it . Working together , the box - spring and mattress ( with optional bed frame ) make up a bed . It is common to find a box - spring and mattress being used together without the support of a frame underneath , the box spring being mounted directly on casters standing on the floor . The purpose of the box - spring is threefold : to raise the mattress 's height , making it easier to get in and out of bed ; to absorb shock and reduce wear to the mattress ; and to create a flat and firm structure for the mattress to lie upon . The first rectangular spring - cushioned wire frames to support mattresses did not have wood rims or cloth covers . These were called bedsprings . More and more box - springs are being made out of wood , then covered in fabrics . Wood makes a better support system for the newer memory foam and latex mattresses . The newest design in box - springs is the folding box spring made of wood or metal , then covered in fabric which can fold in half and can be sent by shipping and courier companies . With the increasing height of mattresses , manufacturers now make box springs in different heights so that the mattress and box spring pair maintain a standard height . Standard `` high profile '' box springs are 9 inches ( 23 cm ) in height , whereas `` low profile '' box springs are between 5 and 5.5 inches ( 13 and 14 cm ) . Changing the thickness of the box spring and mattress require revisions to the mattress and box spring coil stiffness . This is often why box spring and mattress are matched and sold in pairs . Alternatives ( edit ) Box - spring beds are especially popular in North America and Western Europe . Alternatively , in Japan , futon mattresses are usually either placed on a bedframe or on the floor , without the use of springs . In Europe , wooden frames with a middle section consisting of springs held in place by wire ( to be put into the wooden bedframe as a unit ) used to be the standard for most of the 20th century . The springs have mostly been replaced by pre-bent wooden slats ( usually glulam made from beech or birch ) which are joined to the outer wooden frame by some form of flexible rubber bolt , shoe or socket . This lath floor provides suspension , allows the mattress to ventilate , and can be designed to be vertically adjustable in order to elevate the legs and / or the torso . A more simple approach is to join straight laths with a textile strap so that they can be rolled up for transport and placed right into the bedframe . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Box - spring . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Invention Machine and the Case of the Boxed - Up Box Spring '' . Xconomy . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Bedding Bed types ( Bed sizes ) Banig Bassinet Box - bed Bunk bed Cage bed Camp bed Canopy bed Couch bed Cradle ( bed ) Daybed Four - poster bed Futon Hammock Hospital bed Infant bed Kang bed - stove Lit a la turque Loft bed Charpai Murphy bed Petate Platform bed Sleigh bed Sofa bed Toddler bed Trundle bed Bed components Bed frame Bed sheet Bed skirt Cot side Footboard Headboard Mattresses Air mattress Featherbed Mattress pad Mattress protector Memory foam Orthopedic mattress Waterbed Bed bases Box - spring Bunkie board Blankets Afghan Comforter Duvet Duvet cover Electric blanket Hudson 's Bay point blanket Patchwork quilt Photo blanket Quilt Razai Security blanket Silk comforter Sleeping bag Pillows Acupressure pillow Bamboo wife Bolster Contour leg pillow Cushion Dakimakura Eye pillow Orthopedic pillow Sex pillow Speaker pillow Throw pillow Related items Bed warmer Couch Nightstand Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Box-spring&oldid=866190808 '' Categories : Bedding Furniture Upholstery Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 21 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a box spring called in the uk	[ "A box-spring (or divan in some countries) is a type of bed base typically consisting of a sturdy wooden frame covered in cloth and containing springs. Usually the box-spring is placed on top of a wooden or metal bedframe that sits on the floor and acts as a brace, except in the UK where the divan is more often fitted with small casters. The box-spring is usually the same size as the much softer mattress that is placed on it. Working together, the box-spring and mattress (with optional bed frame) make up a bed. It is common to find a box-spring and mattress being used together without the support of a frame underneath, the box spring being mounted directly on casters standing on the floor. \n" ]	[ "divan" ]
3805723577584566173	Kenyan Drake	Kenyan Drake - wikipedia Kenyan Drake Kenyan Drake No. 32 -- Miami Dolphins Position : Running back Born : ( 1994 - 01 - 26 ) January 26 , 1994 ( age 24 ) Powder Springs , Georgia Height : 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Weight : 211 lb ( 96 kg ) Career information High school : Hillgrove ( Powder Springs , Georgia ) College : Alabama NFL Draft : 2016 / Round : 3 / Pick : 73 Career history Miami Dolphins ( 2016 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards CFP national champion ( 2015 ) BCS national champion ( 2012 ) 3 × SEC champion ( 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) Career NFL statistics as of Week 8 , 2018 Rushing yards : 1,163 Rushing touchdowns : 8 Receiving yards : 482 Receiving touchdowns : 3 Return yards : 544 Return touchdowns : 1 Player stats at NFL.com Kenyan Drake ( born January 26 , 1994 ) is an American football running back and kick returner for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Alabama . Drake was drafted by the Dolphins in the third round of the 2016 NFL Draft . Contents 1 Early years 2 College career 3 Professional career 4 References 5 External links Early years ( edit ) Drake attended Hillgrove High School in Powder Springs , Georgia . He played football at Hillgrove . As a senior , he rushed for 1,610 yards with 18 touchdowns and was named the Gatorade Football Player of the Year for Georgia . He was rated as a four - star recruit by Rivals.com and committed to the University of Alabama to play college football . College career ( edit ) Drake attended and played college football for the University of Alabama from 2012 -- 2015 . As a true freshman in 2012 , Drake played in 12 games as a backup to Eddie Lacy and T.J. Yeldon . On September 8 , against Western Kentucky , he had a 32 - yard rushing touchdown . Overall , in the 2012 season , he rushed for 281 yards on 42 carries with five touchdowns . As a sophomore in 2013 , Drake appeared in 11 games with one start as the backup to Yeldon . On September 28 , against Ole Miss , he had 99 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown . On October 12 , against Kentucky , he had 106 rushing yards , two rushing touchdowns , and three receptions for 44 yards . He followed that up with 104 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns against Arkansas . He rushed for 694 yards on 92 carries with eight touchdowns and had 12 receptions for 135 yards and a touchdown . In 2014 , Drake played in only five games his junior year due to a broken leg . Drake returned from the injury his senior year in 2015 . As a backup to Derrick Henry , he played in 13 games , missing two due to a broken arm . In the season opener against Wisconsin , he had 77 rushing yards , one rushing touchdown , and 48 receiving yards . In the next game , against Middle Tennessee State , he had 40 rushing yards , 91 receiving yards , and a receiving touchdown . Overall , Drake rushed for 408 yards on 77 carries with one touchdown and had 29 receptions for 276 yards and a touchdown . During Alabama 's 45 -- 40 win over Clemson in the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship , he returned a kickoff 95 yards for a touchdown in the fourth quarter . Professional career ( edit ) Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad BP 6 ft 0 ⁄ in ( 1.84 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 31 ⁄ in ( 0.81 m ) 9 ⁄ in ( 0.25 m ) 4.45 s 1.64 s 2.64 s 4.21 s 7.04 s 34 ⁄ in ( 0.88 m ) 10 ft 3 in ( 3.12 m ) 10 reps All values from NFL Combine Drake was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the third round , 73rd overall , in the 2016 NFL Draft . He was the third running back to be selected that year . He made his NFL debut in the 12 -- 10 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in the season opener . In the next game , against the New England Patriots , he scored his first professional rushing touchdown . On November 6 , against the New York Jets , he had 96 - yard kickoff return for a touchdown in the 27 -- 23 victory . He played in all 16 games as a rookie , rushing for 179 yards and two touchdowns . After starting running back Jay Ajayi was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles in 2017 for a fourth round pick , Drake was named the No. 2 running back behind Damien Williams for Miami after entering the season third on the depth chart . After an injury to Williams in Week 12 , Drake was named the starting running back . In Week 13 , he rushed for a season - high 120 yards and a touchdown in a 35 - 9 win over the Denver Broncos . In Week 14 , he totaled 193 yards from scrimmage against the New England Patriots , playing an integral part in the Dolphins ' 27 - 20 upset win . In the aftermath of a scuffle against the Buffalo Bills in Week 17 in which he grabbed and tossed a Bills player 's helmet , Drake and teammate Jarvis Landry were ejected from the game . Drake finished the season with 644 yards on the ground and three touchdowns with six starts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wine , Steven . `` Hillgrove product Drake embraces growing role with Dolphins '' . MDJOnline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake wins Georgia Gatorade Player of the Year Award '' . Jump up ^ `` Rivals.com '' . sports.yahoo.com . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake commits to Alabama for 2012 '' . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake College Stats '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Western Kentucky at Alabama Box Score , September 8 , 2012 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake 2012 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ole Miss at Alabama Box Score , September 28 , 2013 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama at Kentucky Box Score , October 12 , 2013 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas at Alabama Box Score , October 19 , 2013 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake 2013 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama RB Kenyan Drake opens up discussing gruesome broken leg and ' overwhelming ' response '' . Jump up ^ `` Alabama RB Kenyan Drake will ' be back for sure ' with Tide after graphic injury '' . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake 2014 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake out ' couple few weeks ' with broken arm , 2 other starters hurt '' . Jump up ^ reporter , Ken Rogers Alabama sports . `` Tide 's Kenyan Drake does n't let injuries keep him down '' . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin vs Alabama Box Score , September 5 , 2015 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Tennessee State at Alabama Box Score , September 12 , 2015 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake 2015 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake rattles off a stunning 95 - yard kickoff return for TD '' . 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake 's Electrifying Return Helps Alabama To National Title ( Videos ) '' . 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Championship - Alabama vs Clemson Box Score , January 11 , 2016 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Events : Combine Player Profiles - Kenyan Drake '' . National Football League . Jump up ^ http://draftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=122789&draftyear=2016&genpos= Jump up ^ Poupart , Alain ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Dolphins Select Drake In Third Round '' . MiamiDolphins.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Draft Listing '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins at Seattle Seahawks - September 11th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins at New England Patriots - September 18th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets at Miami Dolphins - November 6th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake 2016 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles trade for Ajayi ; Blount still starting RB '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins ' Kenyan Drake : Set for lead back duties Sunday '' . CBSSports.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos at Miami Dolphins - December 3rd , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Kenyan Drake leads 3 factors in Dolphins upset '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins - December 11th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Staley , Antwan ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Dolphins RB Kenyan Drake on the melee with Bills : ' At the end of the day , it was stupid on my part ' '' . Dolphins Wire . MSN Sports . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan Drake 2017 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . 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5897165396999379185	Western United States	Western United States - wikipedia Western United States Jump to : navigation , search `` American West '' redirects here . For the similarly named airline , see America West Airlines . For the 2016 television show , see The American West . `` Western territories '' redirects here . For the part of Poland , see Recovered Territories . For the western territories of other countries and continents , see West ( disambiguation ) . Western United States Region American West , Far West , or the West Regional definitions vary from source to source . This map reflects the Western United States as defined by the Census Bureau . In turn , this region is sub-divided into Mountain and Pacific areas . Country United States States Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming The Western United States , commonly referred to as the American West , the Far West , or simply the West , traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States . Because European settlement in the U.S. expanded westward after its founding , the meaning of the West has evolved over time . Prior to about 1800 , the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier . Since then , the frontier generally moved westward and eventually , the regions west of the Mississippi River came to be referred to as the West . Though no consensus exists , even among experts , for the definition of the West as a region , the U.S. Census Bureau 's definition of the 13 westernmost states includes the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin to the West Coast , and the outlying states of Hawaii and Alaska . The West contains several major biomes . It is known for arid to semi-arid plateaus and plains , particularly in the American Southwest -- forested mountains , including the major ranges of the American Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains -- the massive coastal shoreline of the American Pacific Coast -- and the rainforests of the Pacific Northwest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Defining the West 1.1 Subregions 1.2 Outlying areas 2 Demographics 3 Natural geography 3.1 Climate and agriculture 3.2 Geology 4 History 4.1 20th century 5 Culture 6 Major metropolitan areas 6.1 Other population centers 7 Politics 8 Health 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 13 Demographics Defining the West ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While the West is defined by many cultures , the American cowboy is often seen as iconic of the region , here portrayed by C.M. Russell . The West , as the most recent part of the United States , is often known for broad highways and freeways and open space . Pictured is a road in Utah to Monument Valley . The Western U.S. is the largest region of the country , covering more than half the land area of the United States . It is also the most geographically diverse , incorporating geographic regions such as the temperate rainforests of the Northwest , the highest mountain ranges ( including the Rocky Mountains , and the Sierra Nevada , the Great Plains , and all of the desert areas located in the United States ( the Mojave , Sonoran , Great Basin , and Chihuahua deserts ) . Given this expansive and diverse geography it is no wonder the region is difficult to specifically define . Sensing a possible shift in the popular understanding of the West as a region in the early 1990s , historian Walter Nugent conducted a survey of three groups of professionals with ties to the region : a large group of Western historians ( 187 respondents ) , and two smaller groups , 25 journalists and publishers and 39 Western authors . A majority of the historian respondents placed the eastern boundary of the West east of the Census definition out on the eastern edge of the Great Plains or on the Mississippi River . The survey respondents as a whole showed just how little agreement there was on the boundaries of the West . Subregions ( edit ) Within a region as large and diverse as the Western United States , smaller areas with more closely shared demographics and geography have developed as subregions . The region is split into two smaller units , or divisions , by the U.S. Census Bureau : Mountain States Montana , Wyoming , Colorado , New Mexico , Idaho , Utah , Arizona , and Nevada Pacific States Washington , Oregon , California , Alaska , and Hawaii Other classifications distinguish between Southwest and Northwest . Arizona , New Mexico , Nevada , Colorado and Utah are typically considered to be part of the Southwest , though Texas and Oklahoma are frequently considered part of the Southwest as well . Meanwhile , the states of Idaho , Montana , Oregon and Washington can be considered part of the Northwest or Pacific Northwest . The term West Coast is commonly used to refer to just California , Oregon and Washington , whereas Alaska and Hawaii are more geographically isolated from the other states of the region and do n't necessarily fit in any of these subregions . Outlying areas ( edit ) West Texas in the Chihuahuan Desert may be considered as part of the Western U.S. , as from a climatological perspective the West might be said to begin just west of Austin where annual rainfall drops off significantly from what is typically experienced in the East , with a concurrent change in plant and animal species . Fort Worth has long laid claim to be `` Where the West Begins . '' Demographics ( edit ) The population distribution by race in the Western United States ( 2010 ) : 66.4 % Non-Hispanic Whites 28.6 % were Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 9.3 % Asian 4.8 % Black or African American 1.9 % American Indian or Alaska Native 12.4 % Some other race As defined by the United States Census Bureau , the Western region of the United States includes 13 states with a total 2013 estimated population of 74,254,423 . The West is still one of the most sparsely settled areas in the United States with 49.5 inhabitants per square mile ( 19 / km2 ) . Only Texas with 78.0 inhabitants / sq mi. ( 30 / km2 ) , Washington with 86.0 inhabitants / sq mi. ( 33 / km2 ) , and California with 213.4 inhabitants / sq mi. ( 82 / km2 ) exceed the national average of 77.98 inhabitants / sq mi. ( 30 / km2 ) . These maps from the 2000 US Census highlight differences from state to state of three minority groups . Note that most of the American Indian , Hispanic , and Asian population is in the West . The entire Western region has also been strongly influenced by European , Hispanic or Latino , Asian and Native Americans ; it contains the largest number of minorities in the U.S. While most of the studies of racial dynamics in America such as riots in Los Angeles have been written about European and African Americans , in many cities in the West and California , Whites and Blacks together are less than half the population because of the preference for the region by Hispanics and Asians . African and European Americans , however , continue to wield a stronger political influence because of the lower rates of citizenship and voting among Asians and Hispanics . The West also contains much of the Native American population in the U.S. , particularly in the large reservations in the Mountain and Desert States . The largest concentrations for African Americans in the West can be found in San Diego , Los Angeles , Oakland , Sacramento , San Francisco , Seattle , Tacoma , Phoenix , Las Vegas , Denver , and Colorado Springs . The Western United States has a higher sex ratio ( more males than females ) than any other region in the United States . Because the tide of development had not yet reached most of the West when conservation became a national issue , agencies of the federal government own and manage vast areas of land . ( The most important among these are the National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management within the Interior Department , and the U.S. Forest Service within the Agriculture Department . ) National parks are reserved for recreational activities such as fishing , camping , hiking , and boating , but other government lands also allow commercial activities like ranching , logging , and mining . In recent years , some local residents who earn their livelihoods on federal land have come into conflict with the land 's managers , who are required to keep land use within environmentally acceptable limits . The largest city in the region is Los Angeles , located on the West Coast . Other West Coast cities include San Diego , San Bernardino , San Jose , San Francisco , Oakland , Bakersfield , Sacramento , Seattle , Tacoma , and Portland . Prominent cities in the Mountain States include Denver , Colorado Springs , Phoenix , Tucson , Albuquerque , Las Vegas , Salt Lake City , Boise , El Paso , and Billings . Natural geography ( edit ) The geography of the Western United States is split into three major physiographic divisions : the Rocky Mountain System ( areas 16 - 19 on map ) , the Intermontane Plateaus ( 20 - 22 ) , and the Pacific Mountain System ( 23 - 25 ) . Arid regions of the Western United States as mapped in 1893 Zion National Park in southern Utah is one of five national parks in the state . Big Sur , California The High Desert region of Oregon . The Mojave Desert covers much of the Southwestern United States , stretching from Nevada into California , Arizona , and Utah . Pryor Mountains in Montana , feral horses Great Sand Dunes National Park in Colorado Grand Canyon , Arizona Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges , which , while not approaching the scale of the Rocky Mountains , are formidable nevertheless . They collect a large part of the airborne moisture moving in from the ocean . East of the Coast Ranges lie several cultivated fertile valleys , notably the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys of California and the Willamette Valley of Oregon . Beyond the valleys lie the Sierra Nevada in the south and the Cascade Range in the north . Mount Whitney , at 14,505 feet ( 4,421 m ) the tallest peak in the contiguous 48 states , is in the Sierra Nevada . The Cascades are also volcanic . Mount Rainier , a volcano in Washington , is also over 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . Mount St. Helens , a volcano in the Cascades erupted explosively in 1980 . A major volcanic eruption at Mount Mazama around 4860 BC formed Crater Lake . These mountain ranges see heavy precipitation , capturing most of the moisture that remains after the Coast Ranges , and creating a rain shadow to the east forming vast stretches of arid land . These dry areas encompass much of Nevada , Utah , and Arizona . The Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert along with other deserts are found here . Beyond the deserts lie the Rocky Mountains . In the north , they run almost immediately east of the Cascade Range , so that the desert region is only a few miles wide by the time one reaches the Canada -- US border . The Rockies are hundreds of miles ( kilometers ) wide , and run uninterrupted from New Mexico to Alaska . The Rocky Mountain Region is the highest overall area of the United States , with an average elevation of above 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) . The tallest peaks of the Rockies , 54 of which are over 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) , are found in central and western Colorado . The West has several long rivers that empty into the Pacific Ocean , while the eastern rivers run into the Gulf of Mexico . The Mississippi River forms the easternmost possible boundary for the West today . The Missouri River , a tributary of the Mississippi , flows from its headwaters in the Rocky Mountains eastward across the Great Plains , a vast grassy plateau , before sloping gradually down to the forests and hence to the Mississippi . The Colorado River snakes through the Mountain states , at one point forming the Grand Canyon . The Colorado River is a major source of water in the Southwest and many dams , such as the Hoover Dam , form reservoirs along it . So much water is drawn for drinking water throughout the West and irrigation in California that in most years , water from the Colorado River no longer reaches the Gulf of California . The Columbia River , the largest river in volume flowing into the Pacific Ocean from North America , and its tributary , the Snake River , water the Pacific Northwest . The Platte runs through Nebraska and was known for being a mile ( 2 km ) wide but only a half - inch ( 1 cm ) deep . The Rio Grande forms the border between Texas and Mexico before turning due north and splitting New Mexico in half . According to the United States Coast Guard , `` The Western Rivers System consists of the Mississippi , Ohio , Missouri , Illinois , Tennessee , Cumberland , Arkansas , and White Rivers and their tributaries , and certain other rivers that flow towards the Gulf of Mexico . '' Climate and agriculture ( edit ) Most of the public land held by the U.S. National Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management is in the Western states . Public lands account for 25 to 75 percent of the total land area in these states . As a generalization , the climate of the West can be described as semiarid ; however , parts of the West get extremely high amounts of rain and / or snow , and still other parts are true desert and get less than 5 inches ( 130 mm ) of rain per year . Also , the climate of the West is quite unstable , as areas that are normally wet can be very dry for years and vice versa . The seasonal temperatures vary greatly throughout the West . Low elevations on the West Coast have warm to very hot summers and get little to no snow . The desert southwest has very hot summers and mild winters . While the mountains in the southwest receive generally large amounts of snow . The Inland Northwest has a continental climate of warm to hot summers and cold to bitter cold winters . Annual rainfall is greater in the eastern portions , gradually tapering off until reaching the Pacific Coast where it increases again . In fact , the greatest annual rainfall in the United States falls in the coastal regions of the Pacific Northwest . Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States . The driest place recorded in the U.S. is Death Valley , California . Violent thunderstorms occur east of the Rockies . Tornadoes occur every spring on the southern plains , with the most common and most destructive centered on Tornado Alley , which covers eastern portions of the West , ( Texas to North Dakota ) , and all states in between and to the east . Agriculture varies depending on rainfall , irrigation , soil , elevation , and temperature extremes . The arid regions generally support only livestock grazing , chiefly beef cattle . The wheat belt extends from Texas through the Dakotas , producing most of the wheat and soybeans in the U.S. and exporting more to the rest of the world . Irrigation in the Southwest allows the growing of great quantities of fruits , nuts , and vegetables as well as grain , hay , and flowers . Texas is a major cattle and sheep raising area , as well as the nation 's largest producer of cotton . Washington is famous for its apples , and Idaho for its potatoes . California and Arizona are major producers of citrus crops , although growing metropolitan sprawl is absorbing much of this land . Local and state government officials started to understand , after several surveys made during the latter part of the 19th century , that only action by the federal government could provide water resources needed to support the development of the West . Starting in 1902 , Congress passed a series of acts authorizing the establishment of the United States Bureau of Reclamation to oversee water development projects in seventeen western states . During the first half of the 20th century , dams and irrigation projects provided water for rapid agricultural growth throughout the West and brought prosperity for several states , where agriculture had previously only been subsistence level . Following World War II , the West 's cities experienced an economic and population boom . The population growth , mostly in the Southwest states of New Mexico , Utah , Colorado , Arizona , and Nevada , has strained water and power resources , with water diverted from agricultural uses to major population centers , such as the Las Vegas Valley and Los Angeles . Geology ( edit ) Plains make up much of the eastern portion of the West , underlain with sedimentary rock from the Upper Paleozoic , Mesozoic , and Cenozoic eras . The Rocky Mountains expose igneous and metamorphic rock both from the Precambrian and from the Phanerozoic eon . The Inter-mountain States and Pacific Northwest have huge expanses of volcanic rock from the Cenozoic era . Salt flats and salt lakes reveal a time when the great inland seas covered much of what is now the West . The Pacific states are the most geologically active areas in the United States . Earthquakes cause damage every few to several years in California . While the Pacific states are the most volcanically active areas , extinct volcanoes and lava flows are found throughout most of the West . History ( edit ) Main articles : American frontier and Timeline of the American Old West The Western United States has been populated by Native Americans since at least 11,000 years ago , when the first Paleo - Indians arrived . Pre-Columbian trade routes to kingdoms and empires such as the Mound Builders existed in places such as Yellowstone National Park since around 1000 AD . Major settlement of the western territories developed rapidly in the 1840s , largely through the Oregon Trail and the California Gold Rush of 1849 . California experienced such a rapid growth in a few short months that it was admitted to statehood in 1850 without the normal transitory phase of becoming an official territory . One of the largest migrations in American history occurred in the 1840s as the Latter Day Saints left the Midwest to build a theocracy in Utah . Both Omaha , Nebraska and St. Louis , Missouri laid claim to the title , `` Gateway to the West '' during this period . Omaha , home to the Union Pacific Railroad and the Mormon Trail , made its fortunes on outfitting settlers ; St. Louis built itself upon the vast fur trade in the West before its settlement . The 1850s were marked by political battles over the expansion of slavery into the western territories , issues leading to the Civil War . The history of the American West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries has acquired a cultural mythos in the literature and cinema of the United States . The image of the cowboy , the homesteader , and westward expansion took real events and transmuted them into a myth of the west which has shaped much of American popular culture since the late 19th century . Writers as diverse as Bret Harte and Zane Grey celebrated or derided cowboy culture , while artists such as Frederic Remington created western art as a method of recording the expansion into the west . The American cinema , in particular , created the genre of the western movie , which , in many cases , use the West as a metaphor for the virtue of self - reliance and an American ethos . The contrast between the romanticism of culture about the West and the actuality of the history of the westward expansion has been a theme of late 20th and early 21st century scholarship about the West . Cowboy culture has become embedded in the American experience as a common cultural touchstone , and modern forms as diverse as country and western music have celebrated the sense of isolation and independence of spirit inspired by the frontiersmen on virgin land . 20th century ( edit ) The advent of the automobile enabled the average American to tour the West . Western businessmen promoted U.S. Route 66 as a means to bring tourism and industry to the West . In the 1950s , representatives from all the western states built the Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center to showcase western culture and greet travelers from the East . During the latter half of the 20th century , several transcontinental interstate highways crossed the West bringing more trade and tourists from the East . Oil boom towns in Texas and Oklahoma rivaled the old mining camps for their rawness and wealth . The Dust Bowl forced children of the original homesteaders even further west . The movies became America 's chief entertainment source featuring western fiction , later the community of Hollywood in Los Angeles became the headquarters of the mass media such as radio and television production . California has emerged as the most populous state and one of the top 10 economies in the world . Massive late 19th - 20th century population and settlement booms created two megalopolis areas of the Greater Los Angeles / Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area / Northern California regions , one of the nation 's largest metropolitan areas and in the top 25 largest urban areas in the world . Four more metropolitan areas of San Bernardino - Riverside , San Diego , Denver , Phoenix , and Seattle have over a million residents , while the three fastest growing metro areas were the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , the Las Vegas metropolitan area ; and the Portland metropolitan area . Although there has been segregation , along with accusations of racial profiling and police brutality towards minorities due to issues such as illegal immigration and a racial shift ( i.e. White flight and now black flight ) in neighborhood demographics , sometimes leading to racially based riots ( i.e. the 1992 Los Angeles Riots and 1965 Watts Riots ) , the West has a continuing reputation for being open - minded and for being one of the most racially progressive areas in the United States . Los Angeles has the largest Mexican population outside of Mexico , while San Francisco has the largest Chinese community in North America and also has a large LGBT community , and Oakland , California has a large percentage of residents being African - American , as well as Long Beach , California which also has a large Black community . The state of Utah has a Mormon majority ( estimated at 62.4 % in 2004 ) , while some cities like Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Spokane , Washington ; Tucson , Arizona and Billings , Montana are located near Indian Reservations . In remote areas there are settlements of Alaskan Natives and Native Hawaiians . Culture ( edit ) Facing both the Pacific Ocean and the Mexican border , the West has been shaped by a variety of ethnic groups . Hawaii is the only state in the union in which Asian Americans outnumber white American residents . Asians from many countries have settled in California and other coastal states in several waves of immigration since the 19th century , contributing to the Gold Rush , the building of the transcontinental railroad , agriculture , and more recently , high technology . The border states -- California , Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas -- and other southwestern states such as Colorado , Utah , and Nevada all have large Hispanic populations , and the many Spanish place names attest to their history as former Spanish and Mexican territories . Mexican - Americans have also had a growing population in Northwestern states of Oregon and Washington , as well as the southern states of Texas and Oklahoma . Hollywood is a well - known area of Los Angeles and the symbolic center of the American film industry . Alaska -- the northernmost state in the Union -- is a vast land of few people , many of them native , and of great stretches of wilderness , protected in national parks and wildlife refuges . Hawaii 's location makes it a major gateway between the U.S. and Asia , as well as a center for tourism . In the Pacific Coast states , the wide areas filled with small towns , farms , and forests are supplemented by a few big port cities which have evolved into world centers for the media and technology industries . Now the second largest city in the nation , Los Angeles is best known as the home of the Hollywood film industry ; the area around Los Angeles also was a major center for the aerospace industry by World War II , though Boeing , located in Washington State would lead the aerospace industry . Fueled by the growth of Los Angeles , as well as the San Francisco Bay area , including Silicon Valley , the center of America 's high tech industry , California has become the most populous of all the 50 states . Oregon and Washington have also seen rapid growth with the rise of Boeing and Microsoft along with agriculture and resource based industries . The desert and mountain states have relatively low population densities , and developed as ranching and mining areas which are only recently becoming urbanized . Most of them have highly individualistic cultures , and have worked to balance the interests of urban development , recreation , and the environment . Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument , Utah , contains petroglyphs left by the first inhabitants of the American Southwest . Culturally distinctive points include the large Mormon population in the Mormon Corridor , including southeastern Idaho , Utah , Northern Arizona , and Nevada ; the extravagant casino resort towns of Las Vegas and Reno , Nevada ; and the numerous American Indian tribal reservations . Major metropolitan areas ( edit ) These are the largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas ( MSA ) with a population above 500,000 in the 13 Western states with population estimates as of July 1 , 2015 as defined by the United States Census Bureau : Rank ( West ) Rank ( USA ) MSA Population State ( s ) Los Angeles - Long Beach - Anaheim MSA 13,340,068 California 11 San Francisco - Oakland - Hayward MSA 4,656,132 California 12 Phoenix - Mesa - Scottsdale MSA 4,574,531 Arizona 13 San Bernardino - Riverside - Ontario MSA 4,489,159 California 5 15 Seattle - Tacoma - Bellevue MSA 3,733,580 Washington 6 17 San Diego - Carlsbad MSA 3,299,521 California 7 19 Denver - Aurora - Lakewood MSA 2,814,330 Colorado 8 23 Portland - Vancouver - Hillsboro MSA 2,389,228 Oregon Washington 9 27 Sacramento - Roseville - Arden - Arcade MSA 2,274,194 California 10 29 Las Vegas - Henderson - Paradise MSA 2,114,801 Nevada 11 35 San Jose - Sunnyvale - Santa Clara MSA 1,976,836 California 12 48 Salt Lake City MSA 1,170,266 Utah 13 53 Tucson MSA 1,010,025 Arizona 14 54 Honolulu MSA 998,714 Hawaii 15 56 Fresno MSA 974,861 California 16 60 Albuquerque MSA 907,301 New Mexico 17 61 Bakersfield - Delano MSA 882,176 California 18 66 Oxnard - Thousand Oaks - Ventura MSA 850,536 California 19 77 Stockton - Lodi MSA 726,106 California 20 80 Colorado Springs MSA 697,856 Colorado 21 81 Boise City MSA 676,909 Idaho 22 86 Ogden - Clearfield MSA 642,850 Utah 23 93 Provo - Orem MSA 585,799 Utah 24 100 Spokane - Spokane Valley MSA 547,824 Washington 25 102 Modesto MSA 538,388 California 26 106 Santa Rosa MSA 502,146 California Other population centers ( edit ) The MSA of El Paso , Texas , although belonging to a state considered part of the Southern United States , is sometimes also considered part of the Western United States . Its estimated population is 838,972 . The Mexican border cities of Tijuana ( part of the San Diego MSA ) and Mexicali ( part of the Yuma , AZ - El Centro , CA MSA ) in the Mexican state of Baja California . The Canadian border cities of Vancouver , British Columbia and Victoria , British Columbia ( the nearest US cities are Bellingham and Port Angeles , both in Washington ) . The largest MSA in Alaska is Anchorage ; it has an estimated population of 399,790 , as of July 2015 . Politics ( edit ) States where state - level laws allowed legalized medicinal marijuana before 2005 . States with legalized physician - assisted suicide States that have no income tax at the state level Further information : Coastal California § Politics , and Left Coast The region 's distance from historical centers of power in the East , and the celebrated `` frontier spirit '' of its settlers offer two clichés for explaining the region 's independent , heterogeneous politics . Historically , the West was the first region to see widespread women 's suffrage , with women casting votes in Utah and Wyoming as early as 1870 , five decades before the 19th Amendment was ratified by the nation . California birthed both the property rights and conservation movements , and spawned such phenomena as the Taxpayer Revolt and the Berkeley Free Speech Movement . It has also produced three presidents : Herbert Hoover , Richard Nixon , and Ronald Reagan . The prevalence of libertarian political attitudes is widespread . For example , the majority of Western states have legalized medicinal marijuana ( all but Utah and Wyoming ) and some forms of gambling ( except Utah ) ; Oregon , Washington , and Montana have legalized physician - assisted suicide ; most rural counties in Nevada allow licensed brothels , and voters in Alaska , Colorado , Nevada , California , Oregon , and Washington have legalized recreational use of marijuana . The West Coast and Hawaii lean toward the Democratic Party . San Francisco 's two main political parties are the Green Party and the Democratic Party . Seattle has historically been a center of radical left - wing politics . One of the Democratic leaders of the Congress is from the region : House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi of California . Alaska and the Mountain States are more Republican , with Alaska , Arizona , Idaho , Montana , Utah , and Wyoming being Republican strongholds , and Colorado and Nevada being swing states . The state of Nevada is considered a political bellwether , having correctly voted for every president except twice ( in 1976 and 2016 ) since 1912 . New Mexico too is considered a bellwether , having voted for the popular vote winner in every presidential election since statehood , except in 1976 and 2000 . The state of Arizona has been won by the Republican presidential candidate in every election except one since 1948 , while the states of Idaho , Utah , and Wyoming have been won by the Republican presidential candidate in every election since 1964 . Wyoming , Idaho , and Utah have been some of the country 's most Republican states . As the fastest - growing demographic group , after Asians , Latinos are hotly contested by both parties . Immigration is an important political issue for this group . Backlash against illegal aliens led to the passage of California Proposition 187 in 1994 , a ballot initiative which would have denied many public services to illegal aliens . Association of this proposal with California Republicans , especially incumbent governor Pete Wilson , drove many Hispanic voters to the Democrats . Health ( edit ) The Western United States consistently ranks well in health measures . The rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations in the Western United States was consistently lower than other regions from 2005 to 2011 . While the proportion of maternal or neonatal hospital stays was higher in the Western United States relative to other regions , the proportion of medical stays in hospitals was lower than in other regions in 2012 . See also ( edit ) Art of the West ( magazine ) Autry Museum of the American West California cuisine Folklore of the United States High Country News History of the west coast of North America History of the Jews in the American West Intermountain West Sunset magazine Professional sports in the Western United States Territories of the United States on stamps Western Canada Western White House References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Census Regions and Divisions of the United States '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jody Halsted ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` On the road along the Mississippi River '' . Foxnews . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Walter ( Summer 1992 ) . `` Where Is the American West ? Report on a Survey '' . Montana The Magazine of Western History . 42 ( 3 ) : 2 -- 23 . JSTOR 4519496 . Jump up ^ `` Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin : 2010 '' . American Fact Finder . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 '' . American Fact Finder . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/people/a_gender.html Jump up ^ `` Inland Aids to Navigation '' ( PDF ) . Coast Guard Auxiliary : National ATON - CU study guide ( Section XIV ) . United States Coast Guard . pp. 14 -- 2 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Western States Data Public Land Acreage '' . www.wildlandfire.com . Jump up ^ `` Death Valley : Hottest , Driest , Lowest ( SpotHopping.com ) '' . spothopping.com . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , The Age of Gold : The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michael Morrison , Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Gary J. Hausladen , Western Places , American Myths : How We Think About The West ( U. of Nevada Press , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Henry Nash Smith , Virgin Land : The American West as Symbol and Myth ( Harvard University Press , 1950 ) Jump up ^ Donald Worster , Dust bowl : the southern plains in the 1930s ( Oxford University Press , 1982 ) Jump up ^ Allen John Scott , On Hollywood : The place , the industry ( Princeton University Press , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Lawrence Larsen , The urban West at the end of the frontier ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Earl Pomeroy , American Far West in the Twentieth Century ( Yale University Press , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Canham , Matt ( July 24 , 2005 ) . `` Mormon Portion of Utah Population Steadily Shrinking '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings : July 1 , 2014 to July 1 , 2015 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slate '' . 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen D. Cummings and Patrick B. Reddy , California after Arnold ( 2009 ) pp 165 - 70 Jump up ^ Torio CM , Andrews RM ( September 2014 ) . `` Geographic Variation in Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations for Acute and Chronic Conditions , 2005 - 2011 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 178 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Jump up ^ Wiess , AJ and Elixhauser A ( October 2014 ) . `` Overview of Hospital Utilization , 2012 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 180 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Further reading ( edit ) Beck , Warren A. , Haase , Ynez D. ; Historical Atlas of the American West . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 1989 . Everett , Derek R. Creating the American West : Boundaries and Borderlands . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 2014 . Lamar , Howard . The New Encyclopedia of the American West . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1998 . Milner II , Clyde A ; O'Connor , Carol A. ; Sandweiss , Martha A . The Oxford History of the American West . Oxford University Press , 1994 . Phillips , Charles ; Axlerod , Alan ; editor . The Encyclopedia of the American West . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1996 . Pomeroy , Earl . The American Far West in the Twentieth Century . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 2009 . Turner , Frederick Jackson . Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner : ' The Significance of the Frontier in American History ' and Other Essays . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1998 . White , Richard . `` It 's Your Misfortune and None of My Own '' : A New History of the American West . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 1991 . 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8814464673572432290	Back to Life (However Do You Want Me)	Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) - wikipedia Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' Single by Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler from the album Club Classics Vol . One Released 29 May 1989 Format 7 '' 12 '' cassette CD Recorded May 1989 Genre R&B swingbeat house Length 3 : 52 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Jazzie B Caron Wheeler Nellee Hooper Simon Law Producer ( s ) Jazzie B Nellee Hooper Soul II Soul singles chronology `` Keep On Movin ' '' ( 1989 ) `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' ( 1989 ) `` Jazzie 's Groove '' ( 1989 ) `` Keep On Movin ' '' ( 1989 ) `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' ( 1989 ) `` Jazzie 's Groove '' ( 1989 ) Music video `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' on YouTube `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' is a song by British R&B band Soul II Soul . It appeared on a second version of their debut album Club Classics Vol . One ( titled Keep On Movin ' in the U.S. ) and was released as its second single on 29 May 1989 . `` Back to Life '' was one of two songs on the album featuring British R&B singer Caron Wheeler and gained success in both the United Kingdom and in the United States . The song also features the Reggae Philharmonic Orchestra . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Impact and legacy 5 Track listings and formats 6 Chart performance 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Cover versions 8 Samples 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) The album version of the song was an a cappella which was remixed and re-recorded before being released as a single . Two new versions were produced -- the first taking the original recording with instrumentation added , and the second was a re-working of the song with new lyrics and chorus ( also adding `` However Do You Want Me '' to the title ) . It was the second version that became most popular . In a 2012 interview with British newspaper The Guardian on how `` Back to Life '' was made , producer Jazzie B said : `` Everything about this single was magic . We were n't trying to follow any trend or fit into any category -- we were just doing our own thing . ( ... ) Its shuffling beats were a cross between reggae and what was to become known as hip - hop : breakbeats and electronic sound . Caron Wheeler 's vocal , coming over these very heavy bass beats , was the icing on the cake . ( ... ) We also had the Reggae Philharmonic Orchestra on the track , and the RPO became a key part of our sound . ( ... ) We often look to America for our influences , but this was a moment that put British music back on the map . It also came out at a special time in the industry 's history -- just before digital took over and everything seemed to fall apart . '' `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming one of Soul II Soul 's most successful singles in the United States ( and the only one to enter in the top 10 ) . In the United Kingdom it performed even better , reaching number one in the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in June 1989 . For a time , the album was packaged together with a CD3 single including the new versions of the song . The single went on to win the group their first Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1990 . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' was directed by Andy Delaney , of Big TV ! and was shot in Epping Forest . Wheeler 's former - Afrodiziak member and friend Claudia Fontaine sings and dances to the song throughout the video . The video starts with an opening silhouette of the group dancing in a forest and proceeds with repeated close - up shots of Wheeler singing `` Back to life , back to reality '' . While Wheeler sings the first verse , video shots of the other Soul II Soul members and the band are shown . Another scene is shown on a rooftop during early sunrise as the group parties and dances to the song . Close to the end of the video , the group is shown dancing at night on the same rooftop . Wheeler closes out the song as she sings and dances to the song . Live performances ( edit ) Wheeler performed `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' on various televised appearances , including the Arsenio Hall Show , Rockopop , and Later ... with Jools Holland . At the end of 1989 , Wheeler later departed from the group . When Soul II Soul performed the song at 1990 Soul Train Music Awards , Marcia Lewis ; a new addition to the group , performed the lead vocals . The song was included in the group 's set list for their A New Decade Tour in 1990 and was performed late in the set on tour dates . Lamya , a recent addition to group , performed the lead vocals to the song during the tour . Wheeler also included the song during her solo tours . A live recording of the song was released on Wheeler 's live CD / DVD Live at Duo Music Exchange , which featured her performing live in Tokyo , Japan . In 2007 , Wheeler reunited with the group and performed the song at the Lovebox Festival . In August 2012 , Soul II Soul performed the song at the Rewind Festival in Remenham , Berkshire , with Charlotte Kelly singing lead vocals . In December 2016 , Soul II Soul released their live album Origins : The Roots of Soul II Soul which included a live recorded version on the song , sung by Wheeler . Impact and legacy ( edit ) In 2006 , Slant Magazine ranked the song at number 57 in their list of the 100 Greatest Dance Songs . The Guardian featured the song on their A history of modern music : Dance in 2011 . In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's 18th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV . The song was featured in the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics , as part of an extended dance sequence involving popular British songs from the 1960s through the 2010s . Track listings and formats ( edit ) UK Basic single `` Back To Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 48 `` Back To Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' ( Instrumental ) -- 4 : 23 UK 12 - inch single `` Back To Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' ( Club Mix ) -- 7 : 37 `` Back To Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' ( Jam On The Groove ) -- 5 : 08 `` Back To The Beats '' -- 4 : 38 US Maxi - single `` Back To Life '' ( 12 '' Mix ) -- 7 : 37 `` Back To Life '' ( A Capella Intro Version ) -- 3 : 29 `` Back To Life '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 50 `` Back To Life '' ( Jam & The Groove ) -- 5 : 08 `` Back To Life '' ( Bonus Beats ) -- 4 : 38 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 45 Austrian Singles Chart 13 Belgian Singles Chart Canadian RPM Top Singles 11 Dutch Top 40 Dutch Single Top 100 European Hot 100 Singles German Singles Chart Greek Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart 6 New Zealand Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Billboard Hot Black Singles Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 42 Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was covered live by Lynn Mabry and George Michael at the Rock in Rio 2 music festival in 1991 as well as certain shows during his Cover to Cover tour in 1991 . A version of George Michael 's `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' ( Back to Reality Mix ) features an interpolation of the song . Power pop trio Dodgy included a cover of the song on the CD single for their 1994 song `` Staying Out for the Summer '' . DJ Clue ? produced a version featuring Mary J. Blige and Jadakiss called `` Back to Life 2001 '' which was on his second album The Professional 2 . JoJo covered the song for mixtape LoveJo2 called `` Back2Life '' ( 2015 ) . LeToya Luckett released a song `` Back 2 Life '' sampling the songs lyrics `` back to life , back to reality '' in 2016 , taken from her third studio album Back 2 Life ( 2017 ) . Samples ( edit ) The Game -- `` However Do You Want It '' Big Boi -- `` Shutterbugg '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Best of House Music : Disco Nights , Vol. 5 - Various Artists - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soul II Soul Featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life ( However Do You Want Me ) ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Jack ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` How we made Back to Life by Soul II Soul '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 502 -- 3 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Arsenio Hall Show - Season 2 , Episode 31 . TV.com . Retrieved on 25 October 2017 Jump up ^ Soul II Soul - Back To Life , Episode 10 , Series 41 , Later ... with Jools Holland . BBC Two . Retrieved on 25 October 2017 Jump up ^ Origins : The Roots of Soul II Soul - Soul II Soul . All Music Guide . Retrieved on 25 October 2017 Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Dance Songs - Feature - Slant Magazine '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A history of modern music : Dance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` The Nation 's Favourite 80s Number One : 12 more classic 80s chart - toppers which did n't make the cut '' . Metro . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Xan Brooks ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Olympic Channel ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ) . The Complete London 2012 Opening Ceremony . YouTube . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` De Nederlandse Top 40 , week 30 , 1989 '' . Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 . Retrieved 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eurochart Hot 100 Singles '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . 29 July 1989 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 3 Greece '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . 30 September 1989 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1990 '' . Longboredsurfer.com . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Game 's ' However Do You Want It ' - Discover the Sample Source '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bog boi 's ' Shutterbug ' - Discover the Sample Source '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics . Soul II Soul Jazzie B Caron Wheeler Rose Windross Doreen Waddell Victoria Wilson - James Lamya Kym Mazelle Penny Ford Charlotte Kelly Simon Law Daddae Nellee Hooper Melissa Bell Studio albums Club Classics Vol . One ( 1989 ) Vol. II : 1990 -- A New Decade ( 1990 ) Compilation albums Volume IV The Classic Singles 88 -- 93 ( 1993 ) Live albums A New Decade : Live from Brixton Academy ( 1990 ) Singles `` Keep On Movin ' '' `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' Related Discography Caron Wheeler Discography Albums UK Blak Beach of the War Goddess Singles `` Keep on Movin ' '' `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' `` Livin ' in the Light '' Related Brown Sugar Afrodiziak Soul II Soul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_to_Life_(However_Do_You_Want_Me)&oldid=847219959 '' Categories : 1989 singles Soul II Soul songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Songs written by Nellee Hooper Song recordings produced by Nellee Hooper Songs written by Jazzie B Virgin Records singles 1989 songs Songs written by Simon Law House music songs New jack swing songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 19 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	back to life back to reality lyrics meaning	[]	[]
3326288261765971072	Publishers Clearing House	Publishers Clearing House - wikipedia Publishers Clearing House Jump to : navigation , search Publishers Clearing House Type Private Industry Merchandising Founded 1953 ; 65 years ago ( 1953 ) Headquarters Jericho , New York , United States Key people Robin B. Smith ( chairman ) Andrew Goldberg ( president and CEO ) Revenue $840.6 million ( 2013 ) Number of employees 550 ( 2014 ) Website pch.com Publishers Clearing House ( PCH ) is a direct marketing company that markets merchandise and magazine subscriptions with sweepstakes , and prize - based games . Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 by Harold Mertz to replace door - to - door magazine subscription sales by a single vendor offering multiple subscriptions by mail . It introduced its sweepstakes in 1967 . In the early 1990s , the company was the subject of concerns and legal actions regarding whether consumers were misled about their odds of winning the sweepstakes and whether purchases increased their chances . By 2010 , the company had reached settlements with all 50 states . The company acquired search company Blingo in 2006 , online gaming company Funtank in 2010 , and mobile marketing company Liquid Wireless in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Government regulation 1.2. 1 Lawsuits 1.3 Online development 2 Products 3 Sweepstakes 3.1 Odds of Winning 3.2 Prize Patrol 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 in Port Washington , New York , by Harold Mertz , a former manager of a door - to - door sales team for magazine subscriptions . The company started in Mertz 's basement with help from his wife LuEsther and daughter Joyce . Its first mailings were of 10,000 envelopes from Mertz 's home in Long Island , New York , and offered 20 magazine subscriptions. 100 orders were received . Within a few years the company moved out of Mertz 's basement into an office building and started hiring staff . When PCH moved its headquarters in 1969 , its prior location was donated to the city and renamed the Harold E. Mertz community center . The company revenue had grown to US $ 50 million by 1981 , and $100 million by 1988 . In 1967 PCH started its first sweepstakes as a way to increase subscription sales , based on the sweepstakes held by Reader 's Digest . The first prizes ranged from 25 cents to $10 and entrants had a 1 in 10 chance of winning . After the sweepstakes increased response rates to mailings , prizes of $5,000 and eventually $250,000 were offered . PCH began advertising the sweepstakes on TV in 1974 . It was the only major multi-magazine subscription business until 1977 . Former client Time Inc. and several other publishers formed American Family Publishers ( AFP ) to compete with PCH after the company refused repeated requests by Time for a larger share of sales revenue from magazine subscriptions . AFP and PCH competed for exclusive rights to magazines and for the better promotion and prize ideas . When AFP increased their jackpot to $1 million , then to $10 million in 1985 , PCH raised its prizes to match . $7 million in prizes were distributed by 1979 , $40 million by 1991 and $137 million by 2000 . In 1989 two members of its advertising team , Dave Sayer and Todd Sloane , started the Prize Patrol , a publicized event where winners are surprised with a check at their home . The idea was inspired by the 1950s television series `` The Millionaire '' . In 1992 thousands of discarded sweepstakes entries from contestants who had not bought magazine subscriptions were found in the trash by city employees , reinforcing beliefs that the company favored those who made purchases in selecting a sweepstakes winner . PCH said this was done by a disgruntled employee at their mail processing vendor . A class action ensued , which PCH settled by giving discarded entrants a second chance to win . Government regulation ( edit ) In the 1990s PCH and its primary competitor , AFP , experienced a series of legal troubles due to concerns that their mailings misled consumers about their odds of winning and implied that magazine purchases increased their chances . This led to the Deceptive Mail Prevention and Enforcement Act of 2000 , which regulates direct mail businesses . At the senate hearings regarding this Act , PCH said most consumers were not confused about their chances of winning or that purchases did not increase their chances . The company said less than five percent of participants spend more than $300 . Government officials from California said 5,000 local consumers paid more than $2,500 each in magazine purchases under the false belief that they were increasing their odds of winning the sweepstakes . Industry sources estimated PCH 's response rates decreased by 7 - 12 percent and its sales volume by 22 to 30 percent in response to the bad publicity from the lawsuits . In 2000 , PCH laid off a quarter of its 800 - person work force . Lawsuits ( edit ) In 1994 PCH sent mailings telling recipients they were all `` finalists '' , which led to a lawsuit involving the attorneys general of 14 US states . Later that year , PCH denied wrongdoing , but agreed to pay a settlement of $490,000 and to change their practices . Under the agreement , PCH said it would define terms like `` finalist '' and disclose the chances of winning . In 1997 , a contestant of competitor AFP flew to Tampa , Florida , thinking he had won , though he had not . The resulting publicity caused more lawsuits for both companies . PCH reached a $30 million national settlement in 1999 . In 2000 , another $18 million settlement was reached with 24 states , after the company sent mass mailings that said `` You are a winner ! '' and used mock personalized checks . PCH agreed to avoid similar mailings in the future , and add a `` sweepstakes fact box '' to mailings . State attorneys spoke out against the national settlement from 2000 and additional lawsuits were filed by individual states . Another $34 million settlement was reached in 2001 in a lawsuit involving 25 states . As part of the settlement , PCH was required to avoid terms like `` Guaranteed Winner , '' add disclaimers to mailings saying that the recipient has not won and that purchasing merchandise wo n't increase their chances . PCH reached settlements with all fifty states and agreed to work with a `` compliance counsel . '' PCH apologized in the settlement and said it would contact customers who had spent more than $1,000 on merchandise the prior year `` . PCH also reached an agreement with Iowa in 2007 . In 2010 the company paid $3.5 million to the Attorneys General of 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle possible contempt charges that it had violated the terms of the 2001 agreement . The company denied wrongdoing , but agreed to work with both an ombudsperson and a compliance counsel who would review its mailings quarterly . In April 2014 , an investigation by the Senate Special Committee on Aging concluded that PCH had `` pushed the limits '' of prior agreements and that additional legislation may be needed . Online development ( edit ) PCH began selling merchandise in 1985 with two products . After a Hershey 's Chocolate Cookbook and a diet cookbook sold more than other products , the company began expanding into jewelry , media , collectibles , household products and others . The company also shifted its focus online . It began selling magazine subscriptions and merchandise on PCH.com in 1996 . In 2006 , it acquired Blingo Inc. , an ad - supported metasearch engine that was later re-branded as PCH Search and Win . PCH ran contests on Twitter , Facebook and Myspace . iPhone apps for slot games and trivia were developed . The company created online play - and - win sites like PCH Games ( formerly Candystand ) and PCHQuiz4Cash , with air - hockey and video poker games . In December 2010 , PCH acquired Funtank and its online gaming site Candystand.com . In 2011 , PCH promoted a `` $5,000 every week for life '' sweepstakes in TV ads and the front page of AOL.com . The following year the company acquired a mobile marketing company , Liquid Wireless . The company utilized , then stopped then started again utilizing coregistration ( through other websites ) to expand its customer base . In 2008 , a PCH spokesperson said the digital properties were intended to attract younger consumers . By 2013 , the internet had become PCH 's primary channel of interaction with consumers . The New York Times described the digital transition as `` part of an overall effort to collect information on Web users , show them advertisements and use the registration information for PCH 's mailing lists . '' Products ( edit ) A screenshot of PCHSearch&WIN.com PCH is a direct - marketing company that sells merchandise , magazine subscriptions and operates several prize - based websites . While best known for the sweepstakes and Prize Patrol it uses to promote its magazine subscriptions , the majority of the company 's revenue now comes from merchandise . The company has been selling books , media , jewelry and other consumer items since the 1980s . PCH operates eight websites , including PCH Search and Win , PCH Lotto , PCH Games , PCH Save and Win , and Candystand . The company also sells magazine subscriptions at a discount and advertises subscriptions along with its sweepstakes . It 's estimated that companies like PCH keep 75 - 90 percent of the fees from the original subscription , while publishers use the increased distribution to improve circulation numbers and revenue from renewals . PCH popularized the idea of using sweepstakes to sell magazine subscriptions in the direct - marketing market and became known by detractors as a producer of junk - mail for advertising through mass - mailings . Documents filed with the New York State Department in 1993 said that year the company mailed 220 million envelopes . Frequent buyers can receive 30 - 40 mailings a year . Sweepstakes ( edit ) The Prize Patrol delivering an oversized check to a sweepstakes winner for $1 million plus $5,000 a week for life Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions , no purchase is necessary to enter or win . In 1995 , PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl . As of 2012 , $225 million in prizes have been distributed . Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life , or $10 million . Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500 , $1 million or $3 million . The larger cash prizes are paid in installments , typically with a balloon payment at 30 years , reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values . Sweepstakes scammers often pose as being from Publishers Clearing House and say that a cash payment is needed before they can deliver a prize . According to Chris Irving from PCH `` If you are contacted by anyone claiming to represent Publishers Clearing House and they request payment of any amount to collect a prize , do not send any money ... You have not heard from the real Publishers Clearing House . '' Odds of winning ( edit ) The odds of winning a PCH sweepstakes vary depending on the number of entries and what prize or sweepstakes is involved . According to the official rules , the estimated odds of winning the $1 million a year forever are one in 1.3 billion . As of 2017 , the odds of winning $15 million in Giveaway 8800 are 1 in 2.4 billion . Smaller prizes have better odds that may vary from one in 223 to one in 80,000 , depending on the prize . Prize Patrol ( edit ) The Prize Patrol surprises sweepstakes winners at their homes , work or other locations with cash prizes and captures the event on video . Since their introduction in 1989 , these reality TV - style videos of prize - winners surprised at their doorstep with checks for $1,000 to $10 million have been used in widely broadcast television commercials , and , more recently , in the company 's online acquisition efforts , websites and social media communications . In 2013 , a $5 million television campaign modified the traditional prize patrol commercial by digitally altering video from classic sitcoms like The Brady Bunch and Gilligan 's Island to show the prize patrol visiting characters in the show . The Prize Patrol has made in - person appearances or delivered prizes on TV programs such as The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Price Is Right . Their surprise winning moments have been spoofed by Jay Leno , Conan O'Brien and the cast of Saturday Night Live ; woven into the plots of movies such as Let 's Go to Prison , The Sentinel and Knight and Day ; and the subject of cartoon s . See also ( edit ) Companies portal New York portal List of New York companies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clifford , Stephanie ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` ADVERTISING ; Old - Line Magazine Sweepstakes Company Gets Digital '' . The New York Times . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Area 's Largest Privately Held Companies '' . Crain 's New York Business . November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Publishers Clearing House Acquires Blingo , Inc. ; Parent of Famous Prize Patrol Welcomes Blingo 's Rapidly Growing Internet ' Search and Win ' Site '' . Business Wire . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lammie , Rob ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` You may already be a winner ! The story of Publishers Clearing House '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Saslow , Linda ( 20 January 1991 ) . `` It 's Sweepstakes Time , and It 's a Frenzy '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : International Directory of Company Histories , Vol. 64 . St. James Press , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Haire , Thomas ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` PCH Wins All Day Long '' . Response Magazine . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lester , Darrell ( October 27 , 2011 ) . The Naked Truth About Publishers Clearing House ( PDF ) . Pennywyse Press . ISBN 1935437429 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disappointed couple sues Publishers Clearing House '' . Associated Press . April 15 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : By , G.J. 1998 , Sweepstakes Industry May Not Be a WINNER ! , New York , N.Y. , United States , New York , N.Y. ^ Jump up to : Mummert , Hallie ( November 2011 ) . `` Cover Story : Full Sweep '' . Target Marketing . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Ralph ( July 25 , 1979 ) . `` Sweepstakes : Some do Hit the Jackpot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Campanelli , Melissa ( June 26 , 2001 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Acquires Blingo '' . Direct Marketing News . Jump up ^ Gelles , Jeff ( January 26 , 1997 ) . `` The $10 Million Prize Patrol : Myths and Truths '' . The Inquirer . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publishers Contest Error Admitted '' . Associated Press . October 24 , 1992 . pp. A -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuit sets off million - dollar alert '' . Associated Press . November 26 , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Pae , Peter ( August 23 , 2000 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Loses $18 million '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PCH Cleans House , Goes Virtual in Profit Play '' . Long Island Business News . February 18 , 2000 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans , David ( August 25 , 1994 ) . `` Contest Offers Mislead Entrants Publishers Clearing House Pays $490,000 and Promises To Change Its Promotions '' . Bloomberg Business News ( via High Beam ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Sweepstakes firm , 14 states make deal '' . Associated Press . August 25 , 1994 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That Big Magazine Contest Pays '' . Associated Press . August 25 , 1994 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Publishers Clearing House to Spell Out Winning Chances '' . The Associated Press . August 21 , 1994 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Publishers Clearing House to Pay $30 Million to Settle Suit '' . Associated Press . February 21 , 2000 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publishers Clearing House Strikes Deceptive - Practices Accord '' . The New York Times . August 23 , 2000 . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miller Announces $34 million sweepstakes settlement '' . Associated Press . December 15 , 2003 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart Elliot ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Prize Patrol Heads Over to AOL '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Ulferts , Alisa ( June 27 , 2001 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House settles '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Publishers Clearing House '' . Direct Marketing News . December 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pankratz , Howard ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House to pay for violation '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelham , Victoria ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House to increase protections against deceptive sweepstakes marketing '' . ABC15.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blackman , Teresa ; Anne Yeager ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` $3.5 Million Publishers Clearing House Lawsuit Settled in Oregon '' . KGW . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` States settle Publishers Clearing House `` deceptive '' trade practices `` . Consumer Reports . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Consumer Reports Jump up ^ Macavinta , Courtney ( December 28 , 1999 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Rushes the Net , Grapples with Privacy '' . CNET . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Levere , Jane L. ( 1 December 1997 ) . `` Publishers Look to New Medium To Rekindle Sales in Older One '' . The New York Times . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Crowell , Grant , `` How Search Engines Make Money '' , Search Engine Watch Jump up ^ Mickey , Bill ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Buys Mobile Lead - Gen Provider Liquid Wireless '' . Foliomag.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wauters , Robin ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Buys Funtank , Gaming Site Candystand.com '' . TechCrunch.com . Jump up ^ Publishers Clearing House Clears Coregistration Concerns By Eric Barkin Customer Relationship Management magazine July 2013 Page 52 ^ Jump up to : Rothenberg , Randall ( 31 January 1989 ) . `` THE MEDIA BUSINESS : ADVERTISING ; Read This and Win $10 Million ! ! '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hunds , Michael ( January 17 , 1988 ) . `` Mail that glitters is not necessarily gold '' . New York Times Service . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Span , Paula , `` Sweep Dreams , America ! , '' Washington Post , January 28 , 1993 , pp. C1 , C8 . Jump up ^ `` Non-buyer can win sweepstakes '' . Star - News . July 29 , 1979 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meier , Barry ( January 27 , 1996 ) . `` You 're All Finalist ! '' . The New York Times . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Grauschopf , Sandra ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wish you had won the last PCH SuperPrize ? Here 's another chance '' . About.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grauschopf , Sandra , Publishers Clearing House - $10 Million Giveaway Number 1170 EXPIRED , About.com , retrieved June 8 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Odds of Winning '' , Media FAQ , Publishers Clearing House , retrieved June 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Rules '' . Publishers Clearing House . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Grauschopf , Sandra , Top 7 Places to Report Sweepstakes Fraud , About.com , retrieved April 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ Wood , David ( July 15 , 2007 ) . `` Scammers Channeling Publishers Clearing House '' . Consumer Affairs . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Contest Hoax Got Couple 's Hopes up '' . Associated Press . Associated Press . May 13 , 1994 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ - view rules and facts - Windows Internet Explorer Official Rules Check url = value ( help ) , retrieved December 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ - view rules and facts - Windows Internet Explorer Official Rules Check url = value ( help ) , retrieved August 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Stuart ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Imagines Handing a Big Check to Gilligan and Mike Brady '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Million - Dollar Moments '' . The Oprah Winfrey Show . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Upping The Ante On Plinko ! The Price Is Right ( Video Clip ) . youtube.com : Price Is Right . April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maloni , J ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Full week of Plinko , chance to win 100K when PCH Prize Patrol visits The Price is Right '' . Niagara Frontier Publications . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ PCH On TV Jay Leno Spoofs the PCH Prize Patrol ( Video Clip ) . youtube.com : PCHarchive . January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Conan O'Brien Promo with Jane ( Video Clip ) . youtube.com . January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live Publishers Clearing House Giveaway ( Video Clip ) . hulu.com . Jump up ^ Marder , Brian ( November 24 , 2006 ) . `` Let 's go to Prison ! Review '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Let 's Go To Prison Trailer ( Video Clip ) . youtube.com . October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Sentinel '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review Knight and Day '' . SunGazette.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ivers , Patrick . `` Laramie Movie Scope Knight and Day '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Publishers_Clearing_House&oldid=822863512 '' Categories : Metasearch engines Direct marketing Companies based in Nassau County , New York Media companies established in 1953 1953 establishments in New York ( state ) Privately held companies based in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 23 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does publishers clearing house get their funding	[ "PCH is a direct-marketing company that sells merchandise, magazine subscriptions and operates several prize-based websites.[11] While best known for the sweepstakes and Prize Patrol it uses to promote its magazine subscriptions,[1][13][35] the majority of the company's revenue now comes from merchandise.[11] The company has been selling books, media, jewelry and other consumer items[4] since the 1980s.[8] PCH operates eight websites, including PCH Search and Win, PCH Lotto, PCH Games, PCH Save and Win, and Candystand.[1][11]" ]	[ "merchandise" ]
-5762809950234194362	Words per minute	Words per minute - wikipedia Words per minute Jump to : navigation , search Words per minute , commonly abbreviated WPM , is a measure of words processed in a minute , often used as a measurement of the speed of typing , reading or Morse code sending and receiving . Since the length or duration of words is clearly variable , for the purpose of such measurement , the definition of each word is often standardized to be five characters or keystrokes long in English , including spaces and punctuation . For example , under such a method applied to plain English text the phrase `` I run '' counts as one word , but `` rhinoceros '' and `` let 's talk '' would both count as two . Contents ( hide ) 1 Alphanumeric entry 2 Stenotype 3 Numeric entry 4 Handwriting 5 Reading and comprehension 6 Speech and listening 7 Morse code 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Alphanumeric entry ( edit ) Brandon Raziano found that one study of average computer users in 1998 , the average rate for transcription was 33 words per minute , and 19 words per minute for composition . In the same study , when the group was divided into `` fast '' , `` moderate '' , and `` slow '' groups , the average speeds were 40 wpm , 35 wpm , and 23 wpm , respectively . With the onset of the era of desktop computers , fast typing skills became much more widespread . An average professional typist types usually in speeds of 50 to 80 wpm , while some positions can require 80 to 95 ( usually the minimum required for dispatch positions and other time - sensitive typing jobs ) , and some advanced typists work at speeds above 120 wpm . Two - finger typists , sometimes also referred to as `` hunt and peck '' typists , commonly reach sustained speeds of about 37 wpm for memorized text and 27 wpm when copying text , but in bursts may be able to reach much higher speeds . From the 1920s through the 1970s , typing speed ( along with shorthand speed ) was an important secretarial qualification and typing contests were popular and often publicized by typewriter companies as promotional tools . The fastest typing speed on an alphanumeric keyboard , 216 words in one minute , was achieved by Stella Pajunas in 1946 on an IBM electric . As of 2005 , writer Barbara Blackburn was the fastest alphanumerical English language typist in the world , according to The Guinness Book of World Records . Using the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard , she maintained 150 wpm for 50 minutes , and 170 wpm for shorter periods . Her top speed was 212 wpm . Current online records of sprint speeds on short text selections are 290 wpm , achieved by Guilherme Sandrini on typingzone.com and 295 wpm achieved by Kathy Chiang on TypeRacer.com . For longer passages , Sean Wrona holds the record with 174 wpm on a 50 - minute test taken on hi-games.net . Stenotype ( edit ) Main article : Stenotype Stenotype keyboards enable the trained user to input text as fast as 225 wpm or faster at very high accuracy for an extended period of time , which is sufficient for real - time activities such as court reporting or closed captioning . While dropout rates are very high -- in some cases , only 10 % or even less graduate -- stenotype students are usually able to reach speeds of 100 -- 120 wpm within six months , which is faster than most alphanumeric typists . Guinness World Records gives 360 wpm with 97.23 % accuracy as the highest achieved speed using a stenotype . Numeric entry ( edit ) The numeric entry or 10 key speed is a measure of one 's ability to manipulate the numeric keypad found on most modern separate computer keyboards . It is used to measure speed for jobs such as data entry of number information on items such as remittance advice , bills , or checks , as deposited to lockboxes . It is measured in `` Keystrokes per hour , '' or KPH . Many jobs require a certain KPH , often 8,000 or 10,000 . Handwriting ( edit ) For an adult population ( age range 18 -- 64 ) the average speed of copying is 68 letters per minute ( approximately 13 wpm ) , with the range from a minimum of 26 to a maximum of 113 letters per minute ( approximately 5 to 20 wpm ) . A study of police interview records showed that the highest speed fell in the range 120 -- 155 characters per minute , the highest possible limit being 190 characters per minute . According to various studies the speed of handwriting of 3 -- 7 graders varies from 25 to 94 letters per minute . Using stenography ( shorthand ) methods , this rate increases greatly . Handwriting speeds up to 350 words per minute have been achieved in shorthand competitions . Reading and comprehension ( edit ) Words per minute is a common metric for assessing reading speed and is often used in the context of remedial skills evaluation , as well as in the context of speed reading , where it is a controversial measure of reading performance . A word in this context is the same as in the context of speech . Research done in 2012 measured the speed at which subjects read a text aloud , and found the average speed across 17 different languages to be 184 ± 29 WPM or 863 ± 234 CPM . However , for the languages that use the Latin or Cyrillic alphabets , the number of WPM varied , as low as 161 ± 18 for Finnish and as high as 228 ± 30 for English . The reason for this is different word structures in each language ( longer words in such languages as Finnish and shorter words in English ) . However , the number of characters per minute tends to be around 1000 for all the tested languages . For the tested Asian languages that use particular writing systems ( Arabic , Hebrew , Chinese , Japanese ) these numbers are lower . Scientific studies have demonstrated that reading -- defined here as capturing and decoding all the words on every page -- faster than 900 wpm is not feasible given the limits set by the anatomy of the eye . While proofreading materials , people are able to read English at 200 WPM on paper , and 180 WPM on a monitor . ( Those numbers from Ziefle , 1998 , are for studies that used monitors prior to 1992 . See Noyes & Garland 2008 for a modern tech view of equivalence . ) Speech and listening ( edit ) Audiobooks are recommended to be 150 -- 160 words per minute , which is the range that people comfortably hear and vocalize words . Slide presentations tend to be closer to 100 -- 125 wpm for a comfortable pace , auctioneers can speak at about 250 wpm , and the fastest speaking policy debaters speak from 350 to over 500 words per minute . Internet speech calculators show that various things influence words per minute including nervousness . John Moschitta , Jr. , was listed in Guinness World Records , for a time , as the world 's fastest speaker , being able to talk at 586 wpm . He has since been surpassed by Steve Woodmore , who achieved a rate of 637 wpm . Morse code ( edit ) Morse code uses variable length sequences of short and long duration signals ( dots and dashes ) to represent source information e.g. sequences for the letter `` K '' and numeral `` 2 '' are respectively ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) and ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) . This variability complicates the measurement of Morse code speed rated in words per minute . It is standard practice to use two different such standard words to measure Morse code speeds in words per minute . The standard words are : `` PARIS '' and `` CODEX '' . In Morse code `` PARIS '' has 50 dot durations , while `` CODEX '' has 60 . Morse is still widely used by amateur radio operators ( hams ) . Experienced hams routinely send Morse at 20 words per minute , using manually operated hand telegraph keys ; enthusiasts such as members of The CW Operators ' Club routinely send and receive Morse code at speeds up to 60 wpm . Twenty words per minute ( 20wpm ) represents the rough upper limit for Morse operators attempting to write down Morse code received by ear using paper and pencil . Many skilled Morse code operators can receive Morse code by ear mentally without writing down the information at speeds up to 70 wpm . To write down the Morse code information manually at speeds higher than 20 wpm it is usual for the operators to use a typewriter or computer keyboard to enable higher speed copying . The fastest Morse code operator was Theodore Roosevelt McElroy copying at 75.6 wpm using a typewriter at the 1939 world championship . See also ( edit ) Colemak keyboard Dvorak keyboard Instructograph Keystroke dynamics Morse code Speed typing contest Touch typing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ahmed Sabbir Arif and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger. 2009. Analysis of Text Entry Performance Metrics . In Proceedings of the IEEE Toronto International Conference -- Science and Technology for Humanity ( TIC - STH ' 09 ) . IEEE , Washington , DC , US , 100 - 105 . Jump up ^ Karat CM , Halverson C , Horn D , Karat J ( 1999 ) . `` Patterns of entry and correction in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition systems '' . Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ( CHI ' 99 ) . New York , NY , US : ACM . pp. 568 -- 575 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 48559 - 1 . doi : 10.1145 / 302979.303160 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , CM ( 1988 ) . Human - computer interface design guidelines . Norwood , NJ : Ablex Publishing . Jump up ^ Ayres , Robert U ; Martinás , Katalin ( 2005 ) , `` 120 wpm for very skilled typist '' , On the Reappraisal of Microeconomics : Economic Growth and Change in a Material World , Cheltenham , UK & Northampton , Massachusetts : Edward Elgar Publishing , p. 41 , ISBN 1 - 84542 - 272 - 4 , retrieved 22 November 2010 Jump up ^ 2007 - 09 - 12 ( 2007 - 09 - 12 ) . `` History of Typewriters -- superbeefy.com '' . superbeefy.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` World Records in Typing '' . Owled.com. 2013 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` IBM Archives : Typing posture '' . 03.ibm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sean Wrona ( 25 December 2011 ) . `` 174 wpm on hi-games.net 50 minute test '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Stenotype Institute of Jacksonville Jacksonville - Review & Ranking '' . American-school-search.com. 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest realtime court reporter ( stenotype writing ) '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com. 2004 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bledsoe Jr. , Dave ( 2011 ) . `` Handwriting Speed in an Adult Population '' . Advance for Occupational Therapy Practitioners. 27 ( 22 ) : 10 . Jump up ^ Hardcastle , R.A. ; Matthews , C.J. ( January 1991 ) . `` Speed of writing '' . Journal of the Forensic Science Society . 31 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 29 . doi : 10.1016 / s0015 - 7368 ( 91 ) 73114 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zaviani , Jenny ; Wallen , Margaret ( 2006 ) . `` The Development of Graphomotor Skills '' . In Henderson , Anne ; Pehoski , Charlane . Hand Function in the Child : Foundations for Remediation ( 2nd ed . ) . St. Louis , MO : Mosby . p. 228 . Jump up ^ `` New World 'S Record For Shorthand Speed '' . New York Times . 1922 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Trauzettel - Klosinski , Susanne ; Dietz , Klaus ( August 2012 ) . `` Standardized Assessment of Reading Performance : The New International Reading Speed Texts IReST '' . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science . 53 ( 9 ) . Jump up ^ Bremer , Rod . The Manual : A Guide to the Ultimate Study Method ( 2 ed . ) . Fons Sapientiae Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9934964 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ziefle , M ( December 1998 ) . `` Effects of display resolution on visual performance . '' . Human factors . 40 ( 4 ) : 554 -- 68 . PMID 9974229 . doi : 10.1518 / 001872098779649355 . Jump up ^ Williams , J.R. ( 1998 ) . Guidelines for the use of multimedia in instruction , Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting , 1447 -- 1451 Jump up ^ Wong , Linda ( 2014 ) . Essential Study Skills . Cengage Learning . ISBN 1285965620 . Jump up ^ Chafets , Zev ( 2006 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Ministers of Debate '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Falwell Inc. : Inside a Religious , Political , Educational , and Business Empire - Dirk Smillie - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` John Moschitta set record for fast talking ... May 24 in History '' . Brainyhistory.com. 1988 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Fastest Talker - Steve Woodmore '' . YouTube . 2011 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ International Telecomunications Union , ITU . `` International Morse Code Recommendation '' ( PDF ) . ITU . Jump up ^ `` Morse code page of Roger J. Wendell - WBŘJNR ( WB0JNR ) '' . Rogerwendell.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Chart -- A visual representation of various activities and the corresponding speeds in words - per - minute Typing Speed Test - Histogram of results in WPM WebTEM - A Web application to record words per minute and other text entry performance metrics Jump up ^ Arif , Ahmed Sabbir ; Mazalek , Ali ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` WebTEM : A Web Application to Record Text Entry Metrics '' . Proceedings of the 2016 ACM on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces . ISS ' 16 . New York , NY , US : ACM : 415 -- 420 . ISBN 9781450342483 . doi : 10.1145 / 2992154.2996791 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Words_per_minute&oldid=801289153 '' Categories : Input / output Reading ( process ) Typing Writing Units of temporal rate Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 20 : 22 . About Wikipedia	what is the average reading words per minute	[]	[]
-2484627171863646796	List of Stuck in the Middle episodes	List of Stuck in the Middle episodes - wikipedia List of Stuck in the Middle episodes Jump to : navigation , search Stuck in the Middle is an American comedy television series developed by Alison Brown and Linda Videtti Figueiredo and created by Alison Brown that premiered on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2016 . The series stars Jenna Ortega , Ronni Hawk , Isaak Presley , Ariana Greenblatt , Kayla Maisonet , Nicolas Bechtel , Malachi Barton , Cerina Vincent , and Joe Nieves . In addition to the series ' regular episodes , the series also aired six shorts on December 16 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Stuck in the Store ( 2016 ) 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 20 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) TBA December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Stuck in the Middle '' Jon Rosenbaum Story by : Alison Brown Teleplay by : Alison Brown & Linda Videtti Figueiredo February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 101 2.81 Harley struggles to get her siblings and parents to the park , where she is to receive a young inventor 's award . She looks to Ethan for help and encouragement that they will make it to the park , but Georgie has a basketball game and Rachel is serving at a soup kitchen . Harley worries the basketball game will not finish on time . Rachel decides to spend time with her boyfriend Cuff after her volunteer work , despite her parents ' admonitions . The Diaz family does eventually arrive at the park , though late for Harley 's award . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Brett Pierce as Cuff `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' Jon Rosenbaum Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 102 1.64 It is Harley 's 13th birthday , but it seems no one remembers . Harley believes her parents will feel guilty about forgetting her special day , and decides to use that `` guilt '' to get the best seat in the family car as a present -- the sweet seat , reserved for the oldest child , which is Rachel . To ensure she gets the sweet seat , and as soon as her siblings become aware of what day it is , Harley urges them to stay quiet about it for the rest of the day and distract Suzy and Tom from remembering . In trying to keep her birthday a secret , Harley endures demands from Daphne to keep quiet , as well as getting into trouble . Later that night , Georgie reminds Harley how precious celebrating birthdays with the family is becoming , as the older siblings will soon be leaving home . That prompts Harley to let go of her desire for the sweet seat and let the family know about her big day . As for that sweet seat , she can wait . `` Stuck with a Guy on the Couch '' David Kendall Denise Moss March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 104 1.67 When Suzy and Tom refuse to buy the children another tablet to replace the one they broke , Harley comes up with a plan to raise money for that tablet . She decides to rent the family couch to a stranger , picking up the idea from the Peters , who are renting a room in their house . With Ethan 's help , she books an Asian music student , Bai Hsu , to stay in the Diaz home for two nights . Bai 's accommodations are not exactly as he expects since the children are trying to keep Suzy and Tom from becoming suspicious . When Bai can not sleep in the Diaz home on the second night , Harley brings him to her father 's store , where he ends up sleeping by a raft . The next morning , Harley , Ethan and Georgie discover Bai and the raft are gone . Tom tells them he sold the raft to Bai , whom he recognized in selfies Rachel posted online . As Tom did not accept any additional money from Bai , Harley 's effort to fund the new tablet falls short . Meanwhile , the younger children attempt to raise money themselves by promoting frog wrestling . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Alex Shimizu as Bai Hsu , Kay Bess as Woman 's Voice `` Stuck at the Movies '' Jon Rosenbaum David McHugh & Matt Flanagan March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) 103 1.73 While using her sure - fire way to get free stuff from companies through her `` feedback '' approach , Harley forgets she has a school science project due until her mother reminds her and wants to see that project . Meanwhile , Suzy is preoccupied with the family 's Wi - Fi bill and complains to their provider , but when she follows Harley 's system of company feedback by asking for free service and threatening cancellation , the Wi - Fi provider summarily cancels their service , which causes the children to become restless . To calm them down , Suzy and Tom decide to take the family to the movies . Harley figures she can come up with her project before the movie begins , while monitoring the seats she reserved for the family , but fails even after she manages to build something . The Diaz family ends up having a short stay at the theater as Suzy and Tom notice the movie they are watching is not G - rated . Harley finally settles on her project when Ethan shows her behind - the - scenes family moments he captured on his phone while at the theater ; she builds a film projector so the family can watch those moments . It does help them pass the time without Wi - Fi service , which Suzy hopes to get restored . Guest star : Matt Webb as Usher 5 5 `` Stuck in the Block Party '' David Kendall Allan Rice April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 105 1.59 The annual neighborhood block party is nearing , and Harley persuades her mother to let the family do the big activity for the event . To the shock of Ms. Peters , who is not keen on the seeing the Diaz family handle this responsibility , Suzy tells her the family is taking charge of the activity . Harley is left to come up with ideas and wants to do so undisturbed . She moves out of her bedroom and establishes her quiet space for thinking in a closet , leading Rachel and Georgie to fight for Harley 's space in the bedroom . The quietude deeply affects Harley 's creative mind , and the ideas she is able to muster lack any excitement . Harley realizes she needs the chaos from her siblings for inspiration . She tries to move back into her bedroom with Rachel and Georgie , but when her sisters disallow that , she has Daphne become their roommate . As Harley sees Daphne transport their sisters ' stuff out the bedroom window , it inspires Harley to build a roller coaster for the block party . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters 6 6 `` Stuck in the Slushinator '' Jon Rosenbaum Lance Whinery April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) 106 1.64 At 13 , Harley has become old enough to work at her father 's marina store and is eager to do so . However , Tom refuses to give her that opportunity , fearing disaster such as what he experienced with Rachel , Ethan and Georgie , so Harley tries to convince him for her chance and succeeds . She wants to add a slushy machine to the store , but after her father disapproves its $500 price tag , she unveils her cost - efficient alternative , the slushinator , powered by bicycles which she hires Lewie and Beast to pedal . It provides a boost to Tom 's business , but the twins later decide they are done with slushy - making and want to do something else . After Harley gives the two incentive to return , the twins end up fighting , and their war is felt beyond the store . Harley eventually patches things up between the two . Though her slushinator is short - lived , her father commends her for not sinking his business and offers her the opportunity to continue working for him at the store . Meanwhile , Suzy wants the family to prepare for a church photo at the house , while Daphne takes care of what she believes is a cat . When it comes time for the photo , Daphne introduces the animal , which everyone discovers is actually a skunk . Guest star : Joel Steingold as Tony 7 7 `` Stuck in the Mother 's Day Gift '' Jon Rosenbaum Linda Videtti Figueiredo April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) 107 1.53 Every Mother 's Day , Harley makes a gift for her mother , while her siblings simply step in to share credit for it without contributing . For this Mother 's Day , though , Harley wants the others to come up with their own presents . All their gift ideas fall short of expectation , but Harley and Georgie 's decision to get the family car professionally cleaned and detailed leads to panic when the car is not back in time . With her siblings ' help , Harley tries to investigate what happened to it , only to come up empty . When Suzy also wants to know what happened to the car , the children take responsibility for its missing . It turns out the car is fine , just parked somewhere else near the house all cleaned up , and Suzy is pleasantly surprised by its makeover . In the end , Harley does not mind her siblings sharing the credit with her on this Mother 's Day gift . 8 8 `` Stuck in Harley 's Comet '' Paul Hoen Denise Moss May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) 108 1.34 With her three younger siblings at their grandmother 's with Suzy and her older siblings having plans , Harley gets a rare opportunity to do something on her own in the house . After getting her father 's permission , she decides to invite her friends over to an outdoor slumber party for a rare comet viewing . Ellie arrives early for the party , but Harley 's sleepover plans do not go smoothly as she deals with Rachel getting grounded , as well as Ethan and Georgie getting tricked at an event for unique basketball shoes . Also , as Harley goes out her bedroom window with Ellie to prepare for the comet 's arrival , before the other girls arrive , Ellie 's fear of heights causes her to accidentally lock her and Harley out on the roof . Harley tries different ways to get them out of the predicament without her father knowing . One of those ideas ends up distorting the Diaz family 's satellite dish , and since Tom was watching television , she gets caught and grounded . After Tom rescues the two girls , they witness the comet 's passing . Guest stars : Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Farrah Mackenzie as Sweet Girl Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 9 9 `` Stuck with Mom 's New Friend '' Jon Rosenbaum Linda Videtti Figueiredo May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 110 1.41 While Tom is away at Georgie 's basketball tournament , Suzy runs the marina store . It worries Harley because her mother is hanging around her too much at the store . Harley and Ethan soon discover that Suzy 's lack of friends -- including not staying in touch with her old ones -- is causing her to cling a lot to the family , so the two use an online site to connect their mother with a new friend who also lives in Marshport . When they find one who is almost a perfect match , they are shocked that it is their own next door neighbor , Bethany Peters . As she and Suzy spend time together as friends , the Diaz children notice radical changes , such as healthy food , limited television time and no dangerous objects , none of which suits them . Attempting to return things to normal , Harley asks her mother to invite Ms. Peters to Daphne 's school play . Thanks to Rachel 's musical direction for the play with Daphne the center of attention , the play turns too wild for Bethany 's taste and effectively ends her brief friendship with Suzy . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters Absent : Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 10 10 `` Stuck with My Sister 's Boyfriend '' Jon Rosenbaum David McHugh & Matt Flanagan June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) 111 1.55 With school on break , Cuff is spending a lot of time at the Diaz house with Rachel , which also leads to his hanging with the twins . This overwhelms Harley because he is invading her personal stuff and Ethan because Lewie and Beast start thinking of Cuff as their older brother . Harley decides to find a job for Cuff , who winds up working at her father 's marina store with her . Harley later tries to get him to quit by having him do a lot of unpleasant tasks around the store , but Cuff actually likes the work . When Rachel comes into the store to be with her boyfriend , he decides his job is more important , and it devastates Rachel . Cuff 's absence at the house affects the twins as well , and Ethan struggles to be the awesome older brother again in their eyes . Seeing Rachel miserable prompts Harley to talk to Cuff about winning Rachel back . In showing Rachel how much he loves her , Cuff ends up getting fired by Tom for defacing store merchandise . Guest star : Brett Pierce as Cuff Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 11 11 `` Stuck with a Winner '' Linda Mendoza Jess Pineda June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) 112 1.32 With Georgie in her sports off - season , outside of basketball , soccer and softball , Harley tries to involve her in another sport during the break . Knowing Georgie 's tendency to score low when she plays , Harley gets her to try out for the golf team and invents a set of remote - controlled balls that will assure her a spot . When Georgie makes the team and starts feeling and acting like a winner , Harley tells her the truth about the golf balls and feels guilty about the cheating . Georgie eventually gives up on sports altogether and wants to become a regular teenage girl , but Harley reminds her how much the sports get the family involved , despite how bad she is . Meanwhile , Suzy challenges Rachel , Lewie , Beast and Daphne to cook dinner after they complain about her meals . After being successful with it once , Rachel and the twins are not thrilled with cooking all the time , so they prepare a less - than palatable meal to get out of it . Guest star : Jill Basey as Mrs. Sullivan Absent : Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 12 12 `` Stuck with No Rules '' Paul Hoen Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 109 1.30 While Harley is looking for parts for a snow machine she plans to build , her parents discover a gift certificate for a bed and breakfast trip , which Tom 's parents gave to them but is nearly expired . Harley sees that as an opportunity for the two to get away for the weekend and suggests Rachel be in charge . It takes a lot of convincing for Suzy and Tom to believe their 16 - year - old daughter is up to the job , but they go on their trip . Harley builds her snow machine and gives Rachel the opportunity to experience a ski vacation in the backyard ; the two share a rare but brief sister bond , which ends when Rachel invites her friends over as well as Cuff . Lewie and Beast tackle a list of `` don'ts '' by doing everything forbidden on that list , while Ethan and Georgie wrestle with Daphne over the television remote . None of them know their parents are watching every minute of the action at the house through their tablet , and they occasionally call . When the house becomes a mess , and Suzy and Tom phone they are coming home , Harley looks to Rachel to take charge . With Rachel 's leadership , the house gets clean in time . Guest star : Brett Pierce as Cuff 13 13 `` Stuck in the Harley Car '' Jon Rosenbaum Allan Rice July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 114 1.43 Ahead of Marshport 's tricentennial celebration , Harley invents a pedicab for Ethan 's tour business . When the slushy machine breaks down at the marina store , and Harley needs money to replace a part , she teams up with Ethan . Harley 's end of the business becomes a shuttle service and later expands into a daycare service . When Ethan finds out his tours were turned into babysitting rides , he quits and Harley continues solo . Although Harley is enjoying the money she is making from the pedicab venture , she misses her slushy business more and decides to fix the slushy machine . She turns the pedicab back over to Ethan for his tours , after which the two happen to spot singer Rachel Platten , the surprise celebrity guest for the tricentennial parade , who needs a ride to her float . Meanwhile , Georgie is selected to lead the parade by Mrs. Sullivan , who also helps get her in shape to walk the route , while Rachel and Daphne compete for Marshport queen . Georgie winds up directing the parade into the Diaz backyard . Special appearance by : Rachel Platten Guest stars : Jill Basey as Mrs. Sullivan , Eva Simone Fisher as Woman , Beau Dylan Hart as Kid 1 , Toby Grey as Kid 2 Absent : Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 14 14 `` Stuck in Lockdown '' Linda Mendoza Julia Ahumada Grob & Bryan Larrivee July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 113 1.38 Harley 's latest invention , an efficient laundry transport , leads to trouble . After Daphne uses the invention to transport herself downstairs and nearly gets hurt , she blames Harley when their mother checks on what happened . Suzy sends Harley to her room and puts her on `` lockdown '' , the severest form of punishment in the Diaz family . With Harley confined to her bedroom , Tom has Rachel and Georgie work at his marina store , while Harley looks to get back at her younger sister for always getting her in trouble . When she sees Daphne doing something suspicious in the backyard , she elicits Ethan 's help and sneaks out of her room . They are ready to bust Daphne as she sells her toys and other things to the neighbors , but when Harley finds out why , she realizes how much she has been neglecting her sister lately . Meanwhile , Rachel and Georgie are put on lockdown after Tom catches them throwing a party in the marina store . Harley manages to return to her bedroom , with her siblings ' help , before her older sisters join her in confinement . When Suzy sees evidence suggesting Harley snuck out , Daphne blames Ethan , but Harley comes clean ; Suzy adds Ethan to the lockdown . Daphne then gets herself in trouble to join her sisters and spend time with them . All the while , Lewie and Beast are on a week - long camping trip and manage to make it through one day before Suzy decides they have gotten into enough trouble and brings them home . Absent : Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz 15 15 `` Stuck without a Ride '' Jon Rosenbaum Lance Whinery July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 115 1.29 Harley needs to go to a music event in Boston , where an invention of hers is entered in a contest . Her mother is unable to drive her there , so she looks to Rachel , who has her learner 's permit , and asks her to take the driving test to get her license . Suzy finds out Rachel 's driving instructor , Phil , is someone she knew in high school . When Rachel fails her test , she and Harley wonder what happened in Phil and Suzy 's past that may have influenced his grading . Harley arranges for Phil to come over to the house so he and Suzy can shed light on their time together . As for Rachel 's driving test , it turns out Suzy is insecure about any of her children driving , so she asked Phil to fail her daughter even though Rachel had demonstrated to her mother that she is a good driver . Having been unfair to Rachel , Suzy asks Phil for a retest and he is able to schedule it before Harley 's trip . Meanwhile , Ethan is doing a buddy cop film and casts Lewie and Beast as the cops . During the filming , the twins happen to tamper with Harley 's invention ; when Harley shows Phil her invention , it malfunctions and Phil gets further endangered by the twins for the final scene of the film . Suzy ends up driving the family to Boston . Guest star : Gabriel Tigerman as Phil Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 16 16 `` Stuck in the Quinceañera '' Erika Kaestle Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 116 1.49 Georgie 's 15th birthday is days away , but she wants to have a simple party rather than her quinceañera , as she does not like being the center of attention . Though Harley is motivated to use her new `` Harleycam '' invention for the event , she reminds Georgie about the significance of this special day in the life of a Latina and convinces her to change her mind . Harley gets the rest of the family involved with the planning , but Georgie later backs out , still feeling uncomfortable about the occasion . When the family lets Georgie decide how she wants to celebrate her special day , and whom to invite , she is back on board , with her quinceañera in the Diaz backyard . However , the threat from a hurricane forces the family to turn the occasion into a simple , private celebration inside the Diaz house . With Georgie 's ankle getting hurt from the storm 's first gusts , the quinceañera 's traditional dance is in jeopardy of not occurring until Harley comes up with an idea . 17 17 `` Stuck in the Diaz of Our Lives '' Erika Kaestle Linda Videtti Figueiredo July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 117 2.06 Harley gets to appear on the television series Girl Power to highlight her accomplishments as an inventor . When Mischa and Ken , the two - person crew for the series , see Harley 's large family , they decide to go a different route and feature the family in a reality series called The Diaz of Our Lives . As the crew gets to know the family through filming , they make multiple changes such that the Diazes become displeased with the direction of the series and want to quit . Mischa reminds them that they are under contract , but when Harley shows footage of the crew 's plans , using the camera feature of her vacuum cleaner invention she first showcased on Girl Power , the crew calls off the reality series . Guest stars : Kim Shaw as Mischa , Paul Darrigo as Ken Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 18 `` Stuck in the Waterpark -- The Movie '' David Kendall Linda Videtti Figueiredo February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 201 -- 202 2.13 The Diaz family earns a free weekend vacation at Cannon Ball Cove after the waterpark installs Harley 's `` Dry - Through '' invention for a test run . The children have to convince Suzy and Tom that this vacation will not cause them grief , and sign a contract to that effect . When they arrive at the waterpark , a four - hour trip by car , they realize their hotel room is not large enough for them . Although the children complain about it , and Suzy and Tom are prepared to take them to Pilgrim Land instead , everyone agrees they have come this far and settle on staying . Harley and Rachel find a place to relax , taking over a cabana that another family gives up , while Georgie hesitates on trying the Doom Funnel ride , which Beast and Lewie are too short to try themselves . Ethan , who also wants to go on that ride but injures his right foot by stepping on a bee , spends his money on a ring toss event , impressing a girl named Hannah . As Harley , Rachel and later the rest of the children enjoy themselves in the cabana , Chester Torvilleton , the park 's supervisor , presents them with a bill totaling $800 , for drinks and treats they thought came free with the cabana . As Suzy and Tom are enjoying the free vacation , the children are not ready to tell their parents about the bill and decide to come up with a way to handle it . They persuade Mr. Torvilleton to forgive the bill , and he is willing to do so after seeing a sad Daphne , but Lewie and Beast ruin that . With the children 's options exhausted , Harley is faced with delivering the unpleasant news until she sees that she can pay off the bill if she and her family participate in the park 's annual `` aqualympics '' and win , the prize being $1,000 . They face a tough competitor in the Pillman family , a five - time champion whose patriarch Harley and Rachel met earlier when they were in the cabana ; Ethan discovers Hannah is also one of the Pillmans . The two families make it to the finals , and as they are about to go head - to - head in the rope tug - of - war , Harley realizes the value of her invention at the park , which no one was using . She has her family dry off in it while the Pillman family chooses to remain wet , the deciding factor which leads to the Diaz family winning . Guest stars : Gregg Binkley as Chester Torvilleton , Tom Parker as Mr. Pillman , Kate Tomlinson as Hannah , Corey Dorris as Malcolm , Christopher Chen as Fed Up Dad Note : This originally aired as a one - hour movie . Disney Channel has since aired it as two parts , the first as `` Stuck in the Waterpark '' , and the second as `` Stuck in the Aqualympics '' . 19 `` Stuck in a Commercial '' Joe Menendez Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 203 1.09 Tom has bought some ad time on television to promote his bait shop , but when Harley sees a commercial her father plans to submit , made eleven years ago , she feels embarrassed over what happened to her in the commercial and does not want everyone to see it . Knowing Ethan 's skill as a film maker , Harley proposes to make a new commercial for the shop , but also knowing Ethan 's tendency to quit whatever he sets out to do , she is willing to stick with the old commercial should the project fail . To ensure Ethan stays focused , she secretly monitors his filming activity while building a camera rig to use for the final part of the commercial . Difficulties arise while Ethan is filming , including Daphne 's being jinxed by Lewie and Beast , Rachel and Suzy 's trying to buy Adele concert tickets , and Georgie 's looking after her coach 's pet parrot Leo . It becomes a huge mess leading Ethan to quit , but Harley talks sense into him about not giving up . Even with the limited footage , Ethan puts together a commercial worthy of airing on television . Guest star : Audrey Wasilewski as Leo 20 `` Stuck in the School Photo '' Mike Mariano David McHugh & Matt Flanagan February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 204 1.37 When Suzy sees Harley , Rachel , Ethan and Georgie 's shocking school pictures , she wants to know the story behind them . The four teenagers recount what happened in school three weeks earlier , on picture day . Rachel wanted the right outfit for her picture and resorted to searching for a top in lost and found boxes , while Ethan celebrated the return of sloppy joe to the cafeteria menu , hoping a food fight would not erupt . Georgie was rejoicing about her recent success in a basketball game and wanted everything to happen exactly as it did that day . Meanwhile , Harley was looking forward to the scientific thrill of indoor skydiving after school , but her substitute teacher Mr. Delorco , known for giving detention to her older siblings , stood in her way . Harley did not want to become the latest Diaz to get into trouble with him , so her friend Ellie helped out . When they were around Mr. Delorco , each of them assumed the other 's identity , which ended up carrying over into their pictures because the teacher was present for those . Once the story is over , Suzy hears a knock on the door . Thinking that it is Ms. Peters , Suzy tells Harley , Rachel , Ethan , and Georgie to hide . Guest stars : Peter Breitmayer as Mr. Delorco , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Zach Timson as Chet , Bentley Green as Miles , Jamison Reeves as Photographer Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 21 `` Stuck in a Slushy War '' David Kendall Denise Moss February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 205 0.99 Harley hires Phil Durning to assist with her slushy business at the bait shop . Phil is in need of a job after he got fired from the department of motor vehicles , for a single bad review that Harley wrote after he failed Rachel on her driving test . When Phil starts working for Harley , he senses her discomfort about being his boss , but after Harley tells him to pursue his passion , he decides to open a competing slushy service on wheels . Meanwhile , Rachel is teaching Daphne proper etiquette and dress for a birthday party she has been invited to , and while Daphne goes along with Rachel 's advice at first , she comes to the party dressing and acting as herself . Phil becomes furious when he discovers Harley got him fired from his original job , and he works to steal customers away from Harley 's slushy business . Ethan and Harley come up with a plan to shut down Phil 's business , except they fail to think things through in developing the plan . Ultimately , Harley discovers Phil 's passion is to be an instructor for first - time drivers and encourages him to open his own driving school . Guest stars : Gabriel Tigerman as Phil , Brooke Singleton as Girl Absent : Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 22 5 `` Stuck in the Garage Sale '' Eric Dean Seaton Allan Rice March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 207 0.97 As the Diaz family prepares for their annual garage sale , Harley is not enthusiastic about it because she is always left to organize the event . She wants to call it off , but Ethan encourages her to hold the sale and deliberately make it a failure . After Tom tells Harley he and Suzy will double whatever money the family earns , she scraps Ethan 's plan and wants everyone to make as much money as possible , so they can reach their goal to buy an above - ground swimming pool . Lewie and Beast become so wound up in the process that they end up selling Harley 's invention bag . Seeing how much the bag means to Harley , her siblings work to get it back from the lady who bought it , and their effort cost them nearly all they made in the garage sale . Guest star : Carol Mansell as Fran Absent : Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 23 6 `` Stuck in the Diaz Easter '' Joe Menendez Lance Whinery April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 206 1.10 Harley wants Daphne to experience a traditional Diaz Easter and rallies her parents into getting it started on the eve of the holiday . When the children wake up the next morning , though , they see no Easter baskets . Suzy planned to put them together , but she is dealing with a cold and slept through the night . The family , except for Suzy , goes to Easter service at church , but during service , Tom is called to his bait shop because of a malfunctioning refrigerator and brings Ethan with him . With the way the holiday has started out , Daphne becomes disappointed that it will be just another Easter like the others she remembers . Though her other siblings feel the same way , Harley is not about to give up on her promise of a traditional celebration . She , Rachel and Georgie prepare dinner back at the house , while Lewie and Beast work on the Easter baskets , but the result turns into disaster . Meanwhile , the family is unaware that Daphne is still at church , and calls from Ms. Peters to tell them go ignored . When they finally realize where Daphne is , and see that she helped with organizing the Easter dinner at church , they are relieved and proud of what she did , and they also help out with the dinner . Guest stars : Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters 24 7 `` Stuck in the Beast - Day Party '' Mike Mariano Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 208 0.97 As Harley tries her virtual reality helmet in the attic , which is off - limits to the Diaz children , Lewie and Beast wonder what all the commotion is up there . When the two check on Harley , they discover their birth certificates to find they were born minutes apart on different dates . When Suzy and Tom find out , they promise the twins separate parties for their ninth birthdays in a few months . Lewie and Beast use Harley 's being in the attic as leverage to have her throw Beast a half - birthday party , and as the twins believe Ethan suggested it , Harley has him involved in organizing it as well . Lewie becomes unsatisfied with Harley and Ethan 's planning and decides to take over . Beast seems okay with Lewie 's ideas , but Harley makes Beast realize he should go with what he likes for his party , which leads to Lewie feeling left out . After Suzy and Tom see how Harley has made Beast 's party possible , they decide to clear space in the attic for her to use , until they find her virtual reality helmet already there . Meanwhile , Rachel is stressed over taking the SAT because she worries being distracted by boys who will also be taking the test , so she seeks Georgie 's help . Georgie finds herself distracted during the test after a boy gets her attention but she has no idea who . Guest stars : Adam Hochstetter as Wyatt , Matt Lowe as Dumpster Jack , Shana Gregory Williams as Proctor Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz 25 8 `` Stuck without Devices '' David Kendall David McHugh & Matt Flanagan April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 210 1.00 Suzy gets fed up when the children are not paying attention or helping her with the groceries , so she confiscates all their electronic devices and wants the family to come together without the technology - based distractions for two days . Lewie and Beast play a game designed to annoy other family members and manage to recruit Rachel into playing , with the loser doing the winner 's chores for a whole week , while Ethan uses his tech - free time as a magician but fails to impress Daphne , who stumps Ethan with her own magic . Harley and Georgie bond together doing Double Dutch as they did when they were younger , using an invention Harley built after Rachel became boy - crazy , but when Georgie 's response to a text from Wyatt leads him to come to the house to be with her , she pays more attention to him than to Harley . With Rachel , Lewie and Beast tied in their game , they decide to target Wyatt to break the tie , which turns into chaos in the backyard and ruins the picnic Suzy has planned . Realizing she got her point across to the children , Suzy decides to return the electronic devices to everyone except the twins , who were responsible for the backyard mess . Guest star : Adam Hochstetter as Wyatt Absent : Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 26 9 `` Stuck with a Boy Genius '' Victor Nelli Denise Moss April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 211 1.17 Rachel , Ethan and Georgie prepare for their spring formal at school . Harley has no interest in going or asking some guy she is not friends with , but when she receives a text from her friend Josh , who is a sophomore at a different high school and an inventor like Harley , her sisters suggest she ask him . After Josh accepts , Harley gets ready for her first formal . The two have never met face - to - face , so it comes as a huge surprise when Harley finds out Josh is only nine years old . While at the formal , Harley feels embarrassed being around him , until she sees an interesting gadget he invented and plays with it . Rachel informs Josh and Harley that they have been chosen as the formal 's king and queen , and wants to spare them from doing the spotlight dance , but Harley goes forward with it and gets her siblings and their dates involved in helping her put together a dance that will not attract attention to Josh 's age . Meanwhile , Lewie and Beast decide to camp in the backyard , and Suzy and Tom are not delighted about it . They send Daphne to camp with her brothers , attempting to get them to come inside . Guest stars : Adam Hochstetter as Wyatt , Caleb Brown as Josh , Robbie Davidson as Blake 27 10 `` Stuck with a Bad Influence '' Jon Rosenbaum Allan Rice June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) TBA 1.31 When Harley 's siblings refuse to try out her latest invention called the Grocer - Whee , she turns to Ellie to give it a test run , but Ellie worries she will get hurt . Knowing how sheltered Ellie 's life has become because of her mother , Harley works on being a good influence to her best friend by helping her through her fears . Eventually , the two ride the Grocer - Whee but end up taking out the Peters ' mailbox . Thinking Ellie 's punishment will be no big deal , Harley later feels guilty after Ellie tells her that she is being sent to boarding school called Radistone Academy by her mother . With Daphne , Lewie , and Beast 's help , the two girls concoct a plan to convince Ms. Peters to change her mind , but she sees through their act . Still , Ms. Peters is made aware of her daughter 's feelings about Radistone Academy and cancels her enrollment . Harley is relieved , but after doing research on the school , she realizes Ellie should not pass up the opportunity and has to convince her to go , even though she will miss her . Meanwhile , Rachel joins Ethan 's film club at Tom 's bait shop , but Suzy and Tom do some investigating after seeing what actually goes on there . Guest stars : Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters Absent : Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz 28 11 `` Stuck in a Good Deed '' Melissa Kosar Denise Moss June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) TBA 1.04 Suzy and Harley volunteer for a day at the Golden Horizons retirement home . When they see what activities they do there , they choose to volunteer for more days , intending to take advantage of the amenities instead . With Suzy away from home , Ethan and Georgie are put on laundry duty , while Rachel babysits Daphne . Ethan and Georgie decide to leave the dirtiest of the clothes for their mother , who later presents them the opportunity to volunteer at Golden Horizons , which they refuse . When Ethan and Georgie see the commercial that initially inspired Suzy and Harley to help the elderly , they change their mind but are shocked to see their mother and sister getting massages . Upon hearing about a birthday party being thrown for the grumpy resident Mr. Kibbenshaw , Suzy and Harley are not thrilled to be a part of it , but they arrange for the party to take place at the park . Meanwhile , at the park , Rachel tries to get out of babysitting Daphne by joining a group of nannies who look after the children on a daily rotation . When Rachel is suddenly faced with the responsibility , on the day of Mr. Kibbenshaw 's party , she panics and the children run all over the place , leading to the party being ruined . Rachel gets grounded , while Ethan and Georgie are reprimanded for how they handled the dirty laundry . Guest stars : Davida Williams as Kelly , Tessa Harnetiaux as Natalie , P.L. Brown as Mr. Kibbenshaw , Richard Fancy as Larry Absent : Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 29 12 `` Stuck Dancing with My Dad '' Carlos Gonzalez Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) TBA 1.00 Harley seeks Troy Havana to finance her latest invention , the floor finder , and asks Rachel to drive her to Boston , where he is holding a meet - and - greet . After having no success talking to Troy , Harley finds out he will be at the Dancing with My Dad auditions in Boston , and after noticing her father and Daphne have some dancing chemistry , she asks them to take part as contestants on the show . Though not initially on board , Tom changes his mind after hearing his sports idol Brady Rice will be there . Tom and Daphne audition and secure a spot in the competition , while Harley tracks down Troy , who also happens to be a contestant with his daughter Savannah . Troy shows interest in Harley 's invention , but when his offer includes the condition that her father and sister not compete , Harley not only rejects the offer but is also determined to see Troy lose . Meanwhile , Lewie and Beast are working on over 100 different ways to use peanut butter . One of those uses causes Daphne to get injured right before the dancing competition begins , resulting in Harley taking Daphne 's place . In the end , Tom and Harley score better than Troy and Savannah , but finish second to Brady Rice and his daughter . Guest star : Laird Macintosh as Troy Havana Absent : Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 30 13 `` Stuck in a Gold Medal Performance '' David Kendall Lance Whinery June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 209 1.33 Rachel has joined the spirit squad at school and looks to Harley to come up with something creative for the basketball games . Harley decides on a laser light show and quickly develops a controller for it , which malfunctions and catches fire when she exhibits it at school . Though Harley promises Rachel she will fix the problem in time for a pep rally , she fears the controller will malfunction again and ends up bailing . Meanwhile , Georgie meets Olympic gold medalist Laurie Hernandez at a signing in Boston and , through talk about their Latina heritage , persuades Laurie to visit her home for dinner . Georgie feels she is lacking in the customs , dances and language , but she tries to get her parents to make an authentic meal for Laurie , who decides to stop in Marshport and visit the Diaz home . At dinner , Rachel fumes over Harley 's no - show at the pep rally , while the meal is too spicy for Laurie 's taste . Georgie and Harley learn about persevering through failure as Laurie recounts her rougher times as a gymnast to them . At the next school basketball game , Harley 's laser light show runs smoothly , and the crowd gets to see some gymnastics from Laurie as a bonus . Special guest star : Laurie Hernandez as herself Guest star : Jaida - Iman Benjamin as Traci Absent : Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz 31 14 `` Stuck in a New Room '' David Kendall Linda Videtti Figueiredo September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 220 1.34 Using her eavesdropping invention , Harley overhears her parents talking about cleaning out the attic and turning it into a bedroom . She initially wants to keep this to herself , but Georgie gets Harley to share what she heard . Despite Georgie 's intent to keep this news secret , word spreads to the rest of her siblings . With the exception of Daphne , who is not interested in giving up her current bedroom arrangement , the children attempt to convince their parents about why they deserve the attic space . Suzy and Tom call a family meeting and find out that Harley eavesdropped on their conversation in the attic , leading them to drop their plans . With the help of her siblings , Harley comes up with a proposal to decide who gets the attic , and the children offer to clean out the attic as well . They settle on a battle of boys vs. girls , with the two genders agreeing to a series of backyard competitions . When figuring out what kind of competitions , going on what they cleaned out from the attic , they make use of Harley 's past inventions . Ultimately , the competitions fail to produce a winner , but the children agree to make the attic space a family game room . 32 15 `` Stuck with a Dangerous House '' David Kendall Linda Videtti Figueiredo September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 214 1.08 Harley , Rachel and Georgie are planning to attend a night concert on the pier , but after their parents tell them no , concerned over their safety , Harley reveals that Daphne 's playhouse upstairs has been recalled for an unsafe roof . Suzy and Tom remove the playhouse , forcing Daphne to sleep in her sisters ' room and disrupt their lives . Harley figures out a way to make the playhouse safe but finds out it has been discarded , so she , Rachel and Georgie are looking for a store that sells the kind Daphne had . They discover a toy store in Marshport with only one but worry the store owner will not sell it to them because of the family 's history at that store . Although the girls successfully manage to purchase the new playhouse , they realize Daphne had memories with the old one in the form of various dents to it . Feeling sad , Harley discovers from Ethan that the old playhouse is in a nearby dumpster , so she , Rachel and Georgie recover the parts to it and put it back together for Daphne . Meanwhile , Ethan is directing Lewie and Beast 's online channel called `` Trash Twins '' , but the twins realize eating food from the garbage is harder than they imagined , even to impress Dumpster Jack . Guest stars : Matt Lowe as Dumpster Jack , Aaron Krebs as Duncan Gloverman 33 16 `` Stuck with a New Friend '' Erika Kaestle Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 219 1.13 Harley meets a new student at school named Sophie , whom she eventually befriends despite an incident that ruins both of their entries for the Marshport Extreme Science Games . They decide to work together on another project for the contest , but when Sophie wants to come over to the Diaz house , Harley worries their friendship will suffer because of her siblings . After finding out Sophie likes Ethan , she expects Ethan to be kind and thoughtful to her , unlike her other friends . When Ethan misses a movie date with Sophie , though , Harley wants him to show that he regrets it , but ends up regretting her part in helping him do so after Sophie is humiliated . To save her friendship with Sophie , Harley decides to take charge of their entry at the science games when she inadvertently puts a prop in the wrong place . Meanwhile , Rachel discovers a traffic ticket in the mail , believing it to be for her mother when it is actually for her . To avoid paying a $500 fine and going to traffic school , Rachel schemes to fool Suzy into thinking she ran a red light in Rhode Island , with Lewie and Beast 's help , but it backfires when she finds out . Guest stars : Talitha Bateman as Sophie , Bryan Coffee as Einstein Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 34 17 `` Stuck in a Merry Scary '' David Kendall Linda Videtti Figueiredo October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 221 1.18 Halloween is Harley 's favorite holiday as her inventive mind gives her an edge in scaring her family every year . When Harley selects Rachel in the Halloween `` Secret Scarer '' , she is faced with her biggest challenge yet , but is determined to scare her . A werewolf head in the microwave and spooky hands in Rachel 's closet fail to do so , leading Harley to go all out with a bathroom shocker . Not only is Rachel frightened by it , but she also hurts her leg and needs to go to the hospital . This forces Harley to take Daphne trick - or - treating , but Daphne bails on her . Meanwhile , Ethan coaxes Lewie and Beast out of trick - or - treating to serve as security for their `` Haunted Hang '' in the backyard , to protect it from vandalism and prevent a neighbor from claiming the best haunted display . When Harley returns home and sees the Haunted Hang vandalized , she does not realize what is about to happen to her . The entire family manages to frighten her good disguised as pumpkin - headed creatures as payback for all the times she has gotten them . It turns out they had some tricks up their sleeve : they rigged the Secret Scarer draw so Harley would pick Rachel , and Rachel actually faked her injury . 35 18 `` Stuck with a Hook , Line and Sinker '' Julian Petrillo Jessica Charles & Miguel Ian Raya October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 217 1.10 Colt Bailey , a celebrity fisherman , comes to Marshport for a fishing tournament . Because he signs up late for the competition , he is looking for a place to stay with all the hotels booked . When he offers to pay a large sum , Harley decides to rent out the house to him , and Rachel , Ethan and Georgie offer to help out . Their plan is to save up for a trip to Hawaii , which always eludes them because of the deeds of the younger Diaz siblings . Tom gets sold on the plan with Suzy and the three youngest children away . With Colt staying at the house , Tom and the older children head on a camping trip , which turns out to be an uncomfortable stay at Tom 's store because of the stormy weather . Colt asks for a number of accommodations , including a home security system , fresh bait , someone to look after his dog , and an organized kitchen without any fish products . Harley , Rachel , Ethan and Georgie try to make those accommodations work , but it becomes a disaster , which blows any savings toward the Hawaii trip . Guest star : Morgan West as Colt Bailey Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 36 19 `` Stuck in the Babysitting Nightmare '' David Kendall David McHugh & Matt Flanagan October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 218 1.27 When the Morelands need a new babysitter for their triplets , Harley feels she is ready for the job based on her experience with Daphne , Lewie and Beast . She gets an opportunity to show she can handle the babysitting duty full - time when Suzy and Tom attend a neighborhood association meeting next door at Bethany Peters ' house , and Rachel heads to a beach party with Ethan and Georgie . The younger siblings usually look forward to Harley 's babysitting since she makes it fun for them , but when she does things differently , they decide to give her a true test of the job . Meanwhile , Rachel , Ethan and Georgie deal with a flat tire on the car while navigating to the beach party , but Ethan runs into trouble himself trying to replace the tire . Suzy and Tom get offended at the neighborhood meeting after Bethany details every little problem she has seen with the Diaz family . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Greg Rogstad as Oscar 37 20 `` Stuck in the Diaz Awards '' Leslie Kolins Small Bryan Larrivee October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 213 1.31 In this clip show , the fifth annual Diaz Awards have arrived . Each year , the Diaz family looks back at their achievements , surprises and disappointments , and the children are awarded in various categories . Whoever wins in the most categories picks up the Diaz of the Year trophy . Harley has never won the Diaz of the Year and is hoping to change her luck , but she falls behind all of her other siblings early in the ceremony . Eventually , she pulls off a winning streak to take the lead in the tally , two ahead of Lewie and Beast with two categories to go . The twins end up taking those remaining categories and force a tiebreaker , which also goes to them . Harley painfully accepts her defeat , but Ethan informs her of a special award not based on votes , unlike the other awards handed out . Because of her overall contribution to the family , Harley is named the Most Valuable Diaz . Special guest star : Laurie Hernandez as herself Guest stars : Peter Breitmayer as Mr. Delorco , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Alex Shimizu as Bai Hsu , Jaida - Iman Benjamin as Traci , Kay Bess as Woman 's Voice Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 38 `` Stuck at Christmas -- The Movie '' David Kendall Linda Videtti Figueiredo December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 3 - 99 1.36 As the Diaz family prepares their home for Christmas , Harley needs to know how long to steam pasteles and winds up calling Abuela to find out . Harley is hoping Abuela will ask whether the family will spend Christmas with her in Florida , but when the question does not come up , Harley is prompted to bring the family there . They initially take a plane to Florida , but when a storm in the flight 's path causes the plane to land in Columbus , Ohio , they settle on two small , uncomfortable rental cars to continue their journey . The discomfort is short - lived as Harley spots a huge tour bus belonging to a rock band that is not around to claim it . With Tom having a license to drive that kind of vehicle , the family continues their trip in the bus and decorates it for the holiday . Daphne suddenly realizes her doll `` Deathnee '' is missing , which Harley traces back to the rental cars , so the family tracks down the doll , while Suzy confiscates the children 's electronic devices which had distracted them when the doll went missing . The family ends up at a camp where they meet another family with a little girl named Joyanne , who has Deathnee and is not about to give her up . Georgie makes a deal with Joyanne , getting back Deathnee in exchange for toys she collected for a toy drive . As the Diaz family gets ready to leave , Tom sees a penny he hopes will bring good luck , but as he picks it up , the contents of his pouch , which includes their money , credit cards and electronic devices , falls into the camp fire . Adding to the misery , the bus later breaks down , with the impact causing Harley 's glass ornament for Abuela to break . Hoping to reach Abuela 's by Christmas , the Diaz family turns to a repairman named Buddy Burtz , whom Harley discovers is a middle child just like her , often ignored by his brothers . With the backlog at the Burtz repair shop , Tom offers to pay double to get the bus fixed , while Suzy attempts to withdraw the necessary funds from the bank , which falls through . Harley finds out that Buddy 's brothers are taking part in an annual holiday race known as the Iron Elf but are not interested in having Buddy on their team due to his fear in one event the year he took part . Harley strikes a deal with Buddy , having him compete with her family in the race , and if they win , he will fix the bus for free . Buddy ends up facing the event he struggled with before , but with Harley believing he will overcome his fear , he succeeds , helping the Diaz family pull out the victory . Harley gives the trophy to Buddy , while the children donate the presents they won on Georgie 's request . Sticking to his end of the deal , Buddy prepares to work on the bus , with his brothers offering to help . The Diaz family makes it to Florida in time , and they surprise Abuela with their visit . She surprises them by celebrating the holiday on the beachside . Guest stars : Olga Merediz as Abuela , Steve Monroe as Buddy Burtz , Stephen Kramer Glickman as Benny , Judy Kain as Mrs. McDoogan , Eileen O'Connell as Marla , Ron G as Rental Agent , Troy Blendell as Roger , Chloe Perrin as Joyanne , Patrick Faucette as Cop Note : Ronni Hawk is not included in the opening credits of this special , and does not appear . Note : This originally aired as a one - hour movie . Disney Channel has since aired it as two parts , the first as `` Stuck in a Christmas Road Trip '' , and the second as `` Stuck in a Christmas Race '' . 39 `` Stuck with Rachel 's Secret '' Jon Rosenbaum Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) TBA 1.16 When Rachel starts acting unusually generous , her siblings become suspicious . Harley and Georgie later find out that during Rachel 's Christmas trip to France , she applied to a fashion internship at a university there and got accepted . The internship starts much sooner than the family was expecting Rachel to leave for college , and she needs the support of her siblings to help with breaking the news to Suzy and Tom , but Daphne and the twins are not on board . With some trickery from Rachel , Ethan takes the three youngsters to the mall and ends up getting a makeup job after displaying his knowledge about it to a store customer , while the other three are reminded about Rachel anywhere they go in the makeup store . Meanwhile , Rachel tells Suzy and Tom about her internship , but they are not convinced she is ready to go so soon and recall a large list of promises she failed to deliver on . They change their mind after she proves she can deliver on those promises , which got fulfilled with her siblings ' help . As Harley and Georgie prepare for Rachel 's leaving , they hear from her that she missed the enrollment deadline at the school and is not going , but later find out she actually withdrew her application . Upon questioning her , they realize she is afraid to leave but they help her through it . After an emotional goodbye at the airport , the family wonders who will take over Rachel 's spot in the car , the sweet seat , but not even Harley is ready to do so . Special guest star : Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz Guest stars : Briana Lane as Jayden , Alana Baer as Chloe , Anissa Borrego as Girl 40 `` Stuck with a Diaz Down '' Mike Mariano David McHugh & Matt Flanagan January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) TBA 1.07 With the Diaz family missing Rachel , they look to Georgie to fill her shoes as the oldest sibling , and Harley attempts to prepare her for a number of situations that could arise . Unable to deal with the pressure of this responsibility , Georgie panics and Harley finds herself stepping into the job . When faced with resolving two problems her other siblings bring up -- Ethan 's struggles dating Chloe , and how Lewie and Daphne should handle Beast after he reveals the truth about Rachel 's `` blackmail book '' -- Harley winds up giving the wrong advice . Both Harley and Georgie realize it is better to just be themselves when tackling the problems of their siblings , and Georgie manages things all right doing just that . In the final scene , Harley and Georgie have an encounter with a boy named Aidan , whose ball was accidentally shot through their bedroom window . Guest stars : Joshua Bassett as Aidan , Alana Baer as Chloe 41 `` Stuck in Camp Chaos '' Eric Dean Seaton Lance Whinery February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) TBA 1.07 With Ellie on winter break from Radistone Academy for a week , Harley wants to do something fun with her during that time . As the two brainstorm different ideas , they settle on running a camp for youngsters in the Diaz backyard , which Harley hopes will also fund something special for her upcoming quinceañera . As this would keep Daphne , Lewie , and Beast occupied , Suzy is okay with the idea as long as it does not disturb her . Daphne has no interest in the camp , so Harley has Georgie keep an eye on Daphne . Meanwhile , Harley has to deal with another problem , not involving her siblings : her new neighbor Aidan , who is also Ellie 's cousin and a lacrosse player . His hitting balls into and over the fence separating the Diaz and Peters backyards is disrupting camp activities . Harley tries to be diplomatic by getting him to stop while she is conducting camp , but he refuses to cooperate . Things get worse when Aidan changes the fence 's location , placing it deeper into the Diaz backyard and causing Harley to retaliate as Ellie wants no part of it . When her campers , including Lewie and Beast , bring the fence down , it is enough to disturb Suzy , who shuts the camp down and leaves Harley to clean up the mess . While cleaning up , Harley rekindles her friendship with Ellie who helps her clean up as Harley whispers the something special in her ear . Harley realizes this is only the beginning with Aidan , who shows up in one of her classes at school and plans to be around for the whole semester . Guest stars : Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Joshua Bassett as Aidan , Antonio Raul Corbo as Hunter Absent : Isaak Presley as Ethan Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 42 5 `` Stuck with Harley 's Bethany '' David Kendall Allan Rice February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) TBA 1.01 Harley 's dislike of Aidan continues to consume her as it is now affecting her at school . She asks her mother for tips on how to deal with him , knowing her long - term battle with Bethany is similar . Suzy tells Harley to simply agree with Aidan , as that is what she does to avoid arguments with Bethany . The method appears to work at first , while Harley and Aidan work together near the restored fence between their backyards , but when Aidan messes up Harley 's delivery of the school 's announcements , it becomes a battleground that everyone at school witnesses , with Harley accidentally broadcasting her argument with Aidan over the PA system . Suzy and Bethany also hear the two bickering , since they are volunteering at the school 's bake sale , and they start to argue once Harley brings up how she has been coping with Aidan using Suzy 's `` yes for no distress '' technique . Meanwhile , Ethan is trying to get new subscribers for his web channel by filming a new segment starring Lewie and Beast at Tom 's store , but when they see the segment is a failure and are no longer allowed to film in the store , they go to the bake sale and end up capturing Suzy and Bethany 's arguing on camera . Harley tries another method to cope with Aidan , developing special earplugs to keep herself from hearing his boasts . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Joshua Bassett as Aidan Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz 43 6 `` Stuck in a Nice Relationship '' TBA TBA March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBA TBD 44 7 `` Stuck with Horrible Helpers '' TBA TBA March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBA TBD 45 8 `` Stuck in a Mysterious Robbery '' TBA TBA March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBA TBD 46 9 `` Stuck in a Besties Battle '' TBA TBA March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBA TBD Stuck in the store ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Stuck in the Store is a Stuck in the Middle special that aired on Disney Channel on December 16 , 2016 , consisting of six 2 -- 4 - minute shorts . No . Title Original air date `` Operation : Mega Mart '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) As the Diaz family prepares to shop at Mega Mart , its store manager Rodney is keeping an eye on them as they have two strikes against them for past mischief . With a third strike , he can ban the family from the store and highlight them on the store 's wall of shame . If the children can avoid getting into trouble , Suzy and Tom are promising each of them a family - sized pizza . Harley develops a way to communicate with her siblings around the store , using Tom 's old cell phones which also serve as a source for live - streaming . `` Operation : Discount '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ethan disguises himself as a Mega Mart employee named Boris and helps an old lady carry a giant teddy bear for her grandniece 's birthday party . Meanwhile , Lewie and Beast are sampling some barbecue chicken tenders and each decide to sample one for Ethan . The twins get busted by Rodney for oversampling . Absent : Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz , Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz `` Operation : Cake '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Georgie tries an unsuccessful move to get lettuce for Harley which ends with her crashing into a box of pillows . Daphne sees a huge cake and decides to take ownership by sitting on it as part of her `` You butt it , you buy it . '' Rodney gets hold of both Georgie and Daphne . Absent : Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz , Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz `` Operation : Fame '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Rachel uses a store camera to broadcast herself across Mega Mart and to The Squad . Rodney sees her and attempts to grab the camera from her , but the camera breaks and Rodney rips his pants . It is the third strike Rodney was looking for to ban the Diaz family from Mega Mart . Absent : Isaak Presley as Ethan Diaz , Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz 5 `` Operation : Break Out '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Harley and Ethan , as Boris , organize an attempt to get their siblings out of confinement . They distract Rodney briefly , but he spots the Diaz children trying to escape . 6 `` Operation : Escape '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Harley makes one last effort to divert Rodney 's attention so the entire family can leave the store unscathed . Rodney catches up to them though and bans them . When Suzy confronts him about his customer relations , pointing out she was watching the children 's live streams as they were getting caught , Rodney retracts his ban . Harley and her siblings celebrate , only to realize they will not be getting any pizza because Suzy reminded them that she watched their live streams . This disappoints the children and Tom . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stuck in the Middle Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Stuck in the Middle '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Stuck in the Middle Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 5.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 5.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 7.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 7.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 7.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stuck in the Middle Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Jump up ^ `` Stuck in the Middle : Stuck in the Waterpark '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stuck in the Middle : Stuck in the Aqualympics '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 12.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ( hide ) Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Stuck_in_the_Middle_episodes&oldid=825556373 '' Categories : Lists of American children 's television series episodes Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Magyar Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 02 : 13 . About Wikipedia	who plays louie in stuck in the middle	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle [1][2]\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date [1][2]\nProd.\ncode [1][3]\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n1\n1\n\"Stuck in the Middle\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nStory by : Alison Brown\nTeleplay by : Alison Brown & Linda Videtti Figueiredo\nFebruary 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)\n101\n2.81[4]\n\n\n\nHarley struggles to get her siblings and parents to the park, where she is to receive a young inventor's award. She looks to Ethan for help and encouragement that they will make it to the park, but Georgie has a basketball game and Rachel is serving at a soup kitchen. Harley worries the basketball game will not finish on time. Rachel decides to spend time with her boyfriend Cuff after her volunteer work, despite her parents' admonitions. The Diaz family does eventually arrive at the park, though late for Harley's award.\nGuest stars: Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters, Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters, Brett Pierce as Cuff\n\n\n2\n2\n\"Stuck in the Sweet Seat\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nErika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy\nMarch 11, 2016 (2016-03-11)\n102\n1.64[5]\n\n\nIt is Harley's 13th birthday, but it seems no one remembers. Harley believes her parents will feel guilty about forgetting her special day, and decides to use that \"guilt\" to get the best seat in the family car as a present—the sweet seat, reserved for the oldest child, which is Rachel. To ensure she gets the sweet seat, and as soon as her siblings become aware of what day it is, Harley urges them to stay quiet about it for the rest of the day and distract Suzy and Tom from remembering. In trying to keep her birthday a secret, Harley endures demands from Daphne to keep quiet, as well as getting into trouble. Later that night, Georgie reminds Harley how precious celebrating birthdays with the family is becoming, as the older siblings will soon be leaving home. That prompts Harley to let go of her desire for the sweet seat and let the family know about her big day. As for that sweet seat, she can wait.\n\n\n3\n3\n\"Stuck with a Guy on the Couch\"\nDavid Kendall\nDenise Moss\nMarch 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)\n104\n1.67[6]\n\n\n\nWhen Suzy and Tom refuse to buy the children another tablet to replace the one they broke, Harley comes up with a plan to raise money for that tablet. She decides to rent the family couch to a stranger, picking up the idea from the Peters, who are renting a room in their house. With Ethan's help, she books an Asian music student, Bai Hsu, to stay in the Diaz home for two nights. Bai's accommodations are not exactly as he expects since the children are trying to keep Suzy and Tom from becoming suspicious. When Bai cannot sleep in the Diaz home on the second night, Harley brings him to her father's store, where he ends up sleeping by a raft. The next morning, Harley, Ethan and Georgie discover Bai and the raft are gone. Tom tells them he sold the raft to Bai, whom he recognized in selfies Rachel posted online. As Tom did not accept any additional money from Bai, Harley's effort to fund the new tablet falls short. Meanwhile, the younger children attempt to raise money themselves by promoting frog wrestling.\nGuest stars: Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters, Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters, Alex Shimizu as Bai Hsu, Kay Bess as Woman's Voice\n\n\n4\n4\n\"Stuck at the Movies\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nDavid McHugh & Matt Flanagan\nMarch 25, 2016 (2016-03-25)\n103\n1.73[7]\n\n\n\nWhile using her sure-fire way to get free stuff from companies through her \"feedback\" approach, Harley forgets she has a school science project due until her mother reminds her and wants to see that project. Meanwhile, Suzy is preoccupied with the family's Wi-Fi bill and complains to their provider, but when she follows Harley's system of company feedback by asking for free service and threatening cancellation, the Wi-Fi provider summarily cancels their service, which causes the children to become restless. To calm them down, Suzy and Tom decide to take the family to the movies. Harley figures she can come up with her project before the movie begins, while monitoring the seats she reserved for the family, but fails even after she manages to build something. The Diaz family ends up having a short stay at the theater as Suzy and Tom notice the movie they are watching is not G-rated. Harley finally settles on her project when Ethan shows her behind-the-scenes family moments he captured on his phone while at the theater; she builds a film projector so the family can watch those moments. It does help them pass the time without Wi-Fi service, which Suzy hopes to get restored.\nGuest star: Matt Webb as Usher\n\n\n5\n5\n\"Stuck in the Block Party\"\nDavid Kendall\nAllan Rice\nApril 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)\n105\n1.59[8]\n\n\n\nThe annual neighborhood block party is nearing, and Harley persuades her mother to let the family do the big activity for the event. To the shock of Ms. Peters, who is not keen on the seeing the Diaz family handle this responsibility, Suzy tells her the family is taking charge of the activity. Harley is left to come up with ideas and wants to do so undisturbed. She moves out of her bedroom and establishes her quiet space for thinking in a closet, leading Rachel and Georgie to fight for Harley's space in the bedroom. The quietude deeply affects Harley's creative mind, and the ideas she is able to muster lack any excitement. Harley realizes she needs the chaos from her siblings for inspiration. She tries to move back into her bedroom with Rachel and Georgie, but when her sisters disallow that, she has Daphne become their roommate. As Harley sees Daphne transport their sisters' stuff out the bedroom window, it inspires Harley to build a roller coaster for the block party.\nGuest stars: Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters, Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters\n\n\n6\n6\n\"Stuck in the Slushinator\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nLance Whinery\nApril 8, 2016 (2016-04-08)\n106\n1.64[9]\n\n\n\nAt 13, Harley has become old enough to work at her father's marina store and is eager to do so. However, Tom refuses to give her that opportunity, fearing disaster such as what he experienced with Rachel, Ethan and Georgie, so Harley tries to convince him for her chance and succeeds. She wants to add a slushy machine to the store, but after her father disapproves its $500 price tag, she unveils her cost-efficient alternative, the slushinator, powered by bicycles which she hires Lewie and Beast to pedal. It provides a boost to Tom's business, but the twins later decide they are done with slushy-making and want to do something else. After Harley gives the two incentive to return, the twins end up fighting, and their war is felt beyond the store. Harley eventually patches things up between the two. Though her slushinator is short-lived, her father commends her for not sinking his business and offers her the opportunity to continue working for him at the store. Meanwhile, Suzy wants the family to prepare for a church photo at the house, while Daphne takes care of what she believes is a cat. When it comes time for the photo, Daphne introduces the animal, which everyone discovers is actually a skunk.\nGuest star: Joel Steingold as Tony\n\n\n7\n7\n\"Stuck in the Mother's Day Gift\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nLinda Videtti Figueiredo\nApril 29, 2016 (2016-04-29)\n107\n1.53[10]\n\n\nEvery Mother's Day, Harley makes a gift for her mother, while her siblings simply step in to share credit for it without contributing. For this Mother's Day, though, Harley wants the others to come up with their own presents. All their gift ideas fall short of expectation, but Harley and Georgie's decision to get the family car professionally cleaned and detailed leads to panic when the car is not back in time. With her siblings' help, Harley tries to investigate what happened to it, only to come up empty. When Suzy also wants to know what happened to the car, the children take responsibility for its missing. It turns out the car is fine, just parked somewhere else near the house all cleaned up, and Suzy is pleasantly surprised by its makeover. In the end, Harley does not mind her siblings sharing the credit with her on this Mother's Day gift.\n\n\n8\n8\n\"Stuck in Harley's Comet\"\nPaul Hoen\nDenise Moss\nMay 13, 2016 (2016-05-13)\n108\n1.34[11]\n\n\n\nWith her three younger siblings at their grandmother's with Suzy and her older siblings having plans, Harley gets a rare opportunity to do something on her own in the house. After getting her father's permission, she decides to invite her friends over to an outdoor slumber party for a rare comet viewing. Ellie arrives early for the party, but Harley's sleepover plans do not go smoothly as she deals with Rachel getting grounded, as well as Ethan and Georgie getting tricked at an event for unique basketball shoes. Also, as Harley goes out her bedroom window with Ellie to prepare for the comet's arrival, before the other girls arrive, Ellie's fear of heights causes her to accidentally lock her and Harley out on the roof. Harley tries different ways to get them out of the predicament without her father knowing. One of those ideas ends up distorting the Diaz family's satellite dish, and since Tom was watching television, she gets caught and grounded. After Tom rescues the two girls, they witness the comet's passing.\nGuest stars: Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters, Farrah Mackenzie as Sweet Girl\nAbsent: Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz, Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz, Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz, Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz\n\n\n9\n9\n\"Stuck with Mom's New Friend\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nLinda Videtti Figueiredo\nMay 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)\n110\n1.41[12]\n\n\n\nWhile Tom is away at Georgie's basketball tournament, Suzy runs the marina store. It worries Harley because her mother is hanging around her too much at the store. Harley and Ethan soon discover that Suzy's lack of friends—including not staying in touch with her old ones—is causing her to cling a lot to the family, so the two use an online site to connect their mother with a new friend who also lives in Marshport. When they find one who is almost a perfect match, they are shocked that it is their own next door neighbor, Bethany Peters. As she and Suzy spend time together as friends, the Diaz children notice radical changes, such as healthy food, limited television time and no dangerous objects, none of which suits them. Attempting to return things to normal, Harley asks her mother to invite Ms. Peters to Daphne's school play. Thanks to Rachel's musical direction for the play with Daphne the center of attention, the play turns too wild for Bethany's taste and effectively ends her brief friendship with Suzy.\nGuest stars: Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters, Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters\nAbsent: Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz, Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz\n\n\n10\n10\n\"Stuck with My Sister's Boyfriend\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nDavid McHugh & Matt Flanagan\nJune 3, 2016 (2016-06-03)\n111\n1.55[13]\n\n\n\nWith school on break, Cuff is spending a lot of time at the Diaz house with Rachel, which also leads to his hanging with the twins. This overwhelms Harley because he is invading her personal stuff and Ethan because Lewie and Beast start thinking of Cuff as their older brother. Harley decides to find a job for Cuff, who winds up working at her father's marina store with her. Harley later tries to get him to quit by having him do a lot of unpleasant tasks around the store, but Cuff actually likes the work. When Rachel comes into the store to be with her boyfriend, he decides his job is more important, and it devastates Rachel. Cuff's absence at the house affects the twins as well, and Ethan struggles to be the awesome older brother again in their eyes. Seeing Rachel miserable prompts Harley to talk to Cuff about winning Rachel back. In showing Rachel how much he loves her, Cuff ends up getting fired by Tom for defacing store merchandise.\nGuest star: Brett Pierce as Cuff\nAbsent: Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz, Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz, Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz\n\n\n11\n11\n\"Stuck with a Winner\"\nLinda Mendoza\nJess Pineda\nJune 10, 2016 (2016-06-10)\n112\n1.32[14]\n\n\n\nWith Georgie in her sports off-season, outside of basketball, soccer and softball, Harley tries to involve her in another sport during the break. Knowing Georgie's tendency to score low when she plays, Harley gets her to try out for the golf team and invents a set of remote-controlled balls that will assure her a spot. When Georgie makes the team and starts feeling and acting like a winner, Harley tells her the truth about the golf balls and feels guilty about the cheating. Georgie eventually gives up on sports altogether and wants to become a regular teenage girl, but Harley reminds her how much the sports get the family involved, despite how bad she is. Meanwhile, Suzy challenges Rachel, Lewie, Beast and Daphne to cook dinner after they complain about her meals. After being successful with it once, Rachel and the twins are not thrilled with cooking all the time, so they prepare a less-than palatable meal to get out of it.\nGuest star: Jill Basey as Mrs. Sullivan\nAbsent: Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz\n\n\n12\n12\n\"Stuck with No Rules\"\nPaul Hoen\nErika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy\nJune 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)\n109\n1.30[15]\n\n\n\nWhile Harley is looking for parts for a snow machine she plans to build, her parents discover a gift certificate for a bed and breakfast trip, which Tom's parents gave to them but is nearly expired. Harley sees that as an opportunity for the two to get away for the weekend and suggests Rachel be in charge. It takes a lot of convincing for Suzy and Tom to believe their 16-year-old daughter is up to the job, but they go on their trip. Harley builds her snow machine and gives Rachel the opportunity to experience a ski vacation in the backyard; the two share a rare but brief sister bond, which ends when Rachel invites her friends over as well as Cuff. Lewie and Beast tackle a list of \"don'ts\" by doing everything forbidden on that list, while Ethan and Georgie wrestle with Daphne over the television remote. None of them know their parents are watching every minute of the action at the house through their tablet, and they occasionally call. When the house becomes a mess, and Suzy and Tom phone they are coming home, Harley looks to Rachel to take charge. With Rachel's leadership, the house gets clean in time.\nGuest star: Brett Pierce as Cuff\n\n\n13\n13\n\"Stuck in the Harley Car\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nAllan Rice\nJuly 18, 2016 (2016-07-18)\n114\n1.43[16]\n\n\n\nAhead of Marshport's tricentennial celebration, Harley invents a pedicab for Ethan's tour business. When the slushy machine breaks down at the marina store, and Harley needs money to replace a part, she teams up with Ethan. Harley's end of the business becomes a shuttle service and later expands into a daycare service. When Ethan finds out his tours were turned into babysitting rides, he quits and Harley continues solo. Although Harley is enjoying the money she is making from the pedicab venture, she misses her slushy business more and decides to fix the slushy machine. She turns the pedicab back over to Ethan for his tours, after which the two happen to spot singer Rachel Platten, the surprise celebrity guest for the tricentennial parade, who needs a ride to her float. Meanwhile, Georgie is selected to lead the parade by Mrs. Sullivan, who also helps get her in shape to walk the route, while Rachel and Daphne compete for Marshport queen. Georgie winds up directing the parade into the Diaz backyard.\nSpecial appearance by: Rachel Platten\nGuest stars: Jill Basey as Mrs. Sullivan, Eva Simone Fisher as Woman, Beau Dylan Hart as Kid 1, Toby Grey as Kid 2\nAbsent: Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz, Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz, Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz\n\n\n14\n14\n\"Stuck in Lockdown\"\nLinda Mendoza\nJulia Ahumada Grob & Bryan Larrivee\nJuly 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)\n113\n1.38[17]\n\n\n\nHarley's latest invention, an efficient laundry transport, leads to trouble. After Daphne uses the invention to transport herself downstairs and nearly gets hurt, she blames Harley when their mother checks on what happened. Suzy sends Harley to her room and puts her on \"lockdown\", the severest form of punishment in the Diaz family. With Harley confined to her bedroom, Tom has Rachel and Georgie work at his marina store, while Harley looks to get back at her younger sister for always getting her in trouble. When she sees Daphne doing something suspicious in the backyard, she elicits Ethan's help and sneaks out of her room. They are ready to bust Daphne as she sells her toys and other things to the neighbors, but when Harley finds out why, she realizes how much she has been neglecting her sister lately. Meanwhile, Rachel and Georgie are put on lockdown after Tom catches them throwing a party in the marina store. Harley manages to return to her bedroom, with her siblings' help, before her older sisters join her in confinement. When Suzy sees evidence suggesting Harley snuck out, Daphne blames Ethan, but Harley comes clean; Suzy adds Ethan to the lockdown. Daphne then gets herself in trouble to join her sisters and spend time with them. All the while, Lewie and Beast are on a week-long camping trip and manage to make it through one day before Suzy decides they have gotten into enough trouble and brings them home.\nAbsent: Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz, Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz\n\n\n15\n15\n\"Stuck without a Ride\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nLance Whinery\nJuly 20, 2016 (2016-07-20)\n115\n1.29[18]\n\n\n\nHarley needs to go to a music event in Boston, where an invention of hers is entered in a contest. Her mother is unable to drive her there, so she looks to Rachel, who has her learner's permit, and asks her to take the driving test to get her license. Suzy finds out Rachel's driving instructor, Phil, is someone she knew in high school. When Rachel fails her test, she and Harley wonder what happened in Phil and Suzy's past that may have influenced his grading. Harley arranges for Phil to come over to the house so he and Suzy can shed light on their time together. As for Rachel's driving test, it turns out Suzy is insecure about any of her children driving, so she asked Phil to fail her daughter even though Rachel had demonstrated to her mother that she is a good driver. Having been unfair to Rachel, Suzy asks Phil for a retest and he is able to schedule it before Harley's trip. Meanwhile, Ethan is doing a buddy cop film and casts Lewie and Beast as the cops. During the filming, the twins happen to tamper with Harley's invention; when Harley shows Phil her invention, it malfunctions and Phil gets further endangered by the twins for the final scene of the film. Suzy ends up driving the family to Boston.\nGuest star: Gabriel Tigerman as Phil\nAbsent: Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz, Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz, Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz\n\n\n16\n16\n\"Stuck in the Quinceañera\"\nErika Kaestle\nErika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy\nJuly 21, 2016 (2016-07-21)\n116\n1.49[19]\n\n\nGeorgie's 15th birthday is days away, but she wants to have a simple party rather than her quinceañera, as she does not like being the center of attention. Though Harley is motivated to use her new \"Harleycam\" invention for the event, she reminds Georgie about the significance of this special day in the life of a Latina and convinces her to change her mind. Harley gets the rest of the family involved with the planning, but Georgie later backs out, still feeling uncomfortable about the occasion. When the family lets Georgie decide how she wants to celebrate her special day, and whom to invite, she is back on board, with her quinceañera in the Diaz backyard. However, the threat from a hurricane forces the family to turn the occasion into a simple, private celebration inside the Diaz house. With Georgie's ankle getting hurt from the storm's first gusts, the quinceañera's traditional dance is in jeopardy of not occurring until Harley comes up with an idea.\n\n\n17\n17\n\"Stuck in the Diaz of Our Lives\"\nErika Kaestle\nLinda Videtti Figueiredo\nJuly 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)\n117\n2.06[20]\n\n\n\nHarley gets to appear on the television series Girl Power to highlight her accomplishments as an inventor. When Mischa and Ken, the two-person crew for the series, see Harley's large family, they decide to go a different route and feature the family in a reality series called The Diaz of Our Lives. As the crew gets to know the family through filming, they make multiple changes such that the Diazes become displeased with the direction of the series and want to quit. Mischa reminds them that they are under contract, but when Harley shows footage of the crew's plans, using the camera feature of her vacuum cleaner invention she first showcased on Girl Power, the crew calls off the reality series.\nGuest stars: Kim Shaw as Mischa, Paul Darrigo as Ken\n\n" ]	[ "Nicolas Bechtel" ]
4397830051614520730	Primary color	Primary color - wikipedia Primary color Jump to : navigation , search This article is about colors . For other uses , see Primary Colors . The emission spectra of the three phosphors that define the additive primary colors of a CRT color video display . Other electronic color display technologies ( LCD , Plasma display , OLED ) have analogous sets of primaries with different emission spectra . A set of primary colors is , most tangibly , a set of real physical pigmented media or colored lights that can be combined in varying amounts to produce a `` gamut '' of colors . This is the essential method used in applications that are intended to elicit the perception of diverse sets of color , e.g. electronic displays , color printing , and paintings . Perceptions associated with a given combination of primary colors are predicted by applying the appropriate mixing model ( additive , subtractive , additive averaging etc . ) that embodies the underlying physics of how light interacts with the media and ultimately the retina . Primary colors can also be conceptual , either as additive mathematical elements of a color space or as irreducible phenomenological categories in domains such as psychology and philosophy . Color - space primaries are precisely defined and empirically rooted in psychophysical color matching experiments which are foundational for understanding color vision . Primaries of some color spaces are complete ( that is , all visible colors are described in terms of their weighted sums with nonnegative weights ) but necessarily imaginary ( that is , there is no plausible way that those primary colors could be represented physically , or perceived ) . Describing primary colors from a phenomenological perspective is difficult to do succinctly , but phenomenological accounts , such as the psychological primaries , have led to practically useful insights . All sets of real and color - space primaries are arbitrary , in the sense that there is no one set of primaries that can be considered the canonical set . Primary pigments or light sources selected for a given application on the basis of subjective preferences as well as practical factors such as cost , stability , availability etc . Color - space primaries can be subjected to meaningful one - to - one transformations so that the transformed space is still complete and each color is specified with a unique sum . Elementary art education materials , dictionaries , and electronic search engines often define primary colors effectively as conceptual colors ( generally red , yellow , and blue ; or red , green , and blue ) that can be used to mix `` all '' other colors and often go further and suggest that these conceptual colors correspond to specific hues and precise wavelengths . Such sources do not present a coherent , consistent definition of primary colors since real primaries can not be complete . Contents ( hide ) 1 Additive mixing of light 2 Subtractive mixing of ink layers 3 Mixing paints in limited palettes 4 Color - space primaries 5 Psychological primaries 6 History 7 See also 8 References Additive mixing of light ( edit ) A photograph of the red , green , and blue elements ( subpixels ) of an LCD . Additive mixing explains how light from these colored elements can be used for photorealistic color image reproduction . The perception elicited by multiple light sources co-stimulating the same area of the retina is additive , i.e. , predicted via summing the spectral power distributions or tristimulus values of the individual light sources ( assuming a color matching context ) . For example , a purple spotlight on a dark background could be matched with coincident blue and red spotlights that are both dimmer than the purple spotlight . If the intensity of the purple spotlight was doubled it could be matched by doubling the intensities of both the red and blue spotlights that matched the original purple . The principles of additive color mixing are embodied in Grassmann 's laws . Additive mixing of coincident spot lights was applied in the experiments used to derive the CIE 1931 colorspace . The original monochromatic primaries of the ( arbitrary ) wavelengths of 435.8 nm ( violet ) , 546.1 nm ( green ) , and 700 nm ( red ) were used in this application due to the convenience they afforded to the experimental work . Red , green , and blue light are the ideal primaries for additive color mixing since primary lights with those hues provide the largest triangular chromaticity gamuts . Small red , green , and blue elements in electronic displays mix additively from an appropriate viewing distance to synthesize compelling colored images . The exact colors chosen for additive primaries are a technological compromise between the available phosphors ( including considerations such as cost and power usage ) and the need for large chromaticity gamut . The ITU - R BT. 709 - 5 / sRGB primaries are typical . Subtractive mixing of ink layers ( edit ) See also : CMYK color model A magnified representation of small partially overlapping spots of cyan , magenta , yellow , and key ( black ) halftones in CMYK process printing . Each row represents the pattern of partially overlapping ink `` rosettes '' so that the patterns would be perceived as blue , green , and red when viewed on white paper from a typical viewing distance . The overlapping ink layers mix subtractively while additive mixing predicts the color appearance from the light reflected from the rosettes and white paper in between them . The subtractive color mixing model predicts the spectral power distributions of light filtered through overlaid partially absorbing materials on a reflecting or transparent surface . Each layer partially absorbs some wavelengths of light from the illumination spectrum while letting others pass through multiplicatively , resulting in a colored appearance . Overlapping layers of ink in printing mix subtractively over reflecting white paper in this way to generate photorealistic color images . The typical number of inks in such a printing process ranges from 3 to 6 ( e.g. , CMYK process , Pantone hexachrome ) . In general , using fewer inks as primaries results in more economical printing but using more may result in better color reproduction . Cyan , magenta , and yellow are good subtractive primaries in that the spectral power distributions of light reflected from idealized inks can be combined for the largest chromaticity gamuts . An additional key ink ( shorthand for the key printing plate that impressed the artistic detail of an image , usually black ) is also usually used since it is difficult to mix a dark enough black ink using the other three inks . Before the color names cyan and magenta were in common use , these primaries were often known as blue and red , respectively , and their exact color has changed over time with access to new pigments and technologies . Mixing paints in limited palettes ( edit ) A self - portrait by Anders Zorn clearly showing a four pigment palette of what are thought to be white , yellow ochre , red vermilion and black pigments . The color of light ( i.e. , the spectral power distribution ) reflected from illuminated surfaces coated in paint mixes , slurries of pigment particles , is not well approximated by a subtractive or additive mixing model . Color predictions that incorporate light scattering effects of pigment particles and paint layer thickness require approaches based on the Kubleka -- Munk equations . Even such approaches can not predict the color of paint mixtures precisely since small variances in particle size distribution , impurity concentrations etc. can be difficult to measure but impart perceptible effects on the way light is reflected from the paint . Artists typically rely on mixing experience and `` recipes '' to mix desired colors from a small initial set of primaries and do not use mathematical modelling . There are hundreds of commercially available pigments for visual artists to use and mix ( in various media such as oil , watercolor , acrylic , and pastel ) . A common approach is to use just a limited palette of primary pigments ( often between four and eight ) that can be physically mixed to any color that the artist desires in the final work . There is no specific set of pigments that are primary colors , the choice of pigments depends entirely on the artist 's subjective preference of subject and style of art as well as material considerations like lightfastness and mixing heuristics . Contemporary classical realists have often advocated that a limited palette of white , red , yellow , and black pigment ( often described as the `` Zorn palette '' ) is sufficient for compelling work . A chromaticity diagram can illustrate the gamut of different choices of primaries , for example showing which colors are lost ( and gained ) if you use RGB for subtractive color mixing ( instead of CMY ) . Color - space primaries ( edit ) A contemporary description of the color vision system provides an understanding of primary colors that is consistent with modern color science . The human eye normally contains only three types of color photoreceptors , known as long - wavelength ( L ) , medium - wavelength ( M ) , and short - wavelength ( S ) cone cells . These photoreceptor types respond to different degrees across visible electromagnetic spectrum . The S cone response is generally assumed to be negligible at long wavelengths greater than about 560 nm while the L and M cones respond across the entire visible spectrum . The LMS primaries are imaginary since there is no visible wavelength that stimulates only one type of cone ( i.e. , humans can not normally see a color that corresponds to pure L , M or S stimulation ) . The LMS primaries are complete since every visible color can be mapped to a triplet specifying the coordinates in LMS color space . Normalized cone spectral sensitivity curves The L , M and S response curves ( cone fundamentals ) were deduced from color matching functions obtained from controlled color matching experiments ( e.g. , CIE 1931 ) where observers matched the color of a surface illuminated by monochromatic light with mixtures of three monochromatic primary lights illuminating a juxtaposed surface . Practical applications generally use a canonical linear transformation of LMS space known as CIEXYZ . The X , Y , and Z primaries are typically more useful since luminance ( Y ) is specified separately from a color 's chromaticity . Any color space primaries which can be mapped to physiologically relevant LMS primaries by a linear transformation are necessarily either imaginary or incomplete or both . The color - matching context is always three dimensional ( since LMS space is three dimensional ) but more general color appearance models like CIECAM02 describe color in six dimensions and can be used to predict how colors appear under different viewing conditions . Thus for trichromats like humans , we use three ( or more ) primaries for most general purposes . Two primaries would be unable to produce even some of the most common among the named colors . Adding a reasonable choice of third primary can drastically increase the available gamut , while adding a fourth or fifth may increase the gamut but typically not by as much . Most placental mammals other than primates have only two types of color photoreceptor and are therefore dichromats , so it is possible that certain combinations of just two primaries might cover some significant gamut relative to the range of their color perception . Meanwhile , birds and marsupials have four color photoreceptors in their eyes , and hence are tetrachromats . There is one scholarly report of a functional human tetrachromat . The presence of photoreceptor cell types in an organism 's eyes do not directly imply that they are being used to functionally perceive color . Measuring functional spectral discrimination in non-human animals is challenging due to the difficulty in performing psychophysical experiments on creatures with limited behavioral repertoires who can not respond using language . Limitations in the discriminative ability of shrimp having twelve distinct color photoreceptors have demonstrated that having more cell types in itself need not always correlate with better functional color vision . Psychological primaries ( edit ) Approximations within the sRGB gamut to the `` aim colors '' of the Natural Color System , a model based on the opponent process theory of color vision . Main article : Opponent process The opponent process is a color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner . The theory states that every color can be described as a mix along the three axes of red vs. green , blue vs. yellow and white vs. black . The six colors from the pairs might be called `` psychological primary colors '' , because any other color could be described in terms of some combination of these pairs . Although there is a great deal of evidence for opponency in the form of neural mechanisms , there is currently no clear mapping of the psychological primaries to neural substrates . The three axes of the psychological primaries were applied by Richard S. Hunter as the primaries for the colorspace ultimately known as CIELAB . The Natural Color System is also directly inspired by the psychological primaries . History ( edit ) There are numerous competing primary colour systems throughout history . Scholars and scientists engaged in debate over which hues best describe the primary color sensations of the eye . Thomas Young proposed red , green , and violet as the three primary colors , while James Clerk Maxwell favoured changing violet to blue . Hermann von Helmholtz proposed `` a slightly purplish red , a vegetation - green , slightly yellowish , and an ultramarine - blue '' as a trio . In modern understanding , human cone cells do not correspond precisely to a specific set of primary colors , as each cone type responds to a relatively broad range of wavelengths . See also ( edit ) Color vision References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beran , Ondrej ( 2014 ) . `` The Essence ( ? ) of Color , According to Wittgenstein '' . From the ALWS archives : A selection of papers from the International Wittgenstein Symposia in Kirchberg am Wechsel . Jump up ^ Bruce MacEvoy . `` Do ' Primary ' Colors Exist ? '' ( imaginary or imperfect primaries section ) . Handprint . Accessed 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , E. Bruce ; Brockmole , James ( 2016 ) . Sensation and Perception . Cengage Learning . p. 206 . ISBN 9781305888326 . Jump up ^ `` Color '' . www.nga.gov . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` primary color Definition of primary color in US English by Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries English . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of PRIMARY COLOR '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wolfram Alpha - Primary colors '' . www.wolframalpha.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Westland , Stephen ( 2016 ) . Handbook of Visual Display Technology Janglin Chen Springer ( PDF ) . Springer International Publishing . p. 162 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Reinhard , Erik ; Khan , Arif ; Akyuz , Ahmet ; Johnson , Garrett ( 2008 ) . Color imaging : fundamentals and applications . Wellesley , Mass : A.K. Peters . pp. 364 -- 365 . ISBN 9781568813448 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Hugh S. ; Brill , Michael H. ; Hemmendinger , Henry ( February 1997 ) . `` How the CIE 1931 color - matching functions were derived from Wright - Guild data '' . Color Research & Application. 22 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 23 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1520 - 6378 ( 199702 ) 22 : 1 < 11 : : AID - COL4 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 7 . Jump up ^ Thomas D. Rossing & Christopher J. Chiaverina ( 1999 ) . Light science : physics and the visual arts . Birkhäuser . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 98827 - 6 . Jump up ^ MacEvoy , Bruce . `` subtractive color mixing '' . Handprint . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Frank S. Henry ( 1917 ) . Printing for School and Shop : A Textbook for Printers ' Apprentices , Continuation Classes , and for General use in Schools . John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Ervin Sidney Ferry ( 1921 ) . General Physics and Its Application to Industry and Everyday Life . John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Nyholm , Arvid ( 1914 ) . `` Anders Zorn : The Artist and the Man '' . Fine Arts Journal . 31 ( 4 ) : 469 . doi : 10.2307 / 25587278 . Jump up ^ Kubelka , Paul ; Munk , Franz ( 1931 ) . `` An article on optics of paint layers '' ( PDF ) . Z . Tech . Phys. 12 : 593 -- 601 . Jump up ^ MacEvoy , Bruce . `` Mixing Green '' . Handprint . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruce , MacEvoy . `` The Artists ' `` Primaries '' `` . Handprint . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurney . `` The Zorn Palette '' . Gurney Journey . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Steven Westland , `` subtractive mixing -- why not RGB ? '' , October 4 , 2009 http://colourware.org/2009/10/04/subtractive-mixing-why-not-rgb/ Jump up ^ Stockman , Andrew ; Sharpe , Lindsay , T. ( 2006 ) . `` Physiologically - based colour matching functions '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the ISCC / CIE Expert Symposium ' 06 : 75 Years of the CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer : 13 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Best , Janet ( 2017 ) . Colour Design : Theories and Applications . p. 9 . ISBN 9780081018897 . Jump up ^ Jordan , G. ; Deeb , S.S. ; Bosten , J.M. ; Mollon , J.D. ( 20 July 2010 ) . `` The dimensionality of color vision in carriers of anomalous trichromacy '' . Journal of Vision . 10 ( 8 ) : 12 -- 12 . doi : 10.1167 / 10.8. 12 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jessica ( 23 January 2014 ) . `` Mantis shrimp 's super colour vision debunked '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2014.14578 . Jump up ^ Conway , Bevil R. ( 12 May 2009 ) . `` Color Vision , Cones , and Color - Coding in the Cortex '' . The Neuroscientist. 15 ( 3 ) : 274 -- 290 . doi : 10.1177 / 1073858408331369 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ; editors , Mohan Matthen , ( 2010 ) . Color ontology and color science ( New ed . ) . Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press . pp. 159 -- 162 . ISBN 9780262513753 . Jump up ^ Maffi , ed. by C.L. Hardin ( and ) Luisa ( 1997 ) . Color categories in thought and language ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 163 -- 192 . ISBN 978 - 0521498005 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Edward Albert Sharpey - Schäfer ( 1900 ) . Text - book of physiology. 2 . Y.J. Pentland . p. 1107 . Jump up ^ Alfred Daniell ( 1904 ) . A text book of the principles of physics . Macmillan and Co. p. 575 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the primary colours in visual arts	[]	[]
7990978570943986727	Urinary system	Urinary system - wikipedia Urinary system This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Urinary System 1 . Human urinary system : 2 . Kidney , 3 . Renal pelvis , 4 . Ureter , 5 . Urinary bladder , 6 . Urethra . ( Left side with frontal section ) 7 . Adrenal gland Vessels : 8 . Renal artery and vein , 9 . Inferior vena cava , 10 . Abdominal aorta , 11 . Common iliac artery and vein Transparent : 12 . Liver , 13 . Large intestine , 14 . Pelvis Urinary system in the male . Urine flows from the kidneys via the ureters into the bladder where it is stored . When urinating , urine flows through the urethra ( longer in males , shorter in females ) to exit the body Details Identifiers Latin Systema urinarium MeSH D014551 TA A08. 0.00. 000 FMA 7159 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The urinary system , also known as the renal system , consists of the kidneys , ureters , bladder , and the urethra . Each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons . The purpose of the renal system is to eliminate waste from the body , regulate blood volume and blood pressure , control levels of electrolytes and metabolites , and regulate blood pH . The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein . Following filtration of blood and further processing , wastes ( in the form of urine ) exit the kidney via the ureters , tubes made of smooth muscle fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder , where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination ( voiding ) . The female and male urinary system are very similar , differing only in the length of the urethra . Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood . The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder , where it is stored . During urination , the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body . 800 -- 2,000 milliliters ( mL ) of urine are normally produced every day in a healthy human . This amount varies according to fluid intake and kidney function . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Microanatomy 2 Function 2.1 Urine formation 2.1. 1 Regulation of concentration and volume 2.2 Urination 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and transport urine to the point of excretion . In the human urinary system there are two kidneys that are located between the dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum on both the left and right sides . The formation of urine begins within the functional unit of the kidney , the nephrons . Urine then flows through the nephrons , through a system of converging tubules called collecting ducts . These collecting ducts then join together to form the minor calyces , followed by the major calyces that ultimately join the renal pelvis . From here , urine continues its flow from the renal pelvis into the ureter , transporting urine into the urinary bladder . The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder . In males , the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder , continues through the external urethral orifice , and then becomes the prostatic , membranous , bulbar , and penile urethra . Urine exits through the external urethral meatus . The female urethra is much shorter , beginning at the bladder neck and terminating in the vaginal vestibule . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of the urinary system Microanatomy ( edit ) See also : Urothelium Under microscopy , the urinary system is covered in a unique lining called urothelium , a type of transitional epithelium . Unlike the epithelial lining of most organs , transitional epithelium can flatten and distend . Urothelium covers most of the urinary system , including the renal pelvis , ureters , and bladder . Function ( edit ) The main functions of the urinary system and it 's components are to Regulate blood volume and composition ( e.g. sodium , potassium and calcium ) Regulate blood pressure . Regulate pH homeostasis of the blood . Contributes to the production of red blood cells by the kidney . Helps synthesize calcitrol the ( active form of Vitamin D ) . Stores waste product ( mainly urea and uric acid ) before it and other products are removed from the body . Urine formation ( edit ) Average urine production in adult humans is about 1 -- 2 litres ( L ) per day , depending on state of hydration , activity level , environmental factors , weight , and the individual 's health . Producing too much or too little urine requires medical attention . Polyuria is a condition of excessive urine production ( > 2.5 L / day ) . Oliguria when < 400 mL ( millilitres ) are produced , and anuria one of < 100 mL per day . The first step in urine formation is the filtration of blood in the kidneys . In a healthy human the kidney receives between 12 and 30 % of cardiac output , but it averages about 20 % or about 1.25 L / min . The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron . Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium by filtering the blood , reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine . In the first part of the nephron , Bowman 's capsule filters blood from the circulatory system into the tubules . Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients facilitate filtration across a semipermeable membrane . The filtrate includes water , small molecules , and ions that easily pass through the filtration membrane . However larger molecules such as proteins and blood cells are prevented from passing through the filtration membrane . The amount of filtrate produced every minute is called the glomerular filtration rate or GFR and amounts to 180 litres per day . About 99 % of this filtrate is reabsorbed as it passes through the nephron and the remaining 1 % becomes urine . The urinary system is regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone , aldosterone , and parathyroid hormone . Regulation of concentration and volume ( edit ) The urinary system is under influence of the circulatory system , nervous system , and endocrine system . Aldosterone plays a central role in regulating blood pressure through its effects on the kidney . It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron and increases reabsorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate . Reabsorption of sodium results in retention of water , which increases blood pressure and blood volume . Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) , is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals . Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and vasoconstriction . Vasopressin regulates the body 's retention of water by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron . Vasopressin increases water permeability of the kidney 's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin - CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane . Urination ( edit ) Main article : Urination Urination is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body . In healthy humans ( and many other animals ) , the process of urination is under voluntary control . In infants , some elderly individuals , and those with neurological injury , urination may occur as an involuntary reflex . Physiologically , micturition involves coordination between the central , autonomic , and somatic nervous systems . Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center , periaqueductal gray , and the cerebral cortex . In placental mammals the male ejects urine through the penis , and the female through the vulva . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Urologic disease Urologic disease can involve congenital or acquired dysfunction of the urinary system . Diseases of the kidney tissue are normally treated by nephrologists , while disease of the urinary tract are treated by urologists . Gynecologists may also treat female urinary incontinence . Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function . For instance it has been shown that protein released by the kidneys in diabetes mellitus sensitises the kidney to the damaging effects of hypertension . Diabetes also can have a direct effect in urination due to peripheral neuropathies which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled diabetes . Urinary incontinence can result from a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles caused by factors such as pregnancy , childbirth , aging and being overweight . Pelvic floor exercises known as Kegel exercises can help in this condition by strengthening the pelvic floor . There can also be underlying medical reasons for urinary incontinence which are often treatable . In children the condition is called enuresis . Some cancers also target the urinary system , including bladder cancer , kidney cancer , uteral cancer , and urethral cancer . Due to the role and location of these organs , treatment is often complicated . See also ( edit ) Major systems of the human body Medicine portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C. Dugdale , David ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` Female urinary tract '' . MedLine Plus Medical Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Caldwell HK , Young WS III , Lajtha A , Lim R ( 2006 ) . `` Oxytocin and Vasopressin : Genetics and Behavioral Implications '' ( PDF ) . Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology : Neuroactive Proteins and Peptides ( 3rd ed . ) . Berlin : Springer . pp. 573 -- 607 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 30348 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nielsen S , Chou CL , Marples D , Christensen EI , Kishore BK , Knepper MA ( February 1995 ) . `` Vasopressin increases water permeability of kidney collecting duct by inducing translocation of aquaporin - CD water channels to plasma membrane '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 ( 4 ) : 1013 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.4. 1013 . PMC 42627 . PMID 7532304 . Jump up ^ Baba , T ; Murabayashi , S ; Tomiyama , T ; Takebe , K ( 1990 ) . `` Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with a rapid progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria and preserved renal function '' . The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine . 161 ( 4 ) : 311 -- 8 . doi : 10.1620 / tjem. 161.311 . PMID 2256104 . Jump up ^ `` Peripheral Neuropathy '' . Patient UK . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Human Physiology has a page on the topic of : The Urinary System The Wikibook Anatomy and Physiology of Animals has a page on the topic of : Urinary System Library resources about Urinary system Resources in your library Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans GND : 4023494 - 0 NDL : 00563231 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urinary_system&oldid=826597924 '' Categories : Urinary system Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 00 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which structure in the urinary system carries urine to the bladder	[ "Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body." ]	[ "ureters" ]
-6065577283976164125	Cape of Good Hope SPCA	Cape of Good Hope SPCA - Wikipedia Cape of Good Hope SPCA hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cape of Good Hope SPCA Founded 20 May 1872 ( 1872 - 05 - 20 ) Founder Mr Beebers Focus Animals Location Grassy Park , Cape Town , South Africa Region Western Cape CEO Allan Perrins Chairman Phil Snijman Patron Helen Zille Affiliations NSPCA Website capespca.co.za Established in 1872 , the Cape of Good Hope SPCA ( Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ) in Cape Town is the founding society of the SPCA movement in South Africa and is the oldest animal welfare organisation in the country . A registered non-profit organisation and Public Benefit Organisation , the society is affiliated to the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals ( RSPCA ) and are Executive Members of the National Council of SPCAs South Africa ( NSPCA ) , as well as a member of the World Animal Protection organization . Contents 1 History 2 Mobile Clinics 3 Charity Shop fire 2014 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The Cape of Good Hope SPCA was founded on 20 May 1872 , becoming the founder society of the SPCA movement and animal welfare in South Africa . Mobile clinics ( edit ) The Cape of Good Hope SPCA Mobile Clinic programme operates in informal settlements and impoverished communities around Cape Town , the mobile units provide primary veterinary care and educate owners about responsible pet care . Dipping , de-worming and vaccinating are among the vital services they provide . Animals in need of sterilisation -- and those that are ill or injured -- are transported to The Cape of Good Hope SPCA Animal Hospital for further treatment , and returned to their owners afterwards . On 24 August 2015 , the first Mobile Clinic operating in Gugulethu was launched . This was made possible by resident Thamsanqa Paliso , who approached Proportional Representation ( PR ) Councillor Constance Leputhing , of Ward 44 , to arrange with the Cape of Good Hope SPCA to launch the Mobile Clinic in the area . Charity shop fire 2014 ( edit ) On 14 November 2014 , the Cape of Good Hope SPCA Charity Shop burned down in what was a suspected arson attack . The fire could not be contained by fire - fighters , and subsequently the entire charity shop that consisted of three Wendy houses were destroyed . See also ( edit ) Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals National Council of SPCAs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SPCA CAPE OF GOOD HOPE - ACT FOR ANIMALS '' . spca-ct.co.za . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SPCA CAPE OF GOOD HOPE - ACT FOR ANIMALS '' . spca-ct.co.za . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dog clinic comes to their aid '' . News24 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Town SPCA charity shop gutted by fire '' . News24 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) capespca.co.za Cape of Good Hope SPCA on Facebook This article about an organisation in South Africa is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_of_Good_Hope_SPCA&oldid=839330309 '' Categories : Animal welfare organisations based in South Africa Organizations established in 1872 1872 establishments in the Cape Colony South African organisation stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from August 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 18 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when was the spca established in south africa	[ "Established in 1872, the Cape of Good Hope SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) in Cape Town is the founding society of the SPCA movement in South Africa and is the oldest animal welfare organisation in the country. A registered non-profit organisation and Public Benefit Organisation, the society is affiliated to the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals (RSPCA) and are Executive Members of the National Council of SPCAs South Africa (NSPCA), as well as a member of the World Animal Protection organization.[1]\n" ]	[ "1872" ]
-893099931725939831	A Question of Sport	A Question of Sport - wikipedia A Question of Sport Jump to : navigation , search For the spin - off video game , see A Question of Sport ( video game ) . A Question of Sport Genre Sports quiz show Created by Nick Hunter Presented by Current : Sue Barker ( 1997 - ) Former : Stuart Hall ( 1968 : Pilot ) David Vine ( 1970 - 1977 ) David Coleman ( 1979 - 1997 ) Starring Team Captains : Current : Matt Dawson ( 2004 - ) Phil Tufnell ( 2008 - ) Former : Cliff Morgan ( 1968 Pilot - 1975 ) Henry Cooper ( 1968 Pilot - 1979 ) Fred Trueman ( 1976 - 1977 ) Brendan Foster ( 1977 - 1979 ) Emlyn Hughes ( 1979 - 1981 , 1984 - 1988 ) Gareth Edwards ( 1979 - 1981 ) Willie Carson ( 1982 - 1983 ) Bill Beaumont ( 1982 - 1996 ) Ian Botham ( 1988 - 1996 ) John Parrott ( 1996 - 2002 ) Ally McCoist ( 1996 - 2007 ) Frankie Dettori ( 2002 - 2004 ) Theme music composer Richie Close Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 47 No. of episodes 1,171 + 1 pilot ( as of 22 November 2017 or Series 47 , Episode 13 ) Landmarks : 4 March 2013 : 1,000 th episode Production Location ( s ) Studios HQ1 and HQ2 on rotation , MediaCityUK Running time 30 minutes Release Original network BBC One First shown in 2 December 1968 ( 1968 - 12 - 02 ) Original release 5 January 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 05 ) -- present External links Website www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006t1s9 A Question of Sport is a British sports quiz show created by Nick Hunter for the BBC . The show centres on a light - hearted contest involving two teams of three sports stars , each with a regular resident team captain , competing for points by answering questions on their own and other sports over several sports - themed quiz rounds . Captains have also been playing sports - themed games alongside the quizzes in later series . The show premiered on BBC One in January 1970 , 13 months after Stuart Hall hosted a pilot episode , and was originally hosted by David Vine with Cliff Morgan and Henry Cooper serving as team captains . It took an 18 - month hiatus from June 1977 before relaunching in 1979 with David Coleman replacing Vine . It has been hosted since 1997 by former tennis star Sue Barker , with former England rugby player Matt Dawson and former England cricketer Phil Tufnell serving as captains since 2004 and 2008 respectively . On 8 January 2010 , the BBC broadcast a 40th anniversary special , where Barker , Dawson , and Tufnell were joined by Pat Cash , David Coulthard , Laura Davies , and Michael Johnson . Series 42 , episode 17 marked the 1,000 th episode where each captain was joined by two former captains . Tufnell was joined by Bill Beaumont and Ally McCoist , while Dawson was joined by Willie Carson and John Parrott -- with Tufnell 's side winning . With more than 45 series broadcast since its launch , A Question of Sport is one of the BBC 's longest - running shows . In a Christmas special broadcast in 2014 , the show was awarded a Guinness World Record for the world 's longest - running sports quiz show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Quiz format 2 Presenters and team members 3 Transmissions 4 Spin - offs 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Quiz format ( edit ) The rounds played include : Picture Board -- numbered squares reveal sports person for the contestant to identify Action Round -- contestants are asked questions about a montage of sporting action What Happened Next ? -- sports footage is halted at optimum moment and teams are asked what occurred thereafter . Observation Round -- sports action is shown and contestants are asked questions about details of what they have just seen , e.g. `` What colour hat was a certain person wearing ? '' or `` How many balls can you see in the following clip ? '' The footage for the latter question will be of many different events and all show balls , or whatever item has been asked Mystery Guest -- teams have to identify a sports star in unfamiliar circumstances and with unconventional camera angles . Home or Away -- contestants can answer a question on their own sport for one point ( ' home ' ) , or a question on any sport for two points ( `` away '' ) . Team captains always receive `` away '' questions . Captain 's Challenge -- the captains have a contest in different feats . One Minute Round -- teams are asked nine questions in 60 seconds On the Buzzer -- teams answer questions at quickfire pace ( this was only introduced in later years -- in the Vine and Coleman eras , the show would end with the remaining six Picture Board questions ) Sprint Finish - team captains act out up to 10 sporting terms in 60 seconds without using the words given Presenters and team members ( edit ) The show was hosted regionally in the North of England by Stuart Hall from 1968 , then nationally by David Vine from 1970 to 1977 , and then from 1979 until 1997 was anchored by veteran BBC sports commentator David Coleman , although Vine returned for part of one series in 1989 when illness forced Coleman to temporarily stand down from hosting duties . Coleman was also unavailable for two shows in 1996 , so one of the team captains , Bill Beaumont , sat in as host ( the only team captain to host the programme ) , while the rugby star Will Carling took Beaumont 's place as captain . In Coleman 's final series as host , ex-tennis star Sue Barker stood - in for a couple of shows including one at Christmas , a role that she continued after Coleman 's retirement . Many team captains have enjoyed stints on the show down the years , including : Over the years there have been several guest captains standing in for one of the regulars when they have other commitments . Following Ally McCoist 's departure , several guests , including Phil Tufnell , sat in the captain 's chair before Tuffnell was eventually selected as McCoist 's permanent replacement : Bobby Moore , footballer ( 1974 ) Bobby Charlton , footballer ( 1974 -- 75 ) John Barnes , footballer ( 1992 ) Roger Black , track and field athlete ( 1992 ) John Parrott , Snooker ( 1992 ) Ally McCoist , footballer ( 1996 ) Will Carling , rugby player ( 1996 ) Rob Wainwright , rugby player ( 1997 ) David Ginola , footballer ( 2000 ) Matthew Pinsent , rower ( 2003 ) Neil Ruddock , footballer ( 2004 ) Michael Owen , footballer ( 2004 ) David Seaman , footballer ( 2004 ) Jamie Redknapp , footballer ( 2007 ) Shane Warne , cricketer ( 2007 ) Darren Gough , cricketer ( 2007 ) Phil Tufnell , cricketer ( 2007 ) Ricky Hatton , boxer ( 2007 ) Dennis Taylor , snooker ( 2008 ) Gary Speed , footballer ( 2008 ) Graeme Swann , cricketer ( 2014 ) Michael Vaughan , cricketer ( 2014 ) Robbie Savage , footballer ( 2014 ) Greg Rutherford , track and field athlete ( 2015 ) Of these Barnes , Cooper , Charlton , Moore , Hughes , Beaumont , Carson , Botham , Parrott , McCoist , Dettori , Owen , Rutherford , Speed and Dawson were still active participants in their sport while appearing in the show . The others had retired . Sports stars often say they know they have ' made it ' when they are invited to appear on A Question Of Sport . The sports personality with most guest appearances is Steve Davis , who has appeared 18 times . There was also embarrassment for the show 's hostess , Sue Barker , many years before she took on the role of the show 's presenter . When she appeared as the Mystery Guest , captain Willie Carson incorrectly guessed that she was boxing champion Alan Minter , while the opposing captain , Bill Beaumont , thought she was footballer Ray Clemence . In 1987 , Princess Anne appeared as a guest on Emlyn Hughes ' team , just weeks after the ex-footballer had embarrassed himself by claiming a photo of her on a horse was jockey John Reid . The show achieved A Question of Sport 's highest ever ratings of approximately 19 million viewers . It was the first time a member of the royal family had appeared on a television quiz show . Anne 's daughter Zara Phillips also appeared on the show twice in 2006 , the latter for a Sport Relief edition . However , Hughes 's embarrassment would not be as bad as Ally McCoist or Shane Warne in 2007 . During the part of the show called Mystery Guest ( see Quiz Format ) , it was McCoist 's turn and he failed to realise it was his own boss at Rangers , Walter Smith , who was disguised . Also , in the 700th edition of the show , a compilation of Mystery Guests was shown as a special round . Here McCoist also failed to recognise himself as a showjumper from a clip some years previous . As for Warne , when the opposing team incorrectly guessed Venus Williams as the sports star shown , the answer was Serena Williams but Warne thought differently and thought it was Roger Federer , despite the two being different colours and gender . Another embarrassing moment for a team captain happened in 2003 , when during the Home or Away round where the captains had to guess an anagram , and Frankie Dettori did not recognize his own name . When this question was passed over to Ally McCoist , McCoist did not answer verbally but climbed onto the desk in front of him and copied Dettori 's famous flying dismount . Transmissions ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes Pilot 2 December 1968 5 January 1970 18 May 1970 20 11 January 1971 5 April 1971 13 20 March 1972 19 June 1972 14 8 January 1974 2 April 1974 13 5 10 July 1975 28 August 1975 8 6 3 May 1976 21 June 1976 8 7 18 April 1977 6 June 1977 8 8 8 January 1979 2 April 1979 13 9 7 January 1980 18 March 1980 11 10 27 February 1981 15 May 1981 12 11 5 January 1982 30 March 1982 13 12 12 January 1983 30 March 1983 11 13 29 December 1983 8 May 1984 14 14 31 December 1984 11 April 1985 14 15 5 December 1985 1 May 1986 21 16 11 December 1986 14 May 1987 21 17 3 December 1987 26 April 1988 20 18 25 October 1988 11 April 1989 24 19 24 October 1989 1 May 1990 26 20 23 October 1990 23 April 1991 26 21 15 October 1991 21 April 1992 26 22 27 October 1992 20 April 1993 26 23 19 October 1993 30 May 1994 28 24 11 October 1994 2 May 1995 26 25 20 October 1995 3 May 1996 27 26 1 October 1996 30 May 1997 29 27 7 October 1997 1 May 1998 26 28 4 November 1998 21 June 1999 27 29 6 September 1999 2 July 2000 30 30 16 October 2000 21 May 2001 32 31 5 September 2001 24 July 2002 29 32 18 October 2002 15 August 2003 31 33 3 October 2003 13 August 2004 42 34 17 September 2004 15 July 2005 41 35 10 September 2005 8 September 2006 42 36 15 September 2006 18 May 2007 34 37 15 September 2007 11 June 2008 36 38 5 September 2008 12 June 2009 37 39 2 October 2009 27 August 2010 33 40 29 November 2010 1 August 2011 30 41 8 August 2011 20 August 2012 44 42 1 September 2012 31 July 2013 34 43 21 October 2013 13 August 2014 30 44 20 August 2014 15 July 2015 31 45 12 August 2015 5 August 2016 36 46 24 August 2016 31 May 2017 36 47 16 August 2017 2018 36 97 episodes ( mainly ones from Series 1 -- 25 ) were wiped from the BBC archives . The episodes that survived in the archives are : Series 4 : Episodes 2 & 11 -- 12 Series 5 : Episodes 1 -- 2 & 8 Series 7 : Episode 8 Series 8 : Episodes 1 -- 5 , 7 -- 11 & 13 Series 9 : Episodes 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 7 & 9 -- 11 Series 10 : All 12 episodes Series 11 : All 13 episodes Series 12 : Episodes 1 , 4 -- 6 & 8 -- 11 Series 13 : Episodes 1 -- 8 , 10 -- 11 & 13 -- 14 Series 14 : Episodes 1 -- 5 , 7 , 9 -- 12 & 14 -- 15 Series 15 : All 20 episodes Series 16 : All 21 episodes Series 17 : Episodes 1 -- 16 & 18 -- 21 Series 18 : All 24 episodes Series 19 -- 21 & 24 : All 26 episodes Series 22 : Episodes 1 -- 7 , 9 , 12 -- 22 & 24 -- 25 Series 23 : Episodes 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 5 & 7 -- 28 Series 25 : Episodes 1 -- 18 & 20 -- 27 Spin - offs ( edit ) The A Question of Sport format has been applied to various other areas of knowledge . The following spin - off series were all made by the BBC : A Question of News , presented by Richard Baker , 1971 , Katharine Whitehorn and Brian Redhead were the team captains Series Start date End date Episodes 19 April 1971 24 May 1971 6 A Question of Entertainment , presented by Tom O'Connor , 1988 , Ken Dodd and Larry Grayson were the team captains Series Start date End date Episodes 24 April 1988 28 August 1988 18 A Question of Pop , presented by Jamie Theakston , 2000 -- 01 which used the same graphics and set as the Sport version but different colours . Noddy Holder ( Tony Hadley in episode 1 ) and Suggs were the team captains Series Start date End date Episodes 3 January 2000 8 April 2000 3 June 2000 9 28 December 2000 28 April 2001 28 July 2001 12 A Question of TV , presented by Gaby Roslin , 2001 , Lorraine Kelly and Rowland Rivron were the team captains Series Start date End date Episodes 5 July 2001 29 August 2001 8 A Question of Sport : Super Saturday with Jason Manford in 2014 on BBC One Roslin also hosted a one - off special , A Question of EastEnders , in 2000 . Another one - off special , `` A Question of Comedy '' was to have been aired on 16 March 2007 as a part of Comic Relief 2007 , but after a scandal involving contestant Jade Goody it was replaced with a special edition of Top Gear . A Question of Spit was a short segment aired in 1988 as part of the inaugural Red Nose Day telethon , featuring Daley Thompson , Barry McGuigan and Mike Gatting forming a team , with their opponents being their own Spitting Image puppets , captained by an Emlyn Hughes puppet . The quiz was hosted by the Spitting Image puppet of David Coleman , with the real Coleman and the puppet Steve Davis also making an appearance . On 21 March 2012 , One Media Radio 's Final Whistle produced a one off end of year special entitled , Final Quizzle : Final Whistle does A Question of Sport . Presented by Barry Landy , the show featured two teams consisting of Stuart Hodge , Rory Wilde , Phil Peacock , Steve Sanders , Ben Mouncer and Lewis Davies and included rounds such as ' Tiger 's Eighteen Holes ' and ' Whelan or Fortune ' . In November 2012 , One Media Radio 's Head of Sport Edmund Doc Crosthwaite confirmed that Final Quizzle would return for a one off Christmas special on 12 December 2012 . A Question of Sport Relief is a special version of the show usually presented by a guest presenter on Sport Relief night since 2002 . The 2002 , 2004 & 2006 versions were hosted by Stephen Fry. 2008 's version was hosted by Jimmy Carr after Fry had to pull out having broken his arm . BBC One Scotland aired a one - off A Question of Scotland as part of Children in Need 2008 , with Jackie Bird as quizmaster . The CBBC programme Dick and Dom In Da Bungalow made a parody called A Question of Muck as part of the creamy muck muck grand finale game . The CBBC programme The Saturday Show did a segment called A Question of Busted featuring the pop band Busted answering questions about themselves it was presented by Fearne Cotton who in each segment was dressed as Sue Barker . In popular culture ( edit ) The What Happened Next ? round was spoofed in an episode of A Bit of Fry & Laurie as David Coleman ( Fry ) asks Emlyn Hughes ( Laurie ) to guess what happened after the action stopped in the previous sketch . The host 's refusal to confirm whether the given answer is correct then leads into another round of the game , with the question of what happened following the original What Happened Next ? sketch . The show was one of many British TV shows reinterpreted by Chanel 9 , a recurring sketch on The Fast Show , where it was titled Questo Sporta and featured the mystery guest round . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1,000 th Episode '' . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport Studio '' . Jump up ^ `` 40th Anniversary Special '' . Jump up ^ `` As a Question of Sport hits 1,000 episodes , Sportsmail celebrates a national institution '' . Daily Mail . 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport : 1,000 th episode , BBC One , review '' . Daily Telegraph . 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport reaches its 1,000 th show -- but is it past its sell - by date ? '' . Guardian UK . 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1,000 episodes of A Question of Sport down : But ' What Happens Next ' for BBC favourite and can it last another 30 years ? '' . Mirror. 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport World Cup Edition '' . The Radio Times . 28 May 1970 . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport World Cup Edition '' . The Radio Times . 28 May 1970 . p. 23 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 11 January 1971 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 5 April 1971 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 20 March 1972 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 19 June 1972 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 8 January 1974 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 2 April 1974 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 10 July 1975 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 28 August 1975 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 3 May 1976 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 12 July 1976 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 18 April 1977 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 30 May 1977 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 8 January 1979 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 2 April 1979 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 7 January 1980 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 18 March 1980 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 27 February 1981 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 22 May 1981 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 5 January 1982 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 30 March 1982 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 12 January 1983 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 30 March 1983 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 29 December 1983 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 8 May 1984 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 31 December 1984 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 11 April 1985 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 5 December 1985 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 1 May 1986 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 11 December 1986 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 14 May 1987 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 3 December 1987 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 26 April 1988 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 25 October 1988 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 11 April 1989 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 24 October 1989 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 1 May 1990 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 23 October 1990 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 23 April 1991 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 15 October 1991 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 21 April 1992 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 27 October 1992 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 20 April 1993 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 19 October 1993 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 30 May 1994 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 11 October 1994 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 2 May 1995 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 11 October 1995 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Sport -- BBC One London -- 3 May 1996 '' . BBC Genome Project . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.lostshows.com/default.aspx?programme=bd58d4a8-306f-4001-8055-cc3cb056cdc3 Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d598747b81b24eceb4ae8ad6191d3f12 Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/198acb889ab146e68c728ee044d44ac6 External links ( edit ) A Question of Sport at BBC Programmes A Question of Sport on IMDb A Question of Sport at TV.com A Question of Sport at UKGameshows.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Question_of_Sport&oldid=811769009 '' Categories : 1968 British television programme debuts 1960s British television series 1970s British television series 1980s British television series 1990s British television series 2000s British television series 2010s British television series BBC panel games BBC television game shows British panel games British sports television series English - language television programs Lost BBC episodes Hidden categories : Use British English from July 2013 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who used to present a question of sport	[]	[]
5157846965686663318	Nile Delta	Nile delta - wikipedia Nile delta Coordinates : 30 ° 54 ′ N 31 ° 7 ′ E / 30.900 ° N 31.117 ° E / 30.900 ; 31.117 NASA satellite photograph of the Nile Delta ( shown in false color ) The Nile Delta at night as seen from the ISS in October 2010 . The Nile Delta ( Arabic : دلتا النيل ‎ Delta n - Nīl or simply الدلتا ed - Delta ) is the delta formed in Northern Egypt ( Lower Egypt ) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea . It is one of the world 's largest river deltas -- from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east , it covers 240 km ( 150 mi ) of Mediterranean coastline -- and is a rich agricultural region . From north to south the delta is approximately 160 km ( 99 mi ) in length . The Delta begins slightly down - river from Cairo . The Nile Delta is an area of the world that lacks detailed ground truth data and monitoring stations . Despite the economic importance of the Nile Delta , it could be considered as one of the most data - poor regions with respect to sea level rise . Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 Ancient branches of the Nile 3 Population 4 Wildlife 5 Climate 6 Sea level 7 Governorates 8 References 9 External links Geography ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nile River and Delta From north to south , the delta is approximately 160 km ( 99 mi ) in length . From west to east , it covers some 240 km ( 150 mi ) of coastline . The delta is sometimes divided into sections , with the Nile dividing into two main distributaries , the Damietta and the Rosetta , flowing into the Mediterranean at port cities with the same name . In the past , the delta had several distributaries , but these have been lost due to flood control , silting and changing relief . One such defunct distributary is Wadi Tumilat . The Suez Canal is east of the delta and enters the coastal Lake Manzala in the north - east of the delta . To the north - west are three other coastal lakes or lagoons : Lake Burullus , Lake Idku and Lake Mariout . The Nile is considered to be an `` arcuate '' delta ( arc - shaped ) , as it resembles a triangle or flower when seen from above . Some scholars such as Aristotle have written that the delta was constructed for agricultural purposes due to the drying of the region of Egypt . Although such an engineering feat would be considered equivalent to a wonder of the ancient world , there is insufficient evidence to determine conclusively whether the delta is man - made or was formed naturally . In modern day , the outer edges of the delta are eroding , and some coastal lagoons have seen increasing salinity levels as their connection to the Mediterranean Sea increases . Since the delta no longer receives an annual supply of nutrients and sediments from upstream due to the construction of the Aswan Dam , the soils of the floodplains have become poorer , and large amounts of fertilizers are now used . Topsoil in the delta can be as much as 21 m ( 70 ft ) in depth . History ( edit ) Ancient branches of the Nile , showing Wadi Tumilat , and the lakes east of the Delta People have lived in the Delta region for thousands of years , and it has been intensively farmed for at least the last five thousand years . The Delta used to flood annually , but this ended with the construction of the Aswan Dam . Ancient branches of the Nile ( edit ) The Nile delta at the time of Herodotus , according to James Rennell ( 1800 ) Records from ancient times ( such as by Pliny the Elder ) show that the delta had seven distributaries or branches , ( from east to west ) : the Pelusiac , the Tanitic ( or Saitic ) , the Mendesian , the Phatnitic ( or Phatmetic ) , the Sebennytic , the Bolbitine , and the Canopic ( also called the Herakleotic and the Agathodaemon ) There are now only two main branches , due to flood control , silting and changing relief : the Damietta ( corresponding to the Phatnitic ) to the east , and the Rosetta ( corresponding to the Bolbitine ) in the western part of the Delta . The Rosetta Stone was found in the Nile Delta in 1799 in the port city of Rosetta ( anglicized name of Rashid ) . The delta was a major constituent of Lower Egypt . There are many archaeological sites in and around the Nile Delta . Population ( edit ) Population density About 39 million people live in the Delta region . Outside of major cities , population density in the delta averages 1,000 / km ( 2,600 / sq mi ) or more . Alexandria is the largest city in the delta with an estimated population of more than 4.5 million . Other large cities in the delta include Shubra El Kheima , Port Said , El Mahalla El Kubra , Mansura , Tanta , and Zagazig . Wildlife ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Whiskered tern During autumn , parts of the Nile River are red with lotus flowers . The Lower Nile ( North ) and the Upper Nile ( South ) have plants that grow in abundance . The Upper Nile plant is the Egyptian lotus , and the Lower Nile plant is the Papyrus Sedge ( Cyperus papyrus ) , although it is not nearly as plentiful as it once was , and is becoming quite rare . Several hundred thousand water birds winter in the delta , including the world 's largest concentrations of little gulls and whiskered terns . Other birds making their homes in the delta include grey herons , Kentish plovers , shovelers , cormorants , egrets and ibises . Other animals found in the delta include frogs , turtles , tortoises , mongooses , and the Nile monitor . Nile crocodiles and hippopotamus , two animals which were widespread in the delta during antiquity , are no longer found there . Fish found in the delta include the flathead grey mullet and soles . Climate ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Climate of Egypt and northern coast of Egypt The Delta has a hot desert climate ( Köppen : BWh ) as the rest of Egypt , but its northernmost part , as is the case with the rest of the northern coast of Egypt which is the wettest region in the country , has relatively moderate temperatures , with highs usually not surpassing 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) in the summer . Only 100 -- 200 mm ( 4 -- 8 in ) of rain falls on the delta area during an average year , and most of this falls in the winter months . The delta experiences its hottest temperatures in July and August , with maximum average of 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) . Winter temperatures are normally in the range of 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) at nights to 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) in the daytime . With cooler temperatures and some rain , the Nile Delta region becomes quite humid during the winter months . Sea level ( edit ) This section possibly contains unsourced predictions , speculative material , or accounts of events that might not occur . Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources . Please help improve it by removing unsourced speculative content . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Furthermore , Egypt 's Mediterranean coastline is being swallowed up by the sea because of global warming and the rise of the sea level , and the lack of sediments being deposited since the construction of the Aswan Dam , in some places as much as 90 m ( 100 yd ) a year . As the polar ice caps melt , much of the northern delta , including the ancient port city of Alexandria , will disappear under the Mediterranean . Even a 30 cm ( 12 in ) rise in sea level will affect about 6.6 % of the total land cover area in the Nile Delta region ; At 1 m SLR , an estimated 887 thousand people will be at risk of flooding and displacement and about 100 km ( 40 sq mi ) of vegetation , 16 km ( 10 sq mi ) wetland , 402 km ( 160 sq mi ) cropland , and 47 km ( 20 sq mi ) of urban area land would be destroyed , flooding approximately 450 km ( 170 sq mi ) . The Nile Delta is turning into a salty wasteland by rising sea waters , forcing some farmers off their lands and others to import sand in a desperate bid to turn back the tide . Experts warn that global warming will have a major effect in the delta on agriculture resources , tourism and human migration besides shaking the region 's fragile ecosystems . Environmental damage to the Nile Delta is not yet one of Egypt 's priorities , but experts say if the situation continues to deteriorate , it will trigger massive food shortages which could turn seven million people into `` climate refugees '' by the end of the century if climate change remains unmitigated . In addition to the effect that the dams on the Nile have had on the delta , there has been a tremendous human effect internally with the rise of fisheries , the increased salt production , the building of roads , the heightened agricultural production , and the natural increase in human population in the region . Governorates ( edit ) Alexandria Beheira Kafr el Sheikh Gharbiya Minufiya Qalyubiya Dakahlia Damietta Sharqiyah Port Said Large cities located in the Nile Delta : Abusir Alexandria Avaris Bilbeis Bubastis Canopus Damanhur Desouk Damietta El Mahalla El Kubra Kafr El Sheikh Leontopolis Mendes Mit Abu El Kom Mansoura Naucratis Pelusium Port Said Rosetta Sais Tanis Tanta Zagazig References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hasan , E. ; Khan , S.I. ; Hong , Y. ( 2015 ) . `` Investigation of Potential Sea Level Rise Impact on the Nile Delta , Egypt Using Digital Elevation Models '' . Environmental Monitoring & Assessment . 187 ( 10 ) : 649 -- 663 . doi : 10.1007 / s10661 - 015 - 4868 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : John Cooper ( 30 September 2014 ) . The Medieval Nile : Route , Navigation , and Landscape in Islamic Egypt . The American University in Cairo Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 416 - 614 - 3 . Jump up ^ Holz , Robert K ( 1969 ) . Man - made landforms in the Nile delta . American Geographical Society . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ian . The Exodus Enigma ( 1985 ) , page 46 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . Jump up ^ e.g. at Callisthenes Alexander 1.31 . Jump up ^ e.g. in Ptolemy , Geography . Jump up ^ Hayes , W. ' Most Ancient Egypt ' , p. 87 , JNES , 23 ( 1964 ) , 73 - 114 . Jump up ^ Location of the site , Kafr Hassan Dawood On - Line , with map of early sites of the delta . Jump up ^ City Population website , citing Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics Egypt ( web ) , accessed 11 April 1908 . Jump up ^ `` Cyperus papyrus '' . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Global Warming Threatens Egypt 's Coastlines and the Nile Delta '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's Nile Delta falls prey to climate change '' . Jump up ^ `` Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change '' . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ El Banna , Mahmoud M. ; Frihy , Omran E. ( 2009 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Human - induced changes in the geomorphology of the northeastern coast of the Nile delta , Egypt '' . Geomorphology . Coastal vulnerability related to sea - level rise . 107 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 72 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. geomorph. 2007.06. 025 . External links ( edit ) Nile Delta . Ancient Egypt portal `` Nile Delta flooded savanna '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . `` The Nile Under Control '' -- 1937 article on controlling the flow of the Nile . Adaptationlearning.net : UN project for managing sea level rise risks in the Nile Delta Keyway.ca : show Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj Serengeti Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Ifriqiya Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Cape Peninsula False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - 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38 1939 - 54 1954 - present Parliament Population Postal Saladin Timekeeping devices By city Alexandria Cairo Port Said Geography Biota Cities Climate Deserts Earthquakes Environmental issues Fossils Geology Halfaya Pass Islands Lakes Mountains Mount Sinai Nile Delta Northern coast Qattara Depression Red Sea Riviera Rivers Nile Sinai Peninsula Suez Canal Towns and villages Wadis Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Governorates Postal codes Civil Code Conflicts Conscription Constitution Elections Foreign relations Missions Islamic extremism Judiciary Law enforcement Massacres Military Supreme Council Nationality law Parliament Passport Political parties President list Prime Minister list Proposed new capital Refugees of the Syrian Civil War Terrorism Terrorism and tourism Twin towns and sister cities Economy Agriculture Banking National Bank Companies Economic regions Egyptian stock exchange Egyptian pound Energy Entrepreneurship policies Fishing Impact on the environment Lighthouses Military industry Mining Mines Nuclear program Power stations Aswan Dam Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces Tallest buildings Telecommunications Internet Tourism Cultural tourism Transport Airlines Airports Railway stations Water supply and sanitation Water resources management Society General Abortion Animal welfare Billionaires Cannabis Capital punishment Censuses Corruption Crime Human trafficking Mass sexual assault Rape Demographics Diaspora Education Academic grading Law schools Medical schools Schools Universities Families Abaza family Feminism Gender inequality Health Healthcare Hospitals Homelessness Human rights Freedom of religion LGBT rights International rankings Languages Egyptian Arabic Sa'idi Arabic Sign Language Liberalism Literature Prostitution Religion Bahá'í Blasphemy law Christianity Catholic dioceses Coptic Churches Hinduism Identification card controversy Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Mosques Niqāb Judaism Synagogues Scientology Smoking Units of measurement Vehicle registration plates Women Culture Art Botanical gardens Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Beer Wine Films Flag list regions Football Football clubs Football stadiums Egyptians Media Magazines Newspapers Radio TV Museums Music National anthem Olympics Public holidays World Heritage Sites Portal WikiProject Commons GND : 4042336 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile_Delta&oldid=866258775 '' Categories : Nile Delta Nile River deltas of Africa Landforms of Egypt Landforms of the Mediterranean Flooded grasslands and savannas Freshwater ecoregions of Africa Ecoregions of Egypt Eastern Mediterranean Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing predictions or speculation All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Limburgs مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 08 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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4669575957006805430	Northern Ireland	Northern Ireland - wikipedia Northern Ireland Jump to : navigation , search For the electoral constituency , see Northern Ireland ( European Parliament constituency ) . Northern Ireland Tuaisceart Éireann ( Irish ) Norlin Airlann ( Ulster Scots ) Location of Northern Ireland ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the United Kingdom ( green ) Status Country ( constituent unit ) Capital and largest city Belfast 54 ° 36 ′ N 5 ° 55 ′ W / 54.600 ° N 5.917 ° W / 54.600 ; - 5.917 Languages English Regional languages Irish Ulster - Scots Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 98.28 % White 1.06 % Asian 0.20 % Black 0.46 % other Sovereign state Legal jurisdiction United Kingdom Northern Ireland Government Consociational devolved legislature within unitary constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II First Minister Vacant Deputy First Minister Vacant Parliament of the United Kingdom Secretary of State James Brokenshire House of Commons 18 MPs ( of 650 ) Legislature Northern Ireland Assembly Devolution Government of Ireland Act 3 May 1921 Constitution Act 18 July 1973 Northern Ireland Act 17 July 1974 Northern Ireland Act 19 November 1998 Area Total 14,130 km ( 5,460 sq mi ) Population 2017 estimate 1,870,451 2011 census 1,810,863 Density 132 / km ( 341.9 / sq mi ) GVA 2015 estimate Total £ 34 billion Per capita £ 18,584 GDP ( PPP ) 2014 estimate Total € 41 billion Per capita € 22,400 GDP ( nominal ) 2014 estimate Total € 42 billion Per capita € 23,400 Currency Pound sterling ( GBP ; £ ) Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ⁠ ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the left Calling code + 44 ISO 3166 code GB - NIR The official flag of Northern Ireland is the Union Jack de jure . However , the Ulster Banner was used by the Parliament of Northern Ireland from 1953 to 1973 and is still used by some organisations and entities , and is seen as the unofficial flag of the region by unionists but its use is controversial . See Flag of Northern Ireland for more . ^ Northern Ireland has no official language . English serves as the de facto language of government and diplomacy and has been established through precedent . Irish and Ulster Scots are officially recognised by Her Majesty 's Government as minority languages . ^ + 44 is always followed by 28 when calling landlines . The code is 028 within the UK and 048 from the Republic of Ireland where it is treated as a local call . Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann ( ˈt̪ɣuəʃcəɾɣt̪ɣ ˈeːɾjən̪ɣ ) ( listen ) ; Ulster - Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north - east of the island of Ireland , variously described as a country , province or region . Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30 % of the island 's total population and about 3 % of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in some areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to `` put forward views and proposals '' with `` determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments '' . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland David Trimble called a `` cold house '' for Catholics . In the late 1960s , conflict between state forces and chiefly Protestant unionists on the one hand , and chiefly Catholic nationalists on the other , erupted into three decades of violence known as the Troubles , which claimed over 3,500 lives and caused over 50,000 casualties . The 1998 Good Friday Agreement was a major step in the peace process , including the decommissioning of weapons , although sectarianism and religious segregation still remain major social problems , and sporadic violence has continued . Northern Ireland has historically been the most industrialised region of Ireland . After declining as a result of the political and social turmoil of the Troubles , its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s . The initial growth came from the `` peace dividend '' and the links which increased trade with the Republic of Ireland , continuing with a significant increase in tourism , investment and business from around the world . Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at 17.2 % in 1986 , dropping to 6.1 % for June -- August 2014 and down by 1.2 percentage points over the year , similar to the UK figure of 6.2 % . 58.2 % of those unemployed had been unemployed for over a year . Prominent artists and sportspeople from Northern Ireland include Van Morrison , Rory McIlroy , Joey Dunlop , Wayne McCullough and George Best . Some people from Northern Ireland prefer to identify as Irish ( e.g. , poet Seamus Heaney and actor Liam Neeson ) while others prefer to identify as British ( e.g. actor Kenneth Branagh ) . Cultural links between Northern Ireland , the rest of Ireland , and the rest of the UK are complex , with Northern Ireland sharing both the culture of Ireland and the culture of the United Kingdom . In many sports , the island of Ireland fields a single team , a notable exception being association football . Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games , and people from Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Partition of Ireland 1.2 Northern Ireland 1.2. 1 The Troubles 1.2. 2 Peace process 2 Politics 2.1 Background 2.2 Governance 2.3 Descriptions 2.4 Alternative names 2.4. 1 Unionist 2.4. 2 Nationalist 2.4. 3 Other 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Counties 4 Economy 5 Transportation 6 Demographics 6.1 Religion 6.2 Citizenship and identity 6.3 Languages 6.3. 1 English 6.3. 2 Irish 6.3. 3 Ulster Scots 6.3. 4 Sign languages 7 Culture 7.1 Symbols 8 Sport 8.1 Field sports 8.1. 1 Association football 8.1. 2 Rugby union 8.1. 3 Cricket 8.1. 4 Gaelic games 8.2 Golf 8.3 Snooker 8.4 Motor sports 8.5 Rugby league 8.6 Professional wrestling 9 Education 10 Wildlife 11 Media and communications 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History See also : History of Ireland and Ulster § History Cannon on Derry 's city walls The region that is now Northern Ireland was the bedrock of the Irish war of resistance against English programmes of colonialism in the late 16th century . The English - controlled Kingdom of Ireland had been declared by the English king Henry VIII in 1542 , but Irish resistance made English control fragmentary . Following Irish defeat at the Battle of Kinsale , though , the region 's Gaelic , Roman Catholic aristocracy fled to continental Europe in 1607 and the region became subject to major programmes of colonialism by Protestant English ( mainly Anglican ) and Scottish ( mainly Presbyterian ) settlers . A rebellion in 1641 by Irish aristocrats against English rule resulted in a massacre of settlers in Ulster in the context of a war breaking out between England , Scotland and Ireland fuelled by religious intolerance in government . Victories by English forces in that war and further Protestant victories in the Williamite War in Ireland toward the close of the 17th century solidified Anglican rule in Ireland . In Northern Ireland , the victories of the Siege of Derry ( 1689 ) and the Battle of the Boyne ( 1690 ) in this latter war are still celebrated by some Protestants ( both Anglican and Presbyterian ) . Scrabo Tower , County Down Following the victory of 1691 , and contrary to the terms of the Treaty of Limerick , after the Pope who had been allied to William of Orange recognised James II as continuing king of Great Britain and Ireland in place of William , a series of penal laws was passed by the Anglican ruling class in Ireland . Their intention was to materially disadvantage the Catholic community and , to a lesser extent , the Presbyterian community . In the context of open institutional discrimination , the 18th century saw secret , militant societies develop in communities in the region and act on sectarian tensions in violent attacks . These events escalated at the end of the century following an event known as the Battle of the Diamond , which saw the supremacy of the Anglican and Presbyterian Peep o'Day Boys over the Catholic Defenders and leading to the formation of the Anglican Orange Order . A rebellion in 1798 led by the cross-community Belfast - based Society of the United Irishmen and inspired by the French Revolution sought to break the constitutional ties between Ireland and Britain and unite Irish people of all religions . Following this , in an attempt to quell sectarianism and force the removal of discriminatory laws ( and to prevent the spread of French - style republicanism to Ireland ) , the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain pushed for the two kingdoms to be merged . The new state , formed in 1801 , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , was governed from a single government and parliament based in London . Between 1717 and 1775 some 250,000 people from Ulster emigrated to the British North American colonies . It is estimated that there are more than 27 million Scotch - Irish Americans now living in the US . Partition of Ireland Main article : Partition of Ireland Signing of the Ulster Covenant in 1912 in opposition to Home Rule During the 19th century , legal reforms started in the late 18th century continued to remove statutory discrimination against Catholics , and progressive programmes enabled tenant farmers to buy land from landlords . By the close of the century , autonomy for Ireland within the United Kingdom , known as Home Rule , was regarded as highly likely . In 1912 , after decades of obstruction from the House of Lords , Home Rule became a near - certainty . A clash between the House of Commons and House of Lords over a controversial budget produced the Parliament Act 1911 , which enabled the veto of the Lords to be overturned . The House of Lords veto had been the unionists ' main guarantee that Home Rule would not be enacted , because the majority of members of the House of Lords were unionists . In response , opponents to Home Rule , from Conservative and Unionist Party leaders such as Bonar Law and Dublin - based barrister Sir Edward Carson to militant working class unionists in Ireland , threatened the use of violence . In 1914 , they smuggled thousands of rifles and rounds of ammunition from Imperial Germany for use by the Ulster Volunteers ( UVF ) , a paramilitary organisation opposed to the implementation of Home Rule . Unionists were in a minority in Ireland as a whole , but in the northern province of Ulster they were a very large majority in County Antrim and County Down , small majorities in County Armagh and County Londonderry and a substantial minority in the rest of the province . These four counties , as well as County Fermanagh and County Tyrone , would later constitute Northern Ireland . Most of the remaining 26 counties which later became the Republic of Ireland were overwhelmingly majority - nationalist . During the Home Rule Crisis the possibility was discussed of a `` temporary '' partition of these six counties from the rest of Ireland . In 1914 , the Third Home Rule Bill received Royal Assent as the Government of Ireland Act 1914 . However , its implementation was suspended before it came into effect because of the outbreak of the First World War , and the Amending Bill to partition Ireland was abandoned . The war was expected to last only a few weeks but in fact lasted four years . By the end of the war ( during which the 1916 Easter Rising had taken place ) , the Act was seen as unimplementable . Public opinion among nationalists had shifted during the war from a demand for home rule to one for full independence . In 1919 , David Lloyd George proposed a new bill be established by the cabinet 's Walter Long Committee on Ireland , which by adopting findings of his ( Lloyd George 's ) inconclusive 1917 - 18 Irish Convention would divide Ireland into two Home Rule areas : twenty - six counties being ruled from Dublin and six being ruled from Belfast . Straddling these two areas would be a shared Lord Lieutenant of Ireland who would appoint both governments and a Council of Ireland , which Lloyd George believed would evolve into an all - Ireland parliament . Events overtook the government . In the general election of 1918 , the pro-independence Sinn Féin won 73 of the 105 parliamentary seats in Ireland and unilaterally established the First Dáil , an extrajudicial parliament in Ireland . Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in 1921 under the terms of Lloyd George 's Government of Ireland Act 1920 during the Anglo - Irish War between Irish republican and British forces . The war ended on 6 December 1921 , with the signing of the Anglo - Irish Treaty , which created the Irish Free State . Under the terms of the treaty , Northern Ireland would become part of the Free State unless the government opted out by presenting an address to the king , although in practice partition remained in place . Northern Ireland Main article : History of Northern Ireland The Coat of Arms of Northern Ireland used between 1924 and 1973 Opening of Stormont in 1932 As expected , the Houses of the Parliament of Northern Ireland resolved on 7 December 1922 ( the day after the establishment of the Irish Free State ) to exercise its right to opt out of the Free State by making an address to the King . The text of the address was : Most Gracious Sovereign , We , your Majesty 's most dutiful and loyal subjects , the Senators and Commons of Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled , having learnt of the passing of the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 , being the Act of Parliament for the ratification of the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland , do , by this humble Address , pray your Majesty that the powers of the Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland . Shortly afterwards , the Boundary Commission was established to decide on the territorial boundaries between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland . Owing to the outbreak of civil war in the Free State , the work of the commission was delayed until 1925 . Leaders in Dublin expected a substantial reduction in the territory of Northern Ireland , with nationalist areas moving to the Free State . However the commission 's report recommended only that some small portions of land should be ceded from Northern Ireland to the Free State and even that a small amount of land should be ceded from the Free State to Northern Ireland . To prevent argument , this report was suppressed and , in exchange for a waiver to the Free State 's obligations to the UK 's public debt and the dissolution of the Council of Ireland ( sought by the Government of Northern Ireland ) , the initial six - county border was maintained with no changes . In June 1940 , to encourage the neutral Irish state to join with the Allies , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill indicated to the Taoiseach Éamon de Valera that the United Kingdom would push for Irish unity , but believing that Churchill could not deliver , de Valera declined the offer . The British did not inform the Government of Northern Ireland that they had made the offer to the Dublin government , and De Valera 's rejection was not publicised until 1970 . The Ireland Act 1949 gave the first legal guarantee that the region would not cease to be part of the United Kingdom without the consent of the Parliament of Northern Ireland . The Troubles Main article : The Troubles The Troubles , which started in the late 1960s , consisted of about thirty years of recurring acts of intense violence during which 3,254 people were killed with over 50,000 casualties . From 1969 to 2003 there were over 36,900 shooting incidents and over 16,200 bombings or attempted bombings associated with The Troubles . The conflict was caused by the disputed status of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom and the discrimination against the Irish nationalist minority by the dominant unionist majority . From 1967 to 1972 the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association ( NICRA ) , which modelled itself on the US civil rights movement , led a campaign of civil resistance to anti-Catholic discrimination in housing , employment , policing , and electoral procedures . The franchise for local government elections included only rate - payers and their spouses , and so excluded over a quarter of the electorate . While the majority of disenfranchised electors were Protestant , but Catholics were over-represented since they were poorer and had more adults still living in the family home . Responsibility for Troubles - related deaths between 1969 and 2001 NICRA 's campaign , seen by many unionists as an Irish republican front , and the violent reaction to it , proved to be a precursor to a more violent period . As early as 1969 , armed campaigns of paramilitary groups began , including the Provisional IRA campaign of 1969 -- 1997 which was aimed at the end of British rule in Northern Ireland and the creation of a United Ireland , and the Ulster Volunteer Force , formed in 1966 in response to the perceived erosion of both the British character and unionist domination of Northern Ireland . The state security forces -- the British Army and the police ( the Royal Ulster Constabulary ) -- were also involved in the violence . The British government 's position is that its forces were neutral in the conflict , trying to uphold law and order in Northern Ireland and the right of the people of Northern Ireland to democratic self - determination . Republicans regarded the state forces as combatants in the conflict , pointing to the collusion between the state forces and the loyalist paramilitaries as proof of this . The `` Ballast '' investigation by the Police Ombudsman has confirmed that British forces , and in particular the RUC , did collude with loyalist paramilitaries , were involved in murder , and did obstruct the course of justice when such claims had been investigated , although the extent to which such collusion occurred is still hotly disputed . As a consequence of the worsening security situation , autonomous regional government for Northern Ireland was suspended in 1972 . Alongside the violence , there was a political deadlock between the major political parties in Northern Ireland , including those who condemned violence , over the future status of Northern Ireland and the form of government there should be within Northern Ireland . In 1973 , Northern Ireland held a referendum to determine if it should remain in the United Kingdom , or be part of a united Ireland . The vote went heavily in favour ( 98.9 % ) of maintaining the status quo . Approximately 57.5 % of the total electorate voted in support , but only 1 % of Catholics voted following a boycott organised by the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) . Peace process Main article : Northern Ireland peace process The Troubles were brought to an uneasy end by a peace process which included the declaration of ceasefires by most paramilitary organisations and the complete decommissioning of their weapons , the reform of the police , and the corresponding withdrawal of army troops from the streets and from sensitive border areas such as South Armagh and Fermanagh , as agreed by the signatories to the Belfast Agreement ( commonly known as the `` Good Friday Agreement '' ) . This reiterated the long - held British position , which had never before been fully acknowledged by successive Irish governments , that Northern Ireland will remain within the United Kingdom until a majority of voters in Northern Ireland decides otherwise . The Constitution of Ireland was amended in 1999 to remove a claim of the `` Irish nation '' to sovereignty over the entire island ( in Article 2 ) , a claim qualified by an acknowledgement that Ireland could only exercise legal control over the territory formerly known as the Irish Free State . First Minister Ian Paisley ( DUP ) center , his deputy Martin McGuinness ( Sinn Féin ) left , and Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond right in 2008 . The new Articles 2 and 3 , added to the Constitution to replace the earlier articles , implicitly acknowledge that the status of Northern Ireland , and its relationships within the rest of the United Kingdom and with the Republic of Ireland , would only be changed with the agreement of a majority of voters in each jurisdiction . This aspect was also central to the Belfast Agreement which was signed in 1998 and ratified by referendums held simultaneously in both Northern Ireland and the Republic . At the same time , the British Government recognised for the first time , as part of the prospective , the so - called `` Irish dimension '' : the principle that the people of the island of Ireland as a whole have the right , without any outside interference , to solve the issues between North and South by mutual consent . The latter statement was key to winning support for the agreement from nationalists . It established a devolved power - sharing government within Northern Ireland , which must consist of both unionist and nationalist parties . These institutions were suspended by the British Government in 2002 after Police Service of Northern Ireland ( PSNI ) allegations of spying by people working for Sinn Féin at the Assembly ( Stormontgate ) . The resulting case against the accused Sinn Féin member collapsed . On 28 July 2005 , the Provisional IRA declared an end to its campaign and has since decommissioned what is thought to be all of its arsenal . This final act of decommissioning was performed in accordance with the Belfast Agreement of 1998 , and under the watch of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning and two external church witnesses . Many unionists , however , remain sceptical . The International Commission later confirmed that the main loyalist paramilitary groups , the UDA , UVF and the Red Hand Commando , had decommissioned what is thought to be all of their arsenals , witnessed by a former archbishop and a former top civil servant . Politicians elected to the Assembly at the 2003 Assembly election were called together on 15 May 2006 under the Northern Ireland Act 2006 for the purpose of electing a First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland and choosing the members of an Executive ( before 25 November 2006 ) as a preliminary step to the restoration of devolved government . Following the election held on 7 March 2007 , devolved government returned on 8 May 2007 with Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) leader Ian Paisley and Sinn Féin deputy leader Martin McGuinness taking office as First Minister and deputy First Minister , respectively . In its white paper on Brexit the United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the Belfast Agreement . With regard to Northern Ireland 's status , it said that the UK Government 's `` clearly - stated preference is to retain Northern Ireland 's current constitutional position : as part of the UK , but with strong links to Ireland '' . Politics Main article : Politics of Northern Ireland Background The main political divide in Northern Ireland is between unionists , who wish to see Northern Ireland continue as part of the United Kingdom , and nationalists , who wish to see Northern Ireland unified with the Republic of Ireland , independent from the United Kingdom . These two opposing views are linked to deeper cultural divisions . Unionists are predominantly Ulster Protestant , descendants of mainly Scottish , English , and Huguenot settlers as well as Gaels who converted to one of the Protestant denominations . Nationalists are overwhelmingly Catholic and descend from the population predating the settlement , with a minority from the Scottish Highlands as well as some converts from Protestantism . Discrimination against nationalists under the Stormont government ( 1921 -- 1972 ) gave rise to the civil rights movement in the 1960s . While some unionists argue that discrimination was not just due to religious or political bigotry , but also the result of more complex socio - economic , socio - political and geographical factors , its existence , and the manner in which nationalist anger at it was handled , were a major contributing factor to the Troubles . The political unrest went through its most violent phase between 1968 and 1994 . In 2007 , 36 % of the population defined themselves as unionist , 24 % as nationalist and 40 % defined themselves as neither . According to a 2015 opinion poll , 70 % express a long - term preference of the maintenance of Northern Ireland 's membership of the United Kingdom ( either directly ruled or with devolved government ) , while 14 % express a preference for membership of a united Ireland . This discrepancy can be explained by the overwhelming preference among Protestants to remain a part of the UK ( 93 % ) , while Catholic preferences are spread across a number of solutions to the constitutional question including remaining a part of the UK ( 47 % ) , a united Ireland ( 32 % ) , Northern Ireland becoming an independent state ( 4 % ) , and those who `` do n't know '' ( 16 % ) . Official voting figures , which reflect views on the `` national question '' along with issues of candidate , geography , personal loyalty and historic voting patterns , show 54 % of Northern Ireland voters vote for unionist parties , 42 % vote for nationalist parties and 4 % vote `` other '' . Opinion polls consistently show that the election results are not necessarily an indication of the electorate 's stance regarding the constitutional status of Northern Ireland . Most of the population of Northern Ireland are at least nominally Christian , mostly Roman Catholic and Protestant denominations . Many voters ( regardless of religious affiliation ) are attracted to unionism 's conservative policies , while other voters are instead attracted to the traditionally leftist Sinn Féin and SDLP and their respective party platforms for democratic socialism and social democracy . For the most part , Protestants feel a strong connection with Great Britain and wish for Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom . Many Catholics however , generally aspire to a United Ireland or are less certain about how to solve the constitutional question . In the 2015 survey by Northern Ireland Life and Times , 47 % of Northern Irish Catholics supported Northern Ireland remaining a part of the United Kingdom , either by direct rule ( 6 % ) or devolved government ( 41 % ) . Protestants have a slight majority in Northern Ireland , according to the latest Northern Ireland Census . The make - up of the Northern Ireland Assembly reflects the appeals of the various parties within the population . Of the 108 Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) , 56 are unionists and 40 are nationalists ( the remaining 12 are classified as `` other '' ) . Governance Main articles : Elections in Northern Ireland and Northern Ireland law Parliament Buildings at Stormont , Belfast , seat of the assembly . Since 1998 , Northern Ireland has had devolved government within the United Kingdom . The UK Government and UK Parliament are responsible for reserved and excepted matters . Reserved matters comprise listed policy areas ( such as civil aviation , units of measurement , and human genetics ) that Parliament may devolve to the Northern Ireland Assembly some time in the future . Excepted matters ( such as international relations , taxation and elections ) are never expected to be considered for devolution . On all other governmental matters , the Northern Ireland Executive together with the 108 - member Northern Ireland Assembly may legislate for and govern Northern Ireland . Devolution in Northern Ireland is dependent upon participation by members of the Northern Ireland executive in the North / South Ministerial Council , which co-ordinates areas of co-operation ( such as agriculture , education and health ) between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . Additionally , `` in recognition of the Irish Government 's special interest in Northern Ireland '' , the Government of Ireland and Government of the United Kingdom co-operate closely on non-devolved matters through the British - Irish Intergovernmental Conference . Elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly are by single transferable vote with six representatives ( Member of the Legislative Assembly , MLAs ) elected from 18 parliamentary constituencies . Eighteen representatives to the lower house of the UK parliament ( Members of Parliament , MPs ) are elected from the same constituencies using the first - past - the - post system . However , not all of these take their seats . Sinn Féin MPs , currently five , refuse to take the oath to serve the Queen that is required before MPs are allowed to take their seats . In addition , the upper house of the UK parliament , the House of Lords , currently has some 25 appointed members from Northern Ireland . Northern Ireland itself forms a single constituency for elections to the European Parliament . The Northern Ireland Office represents the UK government in Northern Ireland on reserved matters and represents Northern Ireland 's interests within the UK Government . Additionally , the Republic 's government also has the right to `` put forward views and proposals '' on non-devolved matters in relation to Northern Ireland . The Northern Ireland Office is led by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , who sits in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom . Northern Ireland is a distinct legal jurisdiction , separate from the two other jurisdictions in the United Kingdom ( England and Wales , and Scotland ) . Northern Ireland law developed from Irish law that existed before the partition of Ireland in 1921 . Northern Ireland is a common law jurisdiction and its common law is similar to that in England and Wales . However , there are important differences in law and procedure between Northern Ireland and England and Wales . The body of statute law affecting Northern Ireland reflects the history of Northern Ireland , including Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , the Northern Ireland Assembly , the former Parliament of Northern Ireland and the Parliament of Ireland , along with some Acts of the Parliament of England and of the Parliament of Great Britain that were extended to Ireland under Poynings ' Law between 1494 and 1782 . Descriptions There is no generally accepted term to describe what Northern Ireland is : province , region , country or something else . The choice of term can be controversial and can reveal the writer 's political preferences . This has been noted as a problem by several writers on Northern Ireland , with no generally recommended solution . Owing in part to the way in which the United Kingdom , and Northern Ireland , came into being , there is no legally defined term to describe what Northern Ireland ' is ' . There is also no uniform or guiding way to refer to Northern Ireland amongst the agencies of the UK government . For example , the websites of the Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the UK Statistics Authority describe the United Kingdom as being made up of four countries , one of these being Northern Ireland . Other pages on the same websites refer to Northern Ireland specifically as a `` province '' as do publications of the UK Statistics Authority . The website of the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency also refers to Northern Ireland as being a province as does the website of the Office of Public Sector Information and other agencies within Northern Ireland . Publications of HM Treasury and the Department of Finance and Personnel of the Northern Ireland Executive , on the other hand , describe Northern Ireland as being a `` region of the UK '' . The UK 's submission to the 2007 United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names defines the UK as being made up of two countries ( England and Scotland ) , one principality ( Wales ) and one province ( Northern Ireland ) . Unlike England , Scotland and Wales , Northern Ireland has no history of being an independent country or of being a nation in its own right . Some writers describe the United Kingdom as being made up of three countries and one province or point out the difficulties with calling Northern Ireland a country . Authors writing specifically about Northern Ireland dismiss the idea that Northern Ireland is a `` country '' in general terms , and draw contrasts in this respect with England , Scotland and Wales . Even for the period covering the first 50 years of Northern Ireland 's existence , the term country is considered inappropriate by some political scientists on the basis that many decisions were still made in London . The absence of a distinct nation of Northern Ireland , separate within the island of Ireland , is also pointed out as being a problem with using the term and is in contrast to England , Scotland , and Wales . Many commentators prefer to use the term `` province '' , although that is also not without problems . It can arouse irritation , particularly among nationalists , for whom the title province is properly reserved for the traditional province of Ulster , of which Northern Ireland comprises six out of nine counties . The BBC style guide is to refer to Northern Ireland as a province , and use of the term is common in literature and newspaper reports on Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom . Some authors have described the meaning of this term as being equivocal : referring to Northern Ireland as being a province both of the United Kingdom and of the traditional country of Ireland . `` Region '' is used by several UK government agencies and the European Union . Some authors choose this word but note that it is `` unsatisfactory '' . Northern Ireland can also be simply described as `` part of the UK '' , including by UK government offices . Alternative names Main article : Alternative names for Northern Ireland Many people inside and outside Northern Ireland use other names for Northern Ireland , depending on their point of view . Disagreement on names , and the reading of political symbolism into the use or non-use of a word , also attaches itself to some urban centres . The most notable example is whether Northern Ireland 's second city should be called `` Derry '' or `` Londonderry '' . Choice of language and nomenclature in Northern Ireland often reveals the cultural , ethnic and religious identity of the speaker . The first Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland , Seamus Mallon , was criticised by unionist politicians for calling the region the `` North of Ireland '' while Sinn Féin has been criticised in a Dublin newspaper for referring to the `` Six Counties '' . Those who do not belong to any group but lean towards one side often tend to use the language of that group . Supporters of unionism in the British media ( notably The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Express ) regularly call Northern Ireland `` Ulster '' . Some media outlets in the Republic use `` North of Ireland '' , `` the North '' , or ( less often ) the `` Six Counties '' . Government and cultural organisations in Northern Ireland often use the word `` Ulster '' in their title ; for example , the University of Ulster , the Ulster Museum , the Ulster Orchestra , and BBC Radio Ulster . Although some news bulletins since the 1990s have opted to avoid all contentious terms and use the official name , Northern Ireland , the term `` the North '' remains commonly used by broadcast media in the Republic . For Northern Ireland 's second largest city , broadcasting outlets which are unaligned to either community and broadcast to both use both names interchangeably , often starting a report with `` Londonderry '' and then using `` Derry '' in the rest of the report . However , within Northern Ireland , print media which are aligned to either ideology ( the Belfast Telegraph and News Letter are unionist in outlook while the Irish News is nationalist ) generally use their preferred term . British newspapers with unionist leanings , such as The Daily Telegraph , usually use unionist language . However the more left - wing Guardian recommends in its style guide using `` Derry '' and `` County Derry '' , and `` not Londonderry '' . The division in nomenclature is sometimes seen in the names of organisations associated with either side of the political divide , but there are exceptions . In Gaelic games , followed mainly by nationalists , the GAA county is `` Derry '' , but in sports followed mainly by unionists , clubs tend to avoid the use of `` Londonderry '' in favour of more precise locales ( Glendermott Cricket Club ) or neutral terms ( Foyle Hockey Club ) . `` Derry '' is also used in the names of both the Church of Ireland and Roman Catholic dioceses , and by one of the largest Protestant fraternal societies , the Apprentice Boys of Derry . There is no agreement on how to decide on a name . When the nationalist - controlled local council voted to rename the city `` Derry '' , unionists objected , stating that as it owed its city status to a Royal Charter , only a charter issued by the Queen could change the name . The Queen has not intervened on the matter and thus the council is now called the Derry City Council while the city is still officially Londonderry . Nevertheless , the council has printed two sets of stationery -- one for each term -- and its policy is to reply to correspondence using whichever term the original sender used . Unionist Ulster , strictly speaking , refers to the province of Ulster , of which six of nine historical counties are in Northern Ireland . The term `` Ulster '' is widely used by unionists and the British press as shorthand for Northern Ireland , and is also favoured by Ulster nationalists . In the past , calls have been made for Northern Ireland 's name to be changed to Ulster . This proposal was formally considered by the Government of Northern Ireland in 1937 and by the UK Government in 1949 but no change was made . The Province refers to the historic Irish province of Ulster but today is used by some as shorthand for Northern Ireland . The BBC , in its editorial guidance for Reporting the United Kingdom , states that `` the Province '' is an appropriate secondary synonym for Northern Ireland , while `` Ulster '' is not . It also suggests that `` people of Northern Ireland '' is preferred to `` British '' or `` Irish '' , and the term `` mainland '' should be avoided in reference to Great Britain in relation to Northern Ireland . Nationalist North of Ireland -- used to avoid using the name given by the British - enacted Government of Ireland Act 1920 . The Six Counties ( na Sé Chontae ) -- the Republic of Ireland is similarly described as the Twenty - Six Counties . Some of the users of these terms contend that using the official name of the region would imply acceptance of the legitimacy of the Government of Ireland Act . The Occupied Six Counties -- used by some republicans . The Republic , whose legitimacy is similarly not recognised by republicans opposed to the Belfast Agreement , is described as the `` Free State '' , referring to the Irish Free State , which gained independence ( as a Dominion ) in 1922 . British - Occupied Ireland -- Similar in tone to the Occupied Six Counties , this term is used by more dogmatic republicans , such as Republican Sinn Féin , who still hold that the Second Dáil was the last legitimate government of Ireland and that all governments since have been foreign - imposed usurpations of Irish national self - determination . Other Norn Iron or `` Norniron '' -- is an informal and affectionate local nickname used by both nationalists and unionists to refer to Northern Ireland , derived from the pronunciation of the words `` Northern Ireland '' in an exaggerated Ulster accent ( particularly one from the greater Belfast area ) . The phrase is seen as a lighthearted way to refer to Northern Ireland , based as it is on regional pronunciation . It often refers to the Northern Ireland national football team . Geography and climate Main articles : Geography of Ireland and Geography of the United Kingdom Köppen climate types of Northern Ireland Lough Neagh Northern Ireland was covered by an ice sheet for most of the last ice age and on numerous previous occasions , the legacy of which can be seen in the extensive coverage of drumlins in Counties Fermanagh , Armagh , Antrim and particularly Down . The centrepiece of Northern Ireland 's geography is Lough Neagh , at 151 square miles ( 391 km ) the largest freshwater lake both on the island of Ireland and in the British Isles . A second extensive lake system is centred on Lower and Upper Lough Erne in Fermanagh . The largest island of Northern Ireland is Rathlin , off the north Antrim coast . Strangford Lough is the largest inlet in the British Isles , covering 150 km ( 58 sq mi ) . Hare 's Gap , Mourne Mountains There are substantial uplands in the Sperrin Mountains ( an extension of the Caledonian mountain belt ) with extensive gold deposits , granite Mourne Mountains and basalt Antrim Plateau , as well as smaller ranges in South Armagh and along the Fermanagh -- Tyrone border . None of the hills are especially high , with Slieve Donard in the dramatic Mournes reaching 850 metres ( 2,789 ft ) , Northern Ireland 's highest point . Belfast 's most prominent peak is Cavehill . The Giant 's Causeway , County Antrim The volcanic activity which created the Antrim Plateau also formed the eerily geometric pillars of the Giant 's Causeway on the north Antrim coast . Also in north Antrim are the Carrick - a-Rede Rope Bridge , Mussenden Temple and the Glens of Antrim . Marble Arch Caves The Lower and Upper River Bann , River Foyle and River Blackwater form extensive fertile lowlands , with excellent arable land also found in North and East Down , although much of the hill country is marginal and suitable largely for animal husbandry . The valley of the River Lagan is dominated by Belfast , whose metropolitan area includes over a third of the population of Northern Ireland , with heavy urbanisation and industrialisation along the Lagan Valley and both shores of Belfast Lough . The whole of Northern Ireland has a temperate maritime climate , rather wetter in the west than the east , although cloud cover is persistent across the region . The weather is unpredictable at all times of the year , and although the seasons are distinct , they are considerably less pronounced than in interior Europe or the eastern seaboard of North America . Average daytime maximums in Belfast are 6.5 ° C ( 43.7 ° F ) in January and 17.5 ° C ( 63.5 ° F ) in July . The highest maximum temperature recorded was 30.8 ° C ( 87.4 ° F ) at Knockarevan , near Garrison , County Fermanagh on 30 June 1976 and at Belfast on 12 July 1983 . The lowest minimum temperature recorded was − 18.7 ° C ( − 1.7 ° F ) at Castlederg , County Tyrone on 23 December 2010 . Counties Main article : Counties of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland consists of six historic counties : County Antrim , County Armagh , County Down , County Fermanagh , County Londonderry , County Tyrone . These counties are no longer used for local government purposes ; instead there are eleven districts of Northern Ireland which have different geographical extents . These were created in 2015 , replacing the twenty - six districts which previously existed . Mussenden Temple , County Londonderry Although counties are no longer used for local governmental purposes , they remain a popular means of describing where places are . They are officially used while applying for an Irish passport , which requires one to state one 's county of birth . The name of that county then appears in both Irish and English on the passport 's information page , as opposed to the town or city of birth on the United Kingdom passport . The Gaelic Athletic Association still uses the counties as its primary means of organisation and fields representative teams of each GAA county . The original system of car registration numbers largely based on counties still remains in use . In 2000 , the telephone numbering system was restructured into an 8 digit scheme with ( except for Belfast ) the first digit approximately reflecting the county . The county boundaries still appear on Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland Maps and the Phillips Street Atlases , among others . With their decline in official use , there is often confusion surrounding towns and cities which lie near county boundaries , such as Belfast and Lisburn , which are split between counties Down and Antrim ( the majorities of both cities , however , are in Antrim ) . Economy Main articles : Economy of Northern Ireland and Transport in Northern Ireland Goliath crane of Harland & Wolff in Belfast . Northern Ireland has traditionally had an industrial economy , most notably in shipbuilding , rope manufacture and textiles , but most heavy industry has since been replaced by services , primarily the public sector . Government subsidies account for 20 % of the economy 's revenue . Seventy percent of the economy 's revenue comes from the service sector . Apart from the public sector , another important service sector is tourism , which rose to account for over 1 % of the economy 's revenue in 2004 . Tourism has been a major growth area since the end of the Troubles . Key tourism attractions include the historic cities of Derry , Belfast and Armagh and the many castles in Northern Ireland . More recently , the economy has benefited from major investment by many large multi-national corporations into high tech industry . These large firms are attracted by government subsidies and the skilled workforce in Northern Ireland . The local economy has seen contraction during the Great Recession . In response , the Northern Ireland Assembly has sent trade missions abroad . The Executive wishes to gain taxation powers from London , to align Northern Ireland 's corporation tax rate with the unusually low rate of the Republic of Ireland . Transportation Main article : Transport in Northern Ireland An NIR C3K railcar Northern Ireland has underdeveloped transport infrastructure , with most infrastructure concentrated around Greater Belfast , Greater Derry and Craigavon . Northern Ireland is served by three airports -- Belfast International near Antrim , George Best Belfast City integrated into the railway network at Sydenham in East Belfast , and City of Derry in County Londonderry . Major sea ports at Larne and Belfast carry passengers and freight between Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Passenger railways are operated by Northern Ireland Railways . With Iarnród Éireann ( Irish Rail ) , Northern Ireland Railways co-operates in providing the joint Enterprise service between Dublin Connolly and Belfast Central . The whole of Ireland has a mainline railway network with a gauge of 5 ft 3 in ( 1,600 mm ) , which is unique in Europe and has resulted in distinct rolling stock designs . The only preserved line of this gauge is the Downpatrick and County Down Railway . Main railway lines linking to and from Belfast Great Victoria Street railway station and Belfast Central are : The Derry Line and the Portrush Branch . The Larne Line The Bangor Line The Portadown Line Main motorways are : M1 connecting Belfast to the south and west , ending in Dungannon M12 connecting the M1 to Portadown M2 connecting Belfast to the north . An unconnected section of the M2 also by - passes Ballymena M22 connecting the M2 to near Randalstown M3 connecting the M1 and M2 in Belfast with the A2 dual carriageway to Bangor M5 connecting Belfast to Newtownabbey The cross-border road connecting the ports of Larne in Northern Ireland and Rosslare Harbour in the Republic of Ireland is being upgraded as part of an EU - funded scheme . European route E01 runs from Larne through the island of Ireland , Spain and Portugal to Seville . Demographics Main articles : Demography of Northern Ireland , People of Northern Ireland , and Religion in Northern Ireland Religion in Northern Ireland -- 2011 Religion Percent Protestant 41.6 % Roman Catholic 40.8 % No religion / Not stated 16.9 % Non-Christian religions 0.8 % 2011 census : differences in proportions of those who are , or were brought up , either Catholic or Protestant / Other Christians The population of Northern Ireland has risen yearly since 1978 . The population in 2011 was 1.8 million , having grown 7.5 % over the previous decade from just under 1.7 million in 2001 . This constitutes just under 3 % of the population of the UK ( 62 million ) and just over 28 % of the population of the island of Ireland ( 6.3 million ) . The population of Northern Ireland is almost entirely white ( 98.2 % ) . In 2011 , 88.8 % of the population were born in Northern Ireland , with 4.5 % born in Britain , and 2.9 % born in the Republic of Ireland . 4.3 % were born elsewhere ; triple the amount there were in 2001 . Most are from Eastern Europe and Lithuania and Latvia . The largest non-white ethnic groups were Chinese ( 6,300 ) and Indian ( 6,200 ) . Black people of various origins made up 0.2 % of the 2011 population and people of mixed ethnicity made up 0.2 % . Religion At the 2011 census , 41.5 % of the population identified as Protestant / non-Roman Catholic Christian , the biggest of these denominations being the Presbyterian Church ( 19 % ) , the Church of Ireland ( 14 % ) and the Methodist Church ( 3 % ) , 41 % as Roman Catholic , and 0.8 % as non-Christian , while 17 % identified with no religion or did not state one . In terms of community background ( i.e. religion or religion brought up in ) , 48 % of the population came from a Protestant background , 45 % from a Catholic background , 0.9 % from non-Christian backgrounds , and 5.6 % from non-religious backgrounds . Cities and towns by population Belfast Derry # Settlement Population Metro population Lisburn Newry Belfast 276,705 579,726 Derry 83,652 90,663 Lisburn 71,403 Newtownabbey 62,022 5 Bangor 58,368 6 Greater Craigavon 57,651 7 Castlereagh 54,636 8 Ballymena 28,704 9 Newtownards 27,795 10 Newry 27,300 Citizenship and identity Further information : British nationality law and Irish nationality law Map of predominant national identity in the 2011 census In the 2011 census in Northern Ireland respondents gave their national identity as follows . National identity All Religious affiliation Catholic Protestant and other Christian Non - Christian None British 48.4 % 12.9 % 81.6 % 50.1 % 55.9 % Irish 28.4 % 57.2 % 3.9 % 12.4 % 14.0 % Northern Irish 29.4 % 30.7 % 26.9 % 18.0 % 35.2 % English , Scottish , or Welsh 1.6 % 0.8 % 1.5 % 2.9 % 5.2 % All other 3.4 % 4.4 % 1.0 % 29.1 % 7.1 % Several studies and surveys carried out between 1971 and 2006 have indicated that , in general , most Protestants in Northern Ireland see themselves primarily as British , whereas a majority of Roman Catholics regard themselves primarily as Irish . This does not however account for the complex identities within Northern Ireland , given that many of the population regard themselves as `` Ulster '' or `` Northern Irish '' , either as a primary or secondary identity . Overall , the Catholic population is somewhat more ethnically diverse than the more homogeneous Protestant population . 83.1 % of Protestants identified as `` British '' or with a British ethnic group ( English , Scottish , or Welsh ) in the 2011 Census , whereas only 3.9 % identified as `` Irish '' . Meanwhile , 13.7 % of Catholics identified as `` British '' or with a British ethnic group . A further 4.4 % identified as `` all other '' , which are largely immigrants , for example from Poland . A 2008 survey found that 57 % of Protestants described themselves as British , while 32 % identified as Northern Irish , 6 % as Ulster and 4 % as Irish . Compared to a similar survey carried out in 1998 , this shows a fall in the percentage of Protestants identifying as British and Ulster , and a rise in those identifying as Northern Irish . The 2008 survey found that 61 % of Catholics described themselves as Irish , with 25 % identifying as Northern Irish , 8 % as British and 1 % as Ulster . These figures were largely unchanged from the 1998 results . People born in Northern Ireland are , with some exceptions , deemed by UK law to be citizens of the United Kingdom . They are also , with similar exceptions , entitled to be citizens of Ireland . This entitlement was reaffirmed in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement between the British and Irish governments , which provides that : ... it is the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British , or both , as they may so choose , and accordingly ( the two governments ) confirm that their right to hold both British and Irish citizenship is accepted by both Governments and would not be affected by any future change in the status of Northern Ireland . Map of most commonly held passport As a result of the Agreement , the Constitution of the Republic of Ireland was amended . The current wording provides that people born in Northern Ireland are entitled to be Irish citizens on the same basis as people from any other part of the island . Neither government , however , extends its citizenship to all persons born in Northern Ireland . Both governments exclude some people born in Northern Ireland , in particular persons born without one parent who is a British or Irish citizen . The Irish restriction was given effect by the twenty - seventh amendment to the Irish Constitution in 2004 . The position in UK nationality law is that most of those born in Northern Ireland are UK nationals , whether or not they so choose . Renunciation of British citizenship requires the payment of a fee , currently £ 229 . In the 2011 census in Northern Ireland respondents stated that they held the following passports . Passport All usual residents Religion or religion brought up in Catholic Protestant and other Christian Other Religions None No passport 18.9 % 19.2 % 18.5 % 9.9 % 20.2 % United Kingdom 59.1 % 38.4 % 77.8 % 56.0 % 65.2 % Ireland 20.8 % 40.5 % 4.1 % 10.0 % 7.2 % Other 3.4 % 4.5 % 1.1 % 29.2 % 9.4 % Languages Main article : Languages of Northern Ireland Approximate boundaries of the current and historical English / Scots dialects in Ulster . South to north , the colour bands represent Hiberno - English , South - Ulster English , Mid-Ulster English and the three traditional Ulster Scots areas . The Irish - speaking Gaeltacht is not shown . English is spoken as a first language by almost all of the Northern Ireland population . It is the de facto official language and the Administration of Justice ( Language ) Act ( Ireland ) 1737 prohibits the use of languages other than English in legal proceedings . Under the Good Friday Agreement , Irish and Ulster Scots ( an Ulster dialect of the Scots language , sometimes known as Ullans ) , are recognised as `` part of the cultural wealth of Northern Ireland '' . Two all - island bodies for the promotion of these were created under the Agreement : Foras na Gaeilge , which promotes the Irish language , and the Ulster Scots Agency , which promotes the Ulster Scots dialect and culture . These operate separately under the aegis of the North / South Language Body , which reports to the North / South Ministerial Council . The British government in 2001 ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . Irish ( in Northern Ireland ) was specified under Part III of the Charter , with a range of specific undertakings in relation to education , translation of statutes , interaction with public authorities , the use of placenames , media access , support for cultural activities and other matters . A lower level of recognition was accorded to Ulster Scots , under Part II of the Charter . English Main article : Mid-Ulster English The dialect of English spoken in Northern Ireland shows influence from the lowland Scots language . There are supposedly some minute differences in pronunciation between Protestants and Catholics , the best known of which is the name of the letter h , which Protestants tend to pronounce as `` aitch '' , as in British English , and Catholics tend to pronounce as `` haitch '' , as in Hiberno - English . However , geography is a much more important determinant of dialect than religious background . Irish Percentage of people aged 3 + claiming to have some ability in Irish in the 2011 census Main articles : Irish language in Northern Ireland and Ulster Irish The Irish language ( Irish : an Ghaeilge ) , or Gaelic , is a native language of Ireland . It was spoken predominantly throughout what is now Northern Ireland before the Ulster Plantations in the 17th century and most place names in Northern Ireland are anglicised versions of a Gaelic name . Today , the language is often associated with Irish nationalism ( and thus with Catholics ) . However , in the 19th century , the language was seen as a common heritage , with Ulster Protestants playing a leading role in the Gaelic revival . In the 2011 census , 11 % of the population of Northern Ireland claimed `` some knowledge of Irish '' and 3.7 % reported being able to `` speak , read , write and understand '' Irish . In another survey , from 1999 , 1 % of respondents said they spoke it as their main language at home . The dialect spoken in Northern Ireland , Ulster Irish , has two main types , East Ulster Irish and Donegal Irish ( or West Ulster Irish ) , is the one closest to Scottish Gaelic ( which developed into a separate language from Irish Gaelic in the 17th century ) . Some words and phrases are shared with Scots Gaelic , and the dialects of east Ulster -- those of Rathlin Island and the Glens of Antrim -- were very similar to the dialect of Argyll , the part of Scotland nearest to Ireland . And those dialects of Armagh and Down were also very similar to the dialects of Galloway . Use of the Irish language in Northern Ireland today is politically sensitive . The erection by some district councils of bilingual street names in both English and Irish , invariably in predominantly nationalist districts , is resisted by unionists who claim that it creates a `` chill factor '' and thus harms community relationships . Efforts by members of the Northern Ireland Assembly to legislate for some official uses of the language have failed to achieve the required cross-community support , and the UK government has declined to legislate . There has recently been an increase in interest in the language among unionists in East Belfast . Ulster Scots Percentage of people aged 3 + claiming to have some ability in Ulster Scots in the 2011 census Main article : Ulster Scots dialects Ulster Scots comprises varieties of the Scots language spoken in Northern Ireland . For a native English speaker , `` ( Ulster Scots ) is comparatively accessible , and even at its most intense can be understood fairly easily with the help of a glossary . '' Along with the Irish language , the Good Friday Agreement recognised the dialect as part of Northern Ireland 's unique culture and the St Andrews Agreement recognised the need to `` enhance and develop the Ulster Scots language , heritage and culture '' . Approximately 2 % of the population claim to speak Ulster Scots . However , the number speaking it as their main language in their home is negligible , with only 0.9 % of 2011 census respondents claiming to be able to speak , read , write and understand Ulster - Scots . 8.1 % professed to have `` some ability '' however . Sign languages Main articles : Northern Ireland Sign Language , Irish Sign Language , and British Sign Language The most common sign language in Northern Ireland is Northern Ireland Sign Language ( NISL ) . However , because in the past Catholic families tended to send their deaf children to schools in Dublin where Irish Sign Language ( ISL ) is commonly used , ISL is still common among many older deaf people from Catholic families . Irish Sign Language ( ISL ) has some influence from the French family of sign language , which includes American Sign Language ( ASL ) . NISL takes a large component from the British family of sign language ( which also includes Auslan ) with many borrowings from ASL . It is described as being related to Irish Sign Language at the syntactic level while much of the lexicon is based on British Sign Language ( BSL ) and American Sign Language . As of March 2004 the British Government recognises only British Sign Language and Irish Sign Language as the official sign languages used in Northern Ireland . Culture Main article : Culture of Northern Ireland An Orange march Northern Ireland shares both the culture of Ireland and the culture of the United Kingdom . Those of Catholic background tend to identity more with Irish culture , and those of Protestant background more with British culture . This has caused the two communities to become pillarised . Parades are a prominent feature of Northern Ireland society , more so than in the rest of Ireland or in Britain . Most are held by Protestant fraternities such as the Orange Order , and Ulster loyalist marching bands . Each summer , during the `` marching season '' , these groups have hundreds of parades , deck streets with British flags , bunting and specially - made arches , and light large towering bonfires . The biggest parades are held on 12 July ( The Twelfth ) . There is often tension when these activities take place near Catholic neighbourhoods , which sometimes leads to violence . Since the end of the Troubles , Northern Ireland has witnessed rising numbers of tourists . Attractions include cultural festivals , musical and artistic traditions , countryside and geographical sites of interest , public houses , welcoming hospitality and sports ( especially golf and fishing ) . Since 1987 public houses have been allowed to open on Sundays , despite some opposition . The Ulster Cycle is a large body of prose and verse centring on the traditional heroes of the Ulaid in what is now eastern Ulster . This is one of the four major cycles of Irish mythology . The cycle centres on the reign of Conchobar mac Nessa , who is said to have been king of Ulster around the 1st century . He ruled from Emain Macha ( now Navan Fort near Armagh ) , and had a fierce rivalry with queen Medb and king Ailill of Connacht and their ally , Fergus mac Róich , former king of Ulster . The foremost hero of the cycle is Conchobar 's nephew Cúchulainn . Symbols See also : Northern Ireland flags issue The logo for the Northern Ireland assembly is based on the flower of the flax plant . The unionist Ulster Banner on the foreground , with a republican Irish flag in the background on the left , in Derry Northern Ireland comprises a patchwork of communities whose national loyalties are represented in some areas by flags flown from flagpoles or lamp posts . The Union Jack and the former Northern Ireland flag are flown in many loyalist areas , and the Tricolour , adopted by republicans as the flag of Ireland in 1916 , is flown in some republican areas . Even kerbstones in some areas are painted red - white - blue or green - white - orange , depending on whether local people express unionist / loyalist or nationalist / republican sympathies . The official flag is that of the state having sovereignty over the territory , i.e. the Union Flag . The former Northern Ireland flag , also known as the `` Ulster Banner '' or `` Red Hand Flag '' , is a banner derived from the coat of arms of the Government of Northern Ireland until 1972 . Since 1972 , it has had no official status . The Union Flag and the Ulster Banner are used exclusively by unionists . UK flags policy states that in Northern Ireland , `` The Ulster flag and the Cross of St Patrick have no official status and , under the Flags Regulations , are not permitted to be flown from Government Buildings . '' The Irish Rugby Football Union and the Church of Ireland have used the Saint Patrick 's Saltire or `` Cross of St Patrick '' . This red saltire on a white field was used to represent Ireland in the flag of the United Kingdom . It is still used by some British army regiments . Foreign flags are also found , such as the Palestinian flags in some nationalist areas and Israeli flags in some unionist areas . The United Kingdom national anthem of `` God Save the Queen '' is often played at state events in Northern Ireland . At the Commonwealth Games and some other sporting events , the Northern Ireland team uses the Ulster Banner as its flag -- notwithstanding its lack of official status -- and the Londonderry Air ( usually set to lyrics as Danny Boy ) , which also has no official status , as its national anthem . The national football team also uses the Ulster Banner as its flag but uses `` God Save The Queen '' as its anthem . Major Gaelic Athletic Association matches are opened by the Irish national anthem , `` Amhrán na bhFiann ( The Soldier 's Song ) '' , which is also used by most other all - Ireland sporting organisations . Since 1995 , the Ireland rugby union team has used a specially commissioned song , `` Ireland 's Call '' as the team 's anthem . The Irish national anthem is also played at Dublin home matches , being the anthem of the host country . Northern Irish murals have become well - known features of Northern Ireland , depicting past and present events and documenting peace and cultural diversity . Almost 2,000 murals have been documented in Northern Ireland since the 1970s . Sport Main article : Sport in Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland , sport is popular and important in the lives of many people . Sports tend to be organised on an all - Ireland basis , with a single team for the whole island . The most notable exception is association football , which has separate governing bodies for each jurisdiction . Field sports Association football George Best , Northern Irish international footballer and 1968 Ballon d'Or The Irish Football Association ( IFA ) serves as the organising body for association football in Northern Ireland , with the Northern Ireland Football League ( NIFL ) responsible for the independent administration of the three divisions of national domestic football , as well as the Northern Ireland Football League Cup . The highest level of competition within Northern Ireland are the NIFL Premiership and the NIFL Championship . However , many players from Northern Ireland compete with clubs in England and Scotland . NIFL clubs are semi-professional or Intermediate. NIFL Premiership clubs are also eligible to compete in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League with the league champions entering the Champions league second qualifying round and the 2nd placed league finisher , the European play - off winners and the Irish Cup winners entering the Europa League second qualifying round.No clubs have ever reached the group stage . Despite Northern Ireland 's small population , the national team qualified for the World Cup in 1958 , 1982 and 1986 , making it to the quarter - finals in 1958 and 1982 and made it the first knockout round in the European Championships in 2016 . Rugby Union The six counties of Northern Ireland are among the nine governed by the Ulster branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union , the governing body of rugby union in Ireland . Ulster is one of the four professional provincial teams in Ireland and competes in the Pro14 and European Cup . It won the European Cup in 1999 . In international competitions , the Ireland national rugby union team 's recent successes include four Triple Crowns between 2004 and 2009 and a Grand Slam in 2009 in the Six Nations Championship . Cricket Northern Ireland plays as the Ireland cricket team which represents both Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland . The Ireland Cricket team is a full member of the International Cricket Council , having been granted Test status and full membership ( along with Afghanistan ) by the ICC in June , 2017 . They are currently able to compete in Test cricket , the highest level of competitive cricket in the international arena and they are one of the twelve full - member countries under the ICC . Ireland is the current champion of the ICC Intercontinental Cup . One of Ireland 's regular international venues is Stormont in Belfast . Gaelic Games Gaelic games include Gaelic football , hurling ( and camogie ) , handball and rounders . Of the four , football is the most popular in Northern Ireland . Players play for local clubs with the best being selected for their county teams . The Ulster GAA is the branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association that is responsible for the nine counties of Ulster , which include the six of Northern Ireland . These nine county teams participate in the Ulster Senior Football Championship , Ulster Senior Hurling Championship , All - Ireland Senior Football Championship and All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship . Recent successes for Northern Ireland teams include Armagh 's 2002 All - Ireland Senior Football Championship win and Tyrone 's wins in 2003 , 2005 and 2008 . Golf Prominent Northern Irish golfer Rory McIlroy Perhaps Northern Ireland 's most notable successes in professional sport have come in golf . Northern Ireland has contributed more major champions in the modern era than any other European country , with three in the space of just 14 months from the US Open in 2010 to The Open Championship in 2011 . Notable golfers include Fred Daly ( winner of The Open in 1947 ) , Ryder Cup players Ronan Rafferty and David Feherty , leading European Tour professionals David Jones , Michael Hoey ( a winner on Tour in 2011 ) and Gareth Maybin , as well as three recent major winners Graeme McDowell ( winner of the US Open in 2010 , the first European to do so since 1970 ) , Rory McIlroy ( winner of four majors ) and Darren Clarke ( winner of The Open in 2011 ) . Northern Ireland has also contributed several players to the Great Britain and Ireland Walker Cup team , including Alan Dunbar and Paul Cutler who played on the victorious 2011 team in Scotland . The Golfing Union of Ireland , the governing body for men 's and boy 's amateur golf throughout Ireland and the oldest golfing union in the world , was founded in Belfast in 1891 . Northern Ireland 's golf courses include the Royal Belfast Golf Club ( the earliest , formed in 1881 ) , Royal Portrush Golf Club , which is the only course outside Great Britain to have hosted The Open Championship , and Royal County Down Golf Club ( Golf Digest magazine 's top - rated course outside the United States ) . Snooker Northern Ireland has produced two world snooker champions ; Alex Higgins , who won the title in 1972 and 1982 , and Dennis Taylor , who won in 1985 . The highest - ranked Northern Ireland professional on the world circuit presently is Mark Allen from Antrim . The sport is governed locally by the Northern Ireland Billiards and Snooker Association who run regular ranking tournaments and competitions . Motor sports Although Northern Ireland lacks an international automobile racecourse , two Northern Irish drivers have finished inside the top two of Formula One , with John Watson achieving the feat in 1982 and Eddie Irvine doing the same in 1999 . The largest course and the only MSA - licensed track for UK - wide competition is Kirkistown . Rugby League The Ireland national rugby league team has participated in the Emerging Nations Tournament ( 1995 ) , the Super League World Nines ( 1996 ) , the World Cup ( 2000 and 2008 ) , European Nations Cup ( since 2003 ) and Victory Cup ( 2004 ) . The Ireland A rugby league team compete annually in the Amateur Four Nations competition ( since 2002 ) and the St Patrick 's Day Challenge ( since 1995 ) . Professional Wrestling In 2007 , after the closure of UCW ( Ulster Championship Wrestling ) which was a wrestling promotion , PWU formed , standing for Pro Wrestling Ulster . The wrestling promotion features championships , former WWE superstars and local independent wrestlers . Events and IPPV 's throughout Northern Ireland . Education Main article : Education in Northern Ireland Queen 's University Belfast Unlike most areas of the United Kingdom , in the last year of primary school many children sit entrance examinations for grammar schools . Integrated schools , which attempt to ensure a balance in enrolment between pupils of Protestant , Roman Catholic and other faiths ( or none ) , are becoming increasingly popular , although Northern Ireland still has a primarily de facto religiously segregated education system . In the primary school sector , forty schools ( 8.9 % of the total number ) are integrated schools and thirty - two ( 7.2 % of the total number ) are Irish language - medium schools . The main universities in Northern Ireland are Queen 's University Belfast and Ulster University , and the distance learning Open University which has a regional office in Belfast . Wildlife Algae / seaweed. 356 species of marine algae have been recorded in the north - east of Ireland . As Counties Londonderry , Antrim and Down are the only three counties of Northern Ireland with a shoreline this will apply to all Northern Ireland . 77 species are considered rare having been recorded rarely . Media and Communications Broadcasting House , Belfast , home of BBC Northern Ireland The BBC has a division called BBC Northern Ireland with headquarters in Belfast . As well as broadcasting standard UK - wide programmes , BBC NI produces local content , including a news break - out called BBC Newsline . The ITV franchise in Northern Ireland is Ulster Television ( UTV ) . The state - owned Channel 4 and the privately owned Channel 5 also broadcast in Northern Ireland . Access is available to satellite and cable services . All Northern Ireland viewers must obtain a UK TV licence to watch live television transmissions . RTÉ , the national broadcaster of the Republic of Ireland , is available over the air to most parts of Northern Ireland via reception overspill and via satellite and cable . Since the digital TV switchover , RTÉ One , RTÉ2 and the Irish - language channel TG4 , are now available over the air on the UK 's Freeview system from transmitters within Northern Ireland . Although they are transmitted in standard definition , a Freeview HD box or television is required for reception . As well as the standard UK - wide radio stations from the BBC , Northern Ireland is home to many local radio stations , such as Cool FM , CityBeat , and Q102. 9 . The BBC has two regional radio stations which broadcast in Northern Ireland , BBC Radio Ulster and BBC Radio Foyle . The Belfast Telegraph is the leading newspaper , and UK and Irish national newspapers are also available . There is a range of local newspapers such as the News Letter and the Irish News . Northern Ireland uses the same telecommunications and postal services as the rest of the United Kingdom at standard domestic rates and there are no mobile roaming charges between Great Britain and Northern Ireland . People in Northern Ireland who live close to the border with the Republic of Ireland may inadvertently switch over to the Irish mobile networks , causing international roaming fees to be applied . Calls from landlines in Northern Ireland to numbers in the Republic of Ireland are charged at the same rate as those to numbers in Great Britain , while landline numbers in Northern Ireland can similarly be called from the Republic of Ireland at domestic rates , using the 048 prefix . See also Northern Ireland portal United Kingdom portal Outline of Northern Ireland Outline of the United Kingdom References Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Census 2011 Output '' . NISRAcensus /. 2011 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Countries of the UK '' . Office for National Statistics . Office for National Statistics ( United Kingdom ) . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population Clock Northern Ireland ( an assumption of population change after 30 June 2014 ) '' . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency ( NISRA ) . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency ( December 2012 ) . `` Census 2011 Key Statistics for Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Office for National Statistics . `` Regional gross value added ( income approach ) , UK : 1997 to 2015 , December 2015 '' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eurostat . `` Regional GDP -- GDP per capita in the EU in 2014 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Ian , Cullen , . `` Regional Gross Value Added ( Income Approach ) -- Office for National Statistics '' . Jump up ^ Tuaisceart Éireann . DFA.ie . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistic of the United Kingdom '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : S. Dunn ; H. Dawson ( 2000 ) , An Alphabetical Listing of Word , Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict , Lampeter : Edwin Mellen Press , One specific problem -- in both general and particular senses -- is to know what to call Northern Ireland itself : in the general sense , it is not a country , or a province , or a state -- although some refer to it contemptuously as a statelet : the least controversial word appears to be jurisdiction , but this might change . ^ Jump up to : J. Whyte ; G. FitzGerald ( 1991 ) , Interpreting Northern Ireland , Oxford : Oxford University Press , One problem must be adverted to in writing about Northern Ireland . This is the question of what name to give to the various geographical entities . These names can be controversial , with the choice often revealing one 's political preferences ... some refer to Northern Ireland as a ' province ' . That usage can arouse irritation particularly among nationalists , who claim the title ' province ' should be properly reserved to the four historic provinces of Ireland - Ulster , Leinster , Munster , and Connacht . If I want to a label to apply to Northern Ireland I shall call it a ' region ' . Unionists should find that title as acceptable as ' province ' : Northern Ireland appears as a region in the regional statistics of the United Kingdom published by the British government . ^ Jump up to : D. Murphy ( 1979 ) , A Place Apart , London : Penguin Books , Next -- what noun is appropriate to Northern Ireland ? ' Province ' wo n't do since one - third of the province is on the wrong side of the border . ' State ' implies more self - determination than Northern Ireland has ever had and ' country ' or ' nation ' are blatantly absurd . ' Colony ' has overtones that would be resented by both communities and ' statelet ' sounds too patronizing , though outsiders might consider it more precise than anything else ; so one is left with the unsatisfactory word ' region ' . Jump up ^ Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ; Government of Ireland ( 1998 ) , Northern Ireland Peace Agreement ( The Good Friday Agreement ) Jump up ^ `` Standing up for Northern Ireland '' . Ulster Unionist Party . Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Jenkin , 1997 , Rethinking ethnicity : arguments and explorations , SAGE Publications : London : `` In Northern Ireland the objectives of contemporary nationalists are the reunification of Ireland and the removal of British government . '' Jump up ^ Peter Dorey , 1995 , British politics since 1945 , Blackwell Publishers : Oxford : `` Just as some Nationalists have been prepared to use violence in order to secure Irish reunification , so some Unionists have been prepared to use violence in order to oppose it . '' Jump up ^ `` Strategy Framework Document : Reunification through Planned Integration : Sinn Féin 's All Ireland Agenda '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2006 . Sinn Féin . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Summaries : Constitutional Issues '' . Social Democratic and Labour Party . Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself ? '' . Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey . 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CAIN : Sutton Index of Deaths '' . Jump up ^ `` CAIN : Northern Ireland Society -- Security and Defence '' . Jump up ^ `` The troubles were over , but the killing continued . Some of the heirs to Ireland 's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance . '' Jack Holland : Hope against History : The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland . Henry Holt & Company , 1999 , p. 221 ; ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6087 - 1 Jump up ^ McCourt , Malachy ( 2004 ) . History of Ireland . New York : MJF Books , Fine Communications . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60671 - 037 - 1 . Jump up ^ Department of Enterprise , Trade , and Investment : Full Economic Overview , 15 October 2014 Archived 7 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Larry Elliott . `` UK unemployment rate falls to lowest level since 2008 financial crisis '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Bank holidays '' . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lundy 's Day : Thousands attend ' peaceful ' Londonderry parade '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Thernstrom , Stephan ( 1980 ) . Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups . Harvard University Press . p. 896 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 37512 - 2 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Born Fighting : How the Scots - Irish Shaped America '' . Powells.com. 12 August 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gwynn , Stephen ( 2009 ) ( 1923 ) . `` The birth of the Irish Free State '' . The History of Ireland . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 15514 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Colin ( 2002 ) . Devolution in Britain Today . Manchester University Press . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6076 - 1 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland became a distinct region of the United Kingdom , by Order in Council on 3 May 1921 ( Statutory Rules & Orders published by authority ( SR&O ) 1921 , No. 533 ) . Its constitutional roots remain the Act of Union , two complementary Acts , one passed by the Parliament of Great Britain , the other by the pre-1801 Parliament of Ireland . Jump up ^ Martin , Ged ( 1999 ) . `` The Origins of Partition '' . In Anderson , Malcolm ; Bort , Eberhard . The Irish Border : History , Politics , Culture . Liverpool University Press . p. 68 . ISBN 0853239517 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibbons , Ivan ( 2015 ) . The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State , 1918 -- 1924 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 107 . ISBN 1137444088 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Stormont Papers -- View Volumes '' . Jump up ^ `` Anglo - Irish Treaty , sections 11 , 12 '' . Nationalarchives.ie. 6 December 1921 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo - Irish Relations , 1939 -- 41 : A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy and Military Restraint '' in Twentieth Century British History ( Oxford Journals , 2005 ) , ISSN 1477 - 4674 Jump up ^ Malcolm Sutton 's book , `` Bear in Mind These Dead : An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland 1969 -- 1993 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- The Troubles -- Violence '' . Jump up ^ `` CAIN : Northern Ireland Society -- Security and Defence '' . Jump up ^ `` The Cameron Report -- Disturbances in Northern Ireland ( 1969 ) '' . cain.ulst.ac.uk . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ History of sectarianism in NI Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , gale.cengage.com ; accessed 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard English , `` The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland , 1967 -- 72 '' , in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present , Oxford University Press , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955201 - 6 , pp. 75 -- 90 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Ballast report : `` ... the Police Ombudsman has concluded that this was collusion by certain police officers with identified UVF informants . '' Jump up ^ `` 1973 : Northern Ireland votes for union '' . BBC News . 9 March 1973 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Parliamentary debate : `` The British government agree that it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone , by agreement between the two parts respectively , to exercise their right of self - determination on the basis of consent , freely and concurrently given , North and South , to bring about a united Ireland , if that is their wish . '' Jump up ^ `` Securocrat sabotage exposed '' . Jump up ^ `` Bear in Mind These Dead '' . Jump up ^ `` UDA confirm guns decommissioned '' BBC news ; retrieved 29 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Act 2006 ( c. 17 ) '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ ( BBC ) Jump up ^ HM Government The United Kingdom 's exit from and new partnership with the European Union ; Cm 9417 , February 2017 Jump up ^ `` Professor John H. Whyte paper on discrimination in Northern Ireland '' . Cain.ulst.ac.uk . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CAIN website key issues discrimination summary '' . Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 5 October 1968 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Lord Scarman , `` Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969 : Report of Tribunal of Inquiry '' Belfast : HMSO , Cmd 566 ( known as the Scarman Report ) . Jump up ^ `` Ark survey , 2007 . Answer to the question `` Generally speaking , do you think of yourself as a unionist , a nationalist or neither ? '' `` . Ark.ac.uk. 17 May 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Answers to the question `` Do you think the long - term policy for Northern Ireland should be for it ( one of the following ) '' Jump up ^ NILT survey , 2015 . Answers to the question `` Do you think the long - term policy for Northern Ireland should be for it to ( one of the following '' ) , ark.ac.uk ; accessed 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NI Life and Times Survey -- 2009 : NIRELND2 '' . Ark.ac.uk. 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` countries within a country '' . The official site of the Prime Minister 's Office . 2003 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Countries of the UK '' . Beginners ' Guide to UK Geography . UK Statistics Authority . 11 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2009 . The top - level division of administrative geography in the UK is the 4 countries -- England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ Example : `` ' Normalisation ' plans for Northern Ireland unveiled '' . Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . 1 August 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . or `` 26 January 2006 '' . Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . 1 August 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Example : Office for National Statistics ( 1999 ) , Britain 2000 : the Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom , London : The Stationery Office or Office for National Statistics ( 1999 ) , UK electoral statistics 1999 , London : Office for National Statistics Jump up ^ `` The Population of Northern Ireland '' . Northern Ireland Statistical Research Agency . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Example : `` Background -- Northern Ireland '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . or `` Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly ( and other primary legislation for Northern Ireland ) '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Fortnight , 1992 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ David Varney December ( 2007 ) , Review of Tax Policy in Northern Ireland , London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office Jump up ^ Department of Finance and Personnel ( 2007 ) , The European Sustainable Competitiveness Programme for Northern Ireland , Belfast : Northern Ireland Executive Jump up ^ United Kingdom ( 2007 ) , `` Report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) , Report by Governments on the Situation in their Countries on the Progress Made in the Standardization of Geographical Names Since the Eight Conferences , New York : United Nations , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2009 , retrieved 29 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : A. Aughey & D. Morrow ( 1996 ) , Northern Ireland Politics , London : Longman Jump up ^ P. Close ; D. Askew ; Xin X . ( 2007 ) , The Beijing Olympiad : The Political Economy of a Sporting Mega-Event , Oxon : Routledge ^ Jump up to : Global Encyclopedia of Political Geography , 2009 Jump up ^ M Crenshaw ( 1985 ) , `` An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism '' , Orbis , 29 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ P Kurzer ( 2001 ) , Markets and moral regulation : cultural change in the European Union , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ J Morrill , ed. ( 2004 ) , The promotion of knowledge : lectures to mark the Centenary of the British Academy 1992 -- 2002 , Oxford : Oxford University Press ^ Jump up to : F. Cochrane ( 2001 ) , Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism Since the Anglo - Irish Agreement , Cork : Cork University Press Jump up ^ W.V. Shannon ( 1984 ) , K. ; nbsp ; M. Cahill , eds. , The American Irish Revival : A Decade of the Recorder , Associated Faculty Press Jump up ^ R. Beiner ( 1999 ) , Theorizing Nationalism , Albany : State University of New York Press Jump up ^ Independent.ie ( 2 July 1998 ) . `` Sunday Independent article on Mallon and the use of `` Six Counties '' `` . The Irish Independent . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Peterkin , Tom ( 31 January 2006 ) . `` Example of Daily Telegraph use of `` Ulster '' in text of an article , having used `` Northern Ireland '' in the opening paragraph `` . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian style guide '' . The Guardian . UK . 14 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Examples of usage of this term include Radio Ulster , Ulster Orchestra and RUC ; political parties such as the Ulster Unionist Party ' ; paramilitary organisations including the Ulster Defence Association and Ulster Volunteer Force ; and political campaigns such as `` Ulster Says No '' and `` Save Ulster from Sodomy '' . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Reports of the Parliament of Northern Ireland , Volume 20 ( 1937 ) and The Times , 6 January 1949 ; C.M. 1 ( 49 ) -- UK Cabinet meeting held on 12 January 1949 . C.M. 1 ( 49 ) . -- See also Alternative names for Northern Ireland Jump up ^ `` Editorial Policy , Guidance Note '' . BBC . n.d . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . `` The term `` province '' is often used synonymously with Northern Ireland and it is normally appropriate to make secondary references to `` the province '' . '' Jump up ^ `` Sinn Féin usage of `` Six Counties '' `` . Sinn Féin. 14 August 1969 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Brendan O'Brien ( 1999 ) . The Long War : The IRA and Sinn Féin . Syracuse University Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 815 - 60597 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs -- The Irish Freedom Committee TM '' . Irish Freedom Committee . 6 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2005 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrew Sanders ( 2011 ) . Inside the IRA : Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy . Edinburgh University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 748 - 68812 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robert William White ( 2006 ) . Ruairí Ó Brádaigh : The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary . Edinburgh University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34708 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Horgan ( 2011 ) . Terrorism Studies : A Reader . Routledge . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 45504 - 6 . Jump up ^ How much do you know about ' Norn Iron ' ? , British Embassy Ashgabat Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ; Murray , Ewan ; Hytner , David ; Burnton , Simon ; Glendenning , Barry ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` World Cup qualifiers : 10 talking points from the weekend 's action '' . theguardian.com . UK : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland : climate '' . Met Office . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Met Office : UK climate : December 2010 '' . Met Office . January 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Many Nationalists use the name County Derry . Wikipedia policy is to use Londonderry for the county and Derry for the city . The name usage does not indicate an endorsement for either community 's opinions . Jump up ^ `` New ' super councils ' begin work in Northern Ireland '' . The Irish Times . 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census Key Stats bulletin '' ( PDF ) . NISRA. 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NI migrant population triples in decade , says study '' . BBC News . 26 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Census 2011 Jump up ^ `` Statistical Classification and Delineation of Settlements '' ( PDF ) . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency . February 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Part of Belfast metropolitan area Jump up ^ `` Census 2011 '' . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Breen , R. , Devine , P. and Dowds , L. ( editors ) , 1996 : ISBN 0 - 86281 - 593 - 2 . Chapter 2 ' Who Wants a United Ireland ? Constitutional Preferences among Catholics and Protestants ' by Richard Breen ( 1996 ) , in , Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland : The Fifth Report Retrieved 24 August 2006 ; Summary : In 1989 -- 1994 , 79 % Protestants replied `` British '' or `` Ulster '' , 60 % of Catholics replied `` Irish . '' Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey , 1999 ; Module : Community Relations , Variable : NINATID Summary : 72 % of Protestants replied `` British '' . 68 % of Catholics replied `` Irish '' . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey . Module : Community Relations . Variable : BRITISH . Summary : 78 % of Protestants replied `` Strongly British . '' Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey , 1999 ; Module : Community Relations , Variable : IRISH Summary : 77 % of Catholics replied `` Strongly Irish . '' Jump up ^ Institute of Governance , 2006 `` National identities in the UK : do they matter ? '' Briefing No. 16 , January 2006 ; Retrieved from `` IoG_Briefing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 August 2006 . ( 211 KB ) on 24 August 2006 . Extract : `` Three - quarters of Northern Ireland 's Protestants regard themselves as British , but only 12 per cent of Northern Ireland 's Catholics do so . Conversely , a majority of Catholics ( 65 % ) regard themselves as Irish , whilst very few Protestants ( 5 % ) do likewise . Very few Catholics ( 1 % ) compared to Protestants ( 19 % ) claim an Ulster identity but a Northern Irish identity is shared in broadly equal measure across religious traditions . '' Details from attitude surveys are in Demographics and politics of Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ `` L219252024 -- Public Attitudes to Devolution and National Identity in Northern Ireland '' . University of York Research Project 2002 -- 2003 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland : Constitutional Proposals and the Problem of Identity , by J.R. Archer The Review of Politics , 1978 Jump up ^ Joseph Ruane and Jennifer Todd . `` Chapter 7 > A changed Irish nationalism ? The significance of the Belfast Agreement of 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey , 2008 ; Module : Community Relations , Variable : IRISH '' . Ark.ac.uk. 17 May 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey , 1998 ; Module : Community Relations , Variable : IRISH '' . Ark.ac.uk. 9 May 2003 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Department of the Taoiseach '' . Taoiseach.gov.ie . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Border Agency website '' . Ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk. 6 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2011 '' . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 October 2011 . ( 204 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Council of Europe Charter monitoring report , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Markku Filppula ( 2005 ) . Dialects across borders . John Benjamins Publishing Co , Amsterdam . p. 90 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , James G. ( 1997 ) . Irish Records : Sources for Family and Local History . Flyleaf Press . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 916489 - 76 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES Survey : What is the main language spoken in your own home ? Jump up ^ `` Frequently - Asked Questions about the Irish Language '' . Ultach . Archived from the original on 16 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ The Local Government ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1995 ( No. 759 ( N.I. 5 ) ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Keenan , Dan ( 9 January 2014 ) . `` Loyalists line up to learn cúpla focail at language classes in heart of east Belfast '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Aodan Mac Poilin , 1999 , `` Language , Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland '' in Ulster Folk Life Vol. 45 , 1999 Jump up ^ `` St Andrews Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2006 . ( 131 KB ) Jump up ^ Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES Survey : Do you yourself speak Ulster - Scots ? Jump up ^ Janzen , Terry ( 2005 ) . Topics in Signed Language Interpreting : Theory And Practice . Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company . pp. 256 & 265 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 1669 - X . OCLC 60742155 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sign Language '' . Department of Culture , Arts and Leisure . Archived from the original on 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Murphy announces recognition for sign language '' . Northern Ireland Office . 30 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . I am pleased to announce formal recognition for both British and Irish Sign Languages in Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ Parades and Marches -- A Summary of the Issue . Conflict Archive on the Internet ( CAIN ) . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dominic . Orange Parades : The Politics of Ritual , Tradition and Control . Pluto Press , 2000 . p. 130 Jump up ^ `` NI talks issues explained : flags , parades , the past and welfare reform '' . BBC News , 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Assembly Information Office . `` Northern Ireland Assembly logo '' . Niassembly.gov.uk . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Alan O'Day , ed. ( 1987 ) , Reactions To Irish Nationalism , 1865 -- 1914 , London : Hambledon Press , With the Rising of 1916 a break took place in national symbolism which was most visibly manifested in the national flag and the anthem which the young Irish nation accepted . The demise of the Parliamentary Party stands in direct parallel to the just as rapidly diminishing power of its symbols . The green flag and ' God save Ireland ' began to be discredited as symbols of constitutional nationalism and , instead , the symbols of revolutionary nationalism gained popularity as the majority of the Irish people identified itself with the political aims of the Easter revolutionaries . The use of symbols made apparent that the occurrences of 1916 initiated a new epoch in Irish history much in the same as the Union of 1801 and the Famine of 1845 -- 8 did . Both the national flag and the national anthem of present - day Ireland drive origins directly from the Rising . At first it still appeared as if the revolutionaries would take over the old symbols because on the roof of their headquarters , the Dublin General Post Office , a green flag with the harp was hoisted next to the republican tricolour although with the inscription ' Irish Republic ' . Even ' Got save Ireland ' was sung by the revolutionaries during Easter week . But after the failure of the Rising and the subsequent executions of the leading revolutionaries the tricolour and ' The Soldier 's Song ' became more and more popular as symbols of the rebellion . Jump up ^ Vandals curbed by plastic edging BBC News , 25 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statutory Rule 2000 No. 347 '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ The Union Flag and Flags of the United Kingdom House of Commons Library , 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Northern Irish flags from the World Flag Database . Jump up ^ Dowd , Vincent ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Israel and the Palestinians : The Irish connection '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sport , Nationalism and Globalization : European and North American Perspectives by Alan Bairner ( ISBN 978 - 0791449127 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Sport , Sectarianism and Society in a Divided Ireland by John Sugden and Alan Bairner ( ISBN 978 - 0718500184 ) , p60 Jump up ^ `` FIFA.com : Northern Ireland , Latest News '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2005 . Jump up ^ John Sugden & Scott Harvie ( 1995 ) . `` Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland 3.2 Flags and Anthems '' . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter Berlin ( 29 December 2004 ) . `` Long Unsung Teams Live up to Anthems : Rugby Union '' . International Herald Tribune via HighBeam Research . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . the band played Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika and Die Stem for the Springboks and `` Soldier 's Song '' , the national anthem that is otherwise known as Amhran na bhFiann , and `` Ireland 's Call '' , the team 's official rugby anthem . ^ Jump up to : How do other sports in the island cope with the situation ? The Herald , 3 April 2008 Jump up ^ Gagne , Matt ( 20 June 2010 ) . `` Northern Ireland 's Graeme McDowell wins U.S. Open at Pebble Beach , ends European losing streak '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Donegan at Congressional ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` US Open 2011 : Remarkable Rory McIlroy wins by eight shots Sport '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Redmond , John ( 1997 ) . The Book of Irish Golf . Pelican Publishing Company . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of the Rest : A World Of Great Golf '' . Golf Digest . 2009 . p. 2 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kirkistown , motor racing circuit '' . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ireland , Culture Northern ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Pro Wrestling Ulster '' . Culture Northern Ireland . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Morton , O. 1994 . Marine Algae of Northern Ireland . Ulster Museum . ISBN 0 - 900761 - 28 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Freeview on Divis TV transmitter ukfree.tv -- independent free digital TV advice '' . ukfree.tv . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Over forty years of Irish TV History '' . Irish TV . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ and TG4 on Freeview HD in Northern Ireland '' . Advanced Television . 21 December 2010 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Newspapers '' . World-newspapers.com . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Mail Customer Service -- Offering help and advice '' ... royalmail.com . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BT in Northern Ireland At home '' . Btnorthernireland.com . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Southgate Amateur Radio Club . `` Comreg and Ofcom publish first report on cross-border telecoms issues '' . Southgatearc.org . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Calling Northern Ireland -- Use the 048 code to call fixed - line numbers '' . Commission for Communications Regulation. 1 March 2007 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Further reading Jonathan Bardon , A History of Ulster ( Blackstaff Press , Belfast , 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 85640 - 476 - 4 Brian E. Barton , The Government of Northern Ireland , 1920 -- 1923 ( Athol Books , 1980 ) Paul Bew , Peter Gibbon and Henry Patterson The State in Northern Ireland , 1921 -- 72 : Political Forces and Social Classes , Manchester ( Manchester University Press , 1979 ) Tony Geraghty ( 2000 ) . The Irish War . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7117 - 4 . Robert Kee , The Green Flag : A History of Irish Nationalism ( Penguin , 1972 -- 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 14 - 029165 - 2 Osborne Morton , Marine Algae of Northern Ireland ( Ulster Museum , Belfast , 1994 ) , ISBN 0 - 900761 - 28 - 8 Henry Patterson , Ireland Since 1939 : The Persistence of Conflict ( Penguin , 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84488 - 104 - 8 P. Hackney ( ed . ) Stewart 's and Corry 's Flora of the North - east of Ireland 3rd edn . ( Institute of Irish Studies , Queen 's University of Belfast , 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 85389 - 446 - 9 ( HB ) External links Find more aboutNorthern Irelandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Northern Ireland Executive ( Northern Ireland devolved government ) Northern Ireland Office ( UK central government ) Discover Northern Ireland ( Northern Ireland Tourist Board ) Geographic data related to Northern Ireland at OpenStreetMap Northern Ireland articles History Annals of Ulster Norman invasion Bruce campaign Black Death Tudor conquest Tyrone 's Rebellion Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster 1641 Rebellion / Confederate War Settlement of 1652 Williamite War Penal Laws First Great Famine 1798 Rebellion Act of Union Tithe War Second Great Famine Land War Fenian Rising Home Rule crisis Easter Rising War of Independence Anglo - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did northern ireland become its own country	[ "Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Unlike Southern Ireland, which would become the Irish Free State in 1922, the majority of Northern Ireland's population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom.[15] Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain. However, a significant minority, mostly Catholics, were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule.[16][17][18][19] Today, the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish, while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned.[20]" ]	[ "1921" ]
-7533410482363192754	Italy at the FIFA World Cup	Italy at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Italy at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Italy 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final . Italy is one of the most successful national teams in the history of the World Cup , having won four titles ( 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) , just one fewer than Brazil . The team was present in 18 out of the 21 tournaments , reaching six finals , a third place and a fourth place . Contents 1 FIFA World Cup record 1.1 Winning World Cups 1.2 By Match 1.3 Record by Opponent 2 World Cup Finals 2.1 1934 World Cup Final v Czechoslovakia 2.2 1938 World Cup Final v Hungary 2.3 1970 World Cup Final v Brazil 2.4 1982 World Cup Final v West Germany 2.5 1994 World Cup Final v Brazil 2.6 2006 World Cup Final v France 3 Player appearances 4 Top goalscorers 5 Awards and Records 5.1 Team Awards 5.2 Individual Awards 6 Refereeing 7 See also 8 References 9 External links FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) Champions Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place FIFA World Cup record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA 1930 Did Not Enter 1934 Champions 1st 5 0 12 1938 Champions 1st 0 0 11 5 1950 Group Stage 7th 0 1954 10th 0 6 7 1958 Did Not Qualify 1962 Group Stage 9th 1966 9th 0 1970 Runners - up 2nd 6 10 8 Group Stage 10th 5 1978 Fourth Place 4th 7 9 6 1982 Champions 1st 7 0 12 6 1986 Round of 16 12th 5 6 1990 Third Place 3rd 7 6 0 10 1994 Runners - up 2nd 7 8 5 1998 Quarter Final 5th 5 0 8 2002 Round of 16 15th 5 5 2006 Champions 1st 7 5 0 12 Group Stage 26th 0 5 2014 22nd 0 2018 Did Not Qualify 2022 TBD Total 4 Titles 18 / 21 83 45 21 17 128 77 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show Italy 's World Cup record First Match Italy 7 -- 1 United States ( 27 May 1934 ; Rome , Italy ) Biggest Win Italy 7 -- 1 United States ( 27 May 1934 ; Rome , Italy ) Biggest Defeat Switzerland 4 -- 1 Italy ( 23 June 1954 ; Basel , Switzerland ) Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy ( 21 June 1970 ; Mexico City , Mexico ) Best Result Champions in 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , and 2006 Worst Result Group Stage in 1950 , 1954 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 2010 and 2014 Winning World Cups ( edit ) Year Manager Captain Winning Goal Scorer ( s ) 1934 Vittorio Pozzo Gianpiero Combi Raimundo Orsi , Angelo Schiavio 1938 Vittorio Pozzo Giuseppe Meazza Gino Colaussi ( 2 ) , Silvio Piola ( 2 ) 1982 Enzo Bearzot Dino Zoff Paolo Rossi , Marco Tardelli , Alessandro Altobelli 2006 Marcello Lippi Fabio Cannavaro Marco Materazzi , Fabio Grosso ( decisive penalty ) By Match ( edit ) Italy 's score listed first World Cup Round Opponent Score Venue Scorers 1934 Round of 16 United States 7 -- 1 Rome Schiavio ( 3 ) , Orsi ( 2 ) , Ferrari , Meazza Quarter - finals Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Florence Ferrari Spain 1 -- 0 Florence Meazza Semi-finals Austria 1 -- 0 Milan Guaita Final Czechoslovakia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Rome Orsi , Schiavio 1938 Round of 16 Norway 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Marseille Ferraris , Piola Quarter - finals France 3 -- 1 Paris Piola ( 2 ) , Colaussi Semi-finals Brazil 2 -- 1 Marseille Colaussi , Meazza Final Hungary 4 -- 2 Paris Colaussi ( 2 ) , Piola ( 2 ) 1950 Group stage Sweden 2 -- 3 São Paulo Carapellese , Muccinelli Paraguay 2 -- 0 São Paulo Carapellese , Pandolfini 1954 Group stage Switzerland 1 -- 2 Lausanne Boniperti Belgium 4 -- 1 Lugano Pandolfini , Galli , Frignani , Lorenzi Switzerland 1 -- 4 Basel Nesti 1962 Group stage West Germany 0 -- 0 Santiago & -- Chile 0 -- 2 Santiago & -- Switzerland 3 -- 0 Santiago Bulgarelli ( 2 ) , Mora 1966 Group stage Chile 2 -- 0 Sunderland A. Mazzola , Barison Soviet Union 0 -- 1 Sunderland & -- North Korea 0 -- 1 Middlesbrough & -- 1970 Group stage Sweden 1 -- 0 Toluca Domenghini Uruguay 0 -- 0 Puebla & -- Israel 0 -- 0 Toluca & -- Quarter - finals Mexico 4 -- 1 Toluca Riva ( 2 ) , Guzmán ( o.g. ) , Rivera Semi-finals West Germany 4 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) Mexico City Boninsegna , Burgnich , Riva , Rivera Final Brazil 1 -- 4 Mexico City Boninsegna Group stage Haiti 3 -- 1 Munich Rivera , Benetti , Anastasi Argentina 1 -- 1 Stuttgart Perfumo ( o.g. ) Poland 1 -- 2 Stuttgart Capello 1978 Group stage France 2 -- 1 Mar del Plata Rossi , Zaccarelli Hungary 3 -- 1 Mar del Plata Rossi , Bettega , Benetti Argentina 1 -- 0 Buenos Aires Bettega Second round West Germany 0 -- 0 Buenos Aires & -- Austria 1 -- 0 Buenos Aires Rossi Netherlands 1 -- 2 Buenos Aires Brandts ( o.g. ) Third place play - off Brazil 1 -- 2 Buenos Aires Causio 1982 Group stage Poland 0 -- 0 Vigo & -- Peru 1 -- 1 Vigo Conti Cameroon 1 -- 1 Vigo Graziani Second round Argentina 2 -- 1 Barcelona Tardelli , Cabrini Brazil 3 -- 2 Barcelona Rossi ( 3 ) Semi-finals Poland 2 -- 0 Barcelona Rossi ( 2 ) Final West Germany 3 -- 1 Madrid Rossi , Tardelli , Altobelli 1986 Group stage Bulgaria 1 -- 1 Mexico City Altobelli Argentina 1 -- 1 Puebla Altobelli South Korea 3 -- 2 Puebla Altobelli ( 2 ) , Cho K.R. ( o.g. ) Round of 16 France 0 -- 2 Mexico City & -- 1990 Group stage Austria 1 -- 0 Rome Schillaci United States 1 -- 0 Rome Giannini Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Rome Schillaci , R. Baggio Round of 16 Uruguay 2 -- 0 Rome Schillaci , Serena Quarter - finals Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 Rome Schillaci Semi-finals Argentina 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 4 pen . ) Naples Schillaci Third place play - off England 2 -- 1 Bari R. Baggio , Schillaci 1994 Group stage Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 East Rutherford & -- Norway 1 -- 0 East Rutherford D. Baggio Mexico 1 -- 1 Washington , D.C. Massaro Round of 16 Nigeria 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Foxborough R. Baggio ( 2 ) Quarter - finals Spain 2 -- 1 Foxborough D. Baggio , R. Baggio Semi-finals Bulgaria 2 -- 1 East Rutherford R. Baggio ( 2 ) Final Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 2 -- 3 pen . ) Pasadena & -- 1998 Group stage Chile 2 -- 2 Bordeaux Vieri , R. Baggio Cameroon 3 -- 0 Montpellier Vieri ( 2 ) , Di Biagio Austria 2 -- 1 Saint - Denis Vieri , R. Baggio Round of 16 Norway 1 -- 0 Marseille Vieri Quarter - finals France 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 4 pen . ) Saint - Denis & -- 2002 Group stage Ecuador 2 -- 0 Sapporo Vieri ( 2 ) Croatia 1 -- 2 Ibaraki Vieri Mexico 1 -- 1 Ōita Del Piero Round of 16 South Korea 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Daejeon Vieri 2006 Group stage Ghana 2 -- 0 Hanover Pirlo , Iaquinta United States 1 -- 1 Kaiserslautern Gilardino Czech Republic 2 -- 0 Hamburg Materazzi , Inzaghi Round of 16 Australia 1 -- 0 Kaiserslautern Totti Quarter - finals Ukraine 3 -- 0 Hamburg Toni ( 2 ) , Zambrotta Semi-finals Germany 2 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Dortmund Grosso , Del Piero Final France 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 pen . ) Berlin Materazzi Group stage Paraguay 1 -- 1 Cape Town De Rossi New Zealand 1 -- 1 Nelspruit Iaquinta Slovakia 2 -- 3 Johannesburg Di Natale , Quagliarella 2014 Group stage England 2 -- 1 Manaus Marchisio , Balotelli Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Recife & -- Uruguay 0 -- 1 Natal & -- Record by Opponent ( edit ) FIFA World Cup matches ( by team ) Opponent Wins Draws Losses Total Goals Scored Goals Conceded Argentina 0 5 6 Australia 0 0 0 Austria 0 0 5 Belgium 0 0 Brazil 5 7 9 Bulgaria 0 Cameroon 0 Chile Costa Rica 0 0 0 Croatia 0 0 Czech Republic 0 0 0 Czechoslovakia 0 0 Ecuador 0 0 0 England 0 0 France 5 6 5 Germany 0 5 9 Ghana 0 0 0 Haiti 0 0 Hungary 0 0 7 Israel 0 0 0 0 Mexico 0 6 Netherlands 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 North Korea 0 0 0 Norway 0 0 Paraguay 0 Peru 0 0 Poland Republic of Ireland 0 Slovakia 0 0 South Korea 0 Soviet Union 0 0 0 Spain 0 Sweden 0 Switzerland 0 5 6 Ukraine 0 0 0 United States 0 9 Uruguay World Cup Finals ( edit ) 1934 World Cup final v Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Main article : 1934 FIFA World Cup Final With temperatures around 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , Italy won their home tournament in 1934 after going into extra time against Czechoslovakia . 10 June 1934 17 : 00 CEST Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Czechoslovakia Orsi 81 ' Schiavio 95 ' Report Puč 71 ' Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Attendance : 55,000 Referee : Ivan Eklind GK Gianpiero Combi ( c ) RB Eraldo Monzeglio LB Luigi Allemandi RH Attilio Ferraris CH Luis Monti LH Luigi Bertolini OR Enrique Guaita IR Giuseppe Meazza IL Giovanni Ferrari OL Raimundo Orsi CF Angelo Schiavio Manager : Vittorio Pozzo GK František Plánička ( c ) RB Josef Čtyřoký LB Ladislav Ženíšek RH Rudolf Krčil CH Štefan Čambal LH Josef Košťálek OR Antonín Puč IR Oldřich Nejedlý IL František Svoboda OL František Junek CF Jiří Sobotka Manager : Karel Petrů 1938 World Cup final v hungary ( edit ) Main article : 1938 FIFA World Cup Final After a difficult route to the final , defeating hosts France in the quarter - finals and Brazil in the semis , Italy was the first team to win the World Cup title on foreign ground . Also , it was the first of only two times in World Cup history that a team successfully defended their title . 19 June 1938 17 : 00 ( WEST ) Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Colaussi 6 ' , 35 ' Piola 16 ' , 82 ' Report Titkos 8 ' Sárosi 70 ' Stade Olympique de Colombes , Paris Attendance : 45,000 Referee : Georges Capdeville GK Aldo Olivieri RB Alfredo Foni LB Pietro Rava RH Pietro Serantoni LH Ugo Locatelli CH Michele Andreolo IR Giuseppe Meazza ( c ) IL Giovanni Ferrari OR Amedeo Biavati CF Silvio Piola OL Gino Colaussi Manager : Vittorio Pozzo GK Antal Szabó RB Sándor Bíró LB Gyula Polgár RH Gyula Lázár LH Antal Szalay CH György Szűcs IR Gyula Zsengellér IL Jenő Vincze OR Pál Titkos CF György Sárosi ( c ) OL Ferenc Sas Manager : Alfréd Schaffer 1970 World Cup final v Brazil ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup Final In 1970 , the Brazilian team featured superstars like Pelé , Rivelino , Jairzinho and Carlos Alberto and were considered favourites for the title . Particularly in the second half , the Italians were outclassed by the Brazilians passing play . 21 June 1970 12 : 00 UTC − 6 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Pelé 18 ' Gérson 66 ' Jairzinho 71 ' Carlos Alberto 86 ' Report Boninsegna 37 ' Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 107,412 Referee : Rudi Glöckner GK Félix DF Carlos Alberto ( c ) DF Brito DF Piazza DF 16 Everaldo MF 5 Clodoaldo MF 8 Gérson FW 7 Jairzinho FW 9 Tostão FW 10 Pelé FW 11 Rivelino Manager : Mário Zagallo GK Enrico Albertosi DF Tarcisio Burgnich DF 5 Pierluigi Cera DF 8 Roberto Rosato DF Giacinto Facchetti ( c ) MF 10 Mario Bertini 75 ' MF 13 Angelo Domenghini MF 16 Giancarlo De Sisti FW 15 Sandro Mazzola FW 11 Luigi Riva FW 20 Roberto Boninsegna 84 ' Substitutions : MF 18 Antonio Juliano 75 ' MF 14 Gianni Rivera 84 ' Manager : Ferruccio Valcareggi 1982 World Cup final v West Germany ( edit ) Italy played three draws in the first group stage in a worrisome start to the tournament , proceeding ahead of Cameroon only on number of goals scored . However , the Italians continued to defeat Brazil , Argentina and a strong Polish side over the course of the tournament and faced West Germany in the final in Madrid . Antonio Cabrini missed a penalty in the goalless first half , but the dominant Italian side eventually built up a 3 - 0 lead and won by 3 - 1 in the end , securing their third World Cup trophy . 11 July 1982 20 : 00 CEST Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Rossi 57 ' Tardelli 69 ' Altobelli 81 ' Report Breitner 83 ' Estadio Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Attendance : 90,000 Referee : Arnaldo Cézar Coelho GK Dino Zoff ( c ) SW 7 Gaetano Scirea CB 6 Claudio Gentile CB 5 Fulvio Collovati RWB Giuseppe Bergomi LWB Antonio Cabrini DM 13 Gabriele Oriali 73 ' RM 16 Bruno Conti 31 ' CM 14 Marco Tardelli LW 19 Francesco Graziani 7 ' CF 20 Paolo Rossi Substitutions : GK 12 Ivano Bordon MF 10 Giuseppe Dossena MF 11 Giampiero Marini MF 15 Franco Causio 89 ' FW 18 Alessandro Altobelli 7 ' 89 ' Manager : Enzo Bearzot GK Harald Schumacher SW 15 Uli Stielike 73 ' RB 20 Manfred Kaltz CB Karlheinz Förster LB 5 Bernd Förster RM 6 Wolfgang Dremmler 61 ' 62 ' CM Paul Breitner LM Hans - Peter Briegel RW 11 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge ( c ) 70 ' LW 7 Pierre Littbarski 88 ' CF 8 Klaus Fischer Substitutions : GK 21 Bernd Franke DF 12 Wilfried Hannes MF 10 Hansi Müller 70 ' MF 14 Felix Magath FW 9 Horst Hrubesch 62 ' Manager : Jupp Derwall 1994 World Cup final v Brazil ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup Final The 1994 final was the first ever to be decided on penalties after goalless 120 minutes . Italian captain Franco Baresi missed the very first penalty , and Roberto Baggio the decisive last one . Italy became the first team to lose two World Cup finals against the same opponent . July 17 , 1994 12 : 35 PDT Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Italy Report Penalties Márcio Santos Romário Branco Dunga 3 -- 2 Baresi Albertini Evani Massaro R. Baggio Rose Bowl , Pasadena Attendance : 94,194 Referee : Sándor Puhl GK Cláudio Taffarel RB Jorginho 21 ' CB 13 Aldair CB 15 Marcio Santos LB 6 Branco CM 5 Mauro Silva CM 8 Dunga ( c ) AM 17 Mazinho 4 ' AM 9 Zinho 106 ' CF 11 Romário CF 7 Bebeto Substitutions : DF 14 Cafu 87 ' 21 ' FW 21 Viola 106 ' Manager : Carlos Alberto Parreira GK Gianluca Pagliuca RB 8 Roberto Mussi 35 ' CB 6 Franco Baresi ( c ) CB 5 Paolo Maldini LB Antonio Benarrivo RM 14 Nicola Berti CM 13 Dino Baggio 95 ' CM 11 Demetrio Albertini 42 ' LM 16 Roberto Donadoni CF 10 Roberto Baggio CF 19 Daniele Massaro Substitutes : DF Luigi Apolloni 41 ' 35 ' MF 17 Alberigo Evani 95 ' Manager : Arrigo Sacchi 2006 World Cup final v France ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Final Italian defender Marco Materazzi was involved in all three outstanding moments of the first 120 minutes : He conceded the penalty that was converted by Zinedine Zidane early in the game , equalised with a powerful header soon after , and provoked Zidane in a manner that lead to the French captain being sent off . He also scored in the penalty - shootout that was to follow . It was only the second time a World Cup final was decided on penalties , again involving Italy after the 1994 final lost to Brazil . 9 July 2006 20 : 00 Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) France Materazzi 19 ' Report Zidane 7 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Pirlo Materazzi De Rossi Del Piero Grosso 5 -- 3 Wiltord Trezeguet Abidal Sagnol Olympiastadion , Berlin Attendance : 69,000 Referee : Horacio Elizondo GK Gianluigi Buffon RB 19 Gianluca Zambrotta 5 ' CB 5 Fabio Cannavaro ( c ) CB 23 Marco Materazzi LB Fabio Grosso RM 16 Mauro Camoranesi 86 ' CM 8 Gennaro Gattuso CM 21 Andrea Pirlo LM 20 Simone Perrotta 61 ' SS 10 Francesco Totti 61 ' CF 9 Luca Toni Substitutions : MF Daniele De Rossi 61 ' FW 15 Vincenzo Iaquinta 61 ' FW 7 Alessandro Del Piero 86 ' Manager : Marcello Lippi GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 19 Willy Sagnol 12 ' CB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 William Gallas LB Éric Abidal CM Patrick Vieira 56 ' CM 6 Claude Makélélé 76 ' RW 22 Franck Ribéry 100 ' AM 10 Zinedine Zidane ( c ) 110 ' LW 7 Florent Malouda 111 ' CF 12 Thierry Henry 107 ' Substitutions : MF 18 Alou Diarra 56 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 100 ' FW 11 Sylvain Wiltord 107 ' Manager : Raymond Domenech Player Appearances ( edit ) Paolo Maldini is the player with the third-most matches at FIFA World Cups , trailing only behind the Germans Lothar Matthäus ( 25 ) and Miroslav Klose ( 24 ) . This also makes him the player with the most World Cup matches who has never won the trophy . Goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon is one of only three players who have been part of five FIFA World Cup squads . No . Name Matches World Cups Paolo Maldini 23 1990 , 1994 , 1998 and 2002 Antonio Cabrini 18 1978 , 1982 and 1986 Gaetano Scirea 18 1978 , 1982 and 1986 Fabio Cannavaro 18 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 5 Dino Zoff 17 1974 , 1978 and 1982 6 Giuseppe Bergomi 16 1982 , 1986 , 1990 and 1998 Roberto Baggio 16 1990 , 1994 and 1998 8 Paolo Rossi 14 1978 and 1982 Gianluigi Buffon 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 10 Claudio Gentile 13 1978 and 1982 Marco Tardelli 13 1978 and 1982 Gianluca Zambrotta 13 2002 , 2006 and 2010 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Two Italians were awarded the Golden Boot for best goalscorer at a FIFA World Cup : Paolo Rossi in 1982 and Salvatore Schillaci in 1990 with 6 goals each . No . Name Goals World Cups Paolo Rossi 9 1978 ( 3 ) and 1982 ( 6 ) Roberto Baggio 9 1990 ( 2 ) , 1994 ( 5 ) and 1998 ( 2 ) Christian Vieri 9 1998 ( 5 ) and 2002 ( 4 ) Salvatore Schillaci 6 1990 5 Silvio Piola 5 1938 Alessandro Altobelli 5 1982 ( 1 ) and 1986 ( 4 ) 7 Angelo Schiavio 1934 Gino Colaussi 1938 9 Raimundo Orsi 1934 Giuseppe Meazza 1934 ( 2 ) and 1938 ( 1 ) Luigi Riva 1970 Gianni Rivera 1970 ( 2 ) and 1974 ( 1 ) Awards and Records ( edit ) Team Awards ( edit ) World Champions 1934 World Champions 1938 World Champions 1982 World Champions 2006 Second Place 1970 Second Place 1994 Third Place 1990 Individual Awards ( edit ) Golden Ball award Golden Ball 1934 : Giuseppe Meazza Golden Ball 1982 : Paolo Rossi Golden Ball 1990 : Salvatore Schillaci Silver Ball 1938 : Silvio Piola Silver Ball 1978 : Paolo Rossi Silver Ball 1994 : Roberto Baggio Silver Ball 2006 : Fabio Cannavaro Bronze Ball 2006 : Andrea Pirlo Golden Boot award Golden Boot 1982 : Paolo Rossi Golden Boot 1990 : Salvatore Schillaci Silver Boot 1934 : Angelo Schiavio Silver Boot 1938 : Silvio Piola Silver Boot 1998 : Christian Vieri Other individual awards Golden Glove 1982 : Dino Zoff ( oldest Golden Glove winner ) Golden Glove 2006 : Gianluigi Buffon Best Young Player Award 1978 : Antonio Cabrini Man of the Match Award 2006 : Andrea Pirlo Refereeing ( edit ) Three World Cup finals have been officiated by representatives of the Italian football federation , only English referees have had the honour more often ( four times ) . The 1978 final between Argentina and the Netherlands has been led by Sergio Gonella , who had already officiated the European Championship final two years earlier . The other referees are Pierluigi Collina in 2002 , and Nicola Rizzoli in 2014 . The Italian referee with the most World Cup matches , however , is Roberto Rosetti , who has been in charge of six matches total in 2006 and 2010 . See also ( edit ) Italy at the UEFA European Football Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 2007 - 06 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com . Retrieved on June 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy -- France '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Campionati Mondiali : Presenze '' ( World Cup : Appearances ) ( in Italian ) . Italia1910 . Jump up ^ `` Campionati Mondiali : Gol fatti '' ( World Cup : Goals scored ) ( in Italian ) . Italia1910 . External links ( edit ) Italian Football Federation official website FIFA Official Ranking of all Participants at Finals 1930 -- 2002 . FIFA Match Results for all Stages 1930 -- 2002 FIFA official site Italy FIFA World Cup squads Italy squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) GK Cavanna GK Combi ( c ) GK Masetti DF Allemandi DF Caligaris DF Monzeglio DF Rosetta MF Bertolini MF Castellazzi MF Ferraris MF Monti MF Pizziolo MF Varglien FW Arcari FW Borel FW Demaria FW Ferrari FW Guaita FW Guarisi FW Meazza FW Orsi FW Schiavio Coach : Pozzo Italy squad -- 1938 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) GK Ceresoli GK Masetti GK Olivieri DF Foni DF Monzeglio DF Rava MF Andreolo MF Chizzo MF Donati MF Genta MF Locatelli MF Olmi MF Perazzolo MF Serantoni FW Bertoni FW Biavati FW Colaussi FW Ferrari FW Ferraris FW Meazza ( c ) FW Pasinati FW Piola Coach : Pozzo Italy squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Casari GK Moro GK Sentimenti DF Annovazzi DF Blason DF Fattori DF Furiassi DF Giovannini MF Magli MF Mari MF Parola MF Remondini MF Tognon FW Amadei FW Boniperti FW Campatelli FW Cappello FW Caprile FW Carapellese ( c ) FW Lorenzi FW Muccinelli FW Pandolfini Coach : Novo Italy squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Ghezzi 2 Vincenzi 3 Giacomazzi 4 Neri 5 Tognon 6 Nesti 7 Muccinelli 8 Pandolfini 9 Galli 10 Cappello 11 Lorenzi 12 Viola 13 Magnini 14 Cervato 15 Mari 16 Ferrario 17 Segato 18 Pivatelli 19 Boniperti ( c ) 20 Gratton 21 Frignani 22 Costagliola Coach : Czeizler Italy squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon ( c ) 2 Losi 3 Radice 4 Salvadore 5 Maldini 6 Trapattoni 7 Mora 8 Maschio 9 Altafini 10 Sívori 11 Menichelli 12 Mattrel 13 Albertosi 14 Rivera 15 Sormani 16 Robotti 17 Pascutti 18 David 19 Janich 20 Tumburus 21 Ferrini 22 Bulgarelli Coach : Mazza & Ferrari Italy squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Albertosi 2 Anzolin 3 Barison 4 Bulgarelli 5 Burgnich 6 Facchetti 7 Fogli 8 Guarneri 9 Janich 10 Juliano 11 Landini 12 Leoncini 13 Lodetti 14 Mazzola 15 Meroni 16 Pascutti 17 Perani 18 Pizzaballa 19 Rivera 20 Rizzo 21 Rosato 22 Salvadore ( c ) Coach : Fabbri Italy squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Albertosi 2 Burgnich 3 Facchetti ( c ) 4 Poletti 5 Cera 6 Ferrante 7 Niccolai 8 Rosato 9 Puia 10 Bertini 11 Riva 12 Zoff 13 Domenghini 14 Rivera 15 Mazzola 16 De Sisti 17 Vieri 18 Juliano 19 Gori 20 Boninsegna 21 Furino 22 Prati Coach : Valcareggi Italy squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Zoff 2 Spinosi 3 Facchetti ( c ) 4 Benetti 5 Morini 6 Burgnich 7 Mazzola 8 Capello 9 Chinaglia 10 Rivera 11 Riva 12 Albertosi 13 Sabadini 14 Bellugi 15 Wilson 16 Juliano 17 Re Cecconi 18 Causio 19 Anastasi 20 Boninsegna 21 Pulici 22 Castellini Coach : Valcareggi Italy squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Zoff ( c ) 2 Bellugi 3 Cabrini 4 Cuccureddu 5 Gentile 6 Maldera 7 Manfredonia 8 Scirea 9 Antognoni 10 Benetti 11 Pecci 12 Conti 13 P. Sala 14 Tardelli 15 Zaccarelli 16 Causio 17 C. Sala 18 Bettega 19 Graziani 20 Pulici 21 Rossi 22 Bordon Coach : Bearzot Italy squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Zoff ( c ) 2 Baresi 3 Bergomi 4 Cabrini 5 Collovati 6 Gentile 7 Scirea 8 Vierchowod 9 Antognoni 10 Dossena 11 Marini 12 Bordon 13 Oriali 14 Tardelli 15 Causio 16 Conti 17 Massaro 18 Altobelli 19 Graziani 20 Rossi 21 Selvaggi 22 Galli Coach : Bearzot Italy squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Galli 2 Bergomi 3 Cabrini 4 Collovati 5 Nela 6 Scirea ( c ) 7 Tricella 8 Vierchowod 9 Ancelotti 10 Bagni 11 Baresi 12 Tancredi 13 De Napoli 14 Di Gennaro 15 Tardelli 16 Conti 17 Vialli 18 Altobelli 19 Galderisi 20 Rossi 21 Serena 22 Zenga Coach : Bearzot Italy squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Zenga 2 Baresi 3 Bergomi ( c ) 4 De Agostini 5 Ferrara 6 Ferri 7 Maldini 8 Vierchowod 9 Ancelotti 10 Berti 11 De Napoli 12 Tacconi 13 Giannini 14 Marocchi 15 Baggio 16 Carnevale 17 Donadoni 18 Mancini 19 Schillaci 20 Serena 21 Vialli 22 Pagliuca Coach : Vicini Italy squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Pagliuca 2 Apolloni 3 Benarrivo 4 Costacurta 5 Maldini 6 Baresi ( c ) 7 Minotti 8 Mussi 9 Tassotti 10 R. Baggio 11 Albertini 12 Marchegiani 13 D. Baggio 14 Berti 15 Conte 16 Donadoni 17 Evani 18 Casiraghi 19 Massaro 20 Signori 21 Zola 22 Bucci Coach : Sacchi Italy squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Toldo 2 Bergomi 3 P. Maldini ( c ) 4 Cannavaro 5 Costacurta 6 Nesta 7 Pessotto 8 Torricelli 9 Albertini 10 Del Piero 11 D. Baggio 12 Pagliuca 13 Cois 14 Di Biagio 15 Di Livio 16 Di Matteo 17 Moriero 18 R. Baggio 19 Inzaghi 20 Chiesa 21 Vieri 22 Buffon Coach : C. Maldini Italy squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon 2 Panucci 3 Maldini ( c ) 4 Coco 5 Cannavaro 6 Zanetti 7 Del Piero 8 Gattuso 9 Inzaghi 10 Totti 11 Doni 12 Abbiati 13 Nesta 14 Di Biagio 15 Iuliano 16 Di Livio 17 Tommasi 18 Delvecchio 19 Zambrotta 20 Montella 21 Vieri 22 Toldo 23 Materazzi Coach : Trapattoni Italy squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup winners ( 4th title ) 1 Buffon 2 Zaccardo 3 Grosso 4 De Rossi 5 Cannavaro ( c ) 6 Barzagli 7 Del Piero 8 Gattuso 9 Toni 10 Totti 11 Gilardino 12 Peruzzi 13 Nesta 14 Amelia 15 Iaquinta 16 Camoranesi 17 Barone 18 Inzaghi 19 Zambrotta 20 Perrotta 21 Pirlo 22 Oddo 23 Materazzi Coach : Lippi Italy squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon 2 Maggio 3 Criscito 4 Chiellini 5 Cannavaro ( c ) 6 De Rossi 7 Pepe 8 Gattuso 9 Iaquinta 10 Di Natale 11 Gilardino 12 Marchetti 13 Bocchetti 14 De Sanctis 15 Marchisio 16 Camoranesi 17 Palombo 18 Quagliarella 19 Zambrotta 20 Pazzini 21 Pirlo 22 Montolivo 23 Bonucci Coach : Lippi Italy squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon ( c ) 2 De Sciglio 3 Chiellini 4 Darmian 5 Motta 6 Candreva 7 Abate 8 Marchisio 9 Balotelli 10 Cassano 11 Cerci 12 Sirigu 13 Perin 14 Aquilani 15 Barzagli 16 De Rossi 17 Immobile 18 Parolo 19 Bonucci 20 Paletta 21 Pirlo 22 Insigne 23 Verratti Coach : Prandelli Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Italy national football team General Italian Football Federation History Managers Captains Kits Venues Home venues Statistics All - time record Records and statistics Head to head World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Results 1910 -- 1929 1930 -- 1949 1950 -- 1969 1970 -- 89 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- 2029 Unofficial matches Players All - time players World Cup and European Championship squads Other categories World Cups Summary 1934 1938 1950 1954 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 European Championships Summary 1968 1972 1980 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other tournaments FIFA Confederations Cup The Olympics Central European International Cup Mundialito U.S. Cup 1976 U.S.A. Bicentennial Cup Tournament 1985 Ciudad de México Cup Tournament Culture Rivalry with Brazil Rivalry with France Rivalry with Germany Rivalry with Spain Noted matches Catenaccio Zona mista Contribution by club Inter Milan Juventus ( Nazio - Juve Blocco - Juve ) A.C. Milan Other FIGC teams B team C team Olympic team U23 team U21 team U20 team U19 team U18 team U17 team U16 team U15 team Women Futsal Beach soccer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italy_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854994566 '' Categories : Italy at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 05 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times has itay won the world cup	[ "Italy is one of the most successful national teams in the history of the World Cup, having won four titles (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006), just one fewer than Brazil. The team was present in 18 out of the 21 tournaments, reaching six finals, a third place and a fourth place.\n" ]	[ "four" ]
3264900476957886962	Lab Rats (U.S. TV series)	Lab Rats ( U.S. tv series ) - wikipedia Lab Rats ( U.S. tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Lab Rats Genre Sitcom Created by Chris Peterson Bryan Moore Starring Billy Unger Spencer Boldman Kelli Berglund Tyrel Jackson Williams Hal Sparks Theme music composer Niclas Molinder Joacim Persson Johan Alkenäs Opening theme `` Lab Rats Theme '' by DJ Lunar and BIA Composer ( s ) Bert Selen Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 90 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chris Peterson Bryan Moore Mark Brazill Location ( s ) Hollywood Center Studios Los Angeles Center Studios Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) It 's a Laugh Productions Release Original network Disney XD Picture format HDTV SDTV 16 : 9 Original release February 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) -- February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) Chronology Followed by Lab Rats : Elite Force External links Official website Lab Rats , also known as Lab Rats : Bionic Island for the fourth season , is an American television sitcom that premiered on February 27 , 2012 , on Disney XD , and aired through February 3 , 2016 . The series was created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore and produced by It 's a Laugh Productions for Disney XD . It focuses on the life of Leo Dooley , whose mother , Tasha , marries billionaire genius Donald Davenport . Leo then finds Adam , Bree , and Chase , three bionic superhumans with whom he develops a close friendship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 6 Broadcast 7 Sequel series 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) A young teenager named Leo Dooley lived a normal life until the day his mother Tasha gets remarried to billionaire inventor Donald Davenport , whom they move in with . While trying to find his bedroom , Leo accidentally discovers teenage siblings with bionic powers living in his new basement . The show follows the bionic teens as they unravel in adventurous situations in an attempt to live life like a normal family in the fictional town of Mission Creek , California . As the show progresses in the second , third , and fourth seasons , it gets darker with the introduction of Donald 's younger brother Douglas Davenport who later joins the Lab Rats ' side , Douglas ' android son , Marcus Davenport , Victor Krane , Taylor ( formerly known as S - 1 ) , who joins the Lab Rats during the fourth season , Sebastian ( formerly known as S - 3 ) , Krane 's bionic soldiers , Giselle , who 's planning on rebuilding Marcus , and Troy West , Giselle 's android creation . At the end of the third season , Donald opens up a bionic academy on a bionic island to train Krane 's bionic soldiers to be the world 's new bionic heroes . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Lab Rats characters Billy Unger as Chase Davenport Spencer Boldman as Adam Davenport Kelli Berglund as Bree Davenport Tyrel Jackson Williams as Leo Dooley Hal Sparks as Donald Davenport Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Lab Rats episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 February 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) November 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) 25 February 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 23 February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 22 March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) Production ( edit ) The series was created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore . On January 15 , 2011 , Billy Unger , who plays Chase , stated that the series was originally called Billion Dollar Freshman . However , the pilot was re-shot , with the changing of the name to Lab Rats and the addition of Bree , who is the only girl of the group , and Adam , who is the oldest of the three . Disney XD ordered Lab Rats to series in July 2011 , with a scheduled 2012 premiere . On May 18 , 2012 , Lab Rats was renewed for a second season . On July 26 , 2013 , Disney XD renewed Lab Rats for a third season . In May 2014 , Disney XD renewed Lab Rats for a fourth season , which makes it the second original series of Disney XD to go past three seasons , after Kickin ' It . The fourth season premiered on March 18 , 2015 . On July 1 , 2015 , Kelli Berglund stated in an interview that the fourth season would be the final season . The final episode of Lab Rats : Bionic Island aired on Disney XD on February 3 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) In 2012 , Lab Rats became the most watched show on Disney XD . Broadcast ( edit ) The series originally premiered on February 27 , 2012 , on Disney XD and on March 2 , 2012 , on Disney Channel . It first aired on February 24 , 2012 , on Disney XD Canada . It stopped airing on Disney XD in Canada and moved to Disney Channel due to DHX Media losing Disney rights . It aired as a preview on March 29 , 2012 , and premiered on April 19 , 2012 , on Disney XD UK and Ireland . It premiered on June 10 , 2012 , on Disney XD South Africa . It first aired on Disney Channel Australia and New Zealand on December 31 , 2012 , and officially premiered on January 10 , 2013 . It premiered on March 11 , 2013 , on Disney XD Malaysia and on August 5 , 2012 , in the rest of Southeast Asia on Disney Channel Asia and on March 16 , 2013 , on Disney XD and on September 4 , 2017 , on CITV . Sequel series ( edit ) On September 3 , 2015 , it was announced that Lab Rats would have a joint spinoff series with Mighty Med called Lab Rats : Elite Force . Only Billy Unger and Kelli Berglund from Lab Rats have been announced as returning for the new series alongside Bradley Steven Perry , Jake Short , and Paris Berelc from Mighty Med . It was subsequently announced that Lab Rats : Elite Force would premiere on Disney XD on March 2 , 2016 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Awards Nominee ( s ) Result Ref 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Kids Show Lab Rats : Bionic Island Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Disney Pilot Is Now Lab Rats '' . Billy-Unger.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jon Weisman ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Disney XD experiments with ' Lab Rats ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD Orders Lab Rats Season 2 '' . Disney Dreaming . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD Orders Third Season of Lab Rats '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kelli Berglund Confirms Disney XD 's Lab Rats : Bionic Island Is Ending '' . M Magazine . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryan Moore ( @ MooreBryan ) ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` East Coast ! ! You are 15 minutes away from the series finale of # LabRatsBionicIsland ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD Greenlights ' Lab Rats ' and ' Mighty Med ' Spinoff Series '' . Variety . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD 's New Spinoff Series `` Lab Rats : Elite Force '' Premieres Wednesday , March 2 '' ( Press release ) . Disney XD . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 -- via The Futon Critic . External links ( edit ) Official website Lab Rats on IMDb Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( since 2016 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( since 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( since 2017 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spider - Man ( since 2017 ) Big Hero 6 : The Series ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Big City Greens ( 2018 ) Amphibia ( 2019 ) The Owl House ( 2019 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Kirby Buckets ( 2014 -- 17 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Pickle and Peanut ( 2015 -- 18 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Crossovers 25 Days of Christmas It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lab_Rats_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=826050413 '' Categories : 2012 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings 2010s American comedy television series 2010s American science fiction television series American children 's comedy television series American children 's science fiction television series American teen sitcoms Disney XD shows Television series about siblings Television series by Disney Television series about families Television series by It 's a Laugh Productions Television shows set in California Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 22 : 23 . 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7084978130711995873	Munmun Dutta	Munmun Dutta - Wikipedia Munmun Dutta This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Munmun Dutta Dutta at Colors Indian telly awards Nationality Indian Occupation Actress , model Years active 2004 -- present Known for Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Munmun Dutta is an Indian film and television actress and model . She plays Babita Iyer in the long - running Hindi sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early Life and Education 2 Other works 3 Television 4 Filmography 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Dutta completed a Masters degree in English . While living in Pune , Dutta participated in fashion shows . She came to Mumbai and had her acting debut in Zee TV 's 2004 serial Hum Sab Baraati . Her first film role was in Kamal Haasan 's Mumbai Express . In 2006 , she appeared in the film Holiday . She also expressed her desire to become a doctor . Other works ( edit ) Dutta has been actively involved in social causes . Recently , she wrote an open letter to the Indian Education System criticizing education patterns of India . She has also been sponsoring education for her hair dresser 's daughter and also her house - help . Television ( edit ) 2004 Hum Sab Baraati 2008 -- present Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah as Babita Krishnan Iyer Filmography ( edit ) Mumbai Express ( 2005 ) Holiday ( 2006 ) Dhinchak Enterprise ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) Main article : List of Hindi television actresses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taarak Mehta celebrates 1000 episodes . Times of India . 10 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` MUNMUN DUTTA OPENS UP ABOUT THE CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING TAARAK MEHTA KA OOLTAH CHASHMAH ; COMES OUT IN SUPPORT OF GURCHARAN SINGH ( SODHI ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Revealed ! You will be shocked to know the education qualifications of'Taarak Mehta star cast '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-still-want-to-become-a-doctor-Munmun-Dutta/articleshow/37079980.cms Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehtas-babita-aka-munmun-dutta-writes-open-letter-to-the-education-system-read-here/articleshow/59616543.cms External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Munmun Dutta . Munmun Dutta on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munmun_Dutta&oldid=815248461 '' Categories : Living people Indian film actresses Indian television actresses Female models from Mumbai Bengali people Actresses in Hindi television Actresses in Hindi cinema 21st - century Indian actresses Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2014 Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English BLP articles lacking sources from February 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা ગુજરાતી हिन्दी मैथिली नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 18 : 08 . About Wikipedia	who plays babita in taarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah	[ "Munmun Dutta is an Indian film and television actress and model.[1] She plays Babita Iyer in the long-running Hindi sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah.[2]" ]	[ "Munmun Dutta" ]
6825233902162016166	United States military seniority	United States military seniority - wikipedia United States military seniority Jump to : navigation , search United States military seniority is the method by which the United States Armed Forces determine precedence among commissioned officers , in particular those who hold the same rank . Seniority is used to determine assignments , tactical commands , promotions and general courtesy . To a lesser extent , historical seniority is used to recognize status of honor given to early United States military leaders such as inaugural holders of certain ranks or those officers who served as leadership during major wars and armed conflicts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Modern - day seniority 2 Tactical and operational seniority 3 Historical seniority 3.1 Historical seniority list 4 See also 5 References Modern - day seniority ( edit ) The modern - day seniority system of the United States commissioned officer corps operates on two different levels . For officers of different ranks , seniority is simply determined by who holds the highest rank . For instance , Army colonel is senior to captain and captain senior to lieutenant . Seniority extends across services as for instance major in the Army is senior to captain in the Air Force while commander in the United States Navy is senior to both . For officers in the same rank or paygrade , seniority is determined by the date of whom assumed their rank earlier . If officers of the same grade have the same date of rank , then seniority is determined in order by the officer 's previous rank 's date and so forth . If all promotion dates of ranks are the same , seniority is then determined on order of : previous active duty grade relative seniority ( if applicable ) , total active commissioned service , and finally , total federal commissioned service or date of appointment as a commissioned officer . The secretaries of each service may establish further seniority rules if applicable . A type of `` positional seniority '' exists for military officers who hold top leadership positions of the armed forces . For instance , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is considered the senior most officer of the entire United States military , even though it is possible that contemporaries of the same rank may have earlier dates of rank or time in service . Likewise , heads of various armed service branches are considered senior most within their service ; unified commanders are also considered senior most in their respective regions yet not necessarily to each other . The regular United States military hierarchy is as follows : Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff When compared to each other , seniority is determined among the service heads by lineal number and commissioning date . Externally , the standing of each service head is determined by the date of the creation of the position as follows . Chief of Staff of the United States Army Chief of Naval Operations Commandant of the Marine Corps Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force Commandant of the Coast Guard Chief of the National Guard Bureau The officers in charge of the Unified Combatant Commands are considered `` operational officers '' while the standard military hierarchy is administrative . For instance , the Chief of Naval Operations , who would most likely be senior to a naval admiral in command of the United States Pacific Command , would not be able to issue direct orders to said commander since operational chain of command is separate from regular administrative military hierarchy . Military seniority , within itself , would not be affected . Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense Regional responsibilities Africa Command Central Command European Command Northern Command Pacific Command Southern Command Functional responsibilities Special Operations Command Strategic Command Transportation Command Inactivated Atlantic Command Joint Forces Command Space Command Strike Command Tactical and operational seniority ( edit ) Tactical seniority , also known as `` battlefield seniority '' , is the manner in which a senior officer in command of a given tactical situation is determined . For instance , within the United States Navy , groups of ships performing exercises together will have one ship designated as the tactical senior unit . The commander of said ship is the senior tactical officer and may in fact be junior in rank to the other officers of the tactical group . For multi-national exercises , such as the Sharem event in South Korea , ships of foreign nations are sometimes given tactical seniority and thus may issue routine movement orders to United States vessels . Actual combat would fall under the Task Force system , in which a United States admiral , with clear seniority , would take command over all vessels . Groups of Army units , especially in active combat , may be placed under tactical command of any officer , regardless of rank seniority , for completion of a single mission . During World War II , the term `` mixed unit '' was commonly used to denote military formations created from several other smaller units , most often `` on the spot '' , due to operational confusion and the need for a single battlefield commander to take authority over all units physically present . Army Air Force bomber groups operated on a similar principal , in that tactical command could pass to officers who were not necessarily the senior most present , given the specific needs of the mission or casualties during the mission itself . Operational seniority refers to the ability to issue long range orders to U.S. forces , such as deployments , general orders , and other administrative matters . Operational seniority is never granted to non-U.S. officers and usually stems from such major offices as the Bureau of Naval Personnel or the Army Personnel Branch . Historical seniority ( edit ) Historical seniority loosely indicates the general significance of various generals and flag officers within the scope of the history of the United States . Historical seniority is typically only bestowed to those officers who were the inaugural holders of ranks or for those who served as the senior most military officer during a major armed conflict . The only case where historical seniority has been legally established by the United States Congress are for the two `` super ranks '' of the armed forces of the United States , these being the ranks General of the Armies and Admiral of the Navy . By clear precedent , the holders of these two ranks ( three persons in all ) are senior to all other officers of the United States military , past and present . By special Congressional edict , George Washington is considered the senior most officer of all time meaning he may never be lesser in seniority to any other military officer , although Washington technically shares the same rank with John Pershing . The office of general was discontinued after the Civil War , but revived in 1919 by the title of `` General of the Armies of the United States '' when General John J. Pershing was appointed to that office on 3 September 1919 ; accepted the appointment on 8 September 1919 , was retired with that rank on 13 September 1924 , and held it until his death on 15 July 1948 . No other officer has occupied this office on active duty . General Pershing held the grade of General of the Armies of the United States under the provisions of the Act of U.S. Congress of 3 September 1919 ( Public Law 45 ) . Washington was posthumously appointed General of the Armies of the United States under s : Public Law 94 - 479 . Under s : Order 31 - 3 , the effective promotion date was on 4 July 1976 . Congress specified that no officer of the United States Army should outrank Lieutenant General George Washington on the Army list . While promoted to a lieutenant general only a year before his death , he was the most senior officer and the only lieutenant general in the army . The same is true of Ulysses S. Grant , who was the second person to permanently hold this rank . ( Winfield Scott was a brevet lieutenant general for his service in the Mexican -- American War . ) Washington was referred to as `` commander in chief '' of the Continental Army , a title that since the adoption of the Constitution has been reserved for the ( civilian ) President . The five star officers of World War II are technically considered the most senior officers in U.S. history ( with the exception of the two `` super ranks '' previously mentioned ) , yet are often considered historically junior to the military leaders of the 19th century , especially the inaugural holders of senior military ranks . Most historical seniority lists also omit three star officers , with some rare exceptions ( such as Winfield Scott ) , and typically avoid comparing two star ranks and below , which are permanent ranks held by hundreds of officers over the past two centuries . In these cases , standard methods of seniority are utilized . Since 1981 , the highest rank held by any officer in the U.S. armed forces is four stars , or a pay grade of `` O - 10 '' . Modern - day admirals and generals are typically not considered in lists of historical seniority , except for extreme cases such as leaders of wars or other wide scale armed conflicts . Historical seniority list ( edit ) The officers listed below are generally accepted in military history circles as the top twenty five officers of all time in United States military history Seniority Order Rank Order Officer Service Highest rank Date of rank Historical significance Washington , George ! George Washington U.S. Army General of the Armies 4 Jul 1976 Declared by a Congressional Act in 1976 to be the senior most United States officer of all time . Held the rank of lieutenant general in the United States Army during his lifetime , as well as a special rank of `` General and Commander - in - Chief '' of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . Pershing , John ! John Pershing U.S. Army General of the Armies 3 Sep 1919 Only person to hold the rank of General of the Armies on active duty . Recognized unofficially as a six star general during World War II after a press conference by Henry L. Stimson . Dewey , George ! George Dewey U.S. Navy Admiral of the Navy 2 Mar 1899 Inaugural and sole holder of rank . Scott , Winfield ! Winfield Scott U.S. Army Lieutenant general 29 Mar 1847 Second person in American history to hold the rank of lieutenant general after George Washington . Senior officer of the U.S. military during the Mexican - American War as well as the opening months of the American Civil War 5 Grant , Ulysses ! Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Army General of the Army 25 Jul 1866 Inaugural holder of the rank , which was a 19th - century equivalent to a modern - day four star general ( this differed from the 20th century rank of the same name which was clearly a five star position ) . 6 Farragut , David ! David G. Farragut U.S. Navy Admiral 25 Jul 1866 Inaugural holder of the rank , granted by Congress due to services rendered as senior officer of the Navy during the American Civil War . 7 Sherman , William ! William T. Sherman U.S. Army General of the Army 4 Mar 1869 Second holder of the rank `` General of the Army '' . Grant , Sherman , and Sheridan wore four stars and held ranks equivalent to current four - star ( O - 10 ) generals and admirals , one step higher than the Civil War era rank of lieutenant general . This special version of the title General of the Army of the United States , Act of US Congress July 25 , 1866 , indicated that Congress intended only one person to have it at a time . 8 Porter , David ! David D. Porter U.S. Navy Admiral 25 Jul 1866 Second person in the history of the United States Navy to hold the rank of Admiral . 9 Rowan , Stephen ! Stephen C. Rowan U.S. Navy Vice admiral 1 Aug 1870 Longest serving officer in the history of the United States Navy with 63 years of service and retirement at the age of 80 . 10 Sheridan , Philip ! Philip H. Sheridan U.S. Army General of the Army 1 Jun 1888 Final person in U.S. Army history to hold the Civil War era rank `` General of the Army '' . The rank was discontinued upon Sheridan 's death and was not reactivated until World War II , then as a five star position . 11 Schofield , John ! John Schofield U.S. Army Lieutenant general 5 Feb 1895 First Commanding General of the United States Army following the disestablishment of the rank General of the Army and first peacetime promotion to the permanent rank of lieutenant general . 12 Miles , Nelson ! Nelson A. Miles U.S. Army Lieutenant general 6 Jun 1900 Last Commanding General of the United States Army . Succeeded by Samuel Baldwin Marks Young who became the first Chief of Staff . From this point on the Chief of Staff was by default considered the most senior officer of the United States Army . 13 Bliss , Tasker ! Tasker Bliss U.S. Army General 6 Oct 1917 Second person promoted to the four star rank of General in the 20th century ( the other was John Pershing ) for service in the National Army during the First World War . 14 Leahy , William ! William D. Leahy U.S. Navy Fleet Admiral 15 Dec 1944 First five star officer appointed during the Second World War 15 Marshall , George ! George C. Marshall U.S. Army General of the Army 16 Dec 1944 Second officer promoted to five stars . The initial promotion of these officers was spaced over a period of one week so as to match the original seniority held by the officers at the four star level . 16 King , Ernest ! Ernest J. King U.S. Navy Fleet Admiral 17 Dec 1944 Third officer promoted to five star rank 17 MacArthur , Douglas ! Douglas MacArthur U.S. Army General of the Army 18 Dec 1944 Fourth officer to hold five star rank and second within the United States Army ( after George Marshall ) . MacArthur was further considered for promotion to the `` six star '' position of General of the Armies , both during and following the Second World War . 18 Nimitz , Chester ! Chester W. Nimitz U.S. Navy Fleet Admiral 19 Dec 1944 Fifth officer to hold five star rank and the third within the United States Navy . Served as the first post-World War II Chief of Naval Operations 19 Eisenhower , Dwight ! Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. Army General of the Army 20 Dec 1944 Later served as President of the United States . Required to resign his commission as a five star officer during his term ; five star rank was reinstated after leaving office by president John F. Kennedy 20 Arnold , Henry ! Henry H. Arnold U.S. Army General of the Army 21 Dec 1944 Last of the initial five star appointments during the Second World War . U.S. Air Force General of the Air Force 7 May 1949 Five star rank was converted to that of General of the Air Force in 1949 . No other officer has held the Air Force five star version since Arnold . 21 Halsey , William ! William F. Halsey U.S. Navy Fleet Admiral 11 Dec 1945 First of two post World War II promotions to five star rank ( the other being Omar Bradley ) 22 Bradley , Omar ! Omar Bradley U.S. Army General of the Army 20 Sep 1950 Last officer in U.S. history to be promoted to five star rank 23 Spruance , Raymond ! Raymond Spruance U.S. Navy Admiral 4 Feb 1944 A close contender for the rank of Fleet Admiral , his promotion was consistently blocked by Congressman Carl Vinson , but he was granted the full pay of an Admiral on the retirement list in July 1948 . The Spruance - class destroyer is named in his honor . 24 Patton , George ! George Patton U.S. Army General 14 Apr 1945 Generally regarded as the most successful combat commander of the European theatre of World War II . A possible contender for the rank of General of the Army , he was killed in an automotive accident in 1945 before any such consideration 25 Ridgeway , Matthew ! Matthew Ridgway U.S. Army General 11 May 1951 Replaced Douglas MacArthur as senior officer during the Korean War , after MacArthur was relieved by Harry S. Truman . Later served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army . Alexander Vandegrift is also frequently included in historical seniority lists due to his status as the first Commandant of the Marine Corps to hold a four - star rank , as is Anna Mae Hays who was the first woman to be promoted to brigadier general in the history of the United States . Historical seniority is rarely referred to after the Korean War since modern military seniority systems had been well - established after the mid 20th century . Expanded seniority lists such as the one listed below do exist mostly in recognition of major military leaders of modern wars and conflicts . Officer Service Highest rank Date of rank Historical significance Westmoreland , William ! William Westmoreland U.S. Army General 1 Aug 1965 Senior most operational officer of the Vietnam War . Omitted from some historical lists , since Westmoreland served in the later 20th century when the regular military seniority system had already been well established . Rickover , , Hyman ! Hyman G. Rickover U.S. Navy Admiral 3 Dec 1973 Head of the nuclear program of the United States Navy and one of the longest serving officers in United States military history . Powell , Colin ! Colin Powell U.S. Army General 4 Apr 1989 Served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Gulf War . Later considered for five star promotion ; however , a Congressional bill was never passed . Later served as Secretary of State . Schwarzkopf , Norman ! Norman Schwarzkopf Jr . U.S. Army General 1 Nov 1988 Senior commander of Operation Desert Storm . As with Colin Powell , was considered for five star rank but without result . Petraeus , David ! David Petraeus U.S. Army General 30 Jan 2007 Considered for five star rank due to his status as the leader of the military during the War on Terror , however due to later scandals after retirement no further effort was made on this proposal . Mattis , James ! James Mattis U.S. Marine Corps General 7 Nov 2007 Leader of United States Central Command during the Iraq War . Led both the first and second Battles of Fallujah . Secretary of Defense under Donald Trump as of January 20 , 2017 . Dunwoody , Ann ! Ann E. Dunwoody U.S. Army General 14 Nov 2008 First female four star officer in the history of the United States Armed Forces . Wolfenbarger , Janet ! Janet C. Wolfenbarger U.S. Air Force General 5 Jun 2012 First female four star general in the history of the United States Air Force . Howard , Michelle ! Michelle Howard U.S. Navy Admiral 1 Jul 2014 First female four star admiral in the history of the United States Navy . See also ( edit ) List of United States Presidents by military rank List of active duty United States four - star officers List of United States Army four - star generals List of United States Navy four - star admirals List of United States Air Force four - star generals List of United States Marine Corps four - star generals References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : DoD Instruction 1310.01 - Rank and Seniority of Commissioned Officers Jump up ^ http://www.jcs.mil/About/ Jump up ^ Dept of the Army , `` U.S. Army Leadership Handbook : Skills , Tactics , and Techniques for Leading in Any Situation '' , Skyhorse Publishing ; 1st edition ( March 1 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Hearn , Chester , `` Navy : An Illustrated History : The U.S. Navy from 1775 to the 21st Century '' , Zenith Press ; 1st edition ( May 15 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Showalter , Dennis E. , Patton And Rommel : Men of War in the Twentieth Century , New York City : Berkley Books ( 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 20663 - 8 United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers Highest ranking officers in history National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : A : 1 / 2 MC N AF Art : A AF Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Highest military ranks General officer Flag officer Air officer Imperator Marshal of Italy Generalissimo Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Supreme Allied Commander Admiral of the Navy General of the Armies General of the Air Force Generalfeldmarschall Mareşal Marshal of the air force Marshal of the Soviet Union Marshal of the Russian Federation Mushir Magister militum Spahbed Ispahsalar Beylerbey Bojni Vojvoda Chom Thap Thai Constable of France Domestic of the Schools Grand Domestic Shogun Dux bellorum Grand marshal Hetman Jenderal besar Polemarch Reichsmarschall Federal General of Switzerland Sardar Serasker Autokrator First marshal of the empire Da yuan shuai Dai - gensui Taewonsu Yuan shuai Wonsu Marshal of Yugoslavia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_military_seniority&oldid=809551394 '' Categories : American military personnel Lists of generals Lists of American military personnel Military history of the United States Military ranks of the United States United States military - related lists Military personnel by rank Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 21 : 18 . 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-9221550310307780814	Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government	Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government - wikipedia Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Department overview Formed May 2006 Jurisdiction England Headquarters 2 Marsham Street , London , England Annual budget £ 28.1 billion ( current ) & £ 3.5 billion ( capital ) for 2011 - 12 Minister responsible The Rt . Hon . James Brokenshire MP , Secretary of State for Housing , Communities and Local Government Department executive Melanie Dawes , Permanent Secretary Website www.gov.uk/dclg United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Acts of Parliament relating to the EU Statutory Instruments English law Reserved matters Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Legislative Consent Motion Scotland Government Parliament Act of the Scottish Parliament Scottish statutory instrument Scottish law Wales Government National Assembly Act of the National Assembly for Wales Welsh law Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly Northern Ireland law London Executive Mayor Assembly Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas The Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government ( MHCLG or MoHoCoLoGo ) is the UK Government department for housing , communities and local government in England . It was established in May 2006 and is the successor to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister , established in 2001 . Its headquarters is located at 2 Marsham Street , London . It was renamed to add Housing to its title and changed to a ministry in January 2018 . There are corresponding departments in the Scottish Government , the Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Executive , responsible for communities and local government in their respective jurisdictions . Contents 1 Ministers 2 History and responsibilities 2.1 Responsibilities 3 Bodies sponsored by MHCLG 3.1 Executive agencies 3.2 Non-departmental public bodies 4 Devolution 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Ministers ( edit ) The MHCLG 's ministers are as follows : Minister Rank Portfolio The Rt Hon . James Brokenshire MP Secretary of State for Housing , Communities and Local Government Overall leadership of the Ministry , Troubled Families Kit Malthouse MP Minister of State for Housing and Planning Housing , Ebbsfleet , planning policy , neighbourhood planning , lead minister on the Housing Bill , planning casework , London Jake Berry MP Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State for the Northern Powerhouse and Local Growth Northern Powerhouse , city deals , European Regional Development Fund , Enterprise Zones and Local Enterprise Partnerships , building regulations , supporting minister on the Devolution Bill , planning casework Rishi Sunak MP Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State for Local Government Local Government policy and finances , adult social care , local government pensions and interventions policy , troubled families , parks / green space Heather Wheeler MP Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State for Housing and Homelessness Homelessness and rough sleeping , private - rented sector , Housing Ombudsman and redress , leasehold reform , voluntary right - to - buy , home buying process reform , domestic abuse and refuges , supported housing , The Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State Departmental business in the House of Lords , local government finance and policy , integration and faith , High Speed Rail 2 ( HS2 ) , Travellers , supporting the Secretary of State on City Deals and Troubled Families , women and equalities ( supporting the Department for Education in the House of Lords ) The Permanent Secretary is Melanie Dawes who took up her post on 1 March 2015 . Henry Smith was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government on 26 May 2015 . History and responsibilities ( edit ) MHCLG was formed in July 2001 as part of the Cabinet Office with the title Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) , headed by the then Deputy Prime Minister , John Prescott . In May 2002 the ODPM became a separate department after absorbing the local government and regions portfolios from the defunct Department for Transport , Local Government and the Regions . The ODPM was criticised in some quarters for adding little value and the Environmental Audit Committee had reported negatively on the department in the past . During the 5 May 2006 reshuffle of Tony Blair 's government , it was renamed and Ruth Kelly succeeded David Miliband to become the first Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government at the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) . In January 2018 , as part of Theresa May 's Cabinet Reshuffle , the department was renamed the Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government ( MHCLG ) . Responsibilities ( edit ) The Ministry is responsible for UK Government policy in the following areas , mainly in England : building regulations community cohesion decentralisation fire services and community resilience housing local government planning race equality the Thames Gateway urban regeneration On its creation it also assumed the community policy function of the Home Office . Ministers have since established the Commission on Integration and Cohesion , and the now separate Government Equalities Office which is now part of the Department for Education . Bodies sponsored by MHCLG ( edit ) Executive agencies ( edit ) Planning Inspectorate Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre The department also was previously responsible for two other agencies . On 18 July 2011 Ordnance Survey was transferred to the Department for Business , Innovation and Skills and on 28 February 2013 the Fire Service College was sold to Capita . Non-departmental public bodies ( edit ) In January 2007 , Ruth Kelly announced proposals to bring together the delivery functions of the Housing Corporation , English Partnerships and parts of the Department for Housing , Communities and Local Government to form a new unified housing and regeneration agency , the Homes and Communities Agency ( renamed Homes England in 2018 ) . Initially announced as Communities England , it became operational in December 2008 . This also includes the Academy for Sustainable Communities. 2008 was also the year that the department along with the Local Government Association produced the National Improvement and Efficiency Strategy which led to the creation of nine Regional Improvement and Efficiency Partnerships ( RIEPs ) with devolved funding of £ 185m to drive sector - led improvement for councils . Devolution ( edit ) Its main counterparts in the devolved nations of the UK are as follows . Scotland Communities Directorates Learning and Justice Directorates Northern Ireland Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister ( civil resilience , community cohesion , race relations ) Department of the Environment ( local government , planning ) Department of Finance and Personnel ( building regulations ) Department of Health , Social Services and Public Safety ( fire services ) Department for Social Development ( housing , urban regeneration ) Wales Welsh Government Department for Local Government and Public Services See also ( edit ) United Kingdom budget Council house Energy efficiency in British housing Flag protocol Homes and Communities Agency Local Resilience Forum English Partnerships Housing Corporation Housing estate Social Exclusion Task Force Local Government Association Regional Improvement and Efficiency Partnership References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Budget 2011 ( PDF ) . London : HM Treasury . 2011 . p. 48 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hansard 22 January 2018 column 19 Jump up ^ `` Our ministers '' . GOV.UK . Department for Communities and Local Government . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Dawes announced as new DCLG permanent secretary -- Civil Service World '' . www.civilserviceworld.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Environmental report slams ODPM over sustainable code '' . Building . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Knight , Sam ( 5 May 2006 ) . `` Prescott loses his dream home the megadepartment '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Government ministers and responsibilities -- GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Ordnance Survey becomes part of Department for Business Innovation and Skills '' . Jump up ^ `` Fire Service College sold to Capita '' . 28 February 2013 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ National Improvement and Efficiency Strategy Archived 27 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Official website Local Government Channel Communities UK YouTube channel United Kingdom Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Headquarters : 2 Marsham Street Ashdown House Ministers Secretary of State for Housing , Communities and Local Government Minister of State for Regional Economic Development and Co-ordination Minister of State for Housing and Planning Parliamentary Under Secretaries of State Executive agencies Planning Inspectorate Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre Non-departmental public bodies Commission for Local Administration in England ( Local Government Ombudsmen ) Homes and Communities Agency Category Departments of Her Majesty 's Government Ministerial Attorney General 's Office Cabinet Office Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport Department for Education Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Department for Exiting the European Union Department for International Development Department for International Trade Department for Transport Department for Work and Pensions Department of Health and Social Care Foreign and Commonwealth Office Her Majesty 's Treasury Home Office Ministry of Defence Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Ministry of Justice Northern Ireland Office Office of the Advocate General for Scotland Office of the Leader of the House of Commons Office of the Leader of the House of Lords Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland Office of the Secretary of State for Wales UK Export Finance Non-ministerial Charity Commission for England and Wales Competition and Markets Authority Crown Prosecution Service Food Standards Agency Forestry Commission Government Actuary 's Department Government Legal Department Her Majesty 's Land Registry Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs National Crime Agency National Savings and Investments Office for Standards in Education , Children 's Services and Skills Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation Office of Rail and Road Ordnance Survey Serious Fraud Office Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The National Archives UK Statistics Authority UK Trade & Investment Water Services Regulation Authority Category Commons Construction industry of the United Kingdom Construction Economy of the United Kingdom companies consultancies and support services Amec Foster Wheeler Amey Arcadis Architecture firms Arup Atkins Faithful + Gould Buro Happold Capita CH2M Hill Cundall Davis Langdon Elliott Wood Expedition Engineering Flint & Neill Gifford Hoare Lea Interserve Mace Mitie Mott MacDonald Mouchel RPS Scott Wilson Sweett Group WSP house builders current Barratt Bellway Berkeley Bloor Boot Bovis Countryside Properties Crest Nicholson Keepmoat Lend Lease McCarthy & Stone Miller Muir Persimmon Redrow Taylor Wimpey Telford Homes United House defunct Ashtons Beazer Broseley Bryant Homes Comben Homes George Wimpey Ideal Homes Jelsons McLean Homes Taylor Woodrow Westbury William Leech Wilson Bowden integrated construction current Balfour Beatty BAM Nuttall Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Clugston Costain Galliford Try Gleeson Interserve Keller Group Kier Laing O'Rourke Lend Lease Mace Morgan Sindall J. 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Trollope & Colls suppliers current Aggregate Industries Artex Ashtead Brogan Buildbase Celotex Cemex UK Hanson Hope Cement HSS Hire Jewson Kingspan Kingspan Off - Site London Brick Mero - Schmidlin Pilkington RMD Kwikform Saint Gobain SIG Speedy Hire Tarmac Tarmac Building Products Tata Steel Europe Travis Perkins Wolseley defunct Blue Circle Industries Redland RMC Group Tarmac Group government and regulatory bodies Department for Communities and Local Government Department for Business , Innovation and Skills Health & Safety Executive Local planning authority Planning Inspectorate Chief Construction Adviser to UK Government industry bodies British Constructional Steelwork Association BSRIA Build UK Building Research Establishment Chartered Institute of Building Civil Engineering Contractors Association Construction Clients ' Group Construction Industry Council CIRIA CITB Constructing Excellence Electrical Safety Council Federation of Master Builders Home Builders Federation Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers National Access and Scaffolding Confederation National Federation of Builders National Federation of Demolition Contractors National House Building Council Refined Bitumen Association Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Scottish Building Federation SELECT ( Electrical Contractors ' Association of Scotland ) Society of Construction Arbitrators Specialist Engineering Contractors Group Strategic Forum for Construction sustainability Association for Environment Conscious Building BREEAM Code for Sustainable Homes EcoHomes Energy efficiency in British housing Good Homes Alliance UK Green Building Council other British Construction Industry Awards Building Building regulations in the United Kingdom Building regulations approval Construction News Development control in the United Kingdom New Civil Engineer Planning permission Town and country planning in the United Kingdom Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Housing,_Communities_and_Local_Government&oldid=851973994 '' Categories : Ministerial departments of the United Kingdom Government Local government in England Department for Communities and Local Government 2006 establishments in the United Kingdom 2006 establishments in England Housing ministries Spatial planning ministries Ministries established in 2006 Governance of England Local government ministries Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 19 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the minister of local government and housing	[ "\n\nMinister\n\nRank\n\nPortfolio\n\n\nThe Rt Hon. James Brokenshire MP\n\nSecretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government\n\nOverall leadership of the Ministry, Troubled Families\n\n\nKit Malthouse MP\n\nMinister of State for Housing and Planning\n\nHousing, Ebbsfleet, planning policy, neighbourhood planning, lead minister on the Housing Bill, planning casework, London\n\n\nJake Berry MP\n\nParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Northern Powerhouse and Local Growth\n\nNorthern Powerhouse, city deals, European Regional Development Fund, Enterprise Zones and Local Enterprise Partnerships, building regulations, supporting minister on the Devolution Bill, planning casework\n\n\nRishi Sunak MP\n\nParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Local Government\n\nLocal Government policy and finances, adult social care, local government pensions and interventions policy, troubled families, parks/green space\n\n\nHeather Wheeler MP\n\nParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Housing and Homelessness\n\nHomelessness and rough sleeping, private-rented sector, Housing Ombudsman and redress, leasehold reform,voluntary right-to-buy, home buying process reform, domestic abuse and refuges, supported housing,\n\n\nThe Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth\n\nParliamentary Under-Secretary of State\n\nDepartmental business in the House of Lords, local government finance and policy, integration and faith, High Speed Rail 2 (HS2), Travellers, supporting the Secretary of State on City Deals and Troubled Families, women and equalities (supporting the Department for Education in the House of Lords)\n" ]	[ "The Rt Hon. James Brokenshire" ]
4862642155077942675	Cypress Hill	Cypress Hill - wikipedia Cypress Hill Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Cypress Hills . Cypress Hill Cypress Hill performing at Bonnaroo in 2006 Background information Also known as DVX ( Devastating Vocal Excellence ) Origin South Gate , California , U.S. Genres Hip hop , rap rock Years active 1988 -- present Labels Ruffhouse Columbia Priority EMI Website cypresshill.com Members B - Real DJ Muggs Sen Dog Eric Bobo Cypress Hill is an American hip hop music group from South Gate , California . Cypress Hill was the first Latino American hip hop recording group to have platinum and multi-platinum albums , selling over 20 million albums worldwide . They are considered to be among the main progenitors of West Coast rap and hip hop in the early 1990s , being critically acclaimed for their first four albums . The band has also advocated for medical and recreational use of cannabis in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation ( 1988 ) 1.2 Early works and mainstream success ( 1989 -- 95 ) 1.3 Continued career ( 1996 -- 2002 ) 1.4 Till Death Do Us Part ( 2003 -- 07 ) 1.5 Departure from Sony and Rise Up ( 2008 -- present ) 2 Style 2.1 Rapping 2.2 Production 3 Discography 4 Awards and nominations 5 Members 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( 1988 ) ( edit ) Senen Reyes ( also known as Sen Dog ) and Ulpiano Sergio Reyes ( also known as Mellow Man Ace ) are brothers born in Pinar del Río , Cuba . In 1971 , their family immigrated to the United States from Cuba . They initially lived in South Gate , California . In 1988 , the two brothers teamed up with New York City native Lawrence Muggerud ( also known as DJ Muggs , previously in a rap group named 7A3 ) and Louis Freese ( also known as B - Real ) to form a hip - hop group named DVX ( Devastating Vocal Excellence ) . The band soon lost Mellow Man Ace to a solo career , and changed their name to Cypress Hill , after a street in South Gate . Early works and mainstream success ( 1989 -- 95 ) ( edit ) After recording a demo in 1989 , Cypress Hill signed a record deal with Ruffhouse Records . Their self - titled first album was released in August 1991 . The lead single was the double A-side `` The Phuncky Feel One '' / `` How I Could Just Kill a Man '' which received heavy airplay on urban and college radio . The other two singles released from the album were `` Hand on the Pump '' and `` Latin Lingo '' , the latter of which combined English and Spanish lyrics . The success of these singles led to the album selling two million copies in the US alone . Cypress Hill contributed the song `` Shoot ' Em Up '' to the soundtrack of the movie Juice . The group made their first appearance at Lollapalooza on the side stage in 1992 . Germany 1998 Black Sunday , the group 's second album , debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 in 1993 , recording the highest Soundscan for a rap group up until that time . Also , with their debut still in the charts , they became the first rap group to have two albums in the top 10 of the Billboard 200 at the same time . With `` Insane in the Brain '' becoming a crossover hit , the album went triple platinum in the U.S. and sold about 3.25 million copies . The band headlined the Soul Assassins tour with House of Pain and Funkdoobiest as support , then performed on a college tour with Rage Against the Machine and Seven Year Bitch . In 1993 , Cypress Hill also had two tracks on the Judgment Night soundtrack , teaming up with Pearl Jam ( without singer Eddie Vedder ) on the track `` Real Thing '' and Sonic Youth on `` I Love You Mary Jane '' . The group later played at Woodstock 94 , introducing new member Eric Bobo , son of Willie Bobo and formerly a percussionist with the Beastie Boys . Rolling Stone magazine named the group as the best rap group in their music awards voted by critics and readers . Cypress Hill played at Lollapalooza for two successive years , topping the bill in 1995 . They also appeared on the `` Homerpalooza '' episode of The Simpsons . Prior to Bobo joining the crew , Panchito `` Ponch '' Gomez sat in as a percussionist when not acting . Their third album III : Temples of Boom was released in 1995 , the album was certified Platinum by the RIAA . Cypress Hill also contributed a track `` I Wanna Get High '' to the High Times sponsored Hempilation album to support NORML . Continued career ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Sen Dog took a break from the band to form a Los Angeles - based rap rock band , SX - 10 . Meanwhile , in 1996 , Cypress Hill appeared on the first Smokin ' Grooves tour , featuring Ziggy Marley , The Fugees , Busta Rhymes and A Tribe Called Quest . The band also released a nine track EP Unreleased and Revamped with rare mixes . In 1997 , band members focused on their solo careers . Muggs released Soul Assassins : Chapter 1 featuring contributions from Dr. Dre , KRS - One , Wyclef Jean and Mobb Deep . B - Real appeared with Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J and Method Man on `` Hit Em High '' from the multi-platinum Space Jam Soundtrack . He also appeared with RBX , Nas and KRS - One on `` East Coast Killer , West Coast Killer '' from Dr. Dre 's Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath album , and contributed to an album entitled The Psycho Realm with the band of the same name . Though the focus that year was not on group efforts , the band played Smokin ' Grooves with George Clinton and Erykah Badu . Cypress Hill released IV in 1998 which went gold in the US , on the backs of hit singles `` Tequila Sunrise '' and `` Dr. Greenthumb '' . Sen Dog also released the Get Wood sampler as part of SX - 10 on the label Flip . In 1999 , Cypress Hill helped with the PC crime video game Kingpin : Life of Crime . Three of the band 's songs from the 1998 IV album were in the game ( `` 16 Men Till There 's No Men Left '' , `` Checkmate '' and `` Lightning Strikes '' ) . B - Real also did voice work for some of the game 's characters . Also in 1999 , the band released a greatest - hits album in Spanish , Los grandes éxitos en español . In 2000 , Cypress Hill then fused genres with their fifth album , Skull & Bones , which was a two - disc album . The first disc , `` Skull '' was composed of rap tracks while `` Bones '' explored further the group 's forays into rock . The album reached the Top 5 on the Billboard 200 and number 3 in Canada . The first single was `` Rock Superstar '' for rock radio and `` Rap Superstar '' for urban radio . Following the release of the album , Cypress Hill ( along with MxPx ) landed a slot opening for The Offspring on the Conspiracy of One tour . The band also released Live at the Fillmore , a concert disc recorded at the Fillmore ( in San Francisco ) in 2000 . Cypress Hill continued their experimentation with rock on the Stoned Raiders album in 2001 . However , its sales were a disappointment , as the disc did not even reach the top 50 of the US album charts . In 2001 , the group appeared in the film How High . Till Death Do US part ( 2003 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Cypress Hill recorded `` Just Another Victim '' for WWE as a theme song for Tazz . At the time , WWE was using original music for almost all of the wrestlers . The band released Till Death Do Us Part on March 23 , 2004 . The album saw the band experiment with reggae especially on the lead single `` What 's Your Number '' . The track features Tim Armstrong of Rancid on guitar and backup vocals . It is based on the classic song `` The Guns of Brixton '' on The Clash 's London Calling and has proven to be a success on the modern rock charts . However , the album represented a further departure from the signature sound of their first four albums . The album also features appearances by Damian Marley , son of Bob Marley , Prodigy of Mobb Deep and producers the Alchemist and Fredwreck . In 2004 , the song `` How I Could Just Kill A Man '' was included in the popular video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas created by Rockstar Games , playing on West Coast hip hop radio station Radio Los Santos . In December 2005 a best of compilation album titled Greatest Hits From the Bong was released including nine hits from previous albums and two new tracks . The group 's next album was tentatively scheduled for an early 2007 release . In the summer of 2006 , B - Real appeared on Snoop Dogg 's single `` Vato '' , which was produced by Pharrell Williams . In 2007 Cypress Hill toured with their full line up as a part of the Rock the Bells tour , held by Guerilla Union , B Simm , and headlined with Public Enemy , Wu - Tang Clan , Nas , and a reunited Rage Against the Machine . Departure from sony and Rise up ( 2008 -- present ) ( edit ) On July 25 , 2008 , Cypress Hill performed at a benefit concert at the House of Blues Chicago , where a majority of the proceeds went to the Chicago Alliance to End Homelessness . In August 2009 , a new song by Cypress Hill , titled `` Get ' Em Up '' , was made available on iTunes . The song is featured on the Madden NFL 2010 video game . In November 2009 , a new version of the Guns N ' Roses classic `` Paradise City '' performed by Cypress Hill , Slash and Fergie was made available as a bonus track to Slash 's single `` Sahara '' from Slash 's solo album Slash . Cypress Hill 's eighth studio album Rise Up , features contributions from Everlast , Tom Morello , Daron Malakian , Pitbull , Marc Anthony and Mike Shinoda . The album was released on Priority Records / EMI Entertainment , as the group was signed to the label by new Creative Chairman Snoop Dogg on January 15 , 2010 . The album was released on April 20 , 2010 . The album 's introduction single , `` It Ai n't Nothin ' '' was released as a free download from the group 's official website . The song `` Rise Up '' was featured at WWE 's pay - per - view , Elimination Chamber , as the official theme song for that event , and was released as the third single for the album , with `` Armada Latina '' being fourth . The song also appeared in the trailer of the movie The Green Hornet . Cypress Hill commenced its Rise Up tour in Philadelphia on April 10 , 2010 . Julio G had replaced DJ Muggs for the tour . Muggs had been absent due to working on several other projects , including separate albums with B - Real and Sen Dog . The group was supposed to stop in Tucson , Arizona but canceled the show in protest of the recent immigration legislation . At the Rock en Seine festival in Paris on August 27 , 2010 they said in an interview that they would wait and see what happens with the legislation before going back there . Cypress Hill performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2010 , on August 28 at Leeds and August 29 at Reading . On June 5 , 2012 , Cypress Hill and dubstep artist Rusko released a collaborative EP entitled Cypress X Rusko . Also in 2012 , Cypress Hill collaborated with Deadmau5 on his sixth studio album Album Title Goes Here , lending vocals on `` Failbait '' . On August 2017 , Cypress Hill 's `` Ai n't going out like that '' was featured as a trailer soundtrack for Netflix 's Narcos Season 3 . Style ( edit ) Rapping ( edit ) One of the band 's most striking aspects is B - Real 's exaggeratedly high - pitched nasal vocals . In the book Check the Technique , B - Real describes his nasal style , saying his rapping voice is `` high and annoying ... the nasal style I have was just something that I developed ... my more natural style was n't so pleasing to DJ Muggs and Sen Dog 's ears '' and talking about the nasal style in the book How to Rap , B - Real says , `` you want to stand out from the others and just be distinct ... when you got something that can separate you from everybody else , you got ta use it to your advantage . '' In the film Art of Rap , B - Real credits the Beastie Boys as an influence when developing his rapping style . Sen Dog 's voice is deeper , more violent and often shouted alongside the rapping ; his vocals are often emphasized by adding another background / choir voice to say them . Sen Dog 's style is in contrast to B - Real 's , who says , `` Sen 's voice is so strong , '' and `` it all blends together '' when they are both on the same track . Both B - Real and Sen Dog started writing lyrics in both Spanish and English and B - Real was inspired to start writing raps from watching Sen Dog and Mellow Man Ace writing their lyrics , and originally B - Real was going to just be the writer for the group rather than a rapper . Their lyrics are noted for bringing a `` cartoonish '' approach to violence by Peter Shapiro and Allmusic . Production ( edit ) The sound and groove of their music , produced by Muggs , has spooky sounds and stoned aesthetic ; with its bass - heavy rhythms and odd sample loops ( `` Insane in the Brain '' has a pitched - altered horse neigh looped in its chorus ) , it carries a psychedelic value , which lessened in the later albums . For using rock / metal instrumentation the band is sometimes classified as a rap rock / rap metal group . The double album Skull & Bones consists of a pure rap album ( `` Skull '' ) and an entire CD of rap / rock / nu metal songs ( `` Bones '' ) . In the live album Live at The Fillmore some of the old classics are played in a rock / metal version , with Sen Dog 's band SX - 10 and Eric Bobo playing the rock instrument . While the first album and Black Sunday follow a more minimalistic and funky sound , III ( Temples of Boom ) has a very dark , spooky atmosphere and heavy beats , sometimes approaching hardcore rap . IV introduced more diverse sounds on the beats while maintaining the hardcore edge . The first albums are mostly influenced by psychedelic music , but the band eventually got closer to modern rap as it is today while still experimenting with rock from time to time , like on `` Skull and Bones '' and `` Stoned Raiders '' . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Cypress Hill discography Cypress Hill ( 1991 ) Black Sunday ( 1993 ) Cypress Hill III : Temples of Boom ( 1995 ) Cypress Hill IV ( 1998 ) Skull & Bones ( 2000 ) Stoned Raiders ( 2001 ) Till Death Do Us Part ( 2004 ) Rise Up ( 2010 ) Elephants on Acid ( 2018 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Grammy Awards Year Nominated work Award Result 1994 `` Insane in the Brain '' Best Rap Performance by a Group or Duo Nominated 1995 `` I Ai n't Goin ' Out Like That '' Best Rap Performance by a Group or Duo Nominated `` Throw Your Set in the Air '' Best Rap Performance by a Group or Duo Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Year Nominated work Award Result 1994 `` Insane in the Brain '' Best Rap Video Nominated Members ( edit ) Current Louis `` B - Real '' Freese -- lead vocals ( 1988 -- present ) Lawrence `` DJ Muggs '' Muggerud -- turntables , samples ( 1988 -- 2004 ; 2014 -- present ) Senen `` Sen Dog '' Reyes -- vocals ( 1988 -- present ) Eric `` Bobo '' Correa -- drums , percussion ( 1993 -- present ) Former Ulpiano `` Mellow Man Ace '' Reyes -- vocals ( 1988 ) Farid `` Fredwreck '' Nassar -- turntables , samples ( 2004 -- 07 ) Timeline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://whiplash.net/materias/biografias/038946-cypresshill.html ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Hill , Cypress . `` High Times and the High Times Mag Cover '' . Rap Genius . ^ Jump up to : `` Cypress Hill - Biography '' . Whiplash . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum Program : Cypress Hill '' . RIAA . Jump up ^ `` SX10 tocara hoy en el DanZoo '' ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : La Jornada . May 24 , 2003 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cypress Hill To Perform At Benefit of Homelessness in youth dance event for euphoria and aid relief '' . Theblackspotlight.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Madden 2010 Soundtrack Revealed '' . Bleacher Report , Inc. 2009 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cypress Hill to Return With Help From Slash , Tom Morello and Mike Shinoda '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Roman ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Snoop Dogg Signs Cypress Hill To Priority '' . Infinity , Allhiphop.com , Inc . Archived from the original on 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cypress Hill - Love the snails and the dope , but not Arizona 's law RFI '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ RJ Cubarrubia ( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) . `` EP Premiere : Deadmau5 , ' The Veldt ' Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman , Brian . Check The Technique : Liner Notes For Hip - Hop Junkies . New York : Villard / Random House , 2007 , pp. 122 - 123 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Peter , 2005 , The Rough Guide To Hip - Hop , 2nd Edition , Penguin , pp. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com , HipHopDX - . `` New Cypress Hill Album `` Elephants On Acid '' `` . External links ( edit ) Official website Cypress Hill on Weave Cypress Hill B - Real Sen Dog DJ Muggs Eric Bobo Mellow Man Ace Studio albums Cypress Hill Black Sunday Cypress Hill III : Temples of Boom Cypress Hill IV Skull & Bones Stoned Raiders Till Death Do Us Part Rise Up Compilations Los grandes éxitos en español Greatest Hits from the Bong Super Hits Collections Strictly Hip Hop : The Best of Cypress Hill Live albums Live at the Fillmore EPs Unreleased and Revamped Stash Singles `` How I Could Just Kill a Man '' `` The Phuncky Feel One '' `` Hand on the Pump '' `` Latin Lingo '' `` Insane in the Brain '' `` When the Shit Goes Down '' `` I Ai n't Goin ' Out Like That '' `` Lick a Shot '' `` Throw Your Set in the Air '' `` Illusions '' `` Boom Biddy Bye Bye '' `` Dr. Greenthumb '' `` ( Rap ) Superstar '' `` ( Rock ) Superstar '' `` Highlife '' `` Ca n't Get the Best of Me '' `` Trouble '' `` Lowrider '' `` What 's Your Number ? '' `` Rise Up '' `` Armada Latina '' Related articles Discography Kush ( band ) Soul Assassins DJ Muggs Solo albums Dust Bass For Your Face With Soul Assassins Soul Assassins I Soul Assassins II Soul Assassins : Intermission Vs. Series Grandmasters ( with Gza ) Legend of the Mask and the Assassin ( with Sick Jacken & Cynic ) Pain Language ( with Planet Asia ) Kill Devil Hills ( with Ill Bill ) Collaboration albums Juxtapose ( with Tricky & Dame Grease ) Related articles Cypress Hill Production discography VIAF : 126849669 LCCN : n92039502 ISNI : 0000 0001 2248 2707 GND : 3063996 - 7 SUDOC : 157863077 BNF : cb13964044z ( data ) MusicBrainz : 51508c1f - 8d07 - 4a00 - 9cf1 - 26c570fe7b78 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypress_Hill&oldid=835110406 '' Categories : Cypress Hill Cannabis music Priority Records artists Columbia Records artists West Coast hip hop groups American cannabis activists Hispanic and Latino American rappers People from South Gate , California Musical groups from California Musical groups established in 1988 Rappers from Los Angeles 1988 establishments in California Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 16 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did cypress hill get their name from	[ "Senen Reyes (also known as Sen Dog) and Ulpiano Sergio Reyes (also known as Mellow Man Ace) are brothers born in Pinar del Río, Cuba. In 1971, their family immigrated to the United States from Cuba. They initially lived in South Gate, California. In 1988, the two brothers teamed up with New York City native Lawrence Muggerud (also known as DJ Muggs, previously in a rap group named 7A3) and Louis Freese (also known as B-Real) to form a hip-hop group named DVX (Devastating Vocal Excellence). The band soon lost Mellow Man Ace to a solo career, and changed their name to Cypress Hill, after a street in South Gate.[4]" ]	[ "after a street in South Gate" ]
2708470801456248380	Brittany Hodges	Brittany Hodges - wikipedia Brittany Hodges Jump to : navigation , search Brittany Hodges Lauren Woodland as Brittany Hodges The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Vanessa Evigan ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Lauren Woodland ( 2000 -- 18 ) Duration 1999 -- 2005 2018 First appearance December 1 , 1999 Last appearance March 29 , 2018 Created by Kay Alden Introduced by William J. Bell and Edward J. Scott ( 1999 ) Mal Young ( 2018 ) Classification Former ; guest Profile Other names Brittany Marsino Marilyn Occupation Lawyer Entertainer Home New York City ( show ) Family Family Hodges Father Frederick Hodges Mother Anita Hodges Husband Bobby Marsino ( 2005 ) Raul Guittierez ( 2010 -- ) Sons Joshua Marsino Brittany Hodges is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . Brittany was introduced on December 1 , 1999 by former executive producer Edward J. Scott . The role was first portrayed by actress Vanessa Lee Evigan . Evigan departed on February 25 , 2000 after a three - month stint , and was replaced by Lauren Woodland , who debuted on March 7 . Brittany 's storylines included relationships with Raul Guittierez ( David Lago ) and J.T. Hellstrom ( Thad Luckinbill ) . Woodland said that the romance with Raul changed the character who was previously manipulative and sexual . Brittany began working at a club owned by Bobby Marsino as a stripper and later a singer , for which she created the stage alter - ego Marilyn . Woodland enjoyed working on this storyline because she is an entertainer in real life . She eventually married Bobby and they had a child together . Bobby died in an accident and Brittany left town on November 2 , 2005 . The character was well - received ; three years after her departure , Luke Kerr of Zap2It said that he missed when the character was on , and he wrote that , `` It 's really too bad that Lauren was n't snapped up by another soap after leaving Y&R . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 4 References 5 External links Casting ( edit ) Vanessa Lee Evigan originated the role of Brittany on December 1 , 1999 , and portrayed the role on a recurring status until February 25 , 2000 . The role was recast with Lauren Woodland . Woodland first aired in March 2000 . She was absent from the series from February to March 2003 when she was in contract negotiations . Dan Kroll of the website SoapCentral noted that Sharon Case , also blonde , who plays Sharon Newman was also in the middle of intense contract negotiations , and that the show could `` lose two of its high - profile blonde actresses . '' That April , it was announced that the actress had opted for a three - year contract . Woodland last appeared in the role of Brittany on November 2 , 2005 ; the character left following her husband 's death . Woodland was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for her portrayal . In February 2018 , it was reported that Woodland would be returning as Brittany to commemorate with the show 's 45th anniversary . Woodland returned on March 28 , 2018 . Development ( edit ) Three years into her duration on the series , Woodland said that Brittany `` Started off as this manipulative and very sexual person who would do whatever it took to get what she wanted . '' She explained that Brittany has always been a `` complicated '' person but everyone was `` able to see that a lot of that behavior came from her insecurities '' along with the bad relationship she had with her family , including her parents Frederick ( John Martin ) and Anita Hodges ( Mitzi Kapture ) . In November 2002 , Candace Havens of Zap2It wrote that Brittany had always `` been a bit of a schemer '' until she found `` true love '' with the `` handsome '' Raul Guittierez ( David Lago ) . Woodland stated that Raul is the `` First person to give her the love and attention she needs , and she has fallen in love with him because of it . After the car crash , she blamed herself and did n't think she was worthy of his love , but he showed her how much he truly cared about her . '' However , the relationship did n't work out in the end . Another man Brittany was involved with was J.T. Hellstrom ( Thad Luckinbill ) . Woodland was thrilled when she found out that her character would be a stripper , because she was an entertainer herself . Nancy Reichardt of Oakland Tribune noted that the storyline was `` complete with choreographed song - and - dance routines '' , the reason for the actress being excited . Woodland explained that `` I always wanted to do musical theater '' which is why this was a great opportunity . She forms an on - stage alter ego , Marilyn , named after Marilyn Monroe . Her father Frederick attended the club , allured by the new sensation `` Marilyn '' but is horrified to find out that she is his own daughter . Brittany became involved with the owner of the club she stripped at , Bobby Marsino ( John Enos III ) . She asked Bobby if she could pursue her real passion at the club , singing , instead of stripping , to which he accepted . They became engaged , although she still had feelings for Raul . She became engaged to Bobby and was shocked when Raul moved on with another women . The show 's special eight - thousandth episode was the wedding between Brittany and Bobby . Storylines ( edit ) In 1999 , Brittany Hodges introduced as part of the new teen scene at Walnut Grove Academy . She was the snobby rich girl , the daughter of a wealthy banker ; she was often neglected by her parents . At the time , Brittany had a rich boyfriend , J.T. She soon dumped J.T. when she snagged Billy Abbott ( David Tom ) , an Abbott heir . Brittany was n't a good influence on Billy , who was trying to make his place in his family 's company by pretending to be a party boy . Billy got alcohol poisoning at a party thrown by J.T. , and neither J.T. nor Brittany attempted to call the ambulance for fear of getting in trouble themselves . Billy 's friend Raul came in time to save him , but his mother , Jill Abbott ( Jess Walton ) , lost respect for Brittany when she did n't help her son . At the Junior Prom , Brittany realized that Billy was attracted to Mackenzie Browning ( Ashley Bashioum ) , after they won Prom King and Queen . Brittany and Billy were chosen for the Glo By Jabot Kids campaign , and she used the opportunity to keep Billy for herself . She staged making love to Billy in order for Mac to walk in on them . Billy did n't remember anything , but the truth eventually came out when J.T. accidentally revealed it . Billy and Mac continued to be drawn to one another , and Brittany was left alone , plotting for revenge . Mac began talking to Billy in an Internet chat room under an alias in order to get him to admit to his feelings for her . Brittany found out , and she put Mac 's real name on the website . Brittany revealed that Mac was a runaway , but her plan was foiled when Mac 's mother , Amanda Browning ( Denice Duff ) , came to Genoa City . Brittany named her stripper alter ego `` Marilyn '' after Marilyn Monroe . Brittany began to spend more time with Raul , who was unlike Brittany 's other friends because he did not come from a wealthy background . Brittany shoplifted a sweater for Raul to give to his mother for Christmas . She also helped him with his college applications that he was reluctant to complete . Then , Brittany got the lead role in the school play , Much Ado About Nothing . Raul stepped in to play the male lead when J.T. did n't show up to play his role . Brittany and Raul 's feelings culminated when they shared a kiss backstage at the play . Later , Raul supported Brittany when her parents did n't come to see her . In a turn of events , Brittany then dumped Raul after she became afraid by the feeling of being in love . She started dating J.T. again in order to hurt Raul . Raul 's ex-girlfriend , Rianna Miner ( Alexis Thorpe ) , returned to town just in time for prom , and she persuaded Brittany and Raul to start dating . After prom , the couple made love at a campsite . Their lives took different paths when they accepted colleges in different towns . Before they went to school , they got into a car accident where Brittany was driving drunk . She came out of the accident unscathed while Raul was paralyzed for several months . Raul blamed Brittany for the accident , and he told her to go to college and leave him alone . Brittany refused to leave Genoa City , and she stayed with Raul while he recovered . When Brittany and Raul reunited , Brittany 's parents , Anita and Frederick , did n't approve of their relationship . They cut Brittany off from their money , and she was forced to live in a cheap apartment with Raul . One night , burglars came into the apartment and held Brittany captive . Luckily , Billy Abbott and Raul arrived in time to save her . After the break - in , Brittany and Raul both moved back in with their families for a short while . During that time , Raul turned down his scholarship from an out - of - town college in order to stay with Brittany and work part - time in Genoa City . Then , Brittany and Raul moved into an apartment with Billy and Mac , who were engaged at the time . In a turn of events , Billy and Mac left town after they were led to believe that they were first cousins . Raul and Brittany rented Mac 's room to J.T. in order to make some money . The peaceful life started to bother Brittany , and she started working as a singer , under the name of `` Marilyn '' , at a club owned by Bobby . She refused to strip , but the crown encouraged her to , and she gave in . She got a lot of money for her performances , and she loved the attention that she was getting . J.T. followed her to work one day , and he discovered what she had been doing . Raul soon found out the truth , and he broke up with Brittany , who thought that Raul would accept her new job . Soon , Brittany and Bobby began to have romantic feelings for each other . Then , Brittany 's father went to the club with some of his clients . After discovering Brittany there , he teamed up with Raul in order to get the club shut down . They were successful for a short while , but the club eventually opened again . Bobby Marsino was involved in the mob , and his mobster friends wanted revenge on Brittany 's father for shutting the club down . They punished him by electrocuting Brittany when she touched her stripper pole on stage . The right side of her face was severely burned , and Raul and Bobby stayed with her during her recovery . In the end , Brittany found comfort in Bobby , and she left Raul behind . Bobby decided to reopen the club as a cabaret called Marilyn 's just for Brittany . His mobster friends were angry with him , but Bobby had the last laugh when he wore a wire to get them to confess to their crimes . They were eventually sent to jail . Meanwhile , Raul found Brittany a plastic surgeon to fix her scars , and he later left town after Brittany rejected him . In 2005 , Brittany and Bobby got married at the Chancellor Estate with her parents reluctantly in attendance . After the wedding , Brittany 's father gave Bobby a large check and a threat to take care of his little girl . Then , they disowned their daughter . After the wedding , the newlyweds moved into the Newman Ranch while Bobby 's condo was being renovated . During their stay , Bobby became close to Nikki Newman ( Melody Thomas Scott ) . Brittany forced him to move somewhere else away from Nikki . Then , Brittany found out that she was pregnant . Due to complications from her pregnancy , Bobby borrowed money from the mob to pay for Brittany 's medical bills . They planned on naming their son Joshua after Bobby 's late brother . Before the birth , Bobby and Brittany began to receive anonymous baby gifts that were really from the mob . In order to protect the baby , Brittany told the public that J.T. was the father of the baby . Also , she and Bobby staged a split to throw the mob off course . Nikki found out about Bobby and Brittany 's secret , and she was kidnapped by the mob . Bobby rescued Nikki , and J.T. took Brittany to the Newman Ranch for protection , where she gave birth to her son , Joshua Marsino . Mac helped deliver the baby , who was two months premature . Bobby was forced into the Witness Protection Program , and Brittany moved into the Chancellor Estate with baby Joshua , J.T. and Mac . Later , Brittany was able to see Bobby , under heavy security protection , for a short while . Then , she waited for months to hear from him again . Eventually , Brittany received the tragic news that Bobby was killed by a hit - and - run . Distraught , Brittany left Genoa City with Joshua , and they moved back in with her parents in New York City . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' ' The Young and the Restless ' ' recap ( Dec 01 , 00 ) '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( October 25 , 2008 ) . `` David Lago Emmy Nomination Scene , 2005 '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Woodland re-signs , Case still in doubt The Young and the Restless @ '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : About the Actors Lauren Woodland The Young and the Restless @ '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Toby ( April 20 , 2003 ) . `` PILOTS SPARKLE WITH SOAP STARS '' . Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Media Services . p. 6 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' ' The Young and the Restless ' ' recap ( Nov 05 , 05 ) '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Mohammad ( May 19 , 2004 ) . `` Stardom Beckons to Teen '' . Dayton Daily News . Cox Enterprises . p. 1 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Lauren Woodland Returns to The Young and The Restless '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Havens , Candace ( November 10 , 2002 ) . `` Woodland character reveals new personality '' . The Free Lance - Star . The Free Lance -- Star Publishing Company . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thad Luckinbill '' . Buddy TV . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Reichardt , Nancy M. ( June 21 , 2003 ) . `` ' Y&R ' star glad to bump , grind '' . Oakland Tribune . MediaNews Group . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Soap Plot Lines '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group . September 14 , 2003 . p. 10 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cooper , Mary Ann ( April 24 , 2004 ) . `` Curtis Helps Doc Out of a Jam on ' As the World Turns ' '' . Lakeland Ledger . Halifax Media Group . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Groves , Sell ( August 2 , 2004 ) . `` Summary of soaps '' . Beaver Country Times . Calkins Media . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spoofing Politics , In Matchless ' SNL ' Style , ' Presidential Bash ' Will Poke Fun at Candidate Debates from 3 Decades '' . The Charlotte Observer . The McClatchy Company . October 29 , 2004 . p. 5 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Josh Griffith , Jill Farren Phelps ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` # 10041 : Encore '' . The Young and the Restless . Season 40 . CBS . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Brittany Hodges profile - Soapcentral.com The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brittany_Hodges&oldid=834505590 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 02 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays brittany on young and the restless	[ "Brittany Hodges is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. Brittany was introduced on December 1, 1999 by former executive producer Edward J. Scott.[1] The role was first portrayed by actress Vanessa Lee Evigan. Evigan departed on February 25, 2000 after a three-month stint, and was replaced by Lauren Woodland, who debuted on March 7. Brittany's storylines included relationships with Raul Guittierez (David Lago) and J.T. Hellstrom (Thad Luckinbill). Woodland said that the romance with Raul changed the character who was previously manipulative and sexual.", "Brittany Hodges is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. Brittany was introduced on December 1, 1999 by former executive producer Edward J. Scott.[1] The role was first portrayed by actress Vanessa Lee Evigan. Evigan departed on February 25, 2000 after a three-month stint, and was replaced by Lauren Woodland, who debuted on March 7. Brittany's storylines included relationships with Raul Guittierez (David Lago) and J.T. Hellstrom (Thad Luckinbill). Woodland said that the romance with Raul changed the character who was previously manipulative and sexual." ]	[ "Vanessa Lee Evigan", "Lauren Woodland" ]
-8224915516409801168	Somme (river)	Somme ( river ) - wikipedia Somme ( river ) Jump to : navigation , search Somme ( La Somme ) The Somme Country France Region Picardy Source - location Fonsommes - elevation 85 m ( 279 ft ) - coordinates 49 ° 54 ′ 22 '' N 3 ° 24 ′ 11 '' E / 49.906 ° N 3.403 ° E / 49.906 ; 3.403 Mouth - location Saint - Valery - sur - Somme English Channel - coordinates 50 ° 11 ′ 12 '' N 1 ° 38 ′ 35 '' E / 50.1867 ° N 1.6431 ° E / 50.1867 ; 1.6431 Coordinates : 50 ° 11 ′ 12 '' N 1 ° 38 ′ 35 '' E / 50.1867 ° N 1.6431 ° E / 50.1867 ; 1.6431 Length 245 km ( 152 mi ) Basin 6,550 km ( 2,529 sq mi ) Discharge for Abbeville - average 35 m / s ( 1,236 cu ft / s ) Course in Northern France Topographic map of the Somme basin The Somme is a river in Picardy , northern France . The name Somme comes from a Celtic word meaning `` tranquility '' . The department Somme was named after this river . The river is 245 km ( 152 mi ) long , from its source in the high ground of the former Forest of Arrouaise at Fonsommes near Saint - Quentin , to the Bay of the Somme , in the English Channel . It lies in the geological syncline which also forms the Solent . This gives it a fairly constant and gentle gradient where several fluvial terraces have been identified . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical events 2 Départements and towns along the river 3 Main tributaries 4 Hydrology 4.1 Flow - rate data ( external links ) 4.1. 1 Monthly flow rates ( mean over 43 years ) 4.1. 2 Flow rates at Hangest - sur - Somme 4.1. 3 Flow rates at Péronne 5 References 6 External links Historical events ( edit ) The river gave its name to the infamous Battle of the Somme during World War I , which lasted from July until November 1916 and resulted in more than a million casualties . The Somme also featured prominently in other historical campaigns . In 1066 , the invasion fleet of William the Conqueror assembled in the Bay of the Somme at Saint - Valery - sur - Somme . The river featured in the 1346 withdrawal of Edward III of England 's army , which forded the river at the Battle of Blanchetaque during the campaign which culminated in the Battle of Crécy . Crossing the river also featured prominently in the campaign which led to the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 . The great battles which finally stopped the German advance in the Spring Offensive of 1918 were fought around the valley of the Somme in places like Villers Bretonneux , which marked the beginning of the end of the war . The source of the Somme at Fonsommes . Départements and towns along the river ( edit ) Aisne : Saint - Quentin Somme : Ham , Péronne , Corbie , Amiens , Abbeville , Saint - Valery - sur - Somme , Le Crotoy The mouth of the Somme in the English Channel The estuary is now much smaller than it once was but still extensive . Main tributaries ( edit ) Right bank Omignon Hallue Nièvre Scardon Left bank Avre Selle Saint - Landon Airaine Amboise Ancre Hydrology ( edit ) The river is characterized by a very gentle gradient and a steady flow . The valley is more or less steep - sided but its bottom is flat with fens and pools . These characteristics of steady flow and flooded valley bottom arise from the river 's being fed by the ground water in the chalk basin in which it lies . At earlier , colder times , from the Günz to the Würm ( Beestonian or Nebraskan to Devensian or Wisconsinian ) the river has cut down into the Cretaceous geology to a level below the modern water table . The valley bottom has now therefore , filled with water which , in turn , has filled with fen . This picture , of the source of the Somme in 1986 , shows it when the water table had fallen below the surface of the chalk in which the aquifer lies . Here , the flow of water had been sufficient to keep fen from forming . This satellite photograph shows the fenny valley crossing the chalk to the sea on the left . The sinuous length at the centre of the picture lies downstream from Péronne . One of the fens , the Marais de l'Île is a nature reserve in the town of St. Quentin . The traditional market gardens of Amiens , the Hortillonages are on this sort of land but drained . Once exploited for peat cutting , the fen is now used for fishing and shooting The construction of the Canal de la Somme began in 1770 and reached completion in 1843 . It is 156 km ( 97 mi ) long , beginning at St. Simon and opening into the Bay of the Somme . From St. Simon to Froissy ( near Bray sur Somme , south of Albert ) , the canal is alongside the river . Thence to the sea , the river is partly river and partly navigation . From Abbeville , it is diverted through the silted , former estuary , to Saint - Valery - sur - Somme , where the maritime canal , once called the canal du Duc d'Angoulême enters the English Channel . An example of the lakes formed in the fen of the valley bottom . They attract wildfowlers and anglers . The St Quentin Canal , famous for the 1918 battle , links the Somme to northern France and Belgium and southward to the Oise . The Canal du Nord also links the Somme to the Oise , at Noyon , thence to Paris . In 2001 , the Somme valley was affected by particularly high floods , which were in large part due to a rise in the water table of the surrounding land . Flow - rate data ( external links ) ( edit ) Monthly flow rates ( mean over 43 years ) ( edit ) Catchment area 5,560 km ( 2,150 sq mi ) . at Abbeville . Flow rates at Hangest - sur - Somme ( edit ) Daily flow rates compared with mean rates for the time of year at Hangest - sur - Somme ( m3 / s ) . Catchment area 4,835 km ( 1,867 sq mi ) . for the year - 1993 . 1994 . 1995 . 1996 . 1997 . 1998 . 1999 . 2000 . 2001 . 2002 . 2003. 2004 . 2005 . Flow rates at Péronne ( edit ) Mean flow rates monthly and daily at Péronne ( m3 / s ) . Catchment area 1,294 km ( 500 sq mi ) . for the year - 1986 . 1987. 1988 . 1989. 1990 . 1991. 1992. 1993. 1994 . 1995. 1996. 1997. 1998 . 1999. 2000. 2001. 2002. 2003. 2004. 2005 . The Marquenterre bird sanctuary at the mouth of the river References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gargani J. ; Stab O ; Cojan I.n Brulhet J. ( 2006 ) . `` Modelling the long - term fluvial erosion of the river Somme during the last million years '' . Terra Nova . 18 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 129 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3121.2006. 00671. x . Delattre , Ch. , Mériaux , E. and Waterlot , M. Guides Géologiques Régionaux : Région du Nord , Flandre Artois Boulonnais Picardie ( 1973 ) External links ( edit ) Pictures from the Somme Wikimedia Commons has media related to Somme River . BNF : cb119623054 ( data ) GND : 4055489 - 2 SUDOC : 027622118 VIAF : 882148632964230630009 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somme_(river)&oldid=842670462 '' Categories : Rivers of France Somme basin Rivers of Aisne Rivers of Somme Rivers of Hauts - de-France Hidden categories : Wikipedia type : river page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from December 2010 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Picard Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 22 : 24 . About Wikipedia	describe the valley of the somme river as it looked before the battle	[]	[]
-644165686581094212	Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales	Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Jump to : navigation , search Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Theatrical release poster Directed by Joachim Rønning Espen Sandberg Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Jeff Nathanson Story by Jeff Nathanson Terry Rossio Based on Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Javier Bardem Geoffrey Rush Brenton Thwaites Kaya Scodelario Kevin McNally Music by Geoff Zanelli Cinematography Paul Cameron Edited by Roger Barton Leigh Folsom Boyd Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) ( Shanghai ) May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Budget $230 -- 320 million Box office $794.9 million Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( released outside North America as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge ) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film , the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) . The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson , with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer . Johnny Depp , Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow , Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa , respectively , and are joined in the cast by Javier Bardem , Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario . The filmmakers cited the series ' first installment , The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) , as inspiration for the script and tone of the film . Pre-production for the film started shortly before On Stranger Tides was released in early 2011 , with Terry Rossio writing the initial script . In early 2013 , Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script for the film , with Depp being involved in Nathanson 's writing process . Initially planned for a 2015 release , the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017 , after 6 years of development hell , due to script and budget issues . Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015 , after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million in tax incentives , and ended in July 2015 . Dead Men Tell No Tales was released in conventional , 3D , and IMAX formats on May 26 , 2017 . The film received mixed reviews , with most critics believing the series had run its course , though many considered the film an improvement over its immediate predecessors . The film was a financial success , grossing $794 million worldwide against an estimated budget between $230 -- 320 million , though Dead Men Tell No Tales is the second - lowest grossing installment of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.5 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot Twelve - year - old Henry Turner boards the Flying Dutchman and informs his father , Will Turner , that the curse which binds Will to the Dutchman and only permits him to step on land once a decade can be broken by the Trident of Poseidon . Henry intends to recruit Captain Jack Sparrow to help find it , but Will believes this is impossible and orders Henry to leave . Will and the Dutchman then disappear into the sea , but Henry vows to find Jack and the Trident . Nine years later , Henry is a sailor in the British Royal Navy . The ship sails into the supernatural Devil 's Triangle and stumbles upon the wreck of the Silent Mary , whose ghostly crew led by Spanish pirate - hunter Captain Salazar attack . Salazar spares Henry 's life to deliver a message to Jack : Salazar is coming for him . In Saint Martin , a young astronomer and horologist named Carina Smyth is sentenced to death for witchcraft but escapes and briefly crosses paths with Jack as he and his crew spectacularly blunder a bank robbery . Having suffered years of such bad luck , Jack 's crew lose faith and abandon him . Depressed , Jack trades his magical compass for a drink . However , this betrayal of the compass frees Salazar and his crew from the Devil 's Triangle . Carina learns Henry is looking for the Trident 's location and offers to help him using her unknown father 's diary . Carina and Jack are captured and face execution , but are saved by Henry and Jack 's crew , setting sail on the Dying Gull . Carina deciphers clues that the stars will lead to an island where the Trident is hidden . Meanwhile , Captain Barbossa hears from his pirate crew that the revived Captain Salazar has killed several pirates at sea , and learns that the Trident could lead him to a new `` treasure '' . Barbossa sets off to find the Trident , until Salazar and his crew appear and destroy Barbossa 's fleet . Barbossa manages to talk his way out of being killed by offering to help find Jack . Salazar agrees , wanting revenge on the pirate that caused his demise . Salazar pursues the Dying Gull , forcing Jack , Henry , and Carina to flee to an island , discovering that Salazar 's crew can not go on land . After saving Jack from a forced marriage , Barbossa allies himself with Jack , returning his compass and restoring the miniaturized Black Pearl , trapped in a bottle by Blackbeard , to its original size . They all continue their journey to the Trident 's island , with Barbossa taking command of the Pearl once more . During the voyage , Jack and Barbossa realize Carina is the latter 's long - lost daughter . Barbossa tells Jack that he had left her at an orphanage with his diary so she could live a better life , and refuses to tell her the truth so she will continue to believe her father was an astronomer . Approaching the Trident 's island , the Pearl evades a British Navy warship , which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl runs aground on the island . Jack , Barbossa , and Carina use the island 's magic to part the ocean and open a path to the Trident 's location on the ocean floor . Salazar captures Henry and demonically possesses his body in order to walk on the ocean floor and seize the Trident . Once he does so , Henry is given his body back and decides to destroy the Trident , breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar 's crew to life . However , the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself . The Pearl lowers its anchor to lift them to safety , but Salazar pursues them , still hell - bent on killing Jack . Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary 's cover . Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar , allowing the others to escape alive . Some time later , Henry and Carina reach Port Royal , where Will appears , free from the Dutchman . His wife , Elizabeth , appears moments later and the Turner family reunites . Henry and Carina begin a relationship as well . Jack watches from the Pearl in faux - disgust before sailing away into the horizon , having been accepted by his crew as their captain once again . In a post-credits scene , Will appears to have a nightmare where a resurrected Davy Jones enters his room , oblivious that Jones left a trace of wet barnacles on the floor beneath he and Elizabeth . Cast Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush and Kevin McNally are the only actors present in all five Pirates movies . Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Rønning wanted to focus on relatable characters , as in the first film , `` where Jack is not the ( lead ... but ) comes in and crashes the party every now and then , '' and to make use of Depp 's `` comedic genius '' . The film examines Jack 's backstory , with the young Jack portrayed by Anthony De La Torre , whose face was replaced by a CGI replica of Depp as he looked in 21 Jump Street and What 's Eating Gilbert Grape . Rønning felt de-aging Depp was tricky against the canon of the franchise . Javier Bardem as Captain Armando Salazar : Bardem set out to imbue the character with `` a rage based on dented pride , '' owing to his spectacular fall , from a high - ranking commander of a Spanish fleet to being betrayed and trapped in hell by Jack . With Salazar 's body language , he tried to convey a bull in an arena , `` full of rage and need of vengeance , but also wounded . '' It took three hours a day to apply the make - up , which Bardem referred to as having `` cold chicken breasts '' glued to his face . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Barbossa has become extremely wealthy since the previous film , with Rush referring to him as a `` corporate pirate , '' having amassed a fleet of ships under his command and encrusted his peg - leg with jewels . Brenton Thwaites as Henry Turner : The directors were keen to draft a new protagonist relationship with Henry and Carina , stating that `` in the middle of a big action scene , you need to be able to lean on the characters and find the heart of that story , and channel the characters ' vulnerability . '' Rønning noted that identity is a major theme in the film , and to Henry and Carina 's story arc : `` they are on a similar quest and find common ground in looking for who they are . '' Lewis McGowan portrays a young Henry . Kaya Scodelario as Carina Smyth : A headstrong , altruistic astronomer . Scodelario explained the character 's motivation and role , saying , `` she is an academic , she 's fighting for the right to study at university because women could n't at that time . '' For the directors , it was important to `` modernise it with Henry and Carina , Kaya , especially brought that with her . She 's a modern woman . '' Scodelario worked with scriptwriter Jeff Nathanson to ensure the character was unique to the series and not a copy of Elizabeth Swann . She said that female characters often `` fall into two camps ; they are either pretty and perfectly put together or completely insane . Carina has definitely got a little bit of both . '' Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Captain Jack 's loyal friend and first mate . Golshifteh Farahani as Shansa : A sea - witch and ally of Captain Barbossa . David Wenham as Lieutenant John Scarfield : The second antagonist of the film and a British Royal Navy officer , who commands the HMS Essex . Stephen Graham as Scrum : A member of Jack Sparrow 's crew and former member of Blackbeard 's crew . Martin Klebba as Marty : A member of Jack Sparrow 's crew . Giles New and Angus Barnett as Murtogg and Mullroy : Former Royal Marines turned pirates , who serves Barbossa 's crew on board the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Orlando Bloom as Captain William `` Will '' Turner Jr. : A blacksmith - turned - pirate who was transformed into the Captain of the Flying Dutchman at the end of At World 's End . Speaking in late 2014 about his possible return to the franchise , Bloom stated that he would like to portray a character outside of his usual role types as a good - looking hero , alluding to the make - up requirements for Davy Jones . Additionally , Keira Knightley briefly appears at the end in a non-speaking role as Elizabeth Swann , Will 's wife and Henry 's mother . Adam Brown , Danny Kirrane , and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack 's crew , and in the prison scene , Paul McCartney briefly appears as Jack 's paternal uncle , Uncle Jack . Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence . A silhouette of Davy Jones , one of the series ' former villains , is seen in the post-credits scene , but his portrayer Bill Nighy stated that he was not informed about the character 's appearance . Pablo and Chiquita reprised their role as Jack the Monkey . Production Development Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides in 2011 , the cast and crew of the fourth film were told to set aside time in the near future , because Walt Disney Pictures intended to shoot a fifth and sixth film back - to - back . However , it was later stated that only a fifth film was in the works . Terry Rossio wrote a script for a fifth film without his partner Ted Elliott . Rob Marshall was rumoured to return to direct , but declined after choosing to direct Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , a Disney project starring Johnny Depp . After Marshall passed on the film , many directors were rumored to take over , including Gore Verbinski , who was responsible for the original three films . Verbinski ultimately passed on the project , feeling that `` there 's no reason other than financial '' in making the film . The eventual shortlist included Fredrik Bond , Rupert Sanders , and the eventual choice , Norwegian film duo Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg . The studio chose them based on their Academy Award - nominated high - sea film Kon - Tiki , and their ability to work with a limited budget . Rossio 's script draft was ultimately rejected , and the writer stated that a major reason was its use of a female villain , which made actor Johnny Depp `` worried that would be redundant to Dark Shadows , which also featured a female villain . '' In January 2013 , Disney hired Jeff Nathanson to work on a script . Rønning and Sandberg said they were particularly moved by Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script , which convinced them to sign to direct in May , Rønning believing that the script was `` all there '' but needed scenes to `` carry the tradition of Gore Verbinski , bring the emotional core and big action set pieces . '' In August , Rønning and Sandberg revealed that the title would be Dead Men Tell No Tales . However , the following month producer Jerry Bruckheimer said , `` We have an outline everyone loves but the script is not done , '' explaining that the release would be postponed beyond summer 2015 . The studio questioned Depp 's bankability following the financial losses of The Lone Ranger in 2013 , and the screenplay 's first drafts were not approved by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn , who was concerned about the finished product . Bruckheimer revealed that script and budget issues were behind the delay , and that Nathanson was at work on a second draft , based on a well - received outline , saying they needed a script and budget everyone would approve . Depp was also invited to collaborate on the script , with the actor believing it would be the last of the franchise and wanting to end it right . After the script was accepted , the film was officially green - lit by Disney in July 2014 , with a planned release on July 7 , 2017 . The directors were inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl , stating that the original is thrilling but above all a comedy with heart , and wanted to reinvent the `` structure and the dynamics between the characters . '' In addition to recapturing the best of previous franchise installments , the directors had the works of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton in mind when crafting the tone of the film . The pair wanted the film to be the `` most emotional '' of the series , and to explore the roots of Jack Sparrow . They decided to use Jack 's compass as the `` key to unlock Salazar from his hellish prison in the Triangle , '' and toned down some of the fantastic elements `` to ground it , even in Pirates Of The Caribbean . '' Geoffrey Rush argued that the pair brought `` Euro sensibility to traditional Hollywood franchise thinking , '' while Orlando Bloom believed that they had `` recaptured the simplicity and charm '' of the original film . Kaya Scodelario said that the producers wanted to take the franchise back to its origins , with a story that gave characters a conclusion while opening new possibilities . Along with the directors and writers , many of the crew members were new to the franchise , replacing those who had served on the previous four films , with the exception of Bruckheimer , costume designer Penny Rose , and executive producer Chad Oman . Casting Speaking at the On Stranger Tides press launch in Cannes , Depp said he would play the role so long as it is popular with the public . In August 2012 , news surfaced that Depp had signed for the fifth film , earning A $ 90,000,000 to reprise his role . One month later , Penélope Cruz stated that in spite of her enjoying playing Angelica in On Stranger Tides , she had not been contacted regarding a fifth film . Geoffrey Rush had commented on returning as Hector Barbossa in the fifth installment , saying `` If they keep shapeshifting this character , absolutely , '' and implied that he might return as the villain . In December 2014 , Rush confirmed his return for the fifth installment , with Barbossa and Jack being `` at the heart of it and there 's a whole new set of story lines . '' In late 2011 , about four years after choosing not to return for the fourth installment , Orlando Bloom stated that he would like to return for a fifth film , if offered . Several weeks after Disney officially green - lit the film , Bloom stated that there were `` discussions '' about his return to the franchise in September 2014 . Bloom further commented in December 2014 , saying that while he was not sure whether he would return , there were talks . He also indicated that Disney could make a soft reboot with the franchise and focus on Will Turner and his son . Bloom 's participation was kept secret until the Disney D23 in 2015 , after filming had wrapped . Once the filmmakers started working with Bloom , they decided that they needed to reunite the character with his wife , Elizabeth . To ensure that Keira Knightley could reprise this role , the production moved for a one - day shoot in London , where she was working . On December 2 , 2013 , it was reported that Christoph Waltz was in talks to appear as the film 's main antagonist , but he later declined . The villain was eventually portrayed by Cruz 's husband , Javier Bardem . In 2014 , Bardem signed on to portray Armando Salazar , who in early scripts was referred to as Captain John Brand . Bardem had liked the working environment of the fourth movie , which he witnessed accompanying his wife , and stated he was also a fan of the franchise and of Depp 's performance as Jack Sparrow . Australian actor Brenton Thwaites entered talks for the role of Henry in late November 2014 , after Disney chose him over Taron Egerton , George MacKay , Mitchell Hope , Ansel Elgort and Sam Keeley . Kaya Scodelario was chosen as the female lead out of a shortlist that included Gabriella Wilde , Alexandra Dowling , Jenna Thiam , and Lucy Boynton . Her character , Carina , is an astronomer accused of being a witch . Scodelario confirmed that she was playing `` a totally different character '' from Elizabeth Swann , and also that she will be Henry 's love interest , given in earlier drafts she was envisioned as a love interest of Sparrow . Kevin McNally confirmed his return as Joshamee Gibbs in late January . Shortly after on - location pre-production opened in Australia , Disney issued a casting call to local agents for actors from all ages and experience levels to apply for roles , and as extras in the upcoming film , with casting also open in the US . Adam Brown , Delroy Atkinson , and Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming . As filming begun , two actors from the previous films were confirmed to return , Martin Klebba as Marty and Stephen Graham as Scrum . Director Joachim Rønning 's two children appear in the film as extras . Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague , but was unavailable , leading Depp to invite Paul McCartney into appearing as Jack Sparrow 's uncle ( also named Jack ) . Other actors had expressed interest in reprising their roles from the previous films , such as Tia Dalma portrayer Naomie Harris , and Greg Ellis , even if his character Theodore Groves appeared to die in the previous film . Both Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook commented on the possibility of returning as Pintel and Ragetti . In an interview on November 7 , 2014 , Crook confirmed that he had received a call of availability from Disney for the film , though he later declined in order to focus on his television series Detectorists . He said he had felt `` pangs of nostalgia '' when the cast and crew filmed without him . Arenberg , who also had a television commitment , to Once Upon a Time , added that he felt like the producers `` were n't really trying to court us like they really wanted us . '' Filming Depp on set in Queensland in June 2015 Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg originally stated that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans , and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana . However , a spokesman for Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia , after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives , originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ; thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations . According to Australian film industry sources , on location pre-production started in late September 2014 , and its cost was set at around $250 million . Filming took place exclusively in Queensland , Australia , as the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and the Whitsunday Islands were officially confirmed as filming locations . On January 1 , 2015 , The Rainbow Gypsy , a 15 - year - old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley , underwent an extensive refit at the Gold Coast , including a new bowsprit , and reconfigured decks and cabins , for filming as the Dying Gull . Its captain and owner , Kit Woodward , was a rigger on the film . Filming commenced on February 17 , 2015 . Ship scenes were filmed in front of a giant outdoor greenscreen in Helensvale , while a film set in the form of a village was built in Maudsland . Because the greenscreens ' height blocked the sunlight , containers with inflatable bluescreens mounted on top were added to the set to allow some light to enter . While an initial draft of the script featured six ships , the end product had eleven vessels ; to cut costs , most of these were partial constructs later enhanced by computer graphics , with some built atop an hydraulic rig to mimic the movement of seafaring while on land . The camera crew , led by director of photography Paul Cameron , also made extensive use of drones , to capture immersive views at sea without resorting to aerial footage or cranes . Filming moved to Doug Jennings Park on The Spit from March 30 to June 15 for water - bound scenes . However , due to extreme sea sickness among the cast and crew from the `` big swells , '' filming moved to Raby Bay for calmer waters . Scenes were shot at Byron Bay on June 1 . Locals made up more than 75 percent of the 850 - plus crew then working on the film . After much speculation about whether Orlando Bloom would return , Bloom arrived at the Gold Coast in late May to reprise his role as Will Turner . Scenes featuring a skeleton of a sperm whale that had been constructed were shot at Hastings Point from June 21 to 23 . A number of issues and controversies set back the film during its production . The biosecurity laws in Australia posed problems regarding the capuchin monkeys that portray Hector Barbossa 's pet monkey Jack , because the animals are regarded as a category 1 pest and call for strict requirements and a 30 - day quarantine . Further controversy erupted from animal rights activist groups , who urged Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt to reject the entry application , arguing that the long air - flight would affect their health , and that their performance was unnatural and would create demand for illegal wildlife trade . One of the monkeys caused further disruption when it wandered off set at Movie World , and bit the ear of a make - up artist on another production . Crew and cast members were forced to cover the camera lenses on all mobile phones with duct tape to prevent the film from being pirated before its release . To prevent fans from interfering with the production , secret filming locations used the production name of `` Herschel '' to hide the fact it was the fifth Pirates of the Caribbean film . Following the attempt of an armed man trying to bypass security , the already tight security was increased . On March 10 , 2015 , Depp was injured off set and had to be flown to the United States for surgery . Due to his absence , filming stalled completely and 200 crew members were forced to stand down for two weeks , after finishing all they could do without Depp . Filming was set to resume `` on or about April 20 , '' and Depp returned to set on April 21 . In June , Kaya Scodelario was injured on set along with a stuntman . In early July , dismantling of the sets at The Spit had began . Most of the cast and crew had finished on July 8 , and a wrap party was held on July 11 . Filming then moved to the Whitsundays for the final shots . On July 21 , 2015 , Rønning announced that filming had wrapped after a 95 - day shoot . After nearly a year in post-production , reshoots and additional photography were conducted in Vancouver , Canada from March 24 to April 13 , 2016 , under the production title `` Herschel Additional Photography . '' Music Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) This was the first film in the series that Hans Zimmer did not compose the music for . Instead , the main composer is one of his protégés , Geoff Zanelli , who had worked on the previous four installments in the franchise . Zanelli said that Zimmer `` redefined the sound of the entire genre '' and considered it a great accomplishment to have worked with him and Bruckheimer . He used this experience with the franchise to build a new sound for the film . He stated that `` you do n't have to modernize the melodies , those are timeless , '' and only tried to make the sound more modern by featuring an electric cello to create a menacing leitmotif for Salazar . As it took more than a year for the film to start production following Zanelli being hired , he accompanied the script 's evolution , and was familiar with the character arcs that he would need to translate in their theme songs . Zanelli always started writing the music on the piano , namely a synthesized orchestra . The film 's soundtrack was released on May 26 , 2017 . Post-production Work on the film concluded on April 19 , 2017 . Editing was a collaboration between Roger Barton and Leigh Folsom Boyd , with the latter detailing that `` Roger started from the beginning of the film and I started from the end , and we kind of met in the middle . '' Boyd added that it was the longest post-production process she was ever involved with , as Disney wanted to give `` the support and leeway we needed to tell the story and allow for the complex visual effects to bake . '' The editors worked closely with the previsualization team to , according to effects supervisor Gary Brozenich , `` give meat to the bones of the plates that needed effects explanation as well as any new CG beats that would be added later . '' Along with the post-production team in Los Angeles , Brozenich had to split his time going to the UK and Montreal , to check on the eight companies handling the film 's 2,000 visual effects shots , with 150 of them consisting only of computer graphics . The primary vendor was Brozenich 's own employer Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) . Among MPC 's work were Salazar 's undead pirates , whose on - set footage was mostly replaced by CGI to achieve missing body parts and floating hair and clothing . Brozenich stated that what was kept of the original actors was `` their run , gait and faces . '' To provide reference for the floating parts , which were meant to resemble a perpetual drowning state , a stuntman in full costume and wig was filmed underwater in a swimming pool performing various actions . Atomic Fiction handled the scenes at St. Martin , turning the few blocks of buildings built on set into more than 600 CG buildings , surrounded by a jungle environment . The work combined references from both the Caribbean and Thailand , and enhanced through CGI both the guillotine on which Jack Sparrow is nearly executed and the bank from the heist scene ; the bank was meant to look as if its foundations were dug through the ground instead of sliding on the surface . Along with sea footage filmed in both the Australian sets and Key West , Florida , there was extensive usage of water simulations , with the artists using the Beaufort scale to ensure the waves and wind realistically matched . Release Dead Men Tell No Tales had its world premiere at the Shanghai Disney Resort on May 11 , 2017 . In several countries , including the United Kingdom , the film was released as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge , a decision that the directors were not informed about . It was released at cinemas in Italy and Norway on May 24 , and in the United States , Canada , and China on May 26 . It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama - like ScreenX format , which played in two locations in the U.S. -- CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas -- both in Los Angeles , California . Additionally , it played in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea , China , Thailand , Vietnam , Turkey and Indonesia . The film also played in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide . The film was released in IMAX in an expanded 1.9 : 1 aspect ratio . It was Disney 's third wide release of the year , following Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Shortly before release , Dead Men Tell No Tales was allegedly stolen by a group of piracy hackers , who demanded a large sum of money from Disney in order for them not to leak the unreleased film . The company refused to do so and worked with the FBI in order to uncover the identity of the group . Disney CEO Bob Iger reported that hackers did not steal their movie . Marketing A robust marketing effort helped promote Dead Men Tell No Tales . The film was first showcased at the Disney D23 Expo 2015 , where Depp appeared in costume as Jack Sparrow and the film 's logo was revealed , with Orlando Bloom confirmed to be starring in the film . Elizabeth Rudnick was self - confirmed to novelize the film , describing it the film as bringing back the series ' initial sensibility , while returning Jack Sparrow to `` all of his swaggering glory . '' A tie - in prequel expanding the backstory of the character Carina Smyth was also released , titled Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales -- The Brightest Star in the North . The film was showcased at the 2016 Walt Disney Content Showcase in South Africa , where concept art , story details and on - set images were previewed . The first teaser trailer was released on October 2 , 2016 , during Fear the Walking Dead , and showcased Armando Salazar hunting for Jack Sparrow , who is shown on a wanted poster . On January 27 , 2017 , Disney uploaded an eight - second motion poster to their official Instagram account , promoting the release of a television spot of the film during Super Bowl LI . Disney then released a 30 - second television teaser at Super Bowl LI , with an extended version released online set to Johnny Cash 's `` Ai n't No Grave '' . The trailer was considered to be the `` big '' trailer of the event and was the most - viewed trailer of all the films advertised at the halftime show . A new teaser poster was released with the trailer . Both teasers received a highly positive reaction from audiences . The official trailer was released on March 2 . Another trailer was released on March 25 . The first 30 - second TV spot was released on March 31 . On April 21 , at Disney Parks and on the four Disney cruise ships , Disney showcased a sneak peek of the film . Disney premiered a 5 - minute extended sequence of the film in front of the UK release of Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , on April 28 . Home media Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 19 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on October 3 . It was the top home - media release in its first week , with the Blu - ray version accounting for 78 % of sales , and brought the previous four films back into the 25 best - sold Blu - rays . Reception Box Office Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales grossed $172.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $622.3 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $794.9 million , against an estimated production budget of $230 million . It had a worldwide opening of $271.4 million from 55 markets , with $24 million coming from 1,088 IMAX screens . The film 's six - day opening gross pushed the franchise gross past the $4 billion mark . Despite being the lowest - grossing film of the series in the US by nearly $70 million , the film became the highest - grossing entry of the Pirates franchise internationally when going by modern foreign - exchange rates , passing On Stranger Tides , which grossed $593.4 million at current rates . The largest - earning foreign markets were China ( $172.3 million ) , Japan ( $59.5 million ) , and Russia and the CIS ( $40.7 million ) , where it was the second - highest - grossing film behind Avatar . Despite weak US totals , Deadline Hollywood noted the film would turn a net profit of around $280 million after factoring together all expenses and revenues . North America Dead Men Tell No Tales debuted over the four - day Memorial Day opening weekend , being released in 4,276 theaters , of which over 3,100 were 3D , taking advantage of formats such as IMAX , D - Box and 4DX . The film earned $23.4 million on its first day , including $5.5 million from previews . It was the lowest opening day of the franchise . It grossed $63 million over three days , and $78.5 million over four ( Friday -- Monday ) , finishing first at the box office , ahead of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and fellow newcomer Baywatch . It was the second - smallest opening weekend of the franchise , only earning more than the first film , with each of the other installments earning at least $90 million . Despite the film registering the highest test score in the series , the opening came in well below expectations of $80 -- 115 million . Analysts attributed the underperformance to negative reviews , franchise fatigue , and Johnny Depp 's diminishing returns and depreciating public image , amid his personal problems . Still , it performed better than Disney 's previous Memorial Day releases ( Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time , Tomorrowland and Alice Through the Looking Glass ) , and studio executives said they were pleased with the movie 's opening , which helped Disney push past $1 billion in the US . The film fell by a total of 65 % in its second weekend , the worst of the series , grossing $22.1 million , and finishing in third place , after newcomers Wonder Woman ( $103.3 million ) and Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( $23.9 million ) . It remained in the top ten for four more weeks . Outside North America Internationally , where it is marketed as Salazar 's Revenge in most countries , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 54 markets ( 91 % of its total marketplace , except Japan , where it debuted on July 1 ) . Preliminary reports had the film opening to $150 -- 175 million , but possibly overperforming depending on major markets , most notably China . While its Chinese run benefited from the May 28 -- 30 Dragon Boat Festival -- a lucrative moviegoing period -- and from International Children 's Day ( June 1 ) , the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing had a deteriorating effect on certain European markets over the film 's opening weekend . From Wednesday to Friday , it registered an opening of $208.8 million . Around $14 million of that came from IMAX screenings , the second - biggest international IMAX opening in May , after Captain America : Civil War . Similar to its US plunge , it earned $73.8 million in its second weekend , falling to second place , behind Wonder Woman . It recorded the biggest opening day of the year in several markets , including Germany ( $3.6 million ) , Austria , France ( $2.3 million ) , Finland , Sweden , Belgium , Thailand ( $400,000 ) , Indonesia , Malaysia and the Netherlands ( $900,000 , the second - biggest Disney opening , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . Russia posted the biggest opening of all time with $18.4 million ( $18.6 million including previews ) . In China , where the film had its global premiere , it earned $21.3 million on its opening day , the fourth - biggest Disney opening in the country . It had an 87 % marketshare and had already surpassed the entire earnings of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . Earning a total of $67.9 million , it registered the third - highest three - day for any Disney title , and a much - higher opening than the US . The film did extremely well in IMAX , earning $9 million from 401 screens from Friday to early Monday bookings . The robust opening has been attributed to the Dragon Boat Festival , Depp 's star power , the ubiquity of the franchise , the impact of Shanghai Disneyland Park , and good word of mouth , with a score of 7.5 / 10 on reviews aggregator Douban and 8.7 / 10 on top mobile - ticketing platform Weying . The film 's final release market was Japan ( July 1 ) , where it opened at number one , achieving the highest - grossing opening for a Western film of the year , earning $9.25 million over the July 1 -- 2 weekend . It retained the box office lead for one more week , and was the highest - grossing foreign film in the following weekend . Critical response Dead Men Tell No Tales received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 30 % based on 242 reviews , and an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales proves that neither a change in directors nor an undead Javier Bardem is enough to drain this sinking franchise 's murky bilge . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Mike Ryan of Uproxx criticized what he termed as a convoluted plot and overabundance of characters , resulting in a film that was `` practically incoherent . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers called the film `` bloated , boring , repetitive and draining '' and gave it one star out of four . Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the film echoes the first three of the franchise , `` in which Johnny Depp 's louche and campy Jack Sparrow played second banana to an insipid love story ... the two romantic leads ( ... ) succeed only in making the shortest movie in the series seem just as long as the rest . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` Its pleasures are so meager , its delight in its own inventions so forced and false , that it becomes almost the perfect opposite of entertainment . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post remarked that the film was `` loud , overstimulating and hard to take in all in one sitting . '' Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle found the film to be `` a jumble of half - baked impulses '' that had been forced into a played - out franchise . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Dead Men works well enough as a stand - alone , swashbuckling comedic spectacle , thanks to the terrific performances , some ingenious practical effects , impressive CGI and a steady diet of PG - 13 dialogue peppered with not particularly sophisticated but ( I have to admit ) fairly funny sexual innuendo . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com praised the film , calling it `` the most entertaining installment , '' and giving credit to Rønning and Sandberg for creating a `` rollicking good time '' . He praised the visual effects , particularly Salazar and his crew , arguing that the film should be in line to receive an Academy Award for Visual Effects . He also gave high praise to Bardem for being able to create such a `` fully dimensional villain '' under the layers of make - up and CGI , and Depp for keeping the film and franchise going . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a ' B ' , praising the fun nature of the film and its visuals and calling it `` gorgeously detailed swashbuckling nonsense , '' but wished that the script had taken more risks instead of following the formula used in previous films . Ashley Esqueda of CNET gave the film a positive review , arguing that it brought the franchise back to what made its first two installments so fun , and praised Depp 's performance as being `` delightful as ever . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying `` What was once a past - its - prime franchise seems to have found new life . '' Mark Hughes of Forbes opined `` Dead Men Tell No Tales is n't as good as the first three films , but it 's better than the fourth , '' adding `` it has mostly good performances , and a couple of great ones . It has fantastic visual effects , lots of humor that works , a lighthearted feel and sense of fun , and many terrific action set pieces . '' Accolades See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise Award Category Recipients and nominees Outcome 38th Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Javier Bardem as Captain Armando Salazar Nominated Worst Screen Combo Johnny Depp & his worn - out drunk routine Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Movie Nominated Choice Action Movie Actor Johnny Depp & Brenton Thwaites Nominated Choice Movie Liplock Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley Nominated Choice Action Movie Actress Kaya Scodelario Nominated Choice Movie Villain Javier Bardem Nominated Choice Summer Movie Nominated Sequel On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise , and that a sixth film could be released . The post-credits scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , and Davy Jones . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , the sixth film was confirmed and Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return . Shortly after , it was announced that Rønning is being eyed to return to direct the sequel . See also De-aging in film Notes Jump up ^ Two of the sources for the $320 million budget characterize this figure as `` alleged '' or `` allegedly '' . ^ Jump up to : Referred to as Pirates of the Caribbean XIII : Dead Careers Tell No Tales on the official nomination list . References ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brzeski , Patrick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to World Premiere at Shanghai Disneyland '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Hooks No. 1 , ' Baywatch ' Belly Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hautlaub , Peter ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` To your inner middle - schooler , 2017 summer movies will be a blast '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` This Dude Who Plays A Young Jack Sparrow Looks Alarmingly Like Johnny Depp '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Trevor ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Setting Sail with Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . 3D Total . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Empire Magazine . June 2017 , Issue 336 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Empire Magazine . June 2017 , Issue 336 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ The Matador & The Bull : Secrets of Salazar & the Silent Mary ( Featurette ) . Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Bardem dishes on Pirates of the Caribbean make - up '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Laura , Nauman , Zoe ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' He knows Australia quite well ! ' : Geoffrey Rush says Pirates Of The Caribbean actor Johnny Depp has enjoyed secret trips Down Under ahead of Gold Coast filming '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe -- heraldsun '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates 5 : Will Turner 's Son Confirmed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Christmas ad Scot to star in Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali Plumb ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario on Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : ' It 'll be much more like the first film ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huw Fullerton . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : Who is Kaya Scodelario playing ? '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Officially Confirmed for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' ( D23 Expo 2015 ) '' . Slashfilm.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The cast and crew of the Pirates of the Caribbean blockbuster are making their presence known on social media '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kamali , Luke ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Says Pirates of the Caribbean 5 May Be a Soft Reboot '' . IGN.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley confirmed for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ Adds Three to Cast '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . 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Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Getting Close On ' Pirates 5 ' Director ; Here 's The Short List '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rossio , Terry ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` WORDPLAY / Columns / 55 . `` Time Risk '' by Terry Rossio `` . Wordplayer.com . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Will Hit Theaters July 2015 ; ' Maleficent ' Moves to Summer 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ′ Directors Tease ' Dead Men ' Sequel '' . MTV . 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Jump up ^ Nepales , Ruben ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Depp has high hopes for ' Pirates 5 ' Inquirer Entertainment '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to Hit Theaters July 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Empire Magazine . June 2017 . Issue 336 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , John ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 : Ten Revelations From Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Total Film . June 2017 . Issue 258 . Jump up ^ Ali Plumb ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario on Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : ' It 'll be much more like the first film ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Caranicas . `` Below the Line Agencies Place Clients in Films and TV Shows -- Variety '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp pledges future to ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' & Film & TV News '' . NME . May 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Penelope Cruz Talks TWICE BORN , THE COUNSELOR , I 'M SO EXCITED and PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN 5 '' . Collider . September 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stadler , Nancy ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush is n't rushing to exit Disney 's `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' film franchise `` . JimHillMedia.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ingham , James ( October 9 , 2011 ) . `` Orlando Bloom would love to go back to Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Daily Star . UK . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swanwick , Tristan ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Orlando Bloom says he 's ' in discussions ' about returning to Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 -- mainly because of Johnny Depp '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Will Return for the Fifth Pirates of the Caribbean Movie '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Casts Its New Villain ? '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Javier Bardem May Play Villain in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . IGN.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Bardem on Why He Wanted to Join ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Collider . May 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda , Sneider , Jeff ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Brenton Thwaites in Talks to Join ' Pirates of the Carribbean 5 ' ( sic ) ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Oh , Henry ! Disney Chasing Hearththrobs For Next ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario Boards Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ '' . The Age . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ParentHerald ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' Rumors , Latest News and Updates : Orlando Bloom Leads Reboot ? '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christoph Waltz and Rebecca Hall Circling ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayers , Sarah ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Shiver me timbers ! Pirates Of The Caribbean searching for Australians to star as busty wenches and buccaneers alongside Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Speculation Pirates of the Caribbean cast shooting two films at once on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wardrobe fitting with my girls ❤ ️ ❤ ️ # pirates5 # extras # australia '' . Joachim Rønning 's Instagram. April 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Richards to star in Pirates 5 '' . October 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Paul McCartney went too pirate for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Naomie Harris on the Incredible True Story Behind Her New Film ( and Her Possible Pirates Return ) '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Greg Ellis wonders if his ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' character will be returning for the fifth film in this series '' . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Lee Arenberg Interview '' . Outright Geekery . October 25 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crane , Kristoffer ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 has strict requirements for swashbuckling extras '' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Shaya ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Helensvale set chosen to film ship scenes for Pirates of the Caribbean blockbuster '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedo , Stephanie ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 filming location no longer a secret as nosy Maudsland locals take a peak at Hollywood at work '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( June 2017 ) . `` VFX : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . Post Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Kelle ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dead Men Tell No Tales DP on how They Made the Splashiest Pirates Film of All Time '' . Where to Watch . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Jack ; Simonot Suzanne ; Wuth Robyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean to shoot at Doug Jennings Park on The Spit as Broadwater becomes Hollywood backdrop '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp and Pirates of Caribbean in search of calmer waters in Raby Bay after seasickness hits '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Akers , Trenton ; Arnold , Rikki - Lee ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp in Queensland for Pirates of the Caribbean film surprises locals '' . The Courier - Mail . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Disney confirms Depp set to battle deadly ghost pirates in Dead Men 's plot on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Johnny , Orlando Bloom the Hollywood heavyweight in Coast 's Pirates spotlight '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean star Orlando Bloom spotted out and about on the Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Geoff ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean invade NSW '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Ironside , Robyn ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean ' pests ' to be quarantined for a month on Gold Coast '' . News.com.au . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Anger at bid to fly monkeys to Australia for Pirates of the Caribbean film '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joshua Robertson . `` Monkey bites woman on ear in sneak attack near Pirates of the Caribbean set '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolz , Greg ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mobile phones with ' eye patches ' amid extreme security measures on set of Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Courier Mail . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriend of ' pirate ' tells of romance as he is charged for film set stunt '' . 9news.com.au . March 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp Injured on Location for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp hand injury delays Pirates of the Caribbean filming '' . BBC News . March 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ van Boom , Daniel ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` The second coming ! Johnny Depp 's return Down Under imminent as Pirates Of The Caribbean set to resume filming next week after stopping for star 's surgery '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Captain Jack 's back : Johnny Depp to resume filming Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Elle ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Injured star 's curse of the Caribbean '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates abandon ships as Johnny Depp and crew prepare to set sail for final scenes in Whitsundays '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales wraps but local crew says it 's been top for Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Jump up ^ `` Captain Jack Sparrow to visit the Whitsundays next week '' . Whitsunday Times . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joachim Ronning . `` That 's a wrap on Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ! Thank you # australia # pirates5 '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood North : Pirates of the Caribbean coming ashore in Vancouver '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Taps Composer Geoff Zanelli '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' : Behind - the - Scenes of a Scoring Session With Geoff Zanelli '' . Variety . May 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Composer Geoff Zanelli '' . Comingsoon.net . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Movies News Desk . `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN : DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Sets Sail 5 / 26 '' . Broadway World . Jump up ^ Joachim Rønning ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ladies and gentlemen , the very first `` print '' of PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN : Dead Men Tell No Tales ☠ ️ 🎞 ☠ ️ Cue : Also sprach Zarathustra ( and that concludes post production 🎉 ) `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hullfish , Steve ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ART OF THE CUT -- PIRATES edition '' . ProVideo Coalition . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN -- DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES : Gary Brozenich -- Production VFX Supervisor -- MPC '' . Art of VFX . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN -- DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES : Rudy Grossman -- Digital Effects Supervisor -- Atomic Fiction '' . Art of VFX . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp absent from first Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge teaser trailer '' . Yahoo ! Movies UK . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pirati dei Caraibi : la vendetta di Salazar -- Film ( 2017 ) '' . ComingSoon.it . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge -- 2017 '' . Filmweb.no . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to World Premiere at Shanghai Disneyland '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates 5 ' to Be First Hollywood Feature to Play New Panoramic Cinema Format in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales IMAX Comparison '' . May 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Plunders $5.5 Million on Thursday Night '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Hackers Holding Disney 's Latest ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' For Ransom '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Nicole . `` Disney CEO : ' We were not hacked ' '' . Yahoo Finance . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sequel Tops Box Office as ' Baywatch ' Flops '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James White . `` Orlando Bloom Confirmed For Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marty Sliva ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` D23 2015 : Orlando Bloom Confirmed for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Wood , R. ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Chatham Kids Magazine : Elizabeth Rudnick Hessler -- Exclusive Author Interview '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales : The Brightest Star in the North '' . Disney Press . April 11 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Watch new ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' trailer , featuring CGI Johnny Depp as young Jack Sparrow '' . NME . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Bardem Vows to ' Eliminate ' Jack Sparrow in New ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Trailer '' . Variety . March 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Embrace the Pirates Life with a Sneak Peek , Posters & Sweepstakes Inspired by Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN SALAZAR 'S REVENGE -- British Board of Film Classification '' . bbfc.co.uk . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volkov , Anton ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` IN THE PIPELINE : 5 - Minute ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Preview In Cinemas With ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Sean ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 4K Blu - ray And Digital Release Dates Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth ' Pirates ' Movie Sails to Top of Home Video Sales '' . Home Media Magazine . 12 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' $208 Overseas Start And $275 M Global Take Will Push Disney Franchise Past $4 B Mark '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Clears $77 M in U.S. ; ' Baywatch ' Capsizes With $23 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkirk ' Takes Box Office By Storm With $55.4 M No. 1 Spot For $105 M+ Global Opening ; ' Valerian ' $23.5 M Start '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Crosses $500 Million at Global Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Profit Will ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men ' Tell ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro and Nancy Tartaglione ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' Hopes To Make Waves Around The World With $230 M+ Launch -- Memorial Day Weekend Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Snags Okay $23.4 M Friday For $110 M Global Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 26 -- 28 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 leads slow holiday weekend at box office '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why ' Pirates ' & ' Baywatch ' Are Shipwrecked At The Domestic B.O. -- Friday Night Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Pirates ' & ' Baywatch ' Are Casualties Of Summer Franchise Fatigue At The Domestic B.O. -- Monday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Baywatch ' Looking To Catch A Wave At The B.O. By Opening One Day Earlier '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Preview : ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Baywatch ' Set Sail for Uncertain Shores '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Josh Spiegel ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' : The Diminishing Returns of Johnny Depp '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails To Seaworthy $271 Million Worldwide Opening '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Top Memorial Day Weekend Box Office as ' Baywatch ' Struggles '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Plunges 73 % , ' Baywatch ' And ' Alien ' Tumble '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails Past $500 M Worldwide , ' Baywatch ' And ' Alien ' Crumble '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez On Me ' Solid '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline Hollywood . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` comScore Announces Official Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of May 28 , 2017 '' . comScore . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sailing Toward $80 Million , ' Baywatch ' Eyes $40 Million '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Holiday Box Office : Dragon Boat Festival '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sails Toward $300 Million Opening Weekend Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Says Ahoy To $34.5 M In Offshore Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Powers $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global In Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sets Sail With $40 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sonia Kil ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Korea Box Office : ' Pirates ' Rules Weekend , ' President ' Lands in Second '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Overtakes ' Baahubali 2 ' While Sachin Tendulkar Biopic Wins The Duel With ' Pirates 5 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Says Ahoy To $86.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails Off With $67.8 M in Treasure '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Pirates ' Sails Off With $66 Million Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Opens at No. 1 in Japan '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales - International Box Office - Japan '' . Box Office Mojo . July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Reviews Draw Comparisons to The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . E ! News . May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed reviews for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' : A Confusing Revival '' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Review : Abandon Ship ! '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean slogs out to sea for the fifth time in Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales . ' Not Very Well , Anyway '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' : Long , Loud and Overstimulating '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Pirates ' : Some Dead Things Ca n't Be Resurrected '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Smartly there ! Latest ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' picks up the pace '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Review : Johnny Depp And A Couple Of Oscar Winners Help Keep This Fun Ride Afloat '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Is Gorgeously Detailed Swashbuckling Nonsense '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Esqueda , Ashley ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates 5 ' review : This time around , dead men tell good tales '' . CNET . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Johnny Depp 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' rights ship with ' Dead Men ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Comes Close To What You Want '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lupo , Marc ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : All the Nominees and Winners '' . US Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates 5 May Not Be Captain Jack 's Final Adventure '' . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Post-Credits Scene Explained '' . May 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 6 May Depend On Pirates 5 Home Release '' . ScreenRant . September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaya Scodelario Contracted To Return for Pirates of the Caribbean 6 '' . ScreenRant . October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joachim Rønning to Direct Angelina Jolie in Maleficent 2 '' . Comingsoon.net . October 3 , 2017 . He is also being eyed to helm a potential sixth Pirates movie . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Official website Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales on IMDb Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales at Box Office Mojo Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Weatherby Swann Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Category Films directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Roenberg Bandidas ( 2006 ) Max Manus : Man of War ( 2008 ) Kon - Tiki ( 2012 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 12 Strong ( 2018 ) Gemini Man ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Men_Tell_No_Tales&oldid=842350135 '' Categories : 2017 films Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) 2017 3D films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2010s sequel films American films American sequel films American fantasy adventure films Films about revenge Films directed by Joachim Rønning Films directed by Espen Sandberg Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films set in the 18th century Films set in the Caribbean Films set on fictional islands Films shot in Australia Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Treasure hunt films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Pirate films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 21 : 53 . 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-7572196580936640962	Fundamental rights in India	Fundamental rights in India - Wikipedia Fundamental rights in India Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and the charter of rights contained in Part III of Constitution of India . It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India . These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies , such as equality before law , freedom of speech and expression , religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly , freedom to practice religion , and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus , Mandamus , Prohibition , Certiorari and Quo Warranto . Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws , subject to discretion of the judiciary . The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality . These rights universally apply to all citizens , irrespective of race , place of birth , religion , caste or gender . However , in case of fundamental rights violation , Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32 . The Rights have their origins in many sources , including England 's Bill of Rights , the United States Bill of Rights and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man . The seven fundamental rights recognised by the Indian constitution are : Right to equality : Which includes equality before law , prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion , race , caste , gender or place of birth , and equality of opportunity in matters of employment , abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles . Right to equality is provided from Article 14 to Article 18 of Indian constitution . Right to freedom : Which includes freedom of speech and expression , assembly , association or union or cooperatives , movement , residence , and right to practice any profession or occupation , right to life and liberty , protection in respect to conviction in offences and protection against arrest and detention in certain cases . Right to freedom is provided from Article 19 to 22 of constitution . Right against exploitation : Which prohibits all forms of forced labour , child labour and traffic of human beings . It is provided under Articles 23 and 24 of Indian constitution . Right to freedom of religion : Which includes freedom of conscience and free profession , practice , and propagation of religion , freedom to manage religious affairs , freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes . Article 25 to 28 enumerates the right to freedom of religion . Cultural and Educational rights : Preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture , language or script , and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice . Article 29 and Article 30 of Indian constitution provides for cultural and educational rights . Right to constitutional remedies : Which is present for enforcement of Fundamental Rights . It is provided under Article 32 to 35 of Indian constitution . Right to Privacy : Which is an intrinsic part of Article 21 that protects life and liberty of the citizens . Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices . Specifically , they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion , race , caste , sex , or place of birth . They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour ( a crime ) . They also protect cultural and educational rights of ethnic and religious minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions . They are covered in Part III ( Articles 12 to 35 ) of Indian constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Genesis 2 Significance and characteristics 3 Right to equality 4 Right to freedom 5 Right against exploitation 6 Right to freedom of religion 7 Right to life 8 Cultural and educational rights 9 Right to constitutional remedies 10 Right to Privacy 11 Critical analysis 12 Amendments 13 Fundamental rights not sacrosanct 13.1 Amendment to Article 31C 13.2 Right to property 13.3 Right to education 14 See also 15 References 16 Footnotes Genesis ( edit ) The development of constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights in India was inspired by historical examples such as England 's Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , the United States Bill of Rights ( approved on 17 September 1787 , final ratification on 15 December 1791 ) and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man ( created during the revolution of 1789 , and ratified on 26 August 1789 ) . In 1919 , the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and police , and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals , warrant-less searches and seizures , restrictions on public gatherings , and intensive censorship of media and publications . The public opposition to this act eventually led to mass campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms , and limitations on government power . Indians , who were seeking independence and their own government , were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development of the Irish constitution . Also , the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India 's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast , diverse nation and population . In 1938 , the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage , would guarantee rights deemed fundamental , representation for religious and ethnic minorities , and limit the powers of the government . In 1931 , the Indian National Congress ( the largest Indian political party of the time ) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights , as well as socio - economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom . Committing themselves to socialism in 1936 , the Congress leaders took examples from the Constitution of the Soviet Union , which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges . Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India , composing of elected representatives . The Constituent Assembly first met on December 9 , 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its President . While members of Congress composed of a large majority , Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws . Notably , Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee , while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects . A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions . The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution ( February 1948 ) , the Second Draft Constitution ( 17 October 1948 ) and final Third Draft Constitution ( 26 November 1949 ) , prepared by the Drafting Committee . Significance and characteristics ( edit ) The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity . The writers of the constitution regarded democracy of no avail if civil liberties , like freedom of speech and religion were not recognised and protected by the State . According to them , `` democracy '' is , in essence , a government by opinion and therefore , the means of formulating public opinion should be secured to the people of a democratic nation . For this purpose , the constitution guaranteed to all the citizens of India the freedom of speech and expression and various other freedoms in the form of the fundamental rights . Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Water and sanitation All people , irrespective of race , religion , caste or sex , have been given the right to petition directly the Supreme Court or the High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights . It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so . Poverty stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore , in the public interest , anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf . This is known as `` Public interest litigation '' . In some cases , High Court judges have acted suo moto on their own on the basis of newspaper reports . These fundamental rights help not only in protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights . They emphasise on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities , irrespective of background . Some fundamental rights apply for persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India . The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion . On the other hand , freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved to citizens alone , including non-resident Indian citizens . The right to equality in matters of public employment can not be conferred to overseas citizens of India . Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions , but some rights are enforceable against individuals . For instance , the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar . These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals . However , these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare . They can also be selectively curtailed . The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution , including fundamental rights can be amended . However , the Parliament can not alter the basic structure of the constitution . Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a constitutional amendment , their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch but also on the Parliament and state legislatures . A state of national emergency has an adverse effect on these rights . Under such a state , the rights conferred by Article 19 ( freedoms of speech , assembly and movement , etc . ) remain suspended . Hence , in such a situation , the legislature may make laws that go against the rights given in Article 19 . Also , the President may by order suspend the right to move court for the enforcement of other rights as well . Right to equality ( edit ) Right to equality is an important right provided for in Articles 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 and 18 of the constitution . It is the principal foundation of all other rights and liberties , and guarantees the following : Equality before law : Article 14 of the constitution guarantees that all people shall be equally protected by the laws of the country . It means that the State will treat people in the same circumstances alike . This article also means that individuals , whether citizens of India or otherwise shall be treated differently if the circumstances are different . Social equality and equal access to public areas : Article 15 of the constitution states that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of religion , race , caste , sex or place of birth . Every person shall have equal access to public places like public parks , museums , wells , bathing ghats and temples etc . However , the State may make any special provision for women and children . Special provisions may be made for the advancements of any socially or educationally backward class or scheduled castes or scheduled tribes . Equality in matters of public employment : Article 16 of the constitution lays down that the State can not discriminate against anyone in the matters of employment . All citizens can apply for government jobs . There are some exceptions . The Parliament may enact a law stating that certain jobs can be filled only by applicants who are domiciled in the area . This may be meant for posts that require knowledge of the locality and language of the area . The State may also reserve posts for members of backward classes , scheduled castes or scheduled tribes which are not adequately represented in the services under the State to bring up the weaker sections of the society . Also , there a law may be passed that requires that the holder of an office of any religious institution shall also be a person professing that particular religion . According to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 , this right shall not be conferred to Overseas citizens of India . Abolition of untouchability : Article 17 of the constitution abolishes the practice of untouchability . Practice of untouchability is an offence and anyone doing so is punishable by law . The Untouchability Offences Act of 1955 ( renamed to Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976 ) provided penalties for preventing a person from entering a place of worship or from taking water from a tank or well . Abolition of Titles : Article 18 of the constitution prohibits the State from conferring any titles . Citizens of India can not accept titles from a foreign State . The British government had created an aristocratic class known as Rai Bahadurs and Khan Bahadurs in India -- these titles were also abolished . However , Military and academic distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of India . The awards of Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan can not be used by the recipient as a title and do not , accordingly , come within the constitutional prohibition `` . The Supreme Court , on 15 December 1995 , upheld the validity of such awards . Right to freedom ( edit ) The Constitution of India contains the right to freedom , given in articles 19 , 20 , 21 , 21A and with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution . It is a cluster of four main laws . The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees the following six freedoms : Freedom of speech and expression , on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India , the security of the State , friendly relations with foreign States , public order , decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court , defamation or incitement to an offence . Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order and the sovereignty and integrity of India . The Freedom to form associations or unions or co-operative societies on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order , morality and the sovereignty and integrity of India . Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India though reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of the general public , for example , restrictions may be imposed on movement and travelling , so as to control epidemics . Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India , subject to reasonable restrictions by the State in the interest of the general public or for the protection of the scheduled tribes because certain safeguards as are envisaged here seem to be justified to protect indigenous and tribal peoples from exploitation and coercion . Article 370 restricts citizens from other Indian states and Kashmiri women who marry men from other states from purchasing land or property in Jammu & Kashmir . Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation , trade or business on which the State may impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general public . Thus , there is no right to carry on a business which is dangerous or immoral . Also , professional or technical qualifications may be prescribed for practising any profession or carrying on any trade . Article 21A gives education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may , by law , determine . The constitution also imposes restrictions on these rights . The government restricts these freedoms in the interest of the independence , sovereignty and integrity of India . In the interest of morality and public order , the government can also impose restrictions . However , the right to life and personal liberty can not be suspended . The six freedoms are also automatically suspended or have restrictions imposed on them during a state of emergency . Right to Information ( RTI ) Right to Information has been given the status of a fundamental right under Article 19 ( 1 ) of the Constitution in 2005 . Article 19 ( 1 ) under which every citizen has freedom of speech and expression and have the right to know how the government works , what role does it play , what are its functions and so on . Right against exploitation ( edit ) Child labour and Begar is prohibited under Right against exploitation . The right against exploitation , given in Articles 23 and 24 , provides for two provisions , namely the abolition of trafficking in human beings and Begar ( forced labour ) , and abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories , mines , etc . Child labour is considered a gross violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution . Begar , practised in the past by landlords , has been declared a crime and is punishable by law . Trafficking in humans for the purpose of slave trade or prostitution is also prohibited by law . An exception is made in employment without payment for compulsory services for public purposes . Compulsory military conscription is covered by this provision . Right to freedom of religion ( edit ) Right to freedom of religion , covered in Articles 25 , 26 , 27 and 28 , provides religious freedom to all citizens of India . The objective of this right is to sustain the principle of secularism in India . According to the Constitution , all religions are equal before the State and no religion shall be given preference over the other . Citizens are free to preach , practice and propagate any religion of their choice . Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own . However , activities in such institutions that are not religious are performed according to the laws laid down by the government . Establishing a charitable institution can also be restricted in the interest of public order , morality and health . No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion . A State run institution can not be impart education that is pro-religion . Also , nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any further law regulating or restricting any economic , financial , political or other secular activity that may be associated with religious practice , or providing for social welfare and reform . Right to life ( edit ) The constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty , which in turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced : Protection with respect to conviction for offences is guaranteed in the right to life and personal liberty . According to Article 20 , no one can be awarded punishment which is more than what the law of the land prescribes at that time . This legal axiom is based on the principle that no criminal law can be made retrospective , that is , for an act to become an offence , the essential condition is that it should have been an offence legally at the time of committing it . Moreover , no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself . `` Compulsion '' in this article refers to what in law is called `` Duress '' ( injury , beating or unlawful imprisonment to make a person do something that he does not want to do ) . This article is known as a safeguard against self incrimination . The other principle enshrined in this article is known as the principle of double jeopardy , that is , no person can be convicted twice for the same offence , which has been derived from Anglo Saxon law . This principle was first established in the Magna Carta . Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under right to life and personal liberty . Article 21 declares that no citizen can be denied his life and liberty except by law . This means that a person 's life and personal liberty can be disputed only if that person has committed a crime . However , the right to life does not include the right to die and hence , suicide or an attempt thereof , is an offence . ( Attempted suicide being interpreted as a crime has seen many debates . The Supreme Court of India gave a landmark ruling in 1994 . The court repealed section 309 of the Indian penal code , under which people attempting suicide could face prosecution and prison terms of up to one year . In 1996 however another Supreme Court ruling nullified the earlier one . ) `` Personal liberty '' includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 ( that is , the six freedoms ) . The right to travel abroad is also covered under `` personal liberty '' in Article 21 . In 2002 , through the 86th Amendment Act , Article 21 ( A ) was incorporated . It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom , stating that the State would provide free and compulsory education to children from six to fourteen years of age . Six years after an amendment was made in the Indian Constitution , the union cabinet cleared the Right to Education Bill in 2008 . Rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances is laid down in the right to life and personal liberty . No one can be arrested without being told the grounds for his arrest . If arrested , the person has the right to defend himself by a lawyer of his choice . Also an arrested citizen has to be brought before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours . The rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances are not available to an enemy alien . They are also not available to persons detained under the Preventive Detention Act . Under preventive detention , the government can imprison a person for a maximum of three months . It means that if the government feels that a person being at liberty can be a threat to the law and order or to the unity and integrity of the nation , it can detain or arrest that person to prevent him from doing this possible harm . After three months such a case is brought before an advisory board for review . Cultural and educational rights ( edit ) The Flag of India As India is a country of many languages , religions , and cultures , the Constitution provides special measures , in Articles 29 and 30 , to protect the rights of the minorities . Any community that has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop it . No citizen can be discriminated against for admission in State or State aided institutions . All minorities , or linguistic , can set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their own culture . In granting aid to institutions , the State can not discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a minority institution . But the right to administer does not mean that the State can not interfere in case of maladministration . In a precedent - setting judgement in 1980 , the Supreme Court held that the State can certainly take regulatory measures to promote the efficiency and excellence of educational standards . It can also issue guidelines for ensuring the security of the services of the teachers or other employees of the institution . In another landmark judgement delivered on 31 October 2002 , the Supreme Court ruled that in case of aided minority institutions offering professional courses , admission could be only through a common entrance test conducted by State or a university . Even an unaided minority institution ought not to ignore the merit of the students for admission . Right to constitutional remedies ( edit ) Right to constitutional remedies ( Article 32 to 35 ) empowers the citizens to move a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights . For instance , in case of imprisonment , any citizen can ask the court to see if it is according to the provisions of the law of the country by lodging a PIL . If the court finds that it is not , the person will have to be freed . This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizens ' fundamental rights can be done in various ways . The courts can issue various kinds of writs . These writs are habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , quo warranto and certiorari . Dr. B.R. Ambedkar rightly declared Right to constitutional remedies as `` the heart and soul '' of Indian constitution . When a national or state emergency is declared , this right is suspended by the central government . Article 32 is also called citizens right to protect and defend the constitution as it can be used by the citizens to enforce the constitution through the judiciary . Right to Privacy ( edit ) The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution . It protects the inner sphere of the individual from interference from both State , and non-State actors and allows the individuals to make autonomous life choices . On 24 August 2017 the Supreme Court ruled that : `` Right to Privacy is an integral part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution , '' -- Supreme Court Critical analysis ( edit ) The fundamental rights have been revised for many reasons . Political groups have demanded that the right to work , the right to economic assistance in case of unemployment , old age , and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity , though these provisions have been enshrined in the Directive Principles of state policy . The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses , and thus have been criticised for failing to check the sanctioning of powers often deemed `` excessive '' . There is also the provision of preventive detention and suspension of fundamental rights in times of Emergency . The provisions of acts like the Maintenance of Internal Security Act ( MISA ) , Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act and the National Security Act ( NSA ) are a means of countering the fundamental rights , because they sanction excessive powers with the aim of fighting internal and cross-border terrorism and political violence , without safeguards for civil rights . The phrases `` security of State '' , `` public order '' and `` morality '' are of wide implication . People of alternate sexuality are criminalised in India with prison term up to 10 years . The meaning of phrases like `` reasonable restrictions '' and `` the interest of public order '' have not been explicitly stated in the constitution , and this ambiguity leads to unnecessary litigation . The freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms is exercised , but in some cases , these meetings are broken up by the police through the use of non-fatal methods . `` Freedom of press '' has not been included in the right to freedom , which is necessary for formulating public opinion and to make freedom of expression more legitimate . Employment of child labour in hazardous job environments has been reduced , but their employment even in non-hazardous jobs , including their prevalent employment as domestic help violates the spirit and ideals of the constitution . More than 16.5 million children are employed and working in India . India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005 , according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide . But in 2014 , India has improved marginally to a rank of 85 . The right to equality in matters regarding public employment shall not be conferred to overseas citizens of India , according to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 . As per Article 19 of Part III of the Indian constitution , the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression , gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India but not unity of India . The words sovereignty and integrity are the qualities to be cultivated / emulated by Indian people as urged by the Indian constitution but not used related to territory of India . Article 1 of Part 1 of the Indian constitution , defines India ( Bharat ) as union of states . In nutshell , India is its people not its land as enshrined in its constitution . Since speedy trial is not the constitutional right of the citizens , the cases involving violations of fundamental rights take inordinate time for resolution by the Supreme Court which is against the legal maxim ' justice delayed is justice denied ' . Amendments ( edit ) Changes to the fundamental rights require a constitutional amendment , which has to be passed by a special majority of both houses of Parliament . This means that an amendment requires the approval of two - thirds of the members present and voting . However , the number of members voting should not be less than the simple majority of the house -- whether the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the Eighty - Sixth Amendment of 2002 . Fundamental rights not sacrosanct ( edit ) Up till the 24th constitutional amendment in 1971 , the fundamental rights of the people were permanent and can not be repealed or diluted by the Parliament . 24th constitutional amendment introduced a new Article 13 ( 4 ) enabling Parliament to legislate on the subjects of Part III of the constitution using its constituent powers per Article 368 ( 1 ) . In the year 1973 , the 13 member constitutional bench of supreme court also upheld with majority the validity of 24th constitutional amendment . However it ruled that Basic structure of the constitution which is built on the basic foundation representing the dignity and freedom of the individual . This is of supreme importance and can not be destroyed by any form of amendment to the constitution . Many constitutional amendments to Part III of the constitution were made deleting or diluting the existing fundamental rights after the validity of 24th constitutional amendment is upheld by the Supreme Court . Amendment to Article 31C ( edit ) Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment , had changed Article 31C of the constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles ( earlier applicable only to clauses b & c of Article 39 ) over the fundamental rights of individuals . In Minerva Mills v. Union of India case , supreme court ruled that the amendment to the Article 31C is not valid and ultra vires . Right to property ( edit ) The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31 . Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire , hold and dispose of property . Article 31 provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes . The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times . The Forty - Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights A new provision , Article 300 - A , was added to the constitution , which provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law '' . Thus if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property , there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation . The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32 . Thus , the right to property is no longer a fundamental right , though it is still a constitutional right . If the government appears to have acted unfairly , the action can be challenged in a court of law by citizens . The liberalisation of the economy and the government 's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property . The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the government questioning why the right should not be brought back but in 2010 the court rejected the PIL Right to education ( edit ) Article 21A -- On 2 April 2010 , India joined a group of few countries in the world , with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force . Making elementary education an entitlement for children in the 6 -- 14 age group , the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act will directly benefit children who do not go to school at present . This act provides for appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications . The former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh announced the operationalisation of the Act . Children , who had either dropped out of schools or never been to any educational institution , will get elementary education as it will be binding on the part of the local and State governments to ensure that all children in the 6 -- 14 age group get schooling . As per the Act , private educational institutions should reserve 25 per cent seats for children from the weaker sections of society . The Centre and the States have agreed to share the financial burden in the ratio of 55 : 45 , while the Finance Commission has given Rs. 250 billion to the States for implementing the Act . The Centre has approved an outlay of Rs. 150 billion for 2010 -- 2011 . The school management committee or the local authority will identify the drop - outs or out - of - school children aged above six and admit them in classes appropriate to their age after giving special training . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of India / Part III See also ( edit ) Lawmaking procedure in India President 's rule President of India Federalism in India Part I of the Constitution of India List of amendments of the Constitution of India List of Acts of the Parliament of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41033954 Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-23 Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . p. 206 . Jump up ^ UNI . `` Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : The term `` State '' includes all authorities within the territory of India . It includes the Government of India , the Parliament of India , the Government and legislature of the states of India . It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations , Municipal Boards , District Boards , Panchayats etc . To avoid confusion with the term states and territories of India , State ( encompassing all the authorities in India ) has been capitalised and the term state ( referring to the state governments ) is in lowercase . Jump up ^ Laski , Harold Joseph ( 1930 ) . Liberty in the Modern State . New York and London : Harpers and Brothers . Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where Public interest litigation was introduced ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-25 ^ Jump up to : `` Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in/ , Rajya Sabha . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where fundamental rights were enforced against private individuals ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala ; AIR 1973 S.C. 1461 , ( 1973 ) 4 SCC 225 -- In what became famously known as the `` Fundamental Rights case '' , the Supreme Court decided that the basic structure of the Constitution of India was unamendable Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-24 Jump up ^ Basu , Durga Das ( 1988 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . Basu , Durga Das ( 1993 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . Jump up ^ Democratic Politics Class 9 . NCERT . Jump up ^ `` Article 19 in The Constitution Of India 1949 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1999 ) . India 's Constitution . New Delhi : S. Chand and Company . ISBN 81 - 219 - 1907 - X . Jump up ^ Vasudha Dhagamwar ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` The price of a Bill '' . Retrieved 24 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home : Central Information Commission ( CIC ) Online '' . rti.india.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nandan G ( May 1994 ) . `` Indian grants right to suicide '' . BMJ. 308 ( 6941 ) : 1392 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 308.6941. 1392 . Jump up ^ Paper 3 : Abolition and Restoration of Section 309 IPC -- an overview by BR Sharma , A Sharma , D Harish : Anil Aggrawal 's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine : Vol. 7 , No. 1 ( January -- June 2006 ) Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India ; AIR 1978 S.C. 597 , ( 1978 ) . ^ Jump up to : 86th Amendment Act , 2002 . Jump up ^ right to education bill Archived 26 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-33 Jump up ^ Constitution of India - Part IV Article 41 Directive Principles of State Policy . Jump up ^ Senior Inspector justifies lathi - charge during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests Jump up ^ Lathi Charge in Mumbai during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests Jump up ^ `` Child labour in India '' . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results Jump up ^ Index of perception of corruption , published by Transparency International . Jump up ^ Sovereign means possessing supreme or ultimate power . `` in modern democracies the people 's will is in theory sovereign '' synonyms : supreme , absolute , unlimited , unrestricted , unrestrained , unbounded , boundless , infinite , ultimate , total , unconditional , full , utter , paramount ; principal , chief , dominant , predominant Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paras 316 and 317 of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , ( AIR 1973 SC 1461 ) '' . 1973 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ 44th Amendment Act , 1978 . Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 28 February 2009 ) . `` Should right to property return ? '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Court rejects plea to make property a fundamental right '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Education is now a fundamental right of every child '' . Hindustan Times . 1 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Footnotes ( edit ) Links to related articles Government of India Constitution Constitution of India Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India Federalism in India Union List State List Concurrent List Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services Cabinet Secretary of India State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&oldid=809154564 '' Categories : Constitution of India National human rights instruments Human rights in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी हिन्दी मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 13 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	fundamental rights of india are taken from which country	[]	[]
41605841806132530	Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell	Tremors : a Cold Day in Hell - Wikipedia Tremors : a Cold Day in Hell Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell Directed by Don Michael Paul Produced by Mike Elliott Screenplay by John Whelpley Based on Characters by S.S. Wilson Brent Maddock Ron Underwood Starring Jamie Kennedy Tanya van Graan Jamie - Lee Money Michael Gross Music by Frederik Wiedmann Brain Mantia Cinematography Hein de Vos Edited by Cameron Hallenbeck Production company Universal 1440 Entertainment Distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment Release date May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell ( also known as Tremors 6 or Tremors 6 : A Cold Day in Hell ) is a 2018 direct - to - video monster film directed by Don Michael Paul . It is the sixth film in the Tremors series of monster films . On September 20 , 2016 , Michael Gross announced on his official Facebook page that the film was in development . Filming commenced in late January 2017 . The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray , as well as on Netflix on May 1 , 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical Response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In Canada 's Nunavut Territory , a team of young researchers collecting ice core samples of glaciers is attacked by a Graboid . After brushing off a tax agent , Burt Gummer ( Michael Gross ) and his son Travis Welker ( Jamie Kennedy ) are asked by Dr. Rita Sims and a young Graboid hunter Valerie McKee to investigate . Their plane is attacked by an Ass Blaster , but Burt and Travis make it to the facility . They learn that Arctic heat conditions have made the area prime for Graboids . Burt suspects their research neighbors at DARPA are developing bio-weapons out of the Graboids . When an Ass Blaster attacks the facility , Burt rescues a researcher but experiences an episode and collapses . He learns that he has been infected by a parasite based on Graboid venom , and that they need to extract the antibodies from a live Graboid . As Graboids continue to kill off researchers and staff , several members of the group try to make their way from the lab to the generator area where the pilot Mac is repairing the plane , and the facilities manager Swackhamer has created a makeshift underground electric fence . Others head for the communications tower and to turn off a drill that has automatically activated . With his own research team attacked , Agent Cutts of DARPA joins Burt 's group , revealing that his team was more interested in extracting the melted water and not fashioning bio-weapons . He agrees to Burt and Travis 's conditions that the government remove the tax liens from their place in Perfection and exempt them from paying property taxes hereforth . The group eventually use a storage container to trap one of the Graboids , spearing it from the side to hold it into place , and cutting off its front tentacles . Travis reaches in the graboid 's mouth and draws venom using a syringe on its internal gland sac , which is then used to save Burt . Cutts gives the Gummers the paperwork freeing them from taxes , but they blow up the last Graboid before Cutts gets any ideas of really using it as a bio-weapon . Cast ( edit ) Michael Gross as Burt Gummer , the only resident left in the apparently abandoned and demolished Perfection , Nevada . Burt resides in and runs Chang 's Market which appears to be all that 's left of the town . Jamie Kennedy as Travis B. Welker , Burt 's son who works as a filmmaker . Tanya van Graan as Dr. Rita Sims , the lead researcher at Boite Canyon Arctic Research Facility Jamie - Lee Money as Valerie McKee , a Graboid expert and a student intern at the facility . She is the daughter of Valentine McKee ( Kevin Bacon ) and Rhonda LeBeck ( Finn Carter ) from the first Tremors film . Kiroshan Naidoo as Hart Hansen , a researcher in geomorphology Keeno Lee Hector as Aklark , Valerie and Rita 's assistant , a local to the area Rob van Vuuren as Swackhamer , facility manager Adrienne Pearce as Mac , the pilot who flew Burt and Travis in Francesco Nassimbeni as Dr. Charles Ferezze , a cowardly researcher who wants to get out of the area by any means possible Paul du Toit as Mr. Cutts , a DARPA agent in charge of the neighboring facility Christie Peruso as Geo - Tech Vargas , a researcher Jay Anstey as Dr. D , a researcher Filming ( edit ) The crew had originally intended to shoot in the mountains of Bulgaria , but after the country had endured one of its largest blizzards , they opted to return to South Africa . Filming took place in the Cape Town area which is where Tremors 5 was filmed . The opening scene was filmed in the desert made to look like snow with filters and video processing techniques . The nice weather was explained by climate change causing unusual warmth in the area . Having worked on the previous film series , the crew used CGI for many of the Graboid scenes . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Tim Janson of The SciFi Movie Page gave the film 2 stars out of 5 saying , `` While none of the Tremors sequels ( nor the one prequel ) have ever been able to hold a candle to the original , A Cold Day in Hell is definitely one to miss . This sleep - inducing bore fest can not even be saved by Burt 's over-the - top arrogance and crankiness . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gross , Michael ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Happening ! '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Tremors 6 ' Will Begin Filming in South Africa Next Week '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell , ' Out Today , is Already on Netflix ! - Bloody Disgusting '' . bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tremors : A Cold Day In Hell Blu - ray + DVD Review '' . The Corner Penthouse . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Interview : Michael Gross talks `` TREMORS : A COLD DAY IN HELL '' and a possible `` TREMORS 7 '' - Rue Morgue `` . www.rue-morgue.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures Home Entertainment ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell - Frozen Tundra - Bonus Clip - Own it now on Blu - ray , DVD & Digital '' . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Janson , Tim ( June 23 , 2018 ) . `` Tomb Raider ( review ) '' . SciFi Movie Page . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell on IMDb Tremors Films Tremors ( 1990 ) Tremors 2 : Aftershocks ( 1996 ) Tremors 3 : Back to Perfection ( 2001 ) Tremors 4 : The Legend Begins ( 2004 ) Tremors 5 : Bloodlines ( 2015 ) Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell ( 2018 ) Television Tremors : The Series ( 2003 ) Characters Burt Gummer Graboid Miscellaneous Perfection , Nevada Tremors : The Game Films directed by Don Michael Paul Half Past Dead ( 2002 ) The Garden ( 2006 ) Who 's Your Caddy ? ( 2007 ) Lake Placid : The Final Chapter ( 2012 ) Company of Heroes ( 2013 ) Taken : The Search for Sophie Parker ( 2013 ) Jarhead 2 : Field of Fire ( 2014 ) Sniper : Legacy ( 2014 ) Tremors 5 : Bloodlines ( 2015 ) Kindergarten Cop 2 ( 2016 ) Sniper : Ghost Shooter ( 2016 ) Death Race : Beyond Anarchy ( 2018 ) Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell ( 2018 ) Scorpion King : Book of Souls ( 2018 ) This article about a science - fiction horror film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tremors:_A_Cold_Day_in_Hell&oldid=854437346 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2018 direct - to - video films 2010s monster movies Tremors ( franchise ) Universal Pictures direct - to - video films Direct - to - video action films Direct - to - video science fiction films Direct - to - video sequel films Films set in Nunavut Films set in the Arctic Films shot in South Africa Climate change films Films directed by Don Michael Paul Science fiction horror film stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 10 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	tremors a cold day in hell filming location	[ "The crew had originally intended to shoot in the mountains of Bulgaria, but after the country had endured one of its largest blizzards, they opted to return to South Africa.[5] Filming took place in the Cape Town area which is where Tremors 5 was filmed. The opening scene was filmed in the desert made to look like snow with filters and video processing techniques.[4][6] The nice weather was explained by climate change causing unusual warmth in the area.[5] Having worked on the previous film series, the crew used CGI for many of the Graboid scenes.[5]\n" ]	[ "in the Cape Town area" ]
8595278816383190254	Atom	Atom - wikipedia Atom Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Atom ( disambiguation ) . Helium atom An illustration of the helium atom , depicting the nucleus ( pink ) and the electron cloud distribution ( black ) . The nucleus ( upper right ) in helium - 4 is in reality spherically symmetric and closely resembles the electron cloud , although for more complicated nuclei this is not always the case . The black bar is one angstrom ( 6990100000000000000 ♠ 10 m or 6990100000000000000 ♠ 100 pm ) . Classification Smallest recognized division of a chemical element Properties Mass range : 6973167000000000000 ♠ 1.67 × 10 to 6975452000000000000 ♠ 4.52 × 10 kg Electric charge : zero ( neutral ) , or ion charge Diameter range : 62 pm ( He ) to 520 pm ( Cs ) ( data page ) Components : Electrons and a compact nucleus of protons and neutrons An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element . Every solid , liquid , gas , and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms . Atoms are very small ; typical sizes are around 100 picometers ( a ten - billionth of a meter , in the short scale ) . Atoms are small enough that attempting to predict their behavior using classical physics -- as if they were billiard balls , for example -- gives noticeably incorrect predictions due to quantum effects . Through the development of physics , atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior . Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus . The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons . Protons and neutrons are called nucleons . More than 99.94 % of an atom 's mass is in the nucleus . The protons have a positive electric charge , the electrons have a negative electric charge , and the neutrons have no electric charge . If the number of protons and electrons are equal , that atom is electrically neutral . If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons , then it has an overall negative or positive charge , respectively , and it is called an ion . The electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force . The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force , the nuclear force , which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another . Under certain circumstances , the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force , and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus , leaving behind a different element : nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation . The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs : for example , all copper atoms contain 29 protons . The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element . The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom . Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules . The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of atomic theory 1.1 Atoms in philosophy 1.2 First evidence - based theory 1.3 Brownian motion 1.4 Discovery of the electron 1.5 Discovery of the nucleus 1.6 Discovery of isotopes 1.7 Bohr model 1.8 Chemical bonding explained 1.9 Further developments in quantum physics 1.10 Discovery of the neutron 1.11 Fission , high - energy physics and condensed matter 2 Structure 2.1 Subatomic particles 2.2 Nucleus 2.3 Electron cloud 3 Properties 3.1 Nuclear properties 3.2 Mass 3.3 Shape and size 3.4 Radioactive decay 3.5 Magnetic moment 3.6 Energy levels 3.7 Valence and bonding behavior 3.8 States 4 Identification 5 Origin and current state 5.1 Formation 5.2 Earth 5.3 Rare and theoretical forms 5.3. 1 Superheavy elements 5.3. 2 Exotic matter 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links History of atomic theory Main article : Atomic theory Atoms in Philosophy Main article : Atomism The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old idea , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . The word `` atom '' was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . As a result , their views on what atoms look like and how they behave were incorrect . They also could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , when the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that only the concept of atoms could explain . First evidence - based theory Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton 's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ) . In the early 1800s , John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers ( the law of multiple proportions ) . For instance , there are two types of tin oxide : one is 88.1 % tin and 11.9 % oxygen and the other is 78.7 % tin and 21.3 % oxygen ( tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . This means that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5 g or 27g of oxygen . 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 , a ratio of small whole numbers . This common pattern in chemistry suggested to Dalton that elements react in whole number multiples of discrete units -- in other words , atoms . In the case of tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms . Dalton also believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbs different gases in different proportions . For example , he found that water absorbs carbon dioxide far better than it absorbs nitrogen . Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences between the masses and configurations of the gases ' respective particles , and carbon dioxide molecules ( CO ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules ( N ) . Brownian motion In 1827 , botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water and discovered that they moved about erratically , a phenomenon that became known as `` Brownian motion '' . This was thought to be caused by water molecules knocking the grains about . In 1905 , Albert Einstein proved the reality of these molecules and their motions by producing the first Statistical physics analysis of Brownian motion . French physicist Jean Perrin used Einstein 's work to experimentally determine the mass and dimensions of atoms , thereby conclusively verifying Dalton 's atomic theory . Discovery of the electron The Geiger -- Marsden experiment Top : Expected results : alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection . Bottom : Observed results : a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus . The physicist J.J. Thomson measured the mass of cathode rays , showing they were made of particles , but were around 1800 times lighter than the lightest atom , hydrogen . Therefore , they were not atoms , but a new particle , the first subatomic particle to be discovered , which he originally called `` corpuscle '' but was later named electron , after particles postulated by George Johnstone Stoney in 1874 . He also showed they were identical to particles given off by photoelectric and radioactive materials . It was quickly recognized that they are the particles that carry electric currents in metal wires , and carry the negative electric charge within atoms . Thomson was given the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work . Thus he overturned the belief that atoms are the indivisible , ultimate particles of matter . Thomson also incorrectly postulated that the low mass , negatively charged electrons were distributed throughout the atom in a uniform sea of positive charge . This became known as the plum pudding model . Discovery of the nucleus Main article : Geiger - Marsden experiment In 1909 , Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden , under the direction of Ernest Rutherford , bombarded a metal foil with alpha particles to observe how they scattered . They expected all the alpha particles to pass straight through with little deflection , because Thomson 's model said that the charges in the atom are so diffuse that their electric fields could not affect the alpha particles much . However , Geiger and Marsden spotted alpha particles being deflected by angles greater than 90 ° , which was supposed to be impossible according to Thomson 's model . To explain this , Rutherford proposed that the positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus at the center of the atom . Rutherford compared his findings to one firing a 15 - inch shell at a sheet of tissue paper and it coming back to hit the person who fired it . Discovery of isotopes While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one type of atom at each position on the periodic table . The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for different atoms that belong to the same element . J.J. Thomson created a technique for separating atom types through his work on ionized gases , which subsequently led to the discovery of stable isotopes . Bohr model The Bohr model of the atom , with an electron making instantaneous `` quantum leaps '' from one orbit to another . This model is obsolete . Main article : Bohr model In 1913 the physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits , and could jump between these orbits only in discrete changes of energy corresponding to absorption or radiation of a photon . This quantization was used to explain why the electrons orbits are stable ( given that normally , charges in acceleration , including circular motion , lose kinetic energy which is emitted as electromagnetic radiation , see synchrotron radiation ) and why elements absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete spectra . Later in the same year Henry Moseley provided additional experimental evidence in favor of Niels Bohr 's theory . These results refined Ernest Rutherford 's and Antonius Van den Broek 's model , which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic ) number in the periodic table . Until these experiments , atomic number was not known to be a physical and experimental quantity . That it is equal to the atomic nuclear charge remains the accepted atomic model today . Chemical bonding explained Chemical bonds between atoms were now explained , by Gilbert Newton Lewis in 1916 , as the interactions between their constituent electrons . As the chemical properties of the elements were known to largely repeat themselves according to the periodic law , in 1919 the American chemist Irving Langmuir suggested that this could be explained if the electrons in an atom were connected or clustered in some manner . Groups of electrons were thought to occupy a set of electron shells about the nucleus . Further developments in quantum Physics The Stern -- Gerlach experiment of 1922 provided further evidence of the quantum nature of atomic properties . When a beam of silver atoms was passed through a specially shaped magnetic field , the beam was split in a way correlated with the direction of an atom 's angular momentum , or spin . As this spin direction is initially random , the beam would be expected to deflect in a random direction . Instead , the beam was split into two directional components , corresponding to the atomic spin being oriented up or down . In 1925 Werner Heisenberg published the first consistent mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics ( Matrix Mechanics ) . One year earlier , in 1924 , Louis de Broglie had proposed that all particles behave to an extent like waves and , in 1926 , Erwin Schrödinger used this idea to develop a mathematical model of the atom ( Wave Mechanics ) that described the electrons as three - dimensional waveforms rather than point particles . A consequence of using waveforms to describe particles is that it is mathematically impossible to obtain precise values for both the position and momentum of a particle at a given point in time ; this became known as the uncertainty principle , formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1927 . In this concept , for a given accuracy in measuring a position one could only obtain a range of probable values for momentum , and vice versa . This model was able to explain observations of atomic behavior that previous models could not , such as certain structural and spectral patterns of atoms larger than hydrogen . Thus , the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described atomic orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to be observed . Discovery of the neutron The development of the mass spectrometer allowed the mass of atoms to be measured with increased accuracy . The device uses a magnet to bend the trajectory of a beam of ions , and the amount of deflection is determined by the ratio of an atom 's mass to its charge . The chemist Francis William Aston used this instrument to show that isotopes had different masses . The atomic mass of these isotopes varied by integer amounts , called the whole number rule . The explanation for these different isotopes awaited the discovery of the neutron , an uncharged particle with a mass similar to the proton , by the physicist James Chadwick in 1932 . Isotopes were then explained as elements with the same number of protons , but different numbers of neutrons within the nucleus . Fission , high - energy Physics and condensed matter In 1938 , the German chemist Otto Hahn , a student of Rutherford , directed neutrons onto uranium atoms expecting to get transuranium elements . Instead , his chemical experiments showed barium as a product . A year later , Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch verified that Hahn 's result were the first experimental nuclear fission . In 1944 , Hahn received the Nobel prize in chemistry . Despite Hahn 's efforts , the contributions of Meitner and Frisch were not recognized . In the 1950s , the development of improved particle accelerators and particle detectors allowed scientists to study the impacts of atoms moving at high energies . Neutrons and protons were found to be hadrons , or composites of smaller particles called quarks . The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions . Structure Subatomic particles Main article : Subatomic particle Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that can not be cut into smaller particles , in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles . The constituent particles of an atom are the electron , the proton and the neutron ; all three are fermions . However , the hydrogen - 1 atom has no neutrons and the hydron ion has no electrons . The electron is by far the least massive of these particles at 6969911000000000000 ♠ 9.11 × 10 kg , with a negative electrical charge and a size that is too small to be measured using available techniques . It is the lightest particle with a positive rest mass measured . Under ordinary conditions , electrons are bound to the positively charged nucleus by the attraction created from opposite electric charges . If an atom has more or fewer electrons than its atomic number , then it becomes respectively negatively or positively charged as a whole ; a charged atom is called an ion . Electrons have been known since the late 19th century , mostly thanks to J.J. Thomson ; see history of subatomic physics for details . Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1,836 times that of the electron , at 6973167260000000000 ♠ 1.6726 × 10 kg . The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number . Ernest Rutherford ( 1919 ) observed that nitrogen under alpha - particle bombardment ejects what appeared to be hydrogen nuclei . By 1920 he had accepted that the hydrogen nucleus is a distinct particle within the atom and named it proton . Neutrons have no electrical charge and have a free mass of 1,839 times the mass of the electron , or 6973169290000000000 ♠ 1.6929 × 10 kg , the heaviest of the three constituent particles , but it can be reduced by the nuclear binding energy . Neutrons and protons ( collectively known as nucleons ) have comparable dimensions -- on the order of 6985250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 × 10 m -- although the ' surface ' of these particles is not sharply defined . The neutron was discovered in 1932 by the English physicist James Chadwick . In the Standard Model of physics , electrons are truly elementary particles with no internal structure . However , both protons and neutrons are composite particles composed of elementary particles called quarks . There are two types of quarks in atoms , each having a fractional electric charge . Protons are composed of two up quarks ( each with charge + 2 / 3 ) and one down quark ( with a charge of − 1 / 3 ) . Neutrons consist of one up quark and two down quarks . This distinction accounts for the difference in mass and charge between the two particles . The quarks are held together by the strong interaction ( or strong force ) , which is mediated by gluons . The protons and neutrons , in turn , are held to each other in the nucleus by the nuclear force , which is a residuum of the strong force that has somewhat different range - properties ( see the article on the nuclear force for more ) . The gluon is a member of the family of gauge bosons , which are elementary particles that mediate physical forces . Nucleus Main article : Atomic nucleus The binding energy needed for a nucleon to escape the nucleus , for various isotopes All the bound protons and neutrons in an atom make up a tiny atomic nucleus , and are collectively called nucleons . The radius of a nucleus is approximately equal to 1.07 √ A fm , where A is the total number of nucleons . This is much smaller than the radius of the atom , which is on the order of 10 fm . The nucleons are bound together by a short - ranged attractive potential called the residual strong force . At distances smaller than 2.5 fm this force is much more powerful than the electrostatic force that causes positively charged protons to repel each other . Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons , called the atomic number . Within a single element , the number of neutrons may vary , determining the isotope of that element . The total number of protons and neutrons determine the nuclide . The number of neutrons relative to the protons determines the stability of the nucleus , with certain isotopes undergoing radioactive decay . The proton , the electron , and the neutron are classified as fermions . Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle which prohibits identical fermions , such as multiple protons , from occupying the same quantum state at the same time . Thus , every proton in the nucleus must occupy a quantum state different from all other protons , and the same applies to all neutrons of the nucleus and to all electrons of the electron cloud . However , a proton and a neutron are allowed to occupy the same quantum state . For atoms with low atomic numbers , a nucleus that has more neutrons than protons tends to drop to a lower energy state through radioactive decay so that the neutron -- proton ratio is closer to one . However , as the atomic number increases , a higher proportion of neutrons is required to offset the mutual repulsion of the protons . Thus , there are no stable nuclei with equal proton and neutron numbers above atomic number Z = 20 ( calcium ) and as Z increases , the neutron -- proton ratio of stable isotopes increases . The stable isotope with the highest proton -- neutron ratio is lead - 208 ( about 1.5 ) . Illustration of a nuclear fusion process that forms a deuterium nucleus , consisting of a proton and a neutron , from two protons . A positron ( e ) -- an antimatter electron -- is emitted along with an electron neutrino . The number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus can be modified , although this can require very high energies because of the strong force . Nuclear fusion occurs when multiple atomic particles join to form a heavier nucleus , such as through the energetic collision of two nuclei . For example , at the core of the Sun protons require energies of 3 -- 10 keV to overcome their mutual repulsion -- the coulomb barrier -- and fuse together into a single nucleus . Nuclear fission is the opposite process , causing a nucleus to split into two smaller nuclei -- usually through radioactive decay . The nucleus can also be modified through bombardment by high energy subatomic particles or photons . If this modifies the number of protons in a nucleus , the atom changes to a different chemical element . If the mass of the nucleus following a fusion reaction is less than the sum of the masses of the separate particles , then the difference between these two values can be emitted as a type of usable energy ( such as a gamma ray , or the kinetic energy of a beta particle ) , as described by Albert Einstein 's mass -- energy equivalence formula , E = mc , where m is the mass loss and c is the speed of light . This deficit is part of the binding energy of the new nucleus , and it is the non-recoverable loss of the energy that causes the fused particles to remain together in a state that requires this energy to separate . The fusion of two nuclei that create larger nuclei with lower atomic numbers than iron and nickel -- a total nucleon number of about 60 -- is usually an exothermic process that releases more energy than is required to bring them together . It is this energy - releasing process that makes nuclear fusion in stars a self - sustaining reaction . For heavier nuclei , the binding energy per nucleon in the nucleus begins to decrease . That means fusion processes producing nuclei that have atomic numbers higher than about 26 , and atomic masses higher than about 60 , is an endothermic process . These more massive nuclei can not undergo an energy - producing fusion reaction that can sustain the hydrostatic equilibrium of a star . Electron cloud Main articles : Atomic orbital and Electron configuration A potential well , showing , according to classical mechanics , the minimum energy V ( x ) needed to reach each position x . Classically , a particle with energy E is constrained to a range of positions between x and x . The electrons in an atom are attracted to the protons in the nucleus by the electromagnetic force . This force binds the electrons inside an electrostatic potential well surrounding the smaller nucleus , which means that an external source of energy is needed for the electron to escape . The closer an electron is to the nucleus , the greater the attractive force . Hence electrons bound near the center of the potential well require more energy to escape than those at greater separations . Electrons , like other particles , have properties of both a particle and a wave . The electron cloud is a region inside the potential well where each electron forms a type of three - dimensional standing wave -- a wave form that does not move relative to the nucleus . This behavior is defined by an atomic orbital , a mathematical function that characterises the probability that an electron appears to be at a particular location when its position is measured . Only a discrete ( or quantized ) set of these orbitals exist around the nucleus , as other possible wave patterns rapidly decay into a more stable form . Orbitals can have one or more ring or node structures , and differ from each other in size , shape and orientation . Wave functions of the first five atomic orbitals . The three 2p orbitals each display a single angular node that has an orientation and a minimum at the center . Play media How atoms are constructed from electron orbitals and link to the periodic table Each atomic orbital corresponds to a particular energy level of the electron . The electron can change its state to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon with sufficient energy to boost it into the new quantum state . Likewise , through spontaneous emission , an electron in a higher energy state can drop to a lower energy state while radiating the excess energy as a photon . These characteristic energy values , defined by the differences in the energies of the quantum states , are responsible for atomic spectral lines . The amount of energy needed to remove or add an electron -- the electron binding energy -- is far less than the binding energy of nucleons . For example , it requires only 13.6 eV to strip a ground - state electron from a hydrogen atom , compared to 2.23 million eV for splitting a deuterium nucleus . Atoms are electrically neutral if they have an equal number of protons and electrons . Atoms that have either a deficit or a surplus of electrons are called ions . Electrons that are farthest from the nucleus may be transferred to other nearby atoms or shared between atoms . By this mechanism , atoms are able to bond into molecules and other types of chemical compounds like ionic and covalent network crystals . Properties Nuclear properties Main articles : Isotope , Stable isotope , List of nuclides , and List of elements by stability of isotopes By definition , any two atoms with an identical number of protons in their nuclei belong to the same chemical element . Atoms with equal numbers of protons but a different number of neutrons are different isotopes of the same element . For example , all hydrogen atoms admit exactly one proton , but isotopes exist with no neutrons ( hydrogen - 1 , by far the most common form , also called protium ) , one neutron ( deuterium ) , two neutrons ( tritium ) and more than two neutrons . The known elements form a set of atomic numbers , from the single proton element hydrogen up to the 118 - proton element oganesson . All known isotopes of elements with atomic numbers greater than 82 are radioactive , although the radioactivity of element 83 ( bismuth ) is so slight as to be practically negligible . About 339 nuclides occur naturally on Earth , of which 254 ( about 75 % ) have not been observed to decay , and are referred to as `` stable isotopes '' . However , only 90 of these nuclides are stable to all decay , even in theory . Another 164 ( bringing the total to 254 ) have not been observed to decay , even though in theory it is energetically possible . These are also formally classified as `` stable '' . An additional 34 radioactive nuclides have half - lives longer than 80 million years , and are long - lived enough to be present from the birth of the solar system . This collection of 288 nuclides are known as primordial nuclides . Finally , an additional 51 short - lived nuclides are known to occur naturally , as daughter products of primordial nuclide decay ( such as radium from uranium ) , or else as products of natural energetic processes on Earth , such as cosmic ray bombardment ( for example , carbon - 14 ) . For 80 of the chemical elements , at least one stable isotope exists . As a rule , there is only a handful of stable isotopes for each of these elements , the average being 3.2 stable isotopes per element . Twenty - six elements have only a single stable isotope , while the largest number of stable isotopes observed for any element is ten , for the element tin . Elements 43 , 61 , and all elements numbered 83 or higher have no stable isotopes . Stability of isotopes is affected by the ratio of protons to neutrons , and also by the presence of certain `` magic numbers '' of neutrons or protons that represent closed and filled quantum shells . These quantum shells correspond to a set of energy levels within the shell model of the nucleus ; filled shells , such as the filled shell of 50 protons for tin , confers unusual stability on the nuclide . Of the 254 known stable nuclides , only four have both an odd number of protons and odd number of neutrons : hydrogen - 2 ( deuterium ) , lithium - 6 , boron - 10 and nitrogen - 14 . Also , only four naturally occurring , radioactive odd -- odd nuclides have a half - life over a billion years : potassium - 40 , vanadium - 50 , lanthanum - 138 and tantalum - 180m . Most odd -- odd nuclei are highly unstable with respect to beta decay , because the decay products are even -- even , and are therefore more strongly bound , due to nuclear pairing effects . Mass Main articles : Atomic mass and mass number The large majority of an atom 's mass comes from the protons and neutrons that make it up . The total number of these particles ( called `` nucleons '' ) in a given atom is called the mass number . It is a positive integer and dimensionless ( instead of having dimension of mass ) , because it expresses a count . An example of use of a mass number is `` carbon - 12 , '' which has 12 nucleons ( six protons and six neutrons ) . The actual mass of an atom at rest is often expressed using the unified atomic mass unit ( u ) , also called dalton ( Da ) . This unit is defined as a twelfth of the mass of a free neutral atom of carbon - 12 , which is approximately 6973166000000000000 ♠ 1.66 × 10 kg . Hydrogen - 1 ( the lightest isotope of hydrogen which is also the nuclide with the lowest mass ) has an atomic weight of 1.007825 u . The value of this number is called the atomic mass . A given atom has an atomic mass approximately equal ( within 1 % ) to its mass number times the atomic mass unit ( for example the mass of a nitrogen - 14 is roughly 14 u ) . However , this number will not be exactly an integer except in the case of carbon - 12 ( see below ) . The heaviest stable atom is lead - 208 , with a mass of 7002207976652100000 ♠ 207.976 6521 u . As even the most massive atoms are far too light to work with directly , chemists instead use the unit of moles . One mole of atoms of any element always has the same number of atoms ( about 7023602200000000000 ♠ 6.022 × 10 ) . This number was chosen so that if an element has an atomic mass of 1 u , a mole of atoms of that element has a mass close to one gram . Because of the definition of the unified atomic mass unit , each carbon - 12 atom has an atomic mass of exactly 12 u , and so a mole of carbon - 12 atoms weighs exactly 0.012 kg . Shape and size Main article : Atomic radius Atoms lack a well - defined outer boundary , so their dimensions are usually described in terms of an atomic radius . This is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus . However , this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape , which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space . Atomic radii may be derived from the distances between two nuclei when the two atoms are joined in a chemical bond . The radius varies with the location of an atom on the atomic chart , the type of chemical bond , the number of neighboring atoms ( coordination number ) and a quantum mechanical property known as spin . On the periodic table of the elements , atom size tends to increase when moving down columns , but decrease when moving across rows ( left to right ) . Consequently , the smallest atom is helium with a radius of 32 pm , while one of the largest is caesium at 225 pm . When subjected to external forces , like electrical fields , the shape of an atom may deviate from spherical symmetry . The deformation depends on the field magnitude and the orbital type of outer shell electrons , as shown by group - theoretical considerations . Aspherical deviations might be elicited for instance in crystals , where large crystal - electrical fields may occur at low - symmetry lattice sites . Significant ellipsoidal deformations have been shown to occur for sulfur ions and chalcogen ions in pyrite - type compounds . Atomic dimensions are thousands of times smaller than the wavelengths of light ( 400 -- 700 nm ) so they can not be viewed using an optical microscope . However , individual atoms can be observed using a scanning tunneling microscope . To visualize the minuteness of the atom , consider that a typical human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms in width . A single drop of water contains about 2 sextillion ( 7021200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 ) atoms of oxygen , and twice the number of hydrogen atoms . A single carat diamond with a mass of 6996200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 kg contains about 10 sextillion ( 10 ) atoms of carbon . If an apple were magnified to the size of the Earth , then the atoms in the apple would be approximately the size of the original apple . Radioactive decay Main article : Radioactive decay This diagram shows the half - life ( T ) of various isotopes with Z protons and N neutrons . Every element has one or more isotopes that have unstable nuclei that are subject to radioactive decay , causing the nucleus to emit particles or electromagnetic radiation . Radioactivity can occur when the radius of a nucleus is large compared with the radius of the strong force , which only acts over distances on the order of 1 fm . The most common forms of radioactive decay are : Alpha decay : this process is caused when the nucleus emits an alpha particle , which is a helium nucleus consisting of two protons and two neutrons . The result of the emission is a new element with a lower atomic number . Beta decay ( and electron capture ) : these processes are regulated by the weak force , and result from a transformation of a neutron into a proton , or a proton into a neutron . The neutron to proton transition is accompanied by the emission of an electron and an antineutrino , while proton to neutron transition ( except in electron capture ) causes the emission of a positron and a neutrino . The electron or positron emissions are called beta particles . Beta decay either increases or decreases the atomic number of the nucleus by one . Electron capture is more common than positron emission , because it requires less energy . In this type of decay , an electron is absorbed by the nucleus , rather than a positron emitted from the nucleus . A neutrino is still emitted in this process , and a proton changes to a neutron . Gamma decay : this process results from a change in the energy level of the nucleus to a lower state , resulting in the emission of electromagnetic radiation . The excited state of a nucleus which results in gamma emission usually occurs following the emission of an alpha or a beta particle . Thus , gamma decay usually follows alpha or beta decay . Other more rare types of radioactive decay include ejection of neutrons or protons or clusters of nucleons from a nucleus , or more than one beta particle . An analog of gamma emission which allows excited nuclei to lose energy in a different way , is internal conversion -- a process that produces high - speed electrons that are not beta rays , followed by production of high - energy photons that are not gamma rays . A few large nuclei explode into two or more charged fragments of varying masses plus several neutrons , in a decay called spontaneous nuclear fission . Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic decay time period -- the half - life -- that is determined by the amount of time needed for half of a sample to decay . This is an exponential decay process that steadily decreases the proportion of the remaining isotope by 50 % every half - life . Hence after two half - lives have passed only 25 % of the isotope is present , and so forth . Magnetic moment Main articles : Electron magnetic moment and Nuclear magnetic moment Elementary particles possess an intrinsic quantum mechanical property known as spin . This is analogous to the angular momentum of an object that is spinning around its center of mass , although strictly speaking these particles are believed to be point - like and can not be said to be rotating . Spin is measured in units of the reduced Planck constant ( ħ ) , with electrons , protons and neutrons all having spin 1⁄2 ħ , or `` spin - 1⁄2 '' . In an atom , electrons in motion around the nucleus possess orbital angular momentum in addition to their spin , while the nucleus itself possesses angular momentum due to its nuclear spin . The magnetic field produced by an atom -- its magnetic moment -- is determined by these various forms of angular momentum , just as a rotating charged object classically produces a magnetic field . However , the most dominant contribution comes from electron spin . Due to the nature of electrons to obey the Pauli exclusion principle , in which no two electrons may be found in the same quantum state , bound electrons pair up with each other , with one member of each pair in a spin up state and the other in the opposite , spin down state . Thus these spins cancel each other out , reducing the total magnetic dipole moment to zero in some atoms with even number of electrons . In ferromagnetic elements such as iron , cobalt and nickel , an odd number of electrons leads to an unpaired electron and a net overall magnetic moment . The orbitals of neighboring atoms overlap and a lower energy state is achieved when the spins of unpaired electrons are aligned with each other , a spontaneous process known as an exchange interaction . When the magnetic moments of ferromagnetic atoms are lined up , the material can produce a measurable macroscopic field . Paramagnetic materials have atoms with magnetic moments that line up in random directions when no magnetic field is present , but the magnetic moments of the individual atoms line up in the presence of a field . The nucleus of an atom will have no spin when it has even numbers of both neutrons and protons , but for other cases of odd numbers , the nucleus may have a spin . Normally nuclei with spin are aligned in random directions because of thermal equilibrium . However , for certain elements ( such as xenon - 129 ) it is possible to polarize a significant proportion of the nuclear spin states so that they are aligned in the same direction -- a condition called hyperpolarization . This has important applications in magnetic resonance imaging . Energy levels These electron 's energy levels ( not to scale ) are sufficient for ground states of atoms up to cadmium ( 5s 4d ) inclusively . Do not forget that even the top of the diagram is lower than an unbound electron state . The potential energy of an electron in an atom is negative , its dependence of its position reaches the minimum ( the most absolute value ) inside the nucleus , and vanishes when the distance from the nucleus goes to infinity , roughly in an inverse proportion to the distance . In the quantum - mechanical model , a bound electron can only occupy a set of states centered on the nucleus , and each state corresponds to a specific energy level ; see time - independent Schrödinger equation for theoretical explanation . An energy level can be measured by the amount of energy needed to unbind the electron from the atom , and is usually given in units of electronvolts ( eV ) . The lowest energy state of a bound electron is called the ground state , i.e. stationary state , while an electron transition to a higher level results in an excited state . The electron 's energy raises when n increases because the ( average ) distance to the nucleus increases . Dependence of the energy on l is caused not by electrostatic potential of the nucleus , but by interaction between electrons . For an electron to transition between two different states , e.g. grounded state to first excited level ( ionization ) , it must absorb or emit a photon at an energy matching the difference in the potential energy of those levels , according to Niels Bohr model , what can be precisely calculated by the Schrödinger equation . Electrons jump between orbitals in a particle - like fashion . For example , if a single photon strikes the electrons , only a single electron changes states in response to the photon ; see Electron properties . The energy of an emitted photon is proportional to its frequency , so these specific energy levels appear as distinct bands in the electromagnetic spectrum . Each element has a characteristic spectrum that can depend on the nuclear charge , subshells filled by electrons , the electromagnetic interactions between the electrons and other factors . An example of absorption lines in a spectrum When a continuous spectrum of energy is passed through a gas or plasma , some of the photons are absorbed by atoms , causing electrons to change their energy level . Those excited electrons that remain bound to their atom spontaneously emit this energy as a photon , traveling in a random direction , and so drop back to lower energy levels . Thus the atoms behave like a filter that forms a series of dark absorption bands in the energy output . ( An observer viewing the atoms from a view that does not include the continuous spectrum in the background , instead sees a series of emission lines from the photons emitted by the atoms . ) Spectroscopic measurements of the strength and width of atomic spectral lines allow the composition and physical properties of a substance to be determined . Close examination of the spectral lines reveals that some display a fine structure splitting . This occurs because of spin -- orbit coupling , which is an interaction between the spin and motion of the outermost electron . When an atom is in an external magnetic field , spectral lines become split into three or more components ; a phenomenon called the Zeeman effect . This is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the atom and its electrons . Some atoms can have multiple electron configurations with the same energy level , which thus appear as a single spectral line . The interaction of the magnetic field with the atom shifts these electron configurations to slightly different energy levels , resulting in multiple spectral lines . The presence of an external electric field can cause a comparable splitting and shifting of spectral lines by modifying the electron energy levels , a phenomenon called the Stark effect . If a bound electron is in an excited state , an interacting photon with the proper energy can cause stimulated emission of a photon with a matching energy level . For this to occur , the electron must drop to a lower energy state that has an energy difference matching the energy of the interacting photon . The emitted photon and the interacting photon then move off in parallel and with matching phases . That is , the wave patterns of the two photons are synchronized . This physical property is used to make lasers , which can emit a coherent beam of light energy in a narrow frequency band . Valence and bonding behavior Main articles : Valence ( chemistry ) and Chemical bond Valency is the combining power of an element . It is equal to number of hydrogen atoms that atom can combine or displace in forming compounds . The outermost electron shell of an atom in its uncombined state is known as the valence shell , and the electrons in that shell are called valence electrons . The number of valence electrons determines the bonding behavior with other atoms . Atoms tend to chemically react with each other in a manner that fills ( or empties ) their outer valence shells . For example , a transfer of a single electron between atoms is a useful approximation for bonds that form between atoms with one - electron more than a filled shell , and others that are one - electron short of a full shell , such as occurs in the compound sodium chloride and other chemical ionic salts . However , many elements display multiple valences , or tendencies to share differing numbers of electrons in different compounds . Thus , chemical bonding between these elements takes many forms of electron - sharing that are more than simple electron transfers . Examples include the element carbon and the organic compounds . The chemical elements are often displayed in a periodic table that is laid out to display recurring chemical properties , and elements with the same number of valence electrons form a group that is aligned in the same column of the table . ( The horizontal rows correspond to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . ) The elements at the far right of the table have their outer shell completely filled with electrons , which results in chemically inert elements known as the noble gases . States Main articles : State of matter and Phase ( matter ) Snapshots illustrating the formation of a Bose -- Einstein condensate Quantities of atoms are found in different states of matter that depend on the physical conditions , such as temperature and pressure . By varying the conditions , materials can transition between solids , liquids , gases and plasmas . Within a state , a material can also exist in different allotropes . An example of this is solid carbon , which can exist as graphite or diamond . Gaseous allotropes exist as well , such as dioxygen and ozone . At temperatures close to absolute zero , atoms can form a Bose -- Einstein condensate , at which point quantum mechanical effects , which are normally only observed at the atomic scale , become apparent on a macroscopic scale . This super-cooled collection of atoms then behaves as a single super atom , which may allow fundamental checks of quantum mechanical behavior . Identification Scanning tunneling microscope image showing the individual atoms making up this gold ( 100 ) surface . The surface atoms deviate from the bulk crystal structure and arrange in columns several atoms wide with pits between them ( See surface reconstruction ) . The scanning tunneling microscope is a device for viewing surfaces at the atomic level . It uses the quantum tunneling phenomenon , which allows particles to pass through a barrier that would normally be insurmountable . Electrons tunnel through the vacuum between two planar metal electrodes , on each of which is an adsorbed atom , providing a tunneling - current density that can be measured . Scanning one atom ( taken as the tip ) as it moves past the other ( the sample ) permits plotting of tip displacement versus lateral separation for a constant current . The calculation shows the extent to which scanning - tunneling - microscope images of an individual atom are visible . It confirms that for low bias , the microscope images the space - averaged dimensions of the electron orbitals across closely packed energy levels -- the Fermi level local density of states . An atom can be ionized by removing one of its electrons . The electric charge causes the trajectory of an atom to bend when it passes through a magnetic field . The radius by which the trajectory of a moving ion is turned by the magnetic field is determined by the mass of the atom . The mass spectrometer uses this principle to measure the mass - to - charge ratio of ions . If a sample contains multiple isotopes , the mass spectrometer can determine the proportion of each isotope in the sample by measuring the intensity of the different beams of ions . Techniques to vaporize atoms include inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , both of which use a plasma to vaporize samples for analysis . A more area - selective method is electron energy loss spectroscopy , which measures the energy loss of an electron beam within a transmission electron microscope when it interacts with a portion of a sample . The atom - probe tomograph has sub-nanometer resolution in 3 - D and can chemically identify individual atoms using time - of - flight mass spectrometry . Spectra of excited states can be used to analyze the atomic composition of distant stars . Specific light wavelengths contained in the observed light from stars can be separated out and related to the quantized transitions in free gas atoms . These colors can be replicated using a gas - discharge lamp containing the same element . Helium was discovered in this way in the spectrum of the Sun 23 years before it was found on Earth . Origin and current state Atoms form about 4 % of the total energy density of the observable Universe , with an average density of about 0.25 atoms / m . Within a galaxy such as the Milky Way , atoms have a much higher concentration , with the density of matter in the interstellar medium ( ISM ) ranging from 10 to 10 atoms / m . The Sun is believed to be inside the Local Bubble , a region of highly ionized gas , so the density in the solar neighborhood is only about 10 atoms / m . Stars form from dense clouds in the ISM , and the evolutionary processes of stars result in the steady enrichment of the ISM with elements more massive than hydrogen and helium . Up to 95 % of the Milky Way 's atoms are concentrated inside stars and the total mass of atoms forms about 10 % of the mass of the galaxy . ( The remainder of the mass is an unknown dark matter . ) Formation Electrons are thought to exist in the Universe since early stages of the Big Bang . Atomic nuclei forms in nucleosynthesis reactions . In about three minutes Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced most of the helium , lithium , and deuterium in the Universe , and perhaps some of the beryllium and boron . Ubiquitousness and stability of atoms relies on their binding energy , which means that an atom has a lower energy than an unbound system of the nucleus and electrons . Where the temperature is much higher than ionization potential , the matter exists in the form of plasma -- a gas of positively charged ions ( possibly , bare nuclei ) and electrons . When the temperature drops below the ionization potential , atoms become statistically favorable . Atoms ( complete with bound electrons ) became to dominate over charged particles 380,000 years after the Big Bang -- an epoch called recombination , when the expanding Universe cooled enough to allow electrons to become attached to nuclei . Since the Big Bang , which produced no carbon or heavier elements , atomic nuclei have been combined in stars through the process of nuclear fusion to produce more of the element helium , and ( via the triple alpha process ) the sequence of elements from carbon up to iron ; see stellar nucleosynthesis for details . Isotopes such as lithium - 6 , as well as some beryllium and boron are generated in space through cosmic ray spallation . This occurs when a high - energy proton strikes an atomic nucleus , causing large numbers of nucleons to be ejected . Elements heavier than iron were produced in supernovae through the r - process and in AGB stars through the s - process , both of which involve the capture of neutrons by atomic nuclei . Elements such as lead formed largely through the radioactive decay of heavier elements . Earth Most of the atoms that make up the Earth and its inhabitants were present in their current form in the nebula that collapsed out of a molecular cloud to form the Solar System . The rest are the result of radioactive decay , and their relative proportion can be used to determine the age of the Earth through radiometric dating . Most of the helium in the crust of the Earth ( about 99 % of the helium from gas wells , as shown by its lower abundance of helium - 3 ) is a product of alpha decay . There are a few trace atoms on Earth that were not present at the beginning ( i.e. , not `` primordial '' ) , nor are results of radioactive decay . Carbon - 14 is continuously generated by cosmic rays in the atmosphere . Some atoms on Earth have been artificially generated either deliberately or as by - products of nuclear reactors or explosions . Of the transuranic elements -- those with atomic numbers greater than 92 -- only plutonium and neptunium occur naturally on Earth . Transuranic elements have radioactive lifetimes shorter than the current age of the Earth and thus identifiable quantities of these elements have long since decayed , with the exception of traces of plutonium - 244 possibly deposited by cosmic dust . Natural deposits of plutonium and neptunium are produced by neutron capture in uranium ore . The Earth contains approximately 7050133000000000000 ♠ 1.33 × 10 atoms . Although small numbers of independent atoms of noble gases exist , such as argon , neon , and helium , 99 % of the atmosphere is bound in the form of molecules , including carbon dioxide and diatomic oxygen and nitrogen . At the surface of the Earth , an overwhelming majority of atoms combine to form various compounds , including water , salt , silicates and oxides . Atoms can also combine to create materials that do not consist of discrete molecules , including crystals and liquid or solid metals . This atomic matter forms networked arrangements that lack the particular type of small - scale interrupted order associated with molecular matter . Rare and theoretical forms Superheavy elements Main article : Transuranium element While isotopes with atomic numbers higher than lead ( 82 ) are known to be radioactive , an `` island of stability '' has been proposed for some elements with atomic numbers above 103 . These superheavy elements may have a nucleus that is relatively stable against radioactive decay . The most likely candidate for a stable superheavy atom , unbihexium , has 126 protons and 184 neutrons . Exotic matter Main article : Exotic matter Each particle of matter has a corresponding antimatter particle with the opposite electrical charge . Thus , the positron is a positively charged antielectron and the antiproton is a negatively charged equivalent of a proton . When a matter and corresponding antimatter particle meet , they annihilate each other . Because of this , along with an imbalance between the number of matter and antimatter particles , the latter are rare in the universe . The first causes of this imbalance are not yet fully understood , although theories of baryogenesis may offer an explanation . As a result , no antimatter atoms have been discovered in nature . However , in 1996 the antimatter counterpart of the hydrogen atom ( antihydrogen ) was synthesized at the CERN laboratory in Geneva . Other exotic atoms have been created by replacing one of the protons , neutrons or electrons with other particles that have the same charge . For example , an electron can be replaced by a more massive muon , forming a muonic atom . These types of atoms can be used to test the fundamental predictions of physics . See also Physics portal Chemistry portal History of quantum mechanics Infinite divisibility List of basic chemistry topics Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics Vector model of the atom Nuclear model Radioactive isotope Notes Jump up ^ For more recent updates see Interactive Chart of Nuclides ( Brookhaven National Laboratory ) . Jump up ^ A carat is 200 milligrams . By definition , carbon - 12 has 0.012 kg per mole . The Avogadro constant defines 7023600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 atoms per mole . References Jump up ^ Pullman , Bernard ( 1998 ) . 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Jump up ^ Indelicato , Paul ( 2004 ) . `` Exotic Atoms '' . Physica Scripta . T112 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 26 . arXiv : physics / 0409058 . Bibcode : 2004PhST ... 112 ... 20I . doi : 10.1238 / Physica. Topical. 112a00020 . Jump up ^ Ripin , Barrett H. ( July 1998 ) . `` Recent Experiments on Exotic Atoms '' . American Physical Society . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Sources Manuel , Oliver ( 2001 ) . Origin of Elements in the Solar System : Implications of Post-1957 Observations . Springer . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46562 - 0 . OCLC 228374906 . Further reading Dalton , J. ( 1808 ) . A New System of Chemical Philosophy , Part 1 . London and Manchester : S. Russell . Gangopadhyaya , Mrinalkanti ( 1981 ) . Indian Atomism : History and Sources . Atlantic Highlands , New Jersey : Humanities Press . ISBN 0 - 391 - 02177 - X . OCLC 10916778 . Harrison , Edward Robert ( 2003 ) . Masks of the Universe : Changing Ideas on the Nature of the Cosmos . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77351 - 2 . OCLC 50441595 . Iannone , A. Pablo ( 2001 ) . Dictionary of World Philosophy . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17995 - 5 . OCLC 44541769 . King , Richard ( 1999 ) . Indian philosophy : an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought . Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0954 - 7 . Levere , Trevor , H. ( 2001 ) . Transforming Matter -- A History of Chemistry for Alchemy to the Buckyball . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6610 - 3 . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert . `` A Greek - English Lexicon '' . Perseus Digital Library . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert . `` ἄτομος '' . A Greek - English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . McEvilley , Thomas ( 2002 ) . The shape of ancient thought : comparative studies in Greek and Indian philosophies . Allworth Press . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 203 - 5 . Moran , Bruce T. ( 2005 ) . 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ISBN 0 - 559 - 43636 - X . External links Find more aboutAtomat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` Quantum Mechanics and the Structure of Atoms '' on YouTube The actual physics lesson begins 2 : 20 into the video . Freudenrich , Craig C. `` How Atoms Work '' . How Stuff Works . Archived from the original on 8 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 January 2007 . `` The Atom '' . Free High School Science Texts : Physics . Wikibooks . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Anonymous ( 2007 ) . `` The atom '' . Science aid+ . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . -- a guide to the atom for teens . Anonymous ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` Atoms and Atomic Structure '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2 January 2007 . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Various ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` Physics 2000 , Table of Contents '' . University of Colorado . Archived from the original on 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2008 . Various ( 3 February 2006 ) . `` What does an atom look like ? '' . University of Karlsruhe . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . 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6366796276409868048	River Falls, Wisconsin	River Falls , Wisconsin - wikipedia River Falls , Wisconsin This article is about the city . For the adjacent town , see River Falls ( town ) , Wisconsin . City in Wisconsin , United States River Falls , Wisconsin City River Falls City Hall Location of River Falls in Pierce County and St. Croix County , Wisconsin . River Falls , Wisconsin Location within the state of Wisconsin Coordinates : 44 ° 51 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 37 ′ 30 '' W / 44.85861 ° N 92.62500 ° W / 44.85861 ; - 92.62500 Coordinates : 44 ° 51 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 37 ′ 30 '' W / 44.85861 ° N 92.62500 ° W / 44.85861 ; - 92.62500 Country United States State Wisconsin County Pierce and St. Croix Government Type Mayor -- Council Mayor Dan Toland Area Total 4.54 sq mi ( 11.76 km ) Land 4.32 sq mi ( 11.18 km ) Water 0.22 sq mi ( 0.58 km ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 15,000 Estimate ( 2016 ) 15,339 Density 3,553.16 / sq mi ( 1,371.75 / km ) Time zone Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) Area code ( s ) 715 & 534 FIPS code 55 - 68275 Website http://www.rfcity.org South Hall , on the University of Wisconsin - River Falls campus , is on the National Register of Historic Places . River Falls is a city in Pierce and St. Croix counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is adjacent to the Town of River Falls in Pierce County and the Town of Kinnickinnic in St. Croix County . River Falls is the most populous city in Pierce county . The population was 15,000 at the 2010 census , with 11,851 residing in Pierce County , and 3,149 in St. Croix County . It is part of the Minneapolis - St. Paul metropolitan area and is about 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of the center of that region . River Falls is the home of the University of Wisconsin -- River Falls . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 3.1 2000 census 3.2 2010 census 4 Education 5 Recreation 6 Notable people 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The city 's first settlers were Joel Foster and his indentured servant , Dick , in the year 1848 . The original village was started as the village of Kinnickinnic in 1854 by brothers Nathaniel N. and Oliver S. Powell who were from St. Lawrence County , New York . At the time , the town and village were also known as `` Greenwood '' but this was changed , as another Greenwood , Wisconsin already existed . The present name is for the rapids on the Kinnickinnic River . On June 23 , 1893 , a lightning bolt hit the center circus pole at a Ringling Brothers circus performance in River Falls , leading to the injuries of more than a dozen audience members and performers and the deaths of seven . Geography ( edit ) River Falls is located at 44 ° 51 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 37 ′ 30 '' W / 44.85861 ° N 92.62500 ° W / 44.85861 ; - 92.62500 ( 44.858701 , - 92.625097 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 6.60 square miles ( 17.09 km ) , of which , 6.52 square miles ( 16.89 km ) is land and 0.08 square miles ( 0.21 km ) is water . River Falls lies on the banks of the Kinnickinnic River , a class one trout stream . The South Fork of the Kinnickinnic River runs through the city , dividing the campus of the University of Wisconsin - River Falls into two sections . Demographics ( edit ) Kinnickinnic River , downtown River Falls . Outline map of River Falls Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 272 -- 1870 741 172.4 % 1880 1,499 102.3 % 1890 1,783 18.9 % 1900 2,008 12.6 % 1910 1,991 − 0.8 % 1920 2,273 14.2 % 1930 2,363 4.0 % 1940 2,806 18.7 % 1950 3,877 38.2 % 1960 4,857 25.3 % 1970 7,238 49.0 % 1980 9,019 24.6 % 10,610 17.6 % 2000 12,560 18.4 % 15,000 19.4 % Est. 2016 15,339 2.3 % U.S. Decennial Census 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 12,560 people , 4,269 households , and 2,335 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,524.0 people per square mile ( 973.8 / km2 ) . There were 4,346 housing units at an average density of 873.2 per square mile ( 336.9 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 96.57 % White , 0.53 % Black or African American , 0.36 % Native American , 1.02 % Asian , 0.09 % Pacific Islander , 0.32 % from other races , and 1.12 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.95 % of the population . There were 4,269 households out of which 29.1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 42.7 % were married couples living together , 9.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 45.3 % were non-families. 27.7 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.98 . In the city , the population was spread out with 17.9 % under the age of 18 , 35.1 % from 18 to 24 , 23.8 % from 25 to 44 , 14.6 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.6 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 24 years . For every 100 females , there were 83.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 80.1 males . The median income for a household in the city was $41,184 , and the median income for a family was $60,253 . Males had a median income of $36,275 versus $27,345 for females . The per capita income for the city was $17,667 . About 4.4 % of families and 14.9 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 6.6 % of those under age 18 and 11.1 % of those age 65 or over . 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 15,000 people , 5,150 households , and 2,812 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,300.6 inhabitants per square mile ( 888.3 / km ) . There were 5,449 housing units at an average density of 835.7 per square mile ( 322.7 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 94.8 % White , 1.2 % African American , 0.4 % Native American , 1.5 % Asian , 0.5 % from other races , and 1.6 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8 % of the population . There were 5,150 households of which 28.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 40.6 % were married couples living together , 9.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.1 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 45.4 % were non-families. 27.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.89 . The median age in the city was 24.2 years . 17.2 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 34.5 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 23 % were from 25 to 44 ; 17 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 8.2 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 46.8 % male and 53.2 % female . Education ( edit ) School District of River Falls operates public schools . River Falls High School is the area 's public high school . River Falls is home to the University of Wisconsin - River Falls and a branch of the Chippewa Valley Technical College . Recreation ( edit ) The Kinnickinnic River , which flows through the heart of the city and its downtown business district , is a popular recreational attraction in River Falls for fly fishers and kayakers . On the bluffs of the Kinnickinnic River is Glen Park , a 41 - acre park established in 1898 . The park has playgrounds , a swimming pool , soccer fields , a softball diamond , basketball courts , horseshoe pits , a gazebo , and several miles of walking trails . The Glen Park Pool was built in 1937 and renovated for its 75th anniversary in 2012 . Glen Park 's Swinging Bridge offers a view of the South Fork rapids as it enters the Kinnickinnic River . The bridge , a replica of one designed by the Minneapolis Bridge Company and constructed in 1925 , is a suspension bridge that spans the South Fork Rapids at the site of the former Cascade Mill and Dam . Below the bridge are fishing and picnic spots . Hoffman Park , located northeast of downtown River Falls , is a 53 - acre ( 21 ha ) facility that contains baseball fields , a nine - hole disc golf course , a campsite , a skate park , volleyball courts , and the Tri-Angels Playground . The playground was named after Amara , Sophie , and Cecilia Schaffhausen , who were murdered by their father , Aaron Schaffhausen . The playground , accessible to handicapped children and built with designs referring to the three girls , opened in 2015 . It was constructed at a cost of $550,000 by volunteers . Another attraction is The Falls Theater , a movie theater . Notable people ( edit ) Notable people ( show ) Aldrich Hazen Ames , C.I.A. counter-intelligence officer and analyst ; convicted in 1994 of spying for the Soviet Union and Russia Abraham D. Andrews , Wisconsin State Senate Lynn H. Ashley , Wisconsin State Assembly Jule Berndt , Wisconsin State Assembly William Berndt , Wisconsin State Senate Ellsworth Burnett , Wisconsin State Assembly Karyn Bye , Olympic Gold Medal athlete George W. Chinnock , Wisconsin State Assembly Anna Dodge , actress Michael P. Early , Wisconsin State Assembly Sheila Harsdorf , Wisconsin State Senate Nils Pederson Haugen , ( 1849 -- 1931 ) U.S. Representative from Wisconsin Jay R. Hinckley , Wisconsin State Assembly Robert P. Knowles , Wisconsin State Senate Warren P. Knowles , Governor of Wisconsin Maria Lamb , Olympic athlete and national champion speedskater Doug Lloyd , NFL player Freeman Lord , Wisconsin State Assembly Landon Lueck , reality TV star and professional cyclist Mark Neumann , U.S. Representative Frank Nye , U.S. Representative from Minnesota Francis Paul Prucha , Roman Catholic priest and educator Heidi `` Frankie '' Rayder , fashion model Missy Rayder , fashion model Dick Ritger , former professional ten - pin bowler and bowling coach ; member of the PBA and USBC Halls of Fame George B. Skogmo , Wisconsin State Senate David F. Swensen , Chief Investment Officer of the Yale University endowment Horace Adolphus Taylor , Wisconsin State Senate Kenneth S. White , Wisconsin State Senate Stanley York , Wisconsin State Assembly Shannon Zimmerman , businessman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ River Falls City Hall , Frisbie Architects , Accessed July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maps and Lodging . '' University of Wisconsin - River Falls . Retrieved on January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ River Falls Wisconsin . Piercecountywi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Easton , August B. History of Saint Croix Valley , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Chicago and North Western Railway Company ( 1908 ) . A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago , St. Paul , Minneapolis & Omaha Railways . p. 189 . Jump up ^ `` Circus Horror at River Falls , Seven Persons Were Killed '' . The Sun ( Spring Valley , Minnesota ) , June 23 , 1893 , p. 1 . St. Croix Valley Genealogical Society . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Visit Planning - Entertainment & Recreation '' . River Falls Chamber of Commerce . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hospital supports historic park pool '' . River Falls Journal . June 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Margaret . `` River Falls , Wisconsin - The Swinging Bridge at Glen Park '' . Heritage Initiative . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hoffman Park '' . River Falls . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rupnow , Chuck ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Mom gets her first look at playground honoring her three slain daughters '' . Leader - Telegram . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Slavik , Rachel ( June 27 , 2015 ) . `` Volunteers Build Memorial Playground For River Falls Sisters '' . WCCO - TV ( CBS Minnesota ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to River Falls , Wisconsin . City of River Falls River Falls Chamber of Commerce hide Municipalities and communities of Pierce County , Wisconsin , United States County seat : Ellsworth Cities Prescott River Falls ‡ Villages Bay City Ellsworth Elmwood Maiden Rock Plum City Spring Valley ‡ Towns Clifton Diamond Bluff El Paso Ellsworth Gilman Hartland Isabelle Maiden Rock Martell Oak Grove River Falls Rock Elm Salem Spring Lake Trenton Trimbelle Union CDPs Diamond Bluff Hager City Unincorporated communities Beldenville El Paso Esdaile Exile Hatchville ‡ Lawton Lund ‡ Martell Moeville Morton Corner Nerike North Red Wing Oakridge Olivet Ono Ottman Corners Pucketville Rock Elm Salem Smith Landing Snows Corner Trenton Trimbelle Viking ‡ Warrentown Waverly Ghost town / neighborhood Brasington Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties hide Municipalities and communities of St. Croix County , Wisconsin , United States County seat : Hudson Cities Glenwood City Hudson New Richmond River Falls ‡ Villages Baldwin Deer Park Hammond North Hudson Roberts Somerset Spring Valley ‡ Star Prairie Wilson Woodville Towns Baldwin Cady Cylon Eau Galle Emerald Erin Prairie Forest Glenwood Hammond Hudson Kinnickinnic Pleasant Valley Richmond Rush River Somerset Springfield St. Joseph Stanton Star Prairie Troy Warren CDPs Emerald Houlton Unincorporated communities Boardman Burkhardt Burkhardt Station Centerville Cylon Dahl Erin Corner Forest Glover Hatchville ‡ Hersey Huntington Jewett Johannesburg Northline Palmer Sono Junction Stanton Viking ‡ Wildwood Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Falls,_Wisconsin&oldid=840887447 '' Categories : River Falls , Wisconsin Cities in Wisconsin Cities in Pierce County , Wisconsin Cities in St. Croix County , Wisconsin Minneapolis -- Saint Paul University towns in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 19 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is river falls wisconsin on the map	[]	[]
-9211107242084953838	Gadsden flag	Gadsden flag - Wikipedia Gadsden flag The Gadsden flag The Gadsden flag is a historical American flag with a yellow field depicting a rattlesnake coiled and ready to strike . Positioned below the rattlesnake are the words `` DONT TREAD ON ME . '' The flag is named after American general and politician Christopher Gadsden ( 1724 -- 1805 ) , who designed it in 1775 during the American Revolution . It was used by the Continental Marines as an early motto flag , along with the Moultrie flag . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Snake symbolism 1.2 Gadsden 's flag 1.3 Variations in appearance 2 Other rattlesnake flags 3 Modern use 3.1 License plates 3.2 Tea Party movement symbol 4 In popular culture 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Snake symbolism ( edit ) Benjamin Franklin 's `` Join , or Die '' cartoon The timber rattlesnake can be found in the area of the original Thirteen Colonies . Its use as a symbol of the American colonies can be traced back to the publications of Benjamin Franklin . In 1751 , he made the first reference to the rattlesnake in a satirical commentary published in his Pennsylvania Gazette . It had been the policy of Great Britain to send convicted criminals to the Americas , so Franklin suggested that they thank the British by sending rattlesnakes to England . In 1754 , during the French and Indian War , Franklin published his famous woodcut of a snake cut into eight sections . It represented the colonies , with New England joined together as the head and South Carolina as the tail , following their order along the coast . Under the snake was the message `` Join , or Die '' . This was the first political cartoon published in an American newspaper . As the American colonies came to identify more with their own communities and the concept of liberty , rather than as vassals of the British empire , icons that were unique to the Americas became increasingly popular . The rattlesnake , like the bald eagle and American Indian , came to symbolize American ideals and society . As the American Revolution grew , the snake began to see more use as a symbol of the colonies . In 1774 , Paul Revere added Franklin 's iconic cartoon to the nameplate of his paper , the Massachusetts Spy , depicted there as fighting a British dragon . In December 1775 , Benjamin Franklin published an essay in the Pennsylvania Journal under the pseudonym American Guesser in which he suggested that the rattlesnake was a good symbol for the American spirit : I recollected that her eye excelled in brightness , that of any other animal , and that she has no eye - lids -- She may therefore be esteemed an emblem of vigilance. -- She never begins an attack , nor , when once engaged , ever surrenders : She is therefore an emblem of magnanimity and true courage. -- As if anxious to prevent all pretensions of quarreling with her , the weapons with which nature has furnished her , she conceals in the roof of her mouth , so that , to those who are unacquainted with her , she appears to be a most defenseless animal ; and even when those weapons are shown and extended for her defense , they appear weak and contemptible ; but their wounds however small , are decisive and fatal : -- Conscious of this , she never wounds till she has generously given notice , even to her enemy , and cautioned him against the danger of stepping on her. -- Was I wrong , Sir , in thinking this a strong picture of the temper and conduct of America ? The rattlesnake symbol was first officially adopted by the Continental Congress in 1778 when it approved the design for the official Seal of the War Office ( at that time and for many years thereafter , the War Office was a term associated with the Headquarters of the Army ) . At the top center of the Seal is a rattlesnake holding a banner which says : `` This We 'll Defend '' . According to the US Army 's Institute of Heraldry , `` ' This We 'll Defend , ' on a scroll held by the rattlesnake is a symbol depicted on some American colonial flags and signifies the Army 's constant readiness to defend and preserve the United States . ' This design of the War Office Seal was carried forward -- with some minor modifications -- into the subsequent designs for the War Department 's Seal , and the Department of the Army 's Seal , Emblem and Flag . As such , the rattlesnake symbol has been in continuous official use by the US Army for over 236 years . Gadsden 's flag ( edit ) Gadsden 's flag in an 1885 schoolbook In fall 1775 , the Continental Navy was established by General George Washington in his role as Commander in Chief of all Continental Forces , before Esek Hopkins was named Commodore of the Navy . The Navy began with seven ships , often called `` Washington Cruisers '' , that flew the `` Liberty Tree Flag '' , depicting a green pine tree with the motto `` Appeal to Heaven '' . This is according to the October 20 , 1775 letter of Washington 's aide Colonel Joseph Reed , which is stored in the Library of Congress . Those first ships were used to intercept incoming British ships carrying war supplies to the British troops in the colonies to both deprive the supplies to the British and to supply to the Continental Army . One ship captured by Captain John Manley had 30,000 pairs of shoes on it . However , the admiralty agent demanded his 2 ⁄ per cent commission before he would release the cargo for Washington 's army , so many soldiers marched barefoot in the snow . To aid in this , the Second Continental Congress authorized the mustering of five companies of Marines to accompany the Navy on their first mission . The first Marines enlisted in the city of Philadelphia , and they carried drums painted yellow , depicting a coiled rattlesnake with thirteen rattles , and the motto `` Do n't Tread on Me . '' This is the first recorded mention of the future Gadsden flag 's symbolism . At the Congress , Continental Colonel Christopher Gadsden represented his home state of South Carolina . He was one of seven members of the Marine Committee who were outfitting the first naval mission . Before the departure of that first mission in December 1775 , the newly appointed commander - in - chief of the Navy , Commodore Esek Hopkins , received the yellow rattlesnake flag from Gadsden to serve as the distinctive personal standard of his flagship . It was displayed at the mainmast . Hopkins had previously led The United Companies of the Train of Artillery of the Town of Providence , before being appointed to lead the Navy . The 1775 flag of the Providence Train of Artillery 's featured a coiled timber rattlesnake and the motto `` Do Not Tread on Me '' along with an anchor , cannons and the motto `` In God We Hope '' on a gold background . The flag presented to Hopkins as Commander of the Continental Navy is a simplified version of that design . Gadsden also presented a copy of this flag to the Congress of South Carolina in Charleston , South Carolina . This was recorded in the South Carolina congressional journals on February 9 , 1776 : Col. Gadsden presented to the Congress an elegant standard , such as is to be used by the commander in chief of the American Navy ; being a yellow field , with a lively representation of a rattlesnake in the middle in the attitude of going to strike and these words underneath , `` Do n't tread on me . '' Variations in appearance ( edit ) Many variations of the Gadsden flag exist : The motto sometimes includes an apostrophe in the word `` Do n't '' and sometimes does not . Early written discussions uniformly include an apostrophe ; however , as early as 1917 , a flag reference book includes a picture of a version without the apostrophe . The typeface used for the motto is sometimes a serif typeface and other times sans - serif . The rattlesnake sometimes is shown as resting on a green ground , presumably grassy , and sometimes not . The green grass seems to be a recent addition ; representations dating from 1885 and 1917 do not display anything below the rattlesnake . The rattlesnake usually faces to the left , and the early representations mentioned above face left . However , some versions of the flag show the snake facing to the right . The rattlesnake is superimposed onto either the American flag , the Confederate battle flag or any other flag . Other rattlesnake flags ( edit ) Culpeper Minutemen flag Reverse of the 1861 flag of Alabama The Culpeper Minutemen flag has a coiled rattlesnake and the same motto as the Gadsden flag . It has a white field , rather than yellow , and the additional motto `` Liberty or Death '' and the name `` The Culpeper Minute Men '' . It is the flag of Virginia volunteers from the Culpeper area . The John Proctor 's Regiment flag of 1st Battalion Westmoreland County , Pennsylvania , had a coiled rattlesnake shown on its flag . The United Companies of the Train of Artillery of the Town of Providence already used a coiled rattlesnake on a field of gold with the motto `` Do Not Tread On Me '' on its flag . Before Esek Hopkins was named the first Commodore of the American Navy by the Continental Congress he served as a Brigadier General of the Rhode Island Militia Artillery , and would have been familiar with the design of the flag . All four of the American - designed `` Rattlesnake Flags '' show a coiled rattlesnake . The only other rattlesnake flag , the First Navy Jack , was `` designed by '' the English artist Thomas Hart as background art . The traditional version of the First Navy Jack has an uncoiled rattlesnake and the same motto as the Gadsden flag , on a field of 13 horizontal red and white stripes . Flag experts ( vexillologists ) speculate that the English artist Thomas Hart either did not know about the practice of rattlesnakes to coil in defense , or did , and intended to insult the fledgling American Navy as a weak and vulnerable creature as a rattlesnake is when not coiled and ready to strike , slithering on the ground , trying to escape , with its motto `` ( Please ) Do n't Tread on Me ! '' However , others suggest the snake pictured on the flag was being provoked , and is striking . Hence the warning , `` Do n't tread on me ( or I will strike ) '' . Modern use ( edit ) First Navy Jack Celebrating with the Gadsden flag , early morning , May 2 , 2011 , hours after the announcement of Osama bin Laden 's death Considered one of the first flags of the United States , the flag was later replaced by the current Stars and Stripes ( or Old Glory ) flag . Since the Revolution , the flag has seen resurgences as a symbol of American patriotism , disagreement with government , or support for civil liberties . The First Navy Jack , which was not directly related to the Gadsden flag , has been in use by the United States Navy since its beginnings . Unlike the Liberty Tree Flag with the letter by Colonel Joseph Reed that describes it , there is no document that describes the Snake on Stripes flag , only an image by English artist Thomas Hart in the background of a portrait of Commodore Esek Hopkins . In that same painting is a round `` tree flag '' . The triangular Liberty Tree flag is derived from the only surviving tree flag from the Revolution , found in an old trunk in 1993 on Long Island , the 5th Regt . Connecticut Militia . The Snake on Stripes flag was included in a book of flags by Admiral Preble , but later Preble determined the flag not valid , so he removed it from his text . However , the book publisher used the old color plates , so the image was continued in the new edition and subsequently picked up by other publications and Webster 's Dictionary . In preparation for the 1976 bicentennial year , staff officers in the Secretary of the Navy 's office sought a powerful image for the Navy 's Bicentennial . One Navy officer saw the Snake on Stripes Flag in Webster 's Dictionary , so the staff officers ordered a large number to give away as Navy promotional items and then turned to the Naval Historical Center to `` get the history '' . They were told that the flag had probably never flown during the Revolution , based on Admiral Preble 's later discoveries , but a decision was made to use the Snake on Stripes Flag , or the `` Fake Snake Flag '' , anyway . Beginning in 1975 , commissioned Navy ships flew this Jack in place of the Naval Jack ( officially known as the Union Jack , not to be confused with the United Kingdom 's flag ) at the bow . In 1977 , the Secretary of the Navy directed that the ship in active status with the longest total period of active service shall display the First Navy Jack until decommissioned or transferred to inactive service , at which time the flag shall be passed to the next ship in line with appropriate honors . The display of this jack by the oldest ship in the fleet is intended as a form of recognition to promote pride of service , enhance morale , and contribute to the tradition of naval service . USS Enterprise ( CVN 65 ) became the oldest active ship in the United States Navy upon the decommissioning of USS Kitty Hawk ( CV 63 ) on May 12 , 2009 . Enterprise is only the third aircraft carrier ever to hold the honor of flying the First Navy Jack . Since the first Patriot Day on September 11 , 2002 , which commemorates the lives lost in the September 11 attacks , the rattlesnake from the flag is also shown on the US Army 's Drill Sergeant Identification Badge . After the Snake on Stripes Flag became the Navy 's symbol for the Global War on Terrorism , flag history professionals ( vexillologists ) have done extensive research papers that further question the claim that the flag ever flew during the American Revolution , yet it continues to fly at the bow of American warships today . The flag has also seen use by protesters in the United Kingdom on April 23 , 2018 for the `` # FreeDankula '' march , and May 6 , 2018 at the `` # DayForFreedom '' rally . For historical reasons , the Gadsden flag is still popularly flown in Charleston , South Carolina , the city where Christopher Gadsden first presented the flag and where it was commonly used during the revolution , along with the blue and white crescent flag of pre-Civil War South Carolina . License plates ( edit ) Map of states ( colored yellow ) that offer Gadsden flag specialty license plates The Gadsden flag has become a popular specialty license plate in several states . As of 2018 , the following states offer the option of obtaining a Gadsden flag specialty license plate : Alabama , Arizona , Maryland , Missouri , Montana , Oklahoma , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , and Virginia . Tea Party movement symbol ( edit ) The flag at a Tea Party rally in September 2009 Beginning in 2009 at Tea Party rallies , the Gadsden Flag has been adopted as a symbol of the American Tea Party movement . It was also displayed by members of Congress at Tea Party movement rallies . Some lawmakers have called it a `` political symbol '' because of this association . In March 2013 , a resident of New Rochelle , New York , put up a Gadsden flag at the city 's vacant armory building . The city ordered its removal , fearing that the flag would be seen as political . The next month , a veterans group , the United Veterans Memorial & Patriotic Association , filed suit against the city . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) Athletic apparel company Nike uses the image of a rattlesnake coiled around a soccer ball for an ongoing , patriotic `` Do n't Tread on Me '' campaign in support of the United States men 's national soccer team . The phrase has become a rallying cry for American soccer fans and the Gadsden flag can occasionally be seen at national team games . A representation of the rattlesnake is contained on the inside of their uniforms , over the heart , with the initials `` D.T.O.M. '' , which were used in the 2010 World Cup . In Hideo Kojima 's video game Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty a variation of the flag can be seen on one of the connecting bridges of the `` Big Shell '' facility , in a reference to both the original meaning and usage of the flag . In the apocalyptic 2006 CBS TV drama Jericho , the flag makes several appearances , most notably in the series finale as Jericho 's acting mayor takes down the flag of the `` Allied States of America '' , which had been flying at the town hall following a federal coup . He replaces the red , white , and blue flag of the central government with a Gadsden Flag which the previous mayor had kept framed in his office . The scene depicts a once - collaborationist character as finally having summoned the courage to be in open defiance against a supreme government . The heavy metal band Metallica recorded a song called `` Do n't Tread on Me '' on their self - titled fifth studio album , released in 1991 . The album cover features a dark grey picture of a coiled rattlesnake like the one found on the Gadsden Flag . The song 's lyrics refer to political phrases from the American Revolutionary War . In addition , in the hit series The West Wing , Sam Seaborn 's office displays the flag hanging above his cabinet . NASCAR driver Carl Edwards displayed the Gadsden Flag next to his facsimile signature on his race car . In WWE , the tag team Real Americans , composed by Jack Swagger , Cesaro and the manager Zeb Colter , used the Gadsden Flag and the preamble `` We the People '' . In the 1979 novel Alongside Night , an organization called the Revolutionary Agorist Cadre , seeking a Second American Revolution , welcomes visitors to one of its undergrounds : `` The room 's only decoration was a modified Gadsden flag draped on the wall adjoining the bar and medical areas ( opposite the door ) , a golden field with ' LAISSEZ - FAIRE ! ' in an upper left corner , a coiled rattlesnake facing left with its tongue out , and in the lower right , ' DONT TREAD ON ME ! ' '' The Gadsden flag without the addition of `` LAISSEZ - FAIRE ! '' is carried over into the 2014 Alongside Night movie adaptation in which the Gadsden flag is used by the Revolutionary Agorist Cadre as well as the traditional anarchist black flag . In 1970 , on a verse from song Uncle John 's Band by Grateful Dead contains `` Their wall are built of cannonballs , their motto is ' Do n't tread on me ' '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ During the 18th century , when contractions were coming into widespead use , they were often written without an apostrophe and some forms survive today such as made for maked and had for haved . The standard form for the contraction of `` do not '' later came to include the apostrophe . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Lowth , A Short Introduction to English Grammar : With Critical Notes . 1794 . pp. 67 , 79 . Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ; DeMille , Nelson ( May 30 , 2006 ) . Flag : An American Biography . Macmillan . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 32309 - 7 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mohawk was Emerging as a Symbol of Liberty in the New Land '' . Boston-tea-party.org . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle National Bird '' . statesymbolsusa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` A More Perfect Union : Symbolizing the National Union of States '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin , Benjamin as quoted under his pseudonym , `` The American Guesser '' `` . From the Franklin Institute . December 27 , 1775 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2000 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Byron McCandless ; Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor ( 1917 ) . Our flag number : with 1197 flags in full colors and 300 additional illustrations in black and white . National Geographic Society . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flag of the United Train of Artillery of Providence - The Monticello Classroom '' . classroom.monticello.org . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Frederick Cocks ( 1918 ) . The flag of the United States . United States Government Printing Office . p. 23 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Rattlesnake Flag of the American revolution '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RootsWeb.com Home Page '' . www.rootsweb.ancestry.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Tread on Me Flag History '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.mva.maryland.gov/vehicles/_images/plates/organizational/Gadsden-Pew-Club.gif Jump up ^ `` Montana Department of Justice - License Plate Designs and Fees - Service Organizations & Associations '' . Jump up ^ `` Friends of Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park '' . www.friendsofsycamoreshoals.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Seven States Now Offer ' Do n't Tread on Me ' License Plates ; Is Yours on the List ? - Tea Party News '' . Tea Party . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hunter ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` States where you can get a ' Do n't Tread On Me ' license plate '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gadsden flag denied over State Capitol '' . Wtnh.com Hartford CT . May 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gadsden Flag Now Officially `` Offensive '' In America `` . Aipnews.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Connecticut Marines Fight for ' Do n't Tread on Me ' Flag Display '' . Fox News Channel . April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scocca , Tom ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` Flag daze '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gadsden Flags Flying Off the Shelves in Support of the Tea Party movement Tax Protest '' . Market Wire. April 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tea Party movement flag will not fly at Connecticut Capitol '' . Necn.com. April 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flag 's Believed Ties To Tea Party Lead To Removal From New Rochelle Building '' . CBS 2 New York . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Men 's Soccer Kit '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Screenshot of Sons of Liberty Flag '' . Jump up ^ `` Jericho Video -- Jericho -- Season 2 : Episode 7 : Patriots And Tyrants w / Commentary '' . CBS . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Edwards '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Alongside Night -- Chapter XIV `` J. Neil Schulman '' . jneilschulman.agorist.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Book : Flags of the United States Media related to Gadsden flag at Wikimedia Commons `` A Flag of Conviction '' , The Claremont Institute Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadsden_flag&oldid=845196693 '' Categories : Activism flags Continental Marines Flags of the American Revolution Flags of the United States History of the Thirteen Colonies Internet memes Liberty symbols Military flags of the United States Snakes in art Tea Party movement United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries Historical flags Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with trivia sections from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Русский Shqip Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 03 : 23 . 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-4959825812716735948	Block cipher mode of operation	Block cipher mode of operation - wikipedia Block cipher mode of operation `` Mode of operation '' redirects here . For `` method of operating '' , see Modus operandi . In cryptography , a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide an information service such as confidentiality or authenticity . A block cipher by itself is only suitable for the secure cryptographic transformation ( encryption or decryption ) of one fixed - length group of bits called a block . A mode of operation describes how to repeatedly apply a cipher 's single - block operation to securely transform amounts of data larger than a block . Most modes require a unique binary sequence , often called an initialization vector ( IV ) , for each encryption operation . The IV has to be non-repeating and , for some modes , random as well . The initialization vector is used to ensure distinct ciphertexts are produced even when the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times independently with the same key . Block ciphers may be capable of operating on more than one block size , but during transformation the block size is always fixed . Block cipher modes operate on whole blocks and require that the last part of the data be padded to a full block if it is smaller than the current block size . There are , however , modes that do not require padding because they effectively use a block cipher as a stream cipher . Historically , encryption modes have been studied extensively in regard to their error propagation properties under various scenarios of data modification . Later development regarded integrity protection as an entirely separate cryptographic goal . Some modern modes of operation combine confidentiality and authenticity in an efficient way , and are known as authenticated encryption modes . Contents 1 History and standardization 2 Initialization vector ( IV ) 3 Padding 4 Common modes 4.1 Electronic Codebook ( ECB ) 4.2 Cipher Block Chaining ( CBC ) 4.2. 1 Example 4.2. 2 Propagating Cipher Block Chaining ( PCBC ) 4.3 Cipher Feedback ( CFB ) 4.4 Output Feedback ( OFB ) 4.5 Counter ( CTR ) 5 Error propagation 6 Authenticated encryption 7 Other modes and other cryptographic primitives 8 See also 9 References History and standardization ( edit ) The earliest modes of operation , ECB , CBC , OFB , and CFB ( see below for all ) , date back to 1981 and were specified in FIPS 81 , DES Modes of Operation . In 2001 , the US National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) revised its list of approved modes of operation by including AES as a block cipher and adding CTR mode in SP800 - 38A , Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation . Finally , in January , 2010 , NIST added XTS - AES in SP800 - 38E , Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation : The XTS - AES Mode for Confidentiality on Storage Devices . Other confidentiality modes exist which have not been approved by NIST . For example , CTS is ciphertext stealing mode and available in many popular cryptographic libraries . The block cipher modes ECB , CBC , OFB , CFB , CTR , and XTS provide confidentiality , but they do not protect against accidental modification or malicious tampering . Modification or tampering can be detected with a separate message authentication code such as CBC - MAC , or a digital signature . The cryptographic community recognized the need for dedicated integrity assurances and NIST responded with HMAC , CMAC , and GMAC . HMAC was approved in 2002 as FIPS 198 , The Keyed - Hash Message Authentication Code ( HMAC ) , CMAC was released in 2005 under SP800 - 38B , Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation : The CMAC Mode for Authentication , and GMAC was formalized in 2007 under SP800 - 38D , Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation : Galois / Counter Mode ( GCM ) and GMAC . The cryptographic community observed that compositing ( combining ) a confidentiality mode with an authenticity mode could be difficult and error prone . They therefore began to supply modes which combined confidentiality and data integrity into a single cryptographic primitive ( an encryption algorithm ) . These combined modes are referred to as authenticated encryption , AE or `` authenc '' . Examples of AE modes are CCM ( SP800 - 38C ) , GCM ( SP800 - 38D ) , CWC , EAX , IAPM , and OCB . Modes of operation are nowadays defined by a number of national and internationally recognized standards bodies . Notable standards organizations include NIST , ISO ( with ISO / IEC 10116 ) , the IEC , the IEEE , the national ANSI , and the IETF . Initialization vector ( IV ) ( edit ) Main article : Initialization vector An initialization vector ( IV ) or starting variable ( SV ) is a block of bits that is used by several modes to randomize the encryption and hence to produce distinct ciphertexts even if the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times , without the need for a slower re-keying process . An initialization vector has different security requirements than a key , so the IV usually does not need to be secret . However , in most cases , it is important that an initialization vector is never reused under the same key . For CBC and CFB , reusing an IV leaks some information about the first block of plaintext , and about any common prefix shared by the two messages . For OFB and CTR , reusing an IV completely destroys security . This can be seen because both modes effectively create a bitstream that is XORed with the plaintext , and this bitstream is dependent on the password and IV only . Reusing a bitstream destroys security . In CBC mode , the IV must , in addition , be unpredictable at encryption time ; in particular , the ( previously ) common practice of re-using the last ciphertext block of a message as the IV for the next message is insecure ( for example , this method was used by SSL 2.0 ) . If an attacker knows the IV ( or the previous block of ciphertext ) before he specifies the next plaintext , he can check his guess about plaintext of some block that was encrypted with the same key before ( this is known as the TLS CBC IV attack ) . Padding ( edit ) Main article : Padding ( cryptography ) A block cipher works on units of a fixed size ( known as a block size ) , but messages come in a variety of lengths . So some modes ( namely ECB and CBC ) require that the final block be padded before encryption . Several padding schemes exist . The simplest is to add null bytes to the plaintext to bring its length up to a multiple of the block size , but care must be taken that the original length of the plaintext can be recovered ; this is trivial , for example , if the plaintext is a C style string which contains no null bytes except at the end . Slightly more complex is the original DES method , which is to add a single one bit , followed by enough zero bits to fill out the block ; if the message ends on a block boundary , a whole padding block will be added . Most sophisticated are CBC - specific schemes such as ciphertext stealing or residual block termination , which do not cause any extra ciphertext , at the expense of some additional complexity . Schneier and Ferguson suggest two possibilities , both simple : append a byte with value 128 ( hex 80 ) , followed by as many zero bytes as needed to fill the last block , or pad the last block with n bytes all with value n . CFB , OFB and CTR modes do not require any special measures to handle messages whose lengths are not multiples of the block size , since the modes work by XORing the plaintext with the output of the block cipher . The last partial block of plaintext is XORed with the first few bytes of the last keystream block , producing a final ciphertext block that is the same size as the final partial plaintext block . This characteristic of stream ciphers makes them suitable for applications that require the encrypted ciphertext data to be the same size as the original plaintext data , and for applications that transmit data in streaming form where it is inconvenient to add padding bytes . Common modes ( edit ) Many modes of operation have been defined . Some of these are described below . The purpose of cipher modes is to mask patterns which exist in encrypted data , as illustrated in the description of the weakness of ECB . Different cipher modes mask patterns by cascading outputs from the cipher block or other globally deterministic variables into the subsequent cipher block . The inputs of the listed modes are summarized in the following table : Summary of modes Mode Formulas Ciphertext Electronic Codebook ( ECB ) Y = F ( PlainText , Key ) Y Cipher Block Chaining ( CBC ) Y = PlainText XOR Ciphertext F ( Y , key ) ; Ciphertext = IV Propagating CBC ( PCBC ) Y = PlainText XOR ( Ciphertext XOR PlainText ) F ( Y , key ) ; Ciphertext = IV Cipher Feedback ( CFB ) Y = Ciphertext Plaintext XOR F ( Y , key ) ; Ciphertext = IV Output Feedback ( OFB ) Y = F ( Key , Y ) ; Y = IV Plaintext XOR Y Counter ( CTR ) Y = F ( Key , IV + g ( i ) ) ; IV = token ( ) ; Plaintext XOR Y Note : g ( i ) is any deterministic function , often the identity function . Electronic Codebook ( ECB ) ( edit ) ECB Electronic Codebook Encryption parallelizable : Yes Decryption parallelizable : Yes Random read access : Yes The simplest of the encryption modes is the Electronic Codebook ( ECB ) mode ( named after conventional physical codebooks ) . The message is divided into blocks , and each block is encrypted separately . The disadvantage of this method is a lack of diffusion . Because ECB encrypts identical plaintext blocks into identical ciphertext blocks , it does not hide data patterns well . In some senses , it does n't provide serious message confidentiality , and it is not recommended for use in cryptographic protocols at all . A striking example of the degree to which ECB can leave plaintext data patterns in the ciphertext can be seen when ECB mode is used to encrypt a bitmap image which uses large areas of uniform color . While the color of each individual pixel is encrypted , the overall image may still be discerned as the pattern of identically colored pixels in the original remains in the encrypted version . Original image Encrypted using ECB mode Modes other than ECB result in pseudo-randomness The adjacent image is how the image might appear encrypted with CBC , CTR or any of the other more secure modes -- indistinguishable from random noise . Note that the random appearance of the adjacent image does not ensure that the image has been securely encrypted ; many kinds of insecure encryption have been developed which would produce output just as `` random - looking '' . ECB mode can also make protocols without integrity protection even more susceptible to replay attacks , since each block gets decrypted in exactly the same way . Cipher block Chaining ( CBC ) ( edit ) CBC Cipher Block Chaining Encryption parallelizable : No Decryption parallelizable : Yes Random read access : Yes Ehrsam , Meyer , Smith and Tuchman invented the Cipher Block Chaining ( CBC ) mode of operation in 1976 . In CBC mode , each block of plaintext is XORed with the previous ciphertext block before being encrypted . This way , each ciphertext block depends on all plaintext blocks processed up to that point . To make each message unique , an initialization vector must be used in the first block . If the first block has index 1 , the mathematical formula for CBC encryption is C i = E K ( P i ⊕ C i − 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle C_ ( i ) = E_ ( K ) ( P_ ( i ) \ oplus C_ ( i - 1 ) ) , ) C 0 = I V ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 0 ) = IV ) while the mathematical formula for CBC decryption is P i = D K ( C i ) ⊕ C i − 1 , ( \ displaystyle P_ ( i ) = D_ ( K ) ( C_ ( i ) ) \ oplus C_ ( i - 1 ) , ) C 0 = I V . ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 0 ) = IV . ) Example ( edit ) CBC has been the most commonly used mode of operation . Its main drawbacks are that encryption is sequential ( i.e. , it can not be parallelized ) , and that the message must be padded to a multiple of the cipher block size . One way to handle this last issue is through the method known as ciphertext stealing . Note that a one - bit change in a plaintext or initialization vector ( IV ) affects all following ciphertext blocks . Decrypting with the incorrect IV causes the first block of plaintext to be corrupt but subsequent plaintext blocks will be correct . This is because each block is XORed with the ciphertext of the previous block , not the plaintext , so one does not need to decrypt the previous block before using it as the IV for the decryption of the current one . This means that a plaintext block can be recovered from two adjacent blocks of ciphertext . As a consequence , decryption can be parallelized . Note that a one - bit change to the ciphertext causes complete corruption of the corresponding block of plaintext , and inverts the corresponding bit in the following block of plaintext , but the rest of the blocks remain intact . This peculiarity is exploited in different padding oracle attacks , such as POODLE . Explicit Initialization Vectors takes advantage of this property by prepending a single random block to the plaintext . Encryption is done as normal , except the IV does not need to be communicated to the decryption routine . Whatever IV decryption uses , only the random block is `` corrupted '' . It can be safely discarded and the rest of the decryption is the original plaintext . Propagating cipher block Chaining ( PCBC ) ( edit ) PCBC Propagating Cipher Block Chaining Encryption parallelizable : No Decryption parallelizable : No Random read access : No The Propagating Cipher Block Chaining or plaintext cipher - block chaining mode was designed to cause small changes in the ciphertext to propagate indefinitely when decrypting , as well as when encrypting . In PCBC mode , each block of plaintext is XORed with both the previous plaintext block and the previous ciphertext block before being encrypted . As with CBC mode , an initialization vector is used in the first block . Encryption and decryption algorithms are as follows : C i = E K ( P i ⊕ P i − 1 ⊕ C i − 1 ) , P 0 ⊕ C 0 = I V ( \ displaystyle C_ ( i ) = E_ ( K ) ( P_ ( i ) \ oplus P_ ( i - 1 ) \ oplus C_ ( i - 1 ) ) , P_ ( 0 ) \ oplus C_ ( 0 ) = IV ) P i = D K ( C i ) ⊕ P i − 1 ⊕ C i − 1 , P 0 ⊕ C 0 = I V ( \ displaystyle P_ ( i ) = D_ ( K ) ( C_ ( i ) ) \ oplus P_ ( i - 1 ) \ oplus C_ ( i - 1 ) , P_ ( 0 ) \ oplus C_ ( 0 ) = IV ) PCBC is used in Kerberos v4 and WASTE , most notably , but otherwise is not common . On a message encrypted in PCBC mode , if two adjacent ciphertext blocks are exchanged , this does not affect the decryption of subsequent blocks . For this reason , PCBC is not used in Kerberos v5 . Cipher feedback ( CFB ) ( edit ) CFB Cipher Feedback Encryption parallelizable : No Decryption parallelizable : Yes Random read access : Yes The Cipher Feedback ( CFB ) mode , a close relative of CBC , makes a block cipher into a self - synchronizing stream cipher . Operation is very similar ; in particular , CFB decryption is almost identical to CBC encryption performed in reverse : C i = E K ( C i − 1 ) ⊕ P i ( \ displaystyle C_ ( i ) = E_ ( K ) ( C_ ( i - 1 ) ) \ oplus P_ ( i ) ) P i = E K ( C i − 1 ) ⊕ C i ( \ displaystyle P_ ( i ) = E_ ( K ) ( C_ ( i - 1 ) ) \ oplus C_ ( i ) ) C 0 = IV ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 0 ) = \ ( \ mbox ( IV ) ) ) By definition of self - synchronising cipher , if part of the ciphertext is lost ( e.g. due to transmission errors ) , then the receiver will lose only some part of the original message ( garbled content ) , and should be able to continue to correctly decrypt the rest of the blocks after processing some amount of input data . This simplest way of using CFB described above is not self - synchronizing . Only if a whole blocksize of ciphertext is lost CFB will synchronize , but losing only a single byte or bit will permanently throw off decryption . To be able to synchronize after the loss of only a single byte or bit , a single byte or bit must be encrypted at a time . CFB can be used this way when combined with a shift register as the input for the block cipher . To use CFB to make a self - synchronizing stream cipher that will synchronize for any multiple of x bits lost , start by initializing a shift register the size of the block size with the initialization vector . This is encrypted with the block cipher , and the highest x bits of the result are XOR'ed with x bits of the plaintext to produce x bits of ciphertext . These x bits of output are shifted into the shift register , and the process ( starting with encrypting the shift register with the block cipher ) repeats for the next x bits of plaintext . Decryption is similar , start with the initialization vector , encrypt , and XOR the high bits of the result with x bits of the ciphertext to produce x bits of plaintext , then shift the x bits of the ciphertext into the shift register and encrypt again . This way of proceeding is known as CFB - 8 or CFB - 1 ( according to the size of the shifting ) . In notation , where S is the ith state of the shift register , a < < x is a shifted up x bits , head ( a , x ) is the x highest bits of a , and n is number of bits of IV : C i = head ( E K ( S i − 1 ) , x ) ⊕ P i ( \ displaystyle C_ ( i ) = ( \ mbox ( head ) ) ( E_ ( K ) ( S_ ( i - 1 ) ) , x ) \ oplus P_ ( i ) ) P i = head ( E K ( S i − 1 ) , x ) ⊕ C i ( \ displaystyle P_ ( i ) = ( \ mbox ( head ) ) ( E_ ( K ) ( S_ ( i - 1 ) ) , x ) \ oplus C_ ( i ) ) S i = ( ( S i − 1 < < x ) + C i ) mod 2 n ( \ displaystyle S_ ( i ) = \ ( ( S_ ( i - 1 ) < < x ) + C_ ( i ) ) ( \ mbox ( mod ) ) 2 ^ ( n ) ) S 0 = IV ( \ displaystyle S_ ( 0 ) = \ ( \ mbox ( IV ) ) ) If x bits are lost from the ciphertext , the cipher will output incorrect plaintext until the shift register once again equals a state it held while encrypting , at which point the cipher has resynchronized . This will result in n / s blocksize of output being garbled with n the blocksize and s the amount of bits shifted . Like CBC mode , changes in the plaintext propagate forever in the ciphertext , and encryption can not be parallelized . Also like CBC , decryption can be parallelized . When decrypting , a one - bit change in the ciphertext affects two plaintext blocks : a one - bit change in the corresponding plaintext block , and complete corruption of the following plaintext block . Later plaintext blocks are decrypted normally . CFB shares two advantages over CBC mode with the stream cipher modes OFB and CTR : the block cipher is only ever used in the encrypting direction , and the message does not need to be padded to a multiple of the cipher block size ( though ciphertext stealing can also be used to make padding unnecessary ) . Output feedback ( OFB ) ( edit ) OFB Output Feedback Encryption parallelizable : No Decryption parallelizable : No Random read access : No The Output Feedback ( OFB ) mode makes a block cipher into a synchronous stream cipher . It generates keystream blocks , which are then XORed with the plaintext blocks to get the ciphertext . Just as with other stream ciphers , flipping a bit in the ciphertext produces a flipped bit in the plaintext at the same location . This property allows many error correcting codes to function normally even when applied before encryption . Because of the symmetry of the XOR operation , encryption and decryption are exactly the same : C j = P j ⊕ O j ( \ displaystyle C_ ( j ) = P_ ( j ) \ oplus O_ ( j ) ) P j = C j ⊕ O j ( \ displaystyle P_ ( j ) = C_ ( j ) \ oplus O_ ( j ) ) O j = E K ( I j ) ( \ displaystyle O_ ( j ) = \ E_ ( K ) ( I_ ( j ) ) ) I j = O j − 1 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( j ) = \ O_ ( j - 1 ) ) I 0 = IV ( \ displaystyle I_ ( 0 ) = \ ( \ mbox ( IV ) ) ) Each output feedback block cipher operation depends on all previous ones , and so can not be performed in parallel . However , because the plaintext or ciphertext is only used for the final XOR , the block cipher operations may be performed in advance , allowing the final step to be performed in parallel once the plaintext or ciphertext is available . It is possible to obtain an OFB mode keystream by using CBC mode with a constant string of zeroes as input . This can be useful , because it allows the usage of fast hardware implementations of CBC mode for OFB mode encryption . Using OFB mode with a partial block as feedback like CFB mode reduces the average cycle length by a factor of 2 32 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( 32 ) ) or more . A mathematical model proposed by Davies and Parkin and substantiated by experimental results showed that only with full feedback an average cycle length near to the obtainable maximum can be achieved . For this reason , support for truncated feedback was removed from the specification of OFB . Counter ( CTR ) ( edit ) CTR Counter Encryption parallelizable : Yes Decryption parallelizable : Yes Random read access : Yes Note : CTR mode ( CM ) is also known as integer counter mode ( ICM ) and segmented integer counter ( SIC ) mode Like OFB , Counter mode turns a block cipher into a stream cipher . It generates the next keystream block by encrypting successive values of a `` counter '' . The counter can be any function which produces a sequence which is guaranteed not to repeat for a long time , although an actual increment - by - one counter is the simplest and most popular . The usage of a simple deterministic input function used to be controversial ; critics argued that `` deliberately exposing a cryptosystem to a known systematic input represents an unnecessary risk . '' However , today CTR mode is widely accepted and any problems are considered a weakness of the underlying block cipher , which is expected to be secure regardless of systemic bias in its input . Along with CBC , CTR mode is one of two block cipher modes recommended by Niels Ferguson and Bruce Schneier . CTR mode was introduced by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1979 . CTR mode has similar characteristics to OFB , but also allows a random access property during decryption . CTR mode is well suited to operate on a multi-processor machine where blocks can be encrypted in parallel . Furthermore , it does not suffer from the short - cycle problem that can affect OFB . If the IV / nonce is random , then they can be combined together with the counter using any lossless operation ( concatenation , addition , or XOR ) to produce the actual unique counter block for encryption . In case of a non-random nonce ( such as a packet counter ) , the nonce and counter should be concatenated ( e.g. , storing the nonce in the upper 64 bits and the counter in the lower 64 bits of a 128 - bit counter block ) . Simply adding or XORing the nonce and counter into a single value would break the security under a chosen - plaintext attack in many cases , since the attacker may be able to manipulate the entire IV -- counter pair to cause a collision . Once an attacker controls the IV -- counter pair and plaintext , XOR of the ciphertext with the known plaintext would yield a value that , when XORed with the ciphertext of the other block sharing the same IV -- counter pair , would decrypt that block . Note that the nonce in this diagram is equivalent to the initialization vector ( IV ) in the other diagrams . However , if the offset / location information is corrupt , it will be impossible to partially recover such data due to the dependence on byte offset . Error propagation ( edit ) Before the widespread use of message authentication codes and authenticated encryption , it was common to discuss the `` error propagation '' properties as a selection criterion for a mode of operation . It might be observed , for example , that a one - block error in the transmitted ciphertext would result in a one - block error in the reconstructed plaintext for ECB mode encryption , while in CBC mode such an error would affect two blocks . Some felt that such resilience was desirable in the face of random errors ( e.g. , line noise ) , while others argued that error correcting increased the scope for attackers to maliciously tamper with a message . However , when proper integrity protection is used , such an error will result ( with high probability ) in the entire message being rejected . If resistance to random error is desirable , error - correcting codes should be applied to the ciphertext before transmission . Authenticated encryption ( edit ) Main article : Authenticated encryption A number of modes of operation have been designed to combine secrecy and authentication in a single cryptographic primitive . Examples of such modes are XCBC , IACBC , IAPM , OCB , EAX , CWC , CCM , and GCM . Authenticated encryption modes are classified as single - pass modes or double - pass modes . Some single - pass authenticated encryption algorithms , such as OCB mode , are encumbered by patents , while others were specifically designed and released in a way to avoid such encumberment . In addition , some modes also allow for the authentication of unencrypted associated data , and these are called AEAD ( authenticated encryption with associated data ) schemes . For example , EAX mode is a double - pass AEAD scheme while OCB mode is single - pass . Other modes and other cryptographic primitives ( edit ) Many more modes of operation for block ciphers have been suggested . Some have been accepted , fully described ( even standardized ) , and are in use . Others have been found insecure , and should never be used . Still others do n't categorize as confidentiality , authenticity , or authenticated encryption -- for example key feedback mode and Davies -- Meyer hashing . NIST maintains a list of proposed modes for block ciphers at Modes Development . Disk encryption often uses special purpose modes specifically designed for the application . Tweakable narrow - block encryption modes ( LRW , XEX , and XTS ) and wide - block encryption modes ( CMC and EME ) are designed to securely encrypt sectors of a disk ( see disk encryption theory ) . Block ciphers can also be used in other cryptographic protocols . They are generally used in modes of operation similar to the block modes described here . As with all protocols , to be cryptographically secure , care must be taken to design these modes of operation correctly . There are several schemes which use a block cipher to build a cryptographic hash function . See one - way compression function for descriptions of several such methods . Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators ( CSPRNGs ) can also be built using block ciphers . Message authentication codes ( MACs ) are often built from block ciphers . CBC - MAC , OMAC and PMAC are examples . See also ( edit ) Disk encryption Message authentication code Authenticated encryption One - way compression function Cryptography portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NIST Computer Security Division 's ( CSD ) Security Technology Group ( STG ) ( 2013 ) . `` Block cipher modes '' . Cryptographic Toolkit . NIST . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cryptography Engineering : Design Principles and Practical Applications . Ferguson , N. , Schneier , B. and Kohno , T. Indianapolis : Wiley Publishing , Inc. 2010 . pp. 63 , 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 47424 - 2 . Jump up ^ NIST Computer Security Division 's ( CSD ) Security Technology Group ( STG ) ( 2013 ) . `` Proposed modes '' . Cryptographic Toolkit . NIST . 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Comments to NIST concerning AES modes of operation : CTR - mode encryption. 2000 Jump up ^ Niels Ferguson , Bruce Schneier , Tadayoshi Kohno , Cryptography Engineering , page 71 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lipmaa , Helger ; Wagner , David ; Rogaway , Phillip . `` Comments to NIST concerning AES Modes of Operations : CTR - Mode Encryption '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Block Cipher Modes '' . www.quadibloc.com . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cryptography I - Coursera '' . Coursera . Archived from the original on 23 March 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Virgil D. Gligor , Pompiliu Donescu , `` Fast Encryption and Authentication : XCBC Encryption and XECB Authentication Modes '' . Proc. Fast Software Encryption , 2001 : 92 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Charanjit S. Jutla , `` Encryption Modes with Almost Free Message Integrity '' , Proc. Eurocrypt 2001 , LNCS 2045 , May 2001 . Jump up ^ Commerce , Computer Security Division , Information Technology Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , U.S. Department of . `` Modes Development - Block Cipher Techniques - CSRC '' . csrc.nist.gov . Archived from the original on 4 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Block ciphers ( security summary ) Common algorithms AES Blowfish DES ( internal mechanics , Triple DES ) Serpent Twofish Less common algorithms Camellia CAST - 128 IDEA RC2 RC5 RC6 SEED ARIA Skipjack TEA XTEA Other algorithms 3 - Way Akelarre Anubis BaseKing BassOmatic BATON BEAR and LION CAST - 256 Chiasmus CIKS - 1 CIPHERUNICORN - A CIPHERUNICORN - E CLEFIA CMEA Cobra COCONUT98 Crab Cryptomeria / C2 CRYPTON CS - Cipher DEAL DES - X DFC E2 FEAL FEA - M FROG G - DES GOST Grand Cru Hasty Pudding cipher Hierocrypt ICE IDEA NXT Intel Cascade Cipher Iraqi Kalyna KASUMI KeeLoq KHAZAD Khufu and Khafre KN - Cipher Kuznyechik Ladder - DES Libelle LOKI ( 97 , 89 / 91 ) Lucifer M6 M8 MacGuffin Madryga MAGENTA MARS Mercy MESH MISTY1 MMB MULTI2 MultiSwap New Data Seal NewDES Nimbus NOEKEON NUSH PRESENT Prince Q RC6 REDOC Red Pike S - 1 SAFER SAVILLE SC2000 SHACAL SHARK Simon SM4 Speck Spectr - H64 Square SXAL / MBAL Threefish Treyfer UES Xenon xmx XXTEA Zodiac Design Feistel network Key schedule Lai -- Massey scheme Product cipher S - box P - box SPN Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening ( Whitening transformation ) Attack ( cryptanalysis ) Brute - force ( EFF DES cracker ) MITM Biclique attack 3 - subset MITM attack Linear ( Piling - up lemma ) Differential Impossible Truncated Higher - order Differential - linear Distinguishing ( Known - key ) Integral / Square Boomerang Mod n Related - key Slide Rotational Side - channel Timing Power - monitoring Electromagnetic Acoustic Differential - fault XSL Interpolation Partitioning Rubber - hose Black - bag Davies Rebound Weak key Tau Chi - square Time / memory / data tradeoff Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding Stream ciphers Widely used ciphers RC4 block ciphers in stream mode ChaCha eSTREAM Portfolio Software HC - 256 Rabbit Salsa20 SOSEMANUK Hardware Grain MICKEY Trivium Other ciphers A5 / 1 A5 / 2 Achterbahn E0 F - FCSR FISH ISAAC MUGI Panama Phelix Pike Py QUAD Scream SEAL SNOW SOBER SOBER - 128 VEST VMPC WAKE Theory shift register LFSR NLFSR shrinking generator T - function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks Cryptographic hash functions & message authentication codes List Comparison Known attacks Common functions MD5 SHA - 1 SHA - 2 SHA - 3 BLAKE2 SHA - 3 finalists BLAKE Grøstl JH Skein Keccak ( winner ) Other functions CubeHash ECOH FSB GOST HAS - 160 HAVAL Kupyna LM hash MD2 MD4 MD6 MDC - 2 N - Hash RIPEMD RadioGatún SM3 SWIFFT Snefru Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool Key derivation functions Argon2 bcrypt crypt Lyra2 PBKDF2 scrypt MAC functions DAA CBC - MAC GMAC HMAC OMAC / CMAC PMAC VMAC UMAC Poly1305 SipHash Authenticated encryption modes CCM CWC EAX GCM IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute - force attack Rainbow table Side - channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle -- Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction Unique Block Iteration Standardization CRYPTREC NESSIE NIST hash function competition Utilization Hash - based cryptography Key stretching Merkle tree Message authentication Proof of work Salt Pepper Cryptography History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Block_cipher_mode_of_operation&oldid=866522235 '' Categories : Block cipher modes of operation Cryptographic algorithms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following statement is not correct about using des in cbc mode	[]	[]
-3982709345499847119	All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy	All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy - wikipedia All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' is a proverb . It means that without time off from work , a person becomes both bored and boring . The exact origins of the phrase remain unclear , though it was recorded as early as 1659 . Contents 1 History 2 Uses in popular media 2.1 In film and television 2.2 In literature 2.3 In music 2.4 In television 2.5 In video games 3 References History ( edit ) Though the spirit of the proverb had been expressed previously , the modern saying appeared first in James Howell 's Proverbs in English , Italian , French and Spanish ( 1659 ) , and was included in later collections of proverbs . It also appears in Howell 's Paroimiographia ( 1659 ) , p. 12 . Some writers have added a second part to the proverb , as in Harry and Lucy Concluded ( 1825 ) by the Irish novelist Maria Edgeworth : `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy , All play and no work makes Jack a mere toy . '' Uses in popular media ( edit ) The proverb has been used widely throughout popular media , notably including James Joyce 's short story `` Araby '' to Jack Kerouac 's Big Sur , the 1957 movie The Bridge on the River Kwai , and the 1980 horror movie The Shining , directed by Stanley Kubrick . In Kubrick 's film the main character , Jack Torrance ( played by Jack Nicholson ) , is found to have abandoned the play he was writing in favor of typing this sentence over and over onto reams of paper . A number of other works have subsequently included a direct homage to the scene . The `` Sunday '' computer virus , a member of the Jerusalem virus family discovered in 1989 , contained a reference to the proverb . Infected files will contain the string `` Today is Sunday ! Why do you work so hard ? All work and no play make you a dull boy ! Come on ! Let 's go out and have some fun ! '' The virus 's payload prints the proverb on the screen and then deletes all files running while the virus is a resident in the memory , as the original Jerusalem did every Friday the 13th . In film and television ( edit ) It is used in the film `` I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang '' ( 1932 ) . The phrase is spoken by the comic actor Oliver Hardy in Sons of the Desert ( 1933 ) . It is stated by Colonel Saito in The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) . It is stated by Thornhill in Hitchcock 's North by Northwest ( 1959 ) . In Season 5 Episode 30 `` Opie Flunks Arithmetic '' of The Andy Griffith Show - Aunt Bee uses the phrase to describe Opie 's studying vs playing football . ( April 1965 ) In Season 2 Episode 7 `` The Usual Suspects '' of Supernatural , Dean says the phrase to Sam when investigating papers ( 2006 ) . In Thunderbirds Are Go Tin - Tin says : `` All work and no play makes Scott a dull boy '' ( 1966 ) . In Columbo , season 3 , episode 6 `` Mind Over Meyhem '' ( 1974 ) . Dr. Cahill says this to the child prodigy when he is setting up the visit to the movie theater when orchestrating the murder . It is said by Donald Pleasence in the film `` All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1979 film ) '' . It is used in the film `` The Shining '' ( 1980 ) . It has been incorporated into the Hindi film `` Mazdoor '' ( 1983 ) . In the film Above the Law , it is used by Henry Silva when he is about to inject Steven Seagal ( 1988 ) . It is featured during the Simpsons intro when Bart writes at the chalkboard . Episode 90 : The Last Temptation of Homer. ( 1995 ) and in Episode : The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror ( 2013 ) It is mentioned in Agent Cody Banks 2 : Destination London ( 2004 ) . It is said by Poorna Jagannathan in Delhi Belly ( 2011 ) . It is used by Peta Sergeant in the science - fiction comedy Iron Sky ( 2012 ) . It is used by ( Dwight Schrute ) in Season 5 Episode 27 of the comedy , `` The Office '' . It is used by ( John Murphy ) in Season 4 Episode 6 of the American drama series , The 100 . It is used by CollegeHumor in their Halloween mini-series , `` the sCHining '' in Episode 4 , `` Workshopping Your Insane Writing '' . The series as a whole is a play on the film `` The Shining '' . Lady Mary ( Michelle Dockery ) refers to it in the episode 5 season 1 of Downton Abbey by telling Mathiew : `` You know what all work and no play did for Jack '' In literature ( edit ) It appears in chapter 10 of Karl Marx 's Capital : Critique of Political Economy ( Volume one ) , from 1867 It appears in chapter 36 of George Moore 's 1894 novel Esther Waters It appears in chapter 16 of John Dewey 's How We Think , from 1910 . It appears in James Joyce 's story `` Araby '' as the nameless narrator 's uncle mentions the old saying . It appears in Act II Scene I of the 1924 play Marco Millions by Eugene O'Neill . It appears in chapter 3 of Enid Blyton 's Second Form at Malory Tower , from 1947 It appears in chapter eight of Carson McCullers 's 1998 novel Clock Without Hands . It appears in Jack Kerouac 's novel Big Sur from 1962 . It appears in Chinua Achebe 's 1966 children 's novel Chike and the River . It appears in Tom Sharpe 's novel Porterhouse Blue , by Mrs Biggs to Zipser . It appears in Kurt Vonnegut 's novel Jailbird from 1979 . It appears in Stephen King 's novel Pet Sematary as a brief mention . It appears in the 1985 novel Ender 's Game , by Orson Scott Card , as Peter Wiggin 's mother addresses him . It appears slightly altered in chapter 7 of Brian Jaques 's 1986 novel Redwall , by Abbot Mortimer to Matthias . It appears in Paul Auster 's novel Squeeze Play from 1997 . It appears in Lee Child 's 2006 novel The Hard Way . It appears in chapter 24 of Grant Morrison 's run in the comic book Doom Patrol . In music ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Let Your Hair Down '' is a 1973 single by American vocal group The Temptations which contains the lyrics `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' . In the chorus of the song `` Boy 's Chorus ( La Sui Monti Dell ' Est ) '' from the 1984 Malcolm McLaren album Fans , but `` Jack '' is replaced with `` Mac '' - plus the line used is `` all work and no joy '' , which rhymes with boy . In the 1986 song `` All Work and No Play '' by Hüsker Dü from the Do n't Want to Know If You Are Lonely EP , the line `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' is repeated 72 times . In the 1990 song `` He 's a Man '' by Madonna , the name `` Jack '' is again replaced , this time by `` Dick '' referring to Dick Tracy , a fictional character portrayed in the film by Warren Beatty , which the song had been written for . The song `` Angry Chair '' ( 1992 ) by Alice in Chains contains the verse `` I 'm a dull boy , work all day '' . `` American Dream '' by Casting Crowns begins with the phrase . In 2007 , actress and singer - songwriter Hilary Duff penned a song titled after a subversion of the phrase , `` No Work , All Play '' , released as track 7 in her critically acclaimed album Dignity . In 2008 , the heavy metal band Mudvayne released a song called `` Dull Boy '' with the quote included in their lyrics . In 2012 , the post-hardcore band Averia quote this in their song `` The Overlook '' . A song called `` Still Sane '' by the singer Lorde featured in her 2013 album titled Pure Heroine . In 2014 , South African rap - rave group Die Antwoord released their single `` Pitbull Terrier '' , which features a variation of the expression . The song `` Ali ru ok ? '' ( 2016 ) by M.I.A. from her album AIM contains the phrase `` All work and no play '' . The lyrics video to `` Follow Me Down '' by The Pretty Reckless contains a variation of the phrase as an easter egg . Austrian electro group HVOB features this quote in the song `` Jack '' from their album HVOB ( 2013 ) . In television ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Used in episode of `` My Three Sons '' by Uncle Charlie : `` All work and no play makes Steve a dull boy . '' Aunt Bea said it in reference to Opie studying too much in the 1965 episode of `` The Andy Griffith Show '' called `` Opie Flunks Arithmetic '' . In the 1974 Columbo Episode `` Mind Over Mayhem '' , Dr. Marshall Cahill ( José Ferrer ) tells Steve , a whiz kid who is playing chess with his toy robot , that `` all work and no play make Jack a dull boy '' to hint the boy not to work too much . In an episode of Porridge , Fletcher tells Godber `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull beanstalk '' In The Jeffersons , season 1 episode 4 , Lionel Jefferson tells his girlfriend Jenny Willis to enjoy life saying , `` All work and no play makes Jenny a dull girl . '' To this , Jenny responds , `` Well , you know what I say ? All play and no work makes Lionel a dummy ! '' It is also used in another episode during an argument between Lionel 's parents , George and Louise , in which Louise , concerned by George 's constant efforts to make money , tells him `` You know , all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' , to which George responds , `` As usual , you 're half right , Weezie . All work and no play makes jack ! '' In the third episode of Twin Peaks , `` Zen , or the Skill to Catch a Killer '' Jerry Horne says to his brother Benjamin Horne : `` All work and no play makes Ben and Jerry dull boys '' In Animaniacs , season 1 , episode 27 , segment `` I Got Yer Can '' , Candie repeatedly types , `` All work and no cans make Candie a dull Chipmunk '' . In the Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters episode `` Who 'll Stop the Brain ? '' , Ickis tells Oblina , `` All work and no play makes Oblina a dull monster '' . Referenced by The Joker in an episode of The Animated Series ( `` Joker 's Wild '' ) . `` All work and no play ... '' The phrase was parodied in an episode of The Critic as `` All work no play makes Jay a dull boy . '' One 1994 episode of The Simpsons , `` Treehouse of Horror V '' contained a Shining parody , where Marge finds a piece of paper with just two words -- `` Feelin ' fine '' -- typed up , before noticing `` No TV and no beer make Homer go crazy '' written all over the walls . This is also parodied in the 1997 episode `` The Springfield Files '' as a cascading text , in the manner of The X-Files . The proverb is also referenced in the chalkboard gags of season five episode `` The Last Temptation of Homer '' and of season twenty - five 's `` Treehouse of Horror XXIV . '' In `` Leverage '' `` all work and no play makes Monica dull girl '' is put on dozens of pages in an evidence folder to embarrass a TV reporter . In `` Men in Black : The Series '' Season 2 episode 15 , when Jay is working too many hours at MiB he discovers that L is using a quick clone to do her work after he threatens to let it out of the box she agrees to make 4 clones when J is discovered by K talking to L on the phone he says `` All work and no play makes J look like K '' . In a 1999 episode of Family Guy , `` Peter , Peter , Caviar Eater '' , when Stewie was riding his tri-bike at Lois 's big inherited house and met the twins from The Shining at a corridor and they said `` Come play with us Stewie for ever , and ever and ever '' , Stewie replied back to them `` All work and no play makes Stewie a dull boy '' . In the 1999 episode of Melrose Place `` When cheerleaders attack '' Lexi Sterling played by Jamie Luner says the line `` all work and no play makes Megan a dull girl '' to Megan Lewis played by Kelly Rutherford The episode of the cartoon Ed , Edd n Eddy titled `` Stop , Look and Ed '' features Eddy telling Rolf that `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' . In the episode 2 of the first season of Gilmore Girls , Lorelai has an argument with her mother about her attempt to pay for the installation of a DSL line on Lorelai 's house . Lorelai alleges that her current , slower connection gives her time to dance and have a snack . With a faster connection `` It would be all work and no play , have n't you seen The Shining , mum ? '' In the fifteenth episode of the second season ( 215 ) of Queer as Folk , Justin and Michael are working on their comic book late into the night , resulting in Brian having to go to Babylon alone . Before leaving for the club , he tells them : `` Well just remember , all work and no dick make Mikey and Sunshine dull boys . '' Season 3 episode of CSI includes a scene where Greg Sanders is caught flirting with someone in the hallway by his boss , and says `` All work and no play makes Greg a dull boy '' . Gil Grissom responds by saying that all play and no work makes Greg an unemployed boy . A 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , `` Gone '' , includes a scene where Buffy Summers fills a social worker 's report with pages consisting entirely of repetitions of `` All work and no play make Doris a dull girl '' . In Gilmore Girls , season 4 episode 21 , Tana Schrick 's boyfriend , Chester Fleet , lost a bet against Tana and therefore he had to go all day only talking in cliches , which Paris thinks is annoying . Paris points out that Rory does n't go out enough , so Chester says `` All work and no play makes Jack ... '' but then gets interrupted by Paris ' mean look . In the Power Rangers SPD episode `` Recognition '' , the team leader Jack uses the phrase to describe the uptight Sky , who prefers to work as his method of relaxing . `` All work and no play make Sky a dull boy . '' In Supernatural , Dean Winchester reads an insane doctor 's writings about the `` treatments '' he used on his patients and comments `` all work and no play make Doctor Ellicot a very dull boy . '' The same phrase is used again in Season 2 when Dean investigates a crime scene and finds sheets of paper with the same name printed over and over , in reference to the film `` The Shining '' . During `` Cafe Disco '' , an episode on the NBC series The Office , Dwight makes a remark after Michael states that the office has gotten boring , saying `` All work and no play makes Michael a dull boy ! '' In a 2009 episode of Wizards of Waverly Place , Max Russo played by Jake T. Austin , says the line to Alex Russo ( Selena Gomez ) when he is doing an impression of Jack Nicholson . It was used in Season 1 , Episode 5 of the TV series Downton Abbey , when Mary tells Matthew that `` You know what all work and no play did for Jack '' and Matthew answers that `` You think I 'm a dull boy anyway , do n't you . '' The saying was used once again when Lord Gillingham 's valet flirts with Anna in Season 4 , Episode 3 when he says , `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy and Jill a dull girl . '' In The Blacklist , season 2 episode 2 , Raymond Reddington says `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' to a Mossad double agent when she says she looks forward to working with him . In Mind Your Language , season 2 , episode 4 , professor Mr. Brown says `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' to Ranjeet , one of his students . In Halt and Catch Fire season 1 , episode 7 , Cameron says it to Joe , who 's working late , replacing ' Jack ' with ' Joe ' . In Criminal Minds season 1 , episode 22 , Garcia 's computer gets hacked and her screen gets full with `` All Work No Play '' . In The Real Housewives of New York City 's seventh season , Carole Radziwill 's tagline in the opening credits is a play on the phrase ; `` All play and no work makes me a happy girl '' . In video games ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the game Command & Conquer : Renegade during the last mission . `` All work and no play , may make Jack a dull boy . '' can occasionally be heard from the loudspeakers in the Temple of Nod . In the game Kingdom of Loathing in one of the quests , the player finds a tape with this sentence repeated and Jack replaced by the player 's name . In the Safehouse Nightmare mission in PAYDAY 2 ( with Jack substituted for the character Wolf ) . In the game Jazzpunk . In the first mission , when the player enters the world of pizza . In chapter 2 of the game Hyperdimension Neptunia Re ; Birth 1 , Neptune says `` All work and no play makes Nep a dull girl '' . In the game Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate there 's a message that reads : `` All play and no rest makes a hunter dull nya '' In the game Tropico 3 El Presidente can be heard saying : `` All work and no play for El Presidente ! '' . In the game RuneScape , during the quest What Lies Below , the player says `` All work and no play makes ( player name ) a dull adventurer . '' In the game Bot Colony , when talking to the maintenance bot ' Charlie ' , He says `` All work and no play makes Charlie a dull boy . '' In the game Rust , the quote can be found on a typewriter inside of the Rocket Factory . In the game Final Fantasy XV , the quote is referenced by Noctis in Chapter 9 . `` All work and no play makes Ignis a dull boy . '' In the game Strong Bad 's Cool Game for Attractive People , Episode 5 : 8 - bit is Enough the quote appears 30 times on the endscreen of the minigame `` Gel - Arshie '' after a glitch as follows `` All work and no fruit makes Gel - Arshie a dull boy '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JamHowell Quotes and Quotations '' . Famous Quotes and Authors.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Film Script , The Shining '' . p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Movie connections for The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hitchcock / Lehman . `` Shooting Script , North by Northwest ( 1958 ) '' ( PDF ) . p. 107 . Jump up ^ The Pretty Reckless . `` The Pretty Reckless - Follow Me Down ( Official Lyric Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' : The Animated Series '' Joker 's Wild ( TV Episode 1992 ) `` . IMDb . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_work_and_no_play_makes_Jack_a_dull_boy&oldid=866074134 '' Categories : English proverbs Quotations from film and television Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 02 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	all work and no play makes jack a dull boy in hindi	[]	[]
-5467022680404303503	Cape to Cairo Railway	Cape to Cairo railway - wikipedia Cape to Cairo railway This is the current revision of this page , as edited by InternetArchiveBot ( talk contribs ) at 12 : 02 , 30 July 2017 ( Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead . # IABot ( v1. 5beta ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 12 : 02 , 30 July 2017 by InternetArchiveBot ( talk contribs ) ( Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead . # IABot ( v1. 5beta ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Rhodes Colossus : Caricature of Cecil John Rhodes , after he announced plans for a telegraph line and railroad from Cape Town to Cairo . Under British control or influence , 1914 This map shows the chain of colonies from the Cape to Cairo through which the railroad would run . From 1916 , Tanganyika Territory was added filling in the gap . Overview of routes discussed . Not all links displayed were finished . Boarding Cape to Cairo Railway in the Belgian Congo , c. 1900 - 1915 . Crossing at Victoria Falls The Cape to Cairo Railway is an uncompleted project to cross Africa from south to north by rail . This plan was initiated at the end of the 19th century , during the time of Western colonial rule , largely under the vision of Cecil Rhodes , in the attempt to connect adjacent African possessions of the British Empire through a continuous line from Cape Town , South Africa to Cairo , Egypt . While most sections of the Cape to Cairo railway are in operation , a major part is missing between northern Sudan and Uganda . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction 2 Missed completion 3 Current links 3.1 Northern section 3.2 Uganda railway 3.3 TAZARA link 3.4 Kidatu connection 3.5 Southern section 4 Road 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Construction ( edit ) Imperialist and entrepreneur Cecil Rhodes was instrumental in securing the southern states of the continent for the British Empire and envisioned a continuous `` red line '' of British dominions from north to south . A railway would be a critical element in this scheme to unify the possessions , facilitate governance , enable the military to move quickly to hot spots or conduct war , help settlement and enable intra - and extra-continental goods trade . The construction of this project presented a major technological challenge . France had a somewhat rival strategy in the late 1890s to link its western and eastern African colonies , namely Senegal to Djibouti . Southern Sudan and Ethiopia were in the way , but France sent expeditions in 1897 to establish a protectorate in southern Sudan and to find a route across Ethiopia . The scheme foundered when a British flotilla on the River Nile confronted the French expedition at the point of intersection between the French and British routes , leading to the Fashoda Incident and eventual French retreat . The Portuguese considered an Angola to Mozambique railway to link west with east and produced the `` Pink Map '' representing their claims to sovereignty in Africa ( to link Angola and Mozambique ) . Opposition to British rule in South Africa was settled after the First and Second Boer Wars ( ended 1902 but only incorporating its two states into a union Republic in 1910 ) . Missed completion ( edit ) British interests had to overcome obstacles of geography and climate , and the competing imperial schemes of the French and Portuguese mentioned above and of the Germans . In 1891 , Germany secured the strategically critical territory of German East Africa , which along with the mountainous rainforest of the Belgian Congo precluded the building of a Cape - to - Cairo railway . In 1916 during World War I British and British Indian soldiers won the Tanganyika Territory from the Germans and after the war the British continued to rule the territory , which was a League of Nations mandate from 1922 . The continuous line of colonies was complete . The British Empire possessed the political power to complete the Cape to Cairo Railway , but economics , including the Great Depression of the 1930s , prevented its completion before World War II . After World War II , the decolonisation of Africa and the establishment of independent countries removed the colonial rationale for the project and increased the project 's difficulty , effectively ending the project . Current links ( edit ) Northern section ( edit ) Egypt has a rail system that as early as 1854 connected Alexandria and Cairo , and that currently goes as far south as Aswan . In Egypt the railway is 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge . After a ferry link up on the Nile , the railway continues in Sudan from Wadi Halfa to Khartoum at the 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge ; see Northern Africa Railroad Development . This part of the system was started by Lord Kitchener in 1897 when he subjugated the Mahdist uprising . Further railway links go south , the most southern point being Wau . A large part of the Sudanese railway network is currently in disrepair due to political turmoil . Uganda railway ( edit ) Main article : Uganda Railway East Africa has a network of narrow gauge 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 ⁄ in ) railways that historically grew from ports on the Indian Ocean and went westward , built in parallel under British and German colonial rule . The furthest string north was the Uganda Railway . Eventually these networks were linked , so that today there is a continuous rail connection between Kampala , Uganda , on Lake Victoria to the coastal cities of Mombasa in Kenya and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania . Up to the break - up of the East African Community in 1977 , these companies operated as East African Railways , but operate today as different national companies : the Uganda Railways Corporation Uganda railways corporation 's assets were sold over 13 years ago when government failed to run the corporation , as the cost of running it was greater than the returns . Today , railway business in Uganda is run by Rift Valley Railways of Kenya , the Kenya Railways Corporation , and the Tanzania Railways Corporation . TAZARA link ( edit ) Main article : TAZARA Railway From Dar es Salaam , a 1,860 km link to Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia was completed after six years by workers and with main funding by China in 1976 . This Tanzania - Zambia - Railway ( TAZARA ) was built to connect landlocked Zambia and its mineral wealth to a port on the Indian Ocean , independent from port connections in South Africa , a frequent rival economic competitor in the mining sectors or Mozambique , at that time Portuguese - controlled territory . Not intended in the grand picture of the Cape to Cairo Railway , the TAZARA fills a critical link . This connection is the 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) gauge of the southern part of Africa . Kidatu connection ( edit ) In 1998 , a transshipment hub was built at Kidatu in southern Tanzania to connect the metre gauge Central Line ( Tanzania ) with the Cape gauge TAZARA line . This also shortened the distance . Southern section ( edit ) The southern section was completed during British rule before the First World War and has an interconnecting system of national railways using the Cape - gauge of 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) . Construction started from Cape Town and went parallel to the Great North Road to Kimberley , through a part of Botswana to Bulawayo . From this junction the link proceeds further north , today operated by the National Railways of Zimbabwe , to the Zambezi crossing . The Victoria Falls Bridge was completed in 1905 . The connection is picked up by Zambia Railways and continues to Kapiri Mposhi which is the transition point to the TAZARA link to Tanzania . Road ( edit ) The Court Treatt expedition , an attempt to travel from Cape to Cairo by road , was made in 1924 using two cars . The Cape to Cairo Road was planned to roughly connect the same countries . That plan was updated with the Cairo -- Cape Town Highway plan , large sections of which are paved and passable . See also ( edit ) Africa portal Cape to Cairo ( disambiguation ) Cape to Cairo Red Line Cairo -- Cape Town Highway Northern Africa Railroad Development Scramble for Africa Fashoda Incident East African Railway Master Plan Lamu Port and Lamu - Southern Sudan - Ethiopia Transport Corridor -- 2012 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MALLINSON , HARRIET ( http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3843096/Doors-flying-open-70mph-trains-no-timetable-Chris-Tarrant-reveals-inside-track-hair-raising-Extreme-Railway-Journeys-TV-series.html ) . `` Chris Tarrant looks back at filming new Extreme Railway Journeys show '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` CAPETOWN TO CAIRO BY MOTOR . '' . The Brisbane Courier . National Library of Australia . 29 August 1924 . p. 14 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Freeman , Lewis R. ( January 1915 ) . `` Rhodes 's `` All Red '' Route : The Effect Of The War On The Cape - To - Cairo And The Control Of A Continent `` . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XXIX : 327 -- 355 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Sölch , Werner ( 1985 ) . Kap - Kairo : Eisenbahnen zwischen Ägypten und Südafrika . Düsseldorf : Alba Verlag . ISBN 3 - 87094 - 101 - 4 . ( in German ) Tabor , George , The Cape to Cairo Railway & River Routes ( 2003 ) , London : Genta . ISBN 0 - 9544847 - 0 - 3 . External links ( edit ) The trip from Cairo to Kenya in 1935 Rovos Rail luxury tours from Cape Town to Cairo Lamu Nadapal map -- 2012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_to_Cairo_Railway&oldid=793067225 '' Categories : Rail transport in Africa British colonisation in Africa International railway lines History of Africa Unfinished buildings and structures Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with German - language external links Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Lingála Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 12 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wanted to create a railroad from cape town to cairo	[ "The Cape to Cairo Railway is an uncompleted project to cross Africa from south to north by rail. This plan was initiated at the end of the 19th century, during the time of Western colonial rule, largely under the vision of Cecil Rhodes, in the attempt to connect adjacent African possessions of the British Empire through a continuous line from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt. While most sections of the Cape to Cairo railway are in operation, a major part is missing between northern Sudan and Uganda.[1]" ]	[ "Cecil Rhodes" ]
2380110212759577745	Halfpenny (British decimal coin)	Halfpenny ( British decimal coin ) - wikipedia Halfpenny ( British decimal coin ) Jump to : navigation , search For the pre-decimal halfpenny coin , see Halfpenny ( British pre-decimal coin ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Halfpenny United Kingdom Value 0.005 pound sterling Mass 1.78 g Diameter 17.14 mm Thickness 1 mm Edge plain Composition bronze Years of minting 1971 -- 1984 Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Designer Arnold Machin Design date 1971 Reverse Design St Edward 's Crown Designer Christopher Ironside Design date 1971 The British decimal halfpenny ( 1 / 2p ) coin was introduced in February 1971 , at the time of decimalisation , and was worth one two - hundredth of a pound sterling . It was ignored in banking transactions , which were carried out in units of 1p . The decimal halfpenny had the same value as 1.2 pre-decimal pence , and was introduced to enable the prices of some low - value items to be more accurately translated to the new decimal currency . The possibility of setting prices including an odd half penny also made it more practical to retain the pre-decimal sixpence in circulation ( with a value of 2 1 / 2 new pence ) alongside the new decimal coinage . The halfpenny coin 's obverse featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II ; the reverse featured an image of St Edward 's Crown . It was minted in bronze ( like the 1p and 2p coins ) . It was the smallest decimal coin in both size and value . The size was in proportion to the 1p and 2p coins . It soon became Britain 's least favourite coin . The Treasury had continued to argue that the halfpenny was important in the fight against inflation ( preventing prices from being rounded up ) . The coin was demonetised and withdrawn from circulation in December 1984 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Mintages 3 Proposed quarter penny coin 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design ( edit ) The reverse of the coin , designed by Christopher Ironside , was a representation of St Edward 's Crown , with the numeral `` 1 / 2 '' below the crown , and either NEW PENNY ( 1971 -- 1981 ) or HALF PENNY ( 1982 -- 1984 ) above the crown . Only one design of obverse was used on the halfpenny coin . The inscription around the portrait on the obverse was ELIZABETH II D.G. REG. F.D. 19xx , where 19xx was the year of minting . Both sides of the coin are encircled by dots , a common feature on coins , known as beading . As on all decimal coins produced before 1984 , the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse ; in this portrait the Queen wears the ' Girls of Great Britain and Ireland ' Tiara . Mintages ( edit ) Annual number of coins released into general circulation ( excludes proof sets ) 1971 ~ 1,394,188,251 1972 ~ In proof sets only 1973 ~ 365,680,000 1974 ~ 365,448,000 1975 ~ 197,600,000 1976 ~ 412,172,000 1977 ~ 66,368,000 1978 ~ 59,532,000 1979 ~ 219,132,000 1980 ~ 202,788,000 1981 ~ 46,748,000 1982 ~ 190,752,000 1983 ~ 7,600,000 1984 ~ In proof sets only Proposed quarter penny coin ( edit ) A decimal quarter - penny coin ( to be struck in aluminium ) was also proposed ( which would have allowed the pre-decimal threepence to continue to circulate with a value of 1 1 / 4 new pence ) , but was never produced . See also ( edit ) Halfpenny ( Irish decimal coin ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 1984 : Halfpenny coin to meet its maker , BBC News Jump up ^ Clayton , Tony . `` Decimal Coins of the UK - Bronze '' . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 1p Coin '' . British Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Michael , Michael ( 2013 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins - 1901 - 2000 . Krause Publications . p. 990 . ISBN 1440229627 . Jump up ^ `` The Change to Decimal Coinage '' , Tony Clayton External links ( edit ) British Halfpenny pictures CoinWiki - Decimal Half Pennies Coins from United Kingdom : Half Penny Online Coin Club ( hide ) British coinage Decimal 1 / 2p 1p 2p 5p 10p 20p 50p £ 1 £ 2 Pre-decimal Quarter farthing ( 1 / 16 d ) Third farthing ( 1 / 12 d ) Half farthing ( 1 / 8d ) Farthing ( 1 / 4d ) Halfpenny ( 1 / 2d ) Penny ( 1d ) Three halfpence ( 1 1 / 2d ) Twopence ( 2d ) Threepence ( 3d ) Fourpence ( 4d ) Sixpence ( 6d ) Shilling ( 1 / - ) Florin ( 2 / - ) Half crown ( 2 / 6d ) Double florin ( 4 / - ) Crown ( 5 / - ) Quarter guinea ( 5 / 3d ) Third guinea ( 7 / - ) Half sovereign ( 10 / - ) Half guinea ( 10 / 6d ) Sovereign ( £ 1 ) Guinea ( £ 1 / 1s ) Double sovereign ( £ 2 ) Two guineas ( £ 2 / 2s ) Five pound ( £ 5 ) Five guineas ( £ 5 / 5s ) Non-circulating Commemorative 25p £ 5 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Maundy money Bullion Britannia Quarter sovereign Half sovereign Sovereign Lunar The Queen 's Beasts Landmarks of Britain See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Banknotes of the pound sterling List of British banknotes and coins List of British currencies Scottish coinage Coins of Ireland List of people on coins of the United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halfpenny_(British_decimal_coin)&oldid=828840023 '' Categories : Coins of the United Kingdom Currency introduced in 1971 Decimalisation Half - cent coins Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 01 : 58 . About Wikipedia	when did half pennies stop being legal tender	[ "The halfpenny coin's obverse featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II; the reverse featured an image of St Edward's Crown. It was minted in bronze (like the 1p and 2p coins). It was the smallest decimal coin in both size and value. The size was in proportion to the 1p and 2p coins. It soon became Britain's least favourite coin.[1] The Treasury had continued to argue that the halfpenny was important in the fight against inflation (preventing prices from being rounded up).[1] The coin was demonetised and withdrawn from circulation in December 1984.[1]" ]	[ "December 1984" ]
5513034434830749443	Jerry Maren	Jerry Maren - wikipedia Jerry Maren Jerry Maren Maren attending the premiere of Dahmer Vs. Gacy in Hollywood on January 15 , 2010 Gerard Marenghi ( 1920 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1920 Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. May 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) ( aged 98 ) La Jolla , California , U.S. Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Hollywood Hills Occupation Actor Years active 1938 -- 2013 Known for Last surviving Munchkin of The Wizard of Oz Spouse ( s ) Elizabeth Barrington ( m . 1975 ; d . 2011 ) Gerard Marenghi ( January 24 , 1920 -- May 24 , 2018 ) , known as Jerry Maren , was an American actor who played a Munchkin member of the Lollipop Guild in the 1939 MGM film , The Wizard of Oz . He became the last surviving Munchkin following the death of Ruth Duccini on January 16 , 2014 , and was also the last surviving cast member with a speaking or singing role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Promotional appearances 2 Personal life 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gerard Marenghi , eventually known as Jerry Maren , was born in Boston , Massachusetts , the youngest of eleven or twelve children . His father , Emil Marenghi , worked at a shoe factory . His four brothers and five sisters were six feet or taller by 1939 . At the age of 12 , Maren started taking dancing lessons with his sister . He toured around New England with his dance instructor with an act called Three Steps and a Hop and was noticed by MGM scouts who were looking for three little guys who could sing and dance . Maren received a telegram , just after graduating from High school , asking him to come to California to work on a movie . He was offered nearly $100 per week plus expenses . In The Wizard of Oz , he played the green - garbed member of the Lollipop Guild ( between Jakob `` Jackie '' Gerlich and Harry Earles ) , handing a lollipop to Dorothy Gale ( Judy Garland ) . Maren was eighteen / nineteen years old when he shot his scenes for The Wizard of Oz in the latter part of 1938 and early 1939 . At that time he stood just three feet six inches ( 107 cm ) . ( Hormone treatments would allow Maren to grow to a height of four feet six inches ( 137 cm ) later in life . ) The reason behind his talents for performing stemmed from a persona he had built up years earlier as a thirteen - year - old during school vacations . He began attending lessons for singing and dancing in his early teens and enjoyed them so much that he opted to band together with his teacher in order to create an act known as `` Three Steps and a Hop . '' This idea proved to be a small success on stage that toured the New England circuit for a considerable length of time thereafter . In the same year as The Wizard of Oz , he appeared in an Our Gang feature , Tiny Troubles , playing criminal `` Light - Fingered Lester '' , and also appeared as an extra in the all - midget Western The Terror of Tiny Town . After The Wizard of Oz , Maren continued acting , and appeared in many movies and television shows . Some of these appearances were in the Our Gang comedy shorts , in the Marx Brothers ' At The Circus ( 1939 ) , and as an ape in Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) . He is also featured , along with fellow Munchkin Billy Curtis , in American International Pictures ' release Little Cigars ( 1973 ) , about a gang of `` midgets '' on a crime spree . In the 1950s Maren worked as a Little Oscar for the Oscar Mayer Company and as Buster Brown in television and radio commercials . Later he joined his friend Billy Barty in organizing Little People of America . Maren has also portrayed Mayor McCheese and The Hamburglar in commercials for McDonald 's . In the late 1970s , Maren was the dapper little man on The Gong Show , heralding each show 's big finish with an onslaught of confetti as Milton DeLugg 's band played `` Hoop Dee Doo '' . He made a notable appearance in the episode `` Felix the Horseplayer '' of The Odd Couple as Harry Tallman , a racehorse exerciser who gives Oscar tips on winning horses . In 1982 he played Morris the bellboy , a regular character in the ABC sitcom No Soap , Radio . Maren had a walk - on role in an episode of Seinfeld ( `` The Yada Yada '' ) and played a mime in the 2010 - released comedy horror movie Dahmer Vs. Gacy . Maren also starred in the Eric Swelstad - directed horror movie Frankenstein Rising ( 2009 ) . In February 2009 , Maren performed in Project Lodestar Sagas as `` Thaddeus '' , appearing opposite former MGM child actress Margaret O'Brien , who played the lead role of Livia Wells . Promotional appearances ( edit ) Maren ( far left ) , Karl Slover , Clarence Swensen and Margaret Pellegrini in 1998 On November 21 , 2007 , Maren appeared with six other Munchkin actors at the unveiling of a Hollywood Star for the Wizard of Oz Munchkins on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The other actors were Mickey Carroll , Ruth Duccini , Margaret Pellegrini , Meinhardt Raabe , Karl Slover , and Clarence Swensen . On June 3 , 2010 , Maren appeared at Turning Stone Resort & Casino in Verona , New York to promote a new Wizard of Oz slot machine . After September 2011 he stopped traveling or appearing at any of the Oz Festivals held throughout the country but did appear for a handprint and footprint ceremony at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on September 18 , 2013 . Personal life ( edit ) Maren was married to Elizabeth Barrington from 1975 until her death at age 69 on January 27 , 2011 . He lived in southern California . On February 29 , 2016 , it was reported that Maren had died of pancreatic cancer , but these reports were false . He posted a video on Instagram to say that he was alive and well , and according to friend Steve Cox , he did n't have cancer . When The Hollywood Reporter attempted to contact Maren for a story on little people in Hollywood in August 2016 , Maren 's caretakers informed the reporter that he was too frail to make further appearances or conduct interviews . Maren died in San Diego , California , at a nursing facility center in La Jolla , California on May 24 , 2018 , aged 98 , from a combination of old age - related diseases including cachexia , heart failure and senile dementia . Maren left no immediate survivors . He was the last survivor of The Wizard of Oz 's adult Munchkin cast ; his death left stunt doubles ( Caren Marsh Doll and Ambrose Schindler ) as the last two known people to appear on - screen during the film . A small number of anonymous female extras are also reported to survive , but they were children , rather than adults with dwarfism . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jerry Maren , Who Sang and Danced as a Munchkin in Oz , Dies at 98 '' . NYTimes.com . June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Last surviving ' Wizard of Oz , ' munchkin Jerry Maren dies '' . Jump up ^ `` Final female ' Oz ' Munchkin Ruth Duccini dead at 95 '' . nwitimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Trouble in ' Oz ' : the Munchkins ' dirty secret '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Motherly Women Big Pain To Jerry , A Midget Actor '' . The Pittsburgh Press . June 21 , 1939 . p. 15 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pays to Be a Midget '' . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . December 10 , 1939 . p. 34 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( 2013 ) . The Making of The Wizard of Oz ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1613748329 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gore Filled Trailer : Frankenstein Rising , dreadcentral.com ; accessed June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munchkin Star on the Walk of Fame , usatoday.com ; accessed June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Munchkin Lollipop Guild Member visits Turning Stone during Oz - Stravaganza '' . Wktv.com . June 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Maren places hands in wet cement at TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles - Photos '' . UPI . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Potempa , Philip ( 2011 - 01 - 31 ) . `` ' Wizard of Oz ' Munchkin 's wife , Elizabeth Maren , dead at 69 '' . nwi.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Last ' Wizard of Oz ' Munchkin : Jerry Maren NOT Dead ... Just Laying Low '' . tmz.com . March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Munchkin Actor Jerry Maren Dead ? ' Oz ' Star Sets Record Straight At 96 '' . inquisitr.com . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abramovitch , Seth ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Little People , Big Woes in Hollywood : Low Pay , Degrading Jobs and a Tragic Death '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest ' Wizard of Oz ' Munchkin Jerry Maren 's Heart Gave Out '' . Jump up ^ Saunders , Emmeline ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Wizard Of Oz star Jerry Maren dies aged 98 '' . mirror.co.uk . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last ' Wizard of Oz ' Munchkin Jerry Maren Dead at 98 '' . tmz.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Maren , last surviving `` Wizard of Oz '' munchkin , dead at 98 `` . cbsnews.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Stephen Cox , `` The Munchkins of Oz '' Cumberland House ISBN 1 - 58182 - 269 - 3 Short and Sweet : The Life and Times of the Lollipop Munchkin ( Paperback ) by Jerry Maren ( Author ) Pub . Date : June 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58182 - 543 - 5 External links ( edit ) Jerry Maren on IMDb Jerry Maren at Find a Grave GND : 136425976 ISNI : 0000 0001 1469 9324 LCCN : n2008002054 MusicBrainz : 41c36436 - 3b95 - 4d26 - a1c1 - b26eb4aeb264 VIAF : 28997159 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Maren&oldid=849000753 '' Categories : 1920 births 2018 deaths Deaths from dementia Disease - related deaths in California 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Actors with dwarfism American male film actors American male television actors American memoirists American people of Italian descent Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) Last living survivors Male actors from Boston Male actors of Italian descent Writers from Boston Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français Polski Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 20 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is anyone still alive from the cast of the wizard of oz	[]	[]
-8813524687317698296	Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade	Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade - wikipedia Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( disambiguation ) . Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Robert Watts Screenplay by Jeffrey Boam Story by George Lucas Menno Meyjes Starring Harrison Ford Denholm Elliott Alison Doody John Rhys - Davies Julian Glover Sean Connery Music by John Williams Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date May 24 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 24 ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $48 million Box office $474.2 million Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 American action - adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg , from a story co-written by executive producer George Lucas . It is the third installment in the Indiana Jones franchise . Harrison Ford reprises the title role and Sean Connery plays Indiana 's father , Henry Jones , Sr. Other cast members featured include Alison Doody , Denholm Elliott , Julian Glover , River Phoenix , and John Rhys - Davies . In the film , set largely in 1938 , Indiana searches for his father , a Holy Grail scholar , who has been kidnapped by Nazis . After Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , Spielberg chose to compensate with a film that toned down the violence and gore . During the five years between Temple of Doom and Last Crusade , he and executive producer Lucas reviewed several scripts before accepting Jeffrey Boam 's . Filming locations included Utah , Spain , Italy , the United Kingdom , Turkey and Jordan . The film was released in North America on May 24 , 1989 to mostly positive reviews and a financial success , earning $474.2 million at the worldwide box office totals . It won an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design 3.4 Effects 4 Themes 5 Cultural references 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Box office 6.3 Critical response 6.4 Influence 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1912 , thirteen - year - old Indiana Jones is horseback riding with his Boy Scout troop at Arches National Park in Utah . While scouting caves , Indy discovers a group of grave robbers who have found a golden crucifix belonging to Coronado and steals it from them , hoping to donate it to a museum . The men give chase through a passing circus train , leaving Indy with a bloody cut across his chin from a bullwhip and a new phobia of snakes . Indy escapes , but the local sheriff makes him return the cross to the robbers . Impressed with Indy 's bravery , the leader of the robbers gives Indy his fedora , and encourages him to not give up . In 1938 , Indy recovers the cross off the coast of Portugal and donates it to Marcus Brody 's museum . Later , Indy is introduced to Walter Donovan , who informs him that Indy 's father , Henry Jones Sr. , has vanished while searching for the Holy Grail , using an incomplete inscription as his guide . Indy then receives Henry 's Grail diary via mail from Venice . Realizing that he would not have sent the diary unless he was in trouble , Indy and Marcus travel to Venice , where they meet Henry 's Austrian colleague , Dr. Elsa Schneider . Beneath the library where Henry was last seen , Indy and Elsa discover the tomb of a First Crusade knight , which also contains a complete version of the inscription that Henry had used , this one revealing the location of the Grail . They flee , however , when the catacombs are set aflame by the Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword , a secret society that protects the Grail from evildoers . Indy and Elsa capture one of the Brotherhood , Kazim , and Indy tells him that his goal is only to find his father and that he has no interest in finding the Grail . Kazim tells him that Henry is being held in Castle Brunwald on the Austrian - German border . Marcus later reveals a map drawn by Henry of the route to the Grail , which begins in Alexandretta . Indy removes the pages containing the map from the diary , gives it to Marcus for safekeeping and sends Marcus to İskenderun , the city built on the ruins of Alexandretta to rendezvous with their old friend Sallah , and he and Elsa head to Castle Brunwald . At Castle Brunwald , Indy rescues Henry , but learns that Elsa and Donovan are actually working with the Nazis , and are using him to find the Grail for them . Meanwhile , Marcus is captured in Hatay , while waiting with Sallah for the Joneses . The Joneses escape from Castle Brunwald . Henry tells Indy that to reach the Grail , one must face three booby traps and his diary contains the clues to guide them through the challenges safely . They recover the diary from Elsa at a book burning rally in Berlin . They then board a Zeppelin to leave Germany , but the Nazis soon discover the Joneses are aboard and they escape in a parasite biplane . They crash while engaging in a dogfight with Luftwaffe fighters . The two meet up with Sallah in Hatay , where they learn of Marcus 's abduction . The Nazis are already moving toward the Grail 's location , using the map possessed by Marcus . In exchange for a Rolls - Royce , the Sultan of Hatay has given the Nazis full access to his equipment for the expedition , including a large tank . Indy , Henry , and Sallah find the Nazi expedition , which is ambushed by the Brotherhood . During the battle , Henry is captured by SS Colonel Ernst Vogel while attempting to rescue Marcus from the tank ; Kazim and his comrades are killed . The younger Jones pursues the tank on horseback and , with the aid of Sallah , saves Henry and Marcus . He is then caught up in a fight with Vogel , and barely escapes before the tank goes over a cliff , crushing Vogel to death . Indy , Henry , Marcus , and Sallah catch up with the surviving Nazis , led by Donovan and Elsa , who have found the temple where the Grail is kept but are unable to pass through the three protective booby traps . Donovan mortally wounds Henry in order to force Indy to risk his life in the traps to find the Grail and use its healing power to save Henry . Using the information in the diary and followed by Donovan and Elsa , Indy safely overcomes the traps and reaches the Grail 's chamber , which is guarded by a knight . He has been kept alive for seven hundred years by the power of the Grail , which is hidden among dozens of false Grails ; only the true Grail brings life , while a false one claims it . Elsa purposefully selects the most princely grail , a golden chalice studded with emeralds , for Donovan , who ages into dust after drinking from it , because the one Elsa chose was a false one . Indy selects the true Grail , a simple wooden cup , which the knight warns can not be taken beyond the temple 's entrance . Indy fills the Grail with holy water and takes it to Henry , which heals him instantly . Elsa , disregarding the knight 's warning , then takes the Grail and attempts to leave with it . The temple begins to collapse and Elsa falls to her death trying to recover the Grail . Indy nearly suffers the same fate but Henry persuades him to let it go . The Joneses , Marcus , and Sallah escape the temple and ride off into the sunset . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of characters in the Indiana Jones series Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones : The archaeologist adventurer who seeks to rescue his father and find the Holy Grail . Ford said he loved the idea of introducing Indiana 's father because it allowed him to explore another side to Indiana 's personality : `` These are men who have never made any accommodation to each other . Indy behaves differently in his father 's presence . Who else would dare call Indy ' junior ' ? '' River Phoenix as the teenage Jones . Phoenix had portrayed the son of Ford 's character in The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) . Ford recommended Phoenix for the part ; he said that of the young actors working at the time , Phoenix looked the most like him when he was around that age . Sean Connery as Professor Henry Jones : Indiana 's father , a professor of Medieval literature who cared more about looking for the Grail than raising his son . Spielberg had Connery in mind when he suggested introducing Indiana 's father , though he did not tell Lucas at first . Consequently , Lucas wrote the role as `` a crazy , eccentric '' professor resembling Laurence Olivier , whose relationship with Indiana is `` strict schoolmaster and student rather than a father and son '' . Spielberg had been a fan of Connery 's work as James Bond and felt that no one else could perform the role as well . Spielberg biographer Joseph McBride wrote , `` Connery was already the father of Indiana Jones since the series had sprung from the desire of Lucas and Spielberg to rival ( and outdo ) Connery 's James Bond movies . '' Connery initially turned the role down as he is only twelve years older than Ford , but he relented . Connery -- a student of history -- began to reshape the character , and revisions were made to the script to address his concerns . `` I wanted to play Henry Jones as a kind of Sir Richard ( Francis ) Burton , '' Connery commented . `` I was bound to have fun with the role of a gruff , Victorian Scottish father . '' Connery believed Henry should be a match for his son , telling Spielberg that `` whatever Indy 'd done my character has done and my character has done it better '' . Connery signed to the film on March 25 , 1988 . He improvised the line , `` She talks in her sleep '' , which was left in because it made everyone laugh ; in Boam 's scripts , Henry telling Indiana that he slept with Elsa occurs later . Alex Hyde - White as Young Henry Jones , Sr . Alison Doody as Dr. Elsa Schneider : An Austrian art professor who is in league with the Nazis . She seduces the Joneses to trick them . Doody was 21 when she auditioned and was one of the first actresses who met for the part . Denholm Elliott as Dr. Marcus Brody : Indiana 's bumbling English colleague . Elliott returned after Spielberg sought to recapture the tone of Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , following the actor 's absence in the darker Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) . John Rhys - Davies as Sallah : A friend of Indiana and a professional excavator living in Cairo . Like Elliott 's , Rhys - Davies ' return was an attempt to recapture the spirit of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Julian Glover as Walter Donovan : An American businessman who sends the Joneses on their quest for the Holy Grail . Donovan works for the Nazis and desires immortality . Glover previously appeared as General Veers in Lucas 's The Empire Strikes Back . He originally auditioned for the role of Vogel . Glover , who is English , adopted an American accent for the film , but was dissatisfied with the result . Michael Byrne as Colonel Vogel : A brutal SS colonel . Byrne and Ford had previously starred in Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) , in which they also respectively played a German and an American . Kevork Malikyan as Kazim : The leader of the Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword , an organization that protects the Holy Grail . Malikyan had impressed Spielberg with his performance in Midnight Express ( 1978 ) and would have auditioned for the role of Sallah in Raiders of the Lost Ark had a traffic jam not delayed his meeting with the director . Robert Eddison as the Grail Knight : The guardian of the Grail who drank from the cup of Christ during the Crusades and is immortal as long as he stays within the temple . Eddison was a stage and television veteran only appearing once before in film ( a supporting role in Peter Ustinov 's 1948 comedy Vice Versa ) . Glover recalled Eddison was excited and nervous for his film debut , often asking if he had performed correctly . Laurence Olivier was originally considered to play the Grail Knight , but he was too ill and died the same year in which the film was released . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Lucas and Spielberg had intended to make a trilogy of Indiana Jones films since Lucas had first pitched Raiders of the Lost Ark to Spielberg in 1977 . After the mixed critical and public reaction to Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , Spielberg decided to complete the trilogy to fulfill his promise to Lucas and `` to apologize for the second one '' . The pair had the intention of revitalizing the series by evoking the spirit and tone of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Throughout the film 's development and pre-production , Spielberg admitted he was `` consciously regressing '' in making the film . Due to his commitment to the film , the director had to drop out of directing Big and Rain Man . Chris Columbus ' script featured the Monkey King in Africa Lucas initially suggested making the film `` a haunted mansion movie '' , for which Romancing the Stone writer Diane Thomas wrote a script . Spielberg rejected the idea because of the similarity to Poltergeist , which he had co-written and produced . Lucas first introduced the Holy Grail in an idea for the film 's prologue , which was to be set in Scotland . He intended the Grail to have a pagan basis , with the rest of the film revolving around a separate Christian artifact in Africa . Spielberg did not care for the Grail idea , which he found too esoteric , even after Lucas suggested giving it healing powers and the ability to grant immortality . In September 1984 , Lucas completed an eight - page treatment titled Indiana Jones and the Monkey King , which he soon followed with an 11 - page outline . The story saw Indiana battling a ghost in Scotland before finding the Fountain of Youth in Africa . Chris Columbus -- who had written the Spielberg - produced Gremlins , The Goonies , and Young Sherlock Holmes -- was hired to write the script . His first draft , dated May 3 , 1985 , changed the main plot device to a Garden of Immortal Peaches . It begins in 1937 , with Indiana battling the murderous ghost of Baron Seamus Seagrove III in Scotland . Indiana travels to Mozambique to aid Dr. Clare Clarke ( a Katharine Hepburn type according to Lucas ) , who has found a 200 - year - old pygmy . The pygmy is kidnapped by the Nazis during a boat chase , and Indiana , Clare and Scraggy Brier -- an old friend of Indiana -- travel up the Zambezi river to rescue him . Indiana is killed in the climactic battle but is resurrected by the Monkey King . Other characters include a cannibalistic African tribe ; Nazi Sergeant Gutterbuhg , who has a mechanical arm ; Betsy , a stowaway student who is suicidally in love with Indiana ; and a pirate leader named Kezure ( described as a Toshiro Mifune type ) , who dies eating a peach because he is not pure of heart . Columbus 's second draft , dated August 6 , 1985 , removed Betsy and featured Dash -- an expatriate bar owner for whom the Nazis work -- and the Monkey King as villains . The Monkey King forces Indiana and Dash to play chess with real people and disintegrates each person who is captured . Indiana subsequently battles the undead , destroys the Monkey King 's rod , and marries Clare . Location scouting commenced in Africa but Spielberg and Lucas abandoned Monkey King because of its negative depiction of African natives , and because the script was too unrealistic . Spielberg acknowledged that it made him `` ... feel very old , too old to direct it . '' Columbus 's script was leaked onto the Internet in 1997 , and many believed it was an early draft for the fourth film because it was mistakenly dated to 1995 . Unsatisfied , Spielberg suggested introducing Indiana 's father , Henry Jones , Sr. Lucas was dubious , believing the Grail should be the story 's focus , but Spielberg convinced him that the father -- son relationship would serve as a great metaphor in Indiana 's search for the artifact . Spielberg hired Menno Meyjes , who had worked on Spielberg 's The Color Purple and Empire of the Sun , to begin a new script on January 1 , 1986 . Meyjes completed his script ten months later . It depicted Indiana searching for his father in Montségur , where he meets a nun named Chantal . Indiana travels to Venice , takes the Orient Express to Istanbul , and continues by train to Petra , where he meets Sallah and reunites with his father . Together they find the grail . At the climax , a Nazi villain touches the Grail and explodes ; when Henry touches it , he ascends a stairway to Heaven . Chantal chooses to stay on Earth because of her love for Indiana . In a revised draft dated two months later , Indiana finds his father in Krak des Chevaliers , the Nazi leader is a woman named Greta von Grimm , and Indiana battles a demon at the Grail site , which he defeats with a dagger inscribed with `` God is King '' . The prologue in both drafts has Indiana in Mexico battling for possession of Montezuma 's death mask with a man who owns gorillas as pets . Indiana Jones ( River Phoenix ) finds the Cross of Coronado as a 13 - year - old Boy Scout . Spielberg suggested making Indiana a Boy Scout as both he and Harrison Ford were former Scouts . Spielberg suggested Innerspace writer Jeffrey Boam perform the next rewrite . Boam spent two weeks reworking the story with Lucas , which yielded a treatment that is largely similar to the final film . Boam told Lucas that Indiana should find his father in the middle of the story . `` Given the fact that it 's the third film in the series , you could n't just end with them obtaining the object . That 's how the first two films ended , '' he said , `` So I thought , let them lose the Grail , and let the father -- son relationship be the main point . It 's an archaeological search for Indy 's own identity and coming to accept his father is more what it 's about ( than the quest for the Grail ) . '' Boam said he felt there was not enough character development in the previous films . In Boam 's first draft , dated September 1987 , the film is set in 1939 . The prologue has adult Indiana retrieving an Aztec relic for a museum curator in Mexico and features the circus train . Henry and Elsa ( who is described as having dark hair ) were searching for the Grail on behalf of the Chandler Foundation , before Henry went missing . The character of Kazim is here named Kemal , and is an agent of the Republic of Hatay , which seeks the grail for its own . Kemal shoots Henry and dies drinking from the wrong chalice . The Grail Knight battles Indiana on horseback , while Vogel is crushed by a boulder when stealing the Grail . Boam 's February 23 , 1988 rewrite utilized many of Connery 's comic suggestions . It included the prologue that was eventually filmed ; Lucas had to convince Spielberg to show Indiana as a boy because of the mixed response to Empire of the Sun , which was about a young boy . Spielberg -- who was later awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award -- had the idea of making Indiana a Boy Scout . Indiana 's mother , named Margaret in this version , dismisses Indiana when he returns home with the Cross of Coronado , while his father is on a long distance call . Walter Chandler of the Chandler Foundation features , but is not the main villain ; he plunges to his death in the tank . Elsa introduces Indiana and Brody to a large Venetian family that knows Henry . Leni Riefenstahl appears at the Nazi rally in Berlin . Vogel is beheaded by the traps guarding the Grail . Kemal tries to blow up the Grail Temple during a comic fight in which gunpowder is repeatedly lit and extinguished . Elsa shoots Henry , then dies drinking from the wrong Grail , and Indiana rescues his father from falling into the chasm while grasping for the Grail . Boam 's revision on March 1 showed Henry causing the seagulls to strike the plane , and has Henry saving Indiana at the end . Between an undated `` Amblin '' revision and a rewrite by Tom Stoppard ( under the pen name Barry Watson ) dated May 8 , 1988 , further changes were made . Stoppard polished most of the dialogue , and created the `` Panama Hat '' character to link the prologue 's segments featuring the young and adult Indianas . The Venetian family is cut . Kemal is renamed Kazim and now wants to protect the grail rather than find it . Chandler is renamed Donovan . The scene of Brody being captured is added . Vogel now dies in the tank , while Donovan shoots Henry and then drinks from the false grail , and Elsa falls into the chasm . The Grail trials are expanded to include the stone - stepping and leap of faith . Filming ( edit ) The Double Arch in the Arches National Park in Utah , United States The Bürresheim Castle ( de ) , near Mayen , in the German state of Rhineland - Palatinate , served as the `` Brunwald Castle '' in Austria near the German border Administration Building , on Treasure Island , in San Francisco , California , served as the `` Berlin Airport '' The Mónsul beach in the Cabo de Gata - Níjar Natural Park in Almería , Spain The tank chase was filmed in the Tabernas Desert in Almería , Spain Principal photography began on May 16 , 1988 , in the Tabernas Desert in Spain 's Almería province . Spielberg originally had planned the chase to be a short sequence shot over two days , but he drew up storyboards to make the scene an action - packed centerpiece . Thinking he would not surpass the truck chase from Raiders of the Lost Ark ( because the truck was much faster than the tank ) , he felt this sequence should be more story - based and needed to show Indiana and Henry helping each other . He later said he had more fun storyboarding the sequence than filming it . The second unit had begun filming two weeks before . After approximately ten days , the production moved to Bellas Artes to film the scenes set in the Sultan of Hatay 's palace . Cabo de Gata - Níjar Natural Park was used for the road , tunnel and beach sequence in which birds strike the plane . The Spanish portion of location filming finished on June 2 , 1988 , in Guadix , Granada , with filming of Brody 's capture at İskenderun train station . The filmmakers built a mosque near the station for atmosphere , rather than adding it as a visual effect . Filming for the castle interiors took place in the United Kingdom from June 5 to 10 , 1988 , at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , England . On June 16 Lawrence Hall , London , was used for the airport interiors . Filming returned to Elstree the next day to capture the motorcycle escape , continuing at the studio for interior scenes until July 18 . One day was spent at North Weald Airfield on June 29 to film Indiana leaving for Venice . Ford and Connery acted much of the Zeppelin table conversation without trousers on because of the overheated set . Spielberg , Marshall and Kennedy interrupted the shoot to make a plea to the Parliament of the United Kingdom to support the economically `` depressed '' British studios . July 20 -- 22 was spent filming the temple interiors . The temple set , which took six weeks to build , was supported on 80 feet of hydraulics and ten gimbals for use during the earthquake scene . Resetting between takes took twenty minutes while the hydraulics were put to their starting positions and the cracks filled with plaster . The shot of the Grail falling to the temple floor -- causing the first crack to appear -- was attempted on the full - size set , but proved too difficult . Instead , crews built a separate floor section that incorporated a pre-scored crack sealed with plaster . It took several takes to throw the Grail from six feet onto the right part of the crack . July 25 -- 26 was spent on night shoots at Stowe School , Stowe , Buckinghamshire , for the Nazi rally . Filming resumed two days later at Elstree , where Spielberg swiftly filmed the library , Portuguese freighter , and catacombs sequences . The steamship fight in the prologue 's 1938 portion was filmed in three days on a sixty - by - forty - feet deck built on gimbals at Elstree . A dozen dump tanks -- each holding three hundred imperial gallons ( 360 U.S. gallons ; 3000 lb . ) of water -- were used in the scene . Henry 's house was filmed at Mill Hill , London . Indiana and Kazim 's fight in Venice in front of a ship 's propeller was filmed in a water tank at Elstree . Spielberg used a long focus lens to make it appear the actors were closer to the propeller than they really were . Two days later , on August 4 , another portion of the boat chase using Hacker Craft sport boats , was filmed at Tilbury Docks in Essex . The shot of the boats passing between two ships was achieved by first cabling the ships off so they would be safe . The ships were moved together while the boats passed between , close enough that one of the boats scraped the sides of the ships . An empty speedboat containing dummies was launched from a floating platform between the ships amid fire and smoke that helped obscure the platform . The stunt was performed twice because the boat landed too short of the camera in the first attempt . The following day , filming in England wrapped at the Royal Masonic School in Rickmansworth , which doubled for Indiana 's college ( as it had in Raiders of the Lost Ark ) . Al Khazneh ( The Treasury ) at Petra , Jordan was used for the entrance to the temple housing the Holy Grail Shooting in Venice took place on August 8 . For scenes such as Indiana and Brody greeting Elsa , shots of the boat chase , and Kazim telling Indiana where his father is , Robert Watts gained control of the Grand Canal from 7 am to 1 pm , sealing off tourists for as long as possible . Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe positioned the camera to ensure no satellite dishes would be visible . San Barnaba di Venezia served as the library 's exterior . The next day , filming moved to the ancient city of Petra , Jordan , where Al Khazneh ( The Treasury ) stood in for the temple housing the Grail . The cast and crew became guests of King Hussein and Queen Noor . The Treasury had previously appeared in Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger . The main cast completed their scenes that week , after 63 days of filming . The second unit filmed part of the prologue 's 1912 segment from August 29 to September 3 . The main unit began two days later with the circus train sequence at Alamosa , Colorado , on the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad . They filmed at Pagosa Springs on September 7 , and then at Cortez on September 10 . From September 14 to 16 , filming of Indiana falling into the train carriages took place in Los Angeles . The production then moved to Utah 's Arches National Park to shoot more of the opening . A house in Antonito , Colorado was used for the Jones family home . The production had intended to film at Mesa Verde National Park , but Native American representatives had religious objections to its use . When Spielberg and editor Michael Kahn viewed a rough cut of the film in late 1988 , they felt it suffered from a lack of action . The motorcycle chase was shot during post-production at Mount Tamalpais and Fairfax near Skywalker Ranch . The closing shot of Indiana , Henry , Sallah and Brody riding into the sunset was filmed in Texas in early 1989 . Design ( edit ) Mechanical effects supervisor George Gibbs said the film was the most difficult one of his career . He visited a museum to negotiate renting a small French World War I tank , but decided he wanted to make one . The tank was based on the Tank Mark VIII , which was 36 feet ( 11 m ) long and weighed 28 short tons ( 25 t ) . Gibbs built the tank over the framework of a 28 - short - ton ( 25 t ) excavator and added 7 - short - ton ( 6.4 t ) tracks that were driven by two automatic hydraulic pumps , each connected to a Range Rover V8 engine . Gibbs built the tank from steel rather than aluminum or fiberglass because it would allow the realistically suspensionless vehicle to endure the rocky surfaces . Unlike its historical counterpart , which had only the two side guns , the tank had a turret gun added as well . It took four months to build and was transported to Almería on a Short Belfast plane and then a low loader truck . The tank broke down twice . The distributor 's rotor arm broke and a replacement had to be sourced from Madrid . Then two of the device 's valves used to cool the oil exploded , due to solder melting and mixing with the oil . It was very hot in the tank , despite the installation of ten fans , and the lack of suspension meant the driver was unable to stop shaking during filming breaks . The tank only moved at 10 to 12 miles per hour ( 16 to 19 km / h ) , which Vic Armstrong said made it difficult to film Indiana riding a horse against the tank while making it appear faster . A smaller section of the tank 's top made from aluminum and which used rubber tracks was used for close - ups . It was built from a searchlight trailer , weighed eight tons , and was towed by a four - wheel drive truck . It had safety nets on each end to prevent injury to those falling off . A quarter - scale model by Gibbs was driven over a 50 - foot ( 15 m ) cliff on location ; Industrial Light & Magic created further shots of the tank 's destruction with models and miniatures . Michael Lantieri , mechanical effects supervisor for the 1912 scenes , noted the difficulty in shooting the train sequence . `` You ca n't just stop a train , '' he said , `` If it misses its mark , it takes blocks and blocks to stop it and back up . '' Lantieri hid handles for the actors and stuntmen to grab onto when leaping from carriage to carriage . The carriage interiors shot at Universal Studios Hollywood were built on tubes that inflated and deflated to create a rocking motion . For the close - up of the rhinoceros that strikes at ( and misses ) Indiana , a foam and fiberglass animatronic was made in London . When Spielberg decided he wanted it to move , the prop was sent to John Carl Buechler in Los Angeles , who resculpted it over three days to blink , snarl , snort and wiggle its ears . The giraffes were also created in London . Because steam locomotives are very loud , Lantieri 's crew would respond to first assistant director David Tomblin 's radioed directions by making the giraffes nod or shake their heads to his questions , which amused the crew . For the villains ' cars , Lantieri selected a 1914 Ford Model T , a 1919 Ford Model T truck and a 1916 Saxon Model 14 , fitting each with a Ford Pinto V6 engine . Sacks of dust were hung under the cars to create a dustier environment . Spielberg used doves for the seagulls that Henry scares into striking the German plane because the real gulls used in the first take did not fly . In December 1988 , Lucasfilm ordered 1,000 disease - free gray rats for the catacombs scenes from the company that supplied the snakes and bugs for the previous films . Within five months , 5,000 rats had been bred for the sequence ; 1,000 mechanical rats stood in for those that were set on fire . Several thousand snakes of five breeds -- including a boa constrictor -- were used for the train scene , in addition to rubber ones onto which Phoenix could fall . The snakes would slither from their crates , requiring the crew to dig through sawdust after filming to find and return them . Two lions were used , which became nervous because of the rocking motion and flickering lights . Composite photograph of the tank on location Costume designer Anthony Powell found it a challenge to create Connery 's costume because the script required the character to wear the same clothes throughout . Powell thought about his own grandfather and incorporated tweed suits and fishing hats . Powell felt it necessary for Henry to wear glasses , but did not want to hide Connery 's eyes , so chose rimless ones . He could not find any suitable , so he had them specially made . The Nazi costumes were genuine and were found in Eastern Europe by Powell 's co-designer Joanna Johnston , to whom he gave research pictures and drawings for reference . The motorcycles used in the chase from the castle were a mixed bag : the scout model with sidecar in which Indy and Henry escape was an original Dnepr , complete with machine gun pintle on the sidecar , while the pursuing vehicles were more modern machines dressed up with equipment and logos to make them resemble German army models . Gibbs used Swiss Pilatus P - 2 army training planes standing in for Messerschmitt Bf - 109s . He built a device based on an internal combustion engine to simulate gunfire , which was safer and less expensive than firing blanks . Baking soda was applied to Connery to create Henry 's bullet wound . Vinegar was applied to create the foaming effect as the water from the Grail washes it away . At least one reproduction Kubelwagen was used during filming despite the film being set two years prior to manufacture of said vehicles . Effects ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) built an eight - foot foam model of the Zeppelin to complement shots of Ford and Connery climbing into the biplane . A biplane model with a two - foot wingspan was used for the shot of the biplane detaching . Stop motion animation was used for the shot of the German fighter 's wings breaking off as it crashes through the tunnel . The tunnel was a 210 feet model that occupied 14 of ILM 's parking spaces for two months . It was built in eight - foot sections , with hinges allowing each section to be opened to film through . Ford and Connery were filmed against bluescreen ; the sequence required their car to have a dirty windscreen , but to make the integration easier this was removed and later composited into the shot . Dust and shadows were animated onto shots of the plane miniature to make it appear as if it disturbed rocks and dirt before it exploded . Several hundred tim - birds were used in the background shots of the seagulls striking the other plane ; for the closer shots , ILM dropped feather - coated crosses onto the camera . These only looked convincing because the scene 's quick cuts merely required shapes that suggested gulls . ILM 's Wes Takahashi supervised the film 's effects sequences . Indiana discovers a bridge hidden by camouflage . Ford was filmed in front of a bluescreen for the scene , which was completed by a model of the bridge filmed against a matte painting Spielberg devised the three trials that guard the Grail . For the first , the blades under which Indiana ducks like a penitent man were a mix of practical and miniature blades created by Gibbs and ILM . For the second trial , in which Indiana spells `` Iehova '' on stable stepping stones , it was intended to have a tarantula crawl up Indiana after he mistakenly steps on `` J '' . This was filmed and deemed unsatisfactory , so ILM filmed a stuntman hanging through a hole that appears in the floor , 30 feet above a cavern . As this was dark , it did not matter that the matte painting and models were rushed late in production . The third trial , the leap of faith that Indiana makes over an apparently impassable ravine after discovering a bridge hidden by forced perspective , was created with a model bridge and painted backgrounds . This was cheaper than building a full - size set . A puppet of Ford was used to create a shadow on the 9 - foot - tall ( 2.7 m ) by 13 - foot - wide ( 4.0 m ) model because Ford had filmed the scene against bluescreen , which did not incorporate the shaft of light from the entrance . Spielberg wanted Donovan 's death shown in one shot , so it would not look like an actor having makeup applied between takes . Inflatable pads were applied to Julian Glover 's forehead and cheeks that made his eyes seem to recede during the character 's initial decomposition , as well as a mechanical wig that grew his hair . The shot of Donovan 's death was created over three months by morphing together three puppets of Donovan in separate stages of decay , a technique ILM mastered on Willow ( 1988 ) . A fourth puppet was used for the decaying clothes , because the puppet 's torso mechanics had been exposed . Complications arose because Alison Doody 's double had not been filmed for the scene 's latter two elements , so the background and hair from the first shot had to be used throughout , with the other faces mapped over it . Donovan 's skeleton was hung on wires like a marionette ; it required several takes to film it crashing against the wall because not all the pieces released upon impact . Ben Burtt designed the sound effects . He recorded chickens for the sounds of the rats , and digitally manipulated the noise made by a Styrofoam cup for the castle fire . He rode in a biplane to record the sounds for the dogfight sequence , and visited the demolition of a wind turbine for the plane crashes . Burtt wanted an echoing gunshot for Donovan wounding Henry , so he fired a . 357 Magnum in Skywalker Ranch 's underground car park , just as Lucas drove in . A rubber balloon was used for the earthquake tremors at the temple . The film was released in selected theaters in the 70 mm Full - Field Sound format , which allowed sounds to not only move from side to side , but also from the theater 's front to its rear . Matte paintings of the Austrian castle and German airport were based on real buildings ; the Austrian castle was a small West German castle that was made to look larger . Rain was created by filming granulated Borax soap against black at high speed . It was only lightly double exposed into the shots so it would not resemble snow . The lightning was animated . The airport used was at San Francisco 's Treasure Island , which already had appropriate art deco architecture . ILM added a control tower , Nazi banners , vintage automobiles and a sign stating `` Berlin Flughafen '' . The establishing shot of the Hatayan city at dusk was created by filming silhouetted cutouts that were backlit and obscured by smoke . Matte paintings were used for the sky and to give the appearance of fill light in the shadows and rim light on the edges of the buildings . Themes ( edit ) A son 's relationship with his estranged father is a common theme in Spielberg 's films , including E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Hook . The film 's exploration of fathers and sons coupled with its use of religious imagery is comparable to two other 1989 films , Star Trek V : The Final Frontier and Field of Dreams . Writing for The New York Times , Caryn James felt the combination in these films reflected New Age concerns , where the worship of God was equated to searching for fathers . James felt that neither Indiana or his father is preoccupied with finding the Grail or defeating the evil Nazis , but that , rather , both seek professional respect for one another in their boys ' own adventure . James contrasted the temple 's biblically epic destruction with the more effective and quiet conversation between the Joneses at the film 's end . James noted that Indiana 's mother does not appear in the prologue , being portrayed as already having died before the film 's events began . Cultural references ( edit ) The 1912 prologue refers to events in the lives of Indiana 's creators . When Indiana cracks the bullwhip to defend himself against a lion , he accidentally lashes and scars his chin . Ford gained this scar in a car accident as a young man . Indiana taking his nickname from his pet Alaskan Malamute is a reference to the character being named after Lucas 's dog . The train carriage Indiana enters is named `` Doctor Fantasy 's Magic Caboose '' , which was the name producer Frank Marshall used when performing magic tricks . Spielberg suggested the idea , Marshall came up with the false - bottomed box through which Indiana escapes , and production designer Elliott Scott suggested the trick be done in a single , uninterrupted shot . Spielberg intended the shot of Henry with his umbrella -- after he causes the bird strike on the German plane -- to evoke Ryan 's Daughter . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) See also : Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( soundtrack ) The film 's teaser trailer debuted in November 1988 with Scrooged and The Naked Gun . Rob MacGregor wrote the tie - in novelization that was released in June 1989 ; it sold enough copies to be included on the New York Times Best Seller list . MacGregor went on to write the first six Indiana Jones prequel novels during the 1990s . Following the film 's release , Ford donated Indiana 's fedora and jacket to the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History . No toys were made to promote the film ; Indiana Jones `` never happened on the toy level '' , said Larry Carlat , senior editor of the journal Children 's Business . Rather , Lucasfilm promoted Indiana as a lifestyle symbol , selling tie - in fedoras , shirts , jackets and watches . Two video games based on the film were released by LucasArts in 1989 : Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Graphic Adventure and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Action Game . A third game was produced by Taito and released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System . Ryder Windham wrote another novelization , released in April 2008 by Scholastic , to coincide with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Hasbro released toys based on The Last Crusade in July 2008 . Box Office ( edit ) The film was released in North America on May 24 , 1989 , in 2,327 theaters , earning $29,355,021 in its opening weekend . This was the third - highest opening weekend of 1989 , behind Ghostbusters II and Batman . Its opening day gross of $11,181,429 was the first time a film had made over $10 million on its first day . It broke the record for the best six - day performance , with almost $47 million , added another record with $77 million after twelve days , and $100 million in nineteen days . It grossed $195.7 million by the end of the year and $475 million worldwide by March 1990 . In France , the film broke a record by selling a million admissions within two and a half weeks . The film eventually grossed $197,171,806 in North America and $277 million internationally , for a worldwide total of $474,171,806 . At the time of its release , the film was the 11th highest - grossing film of all time . Despite competition from Batman , The Last Crusade became the highest - grossing film worldwide in 1989 . In North America , Batman took top position . Behind Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and Raiders , The Last Crusade is the third - highest grossing Indiana Jones film in North America , though it is also behind Temple of Doom when adjusting for inflation . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 49 million tickets in North America . Critical response ( edit ) The film opened to mostly positive reviews . It was panned by Andrew Sarris in The New York Observer , David Denby in New York magazine , Stanley Kauffmann in The New Republic and Georgia Brown in The Village Voice . Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader called the film `` soulless '' . The Washington Post reviewed the film twice ; Hal Hinson 's review on the day of the film 's release was negative , describing it as `` nearly all chases and dull exposition '' . Although he praised Ford and Connery , he felt the film 's exploration of Indiana 's character took away his mystery and that Spielberg should not have tried to mature his storytelling . Two days later , Desson Thomson published a positive review praising the film 's adventure and action , as well as the father -- son relationship 's thematic depth . Joseph McBride of Variety observed the `` Cartoonlike Nazi villains of Raiders have been replaced by more genuinely frightening Nazis led by Julian Glover and Michael Byrne , '' and found the moment where Indiana meets Hitler `` chilling '' . In his biography of Spielberg , McBride added the film was less `` racist '' than its predecessors . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said the film was `` the wildest and wittiest Indy of them all '' . Richard Corliss of Time and David Ansen of Newsweek praised it , as did Vincent Canby of The New York Times . `` Though it seems to have the manner of some magically reconstituted B - movie of an earlier era , The Last Crusade is an endearing original , '' Canby wrote , deeming the revelation Indiana had a father who was not proud of him to be a `` comic surprise '' . Canby believed that while the film did not match the previous two in its pacing , it still had `` hilariously off - the - wall sequences '' such as the circus train chase . He also said that Spielberg was maturing by focusing on the father -- son relationship , a call echoed by McBride in Variety . Roger Ebert praised the scene depicting Indiana as a Boy Scout with the Cross of Coronado ; he compared it to the `` style of illustration that appeared in the boys ' adventure magazines of the 1940s '' , saying that Spielberg `` must have been paging through his old issues of Boys ' Life magazine ... the feeling that you can stumble over astounding adventures just by going on a hike with your Scout troop . Spielberg lights the scene in the strong , basic colors of old pulp magazines . '' The Hollywood Reporter felt Connery and Ford deserved Academy Award nominations . The film was evaluated positively after its release . Internet reviewer James Berardinelli wrote that while the film did not reach the heights of Raiders of the Lost Ark , it `` ( avoided ) the lows of The Temple of Doom . A fitting end to the original trilogy , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade captures some of the sense of fun that infused the first movie while using the addition of Sean Connery to up the comedic ante and provide a father / son dynamic . '' Neil Smith of the BBC praised the action , but said the drama and comedy between the Joneses was more memorable . He noted , `` The emphasis on the Jones boys means Julian Glover 's venal villain and Alison Doody 's treacherous beauty are sidelined , while the climax ( becomes ) one booby - trapped tomb too many . '' Based on 55 reviews listed by Rotten Tomatoes , 88 % of critics praised the film , giving it an average score of 8 / 10 . Metacritic calculated an average rating of 65 / 100 , based on 14 reviews . Influence ( edit ) Sean Connery received Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for his performance The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing ; it also received nominations for Best Original Score and Best Sound ( Ben Burtt , Gary Summers , Shawn Murphy and Tony Dawe ) , but lost to The Little Mermaid and Glory respectively . Sean Connery received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Connery and the visual and sound effects teams were also nominated at the 43rd British Academy Film Awards . The film won the 1990 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , and was nominated for Best Motion Picture Drama at the Young Artist Awards . John Williams ' score won a BMI Award , and was nominated for a Grammy Award . The prologue depicting Indiana in his youth inspired Lucas to create The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series , which featured Sean Patrick Flanery as the young adult Indiana and Corey Carrier as the 8 - to 10 - year - old Indiana . The 13 - year - old incarnation played by Phoenix in the film was the focus of a Young Indiana Jones series of young adult novels that began in 1990 ; by the ninth novel , the series had become a tie - in to the television show . German author Wolfgang Hohlbein revisited the 1912 prologue in one of his novels , in which Indiana encounters the lead grave robber -- whom Hohlbein christens Jake -- in 1943 . The film 's ending begins the 1995 comic series Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny , which moves forward to depict Indiana and his father searching for the Holy Lance in Ireland in 1945 . Spielberg intended to have Connery cameo as Henry in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) , but Connery turned it down as he had retired . Shops using imagery from this film and the fourth film to promote themselves outside the entrance to Petra Petra 's use for the movie 's climactic scenes greatly contributed to its popularity as an international tourist destination . Before the film 's release , only a few thousand visitors per year made the trip ; since then it has grown to almost a million annually . Shops and hotels near the site play up the connection , and it is mentioned prominently in itineraries of locations used in the film series . Jordan 's tourism board mentions the connection on its website . In 2012 the satirical news site The Pan-Arabia Enquirer ran a mock story claiming that the board had officially renamed Petra `` That Place from Indiana Jones '' to reflect how the world more commonly refers to it . See also ( edit ) List of films shot in Almería Otto Rahn , German scholar and Holy Grail researcher . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade -- PowerGrind '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hat Trick '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Rinzler , Bouzereau , `` The Monkey King : July 1984 to May 1988 '' , p. 184 - 203 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Corliss ; Elaine Dutka ; Denise Worrell ; Jane Walker ( 1989 - 05 - 29 ) . `` What 's Old Is Gold : A Triumph for Indy '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : McBride , `` An Awfully Big Adventure '' , p. 379 -- 413 ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : An Oral History '' . Empire . May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York City : Harry N. Abrams Inc . pp. 159 -- 165 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casting the Crusaders '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Rinzler , Bouzereau , `` The Professionals : May 1988 to May 1989 '' , p. 204 - 229 . Jump up ^ Knolle , Sharon ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` 25 Things You ( Probably ) Did n't Know About ' Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ' '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Royal ( December 1989 ) . `` Always : An Interview with Steven Spielberg '' . Premiere . pp. 45 -- 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nancy Griffin ( June 1988 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Premiere . Jump up ^ McBride , p. 318 Jump up ^ David Hughes ( November 2005 ) . `` The Long Strange Journey of Indiana Jones IV '' . Empire . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Boam , Jeffrey . `` Indy III '' ( PDF ) . The Raider . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Koski , Genevieve . `` Raiders Of The Lost Ark '' . The Onion AV Club . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Mike . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : Learning from Stoppard '' . Creative Screenwriting Magazine . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filming Family Bonds '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crusade : Viewing Guide '' . Empire . October 2006 . p. 101 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones House - `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' - Antonito , CO - Movie Locations on Waymarking.com `` . waymarking.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Quest 's Completion '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Subject : Wes Ford Takahashi '' . Animators ' Hall of Fame . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2003 ) . The Sound of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Caryn James ( July 9 , 1989 ) . `` It 's a New Age For Father -- Son Relationships '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Last Crusade Opening Salvo '' . Empire . October 2006 . pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz ( January 18 , 1989 ) . `` Makers of ' Jones ' Sequel Offer Teasers and Tidbits '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( September 1989 ) . Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 36161 - 5 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 11 , 1989 ) . `` Paperback Best Sellers : June 11 , 1989 '' . The New York Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Apotheosis '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz ( June 14 , 1989 ) . `` Movie Merchandise : The Rush Is On '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( February 17 , 2008 ) . `` Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe , Hulk , Iron Man , Indy & Clone Wars '' . Superhero Hype ! . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hal Hinson ( May 24 , 1989 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Desson Thomson ( May 26 , 1989 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph McBride ( May 24 , 1989 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Variety . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( June 18 , 1989 ) . `` Spielberg 's Elixir Shows Signs Of Mature Magic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( May 24 , 1989 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . ReelViews . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Neil Smith ( January 8 , 2002 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 62nd Academy Awards ( 1990 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` Will ' Indiana Jones , ' Steven Spielberg and Harrison Ford come swashbuckling back into the awards fight ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 1989 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Hugo Awards '' . Thehugoawards.org . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eleventh Annual Youth in Film Awards 1988 - 1989 '' . Youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams '' ( PDF ) . The Gorfaine / Schwartz Agency , Inc . February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ William McCay ( 1990 ) . Young Indiana Jones and the Plantation Treasure . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 80579 - 6 . Jump up ^ Les Martin ( 1993 ) . Young Indiana Jones and the Titanic Adventure . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 84925 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wolfgang Hohlbein ( 1991 ) . Indiana Jones und das Verschwundene Volk . Goldmann Verlag . ISBN 3 - 442 - 41028 - 2 . Jump up ^ Elaine Lee ( w ) , Dan Spiegle ( p ) . Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny 4 ( April to July 1995 ) , Dark Horse Comics Jump up ^ Lucasfilm ( June 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Indiana Jones Cast Expands '' . IndianaJones.com . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Comer , Douglas ( 2011 ) . Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra : Driver to Development Or Destruction ? . Springer . pp. 5 -- 6 . ISBN 9781461414803 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bulger , Adam ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Indiana Jones ' Favorite Destinations '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` petra '' . Jordan Tourism Board . 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Petra to be renamed ' That Place From Indiana Jones ' '' . The Pan-Arabia Enquirer . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Rinzler , J.W. ; Laurent Bouzereau ( 2008 ) . The Complete Making of Indiana Jones . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192661 - 8 . Joseph McBride ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . New York City : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . Douglas Brode ( 1995 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Citadel . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1540 - 6 . `` Bibliography '' . TheRaider.net . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at LucasFilm.com Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade on IMDb Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at AllMovie Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at Rotten Tomatoes Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at Box Office Mojo Review of Chris Columbus 's first draft Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1993 ) episodes Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones Sr . Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries Books The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Portal Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Television Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 1986 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 1986 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1996 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 2005 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 2014 ) Star Wars Detours ( TBA ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid Graphics Group ( Pixar ) Kerner Optical SoundDroid THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... 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8297802040834295423	2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage	2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage The knockout stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup was the second and final stage of the competition , following the group stage . It began on 30 June with the round of 16 and ended on 15 July with the final match , held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The top two teams from each group ( 16 in total ) advanced to the knockout stage to compete in a single - elimination style tournament . A third place play - off was also played between the two losing teams of the semi-finals . All times listed are local time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Qualified teams 3 Bracket 4 Round of 16 4.1 France vs Argentina 4.2 Uruguay vs Portugal 4.3 Spain vs Russia 4.4 Croatia vs Denmark 4.5 Brazil vs Mexico 4.6 Belgium vs Japan 4.7 Sweden vs Switzerland 4.8 Colombia vs England 5 Quarter - finals 5.1 Uruguay vs France 5.2 Brazil vs Belgium 5.3 Sweden vs England 5.4 Russia vs Croatia 6 Semi-finals 6.1 France vs Belgium 6.2 Croatia vs England 7 Third place play - off 8 Final 9 References 10 External links Format ( edit ) In the knockout stage , if a match was level at the end of 90 minutes of normal playing time , extra time was played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) , where each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution . If still tied after extra time , the match was decided by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners . Qualified teams ( edit ) The top two placed teams from each of the eight groups qualified for the knockout stage . Group Winners Runners - up Uruguay Russia Spain Portugal France Denmark Croatia Argentina Brazil Switzerland Sweden Mexico Belgium England Colombia Japan Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 30 June -- Sochi Uruguay 6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Portugal Uruguay 0 30 June -- Kazan France France 10 July -- Saint Petersburg Argentina France 2 July -- Samara Belgium 0 Brazil 6 July -- Kazan Mexico 0 Brazil 2 July -- Rostov - on - Don Belgium Belgium 15 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Japan France 1 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Croatia Spain 1 ( 3 ) 7 July -- Sochi Russia ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Russia 2 ( 3 ) 1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Croatia ( p ) 2 ( 4 ) Croatia ( p ) 1 ( 3 ) 11 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Denmark 1 ( 2 ) Croatia ( a.e.t. ) 3 July -- Saint Petersburg England Third place play - off Sweden 7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg Switzerland 0 Sweden 0 Belgium 3 July -- Moscow ( Otkritie ) England England 0 Colombia 1 ( 3 ) England ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Round of 16 ( edit ) France vs Argentina ( edit ) Match referee Alireza Faghani presents one of eight yellow cards during the match . The teams had faced each other in 11 previous matches , including two World Cup group stage matches , both won by Argentina ( 1 -- 0 in 1930 , and 2 -- 1 in 1978 ) . After nine minutes , Antoine Griezmann 's 25 - yard free - kick crashed back off Franco Armani 's crossbar . After picking the ball up deep inside his own half , Kylian Mbappé set off on a run that was halted when Marcos Rojo hauled him down just inside the area . Griezmann stepped up and converted from the spot , sending the ball low to Armani 's right . Four minutes before the interval , Ángel Di María shot from distance with his left foot to beat Hugo Lloris into the top right corner of the net . Three minutes after the restart , Éver Banega 's free - kick was headed out towards Lionel Messi whose effort towards goal from the right was diverted past Lloris by Gabriel Mercado with his left leg . Nine minutes later , Lucas Hernández 's cross from the left found Benjamin Pavard , who shot a half - volley from outside the area , sending it into Armani 's top - right corner . Mbappé put France ahead again in the 64th minute when he picked up a loose ball in the left of the area , found a yard of space and fired in low with his left foot under Armani . His second -- a first - time low finish from the right of the penalty area with his right foot -- followed just four minutes later . Sergio Agüero nodded home in the third minute of stoppage time from a Messi cross from the right . Argentina had a final chance to score , but the ball was deflected , dumping them out of the World Cup . This game was hailed as `` one of the greatest World Cup games of all time '' by The Independent . Didier Deschamps is now the longest - serving coach in the history of the French national team , with his 80th game in charge of France , moving ahead of his predecessor Raymond Domenech . Mbappé became the first teenager to score at least twice in a World Cup tournament since Michael Owen in 1998 , and the first teenager to score at least twice in a single World Cup match since Pelé netted twice for Brazil against Sweden in the 1958 final . Argentina are the first team to score at least three goals but still lose a World Cup match since the Soviet Union vs Belgium in 1986 . 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 3 Argentina Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . ) Pavard 57 ' Mbappé 64 ' , 68 ' Report Di María 41 ' Mercado 48 ' Agüero 90 + 3 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) France Argentina GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard 73 ' CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández CM 13 N'Golo Kanté CM 6 Paul Pogba RW 10 Kylian Mbappé 89 ' AM 7 Antoine Griezmann 83 ' LW 14 Blaise Matuidi 72 ' 75 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 90 + 3 ' Substitutions : MF 12 Corentin Tolisso 75 ' FW 18 Nabil Fekir 83 ' FW 20 Florian Thauvin 89 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps GK 12 Franco Armani RB Gabriel Mercado CB 17 Nicolás Otamendi 90 + 3 ' CB 16 Marcos Rojo 11 ' 46 ' LB Nicolás Tagliafico 19 ' CM 15 Enzo Pérez 66 ' CM 14 Javier Mascherano 43 ' CM 7 Éver Banega 50 ' RF 22 Cristian Pavón 75 ' CF 10 Lionel Messi ( c ) LF 11 Ángel Di María Substitutions : DF 6 Federico Fazio 46 ' FW 19 Sergio Agüero 66 ' MF 13 Maximiliano Meza 75 ' Manager : Jorge Sampaoli Man of the Match : Kylian Mbappé ( France ) Assistant referees : Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Fourth official : Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Reserve assistant referee : Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Uruguay vs Portugal ( edit ) The Uruguayan team celebrates after Edinson Cavani scores his team 's second goal in the 62nd minute . The teams had met in two previous matches , most recently in Brazil Independence Cup in 1972 , the match ending in a 1 -- 1 draw . In the seventh minute , Edinson Cavani switched play from right to left with a sweeping pass out to Luis Suárez , who delivered a cross which the former crashed home at the back post from six yards out . In the 55th minute , Raphaël Guerreiro delivered a cross from a short corner on the left , which Pepe finished with a downward header . Just seven minutes later , Rodrigo Bentancur collected the ball around 30 yards out and slipped a pass out to Cavani on the left side of the penalty area , Cavani then shot a curling right - foot strike into the right corner of the net to reclaim the lead for Uruguay . Bernardo Silva shot off - target with the goal gaping after Fernando Muslera 's mistake , with Cavani seeming to pick up an injury in the scramble . Pepe , aged 35 years and 124 days , became Portugal 's oldest goal - scorer at a FIFA World Cup . This is the first time Uruguay have won their opening four games at a World Cup tournament since 1930 , with the fourth game in that run being their 4 -- 2 victory over Argentina in the final . 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal Cavani 7 ' , 62 ' Report Pepe 55 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Uruguay Portugal GK Fernando Muslera RB 22 Martín Cáceres CB José Giménez CB Diego Godín ( c ) LB 17 Diego Laxalt RM 8 Nahitan Nández 81 ' CM 14 Lucas Torreira CM 15 Matías Vecino LM 6 Rodrigo Bentancur 63 ' CF 9 Luis Suárez CF 21 Edinson Cavani 74 ' Substitutions : MF 7 Cristian Rodríguez 63 ' FW 11 Cristhian Stuani 74 ' MF 5 Carlos Sánchez 81 ' Manager : Óscar Tabárez GK Rui Patrício RB 15 Ricardo Pereira CB Pepe CB 6 José Fonte LB 5 Raphaël Guerreiro RM 11 Bernardo Silva CM 14 William Carvalho CM 23 Adrien Silva 65 ' LM 10 João Mário 84 ' CF 17 Gonçalo Guedes 74 ' CF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo ( c ) 90 + 3 ' Substitutions : FW 20 Ricardo Quaresma 65 ' FW 9 André Silva 74 ' MF Manuel Fernandes 84 ' Manager : Fernando Santos Man of the Match : Edinson Cavani ( Uruguay ) Assistant referees : Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) Fourth official : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Reserve assistant referee : Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Video assistant referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Spain vs Russia ( edit ) Marco Asensio ( left ) and Roman Zobnin ( right ) challenge for possession of the ball . The teams had met in six previous games , most recently in a friendly in 2017 , which ended in a 3 -- 3 draw . Playing as the Soviet Union , the teams had faced each other five times . Russia has only had one victory over Spain . In the 12th minute , Isco 's free - kick from deep on the right saw Sergei Ignashevich grappling with Sergio Ramos at the back post , the ball bouncing past Igor Akinfeev off the defender 's heel . Russia were then awarded a penalty when Gerard Piqué handled in the box after a corner from the right . Artem Dzyuba shot home to the right of the net from 12 yards to send the sides into half - time level . In the 85th minute , Akinfeev got down low to his right to save a shot from Andrés Iniesta , the goalkeeper then denied Iago Aspas on the rebound . Piqué and Ramos both appeared to be held from a set - piece but , after a VAR check , the referee waved away Spain 's appeals . In the penalties , Akinfeev kept out a Koke effort and saw Aspas ' effort diverted away by his leg to give Russia the win ; as all Russia 's penalty kicks ended up successful . Spain have now lost three of their four World Cup penalty shootouts ( after losing to Belgium in 1986 , beating the Republic of Ireland in 2002 and losing to South Korea in 2002 ) , and still have never defeated a host nation at FIFA World Cup , after losing to Italy 0 -- 1 in 1934 , Brazil 1 -- 6 in 1950 , and South Korea after penalties in 2002 . Russia have reached the quarter - final of the World Cup for the first time since the break - up of the Soviet Union . Ignashevich became the oldest player to score an own goal at the World Cup , aged 38 years and 352 days . The match marked the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup in which a fourth substitution was made during extra time , after Aleksandr Yerokhin of Russia entered the pitch in the 97th minute . 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Russia Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. ) Report Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas 3 -- 4 Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Spain Russia GK David de Gea RB Nacho 70 ' CB Gerard Piqué 40 ' CB 15 Sergio Ramos ( c ) LB 18 Jordi Alba CM 8 Koke CM 5 Sergio Busquets RW 21 David Silva 67 ' AM 22 Isco LW 20 Marco Asensio 104 ' CF 19 Diego Costa 80 ' Substitutions : MF 6 Andrés Iniesta 67 ' DF Dani Carvajal 70 ' FW 17 Iago Aspas 80 ' FW 9 Rodrigo 104 ' Manager : Fernando Hierro GK Igor Akinfeev ( c ) SW Sergei Ignashevich CB Ilya Kutepov 54 ' CB 13 Fyodor Kudryashov RWB Mário Fernandes LWB 18 Yuri Zhirkov 46 ' CM 19 Aleksandr Samedov 61 ' CM 11 Roman Zobnin 71 ' CM 7 Daler Kuzyayev 97 ' CF 22 Artem Dzyuba 65 ' CF 17 Aleksandr Golovin Substitutions : DF 14 Vladimir Granat 46 ' MF 6 Denis Cheryshev 61 ' FW 10 Fyodor Smolov 65 ' MF 21 Aleksandr Yerokhin 97 ' Manager : Stanislav Cherchesov Man of the Match : Igor Akinfeev ( Russia ) Assistant referees : Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Fourth official : Clément Turpin ( France ) Reserve assistant referee : Nicolas Danos ( France ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Croatia vs Denmark ( edit ) The teams had met in five matches , which includes two matches played in 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification , the first fixture ending in a 1 -- 1 draw and the reverse fixture a 3 -- 1 Denmark win . In the first minute , a long throw into the Croatia penalty area by Jonas Knudsen , allowed a run to Thomas Delaney who touched the ball on to Mathias Jørgensen , who side - footed it into the net via deflections off goalkeeper Danijel Subašić and the post . After three minutes , Šime Vrsaljko 's ball into the box reached Henrik Dalsgaard , whose clearance hit Andreas Christensen in the face and saw Mario Mandžukić tucking the ball between Kasper Schmeichel and the left post with a shot on the turn from six yards . During extra time , Ante Rebić burst clear of the Denmark defence and was felled by Mathias Jørgensen when he was clean through on goal , only for Schmeichel to save Luka Modrić 's spot - kick by diving down to his left and clutching the ball to his chest . In the shoot - out , Subašić tipped off Christian Eriksen 's penalty onto the post but Schmeichel saved from Milan Badelj to bring the sides level . Lasse Schöne 's shot was saved by Subašić and Josip Pivarić was denied by an acrobatic Schmeichel stop . On the final spot kicks for both the teams , Nicolai Jørgensen took a shot from a staggered run - up which Subašić saved with his feet , before Ivan Rakitić slotted the ball into the bottom left corner of the net . Croatia have qualified for their first World Cup quarter - final since 1998 . 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Croatia Denmark GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB Ivan Strinić 81 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 11 Marcelo Brozović 71 ' RW 18 Ante Rebić AM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) LW Ivan Perišić 97 ' CF 17 Mario Mandžukić 108 ' Substitutions : MF 8 Mateo Kovačić 71 ' DF 22 Josip Pivarić 81 ' FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 97 ' MF 19 Milan Badelj 108 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić GK Kasper Schmeichel RB 5 Jonas Knudsen CB Simon Kjær ( c ) CB 13 Mathias Jørgensen 115 ' LB 14 Henrik Dalsgaard CM 6 Andreas Christensen 46 ' CM 8 Thomas Delaney 98 ' CM 10 Christian Eriksen RF 20 Yussuf Poulsen CF 21 Andreas Cornelius 66 ' LF 11 Martin Braithwaite 106 ' Substitutions : MF 19 Lasse Schöne 46 ' FW 9 Nicolai Jørgensen 66 ' MF Michael Krohn - Dehli 98 ' FW 23 Pione Sisto 106 ' Manager : Åge Hareide Man of the Match : Kasper Schmeichel ( Denmark ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Reserve assistant referee : Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Video assistant referee : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Assistant video assistant referees : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Brazil vs Mexico ( edit ) The teams had met in 40 previous matches including two games at CONCACAF Gold Cup finals ( 1996 and 2003 , both won by Mexico ) , the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup Final ( won 4 -- 3 by Mexico ) , and four times in the FIFA World Cup group stage , three won by Brazil and one ending in a draw ( 4 -- 0 in 1950 , 5 -- 0 in 1954 , 2 -- 0 in 1962 and 0 -- 0 in 2014 ) . Hirving Lozano 's half - volley was well blocked by Miranda , while at the other end , Guillermo Ochoa saved Neymar 's drive from just outside the penalty area . After 25 minutes , Neymar raced past Edson Álvarez in the area and forced Ochoa into a save with his left hand . Gabriel Jesus went close in the 33rd minute , finding space in a crowded area and drilling in a left - footed strike that Ochoa palmed away . In the 51st minute , Neymar 's back - heel on the edge of the area teed up Willian for a burst into the box and his scuffed cross from the left was slid into an empty net by Neymar from close range . With two minutes remaining , Neymar powered through on the left and his low effort was diverted by Ochoa 's foot into the path of Roberto Firmino , who tapped the ball into an empty net from close range . Since the introduction of the round of 16 in 1986 , Mexico have been eliminated at this stage of the World Cup seven times -- more than twice as many as any other nation . This was also Mexico 's fourth defeat on the hand of Brazil , and moreover , Mexico had never scored a single goal against Brazil in the FIFA World Cup . 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico Neymar 51 ' Firmino 88 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Brazil Mexico GK Alisson RB 22 Fagner CB Thiago Silva ( c ) CB Miranda LB 6 Filipe Luís 43 ' CM 15 Paulinho 80 ' CM 5 Casemiro 59 ' RW 19 Willian 90 + 1 ' AM 11 Philippe Coutinho 86 ' LW 10 Neymar CF 9 Gabriel Jesus Substitutions : MF 17 Fernandinho 80 ' FW 20 Roberto Firmino 86 ' DF 13 Marquinhos 90 + 1 ' Manager : Tite GK 13 Guillermo Ochoa RB 21 Edson Álvarez 38 ' 55 ' CB Hugo Ayala CB Carlos Salcedo 77 ' LB 23 Jesús Gallardo CM 16 Héctor Herrera 55 ' CM Rafael Márquez ( c ) 46 ' CM 18 Andrés Guardado 90 + 2 ' RF 11 Carlos Vela CF 14 Javier Hernández 60 ' LF 22 Hirving Lozano Substitutions : MF 7 Miguel Layún 46 ' MF 6 Jonathan dos Santos 55 ' FW 9 Raúl Jiménez 60 ' Manager : Juan Carlos Osorio Man of the Match : Neymar ( Brazil ) Assistant referees : Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Fourth official : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Reserve assistant referee : Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Belgium vs Japan ( edit ) Belgium cornerback Jan Vertonghen in possession of the ball during the match . The teams had faced each other in 5 previous matches , including one World Cup group stage match in 2002 , which ended in a 2 -- 2 draw . Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2017 , a 1 -- 0 Belgium win and also Belgium 's first victory over Japan . In the 48th minute , Gaku Shibasaki slipped a pass through to Genki Haraguchi , who rifled a shot across Thibaut Courtois from the right which went into the left corner of the net . After 4 minutes , Japan scored a second , Shinji Kagawa collecting a loose ball and feeding Takashi Inui , the midfielder working himself a yard of space before arrowing home from 25 - yards into the bottom right corner of the net . Jan Vertonghen 's looping header from the left eluded goalkeeper Eiji Kawashima and landed in the right corner of the net after a corner caused chaos in the Japan penalty area -- and five minutes later they were back on level terms . Eden Hazard twisted and turned to create space on the left wing , his cross delivered for Marouane Fellaini to climb above his marker and crash in a downward header . In the last minute of stoppage time , Courtois found Kevin De Bruyne with a long throw , who freed Thomas Meunier with a pass , Meunier squared a low cross from the right and , when Romelu Lukaku dummied the ball , substitute Nacer Chadli was on hand to complete the comeback for Belgium with a low finish . Belgium are the first team to come from two or more goals down to win a World Cup knockout stage match within 90 minutes since Portugal beat DPR Korea in the 1966 quarter - final ( 0 -- 3 down , 5 -- 3 win ) ; and for the first time comeback from two goals down since West Germany 's comeback 3 -- 2 victory over England at 1970 . Japan scored six goals at Russia 2018 , their highest ever tally in a single World Cup tournament . Belgium have reached the World Cup quarter - finals in successive tournaments for the first time . 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 2 Japan Vertonghen 69 ' Fellaini 74 ' Chadli 90 + 4 ' Report Haraguchi 48 ' Inui 52 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 41,466 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Belgium Japan GK Thibaut Courtois CB Toby Alderweireld CB Vincent Kompany CB 5 Jan Vertonghen RM 15 Thomas Meunier CM 7 Kevin De Bruyne CM 6 Axel Witsel LM 11 Yannick Carrasco 65 ' RF 14 Dries Mertens 65 ' CF 9 Romelu Lukaku LF 10 Eden Hazard ( c ) Substitutions : MF 8 Marouane Fellaini 65 ' MF 22 Nacer Chadli 65 ' Manager : Roberto Martínez GK Eiji Kawashima RB 19 Hiroki Sakai CB 22 Maya Yoshida CB Gen Shoji LB 5 Yuto Nagatomo CM 17 Makoto Hasebe ( c ) CM 7 Gaku Shibasaki 40 ' 81 ' RW 8 Genki Haraguchi 81 ' AM 10 Shinji Kagawa LW 14 Takashi Inui CF 15 Yuya Osako Substitutions : MF 16 Hotaru Yamaguchi 81 ' MF Keisuke Honda 81 ' Manager : Akira Nishino Man of the Match : Eden Hazard ( Belgium ) Assistant referees : Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Fourth official : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Reserve assistant referee : Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Video assistant referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Assistant video assistant referees : Clément Turpin ( France ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Sweden vs Switzerland ( edit ) Marcus Berg ( left ) attempts to take possession of the ball away from Johan Djourou ( right ) . The teams had faced each other in 28 previous matches , which includes three matches in 1962 FIFA World Cup qualification , Switzerland winning twice ( 3 -- 2 and 2 -- 1 ) and Sweden winning once ( 4 -- 0 ) , and also twice in 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification , both matches ending in a 2 -- 1 Sweden win . Stephan Lichtsteiner and Fabian Schär were both ruled out through suspension . Albin Ekdal 's volley missed the target prior to the break from a Mikael Lustig cross . Ola Toivonen fired over when well positioned inside the penalty area before Emil Forsberg finally broke the deadlock , his right foot shot from just outside the penalty area clipping Manuel Akanji to beat Yann Sommer . Switzerland sent on forwards Breel Embolo and Haris Seferović , and the latter tested Sweden goalkeeper Robin Olsen with a header in the closing stages . Sweden were denied the chance to double their lead from the spot following Michael Lang 's late dismissal for taking out Martin Olsson , with Sommer beating away Toivonen 's driven free - kick after a lengthy delay . Sweden have qualified for their first World Cup quarter - final since 1994 . Sweden have won back - to - back World Cup matches for the first time since 1958 , when they won the quarter - final and semi-final on their way to the final as host nation that year . Olsen has kept three clean sheets at Russia 2018 , a joint - record for a Swedish goalkeeper in World Cup finals history ( also three clean sheets for Ronnie Hellström in 1974 and Kalle Svensson in 1958 ) . 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 Switzerland Forsberg 66 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,042 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Sweden Switzerland GK Robin Olsen RB Mikael Lustig 31 ' 82 ' CB Victor Lindelöf CB Andreas Granqvist ( c ) LB 6 Ludwig Augustinsson RM 17 Viktor Claesson CM 13 Gustav Svensson CM 8 Albin Ekdal LM 10 Emil Forsberg 82 ' CF 9 Marcus Berg 90 + 1 ' CF 20 Ola Toivonen Substitutions : DF 5 Martin Olsson 82 ' DF 16 Emil Krafth 82 ' FW 22 Isaac Kiese Thelin 90 + 1 ' Manager : Janne Andersson GK Yann Sommer RB 6 Michael Lang 90 + 4 ' CB 20 Johan Djourou CB 5 Manuel Akanji LB 13 Ricardo Rodríguez CM 11 Valon Behrami ( c ) 61 ' CM 10 Granit Xhaka 68 ' RW 23 Xherdan Shaqiri AM 15 Blerim Džemaili 73 ' LW 14 Steven Zuber 73 ' CF 19 Josip Drmić Substitutions : FW 7 Breel Embolo 73 ' FW 9 Haris Seferović 73 ' Manager : Vladimir Petković Man of the Match : Emil Forsberg ( Sweden ) Assistant referees : Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Fourth official : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Reserve assistant referee : Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Video assistant referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Colombia vs England ( edit ) Eric Dier scores the winning goal in England 's first World Cup penalty shoot - out victory , having lost thrice before . The teams had faced each other in five previous matches , including one World Cup group stage match in 1998 , a 2 -- 0 England win . Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2005 , a 3 -- 2 England win . In the 16th minute , Harry Kane arrived beyond the back post to meet a Kieran Trippier cross , but was unable to direct his header on target . Wílmar Barrios was booked when he appeared to headbutt Jordan Henderson in the build - up to a free - kick Trippier bent narrowly wide . Colombia gave away a penalty early in the second half when Carlos Sánchez dragged Kane down in the box after a corner from the right . Kane scored from 12 yards , shooting down the middle to give England the lead . Colombia forced their way into extra-time , Yerry Mina scoring a downward header from a Juan Cuadrado corner from the right . Eric Dier scored the final penalty in the shoot - out , England came from 3 -- 2 down after Mateus Uribe and Carlos Bacca failed to convert their spot - kicks . This was the first time that England had won a penalty shoot - out at the FIFA World Cup , and only the second time they had won on penalties at any major tournament ( the previous occasion being against Spain at Euro 1996 ) . Kane became the first player to score in six consecutive England appearances since Tommy Lawton did so in 1939 . England conceded in injury time at the end of the second half for the first time in World Cup history , with Mina 's goal coming after 92 minutes and 33 seconds . 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Mina 90 + 3 ' Report Kane 57 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca 3 -- 4 Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Colombia England GK David Ospina RB Santiago Arias 52 ' 116 ' CB 13 Yerry Mina CB 23 Dávinson Sánchez LB 17 Johan Mojica CM 5 Wílmar Barrios 41 ' CM 6 Carlos Sánchez 54 ' 79 ' CM 16 Jefferson Lerma 61 ' RW 11 Juan Cuadrado 118 ' LW 20 Juan Fernando Quintero 88 ' CF 9 Radamel Falcao ( c ) 63 ' Substitutions : FW 7 Carlos Bacca 64 ' 61 ' MF 15 Mateus Uribe 79 ' FW 14 Luis Muriel 88 ' DF Cristián Zapata 116 ' Manager : José Pékerman GK Jordan Pickford CB Kyle Walker 113 ' CB 5 John Stones CB 6 Harry Maguire DM 8 Jordan Henderson 56 ' CM 20 Dele Alli 81 ' CM 7 Jesse Lingard 69 ' RM 12 Kieran Trippier LM 18 Ashley Young 102 ' CF 10 Raheem Sterling 88 ' CF 9 Harry Kane ( c ) Substitutions : MF Eric Dier 81 ' FW 11 Jamie Vardy 88 ' DF Danny Rose 102 ' FW 19 Marcus Rashford 113 ' Manager : Gareth Southgate Man of the Match : Harry Kane ( England ) Assistant referees : Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Fourth official : Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Reserve assistant referee : Tevita Makasini ( Tonga ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Uruguay vs France ( edit ) The teams had met in eight previous matches including three times in the FIFA World Cup group stage , one won by Uruguay and the other two ending in a draw ( 2 -- 1 in 1966 , 0 -- 0 in 2002 and 0 -- 0 in 2010 ) . In the 15th minute , after latching on to Olivier Giroud 's knockdown in the box , Kylian Mbappé headed the ball over Fernando Muslera 's crossbar . Five minutes before the break , Antoine Griezmann 's inswinging free - kick from the right was met by Raphaël Varane , who headed the ball into the bottom left corner . Four minutes later , Martín Cáceres ' header was saved by Hugo Lloris low to his right and Diego Godín shot the rebound over . In the 61st minute , Griezmann 's left footed shot from outside the penalty area slipped through Muslera 's hands and into the net as France doubled their lead . Mbappé went down softly under a challenge from Cristian Rodríguez , prompting angry confrontations involving Godín , Nahitan Nández and Paul Pogba . In the 73rd minute , Corentin Tolisso 's shot curled over , while Griezmann also flashed a late free - kick over the top . France have become only the second team to beat three different South American sides in a single World Cup tournament , after the Netherlands in 1974 . France are unbeaten in 10 World Cup matches against South American sides ( W6 D4 ) , since a 2 -- 1 loss v Argentina in 1978 -- the joint longest run alongside Italy ( 1982 to 2010 ) . 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 0 -- 2 France Report Varane 40 ' Griezmann 61 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Uruguay France GK Fernando Muslera RB 22 Martín Cáceres CB José Giménez CB Diego Godín ( c ) LB 17 Diego Laxalt RM 8 Nahitan Nández 73 ' CM 14 Lucas Torreira CM 15 Matías Vecino LM 6 Rodrigo Bentancur 38 ' 59 ' CF 9 Luis Suárez CF 11 Cristhian Stuani 59 ' Substitutions : FW 18 Maxi Gómez 59 ' MF 7 Cristian Rodríguez 69 ' 59 ' FW 20 Jonathan Urretaviscaya 73 ' Manager : Óscar Tabárez GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández 33 ' CM 6 Paul Pogba CM 13 N'Golo Kanté RW 10 Kylian Mbappé 69 ' 88 ' AM 7 Antoine Griezmann 90 + 3 ' LW 12 Corentin Tolisso 80 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud Substitutions : MF 15 Steven Nzonzi 80 ' FW 11 Ousmane Dembélé 88 ' FW 18 Nabil Fekir 90 + 3 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps Man of the Match : Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reserve assistant referee : Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Brazil vs Belgium ( edit ) Belgium forward Kevin De Bruyne celebrating after the conclusion of the match . The teams had met in four previous matches . Their most recent meeting came in a World Cup knockout stage match in 2002 , Brazil winning 2 -- 0 to advance to the quarter - finals . That match was also the only time the two sides had previously met in a World Cup . Belgium scored from their first corner of the game in the 13th minute , Vincent Kompany flicked on Eden Hazard 's left - wing delivery but the decisive touch came from Fernandinho , who turned the ball past Alisson via his arm . Belgium doubled their lead by breaking from a Brazil corner in the 31st minute , Kevin De Bruyne arrowed a right foot drive across Alisson and into the left corner of the net from the edge of the penalty area after Romelu Lukaku collected the ball , turned and embarked on a 40 - yard run with a pass at the end to free De Bruyne . Brazil 's third change yielded a goal three minutes and 14 seconds after his introduction , Renato Augusto gliding between two Belgium defenders to nod a flicked header past Thibaut Courtois from a Philippe Coutinho cross . Coutinho 's first - time shot flew wide and yet another Neymar penalty appeal was rejected , before he drew a fingertip save from Courtois in the 94th minute . De Bruyne became the 100th player to score at Russia 2018 ( excluding own goals ) . Belgium have reached the World Cup semi-finals for only the second time , losing out to eventual winners Argentina in 1986 . Belgium 's victory was only their second ever against Brazil , and first since a 1963 friendly match in Brussels . This was the first time in 30 matches in all competitions that Brazil had conceded more than once in a game , since a 2 -- 2 draw with Paraguay in March 2016 . 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 2 Belgium Renato Augusto 76 ' Report Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Brazil Belgium GK Alisson RB 22 Fagner 90 ' CB Thiago Silva CB Miranda ( c ) LB 12 Marcelo CM 15 Paulinho 73 ' CM 17 Fernandinho 85 ' RW 19 Willian 46 ' AM 11 Philippe Coutinho LW 10 Neymar CF 9 Gabriel Jesus 58 ' Substitutions : FW 20 Roberto Firmino 46 ' FW 7 Douglas Costa 58 ' MF 8 Renato Augusto 73 ' Manager : Tite GK Thibaut Courtois CB Toby Alderweireld 47 ' CB Vincent Kompany CB 5 Jan Vertonghen RM 15 Thomas Meunier 71 ' CM 8 Marouane Fellaini CM 6 Axel Witsel LM 22 Nacer Chadli 83 ' RF 7 Kevin De Bruyne CF 9 Romelu Lukaku 87 ' LF 10 Eden Hazard ( c ) Substitutions : DF Thomas Vermaelen 83 ' MF 17 Youri Tielemans 87 ' Manager : Roberto Martínez Man of the Match : Kevin De Bruyne ( Belgium ) Assistant referees : Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Fourth official : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Reserve assistant referee : Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Video assistant referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Sweden vs England ( edit ) The teams had faced each other in 23 previous matches , including two times in the group stage of the World Cup , both matches ending in a draw ( 1 -- 1 in 2002 and 2 -- 2 in 2006 ) . Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2012 , a 4 -- 2 Sweden win . England took the lead in the 30th minute , Ashley Young 's outswinging corner from the left found Harry Maguire , goalkeeper Robin Olsen and Ola Toivonen on the line were unable to stop the defender 's downward header . Olsen did well with a strong hand to deny Raheem Sterling , who dallied with the rebound and allowed Andreas Granqvist to make a vital block . Shortly after the restart , Jordan Pickford dived to his left to palm away a header from Marcus Berg , who climbed above Young at the back post . In the 58th minute , another England set - piece caused chaos and , although Sweden initially cleared their lines when Jesse Lingard delivered a cross from the right to the back post , Dele Alli was there to double his side 's advantage with a header . John Guidetti teed up strike partner Berg in the 71st minute but Pickford , tipped the effort over the crossbar . Alli 's goal was England 's 11th at Russia 2018 , equalling the country 's record of most goals at a single World Cup set in 1966 . Alli is the second youngest player to score for England at the World Cup ( 22 years and 87 days ) , behind only Michael Owen ( 18 years and 190 days against Romania in 1998 ) . Maguire became the first player to score their first England goal in a World Cup knockout match since Rio Ferdinand in 2002 against Denmark . Pickford made three saves in this match and became the youngest England goalkeeper to keep a clean sheet in a World Cup match ( 24 years and 122 days ) . England qualified for their first World Cup semi-final since 1990 . 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Sweden 0 -- 2 England Report Maguire 30 ' Alli 59 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 39,991 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sweden England GK Robin Olsen RB 16 Emil Krafth 85 ' CB Victor Lindelöf CB Andreas Granqvist ( c ) LB 6 Ludwig Augustinsson RM 17 Viktor Claesson CM 7 Sebastian Larsson 90 + 4 ' CM 8 Albin Ekdal LM 10 Emil Forsberg 65 ' CF 9 Marcus Berg CF 20 Ola Toivonen 65 ' Substitutions : FW 11 John Guidetti 87 ' 65 ' DF 5 Martin Olsson 65 ' DF 18 Pontus Jansson 85 ' Manager : Janne Andersson GK Jordan Pickford CB Kyle Walker CB 5 John Stones CB 6 Harry Maguire 87 ' DM 8 Jordan Henderson 85 ' CM 20 Dele Alli 77 ' CM 7 Jesse Lingard RM 12 Kieran Trippier LM 18 Ashley Young CF 10 Raheem Sterling 90 + 1 ' CF 9 Harry Kane ( c ) Substitutions : DF 17 Fabian Delph 77 ' MF Eric Dier 85 ' FW 19 Marcus Rashford 90 + 1 ' Manager : Gareth Southgate Man of the Match : Jordan Pickford ( England ) Assistant referees : Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Fourth official : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Reserve assistant referee : Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Russia vs Croatia ( edit ) Mario Mandžukić ( left ) makes a cross to Andrej Kramarić ( off screen to right ) , who would then head the ball into the goal to equalise in the 39th minute . The teams had faced each other in three previous matches . Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2015 , a 3 -- 1 Croatia win . In the 31st minute , Denis Cheryshev came in from the left and , after a one - two with Artem Dzyuba , skipped away from Luka Modrić to curl a left foot effort beyond Danijel Subašić and into the left of the net . Six minutes before half - time , Mario Mandžukić advanced down the left to set up the chance for Andrej Kramarić to head home the equaliser . In the first period of extra time , Croatia took the lead as Domagoj Vida nodded down past Igor Akinfeev and into the right corner of the net after a corner from the right . Mário Fernandes drew his team level , converting Alan Dzagoev 's free - kick with a glancing header to the left corner of the net after a free - kick from the right . Penalties were required and while Fyodor Smolov 's Panenka attempt with the first effort was foiled by Subašić , parity was restored when Akinfeev got down to his left to keep out Mateo Kovačić 's second kick for Croatia . After Fernandes ' failure , Modrić 's strike found the net , following touches off Akinfeev 's glove and the post . The decisive penalty fell to Ivan Rakitić , who rolled the ball into the bottom - left corner to give Croatia the win . Russia became the first country in World Cup history to contest two shoot - outs while hosting the event . There were three headed goals in this match -- the most in a World Cup match since Germany 8 -- 0 Saudi Arabia in 2002 ( 5 headers ) . Croatia are the second team to win two penalty shootouts at a single World Cup tournament -- the other was Argentina in 1990 ( against Yugoslavia and Italy ) . Croatia has qualified for the semifinal for the first time since 1998 ( their first World Cup tournament ) . 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Russia Croatia GK Igor Akinfeev ( c ) RB Mário Fernandes CB Ilya Kutepov CB Sergei Ignashevich LB 13 Fyodor Kudryashov CM 11 Roman Zobnin CM 7 Daler Kuzyayev RW 19 Aleksandr Samedov 54 ' AM 17 Aleksandr Golovin 102 ' LW 6 Denis Cheryshev 67 ' CF 22 Artem Dzyuba 79 ' Substitutions : MF 21 Aleksandr Yerokhin 54 ' FW 10 Fyodor Smolov 67 ' MF 8 Yury Gazinsky 109 ' 79 ' MF 9 Alan Dzagoev 102 ' Manager : Stanislav Cherchesov GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko 97 ' CB 6 Dejan Lovren 35 ' CB 21 Domagoj Vida 101 ' LB Ivan Strinić 38 ' 74 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) RW 18 Ante Rebić AM 9 Andrej Kramarić 88 ' LW Ivan Perišić 63 ' CF 17 Mario Mandžukić Substitutions : MF 11 Marcelo Brozović 63 ' DF 22 Josip Pivarić 114 ' 74 ' MF 8 Mateo Kovačić 88 ' DF 5 Vedran Ćorluka 97 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić Man of the Match : Luka Modrić ( Croatia ) Assistant referees : Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Fourth official : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Reserve assistant referee : Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Semi-finals ( edit ) For the first time since 1966 , all multiple World Cup winners were eliminated before the semi-final stage . This is only the second time that neither Brazil nor Germany were in the last four , the other being the inaugural 1930 tournament . With Uruguay and Brazil eliminated in the quarter - finals , an all - European semi-final line up was completed for the fifth time ( after the 1934 , 1966 , 1982 , and 2006 tournaments ) . This also ensured that a European side would win the World Cup for the fourth tournament in a row . France vs Belgium ( edit ) The teams had faced each other in 73 previous matches , including two times in the World Cup , France winning both matches ( 3 -- 1 in the round of 16 in 1938 and 4 -- 2 in the third place play - off in 1986 ) . Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2015 , a 4 -- 3 Belgium win . Eden Hazard twice went close , narrowly missing the target with a low , left - footed drive before seeing a curler with his right deflected over the crossbar by the head of Raphaël Varane . Hugo Lloris ' full - length dive kept out a first - time strike on the turn from Toby Alderweireld , while Thibaut Courtois blocked Benjamin Pavard 's attempt from a tight angle on the right at the other end . Six minutes after the break , Vincent Kompany 's block turned away Olivier Giroud 's shot , and Antoine Griezmann 's inswinging delivery from the right to the front post was turned in by Samuel Umtiti , who outjumped his marker , Marouane Fellaini , to head beyond Courtois . Dries Mertens 's cross from the right flank saw Fellaini narrowly miss the target with a header . Axel Witsel 's long - range drive was pushed away by Lloris as France secured their place into the finals . Didier Deschamps has now managed more games for France at the World Cup than any other previous France manager , overtaking Raymond Domenech and Michel Hidalgo after this match . This was Belgium 's first defeat of any kind since a friendly loss against Spain in September 2016 . France have reached their third World Cup final , also doing so in 1998 and 2006 . Only Germany ( 8 ) and Italy ( 6 ) have reached more among European nations . 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 1 -- 0 Belgium Umtiti 51 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,286 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) France Belgium GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández CM 6 Paul Pogba CM 13 N'Golo Kanté 87 ' RW 10 Kylian Mbappé 90 + 3 ' AM 7 Antoine Griezmann LW 14 Blaise Matuidi 86 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 85 ' Substitutions : MF 15 Steven Nzonzi 85 ' MF 12 Corentin Tolisso 86 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps GK Thibaut Courtois CB Toby Alderweireld 71 ' CB Vincent Kompany CB 5 Jan Vertonghen 90 + 4 ' DM 6 Axel Witsel CM 19 Mousa Dembélé 60 ' CM 8 Marouane Fellaini 80 ' RM 22 Nacer Chadli 90 + 1 ' LM 7 Kevin De Bruyne CF 9 Romelu Lukaku CF 10 Eden Hazard ( c ) 63 ' Substitutions : FW 14 Dries Mertens 60 ' MF 11 Yannick Carrasco 80 ' FW 21 Michy Batshuayi 90 + 1 ' Manager : Roberto Martínez Man of the Match : Samuel Umtiti ( France ) Assistant referees : Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay ) Fourth official : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Reserve assistant referee : Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Croatia vs England ( edit ) The Croatian team and their supporters celebrate after Ivan Perišić 's equalising goal in the 68th minute . The teams had faced each other in seven previous matches , which includes two matches played in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification , England winning on both occasions ( 4 -- 1 and 5 -- 1 ) . Luka Modrić stopped a Dele Alli run , by fouling him at the edge of the area . Kieran Trippier found the top right corner of the net from the resulting free kick with his right foot . After half - time , Ivan Perišić met Šime Vrsaljko 's deep cross from the right with a flying left - footed finish to the left of the net . Soon after , Perišić shot against the right - hand post from the left before Ante Rebić put the rebound into Jordan Pickford 's hands . In extra-time , John Stones had a header cleared off the line by Vrsaljko in the 98th minute . Pickford at the other end , denied Mario Mandžukić at point - blank range after the striker met Perišić 's cross from the left . But Mandžukić came out on top soon after the break , latching on to Perišić 's headed pass on the left and sending a left - footed effort across Pickford to find the bottom - right corner , securing Croatia 's entrance into their first ever World Cup final . Croatia are the first team to avoid defeat after trailing in three knockout matches at a single World Cup . They become the 13th different nation to reach their first World Cup Final . Trippier became the first player to score a direct free - kick for England at the World Cup since David Beckham in 2006 against Ecuador . Trippier 's goal after four minutes and 44 seconds was the fastest goal scored in a World Cup semi-final since 1958 ( Vavá after two minutes for Brazil v France ) . Croatia became the first team to play extra time in three consecutive World Cup matches since England in 1990 . England scored nine goals from set - pieces at the 2018 World Cup -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Croatia England GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB Ivan Strinić 95 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 11 Marcelo Brozović RW 18 Ante Rebić 96 ' 101 ' AM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) 119 ' LW Ivan Perišić CF 17 Mario Mandžukić 48 ' 115 ' Substitutions : DF 22 Josip Pivarić 95 ' FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 101 ' DF 5 Vedran Ćorluka 115 ' MF 19 Milan Badelj 119 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić GK Jordan Pickford CB Kyle Walker 54 ' 112 ' CB 5 John Stones CB 6 Harry Maguire DM 8 Jordan Henderson 97 ' CM 20 Dele Alli CM 7 Jesse Lingard RM 12 Kieran Trippier LM 18 Ashley Young 91 ' CF 10 Raheem Sterling 74 ' CF 9 Harry Kane ( c ) Substitutions : FW 19 Marcus Rashford 74 ' DF Danny Rose 91 ' MF Eric Dier 97 ' FW 11 Jamie Vardy 112 ' Manager : Gareth Southgate Man of the Match : Ivan Perišić ( Croatia ) Assistant referees : Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Fourth official : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Reserve assistant referee : Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Third place play - off ( edit ) The two teams had met in 22 matches , including three matches at the World Cup , one round of 16 game at the 1990 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 1 -- 0 victory for England , one group stage game at the 1954 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 4 -- 4 draw and their most recent encounter in Group G of this tournament which Belgium won 1 -- 0 . After four minutes , Thomas Meunier raced into the box to get across Danny Rose and tucked home Nacer Chadli 's low cross in from the left from six yards out . Harry Kane scuffed wide of the left post , from a Raheem Sterling lay - off . In the 70th minute , Eric Dier burst through for a one - on - one and dinked over Thibaut Courtois , only to see a retreating Toby Alderweireld hack the ball off the line . Jordan Pickford made a one - handed save to deny Meunier in the 80th minute . Eden Hazard scored the second with a near - post finish with his right foot , having been sent clean through by Kevin De Bruyne . Meunier was the 10th player to score for Belgium at Russia 2018 . No other team has had more , equalling France in 1982 and Italy in 2006 . This is Belgium 's best finish at a World Cup , having previously finished fourth in 1986 . This was England 's 100th match at a major tournament -- 69 at the World Cup , 31 at the European Championship . Since 1966 , no player has been involved in more World Cup goals for Belgium than Hazard ( seven -- three goals and four assists ) , level with Jan Ceulemans ( also four goals and three assists ) . 14 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 14 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 2 -- 0 England Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,406 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Belgium England GK Thibaut Courtois CB Toby Alderweireld CB Vincent Kompany CB 5 Jan Vertonghen RM 15 Thomas Meunier CM 17 Youri Tielemans 78 ' CM 6 Axel Witsel 90 + 3 ' LM 22 Nacer Chadli 39 ' RF 7 Kevin De Bruyne CF 9 Romelu Lukaku 60 ' LF 10 Eden Hazard ( c ) Substitutions : DF Thomas Vermaelen 39 ' FW 14 Dries Mertens 60 ' MF 19 Mousa Dembélé 78 ' Manager : Roberto Martínez GK Jordan Pickford CB 16 Phil Jones CB 5 John Stones 52 ' CB 6 Harry Maguire 76 ' DM Eric Dier CM 21 Ruben Loftus - Cheek 84 ' CM 17 Fabian Delph RM 12 Kieran Trippier LM Danny Rose 46 ' CF 10 Raheem Sterling 46 ' CF 9 Harry Kane ( c ) Substitutions : MF 7 Jesse Lingard 46 ' FW 19 Marcus Rashford 46 ' MF 20 Dele Alli 84 ' Manager : Gareth Southgate Man of the Match : Eden Hazard ( Belgium ) Assistant referees : Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Fourth official : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Reserve assistant referee : Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) Video assistant referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Final The match is the sixth meeting between France and Croatia , with France undefeated in the previous fixtures with three wins and two draws . The two sides first met in the 1998 World Cup semi-final , with hosts France winning 2 -- 1 . Their only other competitive meeting was during the group stage of Euro 2004 , which finished as a 2 -- 2 draw . Their next and most recent meeting was in a March 2011 friendly match , which finished as a 0 -- 0 draw . 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) France Croatia GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández 41 ' CM 6 Paul Pogba CM 13 N'Golo Kanté 27 ' 55 ' RW 10 Kylian Mbappé AM 7 Antoine Griezmann LW 14 Blaise Matuidi 73 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 81 ' Substitutions : MF 15 Steven Nzonzi 55 ' MF 12 Corentin Tolisso 73 ' FW 18 Nabil Fekir 81 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko 90 + 2 ' CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB Ivan Strinić 81 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 11 Marcelo Brozović RW 18 Ante Rebić 71 ' AM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) LW Ivan Perišić CF 17 Mario Mandžukić Substitutions : FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 71 ' FW 20 Marko Pjaca 81 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić Man of the Match : Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Reserve assistant referee : Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . 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Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Mirror Football ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Dele Alli and Harry Maguire send Three Lions into World Cup 2018 semi-finals '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Sweden v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Quarter - final -- Sweden v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Webber , Tom ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Rakitic sets up England semi-final showdown '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia through as hosts pay the penalty '' . FIFA.com. 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Patrick ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Russia 2 Croatia 2 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Steven Goff ; Ava Wallace ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Russia is knocked out of World Cup by Croatia , after showing fight no one imagined '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Russia v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Quarter - final -- Russia v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Xiang , Li ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Heavyweights Germany and Brazil wo n't compete in World Cup semi-finals , a first in 88 years '' . CGTN.com . China Global Television Network . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press . `` Belgium holds off Brazil to reach first World Cup semis in 32 years '' . The Sports Network . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Rob ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Umtiti heads Les Bleus into World Cup final '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ `` Umtiti heads France into the Final '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hafez , Shamoon ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` France 1 Belgium 0 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- France v Belgium '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Semi-final -- France v Belgium '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Ryan ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic strike sets up World Cup final with France '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ `` History - maker Mandzukic sends Croatia into first Final '' . FIFA.com. 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- Croatia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Semi-final -- Croatia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Dorman , Matt ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` Meunier , Hazard make history for Martinez 's entertainers '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ `` Hazard , Meunier bag bronze for Belgium '' . FIFA.com. 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` Belgium 2 England 0 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Play - off for third place -- Belgium v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Play - off for third place -- Belgium v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official Documents and Match Documents hide 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_knockout_stage&oldid=850561781 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup Uruguay at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Spain at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Portugal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup France at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Denmark at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Argentina at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Brazil at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Switzerland at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Sweden at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Mexico at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Belgium at the 2018 FIFA World Cup England at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Colombia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Japan at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2018 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 16 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays who in world cup knock out stages	[]	[]
-8601193530311682538	Weather satellite	Weather satellite - wikipedia Weather satellite Jump to : navigation , search GOES - 8 , a United States weather satellite of the meteorological - satellite service The weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth . Satellites can be polar orbiting , covering the entire Earth asynchronously , or geostationary , hovering over the same spot on the equator . Meteorological satellites see more than clouds and cloud systems . City lights , fires , effects of pollution , auroras , sand and dust storms , snow cover , ice mapping , boundaries of ocean currents , energy flows , etc . Other types of environmental information are collected using weather satellites . Weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic ash cloud from Mount St. Helens and activity from other volcanoes such as Mount Etna . Smoke from fires in the western United States such as Colorado and Utah have also been monitored . Other environmental satellites can detect changes in the Earth 's vegetation , sea state , ocean color , and ice fields . For example , the 2002 Prestige oil spill off the northwest coast of Spain was watched carefully by the European ENVISAT , which , though not a weather satellite , flies an instrument ( ASAR ) which can see changes in the sea surface . El Niño and its effects on weather are monitored daily from satellite images . The Antarctic ozone hole is mapped from weather satellite data . Collectively , weather satellites flown by the U.S. , Europe , India , China , Russia , and Japan provide nearly continuous observations for a global weather watch . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Observation 2.1 Visible spectrum 2.2 Infrared spectrum 3 Types 3.1 Geostationary 3.2 Polar orbiting 3.2. 1 DMSP 4 Uses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links HISTORY ( edit ) The first television image of Earth from space from the TIROS - 1 weather satellite in 1960 A mosaic of photographs of the United States from the ESSA - 9 weather satellite , taken on June 26 , 1969 As early as 1946 , the idea of cameras in orbit to observe the weather was being developed . This was due to sparse data observation coverage and the expense of using cloud cameras on rockets . By 1958 , the early prototypes for TIROS and Vanguard ( developed by the Army Signal Corps ) were created . The first weather satellite , Vanguard 2 , was launched on February 17 , 1959 . It was designed to measure cloud cover and resistance , but a poor axis of rotation and its elliptical orbit kept it from collecting a notable amount of useful data . The Explorer VI and VII satellites also contained weather - related experiments . The first weather satellite to be considered a success was TIROS - 1 , launched by NASA on April 1 , 1960 . TIROS operated for 78 days and proved to be much more successful than Vanguard 2 . TIROS paved the way for the Nimbus program , whose technology and findings are the heritage of most of the Earth - observing satellites NASA and NOAA have launched since then . Beginning with the Nimbus 3 satellite in 1969 , temperature information through the tropospheric column began to be retrieved by satellites from the eastern Atlantic and most of the Pacific Ocean , which led to significant improvements to weather forecasts . The ESSA and NOAA polar orbiting satellites followed suit from the late 1960s onward . Geostationary satellites followed , beginning with the ATS and SMS series in the late 1960s and early 1970s , then continuing with the GOES series from the 1970s onward . Polar orbiting satellites such as QuikScat and TRMM began to relay wind information near the ocean 's surface starting in the late 1970s , with microwave imagery which resembled radar displays , which significantly improved the diagnoses of tropical cyclone strength , intensification , and location during the 2000s and 2010s . Observation ( edit ) Observation is typically made via different ' channels ' of the electromagnetic spectrum , in particular , the visible and infrared portions . Some of these channels include : Visible and Near Infrared : 0.6 -- 1.6 μm -- for recording cloud cover during the day Infrared : 3.9 -- 7.3 μm ( water vapor ) , 8.7 -- 13.4 μm ( thermal imaging ) Visible spectrum ( edit ) Visible - light images from weather satellites during local daylight hours are easy to interpret even by the average person ; clouds , cloud systems such as fronts and tropical storms , lakes , forests , mountains , snow ice , fires , and pollution such as smoke , smog , dust and haze are readily apparent . Even wind can be determined by cloud patterns , alignments and movement from successive photos . Infrared spectrum ( edit ) The thermal or infrared images recorded by sensors called scanning radiometers enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types , to calculate land and surface water temperatures , and to locate ocean surface features . Infrared satellite imagery can be used effectively for tropical cyclones with a visible eye pattern , using the Dvorak technique , where the difference between the temperature of the warm eye and the surrounding cold cloud tops can be used to determine its intensity ( colder cloud tops generally indicate a more intense storm ) . Infrared pictures depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream which are valuable to the shipping industry . Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea . Even El Niño phenomena can be spotted . Using color - digitized techniques , the gray shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information . Types ( edit ) The geostationary Himawari 8 satellite 's first true - color composite PNG image Each meteorological satellite is designed to use one of two different classes of orbit : geostationary and polar orbiting . Geostationary ( edit ) `` geostationary meteorological satellite '' redirects here . For the Japanese satellites called `` Geostationary Meteorological Satellite '' , see Himawari ( satellite ) . Geostationary weather satellites orbit the Earth above the equator at altitudes of 35,880 km ( 22,300 miles ) . Because of this orbit , they remain stationary with respect to the rotating Earth and thus can record or transmit images of the entire hemisphere below continuously with their visible - light and infrared sensors . The news media use the geostationary photos in their daily weather presentation as single images or made into movie loops . These are also available on the city forecast pages of www.noaa.gov ( example Dallas , TX ) . Several geostationary meteorological spacecraft are in operation . The United States has three in operation ; GOES - 12 , GOES - 13 , and GOES - 15 . GOES - 12 , previously designated GOES - East and now used for South America , is located at 60 degrees west . GOES - 13 took over the role of GOES - East on April 14 , 2010 and is located at 75 degrees west . GOES - 11 was GOES - West over the eastern Pacific Ocean until it was decommissioned December 2011 and replaced by GOES - 15 . Russia 's new - generation weather satellite Elektro - L No. 1 operates at 76 ° E over the Indian Ocean . The Japanese have the MTSAT - 2 located over the mid Pacific at 145 ° E and the Himawari 8 at 140 ° E. The Europeans have four in operation , Meteosat - 8 ( 3.5 ° W ) and Meteosat - 9 ( 0 ° ) over the Atlantic Ocean and have Meteosat - 6 ( 63 ° E ) and Meteosat - 7 ( 57.5 ° E ) over the Indian Ocean . China currently has three Fengyun ( 风云 ) geostationary satellites ( FY - 2E at 86.5 ° E , FY - 2F at 123.5 ° E , and FY - 2G at 105 ° E ) operated . India also operates geostationary satellites called INSAT which carry instruments for meteorological purposes . Polar orbiting ( edit ) Computer - controlled motorized parabolic dish antenna for tracking LEO weather satellites . Polar orbiting weather satellites circle the Earth at a typical altitude of 850 km ( 530 miles ) in a north to south ( or vice versa ) path , passing over the poles in their continuous flight . Polar orbiting weather satellites are in sun - synchronous orbits , which means they are able to observe any place on Earth and will view every location twice each day with the same general lighting conditions due to the near - constant local solar time . Polar orbiting weather satellites offer a much better resolution than their geostationary counterparts due their closeness to the Earth . The United States has the NOAA series of polar orbiting meteorological satellites , presently NOAA 17 and NOAA 18 as primary spacecraft , NOAA 15 and NOAA 16 as secondary spacecraft , NOAA 14 in standby , and NOAA 12 . Europe has the Metop - A and Metop - B satellites operated by EUMETSAT . Russia has the Meteor and RESURS series of satellites . China has FY - 3A , 3B and 3C. India has polar orbiting satellites as well . DMSP ( edit ) Turnstile antenna for reception of 137 MHz LEO weather satellite transmissions The United States Department of Defense 's Meteorological Satellite ( DMSP ) can `` see '' the best of all weather vehicles with its ability to detect objects almost as ' small ' as a huge oil tanker . In addition , of all the weather satellites in orbit , only DMSP can `` see '' at night in the visual . Some of the most spectacular photos have been recorded by the night visual sensor ; city lights , volcanoes , fires , lightning , meteors , oil field burn - offs , as well as the Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis have been captured by this 450 - mile - high space vehicle 's low moonlight sensor . At the same time , energy use and city growth can be monitored since both major and even minor cities , as well as highway lights , are conspicuous . This informs astronomers of light pollution . The New York City Blackout of 1977 was captured by one of the night orbiter DMSP space vehicles . In addition to monitoring city lights , these photos are a life saving asset in the detection and monitoring of fires . Not only do the satellites see the fires visually day and night , but the thermal and infrared scanners on board these weather satellites detect potential fire sources below the surface of the Earth where smoldering occurs . Once the fire is detected , the same weather satellites provide vital information about wind that could fan or spread the fires . These same cloud photos from space tell the firefighter when it will rain . Some of the most dramatic photos showed the 600 Kuwaiti oil fires that the fleeing Army of Iraq started on February 23 , 1991 . The night photos showed huge flashes , far outstripping the glow of large populated areas . The fires consumed millions of gallons of oil ; the last was doused on November 6 , 1991 . Uses ( edit ) Snowfield monitoring , especially in the Sierra Nevada , can be helpful to the hydrologist keeping track of available snowpack for runoff vital to the watersheds of the western United States . This information is gleaned from existing satellites of all agencies of the U.S. government ( in addition to local , on - the - ground measurements ) . Ice floes , packs and bergs can also be located and tracked from weather space craft . Even pollution whether it is nature - made or man - made can be pinpointed . The visual and infrared photos show effects of pollution from their respective areas over the entire earth . Aircraft and rocket pollution , as well as condensation trails , can also be spotted . The ocean current and low level wind information gleaned from the space photos can help predict oceanic oil spill coverage and movement . Almost every summer , sand and dust from the Sahara Desert in Africa drifts across the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean . GOES - EAST photos enable meteorologists to observe , track and forecast this sand cloud . In addition to reducing visibilities and causing respiratory problems , sand clouds suppress hurricane formation by modifying the solar radiation balance of the tropics . Other dust storms in Asia and mainland China are common and easy to spot and monitor , with recent examples of dust moving across the Pacific Ocean and reaching North America . In remote areas of the world with few local observers , fires could rage out of control for days or even weeks and consume millions of acres before authorities are alerted . Weather satellites can be a tremendous asset in such situations . Nighttime photos also show the burn - off in gas and oil fields . Atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles have been taken by weather satellites since 1969 . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Earth observation satellite List of Earth observation satellites Geostationary orbit Low Earth orbit Satellite temperature measurements References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NESDIS . Satellites . Retrieved on July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NOAA . NOAA Satellites , Scientists Monitor Mt . St. Helens for Possible Eruption . Retrieved on July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Janice Hill ( 1991 ) . Weather From Above : America 's Meteorological Satellites . Smithsonian Institution . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 394 - X . Jump up ^ `` VANGUARD - A HISTORY , CHAPTER 12 , SUCCESS - AND AFTER '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Launches Camera Weather Satellite '' . The Fresno Bee . AP and UPI. April 1 , 1960 . pp. 1a , 4a . Jump up ^ National Environmental Satellite Center ( January 1970 ) . `` SIRS and the Improved Marine Weather Forecast '' . Mariners Weather Log . Environmental Science Services Administration . 14 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ EUMETSAT -- MSG Spectrum ( PDF ) Jump up ^ EUMETSAT -- MFG Payload Jump up ^ A.F. Hasler , K. Palaniappan , C. Kambhammetu , P. Black , E. Uhlhorn , and D. Chesters . High - Resolution Wind Fields within the Inner Core and Eye of a Mature Tropical Cyclone from GOES 1 - min Images . Retrieved on 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chris Landsea . Subject : H1 ) What is the Dvorak technique and how is it used ? Retrieved on January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Service , US Department of Commerce , NOAA , National Weather . `` National Weather Service '' . Jump up ^ `` GOES 12 Spacecraft Status Summary '' . NOAA Satellite and Information Service . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GOES 13 Spacecraft Status Summary '' . NOAA Satellite and Information Service . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GOES 15 Spacecraft Status Summary '' . NOAA Satellite and Information Service . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 卫星运行 '' ( Satellite Operation ) . National Satellite Meteorological Center of CMA ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ann K. Cook ( July 1969 ) . `` The Breakthrough Team '' ( PDF ) . ESSA World . Environmental Satellite Services Administration : 28 -- 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meteorological satellites . Theory Ralph E. Taggard ( 1994 ) . Weather satellite handbook ( 5th edition ) . Newington , CT : American Radio Relay League . ISBN 0 - 87259 - 448 - 3 . Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies Dr. Verner Suomi ( `` father of the geostationary satellite '' ) biography Interpreting Satellite Images -- Suomi Virtual Museum Physical Characteristics of Geostationary and Polar - Orbiting weather satellites NOAA Economics & Social Benefits of POES Data Near realtime composite of satellite image of the Earth by Intellicast International weather satellite viewer Online geostationary weather satellite viewer with 2 months of archived data . Earth at night by NASA EUMETSAT -- the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites NASA Langley Cloud and Radiation Research Near real - time and archived satellite imagery and cloud products . ISCCP Global ISCCP B1 Browse System ( GIBBS ) http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/gibbs/ Government policy Geostationary Weather Satellites : Progress Made , but Weaknesses in Scheduling , Contingency Planning , and Communicating with Users Need To Be Addressed : Report to the Committee on Science , Space , and Technology , House of Representatives Government Accountability Office Polar Weather Satellites : NOAA Identified Ways to Mitigate Data Gaps , but Contingency Plans and Schedules Require Further Attention : Report to the Committee on Science , Space , and Technology , House of Representatives Government Accountability Office Orbital meteorological and remote sensing systems Concepts Defense Weather Satellite System Earth observation satellite Geographic information system ( GIS ) Weather satellite NISAR ICESat - 2 Current projects Earth Observing System ( EOS ) GPM TRMM Landsat 7 QuikSCAT Terra ACRIMSAT NMP / EO - 1 Jason - 1 OSTM / Jason - 2 Jason - 3 Meteor 3M - 1 / Sage III GRACE Aqua SORCE Aura CloudSat CALIPSO NPOESS Megha - Tropiques SARAL IRS ESSP Aquarius Landsat 8 SMAP A-train satellites Aqua Aura CALIPSO CloudSat GCOM - W1 ( Shizuku ) OCO - 2 Copernicus programme Sentinel - 1 Sentinel - 2 Sentinel - 3 Sentinel - 4 Sentinel - 5 Precursor Sentinel - 5 Geostationary meteorological satellites Elektro - L Fengyun - 2 GOES INSAT Meteosat Himawari - 8 Other satellites CBERS COSMO - SkyMed DMSP DMC EROS Fengyun - 3 GOSAT ( Ibuki ) Landsat MetOp Meteor POES RADARSAT - 2 RapidEye Resurs - P SMOS SPOT TerraSAR - X THEOS Former projects Completed ADEOS ( Midori ) ADEOS II ( Midori 2 ) COSMIC ( FORMOSAT - 3 ) Envisat ERS FORMOSAT - 1 FORMOSAT - 2 Geosat GMS ( Himawari ) ICESat IKONOS JERS - 1 ( Fuyo - 1 ) Nimbus PARASOL QuickBird RADARSAT - 1 Seasat SeaWiFS TIROS TOPEX / Poseidon UARS Vanguard Failed OCO Glory Cancelled NMP / EO - 3 Spaceflight General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Asian Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space policy China European Union India Japan Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Private spaceflight Applications Astronomy Earth observation Archaeology Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring Satellite communications Internet Radio Telephone Television Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Militarisation of space Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather Human spaceflight General Astronaut Life support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Weightlessness Space tourism Space colonization Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle -- Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Spacecraft Launch vehicle Rocket Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Lander Rover Self - replicating spacecraft Spacecraft propulsion Rocket engine Electric propulsion Solar sail Gravity assist Destinations Sub-orbital Orbital Geocentric Geosynchronous Interplanetary Interstellar Intergalactic Space launch Direct ascent Escape velocity Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceport Ground segment Flight controller Ground station ( Pass ) Mission control center Space agencies CoNAE AEB CSA CNSA ESA CNES DLR ISRO LAPAN ISA ISA ASI JAXA NADA KARI SUPARCO Roscosmos SNSB SSAU UKSA NASA Portal WikiProject NDL : 00566013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weather_satellite&oldid=809781358 '' Categories : Weather satellites American inventions 1959 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use mdy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 10 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first weather satellite launched into space	[ "As early as 1946, the idea of cameras in orbit to observe the weather was being developed. This was due to sparse data observation coverage and the expense of using cloud cameras on rockets. By 1958, the early prototypes for TIROS and Vanguard (developed by the Army Signal Corps) were created.[3] The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2, was launched on February 17, 1959.[4] It was designed to measure cloud cover and resistance, but a poor axis of rotation and its elliptical orbit kept it from collecting a notable amount of useful data. The Explorer VI and VII satellites also contained weather-related experiments.[3]" ]	[ "February 17, 1959" ]
-5933436404677513692	Music of Cuba	Music of Cuba - wikipedia Music of Cuba Music of Cuba General topics Related articles Genres Afro Afro - Cuban jazz Bolero ( filin ) Canción Chachachá Charanga Conga Contradanza ( habanera ) Criolla Cubatón Danzón Descarga Guajira Guaracha Hip hop Mambo Mozambique Nueva trova Pachanga Pilón Pregón Punto guajiro Rock Rumba ( guaguancó , columbia , yambú , batá - rumba , guarapachangueo ) Son ( montuno ) Songo Timba Trova Specific forms Religious music Abakuá Arará Iyesá Makuta Palo Santería Yuka Traditional music Changüí Coros de clave Kiribá Nengón Tumba francesa Media and performance Music awards Beny Moré Award Nationalistic and patriotic songs National anthem La Bayamesa Regional music Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba and the Dutch Antilles Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bonaire Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Louisiana Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent and Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Virgin Islands The music of Cuba , including its instruments , performance and dance , comprises a large set of unique traditions influenced mostly by west African and European ( especially Spanish ) music . Due to the syncretic nature of most of its genres , Cuban music is often considered one of the richest and most influential regional musics of the world . For instance , the son cubano merges an adapted Spanish guitar ( tres ) , melody , harmony , and lyrical traditions with Afro - Cuban percussion and rhythms . Almost nothing remains of the original native traditions , since the native population was exterminated in the 16th century . Since the 19th century Cuban music has been hugely popular and influential throughout the world . It has been perhaps the most popular form of regional music since the introduction of recording technology . Cuban music has contributed to the development of a wide variety of genre and musical styles around the globe , most notably in Latin America , the Caribbean , West Africa and Europe . Examples include rhumba , Afro - Cuban jazz , salsa , soukous , many West African re-adaptations of Afro - Cuban music ( Orchestra Baobab , Africando ) , Spanish fusion genres ( notably with flamenco ) , and a wide variety of genres in Latin America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 18th and 19th centuries 3 20th - century classical and art music 4 21st - century classical and art music 5 Electroacoustic music in Cuba 6 Classical guitar in Cuba 6.1 From the 16th to the 19th century 6.2 20th century and beyond 6.3 Modern Cuban Guitar School 6.4 New generations 7 Classical piano in Cuba 8 Classical violin in Cuba 8.1 From the 16th to the 18th century 8.2 From the 18th to the 19th century 8.3 From the 20th to the 21st century 8.4 21st century 9 Opera in Cuba 9.1 The 19th century 9.2 From 1901 to 1959 9.3 From 1960 to present time 10 Musicology in Cuba 11 Popular music 11.1 Hispanic heritage 12 Música campesina ( peasant music ) 12.1 Punto guajiro 12.2 Zapateo 12.3 Guajira 12.4 Criolla 13 African heritage 13.1 Origins of Cuban African groups 13.2 Subsequent organization 13.3 African sacred music in Cuba 13.4 Yoruba and Congolese rituals 13.5 Clave 13.6 Cuban Carnival 13.7 Tumba francesa 14 Contradanza 15 Danza 16 Habanera 17 Danzón 18 Danzonete 19 Guaracha 20 Musical theatre 21 Zarzuela 22 Bufo theatre 23 Other theatrical forms 24 The Black Curros ( Negros Curros ) 25 Rumba 26 Rumba and guaracha 27 Urban rumba 28 Coros de Clave 29 Rural rumba 29.1 Characteristics of the rural rumba 30 Proto - son 30.1 Nengón 30.2 Changüí 30.3 Sucu - Sucu 31 Trova 31.1 Bolero 31.2 Canción 32 Tropical waltz 33 Son 34 Cuban jazz 34.1 Early Cuban jazz bands 35 Afro - Cuban jazz 36 Diversification and popularization 36.1 Cuban music enters the United States 36.2 1940s and ' 50s 36.2. 1 The big band era 36.2. 2 Cuban music in the US 37 Mambo 38 Chachachá 39 Filin 40 1960s and 70s 40.1 Revolutionary Cuba and Cuban exiles 40.2 Salsa 40.3 Nueva Trova 41 1980s to the present 41.1 Timba 41.2 Revival projects 41.3 Hip hop 41.4 Cubatón 42 Rock music in Cuba 43 References 44 Sources 45 External links Overview ( edit ) Large numbers of African slaves and European , mostly Spanish , immigrants came to Cuba and brought their own forms of music to the island . European dances and folk musics included zapateo , fandango , paso doble and retambico . Later , northern European forms like minuet , gavotte , mazurka , contradanza , and the waltz appeared among urban whites . There was also an immigration of Chinese indentured laborers later in the 19th century . Ancient print of colonial Havana Fernando Ortiz , the first great Cuban folklorist , described Cuba 's musical innovations as arising from the interplay ( ' transculturation ' ) between African slaves settled on large sugar plantations and Spaniards from different regions such as Andalusia and Canary Islands . The African slaves and their descendants made many percussion instruments and preserved rhythms they had known in their homeland . The most important instruments were the drums , of which there were originally about fifty different types ; today only the bongos , congas and batá drums are regularly seen ( the timbales are descended from kettle drums in Spanish military bands ) . Also important are the claves , two short hardwood batons , and the cajón , a wooden box , originally made from crates . Claves are still used often , and wooden boxes ( cajones ) were widely used during periods when the drum was banned . In addition , there are other percussion instruments in use for African - origin religious ceremonies . Chinese immigrants contributed the corneta china ( Chinese cornet ) , a Chinese reed instrument still played in the comparsas , or carnival groups , of Santiago de Cuba . The great instrumental contribution of the Spanish was their guitar , but even more important was the tradition of European musical notation and techniques of musical composition . Hernando de la Parra 's archives give some of our earliest available information on Cuban music . He reported instruments including the clarinet , violin and vihuela . There were few professional musicians at the time , and fewer still of their songs survive . One of the earliest is Ma Teodora , supposed to be related to a freed slave , Teodora Ginés of Santiago de Cuba , who was famous for her compositions . The piece is said to be similar to 16th - , 17th - and 18th - century Spanish popular songs and dances . Cuban music has its principal roots in Spain and West Africa , but over time has been influenced by diverse genres from different countries . Important among these are France ( and its colonies in the Americas ) , and the United States . Cuban music has been immensely influential in other countries . It contributed not only to the development of jazz and salsa , but also to the Argentine tango , Ghanaian high - life , West African Afrobeat , Dominican Bachata and Merengue , Colombian Cumbia and Spanish Nuevo flamenco and to the Arabo - Cuban music ( Hanine Y Son Cubano ) developed by Michel Elefteriades in the 1990s . The African beliefs and practices certainly influenced Cuba 's music . Polyrhythmic percussion is an inherent part of African music , as melody is part of European music . Also , in African tradition , percussion is always joined to song and dance , and to a particular social setting . The result of the meeting of European and African cultures is that most Cuban popular music is creolized . This creolization of Cuban life has been happening for a long time , and by the 20th century , elements of African belief , music and dance were well integrated into popular and folk forms . 18th and 19th centuries ( edit ) Manuel Saumell Among internationally heralded composers of the `` serious '' genre can be counted the Baroque composer Esteban Salas y Castro ( 1725 -- 1803 ) , who spent much of his life teaching and writing music for the Church . He was followed in the Cathedral of Santiago de Cuba by the priest Juan París ( 1759 -- 1845 ) . París was an exceptionally industrious man , and an important composer . He encouraged continuous and diverse musical events . Aside from rural music and Afro - Cuban folk music , the most popular kind of urban Creole dance music in the 19th century was the contradanza , which commenced as a local form of the English country dance and the derivative French contredanse and Spanish contradanza . While many contradanzas were written for dance , from the mid-century several were written as light - classical parlor pieces for piano . The first distinguished composer in this style was Manuel Saumell ( 1818 -- 1870 ) , who is sometimes accordingly hailed as the father of Cuban creole musical development . According to Helio Orovio , `` After Saumell 's visionary work , all that was left to do was to develop his innovations , all of which profoundly influenced the history of Cuban nationalist musical movements . '' Ignacio Cervantes In the hands of his successor , Ignacio Cervantes Kawanagh , the piano idiom related to the contradanza achieved even greater sophistication . Cervantes was called by Aaron Copland a `` Cuban Chopin '' because of his Chopinesque piano compositions . Cervantes ' reputation today rests almost solely upon his famous forty - one Danzas Cubanas , which Carpentier said , `` ... occupy the place that the Norwegian Dances of Grieg or the Slavic Dances of Dvořák occupy in the musics of their respective countries '' . Cervantes ' never - finished opera , Maledetto , is forgotten . In the 1840s , the habanera emerged as a languid vocal song using the contradanza rhythm . ( Non-Cubans sometimes called Cuban contradanzas `` habaneras . '' ) The habanera went on to become popular in Spain and elsewhere . The Cuban contradanza / danza was also an important influence on the Puerto Rican danza , which went on to enjoy its own dynamic and distinctive career lasting through the 1930s . In Cuba , in the 1880s the contradanza / danza gave birth to the danzón , which effectively superseded it in popularity . Laureano Fuentes ( 1825 -- 1898 ) came from a family of musicians and wrote the first opera to be composed on the island , La hija de Jefté ( Jefte 's daughter ) . This was later lengthened and staged under the title Seila . His numerous works spanned all genres . Gaspar Villate ( 1851 -- 1891 ) produced abundant and wide - ranging work , all centered on opera . José White ( 1836 -- 1918 ) , a mulatto of a Spanish father and an Afrocuban mother , was a composer and a violinist of international merit . He learned to play sixteen instruments , and lived , variously , in Cuba , Latin America and Paris . His most famous work is La bella cubana , a habanera . L.M. Gottschalk During the middle years of the 19th century , a young American musician came to Havana : Louis Moreau Gottschalk ( 1829 -- 1869 ) , whose father was a Jewish businessman from London , and his mother a white creole of French Catholic background . Gottschalk was brought up mostly by his black grandmother and nurse Sally , both from Saint - Domingue . He was a piano prodigy who had listened to the music and seen the dancing in Congo Square , New Orleans from childhood . His period in Cuba lasted from 1853 to 1862 , with visits to Puerto Rico and Martinique squeezed in . He composed many creolized pieces , such as the habanera Bamboula , Op. 2 ( Danse de negres ) ( 1845 ) , the title referring to a bass Afro - Caribbean drum ; El cocoye ( 1853 ) , a version of a rhythmic melody already present in Cuba ; the contradanza Ojos criollos ( Danse cubaine ) ( 1859 ) and a version of María de la O , which refers to a Cuban mulatto singer . These numbers made use of typical Cuban rhythmic patterns . At one of his farewell concerts he played his Adiós a Cuba to huge applause and shouts of ' bravo ! ' Unfortunately , his score for the work has not survived . In February 1860 Gottschalk produced a huge work La nuit des tropiques in Havana . The work used about 250 musicians and a choir of 200 singers plus a tumba francesa group from Santiago de Cuba . He produced another huge concert the following year , with new material . These shows probably dwarfed anything seen in the island before or since , and no doubt were unforgettable for those who attended . 20th - century classical and art music ( edit ) `` Amadeo Roldán ( 1900 -- 1939 ) and Alejandro García Caturla ( 1906 -- 1940 ) were Cuba 's symphonic revolutionaries ( though ) their music is rarely played today '' . They both played a part in Afrocubanismo : the movement in black - themed Cuban culture with origins in the 1920s , and extensively analysed by Fernando Ortiz . Roldan , born in Paris to a Cuban mulatta and a Spanish father , came to Cuba in 1919 and became the concert - master ( first - chair violin ) of the new Orquesta Sinfónica de La Habana in 1922 . There he met Caturla , at sixteen a second violin . Roldan 's compositions included Overture on Cuban themes ( 1925 ) , and two ballets : La Rebambaramba ( 1928 ) and El milagro de Anaquille ( 1929 ) . There followed a series of Ritmicas and Poema negra ( 1930 ) and Tres toques ( march , rites , dance ) ( 1931 ) . In Motivos de son ( 1934 ) he wrote eight pieces for voice and instruments based on the poet Nicolás Guillén 's set of poems with the same title . His last composition was two Piezas infantiles for piano ( 1937 ) . Roldan died young , at 38 , of a disfiguring facial cancer ( he had been an inveterate smoker ) . Alejandro García Caturla After his student days , Caturla lived all his life in the small central town of Remedios , where he became a lawyer to support his growing family . His Tres danzas cubanas for symphony orchestra was first performed in Spain in 1929 . Bembe was premiered in Havana the same year . His Obertura cubana won first prize in a national contest in 1938 . Caturla was murdered at 34 by a young gambler . Gonzalo Roig ( 1890 -- 1970 ) , was a major force in the first half of the century . A composer and orchestral director , he qualified in piano , violin and composition theory . In 1922 he was one of the founders of the National Symphony Orchestra , which he conducted . In 1927 he was appointed Director of the Havana School of Music . As a composer he specialized in the zarzuela , a musical theatre form , very popular up to World War II . In 1931 he co-founded a bufo company ( comic theatre ) at the Marti Theatre in Havana . He was the composer of the most well - known Cuban zarzuela , Cecilia Valdés , based on the famous 19th - century novel about a Cuban mulata . It was premiered in 1932 . He founded various organizations and wrote frequently on musical topics . One of the greatest Cuban pianist / composers of the 20th century was Ernesto Lecuona ( 1895 -- 1963 ) . Lecuona composed over six hundred pieces , mostly in the Cuban vein , and was a pianist of exceptional quality . He was a prolific composer of songs and music for stage and film . His works consisted of zarzuela , Afro - Cuban and Cuban rhythms , suites and many songs that became Latin standards . They include Siboney , Malagueña and The Breeze And I ( Andalucía ) . In 1942 his great hit Always in my heart ( Siempre en mi Corazon ) was nominated for an Oscar for Best Song ; it lost out to White Christmas . The Ernesto Lecuona Symphonic Orchestra performed the premiere of Lecuona 's Black Rhapsody in the Cuban Liberation Day Concert at Carnegie Hall on 10 October 1943 . José Ardévol , Harold Gramatges , Alejo Carpentier Founded in 1942 under the guidance of José Ardévol ( 1911 -- 1981 ) , a Catalan composer established in Cuba since 1930 , the `` Grupo de Renovación Musical '' served as a platform for a group of young composers to develop a proactive movement with the purpose of improving and literally renovating the quality of the Cuban musical environment . During its existence from 1942 to 1948 , the group organized numerous concerts at the Havana Lyceum in order to present their avant - garde compositions to the general public and fostered within its members the development of many future conductors , art critics , performers and professors . They also started a process of investigation and reevaluation of the Cuban music in general , discovering the outstanding work of Carlo Borbolla and promoting the compositions of Saumell , Cervantes , Caturla and Roldán . The `` Grupo de Renovación Musical '' included the following composers : Hilario González , Harold Gramatges , Julián Orbón , Juan Antonio Cámara , Serafín Pro , Virginia Fleites , Gisela Hernández , Enrique Aparicio Bellver , Argeliers León , Dolores Torres and Edgardo Martín . Other contemporary Cuban composers that were little or no related at all to the `` Groupo de Renovación Musical '' were : Aurelio de la Vega , Joaquín Nin - Culmell , Alfredo Diez Nieto and Natalio Galán . Although , in Cuba , many composers have written both classical and popular creole types of music , the distinction became clearer after 1960 , when ( at least initially ) the regime frowned on popular music and closed most of the night - club venues , whilst providing financial support for classical music rather than creole forms . From then on most musicians have kept their careers on one side of the invisible line or the other . After the Cuban Revolution in 1959 , a new crop of classical musicians came onto the scene . The most important of these is guitarist Leo Brouwer , who made significant innovations in classical guitar , and is currently the director of the Havana Symphonic Orchestra . His directorship in the early 1970s of the Cuban Institute of Instrumental and Cinematographic Arts ( ICAIC ) was instrumental in the formation and consolidation of the nueva trova movement . Other important composers from the early post-revolution period that began in 1959 were : Carlos Fariñas and Juan Blanco , a pioneer of `` concrete '' and `` electroacoustic music '' in Cuba . Left row , top to bottom : Armando Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Carlos Malcolm , Juan Piñera . Right row , top to bottom : Flores Chaviano , Magali Ruiz , Danilo Avilés . Closely following the early post-revolution generation , a group of young composers started to attract the attention of the public that attended classical music concerts . Most of them had obtained degrees in reputable Schools outside the country thanks to scholarships granted by the government , like Sergio Fernández Barroso ( also known as Sergio Barroso ) , that received a post-graduate degree from the Superior Academy of Music in Prague , and Roberto Valera , who studied with Witold Rudziński and Andrzej Dobrowolski in Poland . Three other composers belong to this group : Calixto Alvarez , Carlos Malcolm and Hector Angulo . During the early 1970s , a group of musicians and composers , most of them graduated from the National School of Arts and the Havana Conservatory , gathered around an organization recently created by the government as the junior section of UNEAC ( National Writers and Artist 's Union of Cuba ) , the `` Brigada Hermanos Saíz . '' Some of its member were composers Juan Piñera ( nephew of the renowned Cuban writer Virgilio Piñera ) , Flores Chaviano , Armando Rodriguez Ruidiaz , Danilo Avilés , Magaly Ruiz and Efraín Amador Piñero . Other contemporary composers less involved with the organization were José María Vitier , Julio Roloff , Jorge López Marín and José Loyola . Tania León After the Cuban Revolution ( 1959 ) , many future Cuban composers emigrated at a very young age and developed most of their careers outside the country . Within this group are the composers Tania León , Orlando Jacinto García , Armando Tranquilino , Odaline de la Martinez , José Raul Bernardo , Jorge Martín ( composer ) and Raul Murciano . 21st - century classical and art music ( edit ) During the last decades of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century a new generation of composers emerged into the Cuban classical music panorama . Most of them received a solid musical education provided by the official arts school system created by the Cuban government and graduated from the Instituto Superior de Arte ( ISA ) . Some of those composers are Louis Franz Aguirre , Ileana Pérez Velázquez , Keila María Orozco , Viviana Ruiz , Fernando ( Archi ) Rodríguez Alpízar , Yalil Guerra , Eduardo Morales Caso , Ailem Carvajal Gomez. , Irina Escalante Chernova. and Evelin Ramón . All of them have emigrated and currently live and work in other countries . Electroacoustic music in Cuba ( edit ) Juan Blanco was the first Cuban composer to create an electroacoustic piece in 1961 . This first composition , titled `` Musica Para Danza '' , was produced with just an oscillator and three common tape recorders . As a result of the enormous scarcity generated by the Cuban Revolution since its origins in 1959 , access to the necessary technological resources to produce electroacoustic music was always very limited for anyone interested . For this reason , it was not until 1969 that another Cuban composer , Sergio Barroso , dedicated himself to the creation of electroacoustic musical compositions . In 1970 , Juan Blanco began to work as a music advisor for the Department of Propaganda of ICAP ( Insituto Cubano de Amistad con Los Pueblos ) . In this capacity , he created electroacoustic music for all the audiovisual materials produced by ICAP . After nine years working without restitution , Blanco finally obtained financing to set up an Electroacoustic Studio to be used for his work . He was appointed as Director of the Studio , but under the condition that he should be the only one to use the facility . After a few months , and without asking for permission , he opened the Electroacoustic Studio to all composers interested in working with electroacoustic technology , thus creating the ICAP Electroacoustsic Music Workshop ( TIME ) , where he himself provided training to all participants . In 1990 , the ICAP Workshop changed its name to Laboratorio Nacional de Música Electroacústica ( LNME ) and its main objective was to support and promote the work of Cuban electroaocustic composers and sound artists . Some years later , another electroacoustic music studio was created at the Instituto Superior de Arte ( ISA ) . The Estudio de Música Electroacústica y por Computadoras ( EMEC ) , currently named Estudio Carlos Fariñas de Arte Musical ( Carlos Fariñas Studio of Musical Electroacoustic Art ) , is intended to provide electroacoustic music training to the composition students during the last years of their careers . After 1970 , Cuban composers such as Leo Brouwer , Jesús Ortega , Carlos Fariñas and Sergio Vitier began also creating electroacoustic pieces ; and in the 1980s a group of composers that included Edesio Alejandro , Fernando ( Archi ) Rodríguez Alpízar , Marietta Véulens , Mirtha de la Torre , Miguel Bonachea and Julio Roloff , started receiving instruction and working at the ICAP Electroacoustic Studio . A list of Cuban composers that have utilized elecotroacoustics technology include Argeliers León , Juan Piñera , Roberto Valera , José Loyola , Ileana Pérez Velázquez and José Angel Pérez Puentes . Most Cuban composers that established their residence outside Cuba have worked with electroacoustic technology . These include composers Aurelio de la Vega , Armando Tranquilino , Tania León , Orlando Jacinto García , Armando Rodriguez Ruidiaz , Ailem Carvajal and Irina Escalante Chernova . Classical guitar in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Classical Guitar in Cuba From the 16th to the 19th century ( edit ) The guitar ( as it is known today or in one of its historical versions ) has been present in Cuba since the discovery of the island by Spain . As early as the 16th century , a musician named Juan Ortiz , from the village of Trinidad , is mentioned by famous chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo as `` gran tañedor de vihuela y viola '' ( a great performer of the `` vihuela '' - a guitar ancestor - and the viol ) . Another `` vihuelista '' , Alonso Morón from Bayamo , is also mentioned in the Spanish conquest chronicles during the 16th century . A disciple of famous Spanish guitarist Dionisio Aguado , José Prudencio Mungol was the first Cuban guitarist trained in the Spanish guitar tradition . In 1893 he performed at a much acclaimed concert in Havana , after returning from Spain . Mungol actively participated in the musical life of Havana and was a professor at the Hubert de Blanck conservatory . 20th century and beyond ( edit ) Severino López was born in Matanzas . He studied guitar in Cuba with Juan Martín Sabio and Pascual Roch , and in Spain with renowned Catalan guitarist Miguel Llobet . Severino López is considered the initiator in Cuba of the guitar school founded by Francisco Tárrega in Spain . Clara Romero ( 1888 - 1951 ) , founder of the modern Cuban School of Guitar , studied in Spain with Nicolás Prats and in Cuba with Félix Guerrero . She inaugurated the guitar department at the Havana Municipal Conservatory in 1931 , where she also introduced the teachings of the Cuban folk guitar style . She created the Guitar Society of Cuba ( Sociedad Guitarrística de Cuba ) in 1940 , and also the `` Guitar '' ( Guitarra ) magazine , with the purpose of promoting the Society 's activities . She was the professor of many Cuban guitarists including her son Isaac Nicola and her daughter Clara ( Cuqui ) Nicola . After studying with his mother , Clara Romero , at the Havana Municipal Conservatory , Isaac Nicola ( 1916 -- 1997 ) continued his training in Paris with Emilio Pujol , a disciple of Francisco Tárrega . He also studied the vihuela with Pujol and researched about the guitar 's history and literature . Modern Cuban guitar School ( edit ) Leo Brouwer After the Cuban revolution in 1959 , Isaac Nicola and other professors such as Marta Cuervo , Clara ( Cuqui ) Nicola , Marianela Bonet and Leopoldina Núñez were integrated to the national music schools system , where a unified didactical method was implemented . This was a nucleus for the later development of a national Cuban Guitar School with which a new generation of guitarists and composers collaborated . Maybe the most important contribution to the modern Cuban guitar technique and repertoire comes from Leo Brouwer ( born 1939 ) . The grandson of Ernestina Lecuona , sister of Ernesto Lecuona , Brouwer began studying the guitar with his father and after some time continued with Isaac Nicola . He taught himself harmony , counterpoint , musical forms and orchestration before completing his studies at the Juilliard School and the University of Hartford . New generations ( edit ) Renowned Cuban guitar professor Isaac Nicola surrounded by his disciples . From left to right Flores Chaviano , Efraín Amador , Carlos Molina , Mario Daly , Armando Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Roberto Kessel and José Angel Pérez Puentes . Since the 1960s , several generations of guitar performers , professors and composers have been formed under the Cuban Guitar School at educational institutions such as the Havana Municipal Conservatory , the National School of Arts , and the Instituto Superior de Arte . Others , such as Manuel Barrueco , a concertist of international renown , developed their careers outside the country . Among many other guitarists related to the Cuban Guitar School are Carlos Molina , Sergio Vitier , Flores Chaviano , Efraín Amador Piñero , Armando Rodriguez Ruidiaz , Martín Pedreira , Lester Carrodeguas , Mario Daly , José Angel Pérez Puentes and Teresa Madiedo . A younger group includes guitarists Rey Guerra , Aldo Rodríguez Delgado , Pedro Cañas , Leyda Lombard , Ernesto Tamayo , Miguel Bonachea , Joaquín Clerch and Yalil Guerra . Classical piano in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Classical piano in Cuba Ernesto Lecuona After its arrival in Cuba at the end of the 18th century , the pianoforte ( commonly called piano ) rapidly became one of the favorite instruments among the Cuban population . Along with the humble guitar , the piano accompanied the popular Cuban `` guarachas '' and `` contradanzas '' ( derived from the European Country Dances ) at salons and ballrooms in Havana and all over the country . As early as in 1804 , a concert program in Havana announced a vocal concert `` accompanied at the fortepiano by a distinguished foreigner recently arrived '' ... and in 1832 , Juan Federico Edelmann ( 1795 - 1848 ) , a renowned pianist , son of a famous Alsatian composer and pianist , arrived in Havana and gave a very successful concert at the Teatro Principal . Encouraged by the warm welcome , Edelmann decided to stay in Havana , and he was very soon promoted to an important position within the Santa Cecilia Philharmonic Society . In 1836 , he opened a music store and publishing company . One of the most prestigious Cuban musicians , Ernesto Lecuona ( 1895 - 1963 ) , began studying piano with his sister Ernestina and continued with Peyrellade , Saavedra , Nin and Hubert de Blanck . A child prodigy , Lecuona gave a concert , at just five , at the Círculo Hispano . When he graduated from the National Conservatory , he was awarded the First Prize and the Gold Medal of his class by unanimous decision of the board . He is by far the Cuban composer of greatest international recognition and his contributions to the Cuban piano tradition are considered exceptional . Classical violin in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Classical violin in Cuba From the 16th to the 18th century ( edit ) We can find a representation of the bowed strings family in Cuba 's history since a very early stage , because during the 16th century a musician from the Ville of Trinidad , named Juan Ortiz , is mentioned by the chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo as a `` great performer of `` vihuela '' and `` viola '' ( Viol ) . The renaissance viol is the direct ancestor of the modern Italian violins , which began to become popular since the 16th century . On February 8 , 1764 , Esteban Salas y Castro , the new Chapel Master , arrived at the Santiago de Cuba Cathedral . To fulfill his musical duties , Salas counted with a small vocal - instrumental group that included two violins . After the arrival in Santiago de Cuba , in 1793 , of numerous colonists that fled from the slave revolt in Saint Domingue , `` someone named Karl Rischer and a Madame Clarais , that had brought with them a clavichord , founded an orchestra comprised of : flute , oboe , clarinet , trumpet , three horns , three violins , viola , two violoncellos and percussion ... '' . From the 18th to the 19th century ( edit ) During the transition from the 18th to the 19th centuries , the Havanese Ulpiano Estrada ( 1777 -- 1847 ) offered violin lessons and conducted the Teatro Principal orchestra from 1817 to 1820 . Apart from his activity as a violinist , Estrada kept a very active musical career as a conductor of numerous orchestras , bands and operas , and composing many contradanzas and other dance pieces , such as minuets and valses . José Vandergutch , Belgian violinist , arrived at Havana along with his father Juan and brother Francisco , also violinists . They returned at a later time to Belgium , but José established his permanent residence in Havana , where he acquired great recognition . Vandergutch offered numeorus concerts as a soloist and accompanied by several orchestras , around the mid-19th century . He was a member of the Classical Music Association and also a Director of The `` Asociación Musical de Socorro Mutuo de La Habana . '' Within the universe of the classical Cuban violin during the 19th century , there are two outstanding Masters that may be considered among the greatest violin virtuosos of all times ; they are José White Lafitte y Claudio Brindis de Salas Garrido . José White in 1856 , after receiving ana award from the Conservatoire de Paris After receiving his first musical instruction from his father , the virtuoso Cuban violinist José White Lafitte ( 1835 -- 1918 ) offered his first concert in Matanzas on March 21 , 1854 . In that presentation he was accompanied by the famous American pianist and composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk , whom encouraged him to further his musical instruction in Paris , and also collected funds for that purpose . José White studied musical composition in the Conservatoire de Paris from 1855 to 1871 . Just ten months after his arrival he received the First Price in the violin category on the Conservatorie 's contest and was highly praised by Gioachino Rossini . At a later time he was a professor of the renowned violinists George Enescu and Jacques Thibaud . From 1877 to 1889 , White was appointed as Director of the Imperial Conservatory in Rio de Janeiro , Brasil , where he also served as court musician of the Emperor Pedro II . At a later time he returned to Paris where he stayed until his death . The famous violin named `` Swan 's song '' was his preferred instrument and his most famous composition is the Habanera `` La bella cubana '' . White also composed many other pieces , including a concert for violin and orchestra . Claudio José Domingo Brindis de Salas y Garrido , called the `` Black `` Paganini '' posing with his famous Stradivarius Claudio José Domingo Brindis de Salas y Garrido ( 1852 -- 1911 ) was a renowned Cuban vilinist , son of the also famous violinist , double - bassist and conductor Claudio Brindis de Salas ( 1800 - 1972 ) , which conducted one of the most popular orchestras of Havana during the first half of the 19th century , named `` La Concha de Oro '' ( The Golden Conch ) . Claudio José surpassed the fame and expertise of his father and came to acquire international recognition . Claudio Brindis de Salas Garrido began his musical studies with his father and continued with Maestros José Redondo and the Belgian José Vandergutch . He offered his first concert in Havana in 1863 , in which Vandegutch participated as accompanist . The famous pianist and composer Ignacio Cervantes also participated in that event . According with the contemporary critique , Brindis de Salas was considered one of the most outstanding violinists of his time at an international level . Alejo Carpentier referred to him as : `` The most outstanding black violinist from the 19th century ... something without any precedent in the musical history of the continent ... '' . The French government named him member of the Légion d'Honneur , and gave him a nobility title of `` Baron '' . In Buenos Aires he received a genuine Stradivarius , and while living in Berlin he married a German lady , was named Chamber Musician of the Emperor and received an honorary citizenship from that country . Brindis de Salas died poor and forgotten in 1911 from tuberculosis , in Buenos Aires , Argentina . In 1930 his remains were transferred to Havana with great honors . Another outstanding Cuban violinist from the 19th century was Rafael Díaz Albertini ( 1857 -- 1928 ) . He studied violin with José Vandergutch and Anselmo López ( 1841 - 1858 ) , well known Havanese violinist that was dedicated also to music publishing . In 1870 , Albertini travelled to Paris with the purpose of perfecting his technique with famous violinist Jean - Delphin Alard , and in 1875 received First Price in the Paris Contest , in which he subsequently participated as a Juror . He toured extensively through the world , accompanied some times by prestigious Masters such as Hugo Wolf and Camille Saint - Saëns . In 1894 he made presentations , along with Ignacion Cervantes , through the most important cities of Cuba . A list of prominent Cuban violinist from the second half of the 19th century and the first of the 20th may include : Manuel Muñoz Cedeño ( b . 1813 ) , José Domingo Bousquet ( b . 1823 ) , Carlos Anckermann ( b . 1829 ) , Antonio Figueroa ( b . 1852 ) , Ramón Figueroa ( b . 1862 ) , Juan Torroella ( b. 1874 ) , Casimiro Zertucha ( b . 1880 ) , Joaquín Molina ( b . 1884 ) , Marta de La Torre ( 1888 ) , Catalino Arjona ( b . 1895 ) and Diego Bonilla ( 1898 - ) . From the 20th to the 21st century ( edit ) During the first half of the 20th century the name of Amadeo Roldán stands out ( 1900 -- 1939 ) , because apart from an excellent violinist , professor and conductor , Roldán is considered one of the most important Cuban composers of all times . After his graduation at the Conservatoire de Paris in 1935 with just 16 years old , the renowned Cuban violinist Ángel Reyes ( 1919 -- 1988 ) developed a very successful career as a soloist and also accompanied by prestigious orchestras of many countries . He established his residence in the United States at a very young age , obtained an award in the Ysaÿe Contest in Brussels and was a professor at the Michigan and Northwestern Universities , until his retirement in 1985 . Eduardo Hernández Asiaín ( 1911 - 2010 ) was born in Havana , began his musical studies at a very early age and offered his first concert with just seven years old . When he was 14 , he obtained the First Award at the Municipal Conservatory of Havana and was appointed as Concertino of the Havana Symphony Orchestra . In 1932 , he travelled to Madrid to further his musical education with professors Enrique Fernández Arbós and Antonio Fernández Bordas . Since 1954 , Hernández Asiaín performed as a soloist with the orchestras from the Pasdeloup Concert Society and the Radiodiffusion française in Paris , the `` Orquesta Nacional de España '' , the `` Orquesta Sinfónica de Bilbao '' , the `` Orquesta de Cámara de Madrid '' and the `` Orquesta Sinfónica y de Cámara de San Sebastián '' , of which he is the founder . In 1968 , he was appointed as First Violin of the `` Cuarteto Clásico '' of RTVE , participating with pianist Isabel Picaza González in the `` Quinteto Clásico de RNE '' , with which he offered concerts and made numerous recordings in Spain and other countries . He also toured extensively through the US . Other prominent Cuban violinists from the first half of the 20th century are : Robero Valdés Arnau ( 1919 - 1974 ) , Alberto Bolet and Virgilio Diago . After 1959 , already in the post revolutionary period , stands out a Cuban violinist that has made a substantial contribution , not just to the development of the violin and the bowed string instruments , but also to the national musical culture in general . Evelio Tieles began to study music in Cuba with his father , Evelio Tieles Soler , when he was just seven years old , and continued at a later time with professor Joaquín Molina . Between 1952 and 1954 , Tieles studied violin in Paris , France , with Jacques Thibaud and René Benedetti . In 1955 he returned to Paris and studied at the National Superior Music Conservatory in that city , and in 1958 , he continued his musical training at Conservatorio Tchaikovsky in Moscú , where he was a disciple of renowned violinists David Oistrakh and Igor Oistrakh . Tieles graduated in 1963 and by recommendation of the Conservatory he pursued his master 's degree from 1963 to 1966 , with the same mentioned professors . Tieles received also professional training from the prestigious violinists Henryk Szeryng and Eduardo Hernández Asiaín . Evelio Tieles has offered numerous presentations as a concert performer , in a duo with his brother , pianist Cecilio Tieles , or accompanied by the Cuban National Symphony Orchestra and other symphonic and chamber ensembles . He has performed along with prestigious conductors such as Thomas Sanderling , Boris Brott , Enrique González Mántici y Manuel Duchesne Cuzán , among others . Tieles has established his residence in Spain since 1984 , and he teaches violin in the Vila - Seca Conservatory , in the province of Tarragona , where he has been appointed as `` Professor Emeritus '' . He has also served at the Superior Conservatory of the Barcelona Lyceum as Chief of the Chamber Music Department ( 1991 -- 1998 ) , Head of the Division of Bowed String Instruments ( 1986 - 2002 ) and Academic Director ( 2000 -- 2002 ) . Apart from his outstanding career as a concert performer and professor , during the Post-Revolutionary period , Tieles promoted and organized in Cuba the bowed string instruments training , fundamentally for the violin . Another prominent violinist is professor Alla Tarán ( 1941 ) . She was formed as a violinist in her native Ukraine and worked as a professor of Chamber Ensemble Practice . Tarán established her residence in Cuba since 1969 . Alfredo Muñoz ( 1949 ) began studying the violin at Conservatorio Orbon in Havana , Cuba , and subsequently continued at the National School of Arts and the Instituto Superior de Arte ( ISA ) . He joined the National Symphony Orchestra as a violinist in 1972 and since then has been very active as a soloist and a member of the White Trio , in Cuba and abroad . He is currently a professor at the Instituto Superior de Artes ( ISA ) . Other Cuban violinists that have developed their careers between the 20th and the 21st century are : Armando Toledo ( 1950 ) , Julián Corrales ( 1954 ) , Miguel del Castillo and Ricardo Jústiz . 21st century ( edit ) Already at the beginning of the 21st century the violinists Ilmar López - Gavilán , Mirelys Morgan Verdecia , Ivonne Rubio Padrón , Patricia Quintero and Rafael Machado are worthy of note . Opera in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Opera in Cuba Opera has been present in Cuba since the latest part of the 18th century , when the first full - fledged theater , called Coliseo , was built . Since then to present times , the Cuban people have highly enjoyed opera , and many Cuban composers have cultivated the operatic genre , sometimes with great success at an international level . The 19th century ( edit ) The first documented operatic event in Havana took place in 1776 . That presentation was mentioned in a note published in the newspaper Diario de La Habana on December 19 , 1815 : `` ... Today , Wednesday 19th of the current , if the weather allows , the new tragic opera of merit in three acts that contains 17 pieces of music , titled Dido Abandoned will be performed ( ... ) This is one of the premiere dramas from the French theater . In Italy , the one composed by renowned Metastasio deserved a singular applause , and was sung in this city on October 12 , 1776 . '' Cristóbal Martínez Corrés was the first Cuban opera composer , but his Works , such as El diablo contrabandista and Don papanero were never premiered and have n't been preserved until the present time . Born in Havana , in 1822 , composer and pianist Martínez Corrés established his residence together with his family in France when he was just nine years old ; and at a later tame they went to Italy . Due to his premature death , a third opera named Safo , never surpassed an early creative stage . Martínez Corrés died in Genoa , in 1842 . Gaspar Villate y Montes was born in Havana , in 1851 and since an early age he showed a great musical talent . As a child , he began to study piano with Nicolás Ruiz Espadero and in 1867 , when he was just 16 years old , he composed his first opera on a drama by Victor Hugo , titled Angelo , tirano de Padua . A year later , at the beginning of the 1868 war , he travelled to the United States with his family and upon his return to Havana in 1871 he wrote another opera called Las primeras armas de Richelieu . Villate travelled to France with the purpose to continue his music studies in the Paris Conservatory , where he received classes from François Bazin , Victorien de Joncieres and Adolphe Danhauser . He composed numerous instrumental pieces such as contradanzas , habaneras , romances and waltzes , and in 1877 he premiered with great audience acclaim his opera Zilia in Paris , which was presented in Havana in 1881 . Since then , Villate focused his efforts mainly in opera and composed pieces such as La Zarina and Baltazar , premiered at La Haya and Teatro Real de Madrid respectively . It is known that he worked on an opera with a Cuban theme called Cristóbal Colón , but its manuscript has been lost . Villate died in Paris in 1891 , soon after starting to compose a lyrical drama called Lucifer , from which some fragments have been preserved . From 1901 to 1959 ( edit ) Eduardo Sánchez de Fuentes was born in Havana , in 1874 , within an artistic family ; his father was a writer and his mother a pianist and singer . He began his musical studies at Conservatorio Hubert de Blanck and at a later time took classes from Carlos Anckermann . He received also a Law Degree in 1894 . When Sánchez de Fuentes was just 18 years old , he composed the famous Habanera `` Tú '' , which became an extraordinary international success . Alejo Carpentier said it was : `` the most famous Habanera '' . On October 26 , 1898 , Sánchez de Fuentes premiered at the Albisu Theater in Havana his first opera called Yumuri , based on the Island 's colonization theme . In it , an aborigine princess falls in love with a handsome Spanish conqueror , which abducts her at the wedding ceremony with another indigenous character . At the end , while escaping , both suffer a tragic death during an earthquake . Sánchez de Fuentes would go on to compose another five operas : El Náufrago ( 1901 ) , Dolorosa ( 1910 ) , Doreya ( 1918 ) , El Caminante ( 1921 ) and Kabelia ( 1942 ) . From 1960 to present time ( edit ) One of the most active and outstanding composers of his generation , Sergio Fernández Barroso ( also known as Sergio Barroso ) ( 1946 ) , is the author of an opera called La forma del camino , which also possesses the complementary title of s - XIV - 69 ( which means Siglo XIV -- 1969 ) . With an approximate duration of 60 minutes , this piece utilizes as a script a story from the Popol Vuh ( the sacred text of the Maya culture ) about the mythic brothers Hunahpu and Ixbalanqué . The score includes soloists and a choir of nine mixed voices , accompanied by an instrumental group and an electro - acoustic quadraphonic system . The scene requires a stage elevated over the choir spatial position , which members wear dinner jackets , in opposition to the more casual attire of the soloists . All singers wear Indian masks . Most recently the work of two young Cuban composers stand out , Jorge Martín ( composer ) and Louis Franz Aguirre . Jorge Martín ( 1959 ) was born in Santiago de Cuba and established his residence in the US at a very young age . He studied musical composition at the Yale and Columbia Universities . He has composed thre lyric pieces : Beast and Superbeast , a series of four operas in one act each , based on short stories by Saki ; Tobermory , opera in one act that obtained first prize in the Fifth Biennial of the National Opera Association ( USA ) , and has been presented in several cities of the United States ; and Before Night Falls , an opera based on the famous autobiography of the Cuban novelist , playwright and poet Reinaldo Arenas , renowned dissident from the Fidel Castro government . Louis Franz Aguirre ( 1968 ) is currently one of the most prolific and renowned Cuban composers at an international level . His catalog includes four operatic works : Ebbó ( 1998 ) , premiered on January 17 , 1999 , at the Brotfabrik Theater in Bonn , Germany ; Ogguanilebbe ( Liturgy of the divine word ) ( 2005 ) , premiered in the Salla dil Parlamento d'il Castello di Udine , Italy . Yo el Supremo ( Comic play with Dictator in one Act ) , premiered on October 27 , 2015 in the Teatro Galileo , Madrid , Spain and The way the dead love ( Theogony : an operatic manifest ) , commissioned by the Lydenskab Ensemble and financed by KODA , Denmark . Premiered on February 24 , 2017 in Godsbanen , Aarhus , Denmark , as part of the Århus European Capital of Culture 2017 . Musicology in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Musicology in Cuba Alejo Carpentier Throughout the years , the Cuban nation has developed a wealth of musicological material created by numerous investigators and experts on this subject . The work of some authors who provided information about the music in Cuba during the 19th century was usually included in chronicles covering a more general subject . The first investigations and studies specifically dedicated to the musical art and practice did not appear in Cuba until the beginning of the 20th century . A list of important personalities that have contributed to musicological studies in Cuba includes Fernando Ortiz , Eduardo Sánchez de Fuentes , Alejo Carpentier , Argeliers León , Maria Teresa Linares , Pablo Hernández Balaguer , Alberto Muguercia and Zoila Lapique . A second generation of musicologists formed after de Cuban revolution of 1959 include : Zoila Gómez , Victoria Elí , Alberto Alén Pérez , Rolando Antonio Pérez Fernández and Leonardo Acosta . Popular music ( edit ) Hispanic heritage ( edit ) It is obvious that the first popular music played in Cuba after the Spanish conquest was brought by the Spanish conquerors themselves , and was most likely borrowed from the Spanish popular music in vogue during the 16th century . From the 16th to the 18th century some danceable songs that emerged in Spain were associated to Hispanic America , or considered as been originated in America . Some of these songs with picturesque names such as Sarabande , Chaconne , Zambapalo , Retambico and Gurrumbé , among others , shared a common trait , its characteristic rhythm called Hemiola or Sesquiáltera ( in Spain ) . Vertical hemiola . Play ( help info ) This rhythm has been described as the alternation or superposition of a duple meter and a triple meter ( 6 / 8 + 3 / 4 ) , and its utilization was widespread in the Spanish territory since at least the 13th century , where it appears in one of the Cantigas de Santa María ( Como poden per sas culpas ) . Hemiola or Sesquiáltera is also a typical rhythm within the African musical traditions , both from the North of the Continent as from the South . Therefore , it is quite probable that the original song - dances brought by the Spanish to America already included elements from the African culture with which the black slaves that arrived to the Island were familiar ; and they further utilized them in order to create new creole genres . The well known Son de la Ma Teodora , an ancient Cuban song , as well as the first Cuban autochthonous genres , Punto and Zapateo , show the Sesquiáltera rhythm on their accompaniment , which greatly associate those genres to the Spanish song - dances from the 16th to the 18th centuries . Música campesina ( peasant music ) ( edit ) Cuban rural landscape It seems that Punto and Zapateo Cubano were the first autoconous musical genres of the Cuban nation . Although the first printed sample of a Cuban Creole Zapateo ( Zapateo Criollo ) was not published until 1855 in the `` Álbum Regio of Vicente Díaz de Comas '' , it is possible to find references about the existence of those genres since long time before . Its structural characteristics have survived almost unaltered through a period of more than two hundred years and they are usually considered the most typically Hispanic Cuban popular music genres . Cuban musicologists María Teresa Linares , Argeliers León and Rolando Antonio Pérez coincide in thinking that Punto and Zapateo are based on Spanish dance -- songs ( such as chacone and sarabande ) that arrived first at the most important population centers such as Havana and Santiago de Cuba and then spread throughout the surrounding rural areas where they were adopted and modified by the peasant ( campesino ) population at a later time . Punto guajiro ( edit ) Punto guajiro or Punto Cubano , or simply Punto is a sung genre of Cuban music , an improvised poetic - music art that emerged in the western and central regions of Cuba during the 17th century . Although Punto appears to come from an Andalusian origin , it is a true Cuban genre because of its creole modifications . Punto is played by a group with various types of plucked string instruments : the tiple ( a treble guitar currently in disuse ) , the Spanish guitar , the Cuban tres , and the laúd . The word punto refers to the use of a plucked technique ( punteado ) , rather than strumming ( rasgueado ) . Also some percussion instruments have been utilized such as the clave , the güiro and the guayo ( a metallic scraper ) . Singers gather themselves in contending teams , and improvise their lines . They sing fixed melodies called `` tonadas '' which are based on a meter of ten strophe verses called `` décimas '' , with intervals between stanzas to give the singers some time to prepare the next verse . Early compositions were sometimes recorded and published , as were the names of some of the singers and composers . Beginning around 1935 , Punto reached a peak of popularity on Cuban radio . Punto was one of the first Cuban genres recorded by American companies at the beginning of the 20th century , but at a later time the interest decayed and little effort was made to continue recording the live radio performances . A fan of this genre , stenographer Aida Bode , wrote down many verses as they were broadcast and finally , in 1997 , her transcriptions were published in book form . Celina González and Albita Rodríguez both sang Punto at the beginning of their careers , proving that the genre is still alive . Celina had one of the great voices in popular music , and her supporting group Campo Alegre was outstanding . For aficionados , however , Indio Naborí ( Sabio Jesús Orta Ruiz , b . 30 September 1922 ) is the greatest name in Punto for his `` decima '' poetry , which he wrote daily for the radio and newspapers . He is also a published author with several collections of his poetry , much of which has a political nueva trova edge . Zapateo ( edit ) Main article : Zapateo Cuban güiro Zapateo is a typical dance of the Cuban `` campesino '' or `` guajiro , '' of Spanish origin . It is a dance of pairs , involving tapping of the feet , mostly performed by the male partner . Illustrations exist from previous centuries and today it survives cultivated by Folk Music Groups as a fossil genre . It was accompanied by tiple , guitar and güiro , in combined 6 / 8 and 3 / 4 rhythm ( hemiola ) , accented on the first of every three quavers . Guajira ( edit ) Main article : Guajira ( music ) A genre of Cuban song similar to the Punto cubano and the Criolla . It contains bucolic countryside lyrics , similar to décima poetry . Its music shows a mixture of 6 / 8 and 3 / 4 rhythms Hemiola . According to Sánchez de Fuentes , its first section is usually presented in a minor key , and its second section in its direct major relative key . The term Guajira is now used mostly to describe a slow dance music in 4 / 4 time , a fusion of the Guajira ( music ) and the Son ( called Guajira - Son ) . Singer and guitarist Guillermo Portabales was the most outstanding representative of this genre . Criolla ( edit ) Main article : Criolla Criolla is a genre of Cuban music which is closely related to the music of the Cuban Coros de Clave and a genre of Cuban popular music called Clave. ( 1 ) The Clave became a very popular genre in the Cuban vernacular theater and was created by composer Jorge Anckermann based on the style of the Coros de Clave . The Clave served , in turn , as a model for the creation of a new genre called Criolla . According to musicologist Helio Orovio , `` Carmela '' , the first Criolla , was composed by Luis Casas Romero in 1909 , which also created one of the most famous Criollas of all times , `` El Mambí ''. ( 2 ) African heritage ( edit ) Main article : Music of African Heritage in Cuba Origins of Cuban African groups ( edit ) Clearly , the origin of African groups in Cuba is due to the island 's long history of slavery . Compared to the US , slavery started in Cuba much earlier and continued for decades afterwards . Cuba was the last country in the Americas to abolish the importation of slaves , and the second last to free the slaves . In 1807 the British Parliament outlawed slavery , and from then on the British Navy acted to intercept Portuguese and Spanish slave ships . By 1860 the trade with Cuba was almost extinguished ; the last slave ship to Cuba was in 1873 . The abolition of slavery was announced by the Spanish Crown in 1880 , and put into effect in 1886 . Two years later , Brazil abolished slavery . Subsequent organization ( edit ) The roots of most Afro - Cuban musical forms lie in the cabildos , self - organized social clubs for the African slaves , separate cabildos for separate cultures . The cabildos were formed mainly from four groups : the Yoruba ( the Lucumi in Cuba ) ; the Congolese ( Palo in Cuba ) ; Dahomey ( the Fon or Arará ) . Other cultures were undoubtedly present , more even than listed above , but in smaller numbers , and they did not leave such a distinctive presence . Cabildos preserved African cultural traditions , even after the abolition of slavery in 1886 . At the same time , African religions were transmitted from generation to generation throughout Cuba , Haiti , other islands and Brazil . These religions , which had a similar but not identical structure , were known as Lucumi or Regla de Ocha if they derived from the Yoruba , Palo from Central Africa , Vodú from Haiti , and so on . The term Santería was first introduced to account for the way African spirits were joined to Catholic saints , especially by people who were both baptized and initiated , and so were genuinely members of both groups . Outsiders picked up the word and have tended to use it somewhat indiscriminately . It has become a kind of catch - all word , rather like salsa in music . African sacred music in Cuba ( edit ) All these African cultures had musical traditions , which survive erratically to the present day , not always in detail , but in general style . The best preserved are the African polytheistic religions , where , in Cuba at least , the instruments , the language , the chants , the dances and their interpretations are quite well preserved . In what other American countries are the religious ceremonies conducted in the old language ( s ) of Africa ? They certainly are in Lucumí ceremonies , though of course , back in Africa the language has moved on . What unifies all genuine forms of African music is the unity of polyrhythmic percussion , voice ( call - and - response ) and dance in well - defined social settings , and the absence of melodic instruments of an Arabic or European kind . Yoruba and Congolese rituals ( edit ) Main articles : Yoruba people , Lucumi religion , Kongo people , Palo ( religion ) , and Batá Religious traditions of African origin have survived in Cuba , and are the basis of ritual music , song and dance quite distinct from the secular music and dance . The religion of Yoruban origin is known as Lucumí or Regla de Ocha ; the religion of Congolese origin is known as Palo , as in palos del monte . There are also , in the Oriente region , forms of Haitian ritual together with its own instruments , music etc . Clave ( edit ) Main article : clave ( rhythm ) 3 - 2 clave and 2 - 3 clave written in cut - time The clave rhythmic pattern is used as a tool for temporal organization in Afro - Cuban music , such as rumba , conga de comparsa , son , mambo ( music ) , salsa , Latin jazz , songo and timba . The five - stroke clave pattern ( distributed in groups of 3 + 2 or 2 + 3 beats ) represents the structural core of many Afro - Cuban rhythms . Just as a keystone holds an arch in place , the clave pattern holds the rhythm together in Afro - Cuban music . The clave pattern originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions , where it serves essentially the same function as it does in Cuba . The pattern is also found in the African diaspora musics of Haitian Vodou drumming and Afro - Brazilian music . The clave pattern is used in North American popular music as a rhythmic motif or ostinato , or simply a form of rhythmic decoration . Cuban carnival ( edit ) Main article : Cuban Carnival In Cuba , the word comparsa refers to the `` Cabildos de Nación '' neighbourhood groups that took part in the carnival authorized by the Spanish government on the Three Kings Day ( Día de Reyes ) during the colonial period . Conga is of African origin , and derives from street celebrations of the African spirits . The distinction is blurred today , but in the past the congas have been prohibited from time to time . Carnival as a whole was banned by the revolutionary government for many years , and still does not take place with the regularity of old . Conga drums are played ( along with other typical instruments ) in comparsas of all kinds . Santiago de Cuba and Havana were the two main centers for street carnivals . Two types of dance music ( at least ) owe their origin to comparsa music : Conga : an adaptation of comparsa music and dance for social dances . Eliseo Grenet may be the person who first created this music , but it was the Lecuona Cuban Boys who took it around the world . The conga became , and perhaps still is , the best - known Cuban music and dance style for non-latins . Mozambique is a comparsa - type dance music developed by Pello el Afrokan ( Pedro Izquierdo ) in 1963 . It had a brief period of high popularity , peaked in 1965 , and was soon forgotten . Apparently , to make it work properly , it needed 16 drums plus other percussion and dancers ... Tumba francesa ( edit ) Main article : Tumba francesa Immigrants from Haiti settled in Oriente and established their style of music , called Tumba Francesa , which uses its own type of drum , dance and song . It embodies one of the oldest and most tangible links to the Afro - Haitian heritage of Cuba 's Oriente province and developed from an eighteenth - century fusion of music from Dahomey in West Africa and traditional French dances . This fossil genre survives to the present day in Santiago de Cuba and Haiti , performed by specialized folk ensembles . Contradanza ( edit ) Main article : Contradanza The Contradanza is an important precursor of several later popular dances . It arrived in Cuba in the late 18th century from Europe where it had been developed first as the English country dance , and then as the French contradanse . The origin of the word is a corruption of the English term `` country dance '' . Manuel Saumell wrote over fifty contradanzas ( in 2 / 4 or 6 / 8 time ) , in which his rhythmic and melodic inventiveness was astonishing . The Contradanza is a communal sequence dance , with the dance figures conforming to a set pattern . The selection of figures for a particular dance was usually set by a master of ceremonies or dance leader . There were two parts of 16 bars each , danced in a line or square format . The tempo and style of the music was bright and fairly fast . The earliest Cuban creole composition of a Contradanza appeared published in Havana in 1803 and was named San Pascual bailón . This version shows for the first time the well known rhythm of `` Tango '' or `` Habanera '' which differentiates it from the European contradance . The Cubans developed a number of creolized version , such as the `` paseo '' , `` cadena '' , `` sostenido '' and `` cedazo '' . This creolization is an early example of the influence of the African traditions in the Caribbean . Most of the musicians were black or mulatto ( even early in the 19th century there were many freed slaves and mixed race persons living in Cuban towns ) . `` The women of Havana have a furious taste for dancing ; they spend entire nights elevated , agitated , crazy and pouring sweat until they fall spent . '' Rhythm of Tango or Habanera . Play ( help info ) The contradanza supplanted the minuet as the most popular dance until from 1842 on , it gave way to the habanera , a quite different style . Danza ( edit ) This genere , the offspring of the contradanza , was also danced in lines or squares . It was also a brisk form of music and dance in double or triple time . A repeated 8 - bar paseo was followed by two 16 - bar sections called the primera and segunda . One famous composer of danzas was Ignacio Cervantes , whose forty - one danzas cubanas were a landmark in musical nationalism . This type of dance was eventually replaced by the danzón , which was , like the habanera , much slower and more sedate . Habanera ( edit ) Main article : Habanera ( music ) The habanera developed out of the contradanza in the early 19th century . Its great novelty was that it was sung , as well as played and danced . Written in 2 / 4 meter , the Habanera is characterized by an expressive and languid melodious development and its characteristic rhythm called `` Habanera Rhythm . '' The dance style of the habanera is slower and more stately than the danza . By the 1840s habaneras were written , sung , and danced in Mexico , Venezuela , Puerto Rico , and Spain . Since about 1900 the habanera has been a relic dance ; but the music has a period charm , and there are some famous compositions , such as Tú from Eduardo Sánchez de Fuentes , which has been recorded in many versions . Versions of habanera - type compositions have appeared in the music of Ravel , Bizet , Saint - Saëns , Debussy , Fauré , Albeniz . The rhythm is similar to that of the tango , and some believe the habanera is the musical father of the tango . Danzón ( edit ) Main articles : Danzón and Charanga ( Cuba ) Orquesta Enrique Peña . Peña seated left , Barreto ( violin ) and Urfé ( clarinet ) The European influence on Cuba 's later musical development is represented by danzón , an elegant musical form that was once more popular than the Son in Cuba . It is a descendent of the creollized Cuban contradanza . The danzón marks the change from the communal sequence dance style of the late 18th century to the couple dances of later times . The stimulus for this was the success of the once - scandalous walz , where couples danced facing each other , independently from other couples and not as part of a pre-set structure . The danzón was the first Cuban dance to adopt such methods , though there is a difference between the two dances . The walz is a progressive ballroom dance where couples move round the floor in an anti-clockwise direction ; the danzón is a ' pocket - handkerchief ' dance where a couple stays within a small area of the floor . The danzón was developed by Miguel Faílde in Matanzas , the official date of origin being 1879 . Failde 's was an orquesta típica , a form derived from military bands , using brass , kettle - drums etc . The later development of the charanga was more suited to the indoor salon and is an orchestral format still popular today in Cuba and some other countries . The charanga uses double bass , cello , violins , flute , piano , paila criolla and güiro . This change in instrumental set - up is illustrated in Early Cuban bands . Charanga de Antonio ( Papaíto ) Torroella ( 1856 -- 1934 ) From time to time in its ' career ' , the danzón acquired African influences in its musical structure . It became more syncopated , especially in its third part . The credit for this is given to José Urfé , who worked elements of the son into the last part of the danzón in his composition El bombin de Barreto ( 1910 ) . Both the danzón and the charanga line - up have been strongly influential in later developments . The danzón was exported to popular acclaim throughout Latin America , especially Mexico . It is now a relic , both in music and in dance , but its highly orchestrated descendents live on in charangas that Faílde and Urfé would likely not recognize . Juan Formell has had a huge influence through his reorganization of first Orquesta Revé , and later Los Van Van . Danzonete ( edit ) Early Danzons were purely instrumental . The first to introduce a vocal part in a Danzón was Aniceto Díaz ( in 1927 in Matanzas ) , that was called Rompiendo la rutina , thereby creating a new genre called the Danzonete . Later , the black singer Barbarito Diez joined the charanga of Antonio María Romeu in 1935 and , over the years , recorded eleven albums of Danzonetes . All later forms of the Danzón have included vocals . Guaracha ( edit ) Main article : Guaracha María Teresa Vera & Rafael Zequeira On January 20 , 1801 , Buenaventura Pascual Ferrer published a note in a newspaper called `` El Regañón de La Habana , '' in which he refers to certain chants that `` run outside there through vulgar voices '' . Between them he mentioned a `` guaracha '' named `` La Guabina '' , about which he says : `` in the voice of those that sings it , tastes like any thing dirty , indecent or disgusting that you can think about ... '' At a later time , in an undetermined date , `` La Guabina '' appears published between the first musical scores printed in Havana at the beginning of the 19th century . According to the commentaries published in `` El Regañón de La Habana '' , it can be concluded that those `` guarachas '' were very popular within the Havana population at that time , because in the same previously mentioned article the author says : `` ... but most importantly , what bothers me most is the liberty with which a number of chants are sung throughout the streets and town homes , where innocence is insulted and morals offended ... by many individuals , not just of the lowest class , but also by some people that are supposed to be called well educated ... '' Therefore , it can be said that those `` guarachas '' of a very audacious content , were apparently already sung within a wide social sector of the Havana population . According to Alejo Carpentier ( quoting Buenaventura Pascual Ferrer ) , at the beginning of the 19th century there were held in Havana up to fifty dance parties every day , where the famous `` guaracha '' was sung and danced , among other popular pieces . The guaracha is a genre of rapid tempo and comic or picaresque lyrics . It originated at the end of the 18th century , and during the early 20th century was still often played in the brothels and other places in Havana . The lyrics were full of slang , and dwelt on events and people in the news . Rhythmically , guaracha exhibits a series of rhythm combinations , such as 6 / 8 with 2 / 4 . Many of the early trovadores , such as Manuel Corona ( who worked in a brothel area of Havana ) , composed and sang guarachas as a balance for the slower boleros and canciones . The satirical lyric content also fitted well with the son , and many bands played both genres . In the mid-20th century the style was taken up by the conjuntos and big bands as a type of up - tempo music . Today it seems no longer to exist as a distinct musical form ; it has been absorbed into the vast maw of Salsa . Singers who can handle the fast lyrics and are good improvisors are called guaracheros or guaracheras . Musical theatre ( edit ) Main article : Cuban musical theatre Adolfo Colombo From the 18th century ( at least ) to modern times , popular theatrical formats used , and gave rise to , music and dance . Many famous composers and musicians had their careers launched in the theatres , and many famous compositions got their first airing on the stage . In addition to staging some European operas and operettas , Cuban composers gradually developed ideas that better suited their audience . Recorded music was to be the couduit for Cuban music to reach the world . The most recorded artist in Cuba up to 1925 was a singer at the Alhambra , Adolfo Colombo . Records show he recorded about 350 numbers between 1906 and 1917 . The first theatre in Havana opened in 1776 . The first Cuban - composed opera appeared in 1807 . Theatrical music was hugely important in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century ; its significance only began to wane with the change in political and social weather in the second part of the 20th century . Radio , which began in Cuba in 1922 , helped the growth of popular music because it provided publicity and a new source of income for the artists . Zarzuela ( edit ) Main article : Zarzuela Zarzuela is a small - scale light operetta format . Starting off with imported Spanish content ( List of zarzuela composers ) , it developed into a running commentary on Cuba 's social and political events and problems . Zarzuela has the distinction of providing Cuba 's first recordings : the soprano Chalía Herrera ( 1864 -- 1968 ) made , outside Cuba , the first recordings by a Cuban artist . She recorded numbers from the zarzuela Cadíz in 1898 on unnumbered Bettini cylinders . Rita Montaner in 1938 during shooting of El romance del palmar Zarzuela reached its peak in the first half of the 20th century . A string of front - rank composers such as Gonzalo Roig , Eliseo Grenet , Ernesto Lecuona and Rodrigo Prats produced a series of hits for the Regina and Martí theatres in Havana . Great stars like the vedette Rita Montaner , who could sing , play the piano , dance and act , were the Cuban equivalents of Mistinguett and Josephine Baker in Paris . Some of the best known zarzuelas are La virgen morena ( Grenet ) , La Niña Rita ( Grenet and Lecuona ) , María la O , El batey , Rosa la China ( all Lecuona ) ; Gonzalo Roig with La Habana de noche ; Rodrigo Prats with Amalia Batista and La perla del caribe ; and above all , Cecilia Valdés ( the musical of the most famous Cuban novel of the 19th century , with music by Roig and script by Prats and Agustín Rodríguez ) . Artists who were introduced to the public in the lyric theatre include Caridad Suarez , María de los Angeles Santana , Esther Borja and Ignacio Villa , who had such a round , black face that Rita Montaner called him Bola de Nieve ( ' Snowball ' ) . However the most famous and undeniably most talented ( the Madonna of her times ) was Maruja Gonzalez . Born from Spanish parents in the Mexican locality of Mérida , Yucatán in 1904 , she died in Miami in 1999 . Maruja González Linares travelled from Cuba to the US at a very young age . She studied vocal techniques in Cuba , where she made her debut in 1929 as a lyrical singer in the Company of Maestro Ernesto Lecuona . Maruja González performed in several theaters of Havana before going on a tour through the United States and upon her return to Havana she sang La Bayadere and the Merry Widow in the same city . At the beginning of the 30s , she signed a number of contracts in Latin America and in Spain . She married Perico Suarez . The Cuban Revolution caught her abroad and she never returned to her country . Bufo theatre ( edit ) Cuban bufo theatre is a form of comedy , ribald and satirical , with stock figures imitating types that might be found anywhere in the country . Bufo had its origin around 1800 - 15 as an older form , tonadilla , began to vanish from Havana . Francisco Covarrubias the ' caricaturist ' ( 1775 -- 1850 ) was its creator . Gradually , the comic types threw off their European models and became more and more creolized and Cuban . Alongside , the music followed . Argot from slave barracks and poor barrios found its way into lyrics that are those of the guaracha : Una mulata me ha muerto ! Y no prenden a esa mulata ? Como ha de quedar hombre vivo si no prenden a quien mata ! La mulata es como el pan ; se debe comer caliente , que en dejandola enfriar ni el diablo le mete el diente ! ( A mulata 's done for me ! What 's more , they do n't arrest her ! How can any man live If they do n't take this killer ? A mulatta is like fresh bread You got ta eat it while it 's hot If you leave it till it 's cool Even the devil ca n't get a bite ! ) The `` guaracha '' occupied a predominant place within the development of vernacular theater in Cuba , which appearance at the beginning of the 19th century coincides with the emergence of the first autochthonous Cuban musical genres , the `` guaracha '' and the `` contradanza . '' . Since 1812 , Francisco Covarrubias ( considered as the father of the Bufo Theater ) gradually substituted in his theatrical pieces the typical characters of the Spanish `` tonadilla escénica '' with creole characters such as `` guajiros '' , `` monteros '' , `` carreteros '' or `` peones '' . Those structural transformations were also associated to certain changes in the musical background of the pieces . Thus , the Spanish genres such as `` jácaras '' , `` tiranas '' , `` boleras '' or `` villancicos '' , were substituted by `` guarachas '' , `` décimas '' and `` canciones cubanas . '' Other theatrical forms ( edit ) Vernacular theatre of various types often includes music . Formats rather like the British Music Hall , or the American Vaudeville , still occur , where an audience is treated to a potpourri of singers , comedians , bands , sketches and speciality acts . Even in cinemas during the silent movies , singers and instrumentalists appeared in the interval , and a pianist played during the films . Bola de Nieve and María Teresa Vera played in cinemas in their early days . Burlesque was also common in Havana before 1960 . The black curros ( negros curros ) ( edit ) Negro Curro Juan Cocuyo In reference to the emergence of the Guaracha and , at a later time , also of the Urban Rumba in Havana and Matanzas , it is important to mention an important and picturesque social sector called Black Curros ( Negros Curros ) . Composed of free blacks that had arrived from Seville on an undetermined date , this group was integrated to the population of free blacks and mulattos that lived in the marginal zones of the city of Havana . José Victoriano Betancourt a Cuban `` costumbrista '' writer from the 19th century described them as follows : `` ... they ( the curros ) had a peculiar aspect , and was enough to look at them to recognize them as curros : their long hunks of kinky braids , falling over their face and neck like big millipedes , their teeth cut ( sharp and pointed ) to the carabalí style , their fine embroidered cloth shirts , their pants , almost always white , or with colored stripes , narrow at the waist and very wide in the legs ; the canvas shoes , cut low with silver buckles , the short jacket with pointed tail , the exaggerated straw hat , with black hanging silk tassles , and the thick gold hoops that they wore in their ears , from which they hung harts and padlocks of the same metal , forming an ornament that only they wear ; ... those were the curros of El Manglar ( The mangrove neighborhood ) ... '' The curro was dedicated to laziness , theft and procuring , while his companion , the curra , also called `` mulata de rumbo '' , exercised the prostitution in Cuba . According to Carlos Noreña , she was well known for the use of burato shawls of meticulous work and plaited fringes , for which they used to pay from nine to ten ounces of gold `` , as well as by the typical clacking ( chancleteo ) they produced with their wooden slippers . But the Curros also provided entertainment , including songs and dances to the thousands of Spanish men that came to the Island every year in the ships that followed the `` Carrera de Indias '' , a route established by the Spanish Crown for their galleons in order to avoid attacks from pirates and privateers , and stayed for months until they returned to the Port of Seville . Being subject to the influence of both the Spanish and the African culture from birth , they are supposed to have played an important role in the creolization of the Spanish song - dances original proto - type ( copla - estribillo ) that originated the Cuban Guaracha . The Black curro and the Mulata de Rumbo ( Black Curra ) disappeared since the mid 19th century by integrating to the Havana general population , but their picturesque images survived in social prototypes manifested in the characters of the Bufo Theater . The famous `` Mulatas de Rumbo '' ( mulatto characters ) Juana Chambicú and María La O , as well as the black `` cheches '' ( bullies ) José Caliente `` who rips in half those who oppose him , '' Candela , `` negrito that flies and cuts with the knife , '' as well as the Black Curro Juán Cocuyo , were strongly linked to the characteristic image of the Black Curro and to the ambiance of the Guaracha and the Rumba . Rumba ( edit ) Main articles : Rumba and Cuban rumba The word Rumba is an abstract term that has been applied with different purposes to a wide variety of subjects for a very long time . From a semantic point of view , the term rumba is included in a group of words with similar meaning such as conga , milonga , bomba , tumba , samba , bamba , mambo , tambo , tango , cumbé , cumbia and candombe . All of them denote a Congolese origin due to the utilization of sound combinations such as , mb , ng and nd , that are typical of the Niger - Congo linguistic complex . Maybe the most ancient and general of its meanings is that of a feast or `` holgorio '' . As far as the second half of the 19th century , this word can be found used several times to represent a feast in a short story called `` La mulata de rumbo '' , from the Cuban folklorist Francisco de Paula Gelabert : `` ... I have more enjoyment and fun in a rumbita with those of my color and class ... '' , or `` Leocadia was going to bed , as I was telling you , nothing less than at twelve noon , when one of his friends from the rumbas arrived , along with another young man that he wanted to introduce to her ... '' According to Alejo Carpentier `` ... it is significant that the word rumba have passed to the Cuban language as a synonym of holgorio , lewd dance , merrymaking with low class women ( mujeres del rumbo ) . '' As an example , In the case of the Yuka , Makuta and Changüí feasts in Cuba , as well as the Milonga and the Tango in Argentina , the word rumba was originally utilized to nominate a festive gathering ; and after some time it was used to name the musical and dance genres that were played at those gatherings . Among many others , some ultizations of the term `` rumba include a cover - all term for faster Cuban music which started in the early 1930s with The Peanut Vendor . This term was replaced during the 70s by salsa , which is also a cover - all term for marketing the Cuban music and other Hispano - Caribbean genres to non-Cubans . In the international Latin - American dance syllabus rumba is a misnomer for the slow Cuban rhythm more accurately called bolero - son . Rumba and guaracha ( edit ) Some scholars have pointed out that in reference to the utilization of the terms rumba and guaracha , there is possibly a case of synonymy , or the use of two different words to denominate the same thing . According to María Teresa Linares : `` ... during the first years of the 20th century , there were used at the end of the vernacular ( Bufo ) theater plays some musical fragments that the authors sang , and that were called closing rumba ( rumba final ) ... '' and she continues explaining that those ( rumbas ) `` ... were certainly guarachas . '' The musical pieces used to close those plays may have been indistinctly called rumbas or guarachas , because those terms did n't denote any generic or structural difference between them . Linares also said in reference to this subject : `` Some recordings of guarachas and rumbas have been preserved that do not differentiate between them in the guitar parts -- when it was a small group , duo or trio , or by the theater orchestra or a piano . The labels of the recordings stated : dialogue and rumba ( diálogo y rumba ) . '' Urban rumba ( edit ) Main article : Rumba ( de solar o de cajón ) Rumba drummer Urban rumba ( also called Rumba ( de solar o de cajón ) ) , is an amalgamation of several African drumming and dance traditions , combined with Spanish influences . According to Cuban musicologist Argeliers León : `` In the feast that constituted a rumba concurred , therefore , determined African contributions , but also converged other elements from Hispanic roots , that were already incorporated to the expressions that appeared in the new population emerging in the Island . '' Rumba ( de solar o de cajón ) is a secular musical style from the docks and the less prosperous areas of Havana and Matanzas . A the beginning , rumba musicians used a trio of wooden boxes ( cajones ) to play , that were substituted at a later time by drums , similar in appearance to conga drums . The treble drum is called `` quinto '' , the medium range drum is called `` macho or tres - dos '' ( three - two ) , because its essential rhythm is based on the Cuban clave pattern , and the bass drum is called `` hembra o salidor , '' because it usually began or `` broke in '' ( rompía ) the rumba . In the Rumba ensemble they also utilize two sticks or spoons to beat over a hollow piece of bamboo called `` guagua '' or `` catá , '' as well as the Cuban Claves , the Güiro and some rattles from bantu origin called `` nkembi '' . The vocal part of the rumba corresponds to a modified version of the ancient Spanish style of `` copla - estribillo '' ( quatrain - refrain ) , including a `` montuno '' section that one may consider an expanded or developed `` refrain '' that constitute an independent section which include the call and response style , so typical of the African traditions . Rumba drummers From the many rumba styles that began to appear during the end of the 19th century called `` Spanish times '' ( Tiempo'españa ) , such as tahona , jiribilla , palatino and resedá , three basic Rumba forms have survived : the Columbia , the guaguancó and the yambú . The Columbia , played in 6 / 8 time , is often as a solo dance performed only by a male performer . It is fast and swift and also includes aggressive and acrobatic moves . The guaguancó is danced by a pair of one man and one woman . The dance simulates the man 's pursuit of the woman . The yambú , now a relic , featured a burlesque imitation of an old man walking with a stick . All forms of rumba are accompanied by song or chants . Rumba ( de solar o de cajón ) is today a fossil genre usually seen in Cuba in performances of professional groups . There are also amateur groups based on Casas de Cultura ( Culture Centers ) , and on work groups . Like all aspects of life in Cuba , dance and music are organised by the state through Ministries and their various committees . Coros de clave ( edit ) Main article : Coros de Clave Coros de Clave were popular choral groups that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century in Havana and other Cuban cities . The Cuban government only allowed black people , slaves or free , to cultivate their cultural traditions within the boundaries of certain mutual aid societies , which were founded during the 16th century . According to David H. Brown , those societies , called Cabildos , `` provided in times of sickness and death , held masses for deceased members , collected funds to buy nation - brethren out of slavery , held regular dances and diversions on Sundays and feast days , and sponsored religious masses , processions and dancing carnival groups ( now called comparsas ) around the annual cycle of Catholic festival days . '' Within the Cabildos of certain neighborhoods from Havana , Matanzas , Sancti Spíritus and Trinidad , some choral groups were founded during the 19th century that organized competitive activities , and in some occasions were visited by local authorities and neighbors that gave them money and presents . Those choral societies were called Coros de Clave , probably after the instrument that used to accompany their performances , the Cuban Claves . The accompaniment of the choirs also included a guitar and the percussion was executed over the sound box of an American banjo from which the strings were removed , due to the fact that African drums performance was strictly forbidden in Cuban cities . The style of the Coros de Clave music , and particulally its rhythm , originated at a later time a popular song genre called Clave , which most probable served as the original prototype for the creation of the Criolla genre . Both genres , the Clave and the Criolla became very popular within the Cuban vernacular theater repertoire . Rural rumba ( edit ) Cuban rural landscape In a similar way as the first Spanish song - dances spread from the cities to the countryside , also the characteristics of the Cuban Guaracha , that enjoyed great popularity in Havana , began to spread to the rural areas in an undetermined time during the 19th century . This process was not difficult at all if one considers how close one to the other were the urban and the rural areas in Cuba at that time . That was why the Cuban peasants ( guajiros ) began to include in their parties called `` guateques '' or `` changüís '' , and in feasts such as the `` fiestas patronales '' ( patron saint celebrations ) and the `` parrandas '' , some Rumbitas ( little rumbas ) that were very similar to the urban Guarachas , which binary meter contrasted with the ternary beat of their traditional `` tonadas '' and `` zapateos '' . Those little rural rumbas have been called by renowned musicologist Danilo Orozco `` proto - sones '' , `` soncitos primigenios '' , `` rumbitas '' , `` nengones '' or `` marchitas , '' and some of them , such as : Caringa , Papalote , Doña Joaquina , Anda Pepe and the Tingotalango have been preserved until the present time . The Rumbitas were considered as Proto - sones ( primeval Sones ) , because of the evident analogy that its structural components show with the Son , which emerged in Havana during the first decades of the 20th century . The Rumbitas may be considered as the original prototype of this popular genre . According to musicologist Virtudes Feliú , those Rumbitas appeared in cities and towns throughout the entire territory of the Island , such as : Ciego de Ávila , Sancti Espíritus , Cienfuegos , Camagüey , Puerta de Golpe in Pinar del Río and Bejucal in Havana , as well as Remedios in Villa Clara and Isla de Pinos ( Pines Island ) . There are many references to the Cuban Independence Wars ( 1868 - 1898 ) , related to the rural Rumbitas , in the Eastern region of the country as well as in the Western region and Isla de Pinos , which suggest that their emergence took place approximately during the second half of the 19th century . The rural Rumbitas included a greater number of African characteristics in comparison with the Cuban Guaracha , due to the gradual integration of free Afro - Cuban citizens to the rural environment . Since the 16th century , thanks to a government approved program called `` manumisión '' , the black slaves were allowed to pay for their freedom with their own savings . Therefore , a larger number of free blacks were dedicated to the manual labors in the fields than in the cities and some of them were also able to become proprietaries of land and slaves . Characteristics of the rural rumba ( edit ) Tres cubano One of the most salient characteristics of the rural Rumbitas was its own form , very similar to the African typical song structure . In this case , the entire piece was based on a single musical fragment or phrase of short duration that was repeated , with some variations , time and time again ; often alternating with a choir . This style was called `` Montuno '' ( literally `` from the countryside '' ) due to its rural origin . Marímbula Another characteristic of the new genre was the superposition of different rhythmic patterns simultaneously executed , similarly to the way it is utilized in the Urban Rumba , which is also a common trait of the African musical tradition . Those layers or `` franjas de sonoridades '' according to Argeliers León , were assigned to different instruments that were gradually incorporated to the group . Therefore , the ensemble grew from the traditional Tiple and Güiro , to a one that included : guitar , `` bandurria '' , Cuban lute , claves , and other instruments such as the `` tumbandera '' , the `` marímbula '' , the `` botija '' , the bongoes , the common `` machete '' ( cutlass ) and the accordion . Some important musical functions were assigned to the sonority layers , such as the : `` Time Line '' or Clave Rhythm performed by the claves , a `` 1 - eighth note + 2 - sixteenth notes '' rhythm played by the güiro or the machete , the patterns of the `` guajeo '' by the Tres ( instrument ) , the improvisation on the bongoes and the anticipated bass on the `` tumbandera '' or the `` botija '' . Proto - son ( edit ) The origin of the Cuban son can be traced to the rural rumbas , called proto - sones ( primeval sones ) by musicologist Danilo Orozco . They show , in a partial or embryonic form , all the characteristics that at a later time were going to identify the Son style : The repetition of a phrase called montuno , the clave pattern , a rhythmic counterpoint between different layers of the musical texture , the guajeo from the Tres , the rhythms from the guitar , the bongoes and the double bass and the call and response style between soloist and choir . According to Radamés Giro : at a later time the refrain ( estribillo ) or montuno was tied to a quatrain ( cuarteta -- copla ) called regina , which was how the peasants from the Eastern side of the country called the quatrain . In this way , the structure refrain -- quatrain -- refrain appears at a very early stage in the Son Oriental , like in one of the most ancient Sones called `` Son de Máquina '' ( Machine Son ) which comprises three reginas with its correspondent refrains . During an investigative project about the Valera - Miranda family ( old Soneros ) conducted by Danilo Orozco in the region of Guantánamo , he recorded a sample of Nengón , which is considered an ancestor of the Changüí . It shows the previously mentioned refrain -- quatrain -- refrain structure . In this case , the several repetitions of the refrain constitute a true `` montuno . '' Refrain : Yo he nacido para ti nengón , yo he nacido para ti nengón , yo he nacido para ti Nengón ... ( I was born for you Nengón ... ) Nengón ( edit ) The `` Nengón '' is considered a Proto - Son , precursor of the Changüí and also of the Oriental Son . Its main characteristic is the alternance of improvised verses between a soloist and a choir . The Nengón is played with Tres , Guitar , Güiro and Tingotalango or Tumbandera . Changüí ( edit ) Main article : Changüí Changüí is a type of son from the eastern provinces ( area of Santiago de Cuba and Guantánamo ) , formerly known as Oriente . It shares relevant characteristics with the Oriental Son in regard to rhythms , instruments and choral refrains ; and at the same time it shows certain original elements . Changüí exists today in the form of half - a-dozen small groups , mostly from Guantanamo . The instrumentation is similar to that of the early Son groups who set up in Havana before 1920 . These son groups , for example , the early Sexteto Boloña and Sexteto Habanero , used either marimbulas or botijas as bass instruments before they changed over to the double bass , musically a more flexible instrument . It is an open question whether today Changüí is still a genuinely distinctive music , or simply an archaic form of Son artificially preserved by state support . Some modern orchestras , such as Orquesta Revé , have claimed Changüí as their main influence . Whether this is accurate , or not , is unclear . Sucu - Sucu ( edit ) We can also find in Isla de Pinos , at the opposite Western side of the Island a primeval Proto - Son called Sucu - Sucu , which also shows the same structure of the Oriental Proto - Sones . According to Maria Teresa Linares , In the Sucu - Sucu the music is similar to a Son Montuno in its formal , melodic , instrumental and harmonic structure . A soloist alternates with a choir and improvises on a quatrain or a `` décima . '' The instrumental group initiates an introduction to which the instruments gradually incorporates , beginning with the Tres . The introduction of eight measures is followed by the refrain by the choir that alternates with the soloist several times . Trova ( edit ) Main article : Trova In the 19th century here grew up in Santiago de Cuba a group of itinerant musicians , troubadors , who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar . They were of great importance as composers , and their songs have been transcribed for all genres of Cuban music Pepe Sánchez , born José Sánchez ( 1856 -- 1918 ) , is known as the father of the trova style and the creator of the Cuban bolero . He had no formal training in music . With remarkable natural talent , he composed numbers in his head and never wrote them down . As a result , most of these numbers are now lost for ever , though some two dozen or so survive because friends and disciples transcribed them . His first bolero , Tristezas , is still remembered today . He also created advertisement jingles before radio was born . He was the model and teacher for the great trovadores who followed him . Guarionex & Sindo Garay The first , and one of the longest - lived , was Sindo Garay ( 1867 -- 1968 ) . He was an outstanding composer of trova songs , and his best have been sung and recorded many times . Garay was also musically illiterate -- in fact , he only taught himself the alphabet at 16 -- but in his case not only were scores recorded by others , but there are recordings . Garay settled in Havana in 1906 , and in 1926 joined Rita Montaner and others to visit Paris , spending three months there . He broadcast on radio , made recordings and survived into modern times . He used to say `` Not many men have shaken hands with both José Martí and Fidel Castro ! '' José ' Chicho ' Ibáñez ( 1875 -- 1981 ) was even longer - lived than Garay . Ibáñez was the first trovador to specialize in the son ; he also sang guaguancós and pieces from the abakuá . The composer Rosendo Ruiz ( 1885 -- 1983 ) was another long - lived trovador . He was the author of a well - known guitar manual . Alberto Villalón ( 1882 -- 1955 ) , and Manuel Corona ( 1880 -- 1950 ) were of similar stature . Garay , Ruiz , Villalón and Corona are known as the four greats of the trova , though the following trovadores are also highly regarded . Patricio Ballagas ( 1879 -- 1920 ) ; María Teresa Vera ( 1895 -- 1965 ) , Lorenzo Hierrezuelo ( 1907 -- 1993 ) , Ñico Saquito ( Antonio Fernandez : 1901 -- 1982 ) , Carlos Puebla ( 1917 -- 1989 ) and Compay Segundo ( Máximo Francisco Repilado Muñoz : 1907 -- 2003 ) were all great trova musicians . El Guayabero ( Faustino Oramas : 1911 -- 2007 ) was the last of the old trova . Trova musicians often worked in pairs and trios , some of them exclusively so ( Compay Segundo ) . As the sexteto / septeto / conjunto genre grew many of them joined in the larger groups . And let 's not forget the Trio Matamoros , who worked together for most of their lives . Matamoros was one of the greats . Bolero ( edit ) Main articles : Bolero § Cuba , and Trova This is a song and dance form quite different from its Spanish namesake . It originated in the last quarter of the 19th century with the founder of the traditional trova , Pepe Sánchez . He wrote the first bolero , Tristezas , which is still sung today . The bolero has always been a staple part of the trova musician 's repertoire . Rosendo Ruiz , Manuel Corona , Sindo Garay & Alberto Villalon Originally , there were two sections of 16 bars in 2 / 4 time separated by an instrumental section on the Spanish guitar called the pasacalle . The bolero proved to be exceptionally adaptable , and led to many variants . Typical was the introduction of sychopation leading to the bolero - moruno , bolero - beguine , bolero - mambo , bolero - cha . The bolero - son became for several decades the most popular rhythm for dancing in Cuba , and it was this rhythm that the international dance community picked up and taught as the wrongly - named ' rumba ' . The Cuban bolero was exported all over the world , and is still popular . Leading composers of the bolero were Sindo Garay , Rosendo Ruiz , Carlos Puebla , and Agustín Lara ( Mexico ) . Canción ( edit ) Main article : Canción Canción means ' song ' in Spanish . It is a popular genre of Latin American music , particularly in Cuba , where many of the compositions originate . Its roots lie in Spanish , French and Italian popular song forms . Originally highly stylized , with `` intricate melodies and dark , enigmatic and elaborate lyrics '' The canción was democratized by the trova movement in the latter part of the 19th century , when it became a vehicle for the aspirations and feelings of the population . Canción gradually fused with other forms of Cuban music , such as the bolero . Tropical waltz ( edit ) The waltz ( El vals ) arrived in Cuba by 1814 . It was the first dance in which couples were not linked by a communal sequence pattern . It was , and still is , danced in 3 / 4 time with the accent on the first beat . It was originally thought scandalous because couples faced each other , held each other in the ' closed ' hold , and , so to speak , ignored the surrounding community . The waltz entered all countries in the Americas ; its relative popularity in 19th - century Cuba is hard to estimate . Indigenous Cuban dances did not use the closed hold with couples dancing independently until the danzón later in the century , though the guaracha might be an earlier example . The waltz has another characteristic : it is a ' travelling ' dance , with couples moving round the arena . In Latin dances , progressive movement of dancers is unusual , but does occur in the conga , the samba and the tango . The Tropical waltz was performed in a slower tempo and frequently included a sung melody with a text . Those texts usually referred to the beauties of the Cuban countryside , the longing of the Siboneyes ( Cuban aboriginee ) and other creole themes . With accents on its three beats , its melody was fluid and composed of equal value notes . It was similar to many other songs in which the melody was treated in a syllabic way , where the first beat was not stressed by a brief anacrusis but had a tendency to move toward the second beat like in the peasant ( guajiro ) song . Son ( edit ) Main article : Son ( music ) Guitar and Tres Son cubano is a style of music and dance that originated in Cuba and gained worldwide popularity during the 1930s . Son combines the structure and traits of the Spanish canción with Afro - Cuban stylistic and percussion instruments elements . The Cuban Son is one of the most influential and widespread forms of Latin American music : its derivatives and fusions , especially salsa , have spread across the world . The Son , said Cristóbal Díaz , is the most important genre of Cuban music , and the least studied . It can fairly be said that son is to Cuba what the tango is to Argentina , or the samba to Brazil . In addition , it is perhaps the most flexible of all forms of Latin - American music . Its great strength is its fusion between European and African musical traditions . Its most characteristic instruments are the Cuban instrument known as the tres , and the well - known double - headed bongó ; these are present from the start to the present day . Also typical are the claves , the Spanish guitar , the double bass ( replacing the early botija or marímbula ) , early on the cornet or trumpet and finally the piano . In spite of a traditional tendency to attribute the origin of Cuban Son to the Eastern region of Cuba ( Oriente ) , most recently , some musicologists have shown a more inclusive stance . Although Alejo Carpentier , Emilio Grenet and Cristóbal Díaz Ayala support the `` Eastern origin '' theory , Argeliers León does n't mention anything about it in his pivotal work `` Del Canto y el Tiempo '' , as well as María Teresa Linares in `` The Music between Cuba and Spain . '' Ramadamés Giro states about this subject : `` If Son was an artistic phenomenon that was developing since the second half of the 19th century -- and not just in the old Oriente ( Eastern ) province - , it is logical to suppose , but not to affirm , that long before 1909 it was heard in the Capital City ( Havana ) because of the aforementioned reasons ... '' It was in Havana where the encounter of the rural rumba and the urban rumba , that had been developing separately during the second half of the 19th century , took place . The guaracheros and rumberos that used to play with the Tiple and the Guiro finally met other Rumberos that sang and danced accompanied by the wooden box ( cajón ) and the Cuban Clave , and the result was the fusion of both styles in a new genre called Son . Around 1910 the Son most likely adopted the clave rhythm from the Havana - based rumba , which had been developed in the late 19th century in Havana and Matanzas . The mass popularization of Son music led to an increased valorization of Afro - Cuban street culture and of the artists who created it . It also opened the door for other music genres with Afro - Cuban roots to become popular in Cuba and throughout the world . Cuban jazz ( edit ) The history of jazz in Cuba was obscured for many years , but it has become clear that its history in Cuba is virtually as long as its history in the US . Much more is now known about early Cuban jazz bands , but a full assessment is plagued by the lack of recordings . Migrations and visits to and from the US and the mutual exchange of recordings and sheet music kept musicians in the two countries in touch . In the first part of the 20th century , there were close relations between musicians in Cuba and those in New Orleans . The orchestra leader in the famous Tropicana Club , Armando Romeu Jr , was a leading figure in the post-World War II development of Cuban jazz . The phenomenon of cubop and the jam sessions in Havana and New York organized by Cachao created genuine fusions that influence musicians today . A key historian of early Cuban jazz is Leonardo Acosta . Others have explored the history of jazz and Latin jazz more from the U.S. perspective . Early Cuban jazz bands ( edit ) Jazz Band Sagua , 1920s The Jazz Band Sagua was founded in Sagua la Grande in 1914 by Pedro Stacholy ( director & piano ) . Members : Hipólito Herrera ( trumpet ) ; Norberto Fabelo ( cornet ) ; Ernesto Ribalta ( flute & sax ) ; Humberto Domínguez ( violin ) ; Luciano Galindo ( trombone ) ; Antonio Temprano ( tuba ) ; Tomás Medina ( drum kit ) ; Marino Rojo ( güiro ) . For fourteen years they played at the Teatro Principal de Sagua . Stacholy studied under Antonio Fabré in Sagua , and completed his studies in New York , where he stayed for three years . The Cuban Jazz Band was founded in 1922 by Jaime Prats in Havana . The personnel included his son Rodrigo Prats on violin , the great flautist Alberto Socarrás on flute and saxophone and Pucho Jiménez on slide trombone . The line - up would probably have included double bass , kit drum , banjo , cornet at least . Earlier works cited this as the first jazz band in Cuba , but evidently there were earlier groups . In 1924 Moisés Simons ( piano ) founded a group which played on the roof garden of the Plaza Hotel in Havana , and consisted of piano , violin , two saxes , banjo , double bass , drums and timbales . Its members included Virgilio Diago ( violin ) ; Alberto Soccarás ( alto saz , flute ) ; José Ramón Betancourt ( tenor sax ) ; Pablo O'Farrill ( d. bass ) . In 1928 , still at the same venue , Simons hired Julio Cueva , a famous trumpeter , and Enrique Santiesteban , a future media star , as vocalist and drummer . These were top instrumentalists , attracted by top fees of $8 a day . During the 1930s , several bands played Jazz in Havana , such as those of Armando Romeu , Isidro Pérez , Chico O'Farrill and Germán Lebatard . Their most important contribution was its own instrumental format itself , which introduced the typical Jazz sonority to the Cuban audience . Another important element within this process were the arrangements of Cuban musicians such as Romeu , O'Farrill , Bebo Valdés , Peruchín Jústiz and Leopoldo `` Pucho '' Escalante . Afro - Cuban jazz ( edit ) Main article : Afro - Cuban jazz Machito and his sister Graciella Grillo Afro - Cuban jazz is the earliest form of Latin jazz and mixes Afro - Cuban clave - based rhythms with jazz harmonies and techniques of improvisation . Afro - Cuban jazz first emerged in the early 1940s , with the Cuban musicians Mario Bauza and Frank Grillo `` Machito '' in the band Machito and his Afro - Cubans , based in New York City . In 1947 the collaborations of bebop innovator Dizzy Gillespie with Cuban percussionist Chano Pozo brought Afro - Cuban rhythms and instruments , most notably the tumbadora and the bongo , into the East Coast jazz scene . Early combinations of jazz with Cuban music , such as Dizzy 's and Pozo 's `` Manteca '' and Charlie Parker 's and Machito 's `` Mangó Mangüé '' , were commonly referred to as `` Cubop '' , short for Cuban bebop ... During its first decades , the Afro - Cuban jazz movement was stronger in the United States than in Cuba itself . In the early 1970s , the Orquesta Cubana de Música Moderna and later Irakere brought Afro - Cuban jazz into the Cuban music scene , influencing new styles such as songo . Diversification and popularization ( edit ) Cuban music enters the United States ( edit ) In 1930 , Don Azpiazú had the first million - selling record of Cuban music : The Peanut Vendor ( El Manisero ) , with Antonio Machín as the singer . This number had been orchestrated and included in N.Y. theatre by Azpiazú before recording , which no doubt helped with the publicity . The Lecuona Cuban Boys became the best - known Cuban touring ensemble : they were the ones who first used the conga drum in their conjunto , and popularized the conga as a dance . Xavier Cugat at the Waldorf Astoria was highly influential . In 1941 Desi Arnaz popularized the comparsa drum ( similar to the conga ) in the U.S with his performances of Babalú . There was a real ' rumba craze ' at the time . Later , Mario Bauza and Machito set up in New York and Miguelito Valdés also arrived there . 1940s and ' 50s ( edit ) In the 1940s , Chano Pozo formed part of the bebop revolution in jazz , playing conga with Dizzy Gillespie and Machito in New York City . Cuban jazz had started much earlier , in Havana , in the period 1910 -- 1930 . Conjunto of Arsenio Rodríguez Arsenio Rodríguez , one of Cuba 's most famous tres players and conjunto leaders , emphasised the son 's African roots by adapting the guaguancó style , and by adding a cowbell and conga to the rhythm section . He also expanded the role of the tres as a solo instrument . In the late 1930s and 40s , the danzonera Arcaño y sus Maravillas incorporated more syncopation and added a montuno ( as in son ) , transforming the music played by charanga orchestras . The big band era ( edit ) The big band era arrived in Cuba in the 1940s , and became a dominant format that survives . Two great arranger - bandleaders deserve special credit for this , Armando Romeu Jr. and Damaso Perez Prado . Armando Romeu Jr. led the Tropicana Cabaret orchestra for 25 years , starting in 1941 . He had experience playing with visiting American jazz groups as well as a complete mastery of Cuban forms of music . In his hands the Tropicana presented not only Afrocuban and other popular Cuban music , but also Cuban jazz and American big band compositions . Later he conducted the Orquesta Cubana de Musica Moderna . Damaso Perez Prado had a number of hits , and sold more 78s than any other Latin music of the day . He took over the role of pianist / arranger for the Orquesta Casino de la Playa in 1944 , and immediately began introducing new elements into its sound . The orchestra began to sound more Afrocuban , and at the same time Prado took influences from Stravinsky , Stan Kenton and elsewhere . By the time he left the orchestra in 1946 he had put together the elements of his big band mambo. : `` Above all , we must point out the work of Perez Prado as an arranger , or better yet , composer and arranger , and his clear influence on most other Cuban arrangers from then on . '' Benny Moré , considered by many as the greatest Cuban singer of all time , was in his heyday in the 1950s . He had an innate musicality and fluid tenor voice , which he colored and phrased with great expressivity . Although he could not read music , Moré was a master of all the genres , including son montuno , mambo , guaracha , guajira , cha cha cha , afro , canción , guaguancó , and bolero . His orchestra , the Banda Gigante , and his music , was a development -- more flexible and fluid in style -- of the Perez Prado orchestra , which he sang with in 1949 -- 1950 . Cuban music in the US ( edit ) Three great innovations based on Cuban music hit the US after World War II : the first was Cubop , the latest latin jazz fusion . In this , Mario Bauza and the Machito orchestra on the Cuban side and Dizzy Gillespie on the American side were prime movers . The rumbustious conguero Chano Pozo was also important , for he introduced jazz musicians to basic Cuban rhythms . Cuban jazz has continued to be a significant influence . The mambo first entered the United States around 1950 , though ideas had been developing in Cuba and Mexico City for some time . The mambo as understood in the United States and Europe was considerably different from the danzón - mambo of Orestes `` Cachao '' Lopez , which was a danzon with extra syncopation in its final part . The mambo -- which became internationally famous -- was a big band product , the work of Perez Prado , who made some sensational recordings for RCA in their new recording studios in Mexico City in the late 1940s . About 27 of those recordings had Benny Moré as the singer , though the best sellers were mainly instrumentals . The big hits included `` Que rico el mambo '' ( Mambo Jambo ) ; `` Mambo No. 5 '' ; `` Mambo # 8 '' ; `` Cherry Pink ( and Apple Blossom White ) '' . The later ( 1955 ) hit `` Patricia '' was a mambo / rock fusion . Mambo of the Prado kind was more a descendent of the son and the guaracha than the danzón . In the U.S. the mambo craze lasted from about 1950 to 1956 , but its influence on the bugaloo and salsa that followed it was considerable . Celia Cruz Violinist Enrique Jorrín invented the chachachá in the early 1950s . This was developed from the danzón by increased syncopation . The chachachá became more popular outside Cuba when the big bands of Perez Prado and Tito Puente produced arrangements that attracted American and European audiences . Along with `` Nuyoricans '' Ray Barretto and Tito Puente and others , several waves of Cuban immigrants introduced their ideas into US music . Among these was Celia Cruz , a guaracha singer . Others were active in Latin jazz , such as percussionist Patato Valdés of the Cuban - oriented `` Tipíca ' 73 '' , linked to the Fania All - Stars . Several former members of Irakere have also become highly successful in the US , among them Paquito D'Rivera and Arturo Sandoval . Tata Güines , a famous conguero , moved to New York City in 1957 , playing with jazz players such as Dizzy Gillespie , Maynard Ferguson , and Miles Davis at Birdland . As a percussionist , he performed with Josephine Baker and Frank Sinatra . He returned to Cuba in 1959 after Fidel Castro came to power in the Cuban Revolution , which he helped fund with contributions from his earnings as a musician . Mambo ( edit ) Main article : Mambo ( music ) Mambo is a musical genre and dance style that developed originally in Cuba . The word `` Mambo '' , similarly to other afroamerican musical denominations as conga , milonga , bomba , tumba , samba , bamba , bamboula , tambo , tango , cumbé , cumbia and candombe , denote an African origin , particularly from Congo , due to the presence of certain characteristic combinations of sounds , such as mb , ng and nd , which belong to the Niger - Congo linguistic complex . The earliest roots of the Cuban Mambo can be traced to the `` Danzón de Nuevo Ritmo '' ( Danzón with a new rhythm ) made popular by the orchestra `` Arcaño y sus Maravillas '' conducted by famous bandleader Antonio Arcaño . He was the first to denominate a section of the popular Cuban Danzón as a `` Mambo . '' It was Arcaño 's cellist , Orestes López , who created the first Danzón called `` Mambo '' ( 1938 ) . In this piece , some syncopated motives , taken from the Son style , were combined with improvised flute passages . Pianist and arranger from Matanzas , Cuba , Dámaso Pérez Prado ( 1927 ) established his residence in Havana at the beginning of the 1940s and began to work at night clubs and orchestras , such as Paulina Alvarez 's and Casino de La Playa . In 1949 he traveled to Mexico looking for job opportunities and achieved great success with a new style , to which he assigns a name that had been already utilized by Antonio Arcaño , the `` Mambo . '' Perez Prado 's style differed from the previous `` Mambo '' concept . The new style possessed a greater influence from the North - American Jazz band music , and an expanded instrumentation consisting of four or five trumpets , four of five saxophones , double bass , drum set , maracas , cowbell , congas and bongoes . The new `` Mambo '' included a catchy counterpoint between the trumpets and the saxophones , that impulsed the body to move along with the rhythm , stimulated at the end of each musical phrase by a characteristic deep throat sound expression . Prado 's recordings were meant for the Latin American and U.S. Latino markets , but some of his most celebrated mambos , such as `` Mambo No. 5 '' and `` Que Rico el Mambo '' , quickly crossed over to the United States . Chachachá ( edit ) Main article : Cha - cha - chá ( music ) Cha - Cha rhythm . Chachachá is a genre of Cuban music . It has been a popular dance music which developed from the Danzón - mambo in the early 1950s , and became widely popular throughout the entire world . Chachachá is a Cuban music genre whose creation has been traditionally attributed to Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrín , which began his career playing for the charanga band Orquesta América . According to the testimony of Enrique Jorrín , he composed some `` Danzones '' in which the musician of the orchestra had to sing short refrains , and this style was very successful . In the Danzón `` Constancia '' he introduced some montunos and the audience was motivated to join in singing the refrains . Jorrín also asked the members of the orchestra to sing in unison so the lyrics may be heard more clearly and achieve a greater impact in the audience . That way of singing also helped to mask the poor singing skills of the orchestra members . Since its inception , Chachachá music had a close relationship with the dancer 's steps . The well - known name Chachachá came into being with the help of the dancers at the Silver Star Club in Havana . When the dance was coupled to the rhythm of the music , it became evident that the dancer 's feet were making a peculiar sound as they grazed the floor on three successive beats . It was like an onomatopoeia that sounded as : Chachachá . From this peculiar sound , a music genre was born which motivated people from around the world to dance at its catchy rhythm . Typical piano accompaniment to a cha - cha - chá ( Orovio 1981 : 132 ) According to Olavo ALén : `` During the 1950s , Chachachá maintained its popularity thanks to the efforts of many Cuban composers who were familiar with the technique of composing danzones and who unleashed their creativity on the Chachachá '' , such as Rosendo Ruiz , Jr . ( `` Los Marcianos '' and `` Rico Vacilón '' ) , Félix Reina ( `` Dime Chinita , '' `` Como Bailan Cha - cha - chá los Mexicanos '' ) , Richard Egűes ( `` El Bodeguero '' and `` La Cantina '' ) and Rafael Lay ( `` Cero Codazos , Cero Cabezazos '' ) . The Chachachá was first presented to the public through the instrumental medium of the charanga , a typical Cuban dance band format made up of a flute , strings , piano , bass and percussion . The popularity of the Chachachá also revived the popularity of this kind of orchestra . Filín ( edit ) Main article : Filin ( music ) Filin was a Cuban fashion of the 1940s and 1950s , influenced by popular music in the US . The word is derived from feeling . It describes a style of post-microphone jazz - influenced romantic song ( crooning ) . Its Cuban roots were in the bolero and the canción . Some Cuban quartets , such as Cuarteto d'Aida and Los Zafiros , modelled themselves on U.S. close - harmony groups . Others were singers who had heard Ella Fitzgerald , Sarah Vaughan and Nat King Cole . Filín singers included César Portillo de la Luz , José Antonio Méndez , who spent a decade in Mexico from 1949 to 1959 , Frank Domínguez , the blind pianist Frank Emilio Flynn , and the great singers of boleros Elena Burke and the still - performing Omara Portuondo , who both came from the Cuarteto d'Aida . The filín movement originally had a place every afternoon on Radio Mil Diez . Some of its most prominent singers , such as Pablo Milanés , took up the banner of the Nueva Trova . 1960s and 70s ( edit ) Modern Cuban music is known for its relentless mixing of genres . For example , the 1970s saw Los Irakere use batá in a big band setting ; this became known as son - batá or batá - rock . Later artists created the mozambique , which mixed conga and mambo , and batá - rumba , which mixed rumba and batá drum music . Mixtures including elements of hip hop , jazz and rock and roll are also common , like in Habana Abierta 's rockoson . Revolutionary Cuba and Cuban exiles ( edit ) Tropicana stage The triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 signalled the emigration of many musicians to Puerto Rico , Florida and New York , and in Cuba artists and their work came under the protection ( and control ) of the Socialist state , and the monopoly state - owned recording company EGREM . The Castro government abolished copyright laws in Cuba , closed many of the venues where popular music used to be played ( e.g. night clubs ) , and so indirectly threw many musicians out of work . This undoubtedly had deleterious effects on the evolution of popular music and dance . Pianist Bebo Valdés Many young musicians now studied classical music and not popular music . All musicians employed by the state were given academic courses in music . In Cuba , the Nueva Trova movement ( including Pablo Milanés ) reflected the new leftist ideals . The state took over the lucrative Tropicana Club , which continued as a popular attraction for foreign tourists until 1968 , when it was closed along with many other music venues ( and later reopened with the rebirth of tourism ) . Tourism was almost non-existent for three decades . Traditional Cuban music could be found in local Casas de la Trova . Musicians , if in work , were full - time and paid by the state after graduating from a conservatory . The collapse of the USSR in 1991 , and the loss of its support for Cuba changed the situation quite a bit . Tourism became respectable again , and so did popular music for their entertainment . Musicians were even allowed to tour abroad and earn a living outside the state - run system . Famous artists from the Cuban exile include Celia Cruz and the whole conjunto she sang with , the Sonora Matancera . ' Patato ' ( Carlos Valdes ) , Cachao , La Lupe , Arturo Sandoval , Willy Chirino , Hansel y Raul , La Palabra , Paquito D'Rivera , Bebo Valdés and Gloria Estefan are some others . Many of these musicians , especially Cruz , became closely associated with the anti-revolutionary movement , and as ' unpersons ' have been omitted from the standard Cuban reference books , and their subsequent musical recordings are never on sale in Cuba . Salsa ( edit ) Main article : Salsa music Rubén Blades Salsa was the fourth innovation based on Cuban music to hit the US , and differed in that it was initially developed in the US , not in Cuba . Because Cuba has so many indigenous types of music there has always been a problem in marketing the ' product ' abroad to people who did not understand the differences between rhythms that , to a Cuban , are quite distinct . So , twice in the 20th century , a kind of product label was developed to solve this problem . The first occasion was in the 1930s after `` The Peanut Vendor '' became an international success . It was called a ' rumba ' even though it really had nothing to do with genuine rumba : the number was obviously a son pregon . The label ' rumba ' was used outside Cuba for years as a catch - all for Cuban popular music . Musicians at the Hotel Nacional , Havana . October 2002 The second occasion happened during the period 1965 -- 1975 in New York City , as musicians of Cuban and Puerto - Rican origin combined to produce the great music of the post Cha - cha - cha period . This music acquired the label of ' salsa ' . No - one really knows how this happened , but everyone recognised what a benefit it was to have a common label for son , mambo , guaracha , guajira , guaguancó , etc . Cubans and non Cubans , such as Tito Puente , Rubén Blades and many experts of the Cuban music and salsa have always said `` Salsa is just another name for Cuban , music . Tito Puentes once said , now they call it Salsa , later they may call it Stir Fry , but to me it will alway be Cuban Music '' ; but over time salsa bands worked in other influences . For example , in the late 1960s Willie Colón developed numbers that made use of Brazilian rhythms . New York radio programmes offered ' salsarengue ' as a further combination . You look at a band of the 1940s playing Cuban music and you will see the same exact instruments in Salsa Music . Later still ' Salsa romantica ' was the label for an especially sugary type of bolero . Even when , Benny Moré , Perez Prado the greatest Sonero that ever existed , was singing Boleros with a salsa cadence in the 1940s . It was not until the 1950s that Cuban music became popular for Puerto Rican bands . Plena , Bomba an other styles or music were popular at the time in Puerto Rico . Many famous Puerto Rican musicians went to learn the music styles of Cubans in the 1930s and 1940s , and it was not until the arrival of Castro in 1959 and the Cuban music stopped its exportation to the world , that Puerto Ricans in New York were able to be greatly noticed , but what is known as Salsa today , was brought to New York in the 1920s and 1930s by Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo , this last one was discovered by Dizzy Gillespie as he was one of the greatest percussionist that ever lived . The question of whether or not salsa is anything more than Cuban music has been argued over for more than thirty years . Initially , not much difference could be seen . Later it became clear that not only was New York salsa different from popular music in Cuba , but salsa in Venezuela , Colombia and other countries could also be distinguished . It also seems clear that salsa has receded from the great position it achieved in the late 1970s . The reasons for this are also much disputed . Nueva trova ( edit ) Main articles : Nueva trova and Trova A local musical house , Casa de la Trova , at Santiago de Cuba Paralleling nueva canción in Latin America is the Cuban Nueva trova , which dates from about 1967 / 68 , after the Cuban Revolution . It differed from the traditional trova , not because the musicians were younger , but because the content was , in the widest sense , political . Nueva trova is defined by its connection with Castro 's revolution , and by its lyrics , which attempt to escape the banalities of life by concentrating on socialism , injustice , sexism , colonialism , racism and similar issues . Silvio Rodríguez and Pablo Milanés became the most important exponents of this style . Carlos Puebla and Joseíto Fernández were long - time old trova singers who added their weight to the new regime , but of the two only Puebla wrote special pro-revolution songs . Nueva trova had its heyday in the 1970s , but was already declining before the fall of the Soviet Union . Examples of non-political styles in the nueva trova movement can be found , for example , Liuba María Hevia whose lyrics are focused on more traditional subjects such as love and solitude , sharing with the rest a highly poetical style . On the other side of the spectrum , Carlos Varela is famous in Cuba for his open criticism of some aspects of Castro 's revolution . The nueva trova , initially so popular , suffered both inside Cuba , perhaps from a growing disenchantment with one - party rule , and externally , from the vivid contrast with the Buena Vista Social Club film and recordings . Audiences round the world have had their eyes opened to the extraordinary charm and musical quality of the older forms of Cuban music . By contrast , topical themes that seemed so relevant in the 1960s and 1970s now seem dry and passé . Even `` Guantanamera '' has been damaged by over-repetition in less skilled hands . All the same , those pieces of high musical and lyrical quality , among which Puebla 's `` Hasta siempre , Comandante '' stands out , will probably last as long as Cuba lasts . 1980s to the present ( edit ) Son remains the basis of most popular forms of modern Cuban music . Son is represented by long - standing groups like Septeto Nacional , which was re-established in 1985 , Orquesta Aragón , Orquesta Ritmo Oriental and Orquesta Original de Manzanillo . Sierra Maestra , is famous for having sparked a revival in traditional son in the 1980s . Nueva trova still has influence , but the overtly political themes of the 1960s are well out of fashion . Meanwhile , Irakere fused traditional Cuban music with jazz , and groups like NG La Banda , Orishas and Son 14 continued to add new elements to son , especially hip hop and funk , to form timba music ; this process was aided by the acquisition of imported electronic equipment . There are still many practitioners of traditional son montuno , such as Eliades Ochoa , who have recorded and toured widely as a result of interest in the son montuno after the Buena Vista Social Club success . Europe - based Cuban female singer - songwriter Addys Mercedes merged her roots of Son and Filin with elements of urban , rock and pop - music , reaching mainstream airplay charts in Germany . In the 1990s , increased interest in world music coincided with the post-Soviet Union periodo especial in Cuba , during which the economy began opening up to tourism . Orquesta Aragón , Charanga Habanera and Cándido Fabré y su Banda have been long - time players in the charanga scene , and helped form the popular timba scene of the late 1990s . The biggest award in modern Cuban music is the Beny Moré Award . Timba ( edit ) Main article : Timba Cubans have never been content to hear their music described as salsa , even though it is crystal clear that this was a label for their music . Since the early 1990s Timba has been used to describe popular dance music in Cuba , rivaled only lately by Reggaetón . Though derived from the same roots as salsa , Timba has its own characteristics , and is intimately tied to the life and culture of Cuba , and especially Havana . As opposed to salsa , whose roots are strictly from Son and the Cuban conjunto bands of the 1940s and 1950s , Timba represents a synthesis of many folkloric ( rumba , guaguancó , batá drumming and the sacred songs of santería . ) , and popular sources ( even taking inspiration from non Afro Cuban musical genres such as rock , jazz and funk ) . According to Vincenzo Perna , author of Timba : The Sound of the Cuban Crisis , timba needs to be spoken of because of its musical , cultural , social , and political reasons ; its sheer popularity in Cuba , its novelty and originality as a musical style , the skill of its practitioners , its relationship with both local traditions and the culture of the black Diaspora , its meanings , and the way its style brings to light the tension points within society . In addition to timbales , timba drummers make use of the drum - set , further distinguishing the sound from that of mainland salsa . The use of synthesised keyboard is also common . Timba songs tend to sound more innovative , experimental and frequently more virtuosic than salsa pieces ; horn parts are usually fast , at times even bebop influenced , and stretch to the extreme ranges of all instruments . Bass and percussion patterns are similarly unconventional . Improvisation is commonplace . Revival projects ( edit ) Main articles : Afro - Cuban All Stars and Buena Vista Social Club Cuban bandleader and musician Juan de Marcos González Several projects gained international attention in the 1990s due to their revival of traditional music styles such as the son cubano of the septeto and the conjunto era . Founded in 1976 , Sierra Maestra ( band ) was one of the first revivalist groups in Cuba . In 1995 , Juan de Marcos González , director and tres player of Sierra Maestra , was contacted by Nick Gold ( head of World Circuit Records ) to record a traditional Cuban album featuring African musicians . In the end , the African musicians could not make it to Havana , so the project became a 100 % Cuban affair featuring veteran Cuban musicians such as Rubén González , Ibrahim Ferrer , Compay Segundo and Omara Portuondo . It spawned two bands , both of which involved American guitarist Ry Cooder : Afro - Cuban All Stars and Buena Vista Social Club . Both bands recorded their debut albums , A Toda Cuba le Gusta and Buena Vista Social Club , respectively , in March 1996 . The release of the latter in September 1997 was a true watershed event . The album became a worldwide hit , selling millions of copies and turning established musicians into globally renowned figures . Guitarist Eliades Ochoa Buena Vista resulted in several follow - up recordings and spawned a film of the same name , as well as tremendous interest in other Cuban groups . In subsequent years , dozens of singers and conjuntos made recordings for foreign labels and toured internationally . The conclusion some have drawn is that the wholesale closure of popular music venues ( after the revolution ) , which threw many musicians out of work , and subsequent control by state committees , damaged the development of Cuban popular music . Hip hop ( edit ) Hip hop grew steadily more popular in Cuba in the 1980s and 1990s through Cuba 's Special Period . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the Cuban economy went into decline . Poverty became more widespread and visible in Cuba . In the 1990s , some Cubans started to protest this situation by means of rap and hip - hop . During this period of economic crisis , which the country 's poor and black populations especially hard , hip hop became a way for the country 's Afro - descended population to embrace their blackness and articulate a demand for racial equality for black people in Cuba . The idea of blackness and black liberation was not always compatible with the goals of the Cuban government , which was still operating under the idea that a raceless society was the correct realization of the Cuban Revolution . When hip - hop emerged , the Cuban government opposed the vulgar image that rappers portrayed , but later accepted that it might be better to have hip - hop under the influence of the Ministry of Culture as an authentic expression of Cuban Culture . Rap music in Cuba is heavily influenced by the country 's pre-existing musical traditions , such as salsa and rumba . In some ways , hip hop is tolerated by the government of Cuba and performers are provided with venues and equipment by the government . The Cuban rap and hip - hop scene sought out the involvement of the Ministry of Culture in the production and promotion of their music , which would otherwise have been impossible to accomplish . After the Cuban government provided lukewarm endorsement , the Cuban Rap Agency provided the Cuban rap scene , in 2002 , with a state - sponsored record label , magazine , and Cuba 's own hip - hop festival . The government gives rap and hip - hop groups time on mass media outlets in return for hip - hop artists limiting self - expression and presenting the government in a positive way . Rappers who explicitly speak about race or racism in Cuba are still under scrutiny by the government . The government recognizes that hip - hop is growing in Cuba , and would be difficult to eliminate . Cubatón ( edit ) Main article : Cubatón Like Spanish reggae from Panama is a new genre for the Cubans but by 2012 was so massively popular that `` the face of Cuban pop music '' was considered to be Cuban reggae ( cubatón ) singer , Osmani García `` La Voz '' . The advent of web software helped to distribute music unofficially . Both lyrics and dance movements have been criticised . Reggaeton musicians such as responded by making songs that defended their music . Despite their efforts , the Ministry of Culture has ruled that reggaeton is not to be used in teaching institutions , parties and at discos , and in 2011 restricted its airplay after massive popularity of García 's `` Chupi Chupi '' , which referred to oral sex . Other popular cubatón artists include Eddy K and Gente de Zona ( `` People from the ' Hood '' ) . Rock music in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Rock music in Cuba Gorki Águila , leader of the Cuban rock band Porno para Ricardo The musical interaction between Cuba and the US is ancient . Already in the 18th century , during the Spanish rule of Louisiana ( 1763 -- 1803 ) , the Havanese orchestras and bands offered concerts in New Orleans and in the 19th century the Cuan contradanza was very popular in the US . At the beginning of the 20th century , the first jazz bands were created in Cuba , in the style of the American groups . The `` Sagua '' Jaz Band was founded in Sagua la Grande in 1914 by Pedro Stacholy ( conductor and pianist ) . The group played during 14 years at the `` Teatro Principal de Sagua . The strong influenece of the American music on the Cuban younger generations gave way to the beginning of the soloists and groups of Rock and roll in Cuba during the 1950s . Many Cuban artists sang versions of American songs translated to Spanish , as it was also happening in Mexico . The launching of the group Los LLopis represented the entrance in a new stage for the Cuban music , that of the generation and amplification of the sound by electroacoustic devices ; because in the sound composition of this group one can observe a novel element of great importance , the inclusion of an electric guitar . In 1961 other artists emerged such as Dany Puga , called the King of Twist , and bands such as Los Satélites , Los Diablos Melódicos and Los Enfermos del Rock , as well as Los Halcones and Los Huracanes from Marianao . The vocal quartet Los Zafiros was another successful group from the beginning of the sixties . Founded in 1961 , it was influenced by the Doo - Wop style of The Platters , The Diamonds and other American groups , and counted on a repertoire consisting of ballads , calypsos and bossanovas , as well as songs with a slow rock ad bolero rhythms . At that time , the popular group Los Astros , led by the singer and guitarist Raúl Gómez , was threatened by pressures exerted by the Fidel Castro regime over the rock groups , which were considered as a form of `` ideological diversionism '' and actively opposed in all its manifesations . Its style , strongly influenced by the Brithish Invasion groups , as The Beatles and The Rolling Stones , was labelled as `` deviant '' and consequently repressed without any hesitation . Since then , the Revolutionary government of Cuba began to implement an absolute control over all aspects of the Cuban society , including , of course , all cultural expressions . Around 1965 , the Revolutionary government implemented a strategy to substitute the foreign products that the young people preferred , with others that better matched their official guidelines ; and as a result of this strategy , a new radio program called Nocturno was broadcast in 1966 , which initial musical theme was `` La chica de la valija '' ( Girl with a suitcase ) from the Italian sax player Fausto Papetti . The program presented modern songs , giving priority to the European repertoire in Spanish language of soloists and groups such as : Los Mustang , Los Bravos , Los Brincos , Juan y Junior , Rita Pavone , Massiel , Nino Bravo , Leonardo Fabio , Salvatore Adamo and Raphael , and some Cuban groups as Los Zafiros and Los Dan . The ban against rock music was lifted in 1966 , but rock fans continued to be marginalized by the communist establishment , and watched over with suspicion as `` counter-revolutionaries '' . Actually , rock music began to be heard in Havana during the seventies , in a radio program from Radio Marianao called Buenas Tardes Juventud . That program presented groups such as The Rolling Stones , The Beatles , Dave Clark Five , The Animals , Grand Funk , Rare Earth , Led Zeppelin , Jimi Hendrix , Elvis Presley , Neil Sedaka and Paul Anka . At the beginning of the eighties , that radio station joined Radio Ciudad de La Habana . In 1979 , a three - day music festival called Havana Jam ' 79 took place at the Karl Marx Theater , in Havana , Cuba , where a group of rock artists that included Billy Joel and Stephen Stills performed . In the 1980s , a heavy metal band called Venus was formed by Roberto Armada in Municipio Playa . They achieved much success and created a headbanger following among the Cuban youth . Punk rock was introduced in Cuba in the late 1980s and gained a cult - type following among a minority of the youth . During the nineties , rock and roll in Cuba was still an underground phenomenon . In Havana , the `` Ciudad de La Habana '' radio station presented several programs showing the most recent tendencies on that type of music around the world . Juan Camacho , an old musician and radio host had a morning program called Disco Ciudad . El programa de Ramón was also a successful radio show . Some bands from that period were Gens , Zeus and Los Tarsons . In 2001 , the Welsh group Manic Street Preachers was invited to perform in Cuba , and Fidel castro attended its concert along with other government authorities . In 2004 , Castro gave a speech honoring the Birthday of John Lennon , whose music , as a member of The Beatles and as a soloist , was banned in Cuba for a very long time . A bronze statue of Lennon was placed in a Havanese well known park , and it became a notoriety because of becoming a victim of constant vandalism from passers by that frequently stole its bronze spectacles . At the same time that the government was showing a more indulgent attitude toward the foreign rock groups , as part of an international campaign which purpose was to achieve an opening in the commercial transactions and investments of the US and Europe in Cuba , it continued to implement an inflexible repression against any form of internal dissidence . This was the case of the rocker Gorki Águila and his group Porno para Ricardo . In August 2008 , Águila was arrested under charges of dangerousness , a law that allows the authorities to detain people whom they think are likely to commit crimes , even when they have not yet committed them . More recently , Rick Wakeman , Sepultura and Audioslave performed in Havana , and The Rolling Stones offered a historic concert that has become the most outstanding rock event since the beginning of the Revolutionary period in 1959 . A new phenomenon occurred in 2013 when several Cuban metal bands begin to emigrate to the United States , creating a parallel scene with the bands Agonizer , Escape , Ancestor , Hipnosis , Suffering Tool and Chlover References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orovio , H. Cuban Music from A to Z . Duke University Press Books , 2004 . Jump up ^ They were the Taíno , a Neolithic people in Oriente , the Siboney people in the center of the island and the Guanahatabeys , primitive hunter - gatherers in the West . The Arawaks were a people from mainland South America . The style of religion , music and dance of these Indian groups is called areíto , but was never recorded and is virtually lost today . Only a few Cubans show features of Indian descent . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Fernando 1952 . Los instrumentos de la musica Afrocubana. 5 volumes , La Habana . Jump up ^ Discussed in more detail by Carpentier , Alejo 2001 ( 1945 ) . Music in Cuba . Minneapolis MN . p84 et seq Jump up ^ `` National Geographic '' . NationalGeographic.com . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Fernando 1950 . La Afrocania de la musica folklorica de Cuba . La Habana , revised ed 1965 . Jump up ^ Hernández Balaguer , Pablo 1987 . Los villacicos , cantadas y pastorelas de Esteban Salas . La Habana . ^ Jump up to : Carpentier , Alejo 2001 ( 1945 ) . Music in Cuba . Minneapolis MN . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Revised by Sue Steward . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3186 - 1 A biographical dictionary of Cuban music , artists , composers , groups and terms . Duke University , Durham NC ; Tumi , Bath . Jump up ^ Manuel , Peter , 2009 . `` Cuba : From Contradanza to Danzón , '' in Creolizing Contradance in the Caribbean , edited by Peter Manuel . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 734 - 3 . Jump up ^ Starr , S. Frederick 1995 . Bamboula ! The life and times of Louis Moreau Gottschalk . Oxford , N.Y. p. 24 Jump up ^ Starr , S. Frederick 1995 . Bamboula ! The life and times of Louis Moreau Gottschalk . Oxford , N.Y. p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Sublette , Ned 2004 . Cuba and its music : from the first drums to the mambo . Chicago . Jump up ^ Canizares , Dulcila 1999 . Gonzalo Roig , hombre y creador . La Habana , Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Revised by Sue Steward . Duke University , Durham NC ; Tumi , Bath . p. 184 Jump up ^ Martinez , Orlando 1989 . Ernesto Lecuona . La Habana , Cuba . ^ Jump up to : Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Duke University , Durham NC ; Tumi , Bath . Jump up ^ Harvard Dictionary of Music , p. 216 . https://books.google.com/books?id=TMdf1SioFk4C&pg=PA216&dq=Carlo+Borbolla+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xFf0T-fYJo2H2AXH dnRBg&ved = 0CDYQ6AEwAA # v = onepage&q = Carlo % 20Borbolla % 20Harvard % 20Dictionary % 20of % 20Music&f = false Jump up ^ EcuRed . Grupo de Renovación Musical . http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Grupo_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Musical ^ Jump up to : De la Vega , Aurelio . Sonidos de las Américas : Cuba -- History of Concert Music . http://www.americancomposers.org/cubahistory.htm Jump up ^ Papers . Latinamerican library at Tulane University . Galan , Natalio ( 1917 - 1985 ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cubanosfamosos.com . Juan Pedro Blanco Rodríguez . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 ... Jump up ^ electrocd.com . Artist / / Sergio Barroso . http://www.electrocd.com/en/bio/barroso_se/ Jump up ^ Sonidos de las Américas : Cuba -- Artists & Composers . http://www.americancomposers.org/cubabios.htm#VALERA Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio . Cuban Music from A to Z. p 11 . https://books.google.com/books?id=XGzKzOH9vawC&pg=PA11 Jump up ^ EcuRed . Carlos Malcolm http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Carlos_Malcolm Jump up ^ cubanow.net . The incredible story of `` Guantanamera . '' http://www.tempcubanow.cult.cu/pages/articulo.php?sec=17&t=2&item=9407 Jump up ^ Kapcia , Anthony . Havana : The making of Cuban culture . https://books.google.com/books?id=mhHyhaIlRx4C&pg=PA147 ^ Jump up to : Sonidos de las Américas : Cuba -- Artists & Composers . http://www.americancomposers.org/cubabios.htm Jump up ^ De la Vega , Aurelio . Sonidos de las Américas : Cuba -- History of Concert Music. http://www.americancomposers.org/cubahistory.htm Jump up ^ http://La Archived 2014 - 04 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . obra compositiva de Louis Franz Aguirre . Una inusual confluencia sonora de ritos y culturas . www.euskomedia.org/PDFAnlt/musiker/18/18117139.pdf Jump up ^ Laboratorio Nacional de Musica Electroacustica . Fernando `` Archi '' Rodriguez Alpizar . http://www.electroacustica.cult.cu/index.php?view=article&catid=48%3Acompositores&id=60%3Afernando-qarchiq-rodriguez&option=com_content&Itemid=59&lang=en Jump up ^ Eduardo Morales - Caso . Discogs : http://www.discogs.com/artist/4399060-Eduardo-Morales-Caso Jump up ^ Ailem Carvajal Gomez . EcuRed : http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Ailem_Carvajal_G%C3%B3me Jump up ^ EcuRed : https://www.ecured.cu/Irina_Escalante_Chernova Jump up ^ Juan Blanco , the LNME and the electroacoustic music in Cuba . http://www.electroacustica.cult.cu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71%3Ajuan-blanco-el-lnme-y-la-musica-electroacustica-en - Jump up ^ http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1996.051%7Cp . 166 ^ Jump up to : Giro , Radamés . Leo Brouwer y la guitarra en Cuba . Editorial Letras cubanas . La Habana , Cuba , 1986 . p. 17 Jump up ^ ( Giro , p. 23 -- 24 ) ^ Jump up to : Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ ( Giro , p. 41 - 43 ) Jump up ^ ( Giro , p. 53 -- 54 ) Jump up ^ Music in Miami . Meet the artists and musicians . http://www.musicinmiami.net/about_us Jump up ^ González Rubiera , Vicente . La guitarra y su técnica . Editorial Letras Cubanas . La Habana , Cuba , 1985 . Jump up ^ Ramírez , Marta María . Cuba : The Cuban Guitar School . SEMlac reports 7 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo . La música en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , 1979 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo . La música en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , 1979 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Carpentier , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés ( 1986 ) . Leo Brouwer y la guitarra en Cuba . Letras cubanas . La Habana , Cuba . p. 17 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carapentier , Alejo ( 1979 ) . La música en Cuba . Letreas cubanas . La Habana , Cuba . p. 62 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carapentier , Alejo ( 1979 ) . La música en Cuba . Letreas cubanas . La Habana , Cuba . p. 100 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 75 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 224 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Josephine Wright , `` Violinist José White in Paris , 1855 - 1875 '' , in Black Music Research Journal , Vol. 10 , No. 2 , Fall 1990 . Jump up ^ Miguel Ficher , et al. , Latin American Classical Composers , Scarecrow Press , 1996 , p. 373 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 229 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 1981 . Diccionario de la música cubana . La Habana . p. 60 Jump up ^ Guillén , Nicolás 1935 . Brindis de Salas : el rey de las octavas . La Habana . Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés 2007 . Diccionario encyclopédico de la música en Cuba . vol 1 , La Havana . p. 161 Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo 2001 ( 1945 ) . Music in Cuba . Minneapolis MN . p162 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 35 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 69 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 177 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Eduardo Hernández Asiaín '' . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 136 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Evelio Tieles -- Cuban Music from A to Z '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelio Tieles Ferrer - Ecurred '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelio Tieles -- Música de Concierto '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alla Tarán '' , biografía en el sitio web Ecured . Consultado el 30 de junio de 2016 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 145 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ González , Jorge Antonio : La composición operística en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , La Habana , Cuba , 1986 . Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo : La música en Cuba , Editorial Letras Cubanas , 1979 , pp. 207 -- 210 . Jump up ^ ( Orovio , p. 196 ) Jump up ^ ( Carpentier , p. 221 ) Jump up ^ ( González , p. 253 - 271 ) Jump up ^ ( González , p. 302 ) Jump up ^ ( González , p. 557 ) Jump up ^ Cintas foundation : Jorge Martín : http://www.cintasfoundation.org/fellows/composers Jump up ^ Valdés Cantero , Alicia , Determined women ready to succeed . The international Journal of Cuban studies , 2 December 2008 . http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/i18088_3.pdf Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo ( 1979 ) . La Musica en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , Ciudad de La Habana . p. 49 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The origin of Cuban music . Myths and realities '' . academia.edu . p. 19 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kwabena Nketia , J.H. ( 1974 ) . The Music of Africa . W.W. Norton and Co. p. 128 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pérez Fernández , Rolando ( 1986 ) . La binarización de los ritmos ternarios africanos en América Latina . Ediciones Casa de Las Américas . p. 68 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The origin of Cuban music . Myths and realities '' . academia.edu . p. 20 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Linares , Núñez , María Teresa , Faustino ( 1998 ) . La música entre Cuba y España . Fundacion Autor . p. 55 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` La música campesina cubana '' . La Jiribilla . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roy , Maya ( 2002 ) . Cuban Music . Princeton & London . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 20 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned ( 2004 ) . Cuba and its music : from the first drums to the mambo . Chicago . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Bode Hernández , German . Décimas rescatadas del aire y del olvido . Chicago : Sublette , Cuba and its Music . p. 489 . Jump up ^ Naborí , Valiente , Indio , Angel ( 1977 ) . Décimas para la Historia . La controversia del siglo en verso improvisado . Las Palmas de Gran Canaria . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p101 Jump up ^ Sánchez de Fuentes , Eduardo , 1923 . El folklore en la música cubana . La Habana . p56 Jump up ^ Detailed references in Thomas , Hugh 1971 . Cuba , or the pursuit of freedom . Eyre & Spottiswoode , London ; Thomas , Hugh 1997 . The slave trade : the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440 - 1870 . Picador , London ; Sublette , Ned 2004 . Cuba and its music : from the first drums to the mambo Chicago . part III AfroCuba , p157 et seq . Jump up ^ Palo is a word derived from the Ki - Kongo mpali , meaning witchcraft . Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p159 Jump up ^ Gerhard Kubik cited by Agawu , Kofi ( 2006 : 1 - 46 ) . `` Structural Analysis or Cultural Analysis ? Comparing Perspectives on the ' Standard Pattern ' of West African Rhythm '' Journal of the American Musicological Society v. 59 , n . 1 . Jump up ^ Peñalosa , David ( 2009 : 81 ) . The Clave Matrix ; Afro - Cuban Rhythm : Its Principles and African Origins . Redway , CA : Bembe Inc . ISBN 1 - 886502 - 80 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diaz Ayala , Cristobal 1981 . Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova . 2nd rev ed , Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. p296 Jump up ^ `` Contre - dance , - danse , contra - dance '' . Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd ed . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . ( since access to the OED online is not free , the relevant excerpt is provided ) `` Littré 's theory , that there was already in 17th c. a French contre - danse with which the English word was confused and ran together , is not tenable ; no trace of the name has been found in French before its appearance as an adaptation of the English . But new dances of this type were subsequently brought out in France , and introduced into England with the Frenchified form of the name . '' Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned 2004 . Cuba and its music . Chicago , p133 reporting the Countess of Merlin writing in 1840 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p. 58 Jump up ^ Sanchez de Fuentes , Eduardo 1923 . El folk - lor en la musica cubana . La Habana . p17 - 25 Jump up ^ Diaz Ayala , Cristobal 1998 . Cuando sali de La Habana : cien anos de musica cubana por el mundo . Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. p. 19 et seq . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 106 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guerra R. 2000 . Eros baila : danza y sexualidad . La Habana . Jump up ^ Failde , Osvalde Castillo 1964 . Miguel Faílde : créador musical del Danzón . Consejo Nacional de Cultura , La Habana . Jump up ^ Urfé , Odilio 1965 . El danzón . La Habana . ^ Jump up to : Linares , María teresa : La guaracha cubana . Imagen del humor criollo . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 04 ... ^ Jump up to : Carpentier , ALejo . La música en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , 1979 . Jump up ^ Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1981 . Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova . 2nd rev ed , Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. Jump up ^ Canizares , Dulcila 2000 . San Isidro 1910 : Alberto Yarini y su epocha . La Habana . Jump up ^ Fernandez Robaina , Tomas 1983 . Recuerdos secretos de los mujeres publicas . La Habana . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Duke University , Durham NC ; Tumi , Bath . p. 101 Jump up ^ Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1994 . Cuba canta y baila : discografía de la música cubana 1898 -- 1925 . p193 et seq . Colombo 's last two recordings were in 1929 ( Catalog of Cristóbal Díaz collection at Florida International University library ) Jump up ^ Leal , Rine 1986 . Teatro del siglo XIX . La Habana . Jump up ^ Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1994 . Cuba canta y baila : discografía de la música cubana 1898 -- 1925 . Fundación Musicalia , San Juan P.R. pp. 49 and 297 Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 42 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los curros del manglar '' . El Artista , tomo I , núm. 21 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Noreña , Carlos : Los negros curros '' . Costumbristas cubanos del siglo XIX , Selección , prólogo , cronología y bibliografía Salvador Bueno . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 46 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo ( 1979 ) . La música en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Linares , María Teresa . La guaracha cubana . Imagen del humor criollo . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 51 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Paula Gelabert , Francisco : La mulata de rumbo , Costumbristas cubanos del siglo XIX , Selección , prólogo , cronología y bibliografía Salvador Bueno , Retrieved : August 25 , 2010 , http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/68060620217137506322202/p0000011.htm#55 Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo ( 1979 ) . La Musica en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , Ciudad de La Habana . p. 193 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Linares , Núñez , María Teresa , Faustino ( 1998 ) . La música entre Cuba y España . Fundacion Autor . p. 113 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ León , Argeliers ( 1981 ) . Del canto y del tiempo . La Habana , Cuba : Editorial Pueblo y Educación . p. 139 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Linares , Núñez , María Teresa , Faustino ( 1998 ) . La música entre Cuba y España . Fundacion Autor . pp. 278 -- 279 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ León , Argeliers ( 1981 ) . Del canto y del tiempo . Editorial Pueblo y Educación . La Habana , Cuba . p. 29 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Décima y Rumba '' . Scribd.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p. 191 Jump up ^ Daniel , Yvonne 1995 . Rumba : dance and social change in contemporary Cuba . Indiana University Press , Bloomington , Indiana . Jump up ^ Daniel , Yvonne 1995 . Rumba : dance and social change in contemporary Cuba . Indiana . Includes a chart on the Ministry of Culture dance organisation , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Brown , David H. : Santería enthroned , The University of Chicago Press , Chicago 2003 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Youtube - Tonadas Trinitarias ( 1974 ) Director - Hector Veitia - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Os--Qom3CfI . Consultado 12 / 03 / 16 . Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned : Cuba and its music . Chicago Review Press , Inc. , 2004 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 55 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Leonardo ( 2004 ) . De los complejos genéricos y otras cuestiones . En : Otra visión de la música popular cubana . La Habana . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 56 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feliú , Virtudes ( 2004 ) . La fiesta . Fiestas populares tradicionales de Cuba . IADAP , Instituto andino de artes populares . pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 58 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Las fiestas de origen hispánico en Cuba '' . Sala de conferencias sobre cultura hispano - cubana . p. 58 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El ascenso social del negro en la cuba colonial '' . Duharte Jiménez , Rafael . p. 31 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 60 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 61 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El complejo del Son '' . Universidad de Chile . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 63 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 74 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés ( 1998 ) . La trova tradicional cubana . Panorama de la música popular cubana . Editorial Letras Cubanas , La Habana , Cuba . p. 199 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 75 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Music Styles '' . Jon Griffin . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orozco , Danilo ( 1997 ) . The influence of family traditions in Cuban music , Cuba in Washington . Smithsonian Folkways . p. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Corason CD CORA121 Ahora si ! Here comes Changui . Jump up ^ Linares , María Teresa ( 1970 ) . El sucu - sucu en Isla de Pinos . Academia de Ciencias de Cuba , La Habana . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Canizares , Dulcila 1995 . La trova tradicional . 2nd ed , La Habana . ^ Jump up to : Orovio , Helio 1995 . El bolero latino . La Habana . Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned 2004 . Cuba and its music : from the first drums to the mambo . Chicago . p253 gives a verse on Cola marca Palma Real Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p195 . Jump up ^ de Leon , Carmela 1990 . Sindo Garay : memorias de un trovador . La Habana . Garay 's life story as told in his nineties ; includes a 16 - page appendix listing his compositions . Jump up ^ date of death from the program of LatinBeat 2003 , Film Society of the Lincoln Center , New York . Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Revised by Sue Steward . p. 112 gives 1987 as the date of death ; earlier date here preferred on grounds of probability . Jump up ^ Rodrígeuz Domíngues , Ezequiel . El Trio Matamoros : trienta y cinco anos de música popular . La Habana . Jump up ^ Loyola Fernandez , Jose 1996 . El ritmo en bolero : el bolero en la musica bailable cubana . Huracan , Rio Piedras P.R. Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 1992 . 300 boleros de oro . Mexico City . Jump up ^ García Marcano , José Francisco 1994 . Siempre bolero . Donal Guerra , Valencia . Jump up ^ Restrepo Duque , Hernán 1992 . Lo que cantan los boleros . Columbia . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p. 42 Jump up ^ Leon , Argeliers 1964 . Musica folklorica cubana . Biblioteca Nacional José Martí , La Habana . p. 185 Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés : Panorama de la música popular cubana . Editorial Letras Cubanas , La Habana , Cuba , 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p203 . Jump up ^ Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1994 . Cuba canta y baila : discografía de la música cubana 1898 -- 1925 . Fundación Musicalia , San Juan P.R. p317 Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando . El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . pp. 77 -- 79 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés : Los Motivos del son . Panorama de la música popular cubana . Editorial Letras Cubanas , La Habana , Cuba , 1998 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 90 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peñalosa ( 2009 : 83 ) The Clave Matrix ; Afro - Cuban Rhythm : Its Principles and African Origins . Redway , CA : Bembe Inc . ISBN 1 - 886502 - 80 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moore , R. `` Afrocubanismo and Son . '' The Cuba Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Ed . Chomsky , Carr , and Smorkaloff . Durham : Duke University Press , 2004 . 198 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Acosta , Leonardo 2003 . Cubano be , cubano bop : one hundred years of jazz in Cuba . Transl . Daniel S. Whitesell . Smithsonian , Washington , D.C. ^ Jump up to : Giro Radamés 2007 . Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba . La Habana . Extensive essay on Cuban jazz in vol 2 , p261 -- 269 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , John Storm 1979 . The Latin tinge : the influence of Latin American music on the United States . Oxford . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , John Storm 1999 . Latin jazz : the first of the fusions , 1880s to today . Schirmer , N.Y. ^ Jump up to : Isabelle Leymarie 2002 . Cuban fire : the story of salsa and Latin jazz . Continuum , London . ^ Jump up to : Schuller , Gunther 1986 . Early jazz : its roots and musical development . Oxford , N.Y. ^ Jump up to : Giro Radamés 2007 . Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba . La Habana . vol 2 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 1981 . Diccionario de la música cubana . La Habana . p306 Jump up ^ Acosta , Leonardo : Otra visión de la música popular cubana , Ediciones museo de la música , Habana , Cuba , 2014 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Raul A. ( 2006 ) . From Afro - Cuban rhythms to Latin jazz . University of California Press . p. 62 . ISBN 9780520939448 . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Leonardo ( 2003 : 59 ) . Cubano be , cubano bop : one hundred years of jazz in Cuba . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Books . ISBN 158834147X Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés 2007 . Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba . La Habana . Vol 1 , p79 . Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned : Cuba and its music . Chicago Review Press , Inc. , 2004 , p. 395 Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned : Cuba and its music . Chicago Review Press , Inc. , 2004 , p. 383 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 . p. 63 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 . p. 20 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p. 187 Jump up ^ Lowinger , Rosa and Ofelia Fox 2005 . Tropicana nights : the life and times of the legendary Cuban nightclub . Harcourt , Orlando FL . Jump up ^ See , for example the number Llora in Memories of Cuba : Orquesta Casino de la Playa ( 1937 - 1944 ) Tumbao TCD - 003 , and the numbers La ultima noche , Guano seco and Ten jabon in Orlando Guerra ' Cascarita ' , El Guarachero , con la Orchesta Casino de la Playa . Tumbao TCD - 033 . Jump up ^ Consult Tumbao TCD - 006 Kuba Mambo ; Tumbao TCD - 010 El Barbaro del Ritmo ; Tumbao TCD - 013 Go Go Mambo Jump up ^ RCA Victor LP 1459 Latin Satin : Perez Prado and his orchestra offered a number of Latin standards in chachachá style . Jump up ^ Boadle , Anthony ( 2008 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Tata Güines ; percussionist called ' King of the Congas ' - The Boston Globe '' . www.boston.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Garcia , David F. ( 2006 ) . `` Going Primitive to the Movements and Sounds of Mambo '' . The Musical Quarterly . 89 ( 4 ) : 505 -- 523 . doi : 10.1093 / musqtl / gdm006 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal : Música cubana , del Areyto a la Nueva Trova , Ediciones Universal , Miami Florida , 1993 . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : Los sonidos de la música cubana . Evolución de los formatos instrumentales en Cuba . https://www.academia.edu/18302881/Los_sonidos_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_cubana._Evoluci%C3%B3n_de_los_formatos_instrumentales_en_Cuba . p. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ León , Javier F. `` Mambo . '' Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture . Ed . Cordelia Chávez Candelaria , Arturo J. Aldama , Peter J. García , Alma Alvarez - Smith . 2 vols . Connecticut : Praeger , 2004 : 510 Jump up ^ Blatter , Alfred ( 2007 ) . Revisiting music theory : a guide to the practice , p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97440 - 2 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio. 1981 . Diccionario de la Música Cubana . La Habana , Editorial Letras Cubanas . ISBN 959 - 10 - 0048 - 0 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Sanchez - Coll , Israel ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Enrique Jorrín '' . Conexión Cubana . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Alén Rodríguez , Olavo. 1994 . De lo Afrocubano a la Salsa . La Habana , Ediciones ARTEX . Jump up ^ Alén Rodríguez , Olavo. 1994 . De lo Afrocubano a la Salsa . La Habana , Ediciones ARTEX , p. 87 Jump up ^ Diaz Ayala , Cristobal 1981 . Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova . 2nd rev ed , Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Juan Formell in Padura Fuentes , Leonardo 2003 . Faces of salsa : a spoken history of the music . Translated by Stephen J. Clark . Smithsonian , Washington , D.C. p. 69 Jump up ^ A word coined by George Orwell , see Nineteen Eighty - Four Jump up ^ At last Cruz has been recognized in a Cuban work of reference : Giro Radamés 2007 . Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba . La Habana . The Cruz entry is in volume 2 . Jump up ^ Diaz Ayala , Cristobal 1981 . Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova . 2nd rev ed , Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Chano Pozo meets Dizzy Gillespie '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Andy Montañez Murio Chano Pozo '' . YouTube . 2009 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Roberts , John Storm 1979 . The Latin tinge : the impact of Latin American music on the United States . Oxford . Jump up ^ Steward , Sue 1991 . Salsa : musical heartbeat of Latin America . Thames & Hudson , London . Jump up ^ Calvo Ospina , Hernando 1995 . Salsa ! Havana heat , Bronx beat . Latin American Bureau . Jump up ^ Rondon , César Miguel 2008 . The book of salsa : a chronicle of urban music from the Caribbean to New York City . University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p151 Jump up ^ Cristóbal Díaz selected two nueva trova numbers for his list of 50 canciones cubanas en el repertorio popular internacional : they are `` Unicornio azul '' ( Silvio Rodríguez ) and `` Yolanda '' ( Pablo Milanés ) : Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1998 . Cuando sali de la Habana 1898 - 1997 : cien anos de musica cubana por el mundo . Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. p. 221 Jump up ^ `` Addys Mercedes - Addys Mercedes '' . www.AddysMercedes.com . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Cuban Music from A to Z , by Helio Orovio , p210 ( Duke University Press , Durham 2004 ) Jump up ^ West - Duran , Alan . `` A Resonant Rum for the Ears : Afro - Cuban Music . '' Journal of Popular Music Studies 20.1 ( 2008 ) : 79 - 91 . Jump up ^ 1967 - , Perry , Marc D. , . Negro soy yo : hip hop and raced citizenship in neoliberal Cuba . Durham . ISBN 9780822358855 . OCLC 903675195 . Jump up ^ Perry , Marc D. ( 2016 ) . Negro soy yo : hip hop and raced citizenship in neoliberal Cuba . Durham : Duke University Press . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 9780822358855 . OCLC 903675195 . ^ Jump up to : `` CNN.com - Cuban hip - hop : The rebellion within the revolution - Nov. 25 , 2002 '' . archives.cnn.com. 2002 - 11 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Baker G : `` Hip Hop Revolucion : Nationalizing Rap in Cuba '' . Ethnomusicology 49 # 3 p. 399 . Jump up ^ Thurston , J : `` Cuban Rap Agency pushes smart subcultural rap to the margins '' , `` The Tartan Online '' , 30 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Gates , Henry Louis ( 2011 ) . Black in Latin America . New York : New York University Press . p. 219 . ISBN 9780814738184 . OCLC 692291843 . Jump up ^ `` Considerado actualmente como el exponente más popular de Cuba '' in `` Osmani García `` La Voz '' llega el lunes a Miami `` , La Nación Dominicana , March 23 , 2012 Jump up ^ Fairley , Jan . ' Como hacer el amor con ropa ' ( How to make love with your clothes on ) : dancing regeton and gender in Cuba . Jump up ^ Jorge Smith Simo ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` The History of Rock in Cuba '' . Cubanow . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Los Sonidos de la Música cubana -- Armando Rodríguez Ruidíaz -- Academia.edu - https://www.academia.edu/18302881/Los_sonidos_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_cubana._Evoluci%C3%B3n_de_los_formatos_instrumentales_en_Cuba Jump up ^ Nocturno : http://radionocturno.com/ : Consultado : 07 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Monografias.com , alejandro77_89 , . `` Dictadura y cultura : El régimen de Fidel Castro - Monografias.com '' . www.Monografias.com . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Cubanet - Society - The History of Rock in Cuba `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Manics make history in Cuba '' . 16 February 2001 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 -- via news.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ Cuba punk rocker spared jail term . Jump up ^ `` Cuba rocks to concert by US band '' . 7 May 2005 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 -- via news.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ https://news.yahoo.com/rolling-stones-play-march-25-show-havana-becoming-145105833.html Jump up ^ `` '' ¡ Libertad ! `` : Cuban Metal Bands Get Their First Taste Of Freedom '' . Buzzfeed.com . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Sources ( edit ) The works below are reliable sources for all aspects of traditional Cuban popular music . Spanish titles indicate those that have not been translated into English . Acosta , Leonardo 1987 . From the drum to the synthesiser . Martí , Havana , Cuba . Articles written from 1976 to 1982 . Acosta , Leonardo 2003 . Cubano be , cubano bop : one hundred years of jazz in Cuba . Transl . Daniel S. Whitesell . Smithsonian , Washington , D.C. Outstanding review by former conjunto trumpeter . Betancur Alvarez , Fabio 1993 . Sin clave y bongó no hay son : música afrocubano y confluencias musicales de Colombia y Cuba . Antioqia , Medellín , Colombia . Blanco , Jesús 1992 . 80 años del son y soneros en el Caribe . Caracas . Cabrera , Lydia 1958 . La sociedád secreta Abakuá . Colección del Chicerekú , La Habana . Calderon , Jorge 1983 . Maria Teresa Vera . La Habana . Calvo Ospina , Hernando 1995 . Salsa ! Havana heat , Bronx beat . Latin American Bureau . Cañizares , Dulcila 1995 . La trova tradicional . 2nd ed , La Habana . Cañizares , Dulcila 1999 . Gonzalo Roig , hombre y creador . Carpentier , Alejo 2001 ( 1945 ) . Music in Cuba . Minneapolis MN . A standard work on the history of Cuban music up to 1940 . Chediak , Natalio 1998 . Diccioanrio del jazz latino . Fundacion Author , Barcelona . Collazo , Bobby 1987 . La ultima noche que pase contigo : 40 anos de fanandula Cubana . Cubanacan , Puerto Rico . Depestre Catony , Leonardo 1989 . Homenaje a la musica cubana . Oriente , Santiago de Cuba . Biographies of Abelardo Barroso , Joseíto Fernández , Paulina Alvarez , Roberto Faz and Pacho Alonso . Depestre Catony , Leonardo 1990 . Cuatro musicos de una villa . Letras Cubanas , La Habana . Biographies of four musicians from Guanabacoa : Ernesto Lecuona , Rita Montaner , Bola de Nieve and Juan Arrondo . Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1981 . Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova . 2nd rev ed , Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. Excellent history up to the 1960s , with a chapter on Cuban music in the US . Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1988 . Si te quieres por el pico divertir : historia del pregón musical latinoamericano . Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. Music based on street - sellers cries ; title is taken from lyricof Peanut Vendor . Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1994 . Cuba canta y baila : discografía de la música cubana 1898 -- 1925 . Fundación Musicalia , San Juan P.R. A vital research tool . Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1998 . Cuando sali de la Habana 1898 - 1997 : cien anos de musica cubana por el mundo . Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. Failde , Osvalde Castillo 1964 . Miguel Faílde : créador musical del Danzón . Consejo Nacional de Cultura , La Habana . Fairley , Jan. 2000 . Troubadours old and new , and ¡ Que rico bailo yo ! How well I dance . In S. Broughton and M. Ellingham , with J. McConnachie and O. Duane , ( eds ) World Music , Vol. 2 : Latin & North America , Caribbean , India , Asia and Pacific p386 - 413 . Rough Guides , Penguin . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0 Fajardo , Ramon 1993 . Rita Montaner . La Habana . Fajardo , Ramon 1997 . Rita Montaner : testimonio de una epoca . La Habana . Fernandez Robaina , Tomas 1983 . Recuerdos secretos de los mujeres publicas . La Habana . Galan , Natalio 1983 . Cuba y sus sones . Pre-Textos , Valencia . Giro , Radamés ( ed ) 1993 . El mambo . La Habana . Nine essays by Cuban musicians and musicologists . Giro , Radamés ( ed ) 1998 . Panorama de la musica popular Cubana . Letras Cubanas , La Habana . Reprints some important essays on Cuban popular music . Giro , Radamés 2007 . Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba . 4 vols , La Habana . An invaluable source . Grenet , Emilio 1939 . Popular Cuban music . Havana . Leal , Rine 1986 . Teatro del siglo XIX . La Habana . Leon , Carmela de 1990 . Sindo Garay : memoria de un trovador . La Habana . Leon , Argeliers 1964 . Musica folklorica cubana . Biblioteca Nacional José Martí , La Habana . Leymarie , Isabelle ( 1998 ) . Cuba : La Musique des dieux . Paris : Éditions du Layeur . ISBN 2911468163 . Leymarie , Isabelle ( 2002 ) . Cuban Fire : The Story of salsa and Latin jazz . New York : Continuum . ISBN 0826455867 . Leymarie , Isabelle ( 2003 ) . La Música cubana : Cuba . Barcelona : Océano . ISBN 8449424097 . Linares , María Teresa 1970 . La música popular . La Habana , Cuba . Illustrated introduction . Linares , María Teresa 1981 . La música y el pueblo . La Habana , Cuba . Lowinger , Rosa and Ofelia Fox 2005 . Tropicana nights : the life and times of the legendary Cuban nightclub . Harcourt , Orlando FL . Fox ( 1924 -- 2006 ) was the wife of the owner . Loyola Fernandez , Jose 1996 . El ritmo en bolero : el bolero en la musica bailable cubana . Huracan , Rio Piedras . Manuel , Peter ( ed ) 1991 . Essays on Cuban music : North America and Cuban perspectives . Lanham MD . Manuel , Peter , with K. Bilby and M. Largey. 2006 . Caribbean currents : Caribbean music from rumba to reggae 2nd ed . Temple University . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 463 - 7 Martinez , Orlando 1989 . Ernesto Lecuona . La Habana , Cuba . Naser , Amín E. 1985 . Benny Moré : perfil libre . La Habana , Cuba . Orovio , Helio 1995 . El bolero latino . La Habana . Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Revised by Sue Steward . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3186 - 1 A biographical dictionary of Cuban music , artists , composers , groups and terms . Duke University , Durham NC ; Tumi , Bath . Ortiz , Fernando 1950 . La Afrocania de la musica folklorica de Cuba . La Habana , revised ed 1965 . Ortiz , Fernando 1951 . Los bailes y el teatro de los negros en el folklore de Cuba . Letras Cubanas , La Habana . Continuation of the previous book ; contains transcriptions of percussion innotation and lyrics of toques and cantos a los santos variously in Lucumi and Spanish . Ortiz , Fernando 1952 . Los instrumentos de la musica Afrocubana. 5 volumes , La Habana . Padura Fuentes , Leonardo 2003 . Faces of salsa : a spoken history of the music . Translated by Stephen J. Clark . Smithsonian , Washington , D.C. Interviews with top musicians , recorded in the 1989 -- 1993 era . Peñalosa , David 2009 . The clave matrix ; Afro - Cuban rhythm : its principles and African origins . Redway , CA : Bembe Inc . ISBN 1 - 886502 - 80 - 3 . Pérez Sanjuro , Elena 1986 . Historia de la música cubana . Miami . Perna , Vincenzo 2005 . `` Timba , the Sound of the Cuban Crisis '' . Ashgate , Aldershot , UK - Burlington , US Pichardo , Esteban 1835 ( repr 1985 ) . Diccionario provincial casi razionado de voces y frases cubanos . La Habana . Includes contemporary explanations of musical and dance names . Roberts , John Storm 1979 . The Latin tinge : the impact of Latin American music on the United States . Oxford . One of the first on this theme ; still excellent . Roberts , John Storm 1999 . Latin jazz : the first of the fusions , 1880s to today . Schirmer , N.Y. Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades . Academia.edu , 2015 . Rodríguez Domíngues , Ezequiel . El Trio Matamoros : trienta y cinco anos de música popular . La Habana . Rondon , César Miguel 2008 . The book of salsa : a chronicle of urban music from the Caribbean to New York City . University of North Carolina Press . Roy , Maya 2002 . Cuban music : from son and rumba to the Buena Vista Social Club and timba cubana . Latin American Bureau / Wiener . Steward , Sue 1991 . Salsa : musical heartbeat of Latin America . Thames & Hudson , London . Highly illustrated . Sublette , Ned 2004 . Cuba and its music : from the first drums to the mambo . Chicago . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 516 - 8 First of two planned volumes , covers up to March 1952 . Sweeney , Philip 2001 . The Rough Guide to Cuban music : the history , the artists , the best CDs . Rough Guides , London . Small format . Thomas , Hugh 1971 . Cuba , or the pursuit of freedom . Eyre & Spottiswoode , London . Revised and abridged edition 2001 , Picador , London . The abridged edition , a slim - line 1151 pages , has shortened the section of Cuba 's early history . The standard work in English . Thomas , Hugh 1997 . The slave trade : the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440 - 1870 . Picador , London . 925 pages . Urfé , Odilio 1965 . El danzón . La Habana . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) BBC Radio 3 Audio ( 60 minutes ) : Santiago de Cuba and Son Music . Accessed November 25 , 2010 . BBC Radio 3 Audio ( 60 minutes ) : Changai and Decimas Music . Accessed November 25 , 2010 . BBC Radio 3 Audio ( 60 minutes ) : Matanzas , birthplace of rumba and danzon . Accessed November 25 , 2010 . ( in French ) Audio clips : Traditional music of Cuba . Musée d'ethnographie de Genève . Accessed November 25 , 2010 . 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cha - chá changüí columbia conga criolla danzón danzonete dengue filin guaguancó guaracha guajira habanera mambo mozambique pacá pachanga pilón pregón punto guajiro son son montuno songo timba yambú Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Cuba&oldid=850563645 '' Categories : Cuban music Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2018 Wikipedia spam cleanup from January 2018 Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 16 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the most popular music in cuba	[ "Son remains the basis of most popular forms of modern Cuban music. Son is represented by long-standing groups like Septeto Nacional, which was re-established in 1985, Orquesta Aragón, Orquesta Ritmo Oriental and Orquesta Original de Manzanillo. Sierra Maestra, is famous for having sparked a revival in traditional son in the 1980s. Nueva trova still has influence, but the overtly political themes of the 1960s are well out of fashion. Meanwhile, Irakere fused traditional Cuban music with jazz, and groups like NG La Banda, Orishas and Son 14 continued to add new elements to son, especially hip hop and funk, to form timba music; this process was aided by the acquisition of imported electronic equipment. There are still many practitioners of traditional son montuno, such as Eliades Ochoa, who have recorded and toured widely as a result of interest in the son montuno after the Buena Vista Social Club success. Europe-based Cuban female singer-songwriter Addys Mercedes merged her roots of Son and Filin with elements of urban, rock and pop-music, reaching mainstream airplay charts in Germany.[226]\n" ]	[ "Son" ]
6167250756620702028	Arizona State Route 77	Arizona state Route 77 - wikipedia Arizona state Route 77 Jump to : navigation , search State Route 77 Route information Maintained by ADOT Length : 253.93 mi ( 408.66 km ) Existed : 1927 -- present Major junctions South end : I - 10 in Tucson US 70 in Globe US 60 from Globe to Show Low US 180 in Holbrook I - 40 in Holbrook North end : BIA Route 6 at Navajo Indian Reservation boundary Highway system Arizona Highways Interstate U.S. State Unconstructed Former ← SR 75 SR 78 → ← SR 84 84A SR 85 → State Route 77 ( or SR 77 ) is a state highway in Arizona that traverses much of the state 's length , stretching from its northern terminus at the boundary of the Navajo Nation north of Holbrook to its junction with I - 10 in Tucson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 2 Origin of the name of Tucson 's Miracle Mile 3 History 4 Junction list 5 See also 6 External links 7 References Route description ( edit ) At its southern terminus , north of Tucson , the road is known as Oracle Road until the final mile and a half when the road turns westward directly toward Interstate 10 and is called Miracle Mile Road , named such in 1962 . Route 77 traveling through Salt River Canyon Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arizona State Route 77 . Past the Navajo Nation boundary , SR 77 becomes BIA Route 6 northbound towards Keams Canyon . Between Show Low and Globe , this highway is concurrent with U.S. Route 60 . Its southernmost reaches were formerly part of U.S. Route 80 and U.S. Route 89 , except for its terminal segment , the Miracle Mile segment of old Business 10 and State Route 84A . Origin of the name of Tucson 's Miracle Mile ( edit ) Although it was thought for several years that Tucson 's Miracle Mile derived its name from a June 1937 Arizona Highways magazine , historian David Leighton challenged this theory , in a February 23 , 2015 , article in the Arizona Daily Star newspaper . He explained that in 1936 , real estate developer Stanley Williamson conceived the idea of creating a commercial center outside of the over-congested downtown retail district , in Tucson . His model for this business center was the Miracle Mile in Los Angeles , Calif . The one in L.A. , was the idea of real estate agent A.W. Ross , who saw that the retail district in that city was overcrowded and , also saw that cars were becoming more common . He came up with the idea of buying farming land , along Wilshire Blvd. , several miles out from downtown , with the belief that as more people bought automobiles they would be willing to drive farther , in order to avoid the lack of parking and congestion in the downtown area . While initially no one thought his idea would work , in time store after store came to his business center . The Miracle Mile eventually became one of Los Angeles ' premier shopping districts . Ross originally called his business area , the Wilshire Boulevard Center , it was changed to the Miracle Mile in 1928 . History ( edit ) SR 77 was designated in 1931 from McNary to Holbrook . In 1938 , it was extended to Oracle Junction , and the old route to McNary was cancelled . In 1992 , it extended south to its current terminus , replacing a portion of US 89 , which was removed from southern Arizona . The section was part of US 80 until 1989 . 1992 , it extended south to Junction list ( edit ) This section contains a table that is missing mileposts for one or more junctions . Please help by adding the missing mileposts . County Location mi km Exit Destinations Notes Pima Tucson 0.00 0.00 I - 10 -- Phoenix , El Paso Exit 255 on I - 10 Oro Valley Tangerine Road ( SR 989 ) SR 989 unsigned ; serves Oro Valley Hospital Pinal Oracle Junction 22.91 36.87 SR 79 north ( Pinal Pioneer Parkway ) -- Florence , Phoenix Veterans Memorial Boulevard -- San Manuel Interchange ; serves San Manuel Airport Gila Winkelman 65.71 105.75 SR 177 north ( 2nd Street ) -- Superior Globe 98.52 158.55 US 70 east -- Safford South end of US 70 overlap 100.57 161.85 US 70 end / US 60 west ( Ash Street west ) -- Globe , Phoenix South end of US 60 overlap ; north end of US 70 overlap Navajo SR 73 east Show Low SR 260 west ( Clark Road ) -- Heber South end of SR 260 overlap SR 260 east ( White Mountain Road ) -- Pinetop - Lakeside North end of SR 260 overlap 172.20 277.13 US 60 east ( Deuce of Clubs east ) -- Springerville North end of US 60 overlap Snowflake 191.06 307.48 SR 277 west ( 3rd Street North ) -- Heber Holbrook 216.12 347.81 SR 377 south ( Heber Road ) -- Heber 217.74 350.42 US 180 east -- St. Johns South end of US 180 overlap 218.47 351.59 I - 40 BL / US 180 west ( Hopi Drive ) to I - 40 -- Flagstaff North end of US 180 overlap ; south end of I - 40 BL overlap I - 40 BL east ( Navajo Boulevard ) / I - 40 west -- Flagstaff North end of I - 40 BL overlap ; south end of I - 40 overlap ; exit 286 on I - 40 289 I - 40 BL west ( Navajo Boulevard ) Exit number follows I - 40 224.86 361.88 I - 40 east -- Albuquerque North end of I - 40 overlap ; exit 292 on I - 40 238.79 384.30 BIA Route 6 north Continuation beyond northern terminus at Navajo Nation boundary 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus See also ( edit ) Arizona portal U.S. Roads portal External links ( edit ) SR 77 at Arizona Roads David Leighton , `` Street Smarts : Miracle Mile 's roots include fancy stores , the Mexican revolution , '' Arizona Daily Star , February 23 , 2015 References ( edit ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Arizona State Route 77 KML is from Wikidata ^ Jump up to : Arizona Department of Transportation . `` 2008 ADOT Highway Log '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tucson @ AARoads.com Jump up ^ Devine , Dave ( October 9 -- 15 , 1997 ) . `` Motel Memories '' . Tucson Weekly . Tucson . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_State_Route_77&oldid=812810889 '' Categories : State highways in Arizona Gila River San Pedro Valley Transportation in Pima County , Arizona Transportation in Pinal County , Arizona Transportation in Gila County , Arizona Transportation in Navajo County , Arizona Transportation in Tucson , Arizona Geography of the Navajo Nation U.S. Route 80 U.S. Route 89 Interstate 10 Hidden categories : Routes needing mileposts Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 00 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the miracle mile in tucson arizona	[]	[]
-379924181920797593	Seattle–Bainbridge ferry	Seattle -- Bainbridge ferry - wikipedia Seattle -- Bainbridge ferry Jump to : navigation , search Seattle -- Bainbridge Island ferry Ferry Wenatchee en route to Bainbridge Island . Waterway Puget Sound Transit type Jumbo Mark - II - class ferry Route Seattle -- Bainbridge Island Authority Washington State Ferries ( 1951 -- present ) System length 8.6 miles Travel time 30 - 35 minutes ( 2015 ) Yearly ridership 6,320,820 passengers ( 2015 ) Connections at Winslow Kitsap Transit , Clallam Transit SR 305 Connections at Seattle King County Water Taxi Pioneer Square station King County Metro , Sound Transit Express SR 519 The Seattle -- Bainbridge ferry is a ferry route across Puget Sound between Seattle and Bainbridge Island , Washington . The route was called the Seattle -- Winslow ferry before the city of Winslow annexed the rest of the island and changed its name . Since 1951 the only ferries employed on the route have belonged to the Washington state ferry system , currently the largest ferry system in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Current status 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) This ferry route is 8.6 miles long , with terminals at Colman Dock in Seattle and , on Bainbridge Island , at Winslow . Near the Winslow terminal is the main shipyard for the Washington State Ferry system . History ( edit ) Before ferries were dominant on Puget Sound , the route was served by passenger and freight - carrying steamboats . The wooden steamship Florence K served the route for the Eagle Harbor Transportation Co. , until 1915 when the company put the new steamer Bainbridge on the route , and shifted Florence K to the Seattle -- Port Washington route . In 1949 , the Chippewa served on the route , except during summers , when Chippewa was transferred to the Anacortes - Sidney route . From 1951 to 1968 , the main ferry on the route was the Illahee which ran along with the Quinault ( 1951 - 1953 ) , Evergreen State ( 1954 - 1959 ) , and Tillikum ( 1959 - 1968 ) , with the steam ferry San Mateo occasionally running as an extra boat . In 1968 , with increasing demand exceeding vehicle capacity , Tillikum and Illahee were reassigned to the Edmonds - Kingston route , and replaced by the Super Class boats Kaleetan and Elwha , both with capacities of 2,500 passengers and 160 ( originally ) automobiles . In 1972 - 1973 the Super Class vessels were displaced by the Jumbo class Spokane and Walla Walla , which remained in Bainbridge Island service until they were displaced in turn by the Jumbo Mark II Class vessels Tacoma and Wenatchee in 1997 - 1998 . Current status ( edit ) Assigned to the route as of September 2017 were the Jumbo Mark II class ferries Tacoma and Wenatchee , each with a capacity of 2,500 passengers and a maximum of 202 vehicles . Seattle 's waterfront from the Bainbridge Island ferry as it approaches the Seattle ferry terminal at Colman Dock See also ( edit ) Ferries in Washington State Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Demoro , Harre , The Evergreen Fleet , pp. 45 -- 47 Jump up ^ Newell , ed. , H.W. McCurdy Marine History , at 90 , 254 , 326 , 351 , 372 , 425 , and 593 . Jump up ^ Kline and Bayless , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Washington State Ferries , `` Summer 2016 Sailing Schedule '' . Jump up ^ `` Wenatchee '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . References ( edit ) Demoro , Harre , The Evergreen Fleet -- A Pictoral History of Washington State Ferries , Golden West Books , San Marino CA ( 1971 ) ISBN 0 - 87095 - 037 - 1 Kline , Mary S. , and Bayless , G.A. , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , Bayless Books , Seattle , WA ( 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 914515 - 00 - 4 Newell , Gordon R. ed. , H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest , Superior Publishing , Seattle WA ( 1966 ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Washington State Ferries at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Washington State Ferries ( hide ) Routes Anacortes -- San Juan Islands Edmonds -- Kingston Fauntleroy -- Vashon -- Southworth Mukilteo -- Clinton Point Defiance -- Tahlequah Port Townsend -- Coupeville Seattle -- Bainbridge Seattle -- Bremerton Terminals Colman Dock ( Seattle ) Current fleet Jumbo Mark - II - class MV Tacoma MV Wenatchee MV Puyallup Jumbo - class MV Spokane MV Walla Walla Super-class MV Hyak MV Kaleetan MV Yakima MV Elwha Olympic - class MV Tokitae MV Samish MV Chimacum MV Suquamish ( under construction ) Issaquah 130 - class MV Cathlamet MV Chelan MV Issaquah MV Kitsap MV Kittitas Issaquah - class MV Sealth Evergreen State - class MV Tillikum Kwa - di Tabil - class MV Chetzemoka MV Salish MV Kennewick Retired fleet Steel Electric - class MV Enetai MV Illahee MV Klickitat MV Nisqually MV Quinault MV Willapa Wood Electric - class MV Chetzemoka ( 1927 ) MV Kehloken MV Klahanie Southern Pacific Class SS San Mateo SS Shasta Skansie Class MV Skansonia Anderson Class MV Kitsap ( 1925 ) MV Vashon Governor Class MV Olympic MV Rhododendron Evergreen State - class MV Evergreen State MV Klahowya Skagit Kalama - class MV Kalama MV Skagit Passenger - Only Fast Ferry - class MV Chinook MV Snohomish No Class MV Chippewa MV Crosline MV Hiyu MV Kalakala MV Kulshan MV Leschi MV Rosario MV Tyee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle -- Bainbridge_ferry&oldid = 798922057 '' Categories : Ferry routes in western Washington ( state ) Transportation in King County , Washington Water transport in Seattle History of King County , Washington Transportation in Kitsap County , Washington History of Kitsap County , Washington Bainbridge Island , Washington Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 16 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how long is the ferry from bainbridge to seattle	[ "This ferry route is 8.6 miles long, with terminals at Colman Dock in Seattle and, on Bainbridge Island, at Winslow. Near the Winslow terminal is the main shipyard for the Washington State Ferry system.[1]" ]	[ "8.6 miles" ]
-394189916930119577	Duck (cricket)	Duck ( cricket ) - wikipedia Duck ( cricket ) In cricket , a duck is a batsman 's dismissal for a score of zero . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 2 Significant ducks 3 Variations 4 Pair 5 The Primary Club 6 See also 7 References Origin of the term ( edit ) The term is a shortening of the term `` duck 's egg '' , the latter being used long before Test cricket began . When referring to the Prince of Wales ' ( the future Edward VII ) score of nought on 17 July 1866 , a contemporary newspaper wrote that the Prince `` retired to the royal pavilion on a ' duck 's egg ' `` . The name is believed to come from the shape of the number `` 0 '' being similar to that of a duck 's egg , as in the case of the American slang term `` goose - egg '' popular in baseball and the tennis term `` love , '' derived from French l'oeuf ( `` the egg '' ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary still cites `` duck 's egg '' as an alternative version of the term . Significant ducks ( edit ) The first duck in a Test match was made in the very first Test , between Australia and England at Melbourne in March 1877 , when Ned Gregory was caught by Andrew Greenwood off the bowling of James Lillywhite . As of 2017 , the record for the most ducks in Test cricket is held by West Indies player Courtney Walsh , who was out for nought on 43 occasions , while the overall first - class record is 156 , set by Worcestershire and England player Reg Perks . One particularly high - profile example of a duck came in 1948 , when Don Bradman was playing his final Test match for Australia , against England at The Oval . In Australia 's first innings , Bradman was bowled for a duck by Eric Hollies , causing his Test average to fall from 101.39 to 99.94 ; had he scored just four runs , his average would have been 100 . As things turned out , Australia won the match by an innings , and so Bradman did not get to bat a second time ( had he batted , he would have needed at least 104 runs if dismissed or at least four runs if not out to get his average back to 100 ) . In the first Test of Australia 's tour of India in 1986 , with the cumulative scores tied , Indian tailender Maninder Singh was trapped LBW by Greg Matthews for a four ball duck , ensuring just the second tied Test in Test Cricket history . Indian all - rounder Ajit Agarkar earned the unfortunate nickname `` Bombay Duck '' after being dismissed for ducks five consecutive times in test matches against Australia . In a 1913 match against Glastonbury , Huish and Langport 's batsmen all scored ducks for a total of zero runs . A similar occurrence in indoor cricket happened in 2016 , when Bapchild Cricket Club were dismissed for zero against Christ Church University . On January 30 , 2017 tailender Josh Hazlewood ( Aus ) became the first player to be dismissed for a diamond duck in a partnership of more than fifty runs . He was run out at the non-striker's end without facing a delivery . Variations ( edit ) There are several variations used to describe specific types of duck . The usage or prevalence of many of these terms vary regionally , with one term having different meanings in different parts of the world . Even within commentary from ESPN Cricinfo or individual cricket board websites , there is no uniform application of some of these terms . Players who are dismissed by the first ball they face are said to have been dismissed for a golden duck . This term is applied uniformly throughout the cricket world . A batsman who is dismissed without facing a ball ( most usually run out from the non-striker's end , but alternatively stumped or run out off a wide delivery ) is said to be out for a diamond duck , but in some regions that term has an alternative definition . An opening batsman who is dismissed on the first ball of a team 's innings is said to be out for a diamond duck , platinum duck or royal duck , depending upon the regional usage . Pair ( edit ) To be dismissed for nought in both innings of the same two - innings match is to be dismissed for a pair , because the two noughts together are thought to resemble a pair of spectacles ; the longer form is occasionally used . To be dismissed first ball in both innings ( i.e. , two golden ducks ) is to suffer the indignity of making a king pair . The primary Club ( edit ) Main article : Primary Club A `` golden duck '' is also known as a `` primary '' . In 1955 several young members of Beckenham Cricket Club in Kent who had been dismissed first ball that season , formed a club dedicated to supporting a charity to help blind cricketers . The Primary Club has grown into an international charity making annual donations in excess of £ 100,000 to a variety of schools and clubs for the blind and partially sighted . Their patron is former England and Kent cricketer Derek Underwood MBE . Membership is open to any player who has been dismissed first ball in any game of cricket . Funds are raised through the selling of ties which should be worn on the Saturday of a Test match . See also ( edit ) Hat trick , the dismissal of three batsmen from three consecutive balls Names for the number 0 in English Pairs in test and first - class cricket Golden sombrero , an equally inglorious batting feat in baseball Daddles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : LONDON from THE DAILY TIMES CORRESPONDENT , 25 July 1866 can be viewed at Paper 's past Jump up ^ `` duck '' . AskOxford.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v England in 1876 / 77 '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tests -- Most Ducks in Career '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most Ducks in First - Class Cricket '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Don Bradman '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` No more Bombay Duck '' . The Sun . 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Frindall , Bill ( 2009 ) . Ask Bearders . BBC Books . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84607 - 880 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morris , Steven ( 2011 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Ducks all round : the cricket team that was all out for nought '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket team bowled out for zero in Kent indoor game '' . BBC Sport. 2016 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket explained '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Victorian Cricket Association Umpires and Scorers Association Association Newsletter , Vol. 15 No. 5 , 2008 -- 2009 season , p11 Jump up ^ `` cricket.com.au Twenty20 Match Commentary '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Martin ( 4 December 2010 ) . `` A diamond duck ? Simon Katich 's howler was as rare as a sighting of Quackula ... '' Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Diamond duck places Katich in select Ashes club '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ All Today 's Yesterdays -- South Africa 's first home Test for 22 years Jump up ^ Sailesh S. Radha , Five Days in White Flannels : A Trivia Book on Test Cricket , p46 , ( AuthorHouse ) ISBN 1 - 4389 - 2469 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Middlesex facing innings defeat at Lord 's '' . Middlesex County Cricket Club . 22 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blofeld , Henry ( 18 August 2003 ) . `` CRICKET : Smith has the class and character to revive England '' . The Independent . FindArticles . Archived from the original on 8 September 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Conversely , Graham Gooch made a pair of spectacles in his first Test , against Australia . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck_(cricket)&oldid=840355301 '' Categories : Cricket terminology Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Pages using Template : Post-nominals with missing parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 10 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	achievement of a cricketer out first ball for zero in both innings	[ "To be dismissed for nought in both innings of the same two-innings match is to be dismissed for a pair,[18] because the two noughts together are thought to resemble a pair of spectacles; the longer form is occasionally used.[19] To be dismissed first ball in both innings (i.e., two golden ducks) is to suffer the indignity of making a king pair.[11]" ]	[ "a king pair" ]
4361034359941117602	La Bamba (film)	La Bamba ( film ) - wikipedia La Bamba ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search La Bamba Theatrical release poster Directed by Luis Valdez Produced by Bill Borden Taylor Hackford Written by Luis Valdez Starring Lou Diamond Phillips Esai Morales Danielle von Zerneck Rosanna DeSoto Elizabeth Peña Joe Pantoliano Music by Los Lobos Miles Goodman Carlos Santana Cinematography Adam Greenberg Edited by Sheldon Kahn Don Brochu Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date July 24 , 1987 ( 1987 - 07 - 24 ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6.5 million Box office $54.2 million La Bamba is a 1987 American biographical film written and directed by Luis Valdez that follows the life and career of Chicano rock ' n ' roll star Ritchie Valens . The film stars Lou Diamond Phillips as Valens , Esai Morales , Rosanna DeSoto , Elizabeth Peña , Danielle von Zerneck , and Joe Pantoliano . The film depicts the effect Valens ' career had on the lives of his half - brother Bob Morales , his girlfriend Donna Ludwig and the rest of his family . In 2017 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Distribution 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Richard Steven Valenzuela ( Phillips ) is a normal teenage boy who becomes a rock ' n ' roll superstar under the stage name Ritchie Valens . He meets and falls in love with high school classmate Donna Ludwig ( von Zerneck ) , for whom he writes a song that became a number two hit ( `` Donna '' ) . However , Donna 's father is shown as having issues with his daughter dating a Mexican - American , which causes friction between Ritchie and Donna . The movie also has several subplots , such as his relationship with his mother Connie Valenzuela ( DeSoto ) and half - brother Bob Morales ( Esai Morales ) , and the jealousy Bob felt toward Ritchie 's success . In one scene , Bob wins an important art contest that helps promising cartoonists , only to throw away his prize because , in his mind , his mother does not seem to care enough . Bob resorts to drinking heavily and , at one point , leads him to yelling in a drunken rage in front of his mother 's door , `` I want to see my daughter ! '' in reference to the child he sired with Ritchie 's first girlfriend Rosie ( Peña ) . However , when they get an opportunity , Ritchie and Bob sneak out for a good time . On one occasion , they take a road trip to Tijuana , visiting one of the local clubs where Ritchie discovers what would eventually become his signature song , `` La Bamba '' . Ritchie 's has a fear of flying , triggered by a recurring dream resulting from a midair collision between two planes over Ritchie 's school which killed his best friend . Ritchie initially manages to avoid flying to his concerts and appearances , but has to conquer his fear when invited to perform `` Donna '' on American Bandstand . Ritchie 's record producer and manager , Bob Keane ( Pantoliano ) , helps him by giving him a little vodka to calm his nerves during the flight to Philadelphia for the Bandstand appearance . As Ritchie becomes more famous , his responsibilities change , and he eventually joins the ill - fated Winter Dance Party tour with Buddy Holly ( Marshall Crenshaw ) and `` The Big Bopper '' ( Stephen Lee ) after `` La Bamba '' and `` Donna '' reach the top of the Billboard charts . Ritchie , Holly , and Bopper take off in an airplane during a snowstorm for their fateful flight on February 3 , 1959 . Before the ill - fated flight , Ritchie makes a call to his brother , wherein they patch up their differences . He even invites Bob to fly out to Chicago to join the tour for family support . The next day , as Bob is fixing his mother 's car , he hears the news bulletin on the radio that his brother 's plane crashed without any survivors . Bob darts out of his driveway in an attempt to get to his mother before she hears the news . Unfortunately , by the time he gets there , she stands immobile . The news of Ritchie 's death hits the Valenzuela family , Bob , and Donna very hard . In the final scene , the cars to Ritchie 's funeral are shown driving slowly into San Fernando Mission Cemetery and Bob is then seen walking across a bridge and screaming out Ritchie 's name , remembering all the good times they had together , accompanied by the Santo & Johnny instrumental `` Sleep Walk . '' Lou Diamond Phillips ( as Ritchie ) is then shown in an earlier scene performing Valens ' version of `` La Bamba '' accompanied by the closing credits . In the movie David Hidalgo of Los Lobos provided the singing voice . Cast ( edit ) Lou Diamond Phillips as Ritchie Valens Esai Morales as Roberto `` Bob '' Morales ( Ritchie 's half - brother ) Rosanna DeSoto as Connie Valenzuela ( Ritchie 's mother ) Danielle von Zerneck as Donna Ludwig Elizabeth Peña as Rosie Morales Joe Pantoliano as Bob Keane Rick Dees as Ted Quillin Marshall Crenshaw as Buddy Holly Howard Huntsberry as Jackie Wilson Brian Setzer as Eddie Cochran Stephen Lee as The Big Bopper Sam Anderson as Mr. Ludwig ( Donna 's father ) Also featured are several members of the Valenzuela family and director Luis Valdez 's family , including : Concepcion Valenzuela ( the real Connie Valenzuela , Ritchie 's mother ) as the elderly woman sitting next to Lou Diamond Phillips ( as Ritchie ) at a party Daniel Valdez ( Luis ' brother ) as Ritchie 's Uncle Lelo Distribution ( edit ) The film opened in wide release in the United States on July 24 , 1987 . In Australia it opened on September 17 , 1987 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed a total of $5,698,884 . La Bamba eventually grossed $52,678,820 in the United States in 12 weeks . Reception ( edit ) Roger Ebert liked the film and the screenplay , writing , `` This is a good small movie , sweet and sentimental , about a kid who never really got a chance to show his stuff . The best things in it are the most unexpected things : the portraits of everyday life , of a loving mother , of a brother who loves and resents him , of a kid growing up and tasting fame and leaving everyone standing around at his funeral shocked that his life ended just as it seemed to be beginning . '' Janet Maslin , writing for The New York Times , was impressed with Lou Diamond Phillips ' performance , and wrote , `` A film like this is quite naturally a showcase for its star , and as Valens , Lou Diamond Phillips has a sweetness and sincerity that in no way diminish the toughness of his onstage persona . The role is blandly written , but Mr. Phillips gives Valens backbone . '' The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 96 % of critics gave the film a positive review , based on 28 reviews , with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Wins Broadcast Music Incorporated : BMI Film Music Award , Carlos Santana and Miles Goodman ; 1988 . Nominations Golden Globe Award : Best Motion Picture - Drama ; 1988 . Soundtrack ( edit ) La Bamba Soundtrack Cover Soundtrack album by Various artists Released June 30 , 1987 Genre Rock and roll , rockabilly Label Slash , Warner Bros . Because the movie is a celebration of 1950s rock and roller Ritchie Valens , his music and the music of his contemporaries play a central part in the film . An original motion picture soundtrack album was released on June 30 , 1987 on Warner Bros. Records . The album contained 12 tracks . The first six songs consist of Los Lobos covers of Ritchie Valens ' songs : `` La Bamba '' , `` Come On Let 's Go '' , `` Ooh My Head '' , `` We Belong Together '' , `` Framed '' , and `` Donna '' . Other performers include : Howard Huntsberry , Marshall Crenshaw , Brian Setzer , and Bo Diddley performing a new version of his blues classic `` Who Do You Love ? '' . Some songs like The Big Bopper 's `` Chantilly Lace '' were omitted from the release . Other omitted songs were `` Oh Boy '' , `` Rip It Up '' , `` The Paddi Wack Song '' ( written by Valens ) , and `` Sleep Walk '' by Santo & Johnny ( used in the final and initial scenes ) . Track listing ( edit ) Side A . `` La Bamba '' - Los Lobos `` Come On , Let 's Go ! '' - Los Lobos `` Ooh My Head '' - Los Lobos `` We Belong Together '' - Los Lobos `` Framed '' - Los Lobos `` Donna '' - Los Lobos Side B . `` Lonely Teardrops '' - Howard Huntsberry `` Crying , Waiting , Hoping '' - Marshall Crenshaw `` Summertime Blues '' - Brian Setzer `` Who Do You Love ? '' - Bo Diddley `` Charlena '' - Los Lobos `` Goodnight , My Love '' - Los Lobos Preceded by Whitney by Whitney Houston Billboard 200 number - one album September 12 -- 26 , 1987 Succeeded by Bad by Michael Jackson Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ La Bamba at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Cannady , Sheryl ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 National Film Registry Is More Than a ' Field of Dreams ' '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1987/0BMBL.php title = La Bamba ( 1987 ) work = The Numbers accessdate = November 27 , 2007 publisher = Nash Information Services ) ) Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 24 , 1987 ) . `` La Bamba '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( July 24 , 1987 ) . `` FILM : ' LA BAMBA , ' A MUSICAL BIOGRAPHY '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Bamba ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications ( Albums ) du SNEP ( Bilan par Artiste ) > `` Los Lobos '' > `` Ok '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Los Lobos -- LA BAMBA ( SOUNDTRACK ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : La Bamba ( film ) Los Angeles portal Latino and Hispanic American portal La Bamba on IMDb La Bamba at Rotten Tomatoes La Bamba trailer on YouTube ( hide ) Films directed by Luis Valdez I Am Joaquin ( 1969 ) Zoot Suit ( 1981 ) La Bamba ( 1987 ) La Pastorela ( 1991 ) The Cisco Kid ( 1994 ) Gary Lewis & The Playboys - 1965 - This Diamond Ring - Tijuana Wedding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Bamba_(film)&oldid=843638469 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films 1980s drama films 1980s biographical films American biographical films American drama films American films American rock music films Biographical films about musicians Columbia Pictures films Films set in 1957 Films set in 1958 Films set in 1959 Films set in Mexico Films set in the San Fernando Valley Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles Mexican - American films Musical films based on actual events Ritchie Valens Films set in Tijuana United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 09 . 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-2133281056446283490	Juliet O'Hara	Juliet O'Hara - wikipedia Juliet O'Hara Juliet O'Hara Psych character Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara First appearance `` Spellingg Bee '' Last appearance Psych : The Movie Created by Steve Franks Portrayed by Maggie Lawson Information Nickname ( s ) Jules ( by Shawn ) , Jewel ( by her father ) , Mrs. Tostig , Maniac , Crazy Cat Lady Aliases Mary Lou Baumgartner ( 1.15 ) , Maniac ( 3.07 ) , Helene ( 7.02 ) Gender Female Occupation San Francisco Police Department Head Detective ( 2014 -- present ) SBPD Junior Detective ( 2006 -- 14 ) Miami Police Department Police Officer ( ? -- 2006 ) Family Frank O'Hara ( father ) Maryanne O'Hara ( mother ) Lloyd French ( stepfather ) Ewan O'Hara ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Shawn Spencer Significant other ( s ) Scott Seaver ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Cameron Luntz ( formerly ) Declan Rand ( 2010 ) Relatives Unnamed sister - in - law Drake O'Hara ( nephew ) Finn O'Hara ( nephew ) Isaac O'Hara ( nephew ) Head Detective Juliet Lynn `` Jules '' O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson . She attended the University of Miami . Fictional biography ( edit ) Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show 's second episode , `` Spellingg Bee '' , as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami , replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter 's partner . Born in 1981 , she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings . Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age , as the series progresses she is given more responsibility , being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick . She has grown more assertive with her partner , and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson ( who plays Lassiter ) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them . Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter 's gruff , rigid style . She reminds her partner repeatedly to `` be sensitive '' with the media , the victims , and the witnesses of their cases . Unlike Lassiter , she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster . Lawson says that , although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first , she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season , Juliet reveals a `` very friendly , comfortable relationship '' . The actress says she thinks that , despite some skepticism , Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic . By the end of the fifth season , Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved . By the middle of the sixth season , Shawn is ready for marriage . Her older brother Ewan , played by John Cena , is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army . Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish . Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop , that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force . Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner . She seems to be Scots Irish , with her family hailing from Inverness . Relationship with Shawn Spencer ( edit ) Season one `` Spellingg Bee '' ( 1.02 ) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner . Shawn attempts to flirt with her , but Juliet 's reception is cool . Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner . `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' ( 1.03 ) - When Shawn `` reads '' Juliet 's palm , the two have a moment of mutual understanding . They agree to help each other out on the case , thus beginning their camaraderie . `` Weekend Warriors '' ( 1.06 ) - Shawn called Juliet `` Jules '' for the first time , when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment . `` Shawn vs. the Red Phantom '' ( 1.08 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her . She asks Shawn where he is , and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer . She says , `` I do n't ask questions I do n't want to know the answer to . '' Shawn then advises her not to ask `` your boyfriend if he thinks your sister 's hot . '' She informs him she does not have a sister , to which he asks , `` How about a boyfriend ? '' Shawn then takes on a missing - person 's case as a `` favor '' to Juliet , informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future , ones that he can not share `` with nuns and men of the cloth . '' `` From the Earth to the Starbucks '' ( 1.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter . Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh ... occasionally . `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not , He Loves Me , Oops He 's Dead '' ( 1.11 ) - When Shawn and Juliet go under cover at a speed - dating event , the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100 % compatibility match , `` a speed - dating first . '' Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim . Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley . Season two `` Meat Is Murder , But Murder Is Also Murder '' ( 2.06 ) - Shawn goes under cover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked . He directs his horoscopes at specific people , such as Detective Lassiter and his dad . In the one meant for Juliet , he writes , `` Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt . '' Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt , and Jules seems to get the message , though she does not say anything . After solving the case , Juliet says to Shawn , `` Looks like you 're finally able to communicate your visions again . '' and Shawn says , `` Im having another vision right now , you and me celebrating over dinner and drinks . '' Juliet replies , `` Hmm . Sounds like you 're still a little off . '' Shawn took her rejection pretty well . `` Rob - a-Bye Baby '' ( 2.08 ) - While investigating a nanny agency , Shawn and Juliet go under cover as a married couple . `` Bounty Hunters ! '' ( 2.09 ) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody , Shawn saves the day by reapprehending the prisoner . When Juliet thanks Shawn , he assures her that it was a mistake and `` that 's what friends are for . '' Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet , but she refuses to kiss him , saying it would be `` a mistake . '' Shawn pulls away , respecting her wishes , but nevertheless walks away smiling . Once alone , Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun , a stress - relieving exercise she learned in the police academy . `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents , but after giving Juliet hers , Shawn states that it is just from him . She then makes him think that she is going to give him a hug , and he opens his arms to hug her back , and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him . Season three `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) - While talking to his high - school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion , Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs , `` Pretty much perfect . '' `` The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable '' ( 3.04 ) - When Shawn will not stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room , Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows , to which Shawn marvels , `` My God that was so hot . '' When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government , he hands Jules a paper , telling her the truth about the `` Spanish '' . He also wrote , `` You smell nice '' on the paper . Later , after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn and Gus ' rescue , Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance . `` Talk Derby to Me '' ( 3.07 ) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for Juliet and himself , complete with music , candles , and flowers . She can not stay , however , because she has to follow a lead . When that lead turns out to be a red herring , Shawn takes the blame for the mistake . After the case is closed , Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate - alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times ; as the camera zooms out , their hands pressed together , though they are not actually holding hands . `` Gus Walks into a Bank '' ( 3.08 ) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz , the head of SWAT . Shawn eventually tells her it is okay , he just wants her to be happy . When Juliet 's date with Luntz for that evening is cancelled , she finds Shawn at the Psych office . The two take a stroll on the boardwalk eating hot dogs . `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) - Shawn , while discussing an old flame with Juliet , says , `` Do n't worry , it was long before I knew you . '' Juliet insists that it is irrelevant , meaning that from her point of view , no relationship exists between them . Shawn , however , does not seem convinced . `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ( 3.10 ) - Juliet befriends a woman named April , who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet 's opinion of him . Juliet 's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn . Later , Shawn asks April out , but she turns him down because she does not want to `` get in the way . '' She wishes Shawn good luck , leaving him confused . `` Lassie Did a Bad , Bad Thing '' ( 3.11 ) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if Juliet and he are an item . He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot , calling him `` witty and urbane . '' `` Any Given Friday Night at 10PM , 9PM Central '' ( 3.13 ) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field . When he turns around , Juliet is astonished to discover that he is Shawn ! Later , Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field , but quickly hides it when Gus notices . `` Tuesday the 17th '' ( 3.15 ) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet , he calls her `` one of Santa Barbara 's finest , both literally and figuratively '' , and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed . Also , after Juliet saves Shawn 's life by shooting his assailant in the hand , Shawn tells her , `` That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I 've ever - '' Juliet cuts him off , but smiles softly nonetheless . `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date , and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals . Unfortunately , Shawn tells her the timing is awful , as he is on a date with his old high - school flame , Abigail . When Shawn explains the situation , Juliet understands . She kisses him on the cheek and leaves . Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss , but rejoins Abigail . Season four `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) - Shawn does not know how to act around Juliet , now that he is dating Abigail . He tells Juliet , `` I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you . It 's silly . You mean too much to me , and I am perfectly capable of keeping this ( their friendship ) platonic , as long as you are . '' Juliet replies , `` I am too ! Great ! '' As she walks away , Shawn questions , `` But how ? '' They also take what feels like a romantic stroll , as pointed out by Juliet , on a suspension bridge overlooking a river . `` High Noon - ish '' ( 4.03 ) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her . Juliet smiles , but quickly looks down as if embarrassed . `` Bollywood Homicide '' ( 4.06 ) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses , she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate , it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them . Shawn moves closer to Juliet , and she leans back , probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her . She asks , `` Shawn , what are you doing ? '' Shawn does not answer the question , instead pointing out a clue that he had seen while they were moving toward each other . When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date , Shawn , watching from a car , is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet 's hand , as noted by Gus and Lassiter . Later , Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife . Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random coworker . Shawn glances over at Juliet and says , `` She 's not random . '' So Abigail would not get the wrong impression , Shawn quickly corrects himself , saying he would do that for anyone . `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ( 4.09 ) - After Shawn 's kidnapping , Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues . When she sees Abigail 's toothbrush and some items , she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in . Gus replies that they have reached the `` he has a drawer , she has a toothbrush '' stage to which Juliet seems affected . Shawn , who has been shot and kidnapped , tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him . Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts . The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell `` Abigail '' that he loves her . Shawn does . Juliet , believing the profession of love to be real , responds by saying , `` Shawn , I think I ... '' Shawn interrupts her by saying , `` Goodbye , Abigail . '' He hangs up . Juliet is clearly confused , but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts , and he is saved . After the ordeal , Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say , `` I love you '' back . Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do , Shawn does not seem convinced . `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ( 4.10 ) - Juliet 's brother , Ewan O'Hara , reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn . Later , Ewan says explicitly that Juliet `` likes ( Shawn ) a lot '' , and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn , as well . Meanwhile , Abigail leaves for Uganda . `` A Very Juliet Episode '' ( 4.12 ) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead . After receiving the awful news , Shawn and she take a long walk together through the park , during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug . Shawn then searches high and low for Scott , who turns out to be in witness protection . Once the couple is reunited , Shawn is clearly jealous . Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal 's innocence . Shawn holds up his end of the bargain , and though Scott was no longer in danger , Juliet and he parted ways , agreeing to meet again in a year . `` Death Is in the Air '' ( 4.13 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he is single and does not need to impress anyone , but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack - obviously he wants to impress Juliet . More importantly , Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote . Upon returning , Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet 's mortality made him realize he does not have as much time as he thought ; he has to tell her how he feels . Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all , but Shawn tries to go through with his admission , anyway . He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels , which is immediately followed by Lassiter 's entry into the room , effectively killing the moment . `` Mr. Yin Presents '' ( 4.16 ) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail , who just returned from Uganda . Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save , but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life . Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail , but Yin cuts her off . Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang 's book , and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet , saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is . Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time , while Shawn is able to save Abigail . At the end , Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her . Abigail tells Shawn she can not handle the danger and breaks up with him . Season five `` Romeo and Juliet and Juliet '' ( 5.01 ) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it . Shawn seeks her help on a case from which his father has barred him , involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs . Juliet gives him information , but does not return to the SBPD . Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper , Teno Tan . He is easily outmatched , but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed . They thank each other and agree to hug , but Lassiter interrupts . Shawn calls for a rain check . `` Feet Do n't Kill Me Now '' ( 5.02 ) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case . Their partnership does not hold up , as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus , as does Juliet with Lassiter . Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners . `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) - Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend 's wedding , but `` criminal profiler '' Declan Rand beats him to the punch . Juliet offers to reschedule , but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced . Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan , whom Gus dubs `` Shawn 2.0 '' because of their similarities . Like Shawn , Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father . Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does not come clean himself . Like he has the entire episode , Declan beats Shawn , making his confession to Juliet first . She forgives Declan and they go for coffee , leaving Shawn unable to say anything . `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) - Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan , of which Shawn is very jealous . Declan is even planning a vacation for Juliet and himself . After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia 's capture , Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he can not be happy without her , though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship . Juliet is visibly affected by his words . After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody , Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan 's residence . Declan tells them to make their visit quick , as he is bidding 30 million euros on an item over the phone . Gus , intrigued by this , follows Declan upstairs . Shawn is left alone in the foyer , at which point Juliet enters the room , surprised to see him . She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be three creme brulé dishes at Declan 's computer , but he does not rat out Declan for helping . Shawn wishes her a great four days off , but she corrects that it is two weeks , visibly upsetting him . He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation , and tells her to take many mental photographs . As Shawn starts going off on a tangent , Juliet abruptly kisses him . She then pulls back , and both Shawn and she are left speechless from the kiss . Declan and Gus return , and Shawn , too stunned to make any witty remarks , simply wishes them a good vacation . Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave , and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door . Juliet is left standing in the foyer , alone . `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada . Before Shawn leaves , his father advises him to speak with Juliet , as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing . Shawn asks after her at the station , but Buzz tells him she already has her passport . Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States , to Shawn 's visible shock , and he asks Juliet to talk . Later , Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan , but Shawn can not talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside , resulting in Jules walking away upset . At the end of the episode , Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is , with the answer `` Grabbin ' a muffin '' . He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean , but she is still upset , claiming they missed their moment . Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met , he has thought about replacing his motorcycle , a beloved symbol of freedom , with a car . They kiss passionately , but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook . Then , they move to a gift shop , where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a `` slut '' . They then go to a car , and are once more interrupted by a cop . Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky . `` In Plain Fright '' ( 5.11 ) - At the beginning of the episode , t Shawn and Juliet are revealed to be officially a couple . `` Dual Spires '' ( 5.12 ) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found , and where the only cell service zone in the town is . When Juliet shows up unexpectedly . Shawn distracts Gus by saying , `` Dude , labradoodle ! '' , and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss . `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) - Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn ( now her boyfriend ) sides with a supposed Yin kidnap victim . When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin 's house , she is the first to get Yang out of confinement , and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police , Jules agrees . Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn , and Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house . Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house . Shawn is saved , and after Yang gets her picture , she says to Shawn , `` Catch up with you later , Mr. Spencer . '' After finishing his statement on the Yin case , Shawn goes looking for Jules , and finds her in the interrogation room . She says she can not finish her statement because it is like `` marking the time ' til the next crazy rolls in . '' To that , Shawn replies that he is there for her and will `` always protect her '' , and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand . He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips . The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship . Season six `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ( 6.01 ) - Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn . She later confesses to Lassiter outright that she is dating Shawn , but he feels their trust has been broken . Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when the latter seemingly was at the crime scene . Shawn declares this has to do with Juliet and his romantic involvement , and he blurts out that he loves her , shocking everyone in the room and himself . He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic , which further deepens Juliet 's trust in Shawn . Later , Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet , he will discharge his weapon ... repeatedly . `` Last Night Gus '' ( 6.02 ) - Due to some drugged drinks , Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it , and saying it was serious causing him to freak out . She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he does not remember . They agree that it is probably too soon . `` The Amazing Psych - Man and Tap Man , Issue # 2 '' ( 6.04 ) - Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis , a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino drug syndicate . When they are on a date , Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave . Though reluctant , she departs . `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ( 6.06 ) - Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes under cover at a mental institution , admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn would not be able to come out , after Shawn makes an off - hand comment about enjoying it there , `` Spoiler . I 'm making you a wallet . '' Shawn reassures her , but Juliet is still not at ease . `` In for a Penny ... '' ( 6.07 ) - Shawn invites Juliet 's estranged con - artist dad , Frank , to her birthday party , then hires him to assist on a case . Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father . She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows . At her birthday party , Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn , since his heart was in the right place . `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ( 6.09 ) - Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation , but they are robbed by their new ' friends ' , who call themselves `` Barbie and Clive '' , possibly taken from the 1930s criminals , Bonnie and Clyde . While tracking down the thieves , they come across a murder , effectively spoiling their plans . Shawn apologizes , since Juliet had `` definite expectations '' for their vacation , including the `` M word '' , causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal , since it is too soon and she was in no way ready to get married . Shawn agrees seemingly relieved . The clerk returns Shawn 's stolen Nintendo DS , which Shawn had been having a fit about throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen , much to Juliet 's annoyance and confusion . Gus hears a rattle from inside it ; he opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring , revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation . `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ( 6.10 ) - The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found , and Gus is clearly upset because Shawn was going to propose to Juliet , and never told Gus about it . Shawn apologizes , telling Gus that he `` had to be ready for a Shamu moment . '' Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet , Gus will be there , and offers a fist bump , which Gus ignores , saying , `` That 's storybook right there . '' `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ( 6.11 ) - Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring , since he is not ready to give it to Juliet . Gus suggests putting it back in Henry 's drawer if he is not going to propose . Juliet 's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania , stating he got Shawn 's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss . Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing . He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future . Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet , which Shawn hesitates before answering . Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing , leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet 's father 's blessing to one day propose to Juliet . `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ( 6.12 ) - Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrates into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman . Later , Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life . `` Santabarbaratown '' ( 6.16 ) - At the end , Juliet and Shawn are walking by the station , talking about Shawn moving in with her . Season seven `` Juliet Takes a Luvvah '' ( 7.02 ) - Juliet and Shawn decide to live together . `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ( 7.04 ) - After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn , her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts . `` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) - During Lassiter 's wedding reception , Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest `` vision '' , leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist , not a psychic , which Shawn confirms . Heartbroken , Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn 's face , tearfully exiting the scene . `` Right Turn or Left for Dead '' ( 7.08 ) - Juliet tells Shawn to move out . `` Juliet Wears the Pantsuit '' ( 7.09 ) - Shawn moves out , reluctantly . At the end of the episode , he helps Juliet repair a window and they are seen to still have chemistry . However , Juliet is not ready to forgive him for lying . `` Santa Barbarian Candidate '' ( 7.10 ) - Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn 's date . As they dance , Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her . Juliet asks where `` this Shawn '' was when they were dating , to which he says that he 's `` right here '' . After dancing with him , she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him , but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic . He refuses to , as he would not be able to do good or help people 's lives like he always has . Juliet tells him that what he does is not good for everyone . At the end of the episode , Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet . He almost tells Chief Vick that he is not a psychic , but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike 's house to get the photos . She tells Shawn later on that she could not be selfish and have him reveal his lie . She seems to be slowly beginning to trust him again . Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her , but she says that she is not ready to get back together yet . Despite telling him this , the two agree to go out to eat together . `` Office Space '' ( 7.11 ) - After going out to eat together from the previous episode , Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place . While sleeping , he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window , and leaves to help him . Later , at the station , Shawn and she are talking , and he remarks , `` ( they are ) back in the saddle '' . However , Juliet says that nothing is back yet , what they did was a `` one - time thing '' , and since they were adults , `` it happens '' . `` Nip and Suck It '' ( 7.13 ) - At the end of the episode , Shawn tells Gus that Juliet and he are officially back together . Shawn remarks that Juliet made him `` work '' for it , but that they are finally together again . `` No Trout About It '' ( 7.14 ) - Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when retelling a case to a police consultant , much to Juliet 's embarrassment . She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn , which is usually against police regulations . Season eight `` The Break Up '' ( 8.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco , only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger . Psych : The Movie Shawn and Juliet finally marry after the engagement ring is retrieved . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : episode `` In for a Penny ... '' Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.02 : `` Spellingg Bee . '' Original airdate : July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.03 : `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' . Original airdate : July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.15 : `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' . Original airdate : March 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Maggie . Relationships . USA Network . Retrieved on January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 2.10 : `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' . Original airdate : December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Psych : The Movie Psych Seasons 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Spellingg Bee '' `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' `` American Duos '' `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' `` Dual Spires '' `` Yang 3 in 2D '' `` Psych : The Musical '' Television movie Psych : The Movie Characters Shawn Spencer Burton `` Gus '' Guster Carlton Lassiter Juliet O'Hara Karen Vick Henry Spencer Other Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet_O%27Hara&oldid=821118398 '' Categories : Fictional Santa Barbara Police Department detectives Psych characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 14 : 20 . About Wikipedia	psych episode where shawn and juliet start dating	[ "\n\"Romeo and Juliet and Juliet\" (5.01) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it. Shawn seeks her help on a case from which his father has barred him, involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs. Juliet gives him information, but does not return to the SBPD. Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper, Teno Tan. He is easily outmatched, but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed. They thank each other and agree to hug, but Lassiter interrupts. Shawn calls for a rain check.\n\"Feet Don't Kill Me Now\" (5.02) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case. Their partnership does not hold up, as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus, as does Juliet with Lassiter. Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners.\n\"Shawn 2.0\" (5.08) - Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend's wedding, but \"criminal profiler\" Declan Rand beats him to the punch. Juliet offers to reschedule, but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced. Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan, whom Gus dubs \"Shawn 2.0\" because of their similarities. Like Shawn, Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father. Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does not come clean himself. Like he has the entire episode, Declan beats Shawn, making his confession to Juliet first. She forgives Declan and they go for coffee, leaving Shawn unable to say anything.\n\"One, Maybe Two, Ways Out\" (5.09) - Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan, of which Shawn is very jealous. Declan is even planning a vacation for Juliet and himself. After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia's capture, Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he cannot be happy without her, though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship. Juliet is visibly affected by his words. After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody, Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan's residence. Declan tells them to make their visit quick, as he is bidding 30 million euros on an item over the phone. Gus, intrigued by this, follows Declan upstairs. Shawn is left alone in the foyer, at which point Juliet enters the room, surprised to see him. She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be three creme brulé dishes at Declan's computer, but he does not rat out Declan for helping. Shawn wishes her a great four days off, but she corrects that it is two weeks, visibly upsetting him. He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation, and tells her to take many mental photographs. As Shawn starts going off on a tangent, Juliet abruptly kisses him. She then pulls back, and both Shawn and she are left speechless from the kiss. Declan and Gus return, and Shawn, too stunned to make any witty remarks, simply wishes them a good vacation. Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave, and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door. Juliet is left standing in the foyer, alone.\n\"Extradition II: The Actual Extradition Part\" (5.10) - Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada. Before Shawn leaves, his father advises him to speak with Juliet, as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing. Shawn asks after her at the station, but Buzz tells him she already has her passport. Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States, to Shawn's visible shock, and he asks Juliet to talk. Later, Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan, but Shawn cannot talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside, resulting in Jules walking away upset. At the end of the episode, Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is, with the answer \"Grabbin' a muffin\". He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean, but she is still upset, claiming they missed their moment. Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met, he has thought about replacing his motorcycle, a beloved symbol of freedom, with a car. They kiss passionately, but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook. Then, they move to a gift shop, where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a \"slut\". They then go to a car, and are once more interrupted by a cop. Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky.\n\"In Plain Fright\" (5.11) - At the beginning of the episode,t Shawn and Juliet are revealed to be officially a couple.\n\"Dual Spires\" (5.12) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found, and where the only cell service zone in the town is. When Juliet shows up unexpectedly. Shawn distracts Gus by saying, \"Dude, labradoodle!\", and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss.\n\"Yang 3 in 2D\" (5.16) - Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn (now her boyfriend) sides with a supposed Yin kidnap victim. When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin's house, she is the first to get Yang out of confinement, and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police, Jules agrees. Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn, and Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house. Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house. Shawn is saved, and after Yang gets her picture, she says to Shawn, \"Catch up with you later, Mr. Spencer.\" After finishing his statement on the Yin case, Shawn goes looking for Jules, and finds her in the interrogation room. She says she cannot finish her statement because it is like \"marking the time 'til the next crazy rolls in.\" To that, Shawn replies that he is there for her and will \"always protect her\", and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand. He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips. The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship.\n" ]	[ "\"In Plain Fright\" (5.11)" ]
7695772798569704822	Flowers Are Red	Flowers are red - wikipedia Flowers are red `` Flowers Are Red '' Single by Harry Chapin from the album Living Room Suite B - side `` Jenny '' Released September 10 , 1978 Recorded 1977 -- 1978 Genre Folk rock , soft rock Length 4 : 56 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Harry Chapin Producer ( s ) Chuck Plotkin Harry Chapin singles chronology `` A Better Place to Be ( Live ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Flowers Are Red '' ( 1978 ) `` Sequel '' ( 1980 ) `` A Better Place to Be ( Live ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Flowers Are Red '' ( 1978 ) `` Sequel '' ( 1980 ) `` Flowers Are Red '' is a song written and sung by Harry Chapin , and recorded for his 1978 album Living Room Suite . It was released a single , and became a top 20 Irish hit . The song is featured in episode 1 , season 4 of Jerry Seinfeld 's web series `` Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee . '' While driving down the Long Island Expressway ( the highway on which Chapin died ) , guest Sarah Jessica Parker relates that she and her siblings were the ( uncredited ) studio performers singing the chorus `` There are so many colors in the rainbow ... '' Parker sings the chorus and Chapin 's original version is excerpted . Contents 1 Story 2 Origin 3 References 4 External links Story ( edit ) The song tells the story of a little boy who on the first day of school started drawing pictures of flowers using many different colors . The teacher ( sung by Chapin in a falsetto voice ) tells him that he should not be coloring because it is not time for art , and in any case , the boy is coloring the flowers all wrong and that he should paint them red and green , `` the way they always have been seen . '' The boy disagrees and continues to color them from his imagination until the teacher punishes him by standing him in a corner . Finally , the now terrified little boy gives in and tells the teacher that `` flowers are red , and green leaves are green . '' When he goes to a different school , a new teacher encourages her students to use all sorts of colors , only to find the student only coloring his flowers red and green ; when the new teacher asks the boy why , he meekly responds by quoting his previous teacher -- `` flowers are red , and green leaves are green . '' In the live concert versions , Chapin extended the song 's ending to : `` There still must be a way to have our children say ... '' before featuring the little boy 's chorus again and bringing the song to a better conclusion . A version of this is featured on his album Legends of the Lost and Found . Origin ( edit ) The idea for the song came to Chapin when his secretary told him about her son who brought his report card home from school one day . The teacher had written a note in the card saying : `` Your son is marching to the beat of a different drummer , but do n't worry we will soon have him joining the parade by the end of the term . '' ( ( ) ) The quote was often used as an introduction to the song during live performances , with the comma after `` drummer '' being pronounced as a word because of the educational theme . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qrbNygL0YU External links ( edit ) Flowers Are Red lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Harry Chapin Ron Palmer Tim Scott John Wallace Stephen Chapin Tom Chapin Mike Masters Doug Walker Howie Fields Ron Evanuik Kim Scholes Yvonne Cable Studio albums Heads & Tales Sniper and Other Love Songs Short Stories Verities & Balderdash Portrait Gallery On the Road to Kingdom Come Dance Band on the Titanic Living Room Suite Sequel Live albums Greatest Stories Live Legends of the Lost and Found Posthumously Produced Harry Chapin Tribute The Last Protest Singer The Bottom Line Encore Collection Compilations Remember When the Music The Gold Medal Collection Story of a Life DVDs Rockpalast Live Remember When : The Anthology Singles `` Taxi '' `` Sunday Morning Sunshine '' `` WOLD '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' `` I Wanna Learn a Love Song '' `` Dreams Go By '' `` Flowers Are Red '' `` Sequel '' Other songs `` 30,000 Pounds of Bananas '' `` A Better Place to Be '' `` Corey 's Coming '' `` Halfway to Heaven '' `` The Mayor of Candor Lied '' `` Mr. Tanner '' `` Six String Orchestra '' `` Sniper '' Related articles Discography The Night That Made America Famous Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flowers_Are_Red&oldid=811743578 '' Categories : 1978 songs Elektra Records singles Harry Chapin songs Songs about school Songs written by Harry Chapin Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	harry chapin there are so many colors in the rainbow	[]	[]
-6754297948300270068	Staffordshire Bull Terrier	Staffordshire Bull Terrier - wikipedia Staffordshire Bull Terrier Jump to : navigation , search Staffordshire Bull Terrier Common nicknames Staffy Nanny Dog SBT Origin England ( hide ) Traits Weight Male 13 to 17 kg ( 29 to 37 lb ) Female 11 to 15.4 kg ( 24 to 34 lb ) Height Male 36 to 41 cm ( 14 to 16 in ) Coat Smooth , short and close Colour Red , fawn , white , black or blue , or any one of these colours with white ; any shade of brindle ; any shade of brindle with white ( hide ) Classification / standards FCI Group 3 , Section 3 Bull Terriers # 76 standard AKC Terrier standard ANKC Group 2 ( Terriers ) standard CKC Group 4 - Terriers standard KC ( UK ) Terrier standard NZKC Terrier standard UKC Terriers standard Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a medium - sized , short - coated breed of dog of English lineage and may be considered to be within the pit bull type . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Appearance 3 Temperament 4 Breed - specific legislation 5 Health 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Before the 19th century , blood sports such as bull baiting , bear baiting and cock fighting were common . At the cattle market , bulls were set upon by dogs purportedly as a way of tenderising the meat and providing entertainment for the spectators . Fights with bears and other animals were also organised as entertainment . The early bull and terrier types were not bred to resemble the breeds of today , but rather for the characteristic known as gameness , with the pitting of dogs against bear or bull ; testing the strength and skill of the dogs . Landrace working dogs crossbred with bulldogs provided the ancestral foundation stock for the Staffordshire Bull Terrier . These bloodsports were officially eliminated in 1835 as Britain began to introduce animal welfare laws . A dog fighting another dog was cheaper to organise and easier to conceal from the law . Dog fighting involved gambling and a way to continue to test the animal ; dogs were released into a pit , and the last dog still fighting or surviving was recognised the winner . The modern breed is one that has a temperament suitable as a companion dog . It is a dog worthy to show and was accepted by The Kennel Club as the Staffordshire Bull Terrier on 25 May 1935 . The Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club was formed in June 1935 . It is unusual for a breed to be recognised without a club in existence first , and even more unusual for there not to have been a breed standard in place . A standard was not drawn up until June 1935 at the Old Cross Guns , a Black Country pub in Cradley Heath . A group of 30 Stafford enthusiasts gathered there and devised the standard , as well as electing the club 's first secretary , Joseph Dunn , a well - known figure connected with the breed . Challenge certificates were awarded to the breed in 1938 , and the first champions were Ch . Gentleman Jim ( bred by Joseph Dunn ) and Ch . Lady Eve ( owned by Joseph Dunn ) , both taking titles in 1939 . The breed was recognised in the U.S. by the American Kennel Club in 1975 . Appearance ( edit ) The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a medium - sized , stocky , and very muscular dog , with a similar appearance to the much larger American Staffordshire Terrier and American Pit Bull Terrier . The coat is smooth and clings tightly to the body giving the dog a streamlined appearance . This dog has a broad , wedge - shaped head ( male considerably more so than female ) , defined occipital muscles , a relatively short fore - face , dark round eyes and a wide mouth with a clean scissor - like bite ( the top incisors slightly overlap the bottom incisors ) . The ears are small . The cheek muscles are very pronounced . The lips show no looseness . The teeth form a scissor bite . The head tapers down to a strong well - muscled neck and shoulders placed on squarely spaced forelimbs . They are tucked up into their loins and the last 1 -- 2 ribs of the rib - cage are usually visible . The tail resembles an old fashioned pump handle . The hind quarters are well - muscled . They are coloured brindle , black , red , fawn , blue , white , or any blending of these colours with white . White with any other colour broken up over the body is known as pied . Liver - coloured , black and tan dogs can occur but are rare and it is advised not to breed from either as well as those with light eyes . The exception to the light eye rule are Blue staffies ; all others should have dark brown eyes even if they have a fawn coat . The coat is smooth and clings tightly to the body giving the dog a streamlined appearance . The dogs stand 36 to 41 cm ( 14 to 16 in ) at the withers and weigh 13 to 17 kg ( 29 to 37 lb ) for males ; females are 11 to 15.4 kg ( 24 to 34 lb ) . Temperament ( edit ) Due to its breeding and history , common traits exist throughout ; the Staffordshire Bull Terrier is known for its character of fearlessness and loyalty . This , coupled with its affectionate nature , its off - duty quietness and trustworthy stability , make it a foremost all - purpose dog . The breed is naturally muscular and may appear intimidating . Staffordshire Bull Terrier puppies are very easy to house train . They are friendly , enthusiastic and usually extremely affectionate . Staffordshires are notably adaptable in terms of changing home or even owners ; this may make them vulnerable to dognapping . RSPCA chief vet Mark Evans said : `` Staffies have had a terrible press , but this is not of their own making -- in fact they 're wonderful dogs . If people think that Staffies have problems , they 're looking at the wrong end of the dog lead ! When well cared for and properly trained they can make brilliant companions . Our experience suggests that problems occur when bad owners exploit the Staffie 's desire to please by training them to show aggression . '' Breed - specific legislation ( edit ) Main articles : Breed - specific legislation and Pit Bull The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is subject to breed - specific legislation in various countries , which ban members of the Bull and Terrier family . Health ( edit ) Staffordshire Bull Terriers are known to suffer from Hereditary Cataracts ( HC ) and L - 2 - hydroxyglutaric aciduria ( L2HGA ) -- a metabolic disorder resulting in behavioural changes and dementia - like symptoms -- both of which are detectable via DNA tests . Distichiasis ( commonly known as `` double eyelash '' ) and Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous ( or PHPV ) -- a condition whereby the blood supply to the ocular lens fails to regress and fibrovascular tissue forms , causing hazy vision -- both of which are checked by way of an ocular examination throughout the life of a breeding stud or brood - bitch to minimise the transfer and spread of these conditions . The breed is known to be at a higher risk from mastocytoma ( mast cell tumours ) than the general population of dogs . A UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan at 12.75 years . UK vet clinic data puts the median at 10.7 years . Gallery ( edit ) Puppy Two - months - old puppy See also ( edit ) American Staffordshire Terrier American Pit Bull Terrier Breed - specific legislation Blue Paul Terrier Pit bull Rat - baiting Jock of the Bushveld References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Pit Bull Rescue Central . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Breed Information Centre -- Staffordshire Bull Terrier '' . The Kennel Club . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster . `` Pit bull '' . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . a dog ... of any of several breeds ... that was developed and is now often trained for fighting and is noted for strength and stamina Jump up ^ Dias v. City & County of Denver , 567 F. 3d 1169 , 1173 ( 10th Cir . Colo . 2009 ) . http://definitions.uslegal.com/p/pit-bull/ . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . A `` pit bull '' is defined as any dog that is an American Pit Bull Terrier , American Staffordshire Terrier , Staffordshire Bull Terrier , or any dog displaying the majority of physical traits of any one ( 1 ) or more of the above breeds Missing or empty title = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ASPCA . `` The Truth About Pit Bulls '' . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . The term ' pit bull ' is often misunderstood , because it does not apply to just one breed of dog . ( This text is in the website 's page description . ) Jump up ^ Foster , Ken ( 2012 ) . I 'm a Good Dog : Pit Bulls , America 's Most Beautiful ( and Misunderstood ) Dog . New York : Viking Studio . For some lovers of the American pit bull terrier ... ' pit bull ' is embraced as shorthand for their breed . However , fans of the American Staffordshire terrier and English Staffordshire terrier are usually quick to tell you that their breeds are not pit bulls . To the general public , all three dogs are perceived as pit bulls , along with variations of the American bulldog , bull terriers , bullmastiffs , and even boxers , as well as mixes of these breeds . ^ Jump up to : American Kennel Club . `` AKC Staffordshire Bull Terrier Breed History '' . www.akc.org . Retrieved 29 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` American Kennel Club -- Staffordshire Bull Terrier '' . www.akc.org . Retrieved 16 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Staffordshire Bull Terrier Breed Standard '' . The Kennel Club . September 2000 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholas , Anna Katherine ( 2001 ) . Staffordshire Bull Terriers . TFH Publications . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 7938 - 2335 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Breed information centre , Staffordshire Bull Terrier '' . The Kennel Club . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Staffordshire Bull Terrier '' ( PDF ) . FCI . p. 2 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breed Standard -- Staffordshire Bull Terrier -- Terrier '' . NZKC . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ American Staffordshire Terrier , Meet the Breeds , American Kennel Club ( AKC ) Jump up ^ Lee , Clare ( 1 January 1998 ) . The Pet Owner 's Guide to the Staffordshire Bull Terrier . Ringpress Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86054 - 082 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` K9 Magazine Article '' . Dogmagazine.net . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Dana ( July -- August 2009 ) . `` Pit Bull Bans : The State of Breed -- Specific Legislation '' . GP - Solo . American Bar Association . 26 ( 5 ) . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . The American Kennel Club ( AKC ) , the nation 's largest dog -- breed registry , does not recognize a ' pit bull ' breed per se . The AKC -- recognized breeds most commonly included within current BSL are Bull Terriers , American Staffordshire Terriers , and Staffordshire Bull Terriers Jump up ^ `` Currently Available DNA Tests '' . Caninegeneticdiseases.net . Retrieved 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Percentage of deaths due to cancer suffered by dogs of different breeds compared with the percentage of the breed in the survey population ( adapted from Michell , 1999 ) '' . Vetstreamcanis.co.uk . Retrieved 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey '' . Jump up ^ O'Neill , D.G. ; Church , D.B. ; McGreevy , P.D. ; Thomson , P.C. ; Brodbelt , D.C. ( 2013 ) . `` Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England '' . The Veterinary Journal . 198 : 638 -- 43 . PMID 24206631 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2013.09. 020 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Staffordshire Bull Terrier at Wikimedia Commons Staffordshire Bull Terrier at DMOZ Terriers Working breeds Long legged Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Brazilian Terrier Enkarterriko Billanuko Fox Terrier ( Smooth ) Gos Rater Valencià Irish Terrier Jagdterrier Kaikadi Kerry Blue Terrier Lakeland Terrier Majorca Ratter Manchester Terrier Old English Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz Ratonero Murciano de Huerta Soft - coated Wheaten Terrier Welsh Terrier Wire Fox Terrier Short legged Australian Terrier Cairn Terrier Cesky Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Dutch Smoushond Glen of Imaal Terrier Jack Russell Terrier Japanese Terrier Miniature Fox Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Rat Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Teddy Roosevelt Terrier Tenterfield Terrier West Highland White Terrier Bull type breeds American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier Boston Terrier Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Staffordshire Bull Terrier Toy breeds Australian Silky Terrier English Toy Terrier Russkiy Toy Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Miscellaneous American Hairless Terrier Dogs originating in Britain Hounds Beagle Bloodhound Dumfriesshire Hound English Foxhound Greyhound Harrier Otterhound Scottish Deerhound Welsh Hound Whippet Gun dogs Clumber Spaniel Curly Coated Retriever Cocker Spaniel English Setter English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel Flat - Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Gordon Setter Labrador Retriever Pointer Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Terriers Working breeds Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Black and Tan Terrier Border Terrier Cairn Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Fox Terrier ( Smooth & Wire ) Jack Russell Terrier Lakeland Terrier Manchester Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Russell Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Toy breeds English Toy Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Bull types Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Staffordshire Bull Terrier Herding dogs Bearded Collie Border Collie Cardigan Welsh Corgi English Shepherd Lancashire Heeler Old English Sheepdog Pembroke Welsh Corgi Rough Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smooth Collie Welsh Sheepdog Other Bulldog Bullmastiff Cavalier King Charles Spaniel English Mastiff French Bulldog King Charles Spaniel Northern Inuit Dog Types Fell Terrier Longdog Lurcher Extinct Blue Paul Terrier English Water Spaniel English White Terrier Norfolk Spaniel North Country Beagle Old English Bulldog Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog Paisley Terrier Southern Hound Talbot Toy Bulldog Toy Trawler Spaniel Turnspit Dog Tweed Water Spaniel Welsh hillman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staffordshire_Bull_Terrier&oldid=801208581 '' Categories : Dog breeds Dog fighting breeds Terriers Dog breeds originating in England Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use British English from December 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with DMOZ links Use dmy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 09 : 55 . 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7391063137867534597	Burning Down the House	Burning Down the House - wikipedia Burning Down the House Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Burning Down the House ( disambiguation ) . `` Burning Down the House '' Standard cover art Single by Talking Heads from the album Speaking in Tongues B - side `` I Get Wild / Wild Gravity '' Released July 1983 Format 12 '' CD Recorded 1982 Genre New wave funk Length 4 : 00 Label Sire Songwriter ( s ) David Byrne Chris Frantz Jerry Harrison Tina Weymouth Producer ( s ) Talking Heads Talking Heads singles chronology `` Life During Wartime ( live ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Burning Down the House '' ( 1983 ) `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Life During Wartime ( live ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Burning Down the House '' ( 1983 ) `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Burning Down the House '' is a song by new wave band Talking Heads , released in July 1983 as the first single from their fifth studio album Speaking in Tongues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and composition 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Tom Jones and the Cardigans version 6.1 Charts 6.1. 1 Weekly charts 6.1. 2 Year - end charts 7 Other covers 8 References 9 External links Inspiration and composition ( edit ) `` Burning Down the House '' is a new wave and funk song . `` This song started from a jam , '' says bassist Tina Weymouth in the liner notes of Once in a Lifetime : The Best of Talking Heads . `` Chris ( Frantz , drummer ) had just been to see Parliament - Funkadelic in its full glory at Madison Square Garden , and he was really hyped . During the jam , he kept yelling ' Burn down the house ! ' which was a P - Funk audience chant , and David ( Byrne ) dug the line , changing it to the finished version , ' Burning down the house ' . '' ( Bernie Worrell of Parliament - Funkadelic joined Talking Heads ' live incarnation . ) The initial lyrics were considerably different , however . In an interview on NPR 's `` All Things Considered '' aired on December 2 , 1984 , David Byrne played excerpts of early worktapes showing how the song had evolved from an instrumental jam by Weymouth and Frantz . Once the whole band had reworked the groove into something resembling the final recording , Byrne began chanting and singing nonsense syllables over the music until he arrived at phrasing that fit with the rhythms -- a technique influenced by former Talking Heads producer Brian Eno : `` and then I ( would ) just write words to fit that phrasing ... I 'd have loads and loads of phrases collected that I thought thematically had something to do with one another , and I 'd pick from those . '' According to Byrne in the NPR interview , phrases that he tried but ultimately did n't use in the song included `` I have another body , '' `` Pick it up by the handle , '' `` You travel with a double , '' and `` I 'm still under construction . '' As for the title phrase in the chorus , one early attempt ( as heard on a worktape ) had him singing a different line , `` What are we gon na do ? '' , and at another point in the process , `` instead of chanting ' Burning Down the House , ' I was chanting ' Foam Rubber , USA . ' '' Music video ( edit ) The video , produced and directed by Byrne , alternates primarily between footage of the band performing the song in an empty ballroom , Byrne playing while facing a projection screen that displays a concert crowd or a wall of flames at different times , and images projected on the outside wall of a house . A young boy resembling Byrne takes his place from time to time ; eventually , younger counterparts start moving the arms of all four band members to play the music . After the screen goes blank , both young and adult Byrne leave the stage , and the video ends with an extended close - up of Byrne 's face projected on a highway at night . The house used in the video is located on Myrtle Street in Union , New Jersey . Max Illidge ( credited as Max Loving ) , vocalist of the band 40 Below Summer , and Rockets Redglare appear as the younger selves of Byrne and Jerry Harrison , respectively . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Burning Down the House '' became Talking Heads ' highest - charting hit single in North America , becoming their lone top ten single on the US Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 9 , as well as reaching the top ten in Canada . Despite this success , the song was not a hit outside of North America . In Australia it peaked at a very modest # 94 , while in the UK , where Talking Heads would release 14 charting singles , it failed to make the charts at all ( although a cover version of the song by Tom Jones and The Cardigans would make the UK Top 10 in 1999 ) . Personnel ( edit ) Talking Heads David Byrne -- guitars , lead vocals Jerry Harrison -- synthesizers Tina Weymouth -- synth bass Chris Frantz -- drums , backing vocals Additional personnel Wally Badarou -- synthesizers David Van Tieghem -- percussion Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 94 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 New Zealand Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 70 Tom Jones and the Cardigans version ( edit ) `` Burning Down the House '' Single by Tom Jones and the Cardigans from the album Reload B - side `` Unbelievable '' ( live ) `` Come Together '' ( live ) Released 1999 Format CD single Recorded 1999 Length 3 : 40 Label Gut V2 Songwriter ( s ) David Byrne Chris Frantz Jerry Harrison Tina Weymouth Producer ( s ) Tore Johansson Tom Jones singles chronology `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' ( 1997 ) `` Burning Down the House '' ( 1999 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 1999 ) `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' ( 1997 ) `` Burning Down the House '' ( 1999 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 1999 ) The Cardigans singles chronology `` Hanging Around '' ( 1999 ) Hanging Around 1999 `` Burning Down the House '' ( 1999 ) Burning Down the House1999 `` For What It 's Worth '' ( 2003 ) For What It 's Worth 2003 In 1999 , singer Tom Jones recorded a version of `` Burning Down the House '' with the group The Cardigans for his album of collaborations titled Reload . In common with the other tracks on the album , the recording was made with the collaborators ' choice of producer and studios , in this case Tore Johansson and Tambourine Studios in Malmö , Sweden . The track was released as the lead single from Reload in September 1999 and became a hit across Europe , reaching number two in Sweden and the top ten in Finland , Norway and the United Kingdom . The single was backed with Jones ' live recordings of the EMF song `` Unbelievable '' and The Beatles ' `` Come Together '' , as well as remixes of `` Burning Down the House '' by Delakota , Pepe Deluxe and DJ Scissorkicks . As one of the major hits of Jones ' later career , it appears on numerous compilations of Jones ' work . It also features on The Cardigans ' 2008 Best Of album . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 21 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 10 France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 58 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 31 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 82 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 Other covers ( edit ) A section of the song was covered by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic on his `` Polkas on 45 '' polka medley . Bonnie Raitt on her live album , Road Tested . DJ and producer Tiga on his 2006 album , Sexor . John Legend on his album Live at SOB 's . Vienna Boys ' Choir on their 2002 album Vienna Boys ' Choir Goes Pop . Dave Matthews Band has covered the song during its concert tours , debuting the tune at Louisville Slugger Ballpark on August 1 , 2008 . They released a version of the song on their live album Live Trax Vol. 15 and played it with Trombone Shorty and Kermit Ruffins at the NFL 2010 Season Opening Kickoff pregame show . Heather Luttrell sang this song on Rock Star : INXS . Toby Rand sang this song on Rock Star Supernova . The Radiators have been covering the song since 2003 , and it has become one of their most frequent and popular covers . The Used also covered the song in 2009 . Their version was featured in the Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen soundtrack and in the end credits to the True Blood episode `` Burning Down the House '' . Phish covered the song during a concert on August 12 , 1998 in Vernon , NY , initially replacing the words in the first refrain of `` burning down the house '' to `` Vernon Downs the house , '' a reference to the venue at which they were performing . In 2001 , bassist Marcus Miller covered the song from his album M2 . Alternative rock band Walk the Moon covered the song for their Tightrope EP in 2013 . Art - rock band The Observatory covered the song in 2016 live at The Substation . See Spot Run covered the song on their album Pretty Holiday in 2016 . Lady Gaga covered the song with Mark Ronson in 2016 live at the Met Gala after party . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sonis , Rachel ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Covers Talking Heads ' `` Burning Down The House '' At The Met Gala Afterparty `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Richard ( 1998 ) . Who Wrote The Book Of Love ? . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 0385257325 . Jump up ^ `` Here at the NPR Library and Archives , we 've been ... '' nprchives . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Talking Heads '' . Australian-charts.com . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4385 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Talking Heads '' . Charts.org.nz . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talking Heads > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Singles of 1983 '' . RPM . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Tom Jones and The Cardigans -- Burning Down the House '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Tom Jones and The Cardigans -- Burning Down the House '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tom Jones and The Cardigans -- Burning Down the House '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Jones and The Cardigans : Burning Down the House '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Tom Jones and The Cardigans -- Burning Down the House '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Tom Jones and The Cardigans -- Burning Down the House '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Burning Down the House '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Tom Jones and The Cardigans -- Burning Down the House '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Tom Jones and The Cardigans -- Burning Down the House '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Tom Jones and The Cardigans -- Burning Down the House '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Tom Jones and The Cardigans -- Burning Down the House '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Tom Jones and The Cardigans -- Burning Down the House '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1999 '' . ARIA - Australian Recording Industry Association Ltd . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1999 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Antsmarching.org Tour Central Database '' . Antsmarching.org . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Setlists '' . Phish.net . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` M2 overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` M2 Marcus Miller '' . JazzTimes . Jump up ^ `` Concert review : The Observatory offers a brutal ballet '' . TODAY . Jump up ^ `` Watch Lady Gaga and Mark Ronson Cover Talking Heads ' `` Burning Down the House '' `` . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Music video of the song on YouTube Talking Heads David Byrne Chris Frantz Jerry Harrison Tina Weymouth Studio albums Talking Heads : 77 More Songs About Buildings and Food Fear of Music Remain in Light Speaking in Tongues Little Creatures True Stories Naked Live albums The Name of This Band Is Talking Heads Stop Making Sense Compilations Sand in the Vaseline : Popular Favorites Once in a Lifetime : The Best of Talking Heads Once in a Lifetime The Best of Talking Heads Talking Heads Bonus Rarities and Outtakes Singles `` Love → Building on Fire '' `` Psycho Killer '' `` Take Me to the River '' `` Life During Wartime '' `` I Zimbra '' `` Cities '' `` Crosseyed and Painless '' `` Once in a Lifetime '' `` Houses in Motion '' `` Burning Down the House '' `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' `` Girlfriend Is Better '' `` Road to Nowhere '' `` And She Was '' `` Wild Wild Life '' `` Blind '' `` ( Nothing But ) Flowers '' `` Sax and Violins '' Other songs `` Heaven '' `` Born Under Punches ( The Heat Goes On ) '' Filmography Stop Making Sense True Stories Storytelling Giant Related articles Discography How Music Works `` King 's Lead Hat '' My Life in the Bush of Ghosts No Talking , Just Head Sounds from True Stories Tom Tom Club Tom Jones Discography Studio albums Along Came Jones ( It 's Not Unusual ) What 's New Pussycat ? A-tom - ic Jones From the Heart Green , Green Grass of Home Delilah Help Yourself Reload Mr. Jones Praise & Blame Spirit in the Room Long Lost Suitcase Live albums John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert Tom Jones Live in Las Vegas Songs `` All You Need Is Love '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Black Betty '' `` Burning Down the House '' `` Carrying a Torch '' `` Darlin ' '' `` Daughter of Darkness '' `` Delilah '' `` Detroit City '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` Help Yourself '' `` I ( Who Have Nothing ) '' `` Islands in the Stream '' `` It 's Four in the Morning '' `` It 's Not Unusual '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Kiss '' `` Lady Lay Down '' `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Move Closer '' `` Say You 'll Stay Until Tomorrow '' `` Sex Bomb '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` She 's a Lady '' `` Stoned in Love '' `` Till '' `` What 's New Pussycat ? '' `` Without Love '' `` The Young New Mexican Puppeteer '' `` Thunderball '' Related articles This Is Tom Jones Tom Jones Tom Jones : The Right Time The Wexford Carols Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_Down_the_House&oldid=839025243 '' Categories : Talking Heads songs 1983 singles Tom Jones ( singer ) songs Songs written by David Byrne Sire Records singles V2 Records singles Song recordings produced by David Byrne Songs written by Jerry Harrison Songs written by Chris Frantz Songs written by Tina Weymouth Song recordings produced by Jerry Harrison 1983 songs The Cardigans songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 19 : 38 . 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-6493802704864384758	The Greatest Showman	The Greatest Showman - wikipedia The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Gracey Produced by Laurence Mark Peter Chernin Jenno Topping Screenplay by Jenny Bicks Bill Condon Story by Jenny Bicks Starring Hugh Jackman Zac Efron Michelle Williams Rebecca Ferguson Zendaya Music by John Debney Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Tom Cross Robert Duffy Joe Hutshing Michael McCusker Jon Poll Spencer Susser Production company Laurence Mark Productions Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) ( RMS Queen Mary 2 ) December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $84 million Box office $434.5 million The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut , written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman , Zac Efron , Michelle Williams , Rebecca Ferguson , and Zendaya . The film is inspired by the story of P.T. Barnum 's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions . Principal photography began in New York City in November 2016 . The film premiered on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 . It was released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox and grossed over $434 million worldwide , making it the fifth - highest grossing live - action musical of all time . The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews , with praise for the performances , music , and production values , but criticism for its artistic license , with some reviewers calling it `` faux - inspiring and shallow '' . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy for Jackman . For the song `` This Is Me '' , the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Musical numbers 4.2 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Historical accuracy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the late 19th century , P.T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ( `` The Greatest Show '' ) . In a flashback to Barnum 's childhood where he and his father Philo , a tailor , work for the Hallett family , he becomes infatuated with their daughter , Charity . Though Charity is being sent to finishing school , Barnum reassures her they will not be separated . The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ( `` A Million Dreams '' ) , eventually marrying and raising two daughters , Caroline and Helen , in New York City ( `` A Million Dreams '' reprise ) . They live a humble life ; though Charity is happy , Barnum dreams of more . Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt . Taking a risky bet , he takes out a large loan from a bank , deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer 's lost ships as collateral . He uses this loan to buy Barnum 's American Museum in downtown Manhattan , an attraction showcasing various wax models . Initially , sales are slow ; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something `` alive '' , Barnum searches for `` freaks '' to serve as performers for his museum ( `` Come Alive '' ) . This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews , prompting Barnum to rename his venture `` Barnum 's Circus . '' Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class , Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ( `` The Other Side '' ) . Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler , an African - American trapeze artist , but he hides his feelings . During a trip , Carlyle arranges for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria . Afterwards , Barnum meets Jenny Lind , a famed Swedish singer , whom he convinces to perform in America , with him serving as her manager . Lind 's first American performance is a rousing success ( `` Never Enough '' ) . While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons , he begins to distance himself from his original troupe , refusing to socialize with them . Dejected , they decide to stand against their local harassers ( `` This Is Me '' ) . Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theater together one night , only to run into Carlyle 's parents , who are blatantly racist toward Wheeler , causing her to leave . Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together , but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ( `` Rewrite the Stars '' ) . As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour , Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ( `` Tightrope '' ) . While on tour , Lind begins falling in love with Barnum , but when he refuses her advances , she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show , which is photographed by the press ( `` Never Enough '' reprise ) . Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire , caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe . Carlyle , who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped , is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns . Most of the sets and props are destroyed . Word of Lind 's cancellation and Barnum 's public intimacy also reaches New York , resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents ' home . Depressed , Barnum retreats to a local bar , where his troupe find him there and explain that despite their disappointments , they still consider themselves a family that needs him . An inspired Barnum resolves to start anew and not let ambition overtake his loved ones anymore . Meanwhile , the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Anne by his side and they share a kiss ( `` From Now On '' ) . Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife , and they decide to mend their relationship . Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus , the recovering Carlyle steps in , offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus 's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners , which Barnum happily accepts . As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive , Barnum rebuilds it as an open - air tent circus by the docks . The revamped circus is a huge success , and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ( `` The Greatest Show '' reprise ) . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , an ambitious showman and entrepreneur . Ellis Rubin as Young P.T. Barnum Ziv Zaifman provides Young P.T. Barnum 's singing voice . Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle , a playwright who becomes Barnum 's partner . His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey . Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett - Barnum , the wife of P.T. Barnum . Skylar Dunn as Young Charity Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind , a famous Swedish singer known as the `` Swedish Nightingale '' . Loren Allred provides Lind 's singing voice . Zendaya as Anne Wheeler , an acrobat , trapeze artist , W.D. 's younger sister and Phillip Carlyle 's love interest . Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon . Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz , a bearded lady . She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as W.D. Wheeler , an acrobat and Anne 's brother . Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan , a Chinese acrobat and blade - specialist . Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett , the founder , editor and publisher of the New York Herald . Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton , a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name , General Tom Thumb . James Babson provides Stratton 's speaking and singing voice . Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum , one of Barnum 's daughters . Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum , one of Barnum 's daughters . Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley , a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus to handle different tasks like staffing the front of the house , selling tickets , reading the reviews , fending off the protestors , producing the posters and promotional materials , and distributing the circus posters on everything . Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds , a heavyweight man who is based on Teodulo Valenzuela . Timothy Hughes as the Strongman , a man with enhanced strength who is based on Angus MacAskill . Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine , the Tattooed Man who is based off George Costentenus . Luciano Acuna Jr. as Walter , the Dog Boy who is based on Fedor Jeftichew . Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker , the `` Siamese Twins . '' Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini , the Three - Legged Man . Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris , the Juggler . Kenneth Chan as the Human Cannonball Martha Nichols as Woman in Gold , a woman in gold clothing with gold spots on her . Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant - Skinned Man , a man who is based on Ralph Krooner . He was credited as `` Dancer Oddity # 3 . '' Taylor James as Blockhead , a man with facial piercing that is based on Melvin Burkhart . He is credited as `` Dancing Oddity # 4 . '' Chelsea Caso as Tattoo Lady , a woman covered in tattoos who is based on Nora Hildebrant . She is credited as `` Dancing Oddity # 5 . '' Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins . They were credited as `` Dancer Oddity # 6 '' and `` Dancer Oddity # 7 . '' Khasan Brasilford as Albino Man , a white - haired man in white clothes . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 1 . '' Alex Wong as Oriental Man , a man dressed in an oriental outfit . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 2 . '' Julius Rubio as Golden Boy , a man in gold clothing with gold spots on him . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 2 . '' Vincent - Oliver Noiseux as Devil Boy , a performer with horns . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 4 . '' Dean Walters and Jessica Castro as the Voodoo Twins . They are credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 5 '' and `` Ensemble Dancer '' # 6 . Najla Gilam as Snake Dancer , a snake charmer who is based on Nala Damajanti . She was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 7 . '' Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria . Will Swenson as Philo Barnum , a tailor and the father of P.T. Barnum . Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett , father of Charity and abusive father - in - law of Barnum . Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett , mother of Charity and mother - in - law of Barnum . Production ( edit ) The project was first announced in 2009 , with Jackman already set for the title role . In August 2011 , Michael Gracey was chosen to direct . In 2013 , Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs . On June 15 , 2016 , Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film , and in July 2016 , Michelle Williams was cast . The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen . Filming ( edit ) Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City , and principal photography began on November 22 , 2016 . Post-production ( edit ) In December 2017 , it was reported that James Mangold , who had worked with Jackman on several projects ( including 2017 's Logan ) , had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film 's post-production . In an interview , director Michael Gracey noted , `` There were eight producers on this film , and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker . '' Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film . `` The Greatest Show '' -- Hugh Jackman , Keala Settle , Zac Efron , Zendaya `` A Million Dreams '' -- Ziv Zaifman , Jackman , Michelle Williams `` A Million Dreams '' ( Reprise ) -- Austyn Johnson , Cameron Seely , Jackman `` Come Alive '' -- Jackman , Settle , Daniel Everidge , Zendaya `` The Other Side '' -- Jackman & Efron `` Never Enough '' -- Loren Allred `` This Is Me '' -- Settle `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Efron & Zendaya `` Tightrope '' -- Williams `` Never Enough '' ( Reprise ) -- Allred `` From Now On '' -- Jackman Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells , Justin Paul , and Benj Pasek , featuring the eleven tracks performed by the cast . In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1 . The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele 's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years . The cast album is now at 910,000 combined units , according to the Official Charts Company , made up of 420,000 physical copies , 186,000 downloads and 186,000 streaming . Release ( edit ) The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 , while it was docked in New York City . The film was then released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 . Like Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast , a sing - along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23 , 2018 . The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2 . Marketing ( edit ) On June 28 , 2017 , 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film . On November 13 , 2017 , the second trailer was released . On December 17 , 2017 , Fox televised a live performance of `` Come Alive '' from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live ! ( which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story : The Musical ) . The number featured the film 's stars and a cast of 150 dancers . Home media ( edit ) In the United States , the film was released via digital download on March 20 , 2018 , and was released on Blu - ray , DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10 , 2018 . In the United Kingdom , the film was released first on digital download on April 27 , 2018 , while Blu - ray , 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14 . These versions include the sing - along version , two hours of behind - the - scenes footage and music machine jukebox features . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Greatest Showman grossed $174.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $260.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $434.5 million , against a production budget of $84 million . It is the third highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally , respectively , and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film would turn a profit between $50 -- 100 million . In the United States and Canada , The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days . It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second . Over the three day weekend , it grossed $9 million ( for a six - day total of $19 million ) , finishing fourth at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3 . In its second weekend , the film grossed $15.5 million , again finishing 4th at the box office . The weekend - to - weekend increase of 76.3 % marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters , and the fourth biggest ever . In its third week , the film dropped 11 % to $14 million . The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth , finishing 4th and 5th at the box office , respectively . The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release , grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place , and again finished fourth in its seventh week , this time grossing $7.8 million ( a drop of just 18 % ) . It is the 13th highest - grossing film that never reached first place at the American box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 56 % based on 208 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum - style sense of wonder -- but at the expense of its complex subject 's far more intriguing real - life story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while it earned a 70 % `` definite recommend '' from comScore . Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review , writing , `` The Greatest Showman is a concoction , the kind of film where all the pieces click into place , yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by , and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 / 4 stars , saying , `` With all that corn and cheese and old - timey sentiment , The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments . P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand . '' Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an ' A ' , and said , `` The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs , '' while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9 / 10 , and called the film , `` wildly entertaining . '' Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said , `` The story is interesting and the beats are well - acted , but it 's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman . '' Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10 / 10 and wrote , `` You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen . The film has a message that should resonate with today 's world concerning acceptance and courage . '' Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said , `` The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd - pleaser . An undemanding spectacle for all the family . '' Alan Jones of Radio Times called it `` A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence , stylish choreography and solid gold magic , one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered . '' Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5 / 4 , stating `` The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs . '' Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film , `` An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack , a movie that dazzles and delights . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3 / 4 score , and said , `` The film has show - stopping well - choreographed numbers with catchy tunes , '' and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film `` highly enjoyable . '' Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an ' A ' , calling it `` Groundbreaking & grandly innovative . '' Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5 / 4 stars , stating , `` A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized , tune - filled biography . '' Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4 / 5 , saying , `` The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic . The film 's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life - affirming . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it , `` A fantasia of song and dance , a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd . '' Conversely , Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review , criticizing the songs and characters and saying `` There 's idiotic , and there 's magnificent , but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes . It 's magnificently idiotic . It 's an awful mess , but it 's flashy . The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers , because it 's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided -- and yet it 's well - made . '' In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter , David Rooney wrote `` This ersatz portrait of American big - top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors , no substance . It hammers pedestrian themes of family , friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , spare no expense in production values , add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman ? Ask first - time director Michael Gracey , who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film 's failures `` are rooted in something deeper : a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience 's intelligence , and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy . You 've rarely seen a more straight - laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield , Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Dorian Awards February 24 , 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Make - up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Original Song -- Motion Picture `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Musical Jen Monnar , Jim Harrison , Jeff Carson , Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for a Film `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie The Greatest Showman Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Zendaya Won Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann , Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Nominated Saturn Awards June 27 , 2018 Best Action or Adventure Film The Greatest Showman Won Best Costume Design Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Best Music John Debney and Joseph Trapanese Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 12 , 2018 Choice Breakout Movie Star Keala Settle Nominated Choice Collaboration `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Zac Efron and Zendaya Won Choice Drama Movie The Greatest Showman Won Choice Drama Movie Actor Zac Efron Won Hugh Jackman Nominated Choice Drama Movie Actress Zendaya Won Choice Liplock Zac Efron and Zendaya Nominated Choice Movie Ship Zac Efron and Zendaya Won Choice Pop Song `` This Is Me '' -- Keala Settle Nominated Historical accuracy ( edit ) Detailing the differences between the biography of Barnum , and the character portrayed in the film , Smithsonian magazine called the film `` pretty humbug . '' The magazine noted that one of the legacies ascribed to the real Barnum was his profiting from marketing racism to the masses , even though later in life he came to express some regrets . See also ( edit ) The Greatest Show on Earth Barnum ( musical ) Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman on The Greatest Showman , Saying Goodbye to Wolverine and Turning Down Bond '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review round - up : A `` crowd - pleaser '' with a `` sinister '' side `` . 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Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Kit , Borys ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Gracey to Direct The Greatest Showman on Earth '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Songwriters Benj Pasek & Justin Paul On The Revitalization Of The Original Hollywood Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Zac Efron in Talks to Join Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams in Talks for Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman on Earth '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams and Zac Efron sought for PT Barnum biopic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . 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Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' & ' Jumanji ' Duel For No. 1 Over New Year 's Weekend As 2017 Box Office Closes With $11.1 B -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drop : 1982 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's The Greatest Showman Just Set A New Box Office Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As Jumanji Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics 12 Strong & Den Of Thieves In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By Maze Runner & Oscar Holdovers ; Hostiles Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jumanji Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic Of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 , the Top 5 or Top 10 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : The Greatest Showman '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . 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-4246046573034260499	Galápagos Islands	Galápagos islands - wikipedia Galápagos islands Jump to : navigation , search `` Galápagos '' redirects here . For other uses , see Galápagos ( disambiguation ) . Galápagos Islands Geography Location Pacific Ocean Coordinates 0 ° 40 ′ S 90 ° 33 ′ W / 0.667 ° S 90.550 ° W / - 0.667 ; - 90.550 Coordinates : 0 ° 40 ′ S 90 ° 33 ′ W / 0.667 ° S 90.550 ° W / - 0.667 ; - 90.550 Total islands 21 Major islands 18 Area 7,880 km ( 3,040 sq mi ) Highest elevation 1,707 m ( 5,600 ft ) Highest point Volcán Wolf Administration Ecuador Province Galápagos Capital city Puerto Baquerizo Moreno Demographics Population 26,640 ( 2012 ) Pop . density 3 / km ( 8 / sq mi ) Additional information Time zone GALT ( UTC - 6 ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Galápagos Islands Type Natural Criteria vii , viii , ix , x Designated 1978 ( 2nd session ) Reference no . Region Latin America and the Caribbean Extension 2001 and 2003 Endangered 2007 -- 2010 The Galápagos Islands ( official name : Archipiélago de Colón , other Spanish name : Las Islas Galápagos , Spanish pronunciation : ( las ˈiɦla ɣaˈlapaɣo ) ) , part of the Republic of Ecuador , are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere , 906 km ( 563 mi ) west of continental Ecuador . The islands are known for their vast number of endemic species and were studied by Charles Darwin during the second voyage of HMS Beagle , as his observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin 's theory of evolution by means of natural selection . The Galápagos Islands and their surrounding waters form the Galápagos Province of Ecuador , the Galápagos National Park , and the Galápagos Marine Reserve . The principal language on the islands is Spanish . The islands have a population of slightly over 25,000 . The first recorded visit to the islands happened by chance in 1535 , when Fray Tomás de Berlanga , the Bishop of Panamá , was surprised with this undiscovered land during a voyage to Peru to arbitrate in a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro . De Berlanga eventually returned to the Spanish Empire and described the conditions of the islands and the animals that inhabited them . The group of islands was shown and named in Abraham Ortelius 's atlas published in 1570 . The first crude map of the islands was made in 1684 by the buccaneer Ambrose Cowley , who named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates or after British royalty and noblemen . These names were used in the authoritative navigation charts of the islands prepared during the Beagle survey under captain Robert Fitzroy , and in Darwin 's popular book The Voyage of the Beagle . The new Republic of Ecuador took the islands from Spanish ownership in 1832 , and subsequently gave them official Spanish names . The older names remained in use in English language publications , including Herman Melville 's The Encantadas of 1854 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Physical geography 2.1 Main islands 2.2 Minor islands 3 Climate 4 History 4.1 Pre-Columbian era 4.2 European voyages 4.3 Ecuadorian Galápagos 5 Politics 6 Demographics 7 Travel 8 Environmental protection policy 8.1 Environmental threats 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Geology ( edit ) See also : Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands Volcanism has been continuous on the Galapagos Islands for at least 20 Myr , and perhaps even longer . The mantle plume beneath the east - ward moving Nazca Plate ( 51 km / myr ) has given rise to a 3 km thick platform under the island chain and seamounts . Besides the Galapagos Archipelago , other key tectonic features in the region include the Northern Galapagos Volcanic Province between the archipelago and the Galapagos Spreading Center ( GSC ) 200 km to the north at the boundary of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate . This spreading center truncates into the East Pacific Rise on the west and is bounded by the Cocos Ridge and Carnegie Ridge in the east . Furthermore , the Galapagos Hotspot is at the northern boundary of the Pacific Large Low Shear Velocity Province while the Easter Hotspot is on the southern boundary . The Galapagos Archipelago is characterized by numerous contemporaneous volcanoes , some with plume magma sources , others from the asthenosphere , possibly due to the young and thin oceanic crust . The GSC caused structural weaknesses in this thin lithosphere leading to eruptions forming the Galapagos Platform . Fernandina and Isabela in particular are aligned along these weaknesses . Lacking a well - defined rift zone , the islands have a high rate of inflation prior to eruption . Sierra Negra on Isabela Island experienced a 240 cm uplift between 1992 and 1998 , most recent eruption in 2005 , while Fernandina on Fernandina Island indicated an uplift of 90 cm , most recent eruption in 2009 . Alcedo on Isabela Island had an uplift of greater than 90 cm , most recent eruption in 1993 . Additional characteristics of the Galapagos Archipelago are closer volcano spacing , smaller volcano sizes , and larger calderas . For instance , Isabela Island includes 6 major volcanoes , Ecuador , Wolf , Darwin , Alcedo , Sierra Negraa and Cerro Azul , with most recent eruptions ranging from 1813 to 2008 . The neighboring islands of Santiago and Fernandina last erupted in 1906 and 2009 , respectively . Overall , the 9 active volcanoes in the archipelago have erupted 24 times between 1961 and 2011 . The shape of these volcanoes is that of an `` overturned soup bowl '' as opposed to the `` overturned saucer plate '' of the Hawaiian Islands . The Galapagos shape is due to the pattern of radial and circumferential fissure , radial on the flanks , but circumferential near the caldera summits . It is the circumferential fissures which give rise to stacks of short lava flows . The volcanoes at the west end of the archipelago are in general , taller , younger , have well developed calderas , and are mostly composed of tholeiitic basalt , while those on the east are shorter , older , lack calderas , and have a more diverse composition . The ages of the islands , from west to east are 0.05 Ma for Fernandina , 0.65 Ma for Isabela , 1.10 Ma for Santiago , 1.7 Ma for Santa Cruz , 2.90 Ma for Santa Fe , and 3.2 Ma for San Cristobal . The calderas on Sierra Negra and Alcedo have active fault systems . The Sierra Negra fault is associated with a sill 2 km below the caldera . The caldera on Fernandina experienced the largest basaltic volcano collapse in history , with the 1968 phreatomagmatic eruption . Fernandina has also been the most active volcano since 1790 , with recent eruptions in 1991 , 1995 , 2005 , and 2009 , and the entire surface has been covered in numerous flows since 4.3 Ka . The western volcanoes have numerous tuff cones . Physical geography ( edit ) The islands are located in the eastern Pacific Ocean , 973 km ( 605 mi ) off the west coast of South America . The closest land mass is that of mainland Ecuador , the country to which they belong , 926 km / 500 nmi to the east . Orthographic projection centred over the Galápagos . School of scalloped hammerheads , Wolf Island , Galápagos Islands Grapsus grapsus on the rocks . Satellite photo of the Galápagos islands overlaid with the names of the visible main islands . Isabela seen from Spot Satellite . Waved albatrosses on Española . Galápagos marine iguana . Main Street on San Cristóbal Island . Play media An animated tour of the Galápagos . Play media NASA oceanographer Gene Carl Feldman reflects on his unique perspective on this region . The islands are found at the coordinates 1 ° 40'N -- 1 ° 36 'S , 89 ° 16 ' -- 92 ° 01'W . Straddling the equator , islands in the chain are located in both the northern and southern hemispheres , with Volcán Wolf and Volcán Ecuador on Isla Isabela being directly on the equator . Española Island , the southernmost islet of the archipelago , and Darwin Island , the northernmost one , are spread out over a distance of 220 km ( 137 mi ) . The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) considers them wholly within the South Pacific Ocean , however . The Galápagos Archipelago consists of 7,880 km ( 3,040 sq mi ) of land spread over 45,000 km ( 17,000 sq mi ) of ocean . The largest of the islands , Isabela , measures 2,250 sq mi / 5,827 km and makes up close to three - quarters of the total land area of the Galápagos . Volcán Wolf on Isabela is the highest point , with an elevation of 1,707 m ( 5,600 ft ) above sea level . The group consists of 18 main islands , 3 smaller islands , and 107 rocks and islets . The islands are located at the Galapagos Triple Junction . The archipelago is located on the Nazca Plate ( a tectonic plate ) , which is moving east / southeast , diving under the South American Plate at a rate of about 2.5 inches ( 6.4 cm ) per year . It is also atop the Galápagos hotspot , a place where the Earth 's crust is being melted from below by a mantle plume , creating volcanoes . The first islands formed here at least 8 million and possibly up to 90 million years ago . While the older islands have disappeared below the sea as they moved away from the mantle plume , the youngest islands , Isabela and Fernandina , are still being formed , with the most recent volcanic eruption in April 2009 where lava from the volcanic island Fernandina started flowing both towards the island 's shoreline and into the center caldera . Main islands ( edit ) The 18 main islands ( each having a land area at least 1 km ) of the archipelago ( with their English names ) shown alphabetically : Baltra ( South Seymour ) Island -- Baltra is a small flat island located near the centre of the Galápagos . It was created by geological uplift . The island is very arid , and vegetation consists of salt bushes , prickly pear cacti and palo santo trees . Until 1986 , Baltra ( Seymour ) Airport was the only airport serving the Galápagos . Now , there are two airports which receive flights from the continent ; the other is located on San Cristóbal Island . Private planes flying to Galápagos must fly to Baltra , as it is the only airport with facilities for planes overnight . On arriving in Baltra , all visitors are immediately transported by bus to one of two docks . The first dock is located in a small bay , where the boats cruising Galápagos await passengers . The second is a ferry dock , which connects Baltra to the island of Santa Cruz . During the 1940s , scientists decided to move 70 of Baltra 's land iguanas to the neighboring North Seymour Island as part of an experiment . This move proved unexpectedly useful when the native iguanas became extinct on Baltra as a result of the island 's military occupation in World War II . During the 1980s , iguanas from North Seymour were brought to the Charles Darwin Research Station as part of a breeding and repopulation project , and in the 1990s , land iguanas were reintroduced to Baltra . As of 1997 , scientists counted 97 iguanas living on Baltra ; 13 of which had hatched on the islands . Bartolomé ( Bartholomew ) Island -- Bartolomé Island is a volcanic islet just off the east coast of Santiago Island in the Galápagos Islands group . it is one of the `` younger '' islands in the Galápagos archipelago . This island , and neighbouring Sulivan Bay on Santiago ( James ) island , are named after lifelong friend of Charles Darwin , Sir Bartholomew James Sulivan , who was a lieutenant aboard HMS Beagle . Today Sulivan Bay is often misspelled Sullivan Bay . This island is one of the few that are home to the Galápagos penguin which is the only wild penguin species to live on the equator . The green turtle is another animal that resides on the island . Darwin ( Culpepper ) Island -- This island is named after Charles Darwin . It has an area of 1.1 km ( 0.4 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 168 m ( 551 ft ) . Here fur seals , frigates , marine iguanas , swallow - tailed gulls , sea lions , whales , marine turtles , and red - footed and Nazca boobies can be seen . Española ( Hood ) Island -- Its name was given in honor of Spain . It also is known as Hood , after Viscount Samuel Hood . It has an area of 60 km ( 23 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 206 m ( 676 ft ) . Española is the oldest island at around 3.5 million years , and the southernmost in the group . Due to its remote location , Española has a large number of endemic species . It has its own species of lava lizard , mockingbird , and Galápagos tortoise . Española 's marine iguanas exhibit a distinctive red coloration change between the breeding season . Española is the only place where the waved albatross nests . Some of the birds have attempted to breed on Genovesa ( Tower ) Island , but unsuccessfully . Española 's steep cliffs serve as the perfect runways for these birds , which take off for their ocean feeding grounds near the mainland of Ecuador and Peru . Española has two visitor sites . Gardner Bay is a swimming and snorkelling site , and offers a great beach . Punta Suarez has migrant , resident , and endemic wildlife , including brightly colored marine iguanas , Española lava lizards , hood mockingbirds , swallow - tailed gulls , blue - footed boobies , Nazca boobies , red - billed tropicbirds , Galápagos hawks , three species of Darwin 's finches , and the waved albatross . Fernandina ( Narborough ) Island -- The name was given in honor of King Ferdinand II of Aragon , who sponsored the voyage of Columbus . Fernandina has an area of 642 km ( 248 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 1,494 m ( 4,902 ft ) . This is the youngest and westernmost island . On 13 May 2005 , a new , very eruptive process began on this island , when an ash and water vapor cloud rose to a height of 7 km ( 23,000 ft ) and lava flows descended the slopes of the volcano on the way to the sea . Punta Espinosa is a narrow stretch of land where hundreds of marine iguanas gather , largely on black lava rocks . The famous flightless cormorants inhabit this island , as do Galápagos penguins , pelicans , Galápagos sea lions and Galápagos fur seals . Different types of lava flows can be compared , and the mangrove forests can be observed . Floreana ( Charles or Santa María ) Island -- It was named after Juan José Flores , the first President of Ecuador , during whose administration the government of Ecuador took possession of the archipelago . It is also called Santa Maria , after one of the caravels of Columbus . It has an area of 173 km ( 67 sq mi ) and a maximum elevation of 640 m ( 2,100 ft ) . It is one of the islands with the most interesting human history , and one of the earliest to be inhabited . Flamingos and green sea turtles nest ( December to May ) on this island . The patapegada or Galápagos petrel , a sea bird which spends most of its life away from land , is found here . At Post Office Bay , where 19th century whalers kept a wooden barrel that served as a post office , mail could be picked up and delivered to its destinations , mainly Europe and the United States , by ships on their way home . At the `` Devil 's Crown '' , an underwater volcanic cone and coral formations are found . Genovesa ( Tower ) Island -- The name is derived from Genoa , Italy , the birthplace of Christopher Columbus . It has an area of 14 km ( 5.4 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 76 m ( 249 ft ) . This island is formed by the remaining edge of a large caldera that is submerged . Its nickname of `` the bird island '' is clearly justified . At Darwin Bay , frigatebirds and swallow - tailed gulls , the only nocturnal species of gull in the world , can be seen . Red - footed boobies , noddy terns , lava gulls , tropic birds , doves , storm petrels and Darwin finches are also in sight . Prince Philip 's Steps is a bird - watching plateau with Nazca and red - footed boobies . There is a large Palo Santo forest . Isabela ( Albemarle ) Island -- This island was named in honor of Queen Isabela . With an area of 4,640 km ( 1,792 sq mi ) , it is the largest island of the Galápagos . Its highest point is Volcán Wolf , with an altitude of 1,707 m ( 5,600 ft ) . The island 's seahorse shape is the product of the merging of six large volcanoes into a single land mass . On this island , Galápagos penguins , flightless cormorants , marine iguanas , pelicans and Sally Lightfoot crabs abound . At the skirts and calderas of the volcanoes of Isabela , land iguanas and Galápagos tortoises can be observed , as well as Darwin finches , Galápagos hawks , Galápagos doves and very interesting lowland vegetation . The third - largest human settlement of the archipelago , Puerto Villamil , is located at the southeastern tip of the island . It is the only island to have the equator run across it . It is also the only place in the world where a penguin can be in its natural habitat in the Northern Hemisphere . North Seymour Island in the Galápagos ; Daphne Island is in the distance . Marchena ( Bindloe ) Island -- Named after Fray Antonio Marchena , it has an area of 130 km ( 50 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) . Galápagos hawks and sea lions inhabit this island , and it is home to the Marchena lava lizard , an endemic animal . North Seymour Island -- Its name was given after an English nobleman , Lord Hugh Seymour . It has an area of 1.9 km ( 0.7 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 28 m ( 92 ft ) . This island is home to a large population of blue - footed boobies and swallow - tailed gulls . It hosts one of the largest populations of frigate birds . It was formed from geological uplift . Pinzón ( Duncan ) Island -- Named after the Pinzón brothers , captains of the Pinta and Niña caravels , it has an area of 18 km ( 7 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 458 m ( 1,503 ft ) . Pinta ( Louis ) Island -- Named after the Pinta caravel , it has an area of 60 km ( 23 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 777 m ( 2,549 ft ) . Sea lions , Galápagos hawks , giant tortoises , marine iguanas , and dolphins can be seen here . Pinta Island was home to the last remaining Pinta tortoise , called Lonesome George . He was moved from Pinta Island to the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island , where scientists attempted to breed from him . However , Lonesome George died in June 2012 without producing any offspring . Rábida ( Jervis ) Island -- It bears the name of the convent of Rábida , where Columbus left his son during his voyage to the Americas . It has an area of 4.9 km ( 1.9 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 367 m ( 1,204 ft ) . The high amount of iron contained in the lava at Rábida gives it a distinctive red colour . White - cheeked pintail ducks live in a saltwater lagoon close to the beach , where brown pelicans and boobies have built their nests . Until recently , flamingos were also found in the lagoon , but they have since moved on to other islands , likely due to a lack of food on Rábida . Nine species of finches have been reported in this island . San Cristóbal ( Chatham ) Island -- It bears the name of the patron saint of seafarers , `` St. Christopher '' . Its English name was given after William Pitt , 1st Earl of Chatham . It has an area of 558 km ( 215 sq mi ) and its highest point rises to 730 m ( 2395 ft ) . This is the first island in the Galápagos Archipelago Charles Darwin visited during his voyage on the Beagle . This islands hosts frigate birds , sea lions , giant tortoises , blue - and red - footed boobies , tropicbirds , marine iguanas , dolphins and swallow - tailed gulls . Its vegetation includes Calandrinia galapagos , Lecocarpus darwinii , and trees such as Lignum vitae . The largest freshwater lake in the archipelago , Laguna El Junco , is located in the highlands of San Cristóbal . The capital of the province of Galápagos is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno , which lies at the southern tip of the island , and is close to San Cristóbal Airport . From an aircraft flying out of Baltra Island ( on the right ) and the Santa Cruz ( on the left ) , the Itabaca Channel is the waterway between the islands . Santa Cruz ( Indefatigable ) Island -- Given the name of the Holy Cross in Spanish , its English name derives from the British vessel HMS Indefatigable . It has an area of 986 km ( 381 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 864 m ( 2834 ft ) . Santa Cruz hosts the largest human population in the archipelago , the town of Puerto Ayora . The Charles Darwin Research Station and the headquarters of the Galápagos National Park Service are located here . The GNPS and CDRS operate a tortoise breeding centre here , where young tortoises are hatched , reared , and prepared to be reintroduced to their natural habitat . The Highlands of Santa Cruz offer exuberant flora , and are famous for the lava tunnels . Large tortoise populations are found here . Black Turtle Cove is a site surrounded by mangroves , which sea turtles , rays and small sharks sometimes use as a mating area . Cerro Dragón , known for its flamingo lagoon , is also located here , and along the trail one may see land iguanas foraging . Santa Fe ( Barrington ) Island -- Named after a city in Spain , it has an area of 24 km ( 9 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 259 m ( 850 ft ) . Santa Fe hosts a forest of Opuntia cactus , which are the largest of the archipelago , and Palo Santo . Weathered cliffs provide a haven for swallow - tailed gulls , red - billed tropic birds and shear - waters petrels . Santa Fe species of land iguanas are often seen , as well as lava lizards . Santiago ( San Salvador , James ) Island -- Its name is equivalent to Saint James in English ; it is also known as San Salvador , after the first island discovered by Columbus in the Caribbean Sea . This island has an area of 585 km ( 226 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 907 m ( 2976 ft ) . Marine iguanas , sea lions , fur seals , land and sea turtles , flamingos , dolphins and sharks are found here . Pigs and goats , which were introduced by humans to the islands and have caused great harm to the endemic species , have been eradicated ( pigs by 2002 ; goats by the end of 2006 ) . Darwin finches and Galápagos hawks are usually seen , as well as a colony of fur seals . At Sulivan Bay , a recent ( around 100 years ago ) pahoehoe lava flow can be observed . Wolf ( Wenman ) Island -- This island was named after the German geologist Theodor Wolf . It has an area of 1.3 km ( 0.5 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 253 m ( 830 ft ) . Here , fur seals , frigatebirds , Nazca and red - footed boobies , marine iguanas , sharks , whales , dolphins and swallow - tailed gulls can be seen . The most famous resident is the vampire finch , which feeds partly on blood pecked from other birds , and is only found on this island . Minor islands ( edit ) Daphne Major -- A small island directly north of Santa Cruz and directly west of Baltra , this very inaccessible island appears , though unnamed , on Ambrose Cowley 's 1684 chart . It is important as the location of multidecade finch population studies by Peter and Rosemary Grant . South Plaza Island ( Plaza Sur ) -- It is named in honor of a former president of Ecuador , General Leonidas Plaza . It has an area of 0.13 km ( 0.05 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 23 m ( 75 ft ) . The flora of South Plaza includes Opuntia cactus and Sesuvium plants , which form a reddish carpet on top of the lava formations . Iguanas ( land , marine and some hybrids of both species ) are abundant , and large numbers of birds can be observed from the cliffs at the southern part of the island , including tropic birds and swallow - tailed gulls . Nameless Island -- A small islet used mostly for scuba diving . Roca Redonda -- An islet approximately 25 km ( 16 mi ) northwest of Isabela . Herman Melville devotes the third and fourth sketches of The Encantadas to describing this islet ( which he calls `` Rock Rodondo '' ) and the view from it . Climate ( edit ) These satellite maps show chlorophyll concentration ( which corresponds with the abundance of phytoplankton ) during El Niño ( top ) and La Niña ( lower ) . Blue represents low concentrations , yellow , orange and red indicate high concentrations . Currents that normally fertilize the phytoplankton reverse during El Niño , resulting in barren oceans . These same currents are strengthened by La Niña , resulting in an explosion of ocean life . The bottom image shows sea surface temperature , cool upwelling waters are coloured purple . Thriving phytoplankton populations are indicated by high chlorophyll concentrations ( top image ) , coloured green , and yellow . Images acquired on 2 March 2009 . Although the islands are located on the Equator , the Humboldt Current brings cold water to them , causing frequent drizzles during most of the year . The weather is periodically influenced by the El Niño events , which occur about every 3 -- 7 years and are characterized by warm sea surface temperatures , a rise in sea level , greater wave action , and a depletion of nutrients in the water . During the season known as the garúa ( June to November ) , the temperature by the sea is 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) , a steady and cold wind blows from south and southeast , frequent drizzles ( garúas ) last most of the day , and dense fog conceals the islands . During the warm season ( December to May ) , the average sea and air temperature rises to 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , there is no wind at all , there are sporadic , though strong , rains and the sun shines . Weather changes as altitude increases in the large islands . Temperature decreases gradually with altitude , while precipitation increases due to the condensation of moisture in clouds on the slopes . There is a large range in precipitation from one place to another , not only with altitude , but also depending on the location of the islands , and also with the seasons . The following table corresponding to the wet 1969 shows the variation of precipitation in different places of Santa Cruz Island : Location Charles Darwin Station Devine Farm Media Luna Altitude 6 m 320 m 620 m January 23.0 mm 78.0 mm 172.6 mm February 16.8 mm 155.2 mm 117.0 mm March 249.0 mm 920.8 mm 666.7 mm April 68.5 mm 79.5 mm 166.4 mm May 31.4 mm 214.6 mm 309.8 mm June 16.8 mm 147.3 mm 271.8 mm July 12.0 mm 42.2 mm 135.6 mm August 3.8 mm 13.7 mm 89.5 mm September 18.5 mm 90.9 mm 282.6 mm October 3.2 mm 22.6 mm 96.5 mm November 11.0 mm 52.8 mm 172.7 mm December 15.7 mm 84.1 mm 175.3 mm TOTALS 469.7 mm 1901.7 mm 2656.4 mm The precipitation also depends on the geographical location . During March 1969 , the precipitation over Charles Darwin Station , on the southern coast of Santa Cruz was 249.0 mm ( 9.80 in ) , while on Baltra Island , the precipitation during the same month was only 137.6 mm ( 5.42 in ) . This is because Baltra is located behind Santa Cruz with respect to the prevailing southerly winds , so most of the moisture gets precipitated in the Santa Cruz highlands . There are significant changes in precipitation from one year to another , too . At Charles Darwin Station , the precipitation during March 1969 was 249.0 mm ( 9.80 in ) , but during March 1970 , it was only 1.2 mm ( 0.05 in ) . On the larger islands , the pattern of generally wet highlands and drier lowlands impacts the flora . The vegetation in the highlands tends to be green and lush , with tropical woodland in places . The lowland areas tend to have arid and semi-arid vegetation , with many thorny shrubs and cacti , and almost bare volcanic rock elsewhere . History ( edit ) Pre-Columbian era ( edit ) According to a 1952 study by Thor Heyerdahl and Arne Skjølsvold , remains of potsherds and other artifacts from several sites on the islands suggest visitation by South American peoples in pre-Columbian era . The group located an Inca flute and shards from more than 130 pieces of ceramics , which were later identified as pre-Incan . However , no remains of graves , ceremonial vessels and constructions have ever been found , suggesting no permanent settlement occurred before the Spanish arrived in the 16th century . It is not clear who the first visitors to the islands were , but they were probably sailors blown off course or people on hapless fishing boats blown out to sea . Most of them were likely unimpressed by the lack of fresh water on the islands . Whether the Incas ever made it here is disputed ; in 1572 , Spanish chronicler Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa claimed that Topa Inca Yupanqui , the second Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire had visited the archipelago , but there is little evidence for this , and many experts consider it a far - fetched legend , especially since the Incas were not seafaring people . The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise ( Chelonoidis nigra ) is the largest living species of tortoise ; this one is from the Island of Santa Cruz . European voyages ( edit ) European discovery of the Galápagos Islands occurred when Spaniard Fray Tomás de Berlanga , the fourth Bishop of Panama , sailed to Peru to settle a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and his lieutenants . De Berlanga 's vessel drifted off course when the winds diminished , and his party reached the islands on 10 March 1535 . Adult Galápagos sea lion resting on a park bench in Puerto Baquerizo Moreno The Galápagos Islands first appeared on the maps of Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius , in about 1570 . The islands were named `` Insulae de los Galopegos '' ( Islands of the Tortoises ) in reference to the giant tortoises found there . The first English captain to visit the Galápagos Islands was Richard Hawkins , in 1593 . Until the early 19th century , the archipelago was often used as a hideout by mostly English pirates who attacked Spanish galleons carrying gold and silver from South America to Spain . As described in 1684 . In 1793 , James Colnett described the flora and fauna of Galápagos , and suggested the islands could be used as base for the whalers operating in the Pacific Ocean . He drew the first accurate navigation charts of the islands . Whalers and maritime fur traders killed and captured thousands of the Galápagos tortoises to extract their fat . The tortoises could be kept on board ship as a means of providing of fresh protein , as these animals could survive for several months on board without any food or water . The hunting of the tortoises was responsible for greatly diminishing , and in some cases eliminating , certain species . Along with whalers came the fur - seal hunters , who brought the population of this animal close to extinction . The first known permanent human resident on Galápagos was Patrick Watkins , an Irish sailor who was marooned on the Island Floreana from 1807 to 1809 . According to later accounts , Watkins managed to survive by hunting , growing vegetables and trading with visiting whalers , before finally stealing an open boat and navigating to Guayaquil . In 1818 the Nantucket whaleship Globe , under Captain George Washington Gardner , discovered a `` mother lode '' of sperm whales some thousand miles west of the South American coast approximately at the equator . He returned to Nantucket in 1820 with more than 2000 barrels of sperm whale oil and the news of his discovery . This led to an influx of whaleships to exploit the new whaling ground and the Galápagos Islands became a frequent stop for the whalers both before and after visiting what came to be known as the Offshore Grounds . This led to the establishment in the Galápagos Islands of a kind of unofficial `` post office '' where whaleships stopped to pick up and drop off letters as well as for provisioning and repairing . In October 1820 , the whaleship Essex , out of Nantucket , stopped at the Galápagos for these purposes on its way to the Offshore Grounds . On what was then known as Charles Island , while most of the crew were hunting tortoises one crewmember , English boatsteerer Thomas Chappel , for reasons still unclear , lit a fire which quickly burned out of control . Some of the tortoise hunters had a narrow escape and had to run a gauntlet of fire to get back to the ship . Soon almost the entire island was in flames . Crewmembers reported that after a day of sailing away they could still see the flames against the horizon . One crewmember who returned to the Galápagos several years afterward described the entire island as still a blackened wasteland . Ecuadorian Galápagos ( edit ) Ecuador annexed the Galápagos Islands on 12 February 1832 , naming them the Archipelago of Ecuador . This new name added to several names that had been , and are still , used to refer to the archipelago . The first governor of Galápagos , General José de Villamil , brought a group of convicts to populate the island of Floreana , and in October 1832 , some artisans and farmers joined them . The voyage of the Beagle brought the survey ship HMS Beagle , under captain Robert FitzRoy , to the Galápagos on 15 September 1835 to survey approaches to harbours . The captain and others on board , including his companion , the young naturalist Charles Darwin , made observations on the geology and biology on Chatham , Charles , Albemarle and James islands before they left on 20 October to continue on their round - the - world expedition . Primarily a geologist at the time , Darwin was impressed by the quantity of volcanic craters they saw , later referring to the archipelago as `` that land of craters . '' His study of several volcanic formations over the 5 weeks he stayed in the islands , led to several important geological discoveries , including the first , correct explanation for how volcanic tuff is formed . Darwin noticed the mockingbirds differed between islands , though he thought the birds now known as Darwin 's finches were unrelated to each other , and did not bother labelling them by island . Nicholas Lawson , acting Governor of Galápagos for the Republic of the Equator , met them on Charles Island , and as they walked to the prison colony , Lawson told Darwin the tortoises differed from island to island . Towards the end of the voyage , Darwin speculated that the distribution of the mockingbirds and the tortoises might `` undermine the stability of Species '' . When specimens of birds were analysed on his return to England , it was found that many apparently different kinds of birds were species of finches , which were unique to islands . These facts were crucial in Darwin 's development of his theory of natural selection explaining evolution , which was presented in The Origin of Species . José Valdizán and Manuel Julián Cobos tried a new colonization , beginning the exploitation of a type of lichen found in the islands ( Roccella portentosa ) used as a coloring agent . After the assassination of Valdizán by some of his workers , Cobos brought from the continent a group of more than a hundred workers to San Cristóbal Island , and tried his luck at planting sugar cane . He ruled his plantation with an iron hand , which led to his assassination in 1904 . In 1897 , Antonio Gil began another plantation on Isabela Island . Over the course of a whole year , from September 1904 , an expedition of the Academy of Sciences of California , led by Rollo Beck , stayed in the Galápagos collecting scientific material on geology , entomology , ornithology , botany , zoology and herpetology . Another expedition from that Academy was done in 1932 ( Templeton Crocker Expedition ) to collect insects , fish , shells , fossils , birds and plants . For a long time during the early 1900s and at least through 1929 , a cash strapped Ecuador had reached out for potential buyers of the islands to alleviate financial troubles at home . The US had repeatedly expressed its interest in buying the islands for military use as they were positioned strategically guarding the Panama Canal . Besides the United States , Japan , Germany and Chile also expressed interest in establishing bases in the islands at the turn of the century . Chile had previously acquired the Straits of Magellan and Easter Island for strategic reasons and lieutenant Gregorio Santa Cruz argued in 1903 that possessing an island in equatorial waters , like the Galápagos , would be of great benefit since the geopolitical situation of Chile was expected to drastically change when the Panama Canal opened . Another benefit would be to widen the security radius of Chile . In the 1920s and 1930s , a small wave of European settlers arrived in the islands . There occurred a series of unsolved disappearances on the island of Floreana in the 1930s among the largely European expatriate residents at the time . The Galápagos Affair : Satan Came to Eden is a 2013 feature - length documentary film about the same . Ecuadorian laws provided all colonists with the possibility of receiving twenty hectares each of free land , the right to maintain their citizenship , freedom from taxation for the first ten years in Galápagos , and the right to hunt and fish freely on all uninhabited islands where they might settle . The first European colonists to arrive were Norwegians who settled briefly on Floreana , before moving on to San Cristobal and Santa Cruz . A few years later , other colonists from Europe , America and Ecuador started arriving on the islands , seeking a simpler life . Descendants of the Norwegian Kastdalen family and the German Angermeyer still live on the islands . During World War II , Ecuador authorized the United States to establish a naval base in Baltra Island , and radar stations in other strategic locations . Baltra was established as a United States Army Air Force base . Baltra was given the name of `` Beta Base '' along with `` Alpha Base '' in Nicaragua and `` Gamma Base '' in Salinas ( continental Ecuador ) . The Crews stationed at Baltra and the aforementioned locations established a geographic triangle of protection in charge of patrolling the Pacific for enemy submarines , and also provided protection for the Panama Canal . After the war , the facilities were given to the government of Ecuador . Today , the island continues as an official Ecuadorian military base . The foundations and other remains of the US base can still be seen as one crosses the island . In 1946 , a penal colony was established in Isabela Island , but it was suspended in 1959 . The marine iguana ( Amblyrhynchus cristatus ) Galápagos Islands Santa Cruz -- swimming in Puerto Ayora The Galápagos became a national park in 1959 , and tourism started in the 1960s , imposing several restrictions upon the human population already living on the island . However , opportunities in the tourism , fishing , and farming industries attracted a mass of poor fishermen and farmers from mainland Ecuador . In the 1990s and 2000s , violent confrontations between parts of the local population and the Galápagos National Park Service occurred , including capturing and killing giant tortoises and holding staff of the Galápagos National Park Service hostage to obtain higher annual sea cucumber quotas . Politics ( edit ) Flag of the Galápagos Province Water taxi on Puerto Ayora , Galápagos Main article : Galápagos Province The islands are administered by a provincial government . It was made a province by presidential decree by President Guillermo Rodríguez Lara on 18 February 1973 . The province is divided into cantons , each covering certain islands . The capital is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno . Demographics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The largest ethnic group is composed of Ecuadorian Mestizos , the mixed descendants of Spanish colonists and indigenous Native Americans , who arrived mainly in the last century from the continental part of Ecuador . There is also a large number of whites , mostly of Spanish descent . Some descendants of the early European and American colonists on the islands also still remain on the islands . In 1959 , approximately 1,000 to 2,000 people called the islands their home . In 1972 a census in the archipelago recorded a population of 3,488 . By the 1980s , this number had risen to more than 15,000 people , and in 2010 there were 25,124 people in the Galápagos . Five of the islands are inhabited : Baltra , Floreana , Isabela , San Cristobal and Santa Cruz . Travel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Options for flying into the Galápagos are limited to two islands : San Cristobal ( San Cristóbal Airport ) and Baltra ( Seymour Airport ) . Private aircraft must use Baltra as it is the airport equipped with overnight plane accommodations . Seymour Airport on Baltra was recently renovated ( 2012 -- 2013 ) to accommodate larger planes . Until 1969 the only way to visit was on a private or chartered vessel . There was no regular air service until Forrest Nelson 's Hotel Galápagos began the first organized tours in April 1969 . Soon other travel companies brought in tour ships and yachts , and local fishermen began converting their wooden boats for rudimentary cruising with guests . These vessels were the main source of overnight accommodations in the Galápagos . Today there are about 85 yachts and ships equipped for overnight guests . In 2006 the Baltra military governed island , was opened up to limited overnight camping . Baltra also requires permits by the military government for overnight stays on the beach . Other inhabited islands also allow camping on the beaches designated as `` recreational '' use to the locals . All of these camping permits are limited to number of people and nights , with most nights not to exceed three . Land based hotels are opening on the inhabited islands of San Cristobal , Santa Cruz , Floreana and Isabela . By 2012 , more than half the visitors to Galápagos made their tours using day boats and these small hotels . Restaurants , easy access and economy make this an attractive travel option . The cruise tours are still the best way to see all the complex environment and wildlife of the islands . There are only 116 visitor sites in the Galápagos : 54 land sites and 62 scuba - diving or snorkeling sites . Small groups are allowed to visit in 2 - to 4 - hour shifts only , to limit impact on the area . All groups are accompanied by licensed guides . Environmental protection Policy ( edit ) See also : Galápagos wildlife and Galápagos National Park Pelecanus occidentalis , Tortuga Bay Marine iguana Blue - footed booby Galápagos tortoise on Santa Cruz Island ( Galápagos ) Grapsus grapsus in the Galápagos Juvenile Galápagos penguin before banding Bottlenose dolphins jumping off the islands Though the first protective legislation for the Galápagos was enacted in 1930 and supplemented in 1936 , it was not until the late 1950s that positive action was taken to control what was happening to the native flora and fauna . In 1955 , the International Union for the Conservation of Nature organized a fact - finding mission to the Galápagos . Two years later , in 1957 , UNESCO , in cooperation with the government of Ecuador , sent another expedition to study the conservation situation and choose a site for a research station . In 1959 , the centenary year of Charles Darwin 's publication of The Origin of Species , the Ecuadorian government declared 97.5 % of the archipelago 's land area a national park , excepting areas already colonised . The Charles Darwin Foundation ( CDF ) was founded the same year . The core responsibility of CDF , an international nongovernmental organization ( NGO ) constituted in Belgium , is to conduct research and provide the research findings to the government for effective management of Galápagos . CDF 's research efforts began with the establishment of the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island in 1964 . During the early years , conservation programs , such as eradication of introduced species and protection of native species , were carried out by research station personnel . Now much of that work is accomplished by the Galápagos National Park Service using the research findings and methodologies developed by CDF . In 1986 , the 70,000 square kilometers ( 27,000 sq mi ) of ocean surrounding the islands was declared a marine reserve , second in size only to Australia 's Great Barrier Reef . In 1990 , the archipelago became a whale sanctuary . UNESCO recognised the islands in 1978 as a World Heritage Site and in 1985 , as a biosphere reserve . This was later extended in December 2001 to include the marine reserve . In July 2010 , the World Heritage Committee agreed to remove the Galápagos Islands from its list of precious sites endangered by environmental threats or overuse . Noteworthy species include : Galápagos land iguanas , Conolophus spp . Marine iguana , Amblyrhynchus cristatus , the only iguana feeding in the sea Galápagos tortoise ( Galápagos giant tortoise ) , Chelonoidis nigra , known as galápago in Spanish , it gave the name to the islands Galápagos green turtle , Chelonia mydas agassisi , a subspecies of the green turtle Sea cucumbers , the cause of environmental battles with fishermen over quotas of this expensive Asian delicacy Flightless cormorant , Phalacrocorax harrisi Great frigatebird and magnificent frigatebird Blue - footed booby , Sula nebouxii , popular among visitors for their large blue feet which they show off in courtship Galápagos penguin , Spheniscus mendiculus , the only living tropical penguin Waved albatross , Phoebastria irrorata , the only living tropical albatross Galápagos hawk , Buteo galapagoensis , the islands ' main scavenger ( at the top of the food chain ) and `` environmental police '' Four endemic species of Galápagos mockingbirds , the first species Darwin noticed to vary from island to island Thirteen endemic species of tanagers , popularly called Darwin 's finches . Among them is the sharp - beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis septentrionalis which is sometimes called the `` vampire finch '' for its blood - sucking habits , and the tool - using woodpecker finch , Camarhynchus pallidus Galápagos sea lions , Zalophus wollebaeki , closely related to the California sea lion , but smaller Two endemic genera of cacti , each with a single species : Jasminocereus thouarsii , the candelabra cactus , and Brachycereus nesioticus , the lava cactus Environmental threats ( edit ) Introduced plants and animals , such as feral goats , cats , and cattle , brought accidentally or willingly to the islands by humans , represent the main threat to Galápagos . Quick to reproduce and with no natural predators , these alien species decimated the habitats of native species . The native animals , lacking natural predators on the islands , are defenseless to introduced predators . There are over 700 introduced plant species today . There are only 500 native and endemic species . This difference is creating a major problem for the islands and the natural species that inhabit them . These plants have invaded large areas and eliminated endemic species in the humid zones of San Cristobal , Floreana , Isabela and Santa Cruz . Some of the most harmful introduced plants are the guayaba or guava ( Psidium guajava ) , avocado ( Persea americana ) , cascarilla ( Cinchona pubescens ) , balsa ( Ochroma pyramidale ) , hill raspberry ( Rubus niveus ) , various citrus ( orange , grapefruit , lemon ) , floripondio , higuerilla ( Ricinus communis ) trees and the elephant grass , Pennisetum purpureum . Many species were introduced to the Galápagos by pirates . Thor Heyerdahl quoted documents that mention the Viceroy of Peru , knowing that British pirates ate the goats that they themselves had released in the islands , ordered dogs to be freed there to eliminate the goats . Also , when colonization of Floreana by José de Villamil failed , he ordered the goats , donkeys , cattle and other animals from the farms in Floreana be transferred to other islands for the purpose of later colonization . Non-native goats , pigs , dogs , rats , cats , mice , sheep , horses , donkeys , cows , poultry , ants , cockroaches , and some parasites inhabit the islands today . Dogs and cats attack the tame birds and destroy the nests of birds , land tortoises , and marine turtles . They sometimes kill small Galápagos tortoises and iguanas . Pigs are even more harmful , covering larger areas and destroying the nests of tortoises , turtles and iguanas , as well as eating the animals ' native food . Pigs also knock down vegetation in their search for roots and insects . This problem abounds in Cerro Azul volcano and Isabela , and in Santiago , pigs may be the cause of the disappearance of the land iguanas that were so abundant when Darwin visited . The black rat ( Rattus rattus ) attacks small Galápagos tortoises when they leave the nest , so in Pinzón they stopped the reproduction for a period of more than 50 years ; only adults were found on that island . Also , where the black rat is found , the endemic rat has disappeared . Cattle and donkeys eat all the available vegetation and compete with native species for the scarce water . In 1959 , fishermen introduced one male and two female goats to Pinta island ; by 1973 , the National Park service estimated the population of goats to be over 30,000 individuals . Goats were also introduced to Marchena in 1967 and to Rabida in 1971 . A goat eradication program , however , cleared the goats from Pinta and Santiago and most of the goat population from Isabela . In fact , by 2006 all feral pigs , donkeys and non-sterile goats had been eliminated from Santiago and Isabela , the largest islands with the worst problems due to non-native mammals . Six species of small non-native vertebrates have established self - sufficient populations in Galapagos and may become invasive : Fowler 's snouted tree frog Scinax quinquefasciatus , common house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus , mourning gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris , dwarf gecko Gonatodes caudiscutatus , Peters ' leaf - toed gecko Phyllodactylus reissii , and smooth - billed ani Crotophaga ani . Domestic fowl Gallus gallus holds feral populations , which may have self - sufficient populations , but evidence is unclear . The fast - growing poultry industry on the inhabited islands has been cause for concern from local conservationists , who fear domestic birds could introduce disease into the endemic wild bird populations . The Galápagos marine sanctuary is under threat from a host of illegal fishing activities , in addition to other problems of development . The most pressing threat to the Marine Reserve comes from local , mainland and foreign fishing targeting marine life illegally within the Reserve , such as sharks ( hammerheads and other species ) for their fins , and the harvest of sea cucumbers out of season . Development threatens both land and sea species . The growth of both the tourism industry and local populations fuelled by high birth rates and illegal immigration threaten the wildlife of the Archipelago . The grounding of the oil tanker Jessica in 2001 and the subsequent oil spill brought this threat to world attention . In 2007 , UNESCO put the Galápagos Islands on their List of World Heritage in Danger because of threats posed by invasive species , unbridled tourism and overfishing . On 29 July 2010 , the World Heritage Committee decided to remove the Galápagos Islands from the list because the Committee found significant progress had been made by Ecuador in addressing these problems . On 28 January 2008 , Galápagos National Park official Victor Carrion announced 53 sea lions ( 13 pups , 25 youngsters , 9 males and 6 females ) were killed at the Galápagos Islands nature reserve on Pinta , with their heads caved in . In 2001 , poachers killed 35 male sea lions . The Galápagos Islands were short - listed as a candidate to be one of the New7Wonders of Nature by the New7Wonders of Nature Foundation . As of February 2009 , the archipelago was ranked first in Group B , the category for islands . The islands ' biodiversity is under threat from several sources . The human population is growing at an unsustainable rate of 8 % per year ( 1995 ) . Introduced species have caused damage , and in 1996 a US $5 million , five - year eradication plan commenced in an attempt to rid the islands of introduced species such as goats , rats , deer , and donkeys . Except for the rats , the project was essentially completed in 2006 . Rats have only been eliminated from the smaller Galapagos Islands of Rábida and Pinzón . El Niño has adversely affected the marine ecosystem . In January 2001 , an oil slick from a stranded tanker threatened the islands , but winds and shifting ocean currents helped disperse the oil before much damage was done . The 1997 -- 98 El Niño adversely affected wildlife in the waters surrounding the islands , as the waters were 5 ° C ( 9 ° F ) warmer than normal . Corals and barnacles suffered , hammerhead sharks were driven away , and most of the island 's seabirds failed to breed in 1997 -- 98 . The mortality rate of marine iguanas rose as the green algae they feed on was replaced by inedible red algae . During the 1982 -- 83 El Niño , 70 % of the marine iguanas starved to death because of this . See also ( edit ) List of birds of the Galápagos Islands List of animals in Galápagos Islands Albatross Foundation USA Galápagos National Park Galápagos hotspot Galápagos Province Darwin 's Arch Johanna Angermeyer , author of various books featuring the Galápagos Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Censo 2010 '' . Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2011 . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Discovery , Darwin and Evolution Jump up ^ Mittlestaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Harpp , Karen ; Graham , David ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Introduction , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 1 -- 3 , 42 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ Harpp , Karen ; Hall , Paul ; Jackson , Matthew ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Galapagos and Easter : A Tale of Two Hotspots , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 9781118852415 . ^ Jump up to : Geist , Dennis ; Bergantz , George ; Chadwick , William ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Galapagos Magma Chambers , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 9781118852415 . ^ Jump up to : Poland , Michael ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Contrasting Volcanism in Hawai'i and the Galapagos , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 5 -- 21 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ Merlen , Godfrey ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Plate Tectonics , Evolution , and the Survival of Species : A Modern Day Hotspot , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 122 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ Kurz , Mark ; Rowland , Scott ; Curtice , Joshua ; Saal , Alberto ; Naumann , Terry ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Eruption Rates for Fernandina Volcano : A New Chronology at the Galapagos Hotspot Center , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 41 -- 44 , 49 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Galápagos Islands . '' The Columbia Encyclopedia . New York : Columbia University Press , 2015 Jump up ^ Pearson , David L. , David W. Middleton ( 1999 ) . The New Key to Ecuador and the Galápagos ( 3rd ed . ) . Berkeley : Ulysses Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , W.M. ( 2 October 1997 ) . `` A Brief Introduction to the Geology of the Galápagos '' . Cornell University Earth and Atmospheric Sciences . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , B. ; Breckheimer , I. ; McCleary , A. ; Guzmán - Ramirez , L. ; Caplow , S. ; Jones - Smith , J. & Walsh , S. ( 2010 ) . `` Using stylized agent - based models for population -- environment research : a case study from the Galápagos Islands '' . Population & Environment. 31 ( 4 ) : 279 -- 287 . doi : 10.1007 / s11111 - 010 - 0110 - 4 . PMC 2881671 . PMID 20539752 . Jump up ^ Grant , K. Thalia and Estes , Gregory B. ( 2009 ) . Darwin in Galápagos : Footsteps to a New World . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Vinueza , L. ; Branch , G. ; Branch , M. ; Bustamante , R. ( 2006 ) . `` Top - down herbivory and bottom - up El Niño effects on Galápagos rocky - shore communities '' . Ecological Monographs. 76 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 131 . doi : 10.1890 / 04 - 1957 . ^ Jump up to : Heyerdahl , Thor ; & Skjolsvold , Arne ( 1956 ) . `` Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the Galápagos Islands '' , Memoirs 12 , Society for American Archaeology . Jump up ^ Lundh , Jacob ( 1995 ) . `` A brief account of some early inhabitants of Santa Cruz Island . '' In Noticias de Galápagos No. 55 . Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands . Jump up ^ Cho , Lisa ( 2005 ) Moon Galápagos Islands . Avalon Travel Publishing . p. 200 . ISBN 163121151X . Jump up ^ Stewart , Paul D. ( 2006 ) . Galápagos : the islands that changed the world . Yale University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12230 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael Hume ( 1993 ) . Galápagos , a natural history . University of Calgary Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 07 - 0 . Jump up ^ Latorre , Octavio ( 1995 ) . `` Los tesoros escondidos de las Islas Galapagos '' ( PDF ) . Noticias de Galapagos ( in Spanish ) ( 55 ) : 66 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Porter , D. ( 1822 ) Journal of a Cruise Made to the Pacific Ocean . Kessinger Publishing . Jump up ^ Tarnmoor , Salvator R. ( Herman Melville ) ( 1854 ) Encantadas or the Enchanted Isles . Putnam 's Monthly Magazine of American Literature , Science , and Art . March -- May 1854 . Jump up ^ Perry , Roger ; The Galapagos Islands ; 1972 ; Dodd , Mead & Company , New York p. 44 ISBN 978 - 0 - 396 - 06576 - 0 Jump up ^ Nickerson , T. ( c. 1876 ) Account of the Ship Essex Sinking , 1819 -- 1821 . Holograph ms. in the Thomas Nickerson Collection , 1819 -- 1876 , Folder 1 . Nantucket , Massachusetts : Nantucket Historical Society . Jump up ^ Grant , K. Thalia and Estes , Gregory B. ( 2009 ) . Darwin in Galapagos : Footsteps to a New World . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ^ Jump up to : Niles Eldredge ( Spring 2006 ) . `` VQR -- Confessions of a Darwinist '' . The Virginia Quarterly Review . pp. 32 -- 53 . Retrieved 26 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Norwegian Who Inspired Darwin '' . ThorNews . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keynes , Richard ed. ( 2000 ) . Charles Darwin 's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . June -- August 1836 , 291 -- 293 Jump up ^ `` May Sell Galapagos '' . from `` The United Press '' . The Pittsburgh Press . 21 January 1929 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Ferenc ( 1999 ) . `` ¿ la guantánamo del océano pacífco ? la rivalidad de los ee . uu. , alemania , Japón y chile por la adquisición de las islas galápagos antes de la I guerra mundial '' . El modelo militar prusiano y las fuerzas armadas de Chile 1885 - 1945 ( in Spanish ) . pécs , Hungary : University Press . pp. 71 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Tapia , Claudio ( 2009 ) . La creación de un área de influencia en América del Sur . Las relaciones políticas , económicas y militares de Chile con Ecuador y Paraguay ( 1883 - 1914 ) ( Ph. D . ) ( in Spanish ) . instituto de estudios avanzados , Universidad de Santiago de Chile . Jump up ^ See Michael Morris , `` The Strait of Magellan '' , Martinus Nijhoff Publisher , 1989 , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0181 - 1 , pages 62 and 63 Jump up ^ Garay Vera , Cristián ( 2011 ) . `` La imaginación territorial chilena y la apoteosis de la armada de chile 1888 - 1940 . Otra mirada a los límites `` Naturales '' `` . Revista Enfoques ( in Spanish ) . IX ( 15 ) : 75 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Lund , J.P. Galápagos : A Brief History . galapagos.to Jump up ^ Hoff , S. ( 1985 ) . Drømmen om Galápagos . Oslo : Grøndahl & Sønn Jump up ^ `` Galápagos Conservation '' . galapagos.com . Jump up ^ Stutz , Bruce D. ( 1995 ) . `` The sea cucumber war '' . Audubon. 97 ( 3 ) : 16 . Jump up ^ Grant , K. Thalia. ( 2009 ) `` Darwin and the Galapagos : Evolution of a Legacy '' . World Heritage No. 54 Jump up ^ `` Galápagos no longer on List of World Heritage in Danger -- News Watch '' . Blogs.nationalgeographic.com. 29 July 2010 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Feral dogs and cats in Galápagos '' . Petsaspests.blogspot.com.es . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Henry ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` Invasive species : The 18 - km rat trap : Nature News & Comment '' . Nature.com . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Invasive Species '' . Galapagos Conservancy . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Project Isabela '' . Galapagos Conservancy . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Project Isabela : When Slaughtering 250,000 Goats Meant Saving A Species '' . All That Is Interesting . March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Cisneros - Heredia , Diego F ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Non-native small terrestrial vertebrates in the Galapagos '' . PeerJ Preprints . doi : 10.7287 / peerj. preprints. 26563v1 . ISSN 2167 - 9843 . Jump up ^ Cisneros - Heredia , Diego F. ( 2018 ) . Understanding Invasive Species in the Galapagos Islands . Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands . Springer , Cham . pp. 95 -- 139 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 67177 - 2_7 . ISBN 9783319671765 . ^ Jump up to : Carr , Lindsey A ; Stier , Adrian C ; Fietz , Katharina ; Montero , Ignacio ; Gallagher , Austin J ; Bruno , John F ( 2013 ) . `` Illegal shark fishing in the Galápagos marine reserve '' ( PDF ) . Marine Policy . 39 : 317 -- 321 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpol. 2012.12. 005 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage in Danger List '' . UNESCO World Heritage . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Committee inscribes the Tombs of Buganda Kings ( Uganda ) and removes Galápagos Islands ( Ecuador ) '' . UNESCO World Heritage . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS , Sea lions massacred in Galápagos '' . BBC News . 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ New 7 Wonders of the World : Live Ranking Archived 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Post-Rat Eradication and Monitoring on Pinzón '' . Galapagos Conservancy . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Galápagos Islands '' in The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide ( 2010 ) . Abington : Helicon . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Galapagos Islands '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Black , Juan ( 1973 ) . Galápagos , Archipiélago del Ecuador . ( Quito , Ecuador ) . Comprehensive monograph by a former officer of Galápagos National Park , financed by the World Wildlife Fund and the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands Grant , K. Thalia and Estes , Gregory B. ( 2009 ) . Darwin in Galapagos : Footsteps to a New World . Princeton University Press , Princeton . ( 1 ) . Heyerdahl , Thor ; & Skjolsvold , Arne ( 1956 ) . Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the Galápagos Islands , Memoirs 12 , Society for American Archaeology . Müller , Bodo ; & Stolt , Matthias ( 2003 ) . Galápagos Die verwunschenen Inseln . ( BLV ) . ISBN 3 - 86108 - 909 - 2 . Quammen , David ( 1996 ) . The Song of the Dodo . Touchstone , New York . Romero , Simon ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` To Protect Galápagos , Ecuador Limits a Two - Legged Species '' . The New York Times . Perry , Roger ( 1972 ) . The Galapagos Islands . ( Dodd , Mead & Company ) . Short history illustrated with photographs and a map by a former director of Charles Darwin Research Station . Wittmer , Margret ( 2013 ) . Floreana : A Woman 's Pilgrimage to the Galápagos . ( Moyer Bell Limited ) . Memoir written by the matriarch of the first family to successfully inhabit Floreana , after settling there in 1932 . 2013 paperback edition ISBN 978 - 1 - 55921 - 399 - 8 ( originally published by the Travel Book Club in 1961 ) External links ( edit ) Ecuador portal Latin America portal Islands portal Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Galapagos Islands . Media related to Galapagos at Wikimedia Commons Galapagos Islands travel guide from Wikivoyage Galápagos National Park `` Galápagos Islands xeric scrub '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Islas Galápagos Galápagos geology , with general information on the Galápagos Islands Places adjacent to Galápagos Islands Central America Pacific Ocean Costa Rica Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Galápagos Islands Pacific Ocean Ecuador Pacific Ocean Eastern Pacific Islands Oceanic islands located between Polynesia and the Americas , sorted by country , from north to south ( continental islands not included ) Mexico Guadalupe Island Rocas Alijos Revillagigedo Islands Socorro ( San Tomás ) San Benedicto Roca Partida Clarión ( Santa Rosa ) France Clipperton Island Costa Rica Cocos Island Colombia Malpelo Island Ecuador Galápagos Islands Chile Desventuradas Islands Juan Fernández Islands Robinson Crusoe Alejandro Selkirk Santa Clara Galápagos Islands Main islands Baltra Island Bartolomé Island Darwin Island Española Island Fernandina Island Floreana Island Genovesa Island Isabela Island Marchena Island North Seymour Island Pinzón Island Pinta Island Rábida Island San Cristóbal Island Santa Cruz Island Santa Fe Island Santiago Island Wolf Island Minor islands Daphne Major Isla Guy Fawkes Nameless Island Roca Redonda South Plaza Island VIAF : 144179675 LCCN : n82058890 GND : 4071538 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Galápagos_Islands&oldid = 835604040 '' Categories : Galápagos Islands Geography of Galápagos Province Biodiversity hotspots Biosphere reserves of Ecuador Surfing locations in Ecuador Ecoregions Endemic regions Hotspot volcanoes Islands of Ecuador Seabird colonies States and territories established in 1973 Volcanic groups Volcanoes of Ecuador Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands World Heritage Sites in Ecuador Tourist attractions in Galápagos Province Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 errors : missing author or editor Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 18 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the galápagos islands are part of what country quizlet	[ "The Galápagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón, other Spanish name: Las Islas Galápagos, Spanish pronunciation: [las ˈiʱla ɣaˈlapaɣo]), part of the Republic of Ecuador, are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere, 906 km (563 mi) west of continental Ecuador. The islands are known for their vast number of endemic species and were studied by Charles Darwin during the second voyage of HMS Beagle, as his observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection." ]	[ "the Republic of Ecuador" ]
-392361357655479050	Assistance of Counsel Clause	Assistance of counsel clause - wikipedia Assistance of counsel clause Criminal procedure Criminal trials and convictions Rights of the accused Fair trial Pre-trial Speedy trial Jury trial Counsel Presumption of innocence Exclusionary rule Self - incrimination Double jeopardy Verdict Conviction Acquittal Not proven Directed verdict Sentencing Mandatory Suspended Custodial Discharge Guidelines Totality Dangerous offender Capital punishment Execution warrant Cruel and unusual punishment Imprisonment Life imprisonment Indefinite imprisonment Post-sentencing Parole Probation Tariff Life licence Miscarriage of justice Exoneration Pardon Sex offender registration Sexually violent predator legislation Related areas of law Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Civil procedure Portals Law Criminal justice US courts Not in English / Welsh courts Scottish courts English / Welsh courts Canadian courts UK courts The Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides : `` In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . '' The assistance of counsel clause includes five distinct rights : the right to counsel of choice , the right to appointed counsel , the right to conflict - free counsel , the effective assistance of counsel , and the right to represent oneself pro se . Contents 1 Attachment at critical stages 2 Choice of counsel 3 Conflict free counsel 4 Appointment of counsel 5 Ineffective assistance of counsel 6 Self - representation 7 Similar state - law provisions 8 Application to state offenses 9 References Attachment at critical stages ( edit ) As stated in Brewer v. Williams , 430 U.S. 387 ( 1977 ) , the right to counsel `` ( means ) at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him , whether by formal charge , preliminary hearing , indictment , information , or arraignment . '' Brewer goes on to conclude that once adversarial proceedings have begun against a defendant , he has a right to legal representation when the government interrogates him and that when a defendant is arrested , `` arraigned on ( an arrest ) warrant before a judge , '' and `` committed by the court to confinement , '' `` ( t ) here can be no doubt that judicial proceedings ha ( ve ) been initiated . '' Individuals subject to grand jury proceedings do not have a Sixth Amendment right to counsel because grand juries are not considered by the U.S. Supreme Court to be criminal proceedings which trigger the protections of that constitutional protection . Choice of counsel ( edit ) Subject to considerations such as conflicts of interest , scheduling , counsel 's authorization to practice law in the jurisdiction , and counsel 's willingness to represent the defendant ( whether pro bono or for a fee ) , criminal defendants have a right to be represented by counsel of their choice . The remedy for erroneous deprivation of first choice counsel is automatic reversal . Conflict free counsel ( edit ) Whether counsel is retained or appointed , the defendant has a right to counsel without a conflict of interest . If an actual conflict of interest is present , and that conflict results in any adverse effect on the representation , the result is automatic reversal . The general rule is that conflicts can be knowingly and intelligently waived , but some conflicts are un-waiveable . Appointment of counsel ( edit ) In Powell v. Alabama , the Supreme Court ruled that `` in a capital case , where the defendant is unable to employ counsel , and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance , feeble mindedness , illiteracy , or the like , it is the duty of the court , whether requested or not , to assign counsel for him . '' In Johnson v. Zerbst , the Supreme Court ruled that in all federal cases , counsel would have to be appointed for defendants who were too poor to hire their own . However , in Betts v. Brady , the Court declined to extend this requirement to the state courts under the Fourteenth Amendment unless the defendant demonstrated `` special circumstances '' requiring the assistance of counsel . In 1961 , the Court extended the rule that applied in federal courts to state courts . It held in Hamilton v. Alabama that counsel had to be provided at no expense to defendants in capital cases when they so requested , even if there was no `` ignorance , feeble mindedness , illiteracy , or the like . '' Gideon v. Wainwright explicitly overruled Betts v. Brady and found that counsel must be provided to indigent defendants in all felony cases . Under Argersinger v. Hamlin , counsel must be appointed in any case resulting in a sentence of actual imprisonment . However , in Scott v. Illinois , the Court ruled that counsel did not need to be appointed if the defendant was not sentenced to any imprisonment . In the United States , while the right to counsel in trials by the federal government was recognized by the US Bill of Rights , the affirmation that this right extended to cases tried by state courts ( i.e. most criminal trials , including for crimes such as murder in most cases ) came much later . While some state supreme courts affirmed this right during the 19th century , it was only in the 1963 decision Gideon v. Wainwright that the Supreme Court affirmed the right for defendants to have counsel in felony trials . Ineffective assistance of counsel ( edit ) Main article : Ineffective assistance of counsel The constitutional right to counsel necessarily encompasses a right to effective counsel . Mere formal appointment of counsel does not satisfy Sixth Amendment 's constitutional guarantees ; instead , a criminal defendant is entitled to reasonably competent representation . In Strickland v. Washington ( 1984 ) , the Court held that , on collateral review , a defendant may obtain relief if the defendant demonstrates both ( 1 ) that defense counsel 's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness ( the `` performance prong '' ) and ( 2 ) that , but for the deficient performance , there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different ( the `` prejudice prong '' ) . To satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland , a defendant who pleads guilty must show that , but for counsel 's deficient performance , he or she would not have plead guilty . In Padilla v. Kentucky ( 2010 ) , the Court held that counsel 's failure to inform an alien pleading guilty of the risk of deportation fell below the objective standard of the performance prong of Strickland and permitted an alien who would not have plead guilty but for such failure to withdraw his guilty plea . Self - representation ( edit ) Main article : Pro se legal representation in the United States A criminal defendant may represent himself , unless a court deems the defendant to be incompetent to waive the right to counsel . In Faretta v. California , 422 U.S. 806 ( 1975 ) , the Supreme Court recognized a defendant 's right to pro se representation . However , under Godinez v. Moran , 509 U.S. 389 ( 1993 ) , a court can require a defendant to be represented by counsel if it believes the accused less than fully competent to adequately proceed without counsel . In Martinez v. California Court of Appeals , 528 U.S. 152 ( 2000 ) , the Supreme Court ruled the right to pro se representation did not apply to appellate courts . In Indiana v. Edwards , 554 U.S. 164 ( 2008 ) , the Court ruled that a criminal defendant could be simultaneously competent to stand trial and yet not competent to represent himself . The Court ultimately concluded that , in light of these rules , a state may require an otherwise competent criminal defendant to proceed to trial with the assistance of counsel . The standard for competency to stand trial presumes that the defendant will have a lawyer to assist him at that trial . Implicit therefore in the Dusky rule is the idea that the standard for competency to stand trial must be lower than the standard for competency to represent oneself . The right to represent oneself at trial is qualified by the trial court 's interest in preserving courtroom decorum and promoting the orderly presentation of evidence , questioning of witnesses , and advancement of legal argument . For the Court , it was `` common sense '' that a defendant 's mental illness might impair his ability to accomplish these tasks -- tasks that any lawyer must if he is to press his client 's case effectively . `` A right of self - representation at trial will not affirm the dignity of a defendant who lacks the mental capacity to conduct his defense without the assistance of counsel . '' In Bounds v. Smith , 430 U.S. 817 ( 1977 ) , the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of `` meaningful access to the courts '' can be satisfied by counsel or access to legal materials . Bounds has been interpreted by several United States courts of appeals to mean a pro se defendant does not have a constitutional right to access a prison law library to research his defense when access to the courts has been provided through appointed counsel . Similar state - law provisions ( edit ) In Louisiana , the state Supreme Court has discussed at what point the right to counsel attached under the state and federal constitutions in State v. Hattaway , 621 So . 2d 796 ( La . 1993 ) . In this case , the Court repeated the Brewer condition that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches after the commencement of adverse judicial criminal proceedings , and that the right exists only during pre-trial confrontations that can be considered `` critical stages '' during adverse judicial criminal proceedings . 621 So. 2d at 801 . No clear definition of a critical stage was given , but interrogation of a defendant by police officers was offered as an example of a critical stage in that case . Some states extend the right to counsel to all matters where a defendant 's liberty interest is threatened . The New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously held that , regardless of whether the proceeding is labeled as civil , criminal , or administrative , if a defendant faces a loss of liberty , she or he is entitled to appointed counsel if indigent . Anne Pasqua , et al. v. Hon . Gerald J. Council , et al. , 186 N.J. 127 ( 2006 ) ( March 2006 ) . Application to state offenses ( edit ) Until 1963 , the right to counsel only applied to criminal defendants accused of federal crimes . However , in Gideon v. Wainwright , the Supreme Court held that the right to counsel also applied to state criminal defendants . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Constitution , Amendment VI Jump up ^ Brewer v. Williams , 430 U.S. , 398 Jump up ^ Massiah v. United States , 377 U.S. 201 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Chief Justice Warren E. Burger . `` U.S. v. Mandujano , 425 U.S. 564 , 581 , 96 S. Ct. 1768 , 1779 , 48 L. Ed . 2d 212 ( 1976 ) '' . Justicia . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wheat v. United States , 486 U.S. 153 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Morris v. Slappy , 461 U.S. 1 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Gonzalez - Lopez , 548 U.S. 140 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Burger v. Kemp , 483 U.S. 776 ( 1987 ) ; Cuyler v. Sullivan , 446 U.S. 335 ( 1980 ) ; Holloway v. Arkansas , 435 U.S. 475 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ See United States v. Curcio , 680 F. 2d 881 ( 2d Cir. 1982 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , United States v. Schwarz , 283 F. 3d 76 ( 2d Cir. 2002 ) ; United States v. Fulton , 5 F. 3d 605 ( 2d Cir. 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 ( 1932 ) Jump up ^ Johnson v. Zerbst , 304 U.S. 458 ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Betts v. Brady , 316 U.S. 455 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ Hamilton v. Alabama , 368 U.S. 52 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Argersinger v. Hamlin , 407 U.S. 25 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Scott v. Illinois , 440 U.S. 367 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ McMann v. Richardson , 397 U.S. 759 , 771 n. 14 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Avery v. State of Alabama , 308 U.S. 444 , 446 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ State v. Wissing , 528 N.W. 2d 561 , 564 ( Iowa 1995 ) Jump up ^ Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) . See also Casey Scott McKay , Constitutional Law - the Plea - Bargaining Process - Mr. Counsel , Please Bargain Effectively for Your Client 's Sixth Amendment Rights , Otherwise the Trial Court Will Be Forced to Reoffer the Plea Deal and Then Exercise Discretion in Resentencing , 82 Miss . L.J. 731 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Hill v. Lockhart , 474 U.S. 52 ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Padilla v. Kentucky , 130 S. Ct. 1473 ( 2010 ) . See also Casey Scott McKay , Constitutional Law - the Plea - Bargaining Process - Mr. Counsel , Please Bargain Effectively for Your Client 's Sixth Amendment Rights , Otherwise the Trial Court Will Be Forced to Reoffer the Plea Deal and Then Exercise Discretion in Resentencing , 82 Miss . L.J. 731 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ 2nd Circuit : Having a Lawyer Satisfies Test for Court Access , Law.com , Mark Hamblett , October 8 , 2004 Jump up ^ Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 , 345 ( 1963 ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book hide United States Sixth Amendment case law Speedy Trial Clause Beavers v. Haubert ( 1905 ) United States v. Provoo ( 1955 ) Pollard v. United States ( 1957 ) United States v. Ewell ( 1966 ) Klopfer v. North Carolina ( 1967 ) Smith v. Hooey ( 1969 ) Dickey v. Florida ( 1970 ) United States v. Marion ( 1971 ) Barker v. Wingo ( 1972 ) Strunk v. United States ( 1973 ) United States v. Lovasco ( 1977 ) United States v. MacDonald ( 1982 ) United States v. Loud Hawk ( 1986 ) Doggett v. United States ( 1992 ) Vermont v. Brillon ( 2009 ) Betterman v. Montana ( 2016 ) Public Trial Clause Gaines v. Washington ( 1928 ) In re Oliver ( 1948 ) Gannett Co. , Inc. v. DePasquale ( 1979 ) Waller v. Georgia ( 1984 ) Presley v. Georgia ( 2010 ) Impartial Jury Clause Availability Callan v. Wilson ( 1888 ) Natal v. State ( 1891 ) Schick v. United States ( 1904 ) District of Columbia v. Colts ( 1930 ) District of Columbia v. Clawans ( 1937 ) United States v. Barnett ( 1964 ) Cheff v. Schnackenberg ( 1966 ) Duncan v. Louisiana ( 1968 ) Bloom v. Illinois ( 1968 ) DeStefano v. 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1795031103252758886	Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)	Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Dancing with the Stars Genre Reality competition Based on Strictly Come Dancing Directed by Alex Rudzinzki ( 2005 -- 16 ) Phil Heyes ( 2016 -- ) Presented by Tom Bergeron Erin Andrews Brooke Burke - Charvet Samantha Harris Lisa Canning Judges Len Goodman Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Julianne Hough Narrated by Alan Dedicoat Country of origin United States No. of seasons 26 No. of episodes 426 Production Executive producer ( s ) Ashley Edens - Shaffer Joe Sungkur Rob Wade Production location ( s ) CBS Television City Los Angeles , California Running time 40 -- 86 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Worldwide Productions Endemol Shine North America Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) -- present External links Website Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1 , 2005 , on ABC . It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing . The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron , alongside Erin Andrews , who became co-host in season eighteen . Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season , Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke - Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen . On July 24 , 2018 , it was announced that season 27 would premiere on September 24 , 2018 and its spinoff Dancing with the Stars : Juniors would premiere on October 7 , 2018 . The format of the show consists of a celebrity paired with a professional dancer . Each couple performs predetermined dances and competes against the others for judges ' points and audience votes . The couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges ' points and audience votes is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Hosts 1.2 Judging panel 1.3 Cast timeline 1.4 Couples 1.5 Dance troupe and musicians 2 Series overview 3 Scoring and voting procedure 4 General information 4.1 Payment 4.2 Withdrawals 4.3 Macy 's Stars of Dance : Design a Dance 5 Special episodes 5.1 100th episode 5.2 200th episode 5.3 300th episode 5.4 400th episode 5.5 10th Anniversary Special 5.6 Tributes 6 Records 6.1 Average 6.2 Perfect scores 6.3 Professionals with perfect scores 7 Merchandise , tours , and spin - offs 7.1 Cardio dance DVDs 7.2 Companion book 7.3 Spin - offs 7.4 Tours 8 Reception 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 9 Awards and nominations 9.1 Emmy Awards 9.2 Others 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Cast ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Tom Bergeron has been the host since the program 's premiere in 2005 . In season 1 , his co-host was Lisa Canning . She was replaced by Samantha Harris for seasons 2 through 9 ( 2006 -- 09 ) , who was then replaced by Brooke Burke - Charvet from seasons 10 through 17 ( 2010 -- 13 ) . Erin Andrews took over as co-host starting in season 18 ( 2014 ) . Drew Lachey served as a temporary replacement for Harris during season 5 ( 2007 ) during her absence for 3 weeks due to maternity leave . Leah Remini filled in for Andrews in week 6 of season 19 , due to commitments with the 2014 World Series and filled in for her again in weeks 6 and 7 of season 21 for the 2015 World Series . Season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron on week 4 of season 21 , due to Bergeron 's ailing father . Judging panel ( edit ) The regular judges are Len Goodman , who serves as head judge , Carrie Ann Inaba , and Bruno Tonioli . Goodman was absent for much of season 19 , all of season 21 , and much of season 23 . Julianne Hough , who was a professional dancing partner for seasons 4 -- 8 , was added as a full - time judge on the panel for 3 seasons , 19 -- 21 , after having been a guest judge in the previous 2 seasons . She did not return for season 22 . Hough did return as a full - time judge for seasons 23 and 24 but did not return for seasons 25 and 26 . Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200 ( in season 11 ) , including Hélio Castroneves , Mel B , Drew Lachey , Gilles Marini , Kelly Osbourne , and Emmitt Smith . Other celebrities , most often those who are associated with the world of dancing , former professional dancers , and past contestants have appeared as the 4th judge or in absence of 1 of the main judges , including Paula Abdul , Donnie Burns , Nick Carter , Cher , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Michael Flatley , Kevin Hart , Jessie J , Rashad Jennings , Baz Luhrmann , Ricky Martin , Idina Menzel , Abby Lee Miller , Mandy Moore , Olivia Newton - John , Kenny Ortega , Donny Osmond , Pitbull , Redfoo , Alfonso Ribeiro , Robin Roberts , David Ross , Shania Twain , and Zendaya . Cast timeline ( edit ) Color key : Host Co-host Contestant Professional Judge Musical director Guest Judge Cast member Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Tom Bergeron Lisa Canning Samantha Harris Brooke Burke - Charvet Erin Andrews Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Len Goodman Julianne Hough Harold Wheeler Ray Chew Couples ( edit ) See also : List of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) competitors A total of 296 celebrities have appeared in the 26 seasons of the series . For each season , the celebrities are paired with a professional partner who instructs them in the various dances each week and competes alongside them in the televised competition . A total of 44 professional partners have appeared alongside celebrities , some for only one season ( mostly in the earliest seasons ) . Key : Won the season Placed second in the season Placed third in the season Placed last in the season Withdrew in the season Currently participating show Professional dancer Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Alan Bersten N / A Debbie Gibson Mirai Nagasu Alec Mazo Kelly Monaco N / A Paulina Porizkova Josie Maran N / A Toni Braxton N / A Natalie Coughlin N / A Allison Holker N / A Jonathan Bennett Riker Lynch Andy Grammer N / A Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds N / A Andrea Hale N / A Kenny Mayne N / A Anna Demidova N / A Michael Irvin N / A Anna Trebunskaya N / A Jerry Rice N / A Albert Reed Steve Guttenberg N / A Chuck Liddell Evan Lysacek Kurt Warner Sugar Ray Leonard Carson Kressley Jack Wagner Drew Lachey N / A Gary Busey N / A Artem Chigvintsev N / A Lea Thompson Patti LaBelle N / A Mischa Barton Maureen McCormick Nancy Kerrigan Nikki Bella Jamie Anderson Ashly DelGrosso Joey McIntyre Master P Harry Hamlin N / A Buzz Aldrin N / A Brandon Armstrong N / A Brian Fortuna N / A Shandi Finnessey N / A Charlotte Jørgensen John O'Hurley N / A Chelsie Hightower N / A Ty Murray Louie Vito Jake Pavelka Michael Bolton Romeo Miller N / A Roshon Fegan Hélio Castroneves N / A Cheryl Burke N / A Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Ian Ziering Wayne Newton Cristián de la Fuente Maurice Greene Gilles Marini Tom DeLay Chad Ochocinco Rick Fox Chris Jericho Rob Kardashian William Levy Emmitt Smith D.L. Hughley Jack Osbourne Drew Carey Antonio Sabàto , Jr . N / A Ryan Lochte N / A Terrell Owens N / A Corky Ballas N / A Cloris Leachman N / A Florence Henderson N / A Damian Whitewood N / A Pamela Anderson N / A Derek Hough N / A Jennie Garth Shannon Elizabeth Brooke Burke Lil ' Kim Joanna Krupa Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey N / A Ricki Lake Maria Menounos Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Amy Purdy Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Bindi Irwin N / A Marilu Henner N / A Dmitry Chaplin N / A Holly Madison Mýa N / A Petra Nemcova N / A Edyta Śliwińska Evander Holyfield George Hamilton Joey Lawrence John Ratzenburger Cameron Mathison Jason Taylor Jeffrey Ross Lawrence Taylor Ashley Hamilton Aiden Turner N / A Geraldo Rivera N / A Elena Grinenko N / A Tucker Carlson Clyde Drexler N / A Emma Slater N / A Bill Engvall Billy Dee Williams Michael Waltrip Redfoo Hayes Grier N / A Rick Perry Rashad Jennings Drew Scott Johnny Damon Fabian Sanchez N / A Marlee Matlin N / A Gleb Savchenko N / A Lisa Vanderpump N / A Jana Kramer Erika Jayne Sasha Pieterse Arike Ogunbowale Henry Byalikov N / A Diana Nyad N / A Inna Brayer N / A Ted McGinley N / A Jenna Johnson N / A Jake T. Austin N / A Adam Rippon Jesse DeSoto N / A Shanna Moakler N / A Jonathan Roberts Rachel Hunter Giselle Fernandez N / A Heather Mills Marie Osmond Monica Seles N / A Belinda Carlisle Macy Gray N / A Julianne Hough N / A Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Adam Carolla Cody Linley Chuck Wicks N / A Karina Smirnoff N / A Mario Lopez Billy Ray Cyrus Floyd Mayweather , Jr . Mario Rocco DiSpirito Steve Wozniak Aaron Carter N / A Michael `` The Situation '' Sorrentino Ralph Macchio J.R. Martinez Gavin DeGraw Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Corbin Bleu Sean Avery Randy Couture N / A Victor Espinoza Doug Flutie N / A Keo Motsepe N / A Lolo Jones Charlotte McKinney Chaka Khan Jodie Sweetin N / A Charo Barbara Corcoran Jennie Finch Kym Johnson - Herjavec N / A Jerry Springer Joey Fatone Mark Cuban Penn Jillette Warren Sapp David Alan Grier Donny Osmond N / A David Hasselhoff Hines Ward David Arquette Jaleel White Joey Fatone Ingo Rademacher N / A Robert Herjavec N / A Mr. T N / A Lacey Schwimmer N / A Lance Bass Steve - O Mark Dacascos N / A Kyle Massey Mike Catherwood Chaz Bono N / A Lindsay Arnold N / A Victor Ortiz N / A Alek Skarlatos Wanya Morris Calvin Johnson , Jr . David Ross Jordan Fisher Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Louis van Amstel Trista Sutter Lisa Rinna Monique Coleman N / A Priscilla Presley N / A Kelly Osbourne Niecy Nash Margaret Cho Kendra Wilkinson N / A Sabrina Bryan N / A Paula Deen N / A Maksim Chmerkovskiy N / A Tia Carrere Willa Ford Laila Ali Melanie Brown N / A Misty May - Treanor Denise Richards Debi Mazar Erin Andrews Brandy Norwood Kirstie Alley Hope Solo Melissa Gilbert Kirstie Alley N / A Meryl Davis N / A Amber Rose Heather Morris Vanessa Lachey N / A Mark Ballas N / A Sabrina Bryan Kristi Yamaguchi Kim Kardashian Shawn Johnson Melissa Joan Hart Shannen Doherty Bristol Palin Chelsea Kane Kristin Cavallari Katherine Jenkins Bristol Palin Alexandra Raisman Christina Milian Candace Cameron Bure Sadie Robertson Willow Shields Alexa PenaVega Paige VanZant N / A Lindsey Stirling N / A Nick Kosovich N / A Tatum O'Neal Vivica A. Fox N / A Peta Murgatroyd N / A Metta World Peace Donald Driver Gilles Marini Sean Lowe Brant Daugherty James Maslow Tommy Chong Michael Sam N / A Nyle DiMarco N / A Nick Viall Nick Lachey N / A Sasha Farber N / A Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi N / A Kim Fields Terra Jolé Simone Biles N / A Tonya Harding Sharna Burgess N / A Andy Dick Keyshawn Johnson Charlie White Tavis Smiley Noah Galloway Nick Carter Antonio Brown James Hinchcliffe Bonner Bolton Derek Fisher Josh Norman Tony Dovolani N / A Stacy Keibler Sara Evans Leeza Gibbons Jane Seymour Marissa Jaret Winokur Susan Lucci Melissa Rycroft Kathy Ireland Kate Gosselin Audrina Patridge Wendy Williams Chynna Phillips Martina Navratilova Melissa Rycroft Wynonna Judd Leah Remini NeNe Leakes Betsey Johnson Suzanne Somers Kim Zolciak - Biermann Marla Maples N / A Tristan MacManus N / A Nancy Grace Gladys Knight Pamela Anderson Dorothy Hamill Valerie Harper N / A Tyne Stecklein N / A Bill Nye N / A Valentin Chmerkovskiy N / A Elisabetta Canalis Sherri Shepherd Kelly Monaco Zendaya Elizabeth Berkley Lauren Danica McKellar Janel Parrish Rumer Willis Tamar Braxton Ginger Zee Laurie Hernandez Normani Kordei Victoria Arlen N / A Witney Carson N / A Cody Simpson Alfonso Ribeiro Chris Soules Carlos PenaVega Von Miller Vanilla Ice Chris Kattan Frankie Muniz Chris Mazdzer Dance troupe and musicians ( edit ) In season 12 , the show introduced the troupe consisting of professional dancers who perform on the show but are not paired with celebrity partners . The first troupe in season 12 included Oksana Dmytrenko , Tristan MacManus , Peta Murgatroyd , Kiki Nyemchek , Nicole Volynets , and Ted Volynets . Members of the season 26 troupe are Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , Morgan Larson , and Britt Stewart . Other past troupe members include Lindsay Arnold , Alan Bersten , Sharna Burgess , Henry Byalikov , Witney Carson , Brittany Cherry , Dasha Chesnokova , Artem Chigvintsev , Sasha Farber , Shannon Holtzapffel , Dennis Jauch , Jenna Johnson , Kiril Kulish , Tristan MacManus , Keo Motsepe , Kiki Nyemchek , Sonny Fredie Pedersen , Gleb Savchenko , Emma Slater and Julz Tocker . Key : Active member of the troupe Professional partner show Troupe members Dancers Seasons 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Artur Adamski Brandon Armstrong Lindsay Arnold Alan Bersten Sharna Burgess Henry Byalikov Witney Carson Dasha Chesnokova Brittany Cherry Artem Chigvintsev Oksana Dmytrenko Hayley Erbert Sasha Farber Shannon Holtzapffel Dennis Jauch Jenna Johnson Kiril Kulish Morgan Larson Tristan MacManus Keo Motsepe Peta Murgatroyd Kiki Nyemchek Sonny Fredie Pedersen Gleb Savchenko Emma Slater Britt Stewart Julz Tocker Nicole Volynets Ted Volynets For 17 seasons , the Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided the live music for the show . On February 7 , 2014 , it was announced that the new bandleader is Ray Chew . Along with him is a new band of instrumentalists and singers . Series overview ( edit ) Season Number of Duration dates Partners in the finals Couples Weeks First place Second place Third place 6 6 June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 Kelly Monaco & Alec Mazo John O'Hurley & Charlotte Jørgensen Joey McIntyre & Ashly DelGrosso 10 8 January 5 -- February 24 , 2006 Drew Lachey & Cheryl Burke Jerry Rice & Anna Trebunskaya Stacy Keibler & Tony Dovolani 11 10 September 12 -- November 15 , 2006 Emmitt Smith & Cheryl Burke Mario Lopez & Karina Smirnoff Joey Lawrence & Edyta Śliwińska 11 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2007 Apolo Anton Ohno & Julianne Hough Joey Fatone & Kym Johnson Laila Ali & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 12 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2007 Hélio Castroneves & Julianne Hough Mel B & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Marie Osmond & Jonathan Roberts 6 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2008 Kristi Yamaguchi & Mark Ballas Jason Taylor & Edyta Śliwińska Cristián de la Fuente & Cheryl Burke 7 13 10 September 22 -- November 25 , 2008 Brooke Burke & Derek Hough Warren Sapp & Kym Johnson Lance Bass & Lacey Schwimmer 8 13 11 March 9 -- May 19 , 2009 Shawn Johnson & Mark Ballas Gilles Marini & Cheryl Burke Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani 9 16 10 September 21 -- November 24 , 2009 Donny Osmond ‡ & Kym Johnson Mýa & Dmitry Chaplin Kelly Osbourne & Louis Van Amstel 10 11 10 March 22 -- May 25 , 2010 Nicole Scherzinger & Derek Hough Evan Lysacek & Anna Trebunskaya Erin Andrews & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 11 12 10 September 20 -- November 23 , 2010 Jennifer Grey ‡ & Derek Hough Kyle Massey & Lacey Schwimmer Bristol Palin & Mark Ballas 12 11 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2011 Hines Ward & Kym Johnson Kirstie Alley & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Chelsea Kane & Mark Ballas 13 12 10 September 19 -- November 22 , 2011 J.R. Martinez & Karina Smirnoff Rob Kardashian & Cheryl Burke Ricki Lake & Derek Hough 14 12 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2012 Donald Driver & Peta Murgatroyd Katherine Jenkins & Mark Ballas William Levy & Cheryl Burke 15 13 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2012 Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani Shawn Johnson & Derek Hough Kelly Monaco & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 16 12 10 March 18 -- May 21 , 2013 Kellie Pickler & Derek Hough Zendaya & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Jacoby Jones & Karina Smirnoff 17 12 11 September 16 -- November 26 , 2013 Amber Riley & Derek Hough Corbin Bleu & Karina Smirnoff Jack Osbourne & Cheryl Burke 18 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2014 Meryl Davis & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Amy Purdy & Derek Hough Candace Cameron Bure & Mark Ballas 19 13 11 September 15 -- November 25 , 2014 Alfonso Ribeiro & Witney Carson Sadie Robertson & Mark Ballas Janel Parrish & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 20 12 10 March 16 -- May 19 , 2015 Rumer Willis & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Riker Lynch & Allison Holker Noah Galloway & Sharna Burgess 21 13 11 September 14 -- November 24 , 2015 Bindi Irwin & Derek Hough Nick Carter & Sharna Burgess Alek Skarlatos & Lindsay Arnold 22 12 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2016 Nyle DiMarco & Peta Murgatroyd Paige VanZant & Mark Ballas Ginger Zee & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 23 13 11 September 12 -- November 22 , 2016 Laurie Hernandez & Valentin Chmerkovskiy James Hinchcliffe & Sharna Burgess Calvin Johnson Jr . & Lindsay Arnold 24 12 10 March 20 -- May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings & Emma Slater David Ross & Lindsay Arnold Normani Kordei & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 25 13 10 September 18 -- November 21 , 2017 Jordan Fisher & Lindsay Arnold Lindsey Stirling & Mark Ballas Frankie Muniz & Witney Carson 26 10 April 30 -- May 21 , 2018 Adam Rippon & Jenna Johnson Josh Norman & Sharna Burgess Tonya Harding & Sasha Farber 27 September 24 Youngest male winner at age 23 ; youngest female winner at age 16 ‡ Oldest male winner at age 51 ; oldest female winner at age 50 Scoring and voting procedure ( edit ) In seasons 1 and 2 , only the overall ranking between competitors by the judges and the public was relevant . In season 3 and all subsequent seasons , the scoring system has made the exact scores relevant as well . The scoring begins with the judges ' marks . Each judge gives a numeric score from 1 to 10 , for a total score of 3 to 30 . The scoring was altered for the `` all - star '' season 15 , during which judges could give scores at 1 / 2 - point intervals from 0.5 to 10 , for a total score of 1.5 to 30 . When multiple performances are scored , only the cumulative total counts . The contestants ' judges ' shares are calculated as the % of the total number of points awarded to all contestants that evening . ( For example , if a team earned 20 pts on a night when the judges awarded 200 pts , their judges ' share would be 20 / 200 = 10 % . ) This % is then added to the % of North American votes received by each contestant . The bottom 2 couples are identified at the end of the show , and the couple with the lowest combined total gets eliminated . Season 8 added an occasional ' dance - off ' , in which contestants could re-do 1 of their dances , in an effort to improve their judges ' score . This was later discontinued . Public voting is conducted via a toll - free number , the ABC website , and , most recently , text messages and Facebook ; contestants can vote during and immediately after each performance show . The maximum number of votes per voter per medium is equal to the number of couples performing that night , or 5 votes , whichever is larger . In April 2010 , it was revealed that former contestant Kate Gosselin had e-mailed friends and family asking them to vote as many as 10x each . In Nov 2010 , the The Washington Post reported that online voting appeared not to require a valid email address , and accordingly that numerous votes apparently could be cast by 1 person . In several cases where ESPN coverage of Monday Night Football airs instead on an ABC affiliate in an NFL team 's home market , the program is delayed to air immediately after that station 's local news , and a voting window confined only to the area codes of the pre-empted market is opened up to allow affected viewers to still put their votes in for the competition , though this is on a market - by - market basis ( in some markets , an alternate sister station or digital subchannel carries the program live as scheduled ) . Seasons 1 and 3 featured only 2 celebrities in the final week instead of 3 . Starting with season 16 , 4 celebrities made it into the final week , although the top 3 finalists proceeded to dance 1 more time for the judges after the 4th place couple was announced . In season 20 , there were 3 celebrities in the final week , but in seasons 21 , 23 and 25 , there were 4 . In seasons 22 , 24 and 26 , there were only 3 celebrities in the final week . General information ( edit ) Payment ( edit ) On the April 18 , 2006 episode of the Howard Stern Radio Show , Stern 's wife Beth said that she was guaranteed to earn $125,000 for just appearing on DWTS ( in season 3 ) and could earn up to more than double the original sum , depending on how long she lasted on the program . In season 21 , Bindi Irwin had her payments withheld by a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge because she was a minor , which therefore required her parents to sign - off on the contract . But although her mother signed , the contract lacked her father 's signature , so the judge refused to validate the contract , despite Irwin 's father being the world - famous naturalist Steve Irwin , whose death in 2006 had been widely covered in the news / media . The judge later validated the contract once Steve Irwin 's death certificate was presented to the court , resulting in Bindi receiving a $350,000 paycheck from the show . Withdrawals ( edit ) The first person to withdraw from competition was Romeo in season 2 . His father , Master P , took his place in the competition before the beginning of broadcasts , being partnered with Ashly DelGrosso . However , Romeo later competed in season 12 and finished in 5th place . He was partnered with Chelsie Hightower . On week six in season three , Sara Evans cited her divorce as the reason for leaving the competition . No one was eliminated that week . Another withdrawal occurred during the run - up to season four on February 28 , when Vincent Pastore withdrew from the competition after only one week of training . Pastore said he did not realize how much work was needed during a ten - week period , and that he was not up to the physical demands of the show . He was replaced on March 2 by Pixar voice actor John Ratzenberger who was partnered with Edyta Sliwinska . In season seven , Misty May - Treanor withdrew from the competition in week three , after rupturing her Achilles tendon when rehearsing her jive with her partner , Maksim Chmerkovskiy . She did not perform the routine at all nor was she scored for it ; no one else was eliminated that week . In season eight , Jewel and Nancy O'Dell were injured before the season even began and could not compete . Jewel was diagnosed with fractured tibias in both legs ; she came back later in the season to perform `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' on a results show . O'Dell suffered from a torn knee cartilage . They were replaced by Holly Madison and Melissa Rycroft who would be dancing with their partners for the rest of the season ( Dmitry Chaplin and Tony Dovolani ) . Tom DeLay , in season nine , withdrew in week three of competition due to a full stress fracture that had developed in both feet from an earlier pre-stress fracture in one foot . DeLay was declared safe before he announced his withdrawal during the October 6 , 2009 results show . Debi Mazar was still eliminated that night despite DeLay 's departure . In season sixteen , Olympic figure skating champion Dorothy Hamill had to withdraw from the competition due to doctor 's orders for a spinal injury . A cyst had developed near her lower spine , and was pinching off the nerve in that area . Either boxing champion Victor Ortiz or reality TV star Lisa Vanderpump would 've been eliminated , but Hamill withdrew before the results could be announced , meaning that no one was eliminated that week . In season eighteen , week three , actor Billy Dee Williams withdrew , by advice from a doctor , due to a chronic back problem ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . In season twenty - one , week three , reality TV star Kim Zolciak - Biermann was forced to withdraw from the competition after suffering a blood clot which resulted in a mini stroke ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . Tamar Braxton also withdrew from the season due to blood clots in her lungs making it the first season to have two withdrawals in it . Macy 's Stars of dance : design a dance ( edit ) Beginning season 7 , viewers had the opportunity to vote for their favorite pros ( or in some cases former contestants ) to dance to a style of dance as well as a song to dance to . An online contest is also usually held so viewers can submit drawings of outfits for the performance . Special Episodes ( edit ) 100th episode ( edit ) The show celebrated its 100th episode on Tuesday , May 6 , 2008 , during week 8 of season 6 . More than 30 former cast members and pros returned , with interviews with Stacy Keibler , Lisa Rinna , Jerry Springer , Vivica A. Fox , Joey Fatone , Kenny Mayne , Sabrina Bryan , and former winners Kelly Monaco , Drew Lachey , and Apolo Anton Ohno . Other appearances , besides the season 6 cast , included Paula Abdul ( in a video introduction ) , Jane Seymour , Ian Ziering , Mark Cuban , Wayne Newton , Leeza Gibbons , Harry Hamlin , Shandi Finnessey , and Hélio Castroneves . New routines were performed by Apolo Anton Ohno and Julianne Hough , Mel B and Maksim Chmerkovskiy , and by Mario Lopez with the cast of A Chorus Line , in which he was starring on Broadway . The musical guest was country group Rascal Flatts . Judges ' top 10 dances The judges also presented a countdown of their choices for the top 10 perfect - scoring dances of the 1st 5 seasons . Their choices were : No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 9 Tango 2nd Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 8 Samba 3rd Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st 5 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 6 Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 7 Jive 2nd 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 9 Quickstep 1st 8 Emmitt Smith Cheryl Burke 9 Cha - cha - cha 1st 9 Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 5 Paso doble 7th 10 Kelly Monaco Alec Mazo 6 Freestyle 1st 200th episode ( edit ) In season 11 , viewers were allowed 2 votes per day on the DWTS website to vote for their favorite out of 30 given choices . On Oct 25 , 2010 , a countdown of the Top 10 voted for dances on the show was reported to celebrate the following week when the 200th show would be . No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 8 Argentine tango 2nd Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 5 Samba 1st Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 10 8 1950 's Paso doble 1st 5 Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd 6 Joanna Krupa Derek Hough 9 8 Futuristic Paso doble 4th 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 10 Freestyle 1st 8 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 9 Donny Osmond Kym Johnson 9 5 Argentine tango 1st 10 Shawn Johnson Mark Ballas 8 11 Freestyle 1st On the actual 200th show , several dances were performed again on the show and 6 of the past fan favorites came back to judge ; Helio Castroneves , Emmitt Smith , Drew Lachey , Kelly Osbourne , Gilles Marini , Mel B , and more . The couples re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode ; Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno served as team captains for the team dances . Yamaguchi 's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl , Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark , while Brandy & Maksim , Jennifer & Derek and Kurt & Anna were on Ohno 's team . On the results show of November 2 , some awards were given out to past celebrity contestants and professionals . Category Winner Most Dramatic Moment Marie Osmond Worst Dancer Kenny Mayne Biggest Dancer Transformation Louis van Amstel 300th episode ( edit ) The 300th episode took place on the week 9 results show of season 16 . 22 past and present pros performed an opening number choreographed by Jason Gilkinson . Past pros who performed were Chelsie Hightower , Dmitry Chaplin , Louis Van Amstel , and Anna Trebunskaya . Kellie Pickler and Derek Hough danced their `` Argentine tango '' as the week 's encore . However , the top 10 dances were not revealed , nor were the achievements . 400th episode ( edit ) The 400th episode took place on the season premiere of the twenty - fourth season . Tom Bergeron did mention so ; however , no special dances took place . 10th anniversary special ( edit ) On April 28 , 2015 , during season 20 , a special pre-recorded episode aired as a 10th anniversary special with many former stars and professional dancers returning to the ballroom . Many past stars performed and reflected on their time on the show . Patti LaBelle , Amber Riley , and Lil ' Kim performed LaBelle 's `` Lady Marmalade '' . The show closed with the largest number of people dancing in the show 's history as stars , pros , hosts , and judges were all out on the dance floor . Tributes ( edit ) In seasons 9 and 10 , three tribute performances were done to honor the memory of artists and others . The first was a tribute to recently deceased actor Patrick Swayze , on Sep 23 , 2009 . `` She 's Like the Wind '' from the Dirty Dancing soundtrack ( originally written by Swayze for Dirty Dancing ) , `` Unchained Melody '' from his film Ghost , and `` ( I 've had ) the Time of my Life '' from Dirty Dancing were performed by select professional dancers of the show . On Oct 20 , 2009 , a tribute was done for singer and dancer , Michael Jackson . `` I Want You Back '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Thriller '' were performed -- the first two songs by select professional dancers of the show , and all coming together for `` Thriller '' . In season 10 , professional Haitian dancers performed as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on March 30 , 2010 . One of the male dancers , Emmanuel Pierre - Antoine , had lost his son in the rubble . They were dancing to `` Dance Like This '' by Wyclef Jean . In season 24 , to honor the passing of season 11 contestant Florence Henderson on November 24 , 2016 , a special tribute to Henderson was displayed on the dance floor . The season 24 premiere aired on March 20 , 2017 . Records ( edit ) Average ( edit ) This is a list of the celebrities with the highest averages . All averages above 27 out of a possible 30 are shown here . ( Averages out of 40 were rounded to be out of 30 ) Rank Season Place Celebrity Professional Average Score 18 Champion Meryl Davis Maksim Chmerkovskiy 28.40 6 Champion Kristi Yamaguchi Mark Ballas 28.33 8 Runner - up Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 28.06 15 Champion Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 28.00 20 Runner - up Riker Lynch Allison Holker 6 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 27.94 7 15 Runner - up Shawn Johnson Derek Hough 27.93 8 21 Champion Bindi Irwin Derek Hough 27.88 9 14 Runner - up Katherine Jenkins Mark Ballas 27.87 18 Runner - up Amy Purdy Derek Hough 11 17 Champion Amber Riley Derek Hough 27.75 20 Champion Rumer Willis Valentin Chmerkovskiy 13 3rd Place Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 27.73 Champion Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 15 23 Champion Laurie Hernandez Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.70 19 Champion Alfonso Ribeiro Witney Carson 17 26 Champion Adam Rippon Jenna Johnson 27.67 18 Runner - up Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 27.60 5 Runner - up Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 19 15 6th Place Gilles Marini Peta Murgatroyd 27.55 20 20 4th Place Nastia Liukin Derek Hough 27.54 21 Champion Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 27.53 10 Champion Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 23 Runner - up Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 27.47 14 3rd Place William Levy Cheryl Burke 23 Runner - up James Hinchcliffe Sharna Burgess 26 24 3rd Place Normani Kordei Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.45 27 16 Champion Kellie Pickler Derek Hough 27.40 28 17 Runner - up Corbin Bleu Karina Smirnoff 27.38 19 3rd Place Janel Parrish Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 16 Runner - up Zendaya Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.33 31 9 Runner - up Mýa Dmitry Chaplin 27.29 32 15 5th Place Apolo Anton Ohno Karina Smirnoff 27.25 33 19 4th Place Bethany Mota Derek Hough 27.20 34 11 Champion Jennifer Grey Derek Hough 27.18 21 Runner - up Nick Carter Sharna Burgess 36 5 Champion Hélio Castroneves Julianne Hough 27.13 22 Runner - up Paige VanZant Mark Ballas 38 15 8th Place Sabrina Bryan Louis Van Amstel 27.07 26 Champion Adam Rippon Jenna Johnson 40 7 Champion Brooke Burke Derek Hough 27.06 14 Champion Donald Driver Peta Murgatroyd 42 25 Runner - up Lindsey Stirling Mark Ballas 27.05 43 3rd Place Laila Ali Maksim Chmerkovskiy 27.00 5 7th Place Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 18 5th Place Charlie White Sharna Burgess 24 Champion Rashad Jennings Emma Slater Perfect scores ( edit ) This is a list of celebrities who earned perfect scores ( team dances are not included ) . Number of Perfect Scores Season Place Celebrity Professional 9 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 8 21 23 Champion Champion Bindi Irwin Laurie Hernandez Derek Hough Valentin Chmerkovskiy 6 11 18 20 Champion Champion Champion Jennifer Grey Meryl Davis Rumer Willis Derek Hough Maksim Chmerkovskiy Valentin Chmerkovskiy 5 5 8 15 16 19 19 20 21 24 25 Champion Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Champion Runner - up Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Runner - up Apolo Anton Ohno Joey Fatone Mel B Gilles Marini Melissa Rycroft Zendaya Alfonso Ribeiro Janel Parrish Riker Lynch Nick Carter Normani Kordei Lindsey Stirling Julianne Hough Kym Johnson Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Valentin Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Sharna Burgess Valentin Chmerkovskiy Mark Ballas 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 22 23 23 23 3rd Place 3rd Place Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Champion Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place Stacy Keibler Laila Ali Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Mýa Nicole Scherzinger Hines Ward J.R. Martinez William Levy Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Paige VanZant James Hinchcliffe Calvin Johnson , Jr . Jana Kramer Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Dmitry Chaplin Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Gleb Savchenko 7 8 12 14 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up 4th Place 4th Place 6th Place Champion 3rd Place Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Mario Lopez Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Chelsea Kane Katherine Jenkins Corbin Bleu Amy Purdy Sadie Robertson Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Alexa PenaVega Nyle DiMarco Ginger Zee Cheryl Burke Cheryl Burke Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Peta Murgatroyd Valentin Chmerkovskiy 8 9 10 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 3rd Place Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Champion 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 4th Place 6th Place 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 5th Place Champion 4th Place 3rd Place Melissa Rycroft Donny Osmond Evan Lysacek Rob Kardashian Ricki Lake Donald Driver Maria Menounos Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Alexandra Raisman Elizabeth Berkley Lauren James Maslow Charlie White Noah Galloway Alek Skarlatos Carlos PenaVega Wanya Morris Terra Jolé Rashad Jennings Simone Biles Frankie Muniz Tony Dovolani Kym Johnson Anna Trebunskaya Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Peta Murgatroyd Derek Hough Karina Smirnoff Karina Smirnoff Mark Ballas Valentin Chmerkovskiy Peta Murgatroyd Sharna Burgess Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Witney Carson Lindsay Arnold Sasha Farber Emma Slater Sasha Farber Witney Carson 5 5 6 11 12 15 15 17 21 21 22 24 24 26 26 26 Champion 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 7th Place Runner - up 4th Place Runner - up 4th Place 8th Place 3rd Place 5th Place 7th Place 6th Place 2nd Place 8th Place Champion Runner - up 3rd Place Kelly Monaco Joey Lawrence Ian Ziering Jennie Garth Sabrina Bryan Jason Taylor Brandy Kirstie Alley Emmitt Smith Sabrina Bryan Jack Osbourne Tamar Braxton Andy Grammer Jodie Sweetin David Ross Heather Morris Adam Rippon Josh Norman Tonya Harding Alec Mazo Edyta Śliwińska Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Mark Ballas Edyta Śliwińska Maksim Chmerkovskiy Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Louis Van Amstel Cheryl Burke Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Keo Motsepe Lindsay Arnold Maksim Chmerkovskiy Jenna Johnson Sharna Burgess Sasha Farber Shawn Johnson danced her Paso doble / Tango fusion dance with Mark Ballas instead of her partner Derek Hough due to him being injured . James Hinchcliffe danced his Viennese Waltz with Jenna Johnson instead of his partner Sharna Burgess due to her being injured . Nastia Liukin danced her Jive and Quickstep with Sasha Farber instead of her partner Derek Hough due to him being injured . For the switch - up week , Alexa PenaVega got a perfect score with Derek Hough instead of her original partner Mark Ballas . Professionals with perfect scores ( edit ) 46 : Derek Hough 35 : Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 : Mark Ballas 20 : Cheryl Burke 18 : Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Lindsay Arnold 14 : Karina Smirnoff 13 : Sharna Burgess 11 : Kym Johnson , Tony Dovolani 9 : Julianne Hough , Witney Carson 7 : Peta Murgatroyd 6 : Allison Holker 5 : Sasha Farber 4 : Dmitry Chaplin , Gleb Savchenko 2 : Anna Trebunskaya , Edyta Sliwinska , Emma Slater 1 : Alec Mazo , Louis Van Amstel , Keo Motsepe , Jenna Johnson Merchandise , tours , and spin - offs ( edit ) Cardio dance dvds ( edit ) A DVD titled Dancing With The Stars : Cardio Dance was released on April 3 , 2007 featuring Kym Johnson , Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Ashly DelGrosso . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Paso doble , samba , and jive dance routines . A second DVD Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance was released on September 13 , 2008 featuring Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Cheryl Burke . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Merengue , samba and mambo dance routines . Companion book ( edit ) A companion book written by Guy Phillips was released in the early fall of 2007 . Titled Dancing with the Stars : Jive , Samba and Tango Your Way Into The Best Shape Of Your Life , the book includes fitness routines modeled by Alec Mazo and Edyta Sliwinska , as well as original costume designs , lists of performed songs during a dance , and a complete list of song - and - dance routine performed since the first season of the show . Spin - offs ( edit ) The first Dancing spin - off , Dance War : Bruno vs. Carrie Ann , premiered on January 7 , 2008 on ABC . The show 's format was similar to the BBC Television series , DanceX . The show was canceled after 1 season . A figure skating spin - off similar to ITV 's Dancing on Ice called Skating with the Stars aired on ABC on November 22 , 2010 . The series was canceled after one season . On May 16 , 2017 , a Dancing with the Stars : Juniors spin - off was announced . The dance competition spin - off was originally set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and the format of the show will feature celebrity children and the children of celebrities paired with professional junior ballroom dancers . In January 2018 , ABC stated that Dancing with the Stars : Juniors is still in the works , but did n't develop as quickly they hoped it would . Athletes Edition aired in its place , with Juniors slated to air that summer . In May 2018 , it was announced that the series would begin airing on October 7 , 2018 . Tours ( edit ) An unofficial live tour show called Dancing Pros : Live ! toured with several Dancing pros since 2010 . A Dancing with the Stars : Live ! official tour was announced on November 3 , 2014 for the 2014 - 2015 season starting on December 27 , 2014 in Niagara Falls , New York and ending February 15 , 2015 hitting 33 cities . A second tour , `` Dancing with the Stars Live ! : Dance All Night '' was announced . A third tour , Dancing with the Stars : Live ! - We Came to Dance , was announced on October 3 , 2016 for 43 cities from December 16 , 2016 to February 14 , 2017 . A fourth tour , Dancing with the Stars : Light Up the Night , was announced in October 2017 and began on December 30 , 2017 in Charlotte , North Carolina , performing 71 shows and ending in Los Angeles . Reception ( edit ) In 2016 , a The New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` unlike So You Think You Can Dance , which is generally more of a city show , Dancing with the Stars is most popular in the countryside . It also has a higher share of ' likes ' from viewers aged 65 and up than any other show . U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season No. of episodes First aired Last aired TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Viewership ranking Viewers ( million ) Date Viewers ( million ) Date Viewers ( million ) 6 June 1 , 2005 13.50 Season Finale : July 6 , 2005 22.40 2004 -- 05 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 16.80 15 January 5 , 2006 17.50 Final Performances : February 23 , 2006 17.70 2005 -- 06 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 7 18.64 Season Finale : February 26 , 2006 ( Sun ) 27.20 Friday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 15 16.67 20 September 12 , 2006 20.20 Final Performances : November 14 , 2006 26.80 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 20.70 Season Finale : November 15 , 2006 27.50 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 7 19.40 20 March 19 , 2007 21.80 Final Performances : May 21 , 2007 20.20 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 5 20.00 Season Finale : May 22 , 2007 23.00 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 9 18.20 5 21 September 24 , 2007 21.20 Final Performances : November 26 , 2007 24.20 2007 -- 08 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 21.67 Season Finale : November 27 , 2007 24.90 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 5 19.56 6 21 March 17 , 2008 21.10 Final Performances : May 19 , 2008 19.20 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.58 Season Finale : May 20 , 2008 20.12 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 8 18.03 7 21 September 22 , 2008 21.30 Final Performances : November 24 , 2008 21.10 2008 -- 09 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.77 Season Finale : November 25 , 2008 20.58 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 7 16.31 8 21 March 9 , 2009 22.82 Final Performances : May 18 , 2009 19.20 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.77 Season Finale : May 19 , 2009 20.30 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 7 16.31 9 21 September 21 , 2009 17.79 Final Performances : November 23 , 2009 20.40 2009 -- 10 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.73 Season Finale : November 24 , 2009 19.29 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 10 15.30 10 19 March 22 , 2010 24.19 Final Performances : May 24 , 2010 19.36 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.73 Season Finale : May 25 , 2010 18.40 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 10 15.30 11 20 September 20 , 2010 21.30 Final Performances : November 22 , 2010 23.70 2010 -- 11 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 21.93 Season Finale : November 23 , 2010 24.13 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 6 18.61 12 19 March 21 , 2011 22.65 Final Performances : May 23 , 2011 22.90 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 21.93 Season Finale : May 24 , 2011 21.42 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 6 18.61 13 20 September 19 , 2011 19.03 Final Performances : November 21 , 2011 19.61 2011 -- 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 5 18.24 Season Finale : November 22 , 2011 19.45 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 6 16.08 14 19 March 19 , 2012 18.79 Final Performances : May 21 , 2012 16.84 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 5 18.24 Season Finale : May 22 , 2012 17.75 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 6 16.08 15 All - Stars 19 September 24 , 2012 14.11 Final Performances : November 26 , 2012 16.30 2012 -- 13 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 7 14.85 Season Finale : November 27 , 2012 16.73 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 11 13.78 16 20 March 18 , 2013 17.06 Final Performances : May 20 , 2013 14.97 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 7 14.85 Season Finale : May 21 , 2013 15.20 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 11 13.78 17 12 September 16 , 2013 16.04 Final Performances : November 25 , 2013 14.61 2013 -- 14 Monday 8 : 00 pm 5 15.20 Season Finale : November 26 , 2013 ( Tues ) 14.75 18 12 March 17 , 2014 15.44 Final Performances : May 19 , 2014 15.66 Season Finale : May 20 , 2018 ( Tues ) 15.07 19 15 September 15 , 2014 13.64 Final Performances : November 24 , 2014 14.87 2014 -- 15 Monday 8 : 00 pm 9 14.73 Season Finale : November 25 , 2014 15.98 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 4 episodes ) 38 10.82 20 14 March 16 , 2015 14.16 Final Performances : May 18 , 2015 14.35 Monday 8 : 00 pm 9 14.73 Season Finale : May 19 , 2015 13.49 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 4 episodes ) 38 10.82 21 14 September 14 , 2015 13.13 Final Performances : November 23 , 2015 13.29 2015 -- 16 Monday 8 : 00 pm 8 13.44 Season Finale : November 24 , 2015 13.49 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 3 episodes ) 22 11 March 21 , 2016 12.46 Final Performances : May 23 , 2016 12.34 Monday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : May 24 , 2016 ( Tues ) 10.49 23 15 September 12 , 2016 12.19 Final Performances : November 21 , 2016 11.97 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 Season Finale : November 22 , 2016 10.97 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 4 episodes ) 24 11 March 20 , 2017 12.09 Final Performances : May 22 , 2017 10.54 Monday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : May 23 , 2017 ( Tues ) 8.91 25 12 September 18 , 2017 10.71 Final Performances : November 20 , 2017 10.08 2017 -- 18 22 10.60 Season Finale : November 21 , 2017 9.20 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 2 episodes ) 26 Athletes April 30 , 2018 8.48 Season Finale : May 21 , 2018 8.77 Monday 8 : 00 pm Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emmy awards ( edit ) show Category Nominee ( s ) Result 58th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2006 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Richard Hopkins , Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Art Direction For A Variety , Music Program , or Special Patrick Doherty , James Yarnell Outstanding Choreography Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Cheryl Burke , Nick Kosovich 59th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2007 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Louis van Amstel 60th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2008 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Julianne Hough 61st Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2009 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2010 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Chelsie Hightower , Derek Hough 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2011 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Mark Ballas 64th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2012 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall , Teddy Forance , Nick Lazzarini Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Won 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Allison Holker Derek Hough Won 66th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2014 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough 67th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2015 ) Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough , Tessandra Chavez Won Witney Carson Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2016 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade Nominated The program has also been nominated for various other production - related awards since premiering in 2005 , including for hairstyling , makeup , lighting design , and technical direction . Others ( edit ) show Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result People 's Choice Awards 2007 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars Won 2008 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars 2009 Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars Nominated Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2011 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2012 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2013 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2014 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2015 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2016 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars Teen Choice Awards 2005 Choice Summer Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Male ) Drew Lachey Won 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Female ) Stacy Keibler Nominated 2007 Choice TV : Male Reality / Variety Star Apolo Ohno 2007 Choice TV : Personality Bruno Tonioli 2007 Choice TV : Reality / Variety Show Dancing with the Stars 2008 Choice TV Female Reality / Variety Star Kristi Yamaguchi 2008 Choice TV Reality Dance Dancing with the Stars 2009 Choice TV Reality / Variety Star Shawn Johnson 2009 Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars 2012 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2012 Choice TV : Male Reality Star William Levy 2013 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2013 Choice TV : Reality Competition Show Dancing with the Stars NAACP Image Awards 2007 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2008 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars 2009 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Producers Guild of America Awards 2007 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick Nominated 2008 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2009 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2012 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2013 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2014 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television Ashley Edens Shaffer , Conrad Green , Joe Sungkur Costume Designer Guild Awards 2007 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Nominated 2009 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Eddie Awards ( American Cinema Editors ) 2007 Best Edited Reality Series Pamela Malouf , Hans van Riet , David Timoner Nominated Imagen Awards 2007 Outstanding reality Series Dancing with the Stars Won See also ( edit ) Strictly Come Dancing , the original British version of the program Dancing with the Stars , which contains a full list of international versions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Listings '' . People . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisk , Jason . `` Erin Andrews is the New Co-Host of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars '' . The Big Lead . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars : Erin Andrews confirmed as co-host - Dancing with the Stars News - Reality TV '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : ' Roseanne ' Spinoff ' The Conners ' Sets Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Whoa , Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Riberio Filling in for Tom Bergeron on DWTS '' . People . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Patrick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Judges : Julianne Hough Out , Len Goodman Back '' . people.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Julianne Hough Returns to ' Dancing With the Stars ' as Fourth Judge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` WHAT YOU 'RE WATCHING '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 2 : New Dance Troupe '' . XFinity . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' hires new music director '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Dancing With The Stars Voting Summary , abc.go.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Kate Gosselin -- Secret E-Mail Support for Dancing with the Stars ? '' . National Ledger. April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' recap : Brandy sent packing , Bristol survives to finale '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` TO DANCE OR NOT TO DANCE ? '' . HowardStern.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Beth 's Next Career Move. 04 / 18 / 06 . 6 : 35 am '' . MarksFriggin.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` A judge needs proof Bindi Irwin 's dad died before she can get paid by DWTS '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jessica ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bindi Irwin Finally Gets Paid For DWTS '' . Yahoo New Zealand . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dancing with the Stars 2 ' replaces Romeo with Master P '' . Realitytvworld.com . December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo to avenge his dad Master P 's low ' DWTS ' scores '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : John Ratzenberger Joins Cast of ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . Abcnews.go.com . March 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewel and Nancy O'Dell Withdraw from Dancing '' . people.com . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' : Billy Dee Williams Withdraws in Week 3 '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Washington , Julie E. ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' steps its way toward its 100th episode '' . cleveland.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' eliminates another celeb Tuesday night '' . Dallas Morning News . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` DANCING WITH THE STARS to Celebrate 300th Episode Next Week '' . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wetpaint Visitor ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Semifinals : Avril Lavigne & The Wanted Perform , Pros Return For 300th Episode Dancing With The Stars '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 24 Premiere Live Blog : The First Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance , Dancing with the Stars Archived 2008 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . ABC TV Store Jump up ^ `` Skating with the Stars at futoncritic.com '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Get Spinoffs at ABC '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fox , Joanne ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` REVIEW : ' Dancing Pros : Live ! ' brings true competition to Sioux City 's Orpheum stage '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chelsie Hightower reveals what really goes on at ' Dancing with the Stars ' '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rancilio , Alicia ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ' books 2015 date at Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park '' . cleveland.com . Advance Ohio . AP . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skillman , Cari ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ! ' tour announced '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars to Light Up the Night on 2018 winter tour '' . AXS.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode List : Dancing with the Stars '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings / Historic / Network Television by Season / 2000s '' . tviv.org . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maynard , John ( July 13 , 2005 ) . `` ABC Cuts In : ' Dancing ' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 -- 06 United States network television schedule '' . ^ Jump up to : Skerry , Kath ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` 2006 - 07 Primetime Ratings '' . Give Me My Remote . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode List : Dancing with the Stars '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Primetime Performance - 2008 May Sweep / 2007 - 08 TV Season '' . The Futon Critic . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` The Top 20 Shows of the Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode List : Dancing with the Stars '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CBS HAS 7 OF THE TOP 10 SCRIPTED PROGRAMS FOR THE THIRD STRAIGHT WEEK '' . CBS PressExpress . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol , Dancing With The Stars Top Average Viewership For 2008 - 9 Season '' . TV by the Numbers . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Brooke Burke Wins ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Top ABC Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode List : Dancing with the Stars '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monday broadcast final numbers -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Big Bang , Dancing With the Stars / NCIS top weekly broadcast charts '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : `` Dancing With the Stars '' Rises ; `` Castle '' Falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Idol , Glee Tops ; NCIS : LA , Good Wife Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode List : Dancing with the Stars '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Finals : Lie to Me Adjusted Down ; Hawaii Five - 0 Up ; No Change for ' Chuck ' '' . TV by the Numbers . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 - 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing with the Stars ' Finale Up 23 % ; Glee Down 20 % '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Castle , ' ' The Chicago Code ' Adjusted Down ; Dancing Stars , ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chuck ' Stays Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' DWTS Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing , ' ' Castle ' ' You Deserve It ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Finale , ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Unforgettable ' Hit Lows Amid Widespread Declines '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 14 ) # U.S. Nielsen ratings Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Mike and Molly ' , ' Voice ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' DWTS ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Castle ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' LA Complex ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Bones ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' The Mob Doctor ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic . `` TV Debra Lee Stepping Down As BET Networks Chairman / CEO Tommy Wirkola Blumhouse Film Tommy Wirkola & Blumhouse In Business On ' Intruders ' Show Dogs Box Office ' Show Dogs ' Getting Re-Cut Amid Backlash Over Scenes Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goodwin Games ' & ' Motive ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' Sleepy Hollow ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Million Second Quiz ' , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' Siberia ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Mom ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final TV Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Maya Rudolph Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars : Road to the Finals ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice , , ' Castle ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Scorpion ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Down , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' DanceBattle America ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Castle ' adjusts down to season average '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' adjusts up , everything else steady '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelorette ' premiere , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere matches Fall 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' / ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ; Hipes , Patrick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dancing with the Stars on IMDb Dancing with the Stars at TV.com Dancing with the Stars ratings at TV by the Numbers `` List of Dancing with the Stars Episodes '' . TVGuide . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes 27 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did dancing with the stars start this season	[ "Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1, 2005, on ABC. It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing. The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron, alongside Erin Andrews, who became co-host in season eighteen.[2][3] Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season, Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine[4] and Brooke Burke-Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen.[5] On July 24, 2018, it was announced that season 27 would premiere on September 24, 2018 and its spinoff Dancing with the Stars: Juniors would premiere on October 7, 2018.[6]\n" ]	[ "September 24, 2018" ]
-6419404978280150912	Russell (surname)	Russell ( surname ) - wikipedia Russell ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Russell Language ( s ) Anglo - Norman Origin Region of origin Calvados area of France Other names Variant ( s ) Russel Footnotes : Frequency Comparisons : Russell also Rossell is a British name some writers claim to be derived from the Anglo - Norman nickname rus ( s ) el ( Modern Norman patronymic Roussel ) . The nickname was said to be a diminutive of the Anglo - Norman rous for red ( Old French ros ) . The name may also refer to Clan Russell , a Scottish armigerous clan . Historian William Anderson has written that Scottish Russells from Aberdeenshire can trace their ancestry through local parish records , back to a baron Rosel who purchased estates at Aden in Aberdeenshire in 1333 . The first appearance of the Russell form of the name on any official record was William Russell , son of a Ralph de Rosel whose name appears in the Winton Domesday Book of ( 1107 - 1128 ) . The Lenton Register named William Russell as Ralph de Rosel 's son . ( J.H. Wiffen , The Time of the Norman Conquest ) The last recorded use of the de Rosel form of the name in England in any official document was in a charter by Alain Russell , who held the fief of the church of Donnington in Lincolnshire from his father Robert Russell . In 1258 Alain Russell made a charter bestowing the church of St. Stephen at Plessis - Grimault in the Calvados area of France to the local parish , in which he named himself Alain de Rosel , showing that he continued to use the older de Rosel form of the name when in France . ( J.H. Wiffen , The Time of the Norman Conquest ) The Subsidy Roll carried out in 1327 lists 22 land owners named Russell with estates large enough to be taxed , but no one named de Rosel , showing that by 1327 the older de Rosel form of the name was no longer widely used in England . While there appears to be solid documentary evidence for the de Rosel origin of the surname Russell , the alternative proposed origin , ' rus ' or ' rous ' meaning red , seems to be based mainly on conjecture by various authors . Census records of England and Wales show a very uneven nationwide distribution of the name with areas of high density and wide areas of very low density , which points to a single family origin . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of people with the surname Russell 1.1 Disambiguation pages 1.2 History and philosophy 1.3 Art and literature 1.4 Drama , radio , television , and film 1.5 Music 1.6 Military and politics 1.7 English Whig family 1.8 Science and technology 1.9 Sports and recreation 2 See also 3 References List of people with the surname Russell ( edit ) Disambiguation pages ( edit ) Arthur Russell ( disambiguation ) Charles Russell ( disambiguation ) Charlie Russell ( disambiguation ) Craig Russell ( disambiguation ) Darrell Russell ( disambiguation ) David Russell ( disambiguation ) Francis Russell ( disambiguation ) George Russell ( disambiguation ) Jack Russell ( disambiguation ) James Russell ( disambiguation ) ( includes Jim ) John Russell ( disambiguation ) Jonathan Russell ( disambiguation ) Kate Russell ( disambiguation ) Katherine Russell ( disambiguation ) ( includes Catherine ) Michael Russell ( disambiguation ) ( includes Micho , Mike ) Richard Russell ( disambiguation ) Robert Russell ( disambiguation ) ( includes Bob ) Rusty Russell ( disambiguation ) Thomas Russell ( disambiguation ) William Russell ( disambiguation ) ( includes Bill , Billy , and Willy ) History and philosophy ( edit ) Bertrand Russell ( 1872 -- 1970 ) , historian , philosopher , logician Jeffrey Burton Russell ( born 1934 ) , historian and religious scholar Art and literature ( edit ) Alexei Maxim Russell , Canadian writer Conrad Russell ( 1878 -- 1947 ) , English letter writer Craig Russell ( British author ) Eric Frank Russell ( 1905 -- 1978 ) , British author Mary Doria Russell ( born 1950 ) , American author P. Craig Russell ( born 1951 ) , American comic book writer , artist , and illustrator Sean Russell ( author ) ( born 1952 ) , Canadian fantasy author Shirley Ximena Hopper Russell ( 1886 -- 1985 ) , American artist Ted Russell ( Canadian politician ) ( 1904 -- 1977 ) , Newfoundland and Labrador writer Thomas J. Russell , American abstract artist Drama , radio , television , and film ( edit ) Anna Russell ( 1911 -- 2006 ) , English -- Canadian singer and comedian Betsy Russell ( born 1963 ) , American actress Bing Russell ( 1926 -- 2003 ) , American actor David O. Russell ( born 1958 ) , American film director Erica Russell ( born 1951 ) , New Zealand - born film animator Gail Russell ( 1924 -- 1961 ) , American actress Jane Russell ( 1921 -- 2011 ) , American actress Ken Russell ( 1927 -- 2011 ) , British film director Keri Russell ( born 1976 ) , American actress Kurt Russell ( born 1951 ) , American actor Lewis Russell ( 1889 -- 1961 ) , American actor Lillian Russell ( Helen Louise Leonard , 1860 / 1861 -- 1922 ) , American vaudeville actress and singer Lucy Russell ( born 1972 ) , British actress Lynne Russell ( born 1946 ) , radio host and former CNN news anchorwoman Mark Russell ( born 1932 ) , American comedian Nipsey Russell ( 1918 -- 2005 ) , American comedian Rosalind Russell ( 1907 -- 1976 ) , American actress Theresa Russell ( born 1957 ) , American actress Music ( edit ) Calvin Russell ( musician ) ( 1948 -- 2011 ) , American singer - songwriter and guitarist Kevin Russell ( born 1964 ) , German singer ( Böhse Onkelz ) Larry Russell ( 1913 -- 1954 ) , American motion picture composer Larry Russell ( bassist ) ( born 1950 ) , American rock musician Leon Russell ( 1942 -- 2016 ) , American musician and songwriter Leroy `` Junior '' Russell , known as Tommy Lee Sparta ( born 1987 ) , Jamaican dancehall Luis Russell ( 1902 -- 1963 ) , Panamanian jazz pianist Pee Wee Russell ( 1906 -- 1969 ) , American jazz musician Welford Russell ( 1900 -- 1975 ) , Canadian composer Tom Russell ( born 1949 ) , American singer - songwriter Military and politics ( edit ) Addie Jenne Russell , New York State assemblywoman Daniel Lindsay Russell ( 1845 -- 1908 ) , American politician Dudley Russell ( 1896 -- 1978 ) , British Indian Army general in World War II Ebenezer Russell ( 1747 -- 1836 ) , New York politician Henry P. Russell ( 1878 -- 1956 ) , American Medal of Honor recipient Jeremiah Russell ( 1786 -- 1867 ) , American politician Jeremiah Russell ( Minnesota ) ( 1809 -- 1885 ) , American territorial legislator Lee M. Russell ( 1875 -- 1943 ) , Mississippi politician Newton Russell ( 1927 -- 2013 ) , California politician Samuel Russell ( 1789 -- 1862 ) , American trader in China Seán Russell ( 1893 -- 1940 ) , Irish republican English Whig family ( edit ) John Russell , 1st Earl of Bedford ( c. 1485 -- 1555 ) , Tudor statesman Francis Russell , 2nd Earl of Bedford ( c. 1527 -- 1585 ) Anne Russell , Countess of Warwick ( 1548 or 1549 -- 1604 ) , a daughter of the 2nd Earl Edward Russell , 3rd Earl of Bedford ( 1572 -- 1627 ) Lucy Russell , Countess of Bedford ( 1580 -- 1627 ) , wife of the 3rd Earl Francis Russell , 4th Earl of Bedford ( 1593 -- 1641 ) William Russell , 1st Duke of Bedford ( 1613 -- 1700 ) , formerly 5th Earl of Bedford William Russell , Lord Russell ( 1638 -- 1683 ) , son of the 1st Duke and father of the 2nd ; executed for treason for his involvement in the Rye House Plot Rachel Russell , Lady Russell otherwise Lady Rachel Wriothesley ( c. 1636 -- 1723 ) , wife of William Russell , Lord Russell Edward Russell , 1st Earl of Orford ( 1653 -- 1727 ) , a grandson of the 4th Earl of Bedford ; First Lord of the Admiralty under King William Wriothesley Russell , 2nd Duke of Bedford ( 1680 -- 1711 ) Wriothesley Russell , 3rd Duke of Bedford ( 1708 -- 1732 ) John Russell , 4th Duke of Bedford ( 1710 -- 1771 ) Francis Russell , Marquess of Tavistock ( 1739 -- 1767 ) , son of the 4th Duke and father of the 5th and 6th Dukes Francis Russell , 5th Duke of Bedford ( 1765 -- 1802 ) John Russell , 6th Duke of Bedford ( 1766 -- 1839 ) , popular English politician under his earlier title , Lord John Russell Lord William Russell ( 1767 -- 1840 ) , posthumous son of Francis Russell , Marquess of Tavistock , and brother of the 5th and 6th Dukes of Bedford ; murdered by his valet Francis Russell , 7th Duke of Bedford ( 1788 -- 1861 ) Lord George Russell ( 1790 -- 1846 ) , son of the 6th Duke of Bedford and father of the 9th ; English soldier and diplomat John Russell , 1st Earl Russell ( 1792 -- 1878 ) , English Whig and Liberal politician ; Prime Minister Lady William Russell otherwise Elizabeth Rawdon ( 1793 -- 1874 ) , wife of Lord George Russell William Russell , 8th Duke of Bedford ( 1809 -- 1872 ) Francis Russell , 9th Duke of Bedford ( 1819 -- 1891 ) Odo Russell , 1st Baron Ampthill ( 1829 -- 1884 ) , British diplomat John Russell , Viscount Amberley ( 1842 -- 1876 ) , eldest son of John Russell , 1st Earl Russell ; father of Bertrand Russell George Russell , 10th Duke of Bedford ( 1852 -- 1893 ) Herbrand Russell , 11th Duke of Bedford ( 1858 -- 1940 ) Frank Russell , 2nd Earl Russell ( 1865 -- 1931 ) Bertrand Russell ( 1872 -- 1970 ) , British mathematician and philosopher ( Russell 's paradox ) ; 3rd Earl Russell Hastings Russell , 12th Duke of Bedford ( 1888 -- 1953 ) , pacifist Ian Russell , 13th Duke of Bedford ( 1917 -- 2002 ) John Russell , 4th Earl Russell ( 1921 -- 1987 ) Conrad Russell , 5th Earl Russell ( 1937 -- 2004 ) Robin Russell , 14th Duke of Bedford ( 1940 -- 2003 ) Andrew Russell , 15th Duke of Bedford ( born 1962 ) Nicholas Russell , 6th Earl Russell ( 1968 -- 2014 ) John Russell , 7th Earl Russell ( born 1971 ) Science and technology ( edit ) Sir Arthur Russell , 6th Baronet ( 1878 -- 1964 ) , mineralogist Bertrand Russell ( 1872 -- 1970 ) , historian , philosopher , logician Findlay E. Russell ( 1919 -- 2011 ) , American physician and toxicologist Gerald Russell ( born 1928 ) , psychiatrist who described first bulimia nervosa Harry Luman Russell ( 1866 -- 1954 ) , American bacteriologist Henry Norris Russell ( 1877 -- 1957 ) , American astronomer ( Hertzsprung - Russell diagram also called HR diagram ) John Scott Russell ( 1808 -- 1882 ) , Scottish naval engineer credited with discovering the theory of waves Katheryn Russell - Brown ( born 1961 ) , criminologist Patrick Russell ( 1726 -- 1805 ) , Scottish herpetologist Steve Russell ( computer scientist ) ( born 1937 ) , computer scientist famous for creating Spacewar ! Stuart J. Russell ( born 1962 ) , computer scientist Walter Russell ( 1871 -- 1963 ) , scientist , artist , and author Edward Stuart Russell ( 1887 -- 1954 ) , biologist and philosopher of biology Sports and recreation ( edit ) Andre Russell ( born 1988 ) , West Indies cricketer Barry Russell , Australian rugby league footballer Bill Russell ( born 1934 ) , NBA player Calvin Russell ( American football ) ( born 1983 ) , NFL player Carolyn Russell ( born 1974 ) , Canadian squash player Chris Russell ( born 1989 ) , English cricketer Clarence W. Russell , American college sports coach D'Angelo Russell ( born 1996 ) , NBA player Damien Russell ( born 1970 ) , American football player Erk Russell ( 1926 -- 2006 ) , American athlete and coach Jack Russell ( cricketer , born 1963 ) JaMarcus Russell ( born 1985 ) , NFL player Jeff Russell ( born 1961 ) , MLB player and manager Jimmy Russell ( rugby league ) , rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s , 1940s , and 1950s Jordan Russell ( born 1986 ) , Australian rules footballer Kane Russell ( born 1992 ) , New Zealand field hockey player Kris Russell ( born 1987 ) , Canadian ice hockey player Lloyd Russell ( 1913 -- 1968 ) , American athlete and college sports coach Mickey Russell , American football player Moses Russell ( 1888 -- 1946 ) , Welsh international footballer Reb Russell ( 1889 -- 1973 ) , MLB player Rip Russell ( 1915 -- 1976 ) , MLB player Simon Russell ( footballer ) ( born 1985 ) , English footballer Vaughan Russell , Scottish footballer See also ( edit ) Russell ( disambiguation ) Russell ( given name ) Roussel ( surname ) Lord Russell ( disambiguation ) Lady Russell References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Russell Surname Meaning and Geographic Distribution '' . forebears.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2014 Jump up ^ The Russell Surname , Dictionary of American Family Names , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508137 - 4 , ancestry.com Jump up ^ CNTRL Site : etymology of `` roux '' ( French ) Jump up ^ `` About Scientist Henry Norris Russell '' . What is USA News . 29 March 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . This page lists people with the surname Russell . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell_(surname)&oldid=823633493 '' Categories : Surnames English - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from June 2016 All articles that may contain original research All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 13 : 13 . About Wikipedia	where does the last name russell come from	[]	[]
5610741772806629426	Religion in Kerala	Religion in Kerala - wikipedia Religion in Kerala Religion in Kerala ( 2011 ) Hinduism ( 54.73 % ) Islam ( 26.56 % ) Christianity ( 18.38 % ) Other or none ( 0.33 % ) Religions in Kerala are a mixture of different faiths , most significantly Hinduism , Islam and Christianity . Kerala has a reputation of being , communally , one of the most religiously diverse and cosmoplitian states in India . According to 2011 Census of India figures , 54.73 % of Kerala 's population are Hindus , 26.56 % are Muslims , 18.38 % are Christians , and the remaining 0.33 % follows other religion or no religion . Various tribal people in Kerala have retained various religious beliefs of their ancestors . Hindus constitute the majority in all districts except Malappuram , where Muslims are a majority . Contents 1 Hinduism 2 Judaism 3 Jainism 3.1 Present day 4 Christianity 5 Islam 6 Buddhism 7 Parsi ( Zoroastrianism ) 8 Tribal and other religious faiths 9 Demographics 10 Tensions 11 See also 12 References Hinduism ( edit ) Vadakkunnathan Temple dedicated to Shiva at Thrissur Main article : Hinduism in Kerala Several saints and movements existed . Adi Shankara was a Hindu philosopher who contributed to Hinduism and propagated philosophy of Advaita . He was instrumental in establishing four mathas at Sringeri , Dwarka , Puri and Jyotirmath . Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri was another Brahmin religious figure who composed Narayaniyam , a collection of verses in praise of Krishna . Various practises of Hinduism are unique to Kerala . Different cults of Shiva and Vishnu are popular in Kerala . Malayali Hindus also worship Bhagavathi as a form of Shakti . Almost every village in Kerala has its own local guardian deity , usually a goddess . Hindus in Kerala also strongly believe in power of snake gods and usually have sacred snake groves known as Sarpa Kavu near to their houses . Vavu Bali ceremony honoring the deceased in the Malayalam month of Karkadakam Some of the most notable temples are : Guruvayur Temple , Thrissur Vadakkunnathan Temple , Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple , Thiruvananthapuram Padmanabhaswamy Temple , Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple , Chottanikkara Temple , Chengannur Mahadeva Temple , Parassinikadavu Muthappan Temple , Chettikulangara Devi Temple , Mannarasala Temple , Chakkulathukavu Temple , Thiruvalla Sreevallabha Temple , Kaviyoor Mahadevar Temple , Parumala Panayannarkavu Temple , Sree Poornathrayesa Temple , Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple , and Rajarajeshwara Temple . Temples in Kerala follow elaborate rituals and only priests from the Nambudiri caste can be appointed as priests in major temples . But in 2017 as per the state government 's decision , the priests from backward community was appointed . These priests are assisted by a caste known as Ambalavasis . Malayali Hindus have unique ceremonies such as Chorunu ( first feeding of rice to a child ) and Vidyāraṃbhaṃ . Judaism ( edit ) See also : Paradesi Jews and Cochin Jews The Paradesi Synagogue in Kochi Judaism arrived in Kerala with spice traders , possibly as early as the 7th century BC . There is no consensus of opinion on the date of the arrival of the first Jews in India . The tradition of the Cochin Jews maintains that after 72 AD , after the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem , 10,000 Jews migrated to Kerala . The only verifiable historical evidence about the Kerala Jews goes back only to the Jewish Copper Plate Grant of Bhaskara Ravi Varman in 1000 AD . This document records the royal gift of rights and privileges to the Jewish Chief of Anjuvannam Joseph Rabban . According to some historians , St. Thomas found first converts in Kerala to his new religion amongst many of the Cochin Jews . However these Jews who accepted Christianity retained the Aramaic language once spoken by Jews in Middle East . Their descendants form the core of Syrian Christian community in Kerala . Later in the 16th century many Jews from Portugal and Spain settled in Cochin . These Jews were called white Jews as opposed to the native black Jews . The Portuguese did not look favorably on the Jews . They destroyed the Jewish settlement in Cranganore and sacked the Jewish town in Cochin and partially destroyed the famous Cochin Synagogue in 1661 . However , the Dutch were more tolerant and allowed the Jews to pursue their normal life and trade in Cochin . According to the testimony of the Dutch Jew , Mosss Pereya De Paiva , in 1686 there were 10 synagogues and nearly 500 Jewish families in Cochin . Later Britishers too were tolerant . The Jews were protected . After the creation of the State of Israel in 1948 , most Jews decided to emigrate to Israel . Most of the emigrants to Israel between 1948 and 1955 were from the community of black Jews and brown Jews ; they are known as Cochini in Israel . Since the 1960s , only a few hundred Jews ( mostly white Jews ) remained in Kerala with only two synagogues open for service : the Pardesi Synagogue in Matancherry built in 1567 and the synagogue in Parur . Jainism ( edit ) Main article : Jainism in Kerala Marwari Jain Temple in Kochi Jainism arrived in Kerala around the 3rd century BC . The Jain religion was brought to the South in the third century BC by Chandragupta Maurya ( 321 - 297 BC ) and the Jain saint Bhadrabahu , according to Jain traditions . They came to Sravanabelgola in Mysore . The Jains came to Kerala with the rest of the Chera immigrants starting in the sixth century . Among the existing original Jain temples in Kerala , the most prominent is called Jainmedu , Vadakkanthara village , about 3 km from Palakkad . This temple was reportedly built by Inchanna Satur . This indicates significant population of Jains lived in Palaghat during the 15th century . Later , various members of Marwari business community built the Jain temple in Kochi . Some historians claim many Hindu temples might have been once Jain temples . Several places in Wyanad have Jain temples : an indication that North Malabar was once a flourishing center of Jainism . Historians believe that the decline of Jainism started about the eighth century . Jainism seems to have completely disappeared from Kerala by the sixteenth century ; the foreign visitors from Europe do not mention the Jains at all . Present day ( edit ) At present , Jainism in Kerala has a small following , mainly among descendants from the original immigrating Jains , and the North Indian business community , settled in and around Kochi and Calicut . Jainism has a significant population in the Wayanad district bordering the Karnataka state . Amongst the existing original Jain temples in Kerala , the most prominent is called Jainmedu , Vadakkanthara village , about 3 km from Palakkad . The remnants of the Jain temple known as Chathurmukha Basti is a popular destination in Manjeshwaram , Kasaragod . Christianity ( edit ) Main article : Christianity in Kerala Relationship of the Nasrani groups . Christianity is said to have arrived in Kerala in the first century CE in AD 52 with Thomas the Apostle and is followed by 18.38 % of the population . The works of scholars and Eastern Christian writings say that Thomas the Apostle visited Muziris in Kerala in the first century in 52 AD to share the gospel amongst Kerala 's Jewish settlements and from this came Thomasine Christianity . The 3rd and 4th centuries saw an influx of Jewish Christians from the Middle East . Knanaya communities arrived during this time . Syriac Christians remained as an independent group , and they got their bishops from Assyrian Church of the East until the advent of Portuguese and British colonialists . The arrival of Europeans in the 15th century and discontent with Portuguese interference in religious matters fomented schism into Catholic and Orthodox communities . Further schism and rearrangements led to the formation of the other Indian Churches . Latin Rite Christians were those baptised by the Portuguese in the 16th and 19th centuries mainly from the fisher folk . Anglo - Indian Christian communities formed around this time as Europeans and local Malayalis intermarried . Protestantism arrived a few centuries later with missionary activity during British rule . Various denominations / churches exist among Christians of Kerala . Around 10 % of them are Catholics - Syro Malabar , Latin and Syro - Malankara St. Mary 's Syro Malabar Catholic Basilica - Ernakulam Syriac Christians in Kerala are also called Nasranis and they are Syro - Malabar Catholic Church , Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church , Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church , Syro - Malankara Catholic Church and Marthoma Syrian Church . Other denominations are : Church of South India , Believers Church , Pentecostal Churches , etc . Catholic communities are Syro - Malabar Catholic Church , Syro - Malankara Catholic Church and Latin Catholic . Orthodox Communities are Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church . All the other churches belongs to the Protestant community . Some of the prominent churches are : Manarcad Church , St. Mary 's Church , Niranam , St. Peter and St. Paul 's Church , Parumala , St. George Orthodox Church Puthuppally Pally , St. George 's Church , Kadamattom , Marthoman Cathedral , Mulanthuruthy , Chengannur Pazhaya Suriyani Pally , Kozhencherry St. Thomas Marthoma Church , and Nilakkal St. Thomas Ecumenical Church Islam ( edit ) See also : Muslims of Kerala The general consensus among historians is that Islam arrived in Kerala through Arab traders either during the time of Muhammad himself ( AD 609 - AD 632 ) or in the following few decades . Kerala has a very ancient relation with the Arabs even during the Pre-Islamic period . Muslim merchants ( Malik , son of Dinar ) settled in Kerala by the 8th century AD and introduced Islam . Later the Zamorin of Kozhikode allowed the Arab Muslim traders to settle and form a major community in Kozhikode , from where the religion gradually spread in the following centuries . Significant populations of Muslims live in Malapuram district in the Malabar region . Noted historian A. Sreedhara Menon opines that the policy followed by the Zamorins of encouraging Muslim traders to settle down in his kingdom to flourish maritime trade perhaps accounts for the relatively high proportion of Muslims in Malabar . The Muslims also manned the Zamorin 's navy and were so intensely pro-Zamorin that one of them issued an order to bring up one male member in every fishermen family in his kingdom as a Muslim so as to get sufficient numbers in his navy . There is also a significant Muslim population living in the coastal regions of central and southern Kerala . Cheraman Juma Masjid at Kodungallur Since Islam reached Malabar as early as the 7th century it had almost mixed with the culture and traditions of the people of Kerala and Hinduism . So , the Islahi movements of Kerala ( a part of the renaissance of the community ) after the Malabar Rebellion of 1921 , produced a Salafi sect known as Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen from the Sunnis of Kerala . In later years , both these branches split multiple times to produce complicated branches and sects . Muslims are generally referred to as Mappilas in Kerala . Islam is said to have arrived in the 7th century CE in Kerala. They form 26.6 % of the population of Kerala . They share a common language ( Malayalam ) with the rest of the population and have a culture commonly regarded as the Malayalam culture of Kerala with an Arabian blend . Buddhism ( edit ) Buddhism probably flourished for 200 years ( 650 - 850 ) in Kerala . The Paliyam Copper Plate of the Ay King , Varaguna ( 885 - 925 AD ) shows that the Buddhists benefited from royal patronage in the 10th century . Parsi ( Zoroastrianism ) ( edit ) There were a number of Parsi families settled in Kerala , particularly around Kozhikode and Thalassery area . They practiced Zoroastrianism and even built the 160 - year - old dadgah ( fire temple ) at Kozhikode which is still in existence . They were mostly wealthy families who immigrated during the 18th century from Gujarat and Bombay . The community included famous families such as the Hirjis or Marshalls . Some famous Malayali Parsis included the reputed Dr. Kobad Mogaseb , who was the first medical doctor from Kozhikode who graduated from London , as well as Kaikose Ruderasha who funded the Basel Evangelical Mission Parsi High School , Thalassery . Tribal and other religious faiths ( edit ) Various groups classified as tribes in Kerala still dominate various remote and hilly areas of Kerala . They have retained various rituals and practices of their ancestors despite influences of mainstream religions . Demographics ( edit ) Kerala 's Religious Population Source : Census India 2011 Religion Population % Dist . with highest Population Dist . with lowest Population Hindus 18,282,492 54.73 Thiruvananthapuram Wayanad Muslims 8,873,472 26.56 Malappuram Pathanamthitta Christians 6,141,269 18.38 Ernakulam Malappuram Kerala 's Religious Population Source : Census India 2001 Religion Population % Population below 6 yrs of age % Dist . with highest Population Dist . with lowest Population Population growth since 1991 Children born per women ( TFR ) Hindus 17,883,449 56.2 1,932,504 50.78 Thiruvananthapuram Waynad - 1.55 % 1.66 Muslims 7,863,342 24.3 1,178,880 30.99 Malappuram Pathanamthitta + 1.75 % 2.97 Christians 6,057,427 19 677,878 17.82 Ernakulam Malappuram - 0.32 % 1.78 2001 and 2011 census ( Population ) Districts Population ( 2001 ) Population ( 2011 ) Percent Hindus Percent Muslims Percent Christians Thiruvananthapuram 3,307,284 3,301,427 66.94 % 13.72 % 19.10 % Kollam 2,629,703 2,635,375 64.42 % 19.29 % 15.99 % Pathanamthitta 1,195,537 1,197,412 56.93 % 4.59 % 38.12 % Alappuzha 2,121,943 2,127,789 68.64 % 10.55 % 20.45 % Kottayam 1,979,274 1,974,551 49.81 % 6.41 % 43.48 % Idukki 1,107,453 1,108,974 48.86 % 7.41 % 43.42 % Ernakulam 3,279,860 3,282,388 45.99 % 15.67 % 38.03 % Thrissur 3,110,327 3,121,200 58.42 % 17.07 % 24.27 % Palakkad 2,810,892 2,809,934 66.76 % 28.93 % 4.07 % Malappuram 4,110,956 4,112,920 27.60 % 70.24 % 1.98 % Kozhikode 3,089,543 3,086,293 56.21 % 39.24 % 4.26 % Waynad 816,558 817,420 49.48 % 28.65 % 21.34 % Kannur 2,525,637 2,523,003 59.83 % 29.43 % 10.41 % Kasargod 1,302,600 1,307,375 55.83 % 37.24 % 6.68 % Kerala 's Percentage Distribution of Live Birth by Religion of the Family Tensions ( edit ) In the 21st century various extreme religious groups have become influential in Kerala . In 2008 there was tension in streets of Kerala over introduction of a seventh standard textbook . The controversy was about a chapter in the book Mathamillaatha Jeevan ( Jeevan , The Atheist ) . Jeevan refused to belong to any religion or caste . Various groups alleged that this book was atheistic anti-religious propaganda by ruling Left Front government . See also ( edit ) Religion in India Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religion in Kerala . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population by religious community - 2011 '' . 2011 Census of India . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population by religious communities -- Census of India '' . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Increase in Muslim population in the State '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . September 23 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Vidyarambham celebrated in Kerala - India News - IBNLive '' . Ibnlive.in.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Katz 2000 ; Koder 1973 ; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973 ; David de Beth Hillel , 1832 ; Lord , James Henry 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Sharon delighted with gift from Kochi '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . September 11 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Chathurmukha Basti , Kasaragod Malayala Manorama : Tuesday , November 29 , 2005 Jump up ^ The Jews of India : A Story of Three Communities by Orpa Slapak . The Israel Museum , Jerusalem . 2003 . p. 27 . ISBN 965 - 278 - 179 - 7 . Jump up ^ Medlycott , A E. 1905 `` India and the Apostle Thomas '' ; Gorgias Press LLC ; ISBN Jump up ^ Thomas Puthiakunnel , ( 1973 ) `` Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas '' , The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India , ed . George Menachery , Vol. II . Jump up ^ Mundadan AM ( 1984 ) . Volume I : From the Beginning up to the Sixteenth Century ( up to 1542 ) . History of Christianity in India . Church History Association of India . Bangalore : Theological Publications . Jump up ^ Pg 112 , A short survey of Kerala History , A. Sreedhara Menon , Vishwanathan Publishers 2006 Jump up ^ Panikkar , K.N. , Against Lord and State : Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836 -- 1921 Jump up ^ Pg 461 , Roland Miller , The Encyclopaedia of Islam , Vol VI , Brill 1988 Jump up ^ A social history of India S.N. Sadasivan APH Publishing , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode 's Parsi legacy '' . The Hindu ( www.thehindu.com ) . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Thalassery , Team . `` THALASSERY - Education - BEMP Higher Secondary school '' . www.thalassery.info . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Idukki - People and culture - Tribes Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Population Research and Policy Review , Volume 22 , Numbers 5 - 6 '' ( PDF ) . SpringerLink . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Vital Statistics Reports , '' . Government of Kerala , Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu : Ravi defends Antony from VS tirade '' . Hinduonnet.com. 2002 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Frontline : Vol. 28 : : No. 18 '' . Hinduonnet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Losing their religion , in Kerala - How the World Works '' . Salon.com. 2008 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Opposition demands withdrawal of textbook in Kerala - Chennaionline News '' . News.chennaionline.com. 2008 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Frontline : Vol. 28 : : No. 18 '' . Hinduonnet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Kerala&oldid=854400105 '' Categories : Religion in Kerala Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 02 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	mention the different religions that are practiced in kerala	[]	[]
3998812587601730305	Hank Gathers	Hank Gathers - wikipedia Hank Gathers Jump to : navigation , search Hank Gathers Gathers in 1989 ( 1967 - 02 - 11 ) February 11 , 1967 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania March 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 04 ) ( aged 23 ) Los Angeles , California Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Listed weight 210 lb ( 95 kg ) Career information High school Dobbins Technical ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) College USC ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Loyola Marymount ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Position Forward Number 44 Career highlights and awards Consensus second - team All - American ( 1990 ) Second - team All - American -- USBWA ( 1989 ) Third - team All - American -- AP , UPI ( 1989 ) WCC Player of the Year ( 1989 ) NCAA Division I scoring leader ( 1989 ) NCAA Division I rebounding leader ( 1989 ) 3 × First - team All - WCC ( 1988 -- 1990 ) 2 × WCC Tournament MVP ( 1988 , 1989 ) No. 44 retired by Loyola Marymount Eric `` Hank '' Gathers ( February 11 , 1967 -- March 4 , 1990 ) was an American college basketball star at Loyola Marymount University who collapsed and died during a game . He was the second player in NCAA Division I history to lead the nation in scoring and rebounding in the same season . He originally played at the University of Southern California , but transferred with teammate Bo Kimble to LMU after his freshman year . Gathers was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and was listed as 6 feet 7 inches ( 2.01 m ) height . Contents ( hide ) 1 High school 2 College career 2.1 USC 2.2 Loyola Marymount 3 Heart condition and death 4 Legacy 5 Awards and records 5.1 Awards 5.2 Records 5.3 Achievements 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links High school ( edit ) Gathers played prep ball with Kimble at Dobbins Technical High School in Philadelphia with the pair leading the team to the Public League City championship in 1985 . College career ( edit ) USC ( edit ) Both Gathers and Kimble were recruited to the University of Southern California by Head Coach Stan Morrison and his top assistant , David Spencer . They were joined by high school All - American , Tom Lewis , and Rich Grande as the `` Four Freshmen '' star recruiting class . Following an 11 - 17 season coaching USC , Morrison and Spencer were fired after the 1985 - 86 season was over , despite winning the Pac - 10 Conference the previous year . It was reported that the players would not remain unless certain conditions were met , including having a say in the next coaching staff . USC hired George Raveling as the next head coach of the Trojans . Raveling gave the players a deadline to respond whether they would remain on the team . When they did not respond , he revoked the scholarships of Gathers , Kimble , and Lewis . Raveling 's controversial statement was , `` You ca n't let the Indians run the reservation , '' he said . `` You 've got to be strong , too . Sometimes you have to tell them that they have to exit . '' Kimble and Gathers transferred together from USC to Loyola Marymount . Lewis transferred to Pepperdine . Grande remained at USC . Loyola Marymount ( edit ) Due to NCAA regulations , Gathers and Kimble could not play in the season following their transfer . They helped lead the Lions to a 28 -- 4 record in 1987 -- 88 . Gathers led the team that year in both scoring and rebounding , averaging 22.5 points and 8.7 rebounds per game , and he was named to the All - West Coast Conference ( WCC ) first team and was awarded the WCC Tournament Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . In the 1988 -- 89 season , Gathers became the second player in NCAA Division I history to lead the nation in scoring and rebounding in the same season , averaging 32.7 points and 13.7 rebounds per game . He was named WCC Player of the Year and again won the WCC Tournament MVP . On December 30 , 1988 , he scored a career - high 49 points along with 26 rebounds in a 130 -- 125 win over Nevada . As a senior in 1989 -- 90 , he was a candidate for player of the year and had been projected as an NBA lottery pick . Gathers ' head coach while at LMU , Paul Westhead , had instituted an extraordinarily fast - paced game plan . On offense , the Lions took numerous three - point shots , and typically shot the ball within 10 seconds of gaining possession ; their defense was a full court press designed to force their opponents into a frenzied up - and - down game . Gathers ' teams led Division I in scoring in 1988 ( 110.3 points per game ) , 1989 ( 112.5 ) , and 1990 ( 122.4 ) . LMU 's 122.4 point per game in 1990 is still a record as of April 2012 . As of April 2012 , Loyola Marymount held the five highest combined score games in Division I history . Four of the five occurred during Gathers ' career , including a record 331 in the 181 -- 150 win over United States International University on January 31 , 1989 . At 6'7 '' and 210 pounds , Gathers was Loyola Marymount 's strongest inside player . He had a high field goal percentage because he seldom shot from beyond 10 feet . He used his power and quickness for follow - up baskets and scoring on fast breaks . `` I do n't care much about the points , '' said Gathers . `` In fact , I should lead the nation in scoring because of my rebounding . Anybody can score 30 points a night if that 's what he 's concentrating on . But rebounding is special because it comes from the heart . '' Heart condition and death ( edit ) On December 9 , 1989 , Gathers collapsed at an LMU home game against UC Santa Barbara . He was found to have an abnormal heartbeat ( exercise - induced ventricular tachycardia ) , and was prescribed a beta blocker , Inderal . However , Gathers felt that the medication adversely affected his play , and his dosage was gradually cut back . After missing three games , he struggled with his play for weeks after returning . His play recovered in a nationally televised game against LSU on February 3 , 1990 , when he scored 48 points along with 13 rebounds while being guarded by future NBA first - round draft picks Stanley Roberts and Shaquille O'Neal in a 148 -- 141 overtime loss . Afterward , the Lions won seven of their next eight games , and Gathers recorded a career - high 30 rebounds against Saint Mary 's . As the West Coast Conference ( WCC ) Tournament neared , Gathers did not show up for repeated appointments to test if the reduced medication was still suppressing the arrhythmias . It was suspected Gathers was not taking any dosage on game days . On Sunday , March 4 , 1990 , in Los Angeles , he collapsed again with 13 : 34 left in the first half of the WCC tournament semifinal game against the Portland Pilots . He had just scored a dunk on an alley - oop pass from point guard Terrell Lowery that put the Lions up 25 -- 13 . He collapsed a yard or two away from Pilots point guard Erik Spoelstra . He attempted to get up , telling the trainers , `` I do n't want to lay down ! '' Shortly after , he stopped breathing . Gathers was pronounced dead at a nearby hospital at 6 : 55 PM PST . He was 23 years old . Minutes after Gathers was taken to the hospital , the WCC commissioner suspended the game indefinitely . ESPN broadcast graphic footage of Gathers ' collapse on SportsCenter ; the network was at the game recording advance footage for the championship game it was scheduled to televise the next night . Late that night , the WCC canceled the tournament and awarded Loyola the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament due to its WCC regular season title . An autopsy found that he suffered from a heart - muscle disorder , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . Gathers ' family later filed a $32.5 - million lawsuit charging negligence . Loyola Marymount settled out of court for $1.4 million , while the cardiologist who treated Gathers settled for $1 million . Legacy ( edit ) Loyola Marymount was placed in the West Region as the # 11 seed in that season 's NCAA tournament . During LMU 's subsequent run to the Elite Eight before falling to eventual national champion UNLV , Kimble -- a right - handed player -- shot his first free throw of each game left - handed in memory of Gathers , who , while naturally right - handed , was a poor free - throw shooter and had , for a time , attempted to shoot left - handed . Kimble made all three attempts ( he did not have any free - throw attempts in the Sweet 16 win over Alabama ) ; from that point onward , and deep into his professional career , Kimble continued to honor Gathers by taking his first free throws left - handed . Gathers was named a consensus second team All - America and first team All - WCC selection for the season . He finished his career averaging 28.0 points and making 59 percent of his field goals , which were both school records as of 2010 . He also averaged 11.1 rebounds for his career . He was voted WCC Player of the Decade for the 1980s . In 1992 , Gathers ' life was dramatized in a TV movie , Final Shot : The Hank Gathers Story , with Victor Love starring as Gathers . Gersten Pavilion , LMU 's on - campus athletics facility , is known to Lions fans as `` Hank 's House '' , although that is not part of its official name . His number 44 jersey was retired by LMU in 2000 . On January 29 , 2005 , the entire 1989 -- 90 team was inducted into the Loyola Marymount 's Hall of Fame during halftime of a 63 -- 46 win over cross-town rival Pepperdine . Gathers ' mother , Lucille Gathers Cheeseboro , also attended the ceremony . Gathers ' nephew D.J. Rivera was the top scoring America East Conference player during his 2008 - 09 season with Binghamton University . That season , the Binghamton Bearcats won the America East and for the first time earned a bid to the NCAA tournament . Gathers ' nephew Jordan Gathers played three seasons at St. Bonaventure University from 2011 to 2014 . He was forced to sit out the 2014 -- 15 season due to hip surgery , and earned a bachelor 's degree at St. Bonaventure in 2015 . He completed one final season of college play at Butler University in 2015 -- 16 as a graduate transfer . As a freshman , Gathers was a member of the 2011 -- 12 SBU team that won the Atlantic 10 Conference tournament , earning the Bonnies their first appearance in the NCAA Tournament since 2000 . Gathers was part of the storyline in the ESPN film Guru of Go about Westhead , part of their 30 for 30 series . Gathers ' death reemerged in national news wires during the 2016 NBA Playoffs when Kimble , interviewed for the celebrity gossip website TMZ.com , urged that Miami Heat star Chris Bosh retire for health reasons . Bosh has been suffering from blood clotting issues that forced him to miss the last several months of both the 2014 -- 15 and 2015 -- 16 seasons , as well as the entirety of the 2016 -- 17 season . While Bosh felt that he was healthy enough to continue playing , Kimble disagreed : There are so many other things he could do with his life . Hank Gathers had the same thing , Hank could have been a comedian , and actor or did speaking engagements . It 's not worth the risk . I would just say absolutely not , do n't do it . If Hank had the ability to do it again he would n't have paid the ultimate price ... I am sure ( Bosh ) has children and they are going to need their father around as much as possible . TMZ also interviewed Gathers ' brother Derrick , who agreed with Kimble that Bosh should retire . Awards and records ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) 1989 WCC Player of the Year 2 × WCC Tournament MVP ( 1988 , 1989 ) Consensus second - team All - American ( 1990 ) 3 × First - team All - WCC ( 1988 , 1989 , 1990 ) 2 × All - WCC Tournament ( 1988 , 1989 ) Records ( edit ) WCC Career points ( 2,490 ) Field goals made , career ( 1,037 ) Field goals made , season ( 419 ) Free throws attempted , career ( 745 ) Free throws attempted , season ( 315 ) LMU Career scoring average ( 28.0 ) Field goals made , game ( 24 ) Field goals attempted , game ( 37 ) Field goal percentage , career (. 590 ) Rebounds , game ( 29 ) Achievements ( edit ) 1989 NCAA Division I Scoring Champion 1989 NCAA Division I Rebounding Champion See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season rebounding leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 2000 points and 1000 rebounds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Howard - Cooper , Scott ( March 6 , 1990 ) . `` The death of Hank Gathers : High school mourns distant symbol of pride : Philadelphia : Dobbins Tech , which won a city championship with Kimble and Gathers , has a special feeling of loss . '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Randy - Un-Raveling at USC : A Failure to Communicate . Los Angeles Times , May 13 , 1986 Jump up ^ Florence , Mal - Freshmen Make Sweet Music in USC Victory . Los Angeles Times , January 18 , 1986 . `` The young players -- Hank Gathers , Tom Lewis , Bo Kimble and Rich Grande -- all contributed Saturday afternoon as USC beat Arizona State , 81 - 72 , at the Sports Arena . '' Jump up ^ Fleischman , Bill - Raveling Leaves Iowa To Take Reins At USC . Philadelphia Daily News , March 28 , 1986 Jump up ^ Florence , Mal Taken From 3 USC Freshmen : Lewis , Gathers and Kimble Receive Word From Raveling . Los Angeles Times , April 15 , 1986 Jump up ^ Sands , Vernon - At Least , If Raveling Gives a Hoot , Then So Does His USC Team . Los Angeles Times , April 5 , 1986 Jump up ^ Hudson , Maryann ( March 6 , 1990 ) . `` The death of Hank Gathers : Spencer sold USC on work ethic of a Philadelphia kid '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hersch , Hank ( February 13 , 1989 ) . `` Gathers ' round The Rim '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Loyola Marymount Athletics ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Loyola Marymount University Men 's Basketball Media Almanac '' . LMULions.com . p. 135 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Loyola 2010 , p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Maxey , Wendell ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` Hank Gathers ' legacy endures 20 years after tragic on - court death '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Nick ( March 6 , 1990 ) . `` Hank Gathers ' Star Shone Bright On and Off Basketball Court '' . Los Angeles Times . McClathcy News Service . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NCAA ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records - Division I Records '' . NCAA.org . NCAA . p. 39 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NCAA 2010 , p. 5 Jump up ^ NCAA 2010 , pp. 28 -- 29 ^ Jump up to : Eggers , Kerry ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Remembering Hank Gathers '' . The Portland Tribune . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , Rick . `` 62 : Hank Gathers collapses , dies of a heart condition '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert , Steven ( April 19 , 1992 ) . `` The Pride of the Lions : Film follows the life of Loyola 's Hank Gathers until his ' Final Shot ' two years ago '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnovitz , Kevin ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` The Mystery Guest Has Arrived '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ From the ESPN 30 for 30 film `` Guru of Go '' , premiered April 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ 25 Years Later : The Night Hank Gathers Collapsed . ESPN.com . March 4 , 2015 . Event occurs at 0 : 00 : 12 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola 's Gathers Collapses , Dies '' . Los Angeles Times . March 5 , 1990 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( March 6 , 1990 ) . `` This Was a Story That Was Tough to Watch , and Difficult to Cover '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Jim ; Stewart , Larry ( March 5 , 1990 ) . `` Other Reactions : WCC Cancels Tournament ; TV 's Footage Is Dramatic '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Maryann ( June 22 , 1990 ) . `` No Settlement in Gathers Suits : Litigation : Family attorney seeks videotape from ESPN to support case and is refused . '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Maryann ( March 31 , 1992 ) . `` Loyola Settles Lawsuit by Gathers ' Mother : Jurisprudence : She receives $545,000 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Maryann ( September 10 , 1992 ) . `` Gathers Lawsuit Is Dismissed : Jurisprudence : Case against two doctors ends when family members do n't appear to testify '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parrish , Gary ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Memorable Moment No. 4 : Bo 's lefty tribute is right on target '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NCAA ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` NCAA Men 's Basketball Records ( Award Winners ) '' . p. 137 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Loyola 2010 , p. 78 Jump up ^ `` Final Shot : The Hank Gathers Story ( 1992 ) '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Drooz , Alan ( March 7 , 1990 ) . `` As in His Life , Gathers Stirs Ovations : Memorial : Family , friends fill Gersten Pavilion to pay tribute to the late Loyola Marymount star . '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Hank Gathers lives on in his house '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Eric ( January 30 , 2005 ) . `` Lion Hearts Soar on a Special Night at Loyola '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Binghamton 's Rivera makes his case against the tide '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . March 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Basketball Bios : 5 - Jordan Gathers '' . Butler Bulldogs . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Allan ( April 2 , 2010 ) , `` 30 for 30 , ' Guru of Go ' : Paul Westhead , Hank Gathers and Bo Kimble , together again '' , The Star - Ledger , archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Bo Kimble to Chris Bosh : Time to Retire ; NBA Ai n't Worth Dying For '' . TMZ.com . May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ West Coast Conference ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Men 's Basketball Guide '' . p. 77 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Keiderling , Kyle ( 2010 ) . Heart of a Lion : The Life , Death and Legacy of Hank Gathers . Morningstar Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778996 - 8 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hank Gathers . LMU Lions bio Hank Gathers at Find a Grave Final Shot : The Hank Gathers Story at the Internet Movie Database ESPN `` 30 for 30 '' : The Guru of Go at the Internet Movie Database Remembering a fallen Lion , 20 years later Stan Hochman : Hank Gathers still touching friends , strangers 20 years after his death Poole : Hank Gathers had heart until he died , 20 years ago Thursday Remembering Hank Gathers : Our coverage from that tragic day March 4 , 1990 : Hank Gathers collapses , a day I will never forget as a reporter Twenty Years After : Hank Gathers Stirs Memories for His Family Links to related articles 1990 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Derrick Coleman Chris Jackson Larry Johnson Gary Payton Lionel Simmons Second Team Hank Gathers Kendall Gill Bo Kimble Alonzo Mourning Rumeal Robinson Dennis Scott Doug Smith West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1953 : Sears 1954 : None selected 1955 : Sears 1956 : Russell 1957 : Farmer 1958 : Farmer & Wright 1959 : Doss & Wright 1960 : Grote 1961 : Meschery 1962 : Dinnel & Gray 1963 : Gray 1964 : Johnson 1965 : Johnson 1966 : Swagerty 1967 : Swagerty 1968 : Adelman 1969 : Awtrey 1970 : Awtrey 1971 : Gianelli 1972 : Stewart 1973 : Averitt 1974 : Oleynick 1975 : Sobers 1976 : Leite 1977 : Cartwright 1978 : Cartwright 1979 : Cartwright 1980 : Rambis 1981 : Dailey 1982 : Dailey 1983 : Phillips & Suttle 1984 : Stockton 1985 : Polee 1986 : Polee 1987 : Thompson 1988 : Middlebrooks 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Kimble 1991 : Christie 1992 : Christie 1993 : D. Jones 1994 : Brown 1995 : Nash 1996 : Nash 1997 : Garnett 1998 : Hendrix 1999 : Schraeder 2000 : K. Jones 2001 : Calvary 2002 : Dickau 2003 : Stepp 2004 : Stepp 2005 : Turiaf 2006 : Morrison 2007 : Denison & Raivio 2008 : Pargo 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bouldin 2011 : McConnell 2012 : Dellavedova 2013 : Olynyk 2014 : Haws 2015 : Pangos 2016 : Collinsworth 2017 : Williams - Goss NCAA Division I men 's basketball season rebounding leaders 1951 : Beck 1952 : Hannon 1953 : Conlin 1954 : Quimby 1955 : Slack 1956 : Holup 1957 : Baylor 1958 : Ellis 1959 : Wright 1960 : Wright 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Silas 1964 : Pelkington 1965 : Kimball 1966 : Ware 1967 : Cunningham 1968 : Walk 1969 : Haywood 1970 : Gilmore 1971 : Gilmore 1972 : Washington 1973 : Washington 1974 : Barnes 1975 : Irving 1976 : Pellom 1977 : Mosley 1978 : K. Williams 1979 : Davis 1980 : Smith 1981 : Watson 1982 : Thompson 1983 : McDaniel 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Lane 1988 : Miller 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Bonner 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jones 1993 : Kidd 1994 : Lambert 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Mann 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Perryman 1999 : McGinnis 2000 : Phillip 2001 : Marcus 2002 : Bishop 2003 : Hunter 2004 : Millsap 2005 : Millsap 2006 : Millsap 2007 : Jones - Jennings 2008 : Beasley 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Parakhouski 2011 : Faried 2012 : Anosike 2013 : Anosike 2014 : A. Williams 2015 : A. Williams 2016 : Mockevičius 2017 : Delgado NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders Unofficial 1936 : Luisetti 1937 : Luisetti 1938 : Jaworski 1939 : Jaworski 1940 : Modzelewski 1941 : Modzelewski 1942 : Modzelewski 1943 : Senesky 1944 : Calverley 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Mikan 1947 : Lacy Official 1948 : Wier 1949 : Lavelli 1950 : Arizin 1951 : Mlkvy 1952 : Lovellette 1953 : Selvy 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Floyd 1956 : Floyd 1957 : Wallace 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Burgess 1962 : McGill 1963 : Werkman 1964 : Komives 1965 : Barry 1966 : Schellhase 1967 : Walker 1968 : Maravich 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Neumann 1972 : Lamar 1973 : Averitt 1974 : Fogle 1975 : McCurdy 1976 : Rogers 1977 : F. Williams 1978 : F. Williams 1979 : Butler 1980 : Murphy 1981 : Fredrick 1982 : Kelly 1983 : Kelly 1984 : Jakubick 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Bailey 1987 : Houston 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Kimble 1991 : Bradshaw 1992 : Roberts 1993 : Guy 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Granger 1997 : Jones 1998 : Jones 1999 : Young 2000 : Alexander 2001 : McCollum 2002 : Conley 2003 : Douglas 2004 : Clark 2005 : Clark 2006 : Morrison 2007 : R. Williams 2008 : R. Williams 2009 : Curry 2010 : Coleman 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Hamilton 2013 : Green 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Harvey 2016 : Daniel 2017 : Keene Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hank_Gathers&oldid=800274845 '' Categories : 1967 births 1990 deaths African - American basketball players All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players from Pennsylvania Deaths from cardiomyopathy Filmed deaths in sports Loyola Marymount Lions men 's basketball players Power forwards ( basketball ) Sports deaths in California Sportspeople from Philadelphia USC Trojans men 's basketball players Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 14 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the basketball player that died on the court	[ "Eric \"Hank\" Gathers (February 11, 1967 – March 4, 1990) was an American college basketball star at Loyola Marymount University who collapsed and died during a game. He was the second player in NCAA Division I history to lead the nation in scoring and rebounding in the same season. He originally played at the University of Southern California, but transferred with teammate Bo Kimble to LMU after his freshman year. Gathers was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was listed as 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) height." ]	[ "Eric \"Hank\" Gathers" ]
-6826901117939899811	Explorer 1	Explorer 1 - Wikipedia Explorer 1 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. satellite . For the Iranian Explorer - 1 rocket , see Kavoshgar - 1 . For other uses , see Explorer ( disambiguation ) . Explorer 1 Explorer 1 in its orbital configuration , with the launch vehicle 's fourth stage attached Mission type Earth science Operator Army Ballistic Missile Agency Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1 COSPAR ID 1958 - 001A SATCAT no . 00004 Mission duration 111 days Spacecraft properties Manufacturer Jet Propulsion Laboratory Launch mass 13.97 kilograms ( 30.8 lb ) 80.75 inches ( 205.1 cm ) length 6.00 inches ( 15.2 cm ) diameter Power 60 watts Start of mission Launch date February 1 , 1958 , 03 : 48 ( 1958 - 02 - 01UTC03 : 48Z ) UTC Rocket Juno I RS - 29 Launch site Cape Canaveral LC - 26A End of mission Last contact May 23 , 1958 ( 1958 - 05 - 24 ) Decay date March 31 , 1970 Orbital parameters Reference system Geocentric Regime MEO Semi-major axis 7,832.2 kilometers ( 4,866.7 mi ) Eccentricity 0.140 Perigee 358 kilometers ( 222 mi ) Apogee 2,550 kilometers ( 1,580 mi ) Inclination 33.24 ° Period 114.8 minutes RAAN 334.6171 degrees Argument of perigee 311.5310 degrees Mean anomaly 48.3249 degrees Mean motion 16.275 Epoch 31 March 1970 , 00 : 50 : 24 UTC Revolution no . 58402 Instruments Cosmic - Ray Detector Micrometeorite Detector Satellite Drag Atmospheric Density Explorer 1 was the first satellite of the United States , launched as part of its participation in the International Geophysical Year . The mission followed the first two satellites the previous year ; the Soviet Union 's Sputnik 1 and 2 , beginning the Cold War Space Race between the two nations . Explorer 1 was launched on January 31 , 1958 at 22 : 48 Eastern Time ( equal to February 1 , 03 : 48 UTC ) atop the first Juno booster from LC - 26 at the Cape Canaveral Missile Annex , Florida . It was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt , returning data until its batteries were exhausted after nearly four months . It remained in orbit until 1970 , and has been followed by more than 90 scientific spacecraft in the Explorer series . Explorer 1 was given Satellite Catalog Number 4 , and the Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1 , the forerunner to the modern International Designator . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Spacecraft design 3 Science payload 4 Flight 5 Results 6 Legacy 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The U.S. Earth satellite program began in 1954 as a joint U.S. Army and U.S. Navy proposal , called Project Orbiter , to put a scientific satellite into orbit during the International Geophysical Year . The proposal , using a military Redstone missile , was rejected in 1955 by the Eisenhower administration in favor of the Navy 's Project Vanguard , using a booster advertised as more civilian in nature . Following the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 on October 4 , 1957 , the initial Project Orbiter program was revived as the Explorer program to catch up with the Soviet Union . Explorer 1 was designed and built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) , while a Jupiter - C rocket was modified by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency ( ABMA ) to accommodate a satellite payload ; the resulting rocket known as the Juno I . The Jupiter - C design used for the launch had already been flight - tested in nose cone reentry tests for the Jupiter IRBM , and was modified into Juno I. Working closely together , ABMA and JPL completed the job of modifying the Jupiter - C and building Explorer 1 in 84 days . However , before work was completed , the Soviet Union launched a second satellite , Sputnik 2 , on November 3 , 1957 . The U.S. Navy 's attempt to put the first U.S. satellite into orbit failed with the launch of the Vanguard TV3 on December 6 , 1957 . Spacecraft design ( edit ) Explorer 1 is mated to its booster at LC - 26 Explorer 1 was designed and built by the California Institute of Technology 's JPL under the direction of Dr. William H. Pickering . It was the second satellite to carry a mission payload ( Sputnik 2 was the first ) . The total weight of the satellite was 13.37 kilograms ( 30.80 lb ) , of which 8.3 kg ( 18.3 lb ) were instrumentation . In comparison , the first Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 weighed 83.6 kg ( 184 lb ) . The instrument section at the front end of the satellite and the empty scaled - down fourth - stage rocket casing orbited as a single unit , spinning around its long axis at 750 revolutions per minute . Data from the scientific instruments was transmitted to the ground by two antennas . A 60 milliwatt transmitter fed a dipole antenna consisting of two fiberglass slot antennas in the body of the satellite operating on 108.03 MHz , and four flexible whips forming a turnstile antenna were fed by a 10 milliwatt transmitter operating on 108.00 MHz . Because of the limited space available and the requirements for low weight , the payload instrumentation was designed and built with simplicity and high reliability in mind , using germanium and silicon transistors in its electronics . A total of 29 transistors were used in Explorer 1 , plus additional ones in the Army 's micrometeorite amplifier . Electrical power was provided by mercury chemical batteries that made up approximately 40 percent of the payload weight . The external skin of the instrument section was sandblasted stainless steel with white stripes . Several other color schemes had been tested , resulting in backup articles , models , and photographs showing different configurations , including alternate white and green striping and blue stripes alternating with copper . The final coloration was determined by studies of shadow -- sunlight intervals based on firing time , trajectory , orbit , and inclination . Explorer 1 schematic Science payload ( edit ) Play media Universal Newsreel about the satellite The Explorer 1 payload consisted of the Iowa Cosmic Ray Instrument without a tape data recorder which was not modified in time to make it onto the spacecraft . The real - time data received on the ground was therefore very sparse and puzzling showing normal counting rates and no counts at all . The later Explorer 3 mission , which included a tape data recorder in the payload , provided the additional data for confirmation of the earlier Explorer 1 data . The scientific instrumentation of Explorer 1 was designed and built under the direction of Dr. James Van Allen of the University of Iowa containing : Anton 314 omnidirectional Geiger - Müller tube , designed by Dr. George Ludwig of Iowa 's Cosmic Ray Laboratory , to detect cosmic rays . It could detect protons with E > 30 MeV and electrons with E > 3 MeV . Most of the time the instrument was saturated ; Five temperature sensors ( one internal , three external and one on the nose cone ) ; Acoustic detector ( crystal transducer and solid - state amplifier ) to detect micrometeorite ( cosmic dust ) impacts . It responded to micrometeorite impacts on the spacecraft skin in such a way that each impact would be a function of mass and velocity . Its effective area was 0.075 m and the average threshold sensitivity was 2.5 × 10 g cm / s ; Wire grid detector , also to detect micrometeorite impacts . It consisted of 12 parallel connected cards mounted in a fiberglass supporting ring . Each card was wound with two layers of enameled nickel alloy wire with a diameter of 17 μm ( 21 μm with the enamel insulation included ) in such way that a total area of 1 cm by 1 cm was completely covered . If a micrometeorite of about 10 μm impacted , it would fracture the wire , destroy the electrical connection , and thus record the event . Flight ( edit ) The Juno I rocket was launched January 31 , 1958 , putting Explorer 1 into orbit with a perigee of 358 kilometers ( 222 mi ) and an apogee of 2,550 kilometers ( 1,580 mi ) having a period of 114.8 minutes . At about 1 : 30 a.m. ET , after confirming that Explorer 1 was indeed in orbit , a news conference was held in the Great Hall at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington , DC to announce it to the world . Mercury batteries powered the high - power transmitter for 31 days and the low - power transmitter for 105 days . Explorer 1 stopped transmission of data on May 23 , 1958 when its batteries died , but remained in orbit for more than 12 years . It reentered the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean on March 31 , 1970 after more than 58,000 orbits . Results ( edit ) William Hayward Pickering , James Van Allen , and Wernher von Braun display a full - scale model of Explorer 1 at a crowded news conference in Washington , DC after confirmation the satellite was in orbit . Explorer 1 changed rotation axis after launch . The elongated body of the spacecraft had been designed to spin about its long ( least - inertia ) axis but refused to do so , and instead started precessing due to energy dissipation from flexible structural elements . Later it was understood that on general grounds , the body ends up in the spin state that minimizes the kinetic rotational energy for a fixed angular momentum ( this being the maximal - inertia axis ) . This motivated the first further development of the Eulerian theory of rigid body dynamics after nearly 200 years -- to address this kind of momentum - preserving energy dissipation . Sometimes the instrumentation would report the expected cosmic ray count ( approximately 30 counts per second ) but sometimes it would show a peculiar zero counts per second . The University of Iowa ( under James Van Allen ) noted that all of the zero counts per second reports were from an altitude of more than 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) over South America , while passes at 500 km ( 310 mi ) would show the expected level of cosmic rays . Later , after Explorer 3 , it was concluded that the original Geiger counter had been overwhelmed ( `` saturated '' ) by strong radiation coming from a belt of charged particles trapped in space by the Earth 's magnetic field . This belt of charged particles is now known as the Van Allen radiation belt . The discovery was considered to be one of the outstanding discoveries of the International Geophysical Year . The acoustic micrometeorite detector detected 145 impacts of cosmic dust in 78,750 seconds . This calculates to an average impact rate of 8.0 × 10 impacts m s over the twelve - day period ( 29 impacts per hour per square meter ) . Legacy ( edit ) Explorer 1 was the first of the long - running Explorer program . A follow - up to the first mission , Explorer - 1 ( PRIME ) , was successfully launched aboard a Delta II rocket in late October , 2011 . The PRIME was built using modern satellite construction techniques . The orbiting satellite was a backup , since the initial Explorer - 1 PRIME , launched on March 4 , 2011 , failed to reach orbit due to a problem in the launch vehicle . An identically constructed flight backup of Explorer 1 is on display in the Smithsonian Institution 's National Air and Space Museum , Milestones of Flight Gallery in Washington , DC . Launch Pad 26 was deactivated in 1963 , and was designated for use as a museum in 1964 , the Air Force Space and Missile Museum . Here too , a full - scale Explorer 1 is on display , but this one is a mockup . The satellite 's legacy is having been the first orbital object sent to return scientific data . Its launch happened to be 100 years to the day that the SS Great Eastern was launched . This ship was much larger than anything that came before it , and it was big enough to accomplish the task of laying out the first lasting transatlantic telegraph cable . Both events served to more closely knit the world together . Gallery ( edit ) Explorer 1 statistics and orbital diagram Officials with Explorer 1 model at Redstone Arsenal , including Maj. Gen. John Medaris ( 3rd from left ) , Walter Haeussermann , Wernher von Braun and Ernst Stuhlinger Explorer 1 mated to Juno I booster Explorer 1 and Juno I booster in gantry at LC - 26 Close - up of Explorer 1 atop Juno I booster Launch of Explorer 1 on January 31 , 1958 Preliminary satellite tracking tests in a field near JPL Trajectory calculations were done by hand by this group of women . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garber , Steve ( October 10 , 2007 ) . `` Explorer - I and Jupiter - C '' . NASA . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Dickson , Sputnik : The Launch of the Space Race . ( Toronto : MacFarlane Walter & Ross , 2001 ) , 190 . Jump up ^ Yost , Charles W. ( 1963 - 09 - 06 ) . Registration data for United States Space Launches ( PDF ) . United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Matt Bille and Erika Lishock , The First Space Race : Launching the World 's First Satellites , Texas A&M University Press , 2004 , Chapter 5 Jump up ^ `` Project Vanguard -- Why It Failed to Live Up to Its Name '' . Time . October 21 , 1957 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age '' . NASA History . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin Green , Constance ; Lomask , Milton ( 1970 ) . `` Chapter 11 : from Sputnik I to TV - 3 '' . Vanguard -- A History . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Explorer - I and Jupiter - C '' . Data Sheet . Department of Astronautics , National Air and Space Museum , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jr. , W.E. ( April 1960 ) . `` Space Telemetry Systems '' ( fee required ) . Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers . IEEE. 48 ( 4 ) : 685 -- 690 . doi : 10.1109 / JRPROC. 1960.287448 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The First Transistors in Space -- Personal Reflections by the Designer of the Cosmic Ray Instrumentation Package for the Explorer I Satellite '' . A Transistor Museum Interview with Dr. George Ludwig . The Transistor Museum . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmic - Ray Detector '' . NSSDC Master Catalog . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Micrometeorite Detector '' . NSSDC Master Catalog . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Manring , Edward R. ( January 1959 ) . `` Micrometeorite Measurements from 1958 Alpha and Gamma Satellites '' . Planetary and Space Science . Great Britain : Pergamon Press . 1 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 31 . Bibcode : 1959P&SS ... 1 ... 27M . doi : 10.1016 / 0032 - 0633 ( 59 ) 90019 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Explorer 1 First U.S. Satellite -- Fast Facts '' . JPL , NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Trajectory Details '' . NSSDC Master Catalog . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Exploration Explorer 1 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Naugle ( 2008 ) . `` Discovering Earth 's Radiation Belts : Remembering Explorer 1 and 3 '' . NASA History . American Geological Union . 89 ( 39 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Zadunaisky , Pedro E. ( October 1960 ) . `` The Orbit of Satellite 456 Alpha ( Explorer I ) during the First 10500 Revolutions '' . SAO Special Report . Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory . 50 . Bibcode : 1960SAOSR ... 50 ... Z . Jump up ^ Efroimsky , Michael ( August 2001 ) . `` Relaxation of wobbling asteroids and comets -- theoretical problems , perspectives of experimental observation '' ( fee required ) . Planetary and Space Science . Elsevier . 49 ( 9 ) : 937 -- 955 . Bibcode : 2001P&SS ... 49 ... 937E . arXiv : astro - ph / 9911072 . doi : 10.1016 / S0032 - 0633 ( 01 ) 00051 - 4 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Efroimsky , Michael ( March 2002 ) . `` Euler , Jacobi , and missions to comets and asteroids '' ( fee required ) . Advances in Space Research . Elsevier . 29 ( 5 ) : 725 -- 734 . Bibcode : 2002AdSpR ... 29 ... 725E . arXiv : astro - ph / 0112054 . doi : 10.1016 / S0273 - 1177 ( 02 ) 00017 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dubin , Maurice ( January 1960 ) . `` IGY Micrometeorite Measurements '' ( fee required ) . Space Research -- Proceedings of the First International Space Science Symposium . Amsterdam : North - Holland Publishing Company . 1 ( 1 ) : 1042 -- 1058 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Evelyn Boswell ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` MSU 's twin satellite to launch Oct. 28 on NASA rocket '' . Space Science and Engineering Laboratory . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Launch Complex 26 Blockhouse Jump up ^ Explorer I Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ) . `` The First Explorer '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- JPL Ground Antenna '' . Nasa.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Explorer 1 . NASA images and videos of Explorer 1 and other early satellites Data Sheet , Department of Astronautics , National Air and Space Museum , Smithsonian Institution A film clip `` Army Explorers in Space ( 1958 ) '' is available at the Internet Archive A film clip `` Atlas In Orbit . Radios Ike 's Message Of Peace To World , 1958 / 12 / 22 ( 1958 ) '' is available at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : Army Satellites is available for free download at the Internet Archive Lecture with detailed evaluation of the Explorer 1 rotation anomaly Explorers program Explorer Explorer 1 5 6 ( S - 2 ) 7 ( S - 1a ) 8 S - 56 9 ( S - 56A ) 10 11 ( S - 15 ) 14 ( EPE - B ) 17 ( AE - A ) 19 30 ( Solrad 8 ) 32 ( AE - B ) 33 ( IMP - D ) 34 35 ( IMP - E ) 37 ( Solrad 9 ) 39 42 ( Uhuru ) 44 ( Solrad 10 ) 48 ( SAS B) 49 ( RAE - B ) 52 ( Hawkeye 1 ) 53 ( SAS C ) 56 ( ISEE - 1 ) 57 ( IUE ) 58 ( HCMM ) 59 ( ICE ) 61 ( Magsat ) 62 ( DE-1 ) 63 ( DE-2 ) 64 ( SME ) 66 ( COBE ) 67 ( EUVE ) 68 ( SAMPEX ) MIDEX 50 ( IMP - 8 ) 69 ( RXTE ) 71 ( ACE ) 77 ( FUSE ) 78 ( IMAGE ) 80 ( WMAP ) 84 ( Swift ) 85 thru 89 ( THEMIS ) 92 ( WISE ) ICON TESS SMEX 68 ( SAMPEX ) 70 ( FAST ) 73 ( TRACE ) 74 ( SWAS ) 75 ( WIRE ) 81 ( RHESSI ) 83 ( GALEX ) 90 ( AIM ) 91 ( IBEX ) 93 ( NuSTAR ) 94 ( IRIS ) UNEX 72 ( SNOE ) 82 ( CHIPSat ) MO 79 ( HETE - 2 ) CINDI Suzaku TWINS Hitomi GOLD NICER International INTEGRAL Italics indicates probes that failed to deploy or otherwise malfunctioned indicate missions yet to launch . NASA Policy and history History NACA ( 1915 ) National Aeronautics and Space Act ( 1958 ) Space Task Group ( 1958 ) Paine ( 1986 ) Rogers ( 1986 ) Ride ( 1987 ) Space Exploration Initiative ( 1989 ) Augustine ( 1990 ) U.S. National Space Policy ( 1996 ) CFUSAI ( 2002 ) CAIB ( 2003 ) Vision for Space Exploration ( 2004 ) Aldridge ( 2004 ) Augustine ( 2009 ) General Space Race Administrator and Deputy Administrator Chief Scientist Astronaut Corps Budget Spin - off technologies NASA TV NASA Social Launch Services Program Kennedy Space Center Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 Launch Control Center Johnson Space Center Mission Control Lunar Sample Laboratory Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor ' 98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Scout Current Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorer Small explorer Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Mars Exploration Rover Human spaceflight programs Past X-15 ( suborbital ) Mercury Gemini Apollo Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project ( with the Soviet space program ) Skylab Space Shuttle Shuttle -- Mir ( with Roscosmos State Corporation ) Constellation Current International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services ( COTS ) Commercial Crew Development ( CCDev ) Orion Individual featured missions ( human and robotic ) Past COBE Apollo 11 Mercury 3 Mercury - Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Currently operating MRO 2001 Mars Odyssey Dawn New Horizons Kepler International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Spitzer RHESSI SWIFT THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline Opportunity rover observed GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes SDO Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 / 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS - REx Future JPSS James Webb Space Telescope WFIRST InSight Mars 2020 NISAR Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Europa Clipper Communications and navigation Canberra Deep Space Atomic Clock Deep Space Network ( Goldstone Madrid Near Earth Network Space Flight Operations Facility ) Space Network NASA lists List of astronauts by name by year Apollo astronauts List of NASA aircraft List of NASA missions unmanned missions List of NASA contractors List of United States rockets List of NASA cancellations List of Space Shuttle missions crews NASA images and artwork Earthrise The Blue Marble Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot Pillars of Creation Mystic Mountain Solar System Family Portrait The Day the Earth Smiled Fallen Astronaut Lunar plaques Pioneer plaques Voyager Golden Record NASA insignia Gemini and Apollo medallions Mission patches Commons Portal ← 1957 Orbital launches in 1958 1959 → Explorer 1 Unnamed Explorer 2 Vanguard 1 Explorer 3 ISZ D - 1 No. 1 Unnamed Sputnik 3 Unnamed Unnamed Pilot - 1 Explorer 4 Pilot - 2 Pioneer 0 Pilot - 3 Explorer 5 Pilot - 4 Pilot - 5 Pilot - 6 Luna E-1 No. 1 Unnamed Pioneer 1 Luna E-1 No. 2 Beacon Pioneer 2 Luna E-1 No. 3 Pioneer 3 SCORE Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Explorer_1&oldid=796683169 '' Categories : Spacecraft launched in 1958 1958 in the United States Artificial satellites formerly orbiting Earth Explorers program ( NASA ) Individual spacecraft in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution First artificial satellite of a country Spacecraft which reentered in 1970 First events Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with Internet Archive links Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 13 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first satellite put in space	[ "The U.S. Earth satellite program began in 1954 as a joint U.S. Army and U.S. Navy proposal, called Project Orbiter, to put a scientific satellite into orbit during the International Geophysical Year. The proposal, using a military Redstone missile, was rejected in 1955 by the Eisenhower administration in favor of the Navy's Project Vanguard, using a booster advertised as more civilian in nature.[4][5] Following the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, the initial Project Orbiter program was revived as the Explorer program to catch up with the Soviet Union.[6]" ]	[ "October 4, 1957" ]
-3177596771152721471	Death row	Death row - wikipedia Death row Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Death row ( disambiguation ) . The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Death row is a special section of a prison that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of capital crimes . The term is also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ( `` been on death row '' ) , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists . After a person is found guilty of a capital offense , the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole . It is then up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence ; this usually has to be a unanimous decision . If the jury agrees on death , the defendant will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures , which may continue for several years . Opponents of capital punishment claim that a prisoner 's isolation and uncertainty over his or her fate constitute a form of mental cruelty and that especially long - time death row inmates are liable to become mentally ill , if they are not already . This is referred to as the death row phenomenon . In extreme cases some inmates may attempt to commit suicide . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Death row locations in the United States 2 Other countries 3 See also 4 References 5 External links United States ( edit ) United States Penitentiary , Terre Haute houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. federal government San Quentin State Prison houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. state of California Allan B. Polunsky Unit houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. state of Texas Louisiana State Penitentiary , which houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Louisiana The Mississippi State Penitentiary , which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Mississippi Oklahoma State Penitentiary , which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the state of Oklahoma In the United States , prisoners may wait many years before execution can be carried out due to the complex and time - consuming appeals procedures mandated in the jurisdiction . The time between sentencing and execution has increased relatively steadily between 1977 and 2010 , including a 22 % jump between 1989 and 1990 and a similar jump between 2008 and 2009 . In 2010 , a death row inmate waited an average of 178 months ( roughly 15 years ) between sentencing and execution . Nearly a quarter of inmates on death row in the U.S. die of natural causes while awaiting execution . There were 3,125 people on death row in the United States on January 1 , 2013 . Since 1977 , the states of Texas ( 464 ) , Virginia ( 108 ) and Oklahoma ( 94 ) have executed the most death row inmates . As of 2010 , California ( 683 ) , Florida ( 390 ) , Texas ( 330 ) and Pennsylvania ( 218 ) housed more than half of all inmates pending on death row . As of 2008 , the longest - serving prisoner on death row in the US who has been executed was Jack Alderman who served over 33 years . He was executed in Georgia in 2008 . However , Alderman only holds the distinction of being the longest - serving executed inmate so far . A Florida inmate , Gary Alvord , arrived on Florida 's death row in 1974 . On April 9 , 2013 , Alvord had been on death row for exactly 39 years when he died on May 19 , 2013 from a brain tumor , having been longer on death row than any other United States inmate . The oldest prisoner on death row in the United States was Leroy Nash , age 94 , in Arizona . He died of natural causes on February 12 , 2010 . Death row locations in the United States ( edit ) See also : Capital punishment in the United States Men 's death row Women 's death row Civilian Federal United States Penitentiary , Terre Haute , Terre Haute , Indiana Federal Medical Center , Carswell , Fort Worth , Texas Military United States Disciplinary Barracks , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas Naval Consolidated Brig , Miramar , San Diego , California State Men 's death row Women 's death row Alabama Holman Correctional Facility , Atmore and William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility , Bessemer Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women Arizona Arizona State Prison Complex - Eyman Arizona State Prison Complex - Perryville Arkansas Varner Unit McPherson Unit California San Quentin State Prison Central California Women 's Facility Colorado No designated death row Currently all DR prisoners are at Sterling Correctional Facility Colorado Women 's Correctional Facility Delaware James T. Vaughn Correctional Center Delores J. Baylor Women 's Correctional Institution Florida Union Correctional Institution and Florida State Prison Lowell Correctional Institution Annex Georgia Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison , Butts County Arrendale State Prison , Habersham County Idaho Idaho Maximum Security Institution , Boise Pocatello Women 's Correctional Center , Pocatello Indiana Indiana State Prison , Michigan City Indiana Women 's Prison , Indianapolis Kansas El Dorado Correctional Facility , El Dorado Topeka Correctional Facility , Topeka Kentucky Kentucky State Penitentiary , Eddyville Kentucky Correctional Institute for Women , Peewee Valley Louisiana Louisiana State Penitentiary , unincorporated West Feliciana Parish Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women , St. Gabriel Mississippi Mississippi State Penitentiary , Sunflower County Central Mississippi Correctional Facility Missouri Potosi Correctional Center Women 's Eastern Reception , Diagnostic and Correctional Center Montana Montana State Prison , Deer Lodge Montana Women 's Prison , Billings Nebraska Tecumseh State Correctional Institution , Tecumseh Nebraska Correctional Center for Women , York Nevada Ely State Prison , Ely Florence McClure Women 's Correctional Center , North Las Vegas New Hampshire New Hampshire State Prison for Men , Concord New Hampshire State Prison for Women , Goffstown New Mexico Penitentiary of New Mexico , Santa Fe County New Mexico Women 's Correctional Facility , Grants North Carolina Central Prison , Raleigh North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women , Raleigh Ohio Chillicothe Correctional Institution , Chillicothe , Ohio State Penitentiary , Youngstown and Franklin Medical Center , Columbus Ohio Reformatory for Women , Marysville Oklahoma Oklahoma State Penitentiary , McAlester Mabel Bassett Correctional Center , Oklahoma City Oregon Oregon State Penitentiary , Salem Coffee Creek Correctional Facility , Wilsonville Pennsylvania SCI - Greene , Franklin Township and Skippack Township ( SCI Graterford ) SCI - Muncy , Clinton Township South Carolina Lieber Correctional Institution , Ridgeville Camille Griffin Graham Correctional Institution , Columbia South Dakota South Dakota State Penitentiary , Sioux Falls South Dakota Women 's Prison , Pierre Tennessee Riverbend Maximum Security Institution , Nashville and Morgan County Correctional Complex , Wartburg Tennessee Prison for Women , Nashville Texas Polunsky Unit , West Livingston Mountain View Unit , Gatesville Utah Utah State Prison , Draper Central Utah Correctional Facility , Gunnison Virginia Sussex I State Prison , Sussex County Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women , Troy Washington Washington State Penitentiary , Walla Walla Washington Corrections Center for Women , Gig Harbor Wyoming Wyoming State Penitentiary , Rawlins Wyoming Women 's Center , Lusk Notes : Naval Consolidated Brig , Miramar is the only facility in the United States Department of Defense designated to house female Level III inmates . Other countries ( edit ) When the United Kingdom had capital punishment , sentenced inmates were given one appeal . If that appeal was found to involve an important point of law it was taken up to the House of Lords , and if the appeal was successful , at that point the sentence was changed to life in prison . The Home Secretary in the United Kingdom had the power to exercise the Sovereign 's royal prerogative of mercy to grant a reprieve on execution and change the sentence to life imprisonment . In some Caribbean countries that still authorize execution , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the ultimate court of appeals . It has upheld appeals by prisoners who have spent several years under sentence of death , stating that it does not desire to see the death row phenomenon emerge in countries under its jurisdiction . See also ( edit ) Live from Death Row The Green Mile The Chamber Dead Man Walking Capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row in the United States List of exonerated death row inmates Execution chamber List of wrongful convictions in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Justice : Capital Punishment , 2010 Figures '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ United States Department of Justice Jump up ^ http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf Jump up ^ Jack Alderman Executed Jump up ^ `` A man too crazy to be executed '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Oldest US death row inmate dies aged 94 '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Special Confinement Unit Opens at USP Terre Haute . '' Federal Bureau of Prisons . July 13 , 1999 . Retrieved on October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshall , John . `` Lisa Montgomery gets death penalty for killing pregnant woman . '' Associated Press at the Southeast Missourian . Friday April 4 , 2008 . Retrieved on October 3 , 2010 . `` Department of Justice spokesman Don Ledford said Montgomery will likely be sent to the Federal Medical Center Carswell in Fort Worth , Texas , a women 's correctional facility that has medical services for inmates . '' Jump up ^ `` Lisa M Montgomery . '' Federal Bureau of Prisons . Retrieved on October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Johnson . '' Federal Bureau of Prisons . Retrieved on October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003 . '' Alabama Department of Corrections. 33 / 84 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . `` which also included a cellblock for 20 death row inmates . '' Jump up ^ `` Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003 . '' Alabama Department of Corrections. 21 / 84 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . `` Donaldson has a death row unit with a capacity of 24 inmates . '' Jump up ^ `` Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003 . '' Alabama Department of Corrections. 45 / 84 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . `` Tutwiler also has a death row , '' ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row Information and Frequently Asked Questions . '' Arizona Department of Corrections . Retrieved on February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State Capitol Week in Review . '' State of Arkansas . June 13 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . `` Executions are carried out in the Cummins Unit , which is adjacent to Varner . '' Jump up ^ Haddigan , Michael . `` They Kill Women , Do n't They ? '' Arkansas Times . April 9 , 1999 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Capital Punishment in California Archived July 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' California Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 16 , 2010 . `` All male prisoners on condemned status are housed at a maximum - security custody level in three units at San Quentin State Prison . Females are housed in a maximum - security unit at Central California Women 's Facility in Chowchilla . '' Jump up ^ `` Death Row FAQ . '' ( Archive ) Colorado Department of Corrections . Retrieved on April 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row Fact Sheet . '' Delaware Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row Fact Sheet . '' Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison . '' Georgia Department of Corrections . Retrieved on July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Inmates Under Death Sentence January 1 , 2012 Changes to UDS Population During 2011 . '' ( Archive ) Georgia Department of Corrections . Retrieved on November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrouquere , Brett . `` Inmate challenges sedatives used in lethal injections Wilson also claims state does n't provide enough information to inmates . '' The Harlan Daily Enterprise . November 24 , 2007 . Retrieved on September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky State Penitentiary Prepares For 165th Execution . '' WLKY . Retrieved on September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Life After Death Row . '' CBS News . April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved on August 16 , 2010 . `` Rideau was sent to Louisiana 's Angola Prison , where he spent a decade waiting to be executed . '' Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women . '' Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections . Retrieved on August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division of Institutions State Prisons . '' Mississippi Department of Corrections. April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved on May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lombardi , George , Richard D. Sluder , and Donald Wallace . `` The Management of Death - Sentenced Inmates : Issues , Realities , and Innovative Strategies . '' Missouri Department of Corrections. 8 - 9 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Organization . '' Nevada Department of Corrections . Retrieved on September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lone woman on Nevada 's death row dies in prison . '' Associated Press at North County Times . January 31 , 2005 . Retrieved on September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row and Death Watch . '' North Carolina Department of Correction . Retrieved on September 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` CCI death row receives final inmates . '' Chillicothe Gazette . Retrieved on February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capital Punishment in Oregon . '' Oregon Department of Corrections . Retrieved on December 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Penalty FAQ . '' Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. 2 ( 2 / 4 ) . Retrieved on July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Death Row / Capital Punishment . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Graham ( Camille Griffin ) Correctional Institution . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . `` The institution also functions as a major special management unit with the ability to house female death row inmates and county safekeepers . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row Facts . '' Tennessee Department of Correction . Retrieved on August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` West Livingston CDP , Texas Archived June 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved on May 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row Facts Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Texas Department of Criminal Justice . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sussex I State Prison . '' Virginia Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DOC Appoints New Warden at Sussex I State Prison . '' Virginia Department of Corrections . March 9 , 2006 . Retrieved on August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Death Row / Execution Facts . '' My FOX DC . Tuesday November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved on August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women ( female institution ) . '' Virginia Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capital Punishment in Washington State . '' Washington Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of Capital Punishment '' . External links ( edit ) Death Row Conditions : Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . 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theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject NDL : 01181020 Criminal justice portal Law portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_row&oldid=839287311 '' Categories : Prisoners sentenced to death Capital punishment Penology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2015 USA - centric Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Português Simple English Türkçe 粵語中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 13 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how long is an inmate on death row	[ "In the United States, prisoners may wait many years before execution can be carried out due to the complex and time-consuming appeals procedures mandated in the jurisdiction. The time between sentencing and execution has increased relatively steadily between 1977 and 2010, including a 22% jump between 1989 and 1990 and a similar jump between 2008 and 2009. In 2010, a death row inmate waited an average of 178 months (roughly 15 years) between sentencing and execution.[1] Nearly a quarter of inmates on death row in the U.S. die of natural causes while awaiting execution.[2]" ]	[ "an average of 178 months (roughly 15 years) between sentencing and execution" ]
4666460004003232412	List of Philadelphia Eagles players	List of Philadelphia Eagles players - wikipedia List of Philadelphia Eagles players Jump to : navigation , search This is a complete list of American football players who have played for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League ( NFL ) . It includes players that have played at least one game in the NFL regular season . The Philadelphia Eagles franchise was founded in 1933 . The Eagles played in four pre-Super Bowl Era NFL Championships ( 1947 , 1948 , 1949 and 1960 ) winning three ( 1948 , 1949 and 1960 ) . They have also played in three Super Bowls ( XV , XXXIX and LII ) , winning Super Bowl LII . Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z K David Akers G / T Shawn Andrews Walter Abercrombie , Victor Abiamiri , Dick Absher , Keith Adams , Ben Agajanian , Nelson Agholor , Jay Ajayi , David Akers , David Alexander , Kermit Alexander , Beau Allen , Chuck Allen , Eric Allen , Ian Allen , Jackie Allen , Kevin Allen , Nate Allen , Ty Allert , Henry Allison , Kiko Alonso , Glen Amerson , George Amundson , Colt Anderson , Gary Anderson , Shawn Andrews , Stacy Andrews , Jim Angelo , Houston Antwine , Dave Archer , Justin Armour , Calvin Armstrong , Harvey Armstrong , Neill Armstrong , Jay Arnold , Rick Arrington , Darrel Aschbacher , Jamie Asher , Nnamdi Asomugha , Steve Atkins , Howard Auer , Jim Auer , Darnell Autry , Jason Avant , Marvin Ayers Monroe Bange , Jason Babin , Matt Bahr , David Bailey , Eric Bailey , Howard Bailey , Tom Bailey , Victor Bailey , Albert Baisi , Jason Baker , John Baker , Keith Baker , Ron Baker , Sam Baker , Tony Baker , Brian Baldinger , Gary Ballman , Stephen Banas , Bruno Banducci , Jack Banta , Allen Barbre , Shawn Barber , Bryan Barker , Corey Barlow , Billy Ray Barnes , Larry Barnes , Walt Barnes , Kenjon Barner , Derek Barnett , Fred Barnett , Dan Barnhardt , Roy Barni , Len Barnum , Sam Bartholomew , Doug Bartlett , Matt Barkley , Ephesians Bartley , Mike Bartrum , Connor Barwin , Mike Basca , Hank Baskett , Dick Bassi , Herman Bassman , Matt Battaglia , Maxie Baughan , Alfred Bauman , Frank Bausch , Mark Bavaro , Bibbles Bawel , Winford Baze , Pat Beach , Shawn Beals , Jim Beaver , Ian Beckles , Chuck Bednarik , Randy Beisler , Eddie Bell , Todd Bell , Mike Bellamy , Vic Bellamy , Jesse Bendross , Henry Benson , Mitch Berger , Bill Bergey , Will Berzinski , James Betterson , Dick Bielski , Eric Bieniemy , John Binotto , Blaine Bishop , Robert Bjorkland , Mike Black , Richard Blackmore , Ed Blaine , Jeff Blake , Jeff Bleamer , Mel Bleeker , Luther Blue , Ron Blye , Harry Boatswain , William Boedeker , Gary Bolden , Chris Boniol , John Booty , Mike Boryla , James Bostic , Jason Bostic , Lee Bouggess , Tony Bova , Kevin Bowman , Deral Boykin , Bill Bradley , Carlos Bradley , Harold Bradley , Jr. , Stewart Bradley , Sam Bradford , John Bredice , Leo Brennan , Jack Brewer , John Brewer , William Brian , Bubby Brister , Rankin Britt , Barrett Brooks , Clifford Brooks , Tony Brooks , Tom Brookshier , Luther Broughton , Aaron Brown , Bob Brown , Cedrick Brown , David Brown , Deauntae Brown , Fred Brown , Greg Brown , Jerome Brown , Na Brown , Reggie Brown ( RB ) , Reggie Brown ( WR ) , Ronnie Brown , Sheldon Brown , Thomas Brown , Tim Brown , Willie Brown , Don Brumm , Daryon Brutley , Bill Bryant , Doug Brzezinski , Correll Buckhalter , Eldra Buckley , Frank Budd , Joe Bukant , Norm Bulaich , Ronnie Bull , Brodrick Bunkley , John Bunting , Derrick Burgess , Adrian Burk , Mark Burke , Tom Burnette , Lem Burnham , Hank Burnine , Don Burroughs , Ron Burroughs , Thomas Bushby , Art Buss , 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Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players B-C ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players C-D ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players D-G ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players G-H ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players H-J ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players J-L ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players L-M ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players M-O ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players O-R ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players R-S ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players S-T ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players T-W ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . `` Philadelphia Eagles ' All - time Roster ( players W-Z ) '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 2001 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Philadelphia_Eagles_players&oldid=831068890 '' Categories : Philadelphia Eagles players Lists of players by National Football League team Philadelphia Eagles lists Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 15 : 40 . 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1771597476761614365	Stevie Ray Vaughan	Stevie Ray Vaughan - wikipedia Stevie Ray Vaughan Jump to : navigation , search Stevie Ray Vaughan Stevie Ray Vaughan performing on the television series Austin City Limits in 1989 Background information Birth name Stephen Ray Vaughan ( 1954 - 10 - 03 ) October 3 , 1954 Dallas , Texas , U.S. August 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 08 - 27 ) ( aged 35 ) East Troy , Wisconsin , U.S. Genres Blues rock electric blues Texas blues Occupation ( s ) Musician singer songwriter record producer Instruments Guitar vocals Years active 1965 -- 1990 Labels Epic Legacy Sony Associated acts Marc Benno Denny Freeman Lou Ann Barton W.C. Clark Double Trouble David Bowie Albert King Lonnie Mack The Fabulous Thunderbirds Jeff Beck Jimmie Vaughan Joe Cocker Website www.srvofficial.com Notable instruments Fender Stratocaster Stephen Ray Vaughan ( October 3 , 1954 -- August 27 , 1990 ) was an American musician , singer , songwriter , and record producer . In spite of a short - lived mainstream career spanning seven years , he was one of the most influential guitarists in the revival of blues in the 1980s and one of the greatest guitarists of all time . AllMusic describes him as `` a rocking powerhouse of a guitarist who gave blues a burst of momentum in the ' 80s , with influence still felt long after his tragic death . '' Born and raised in Dallas , Texas , Vaughan began playing guitar at the age of seven , inspired by his older brother Jimmie . In 1971 he dropped out of high school , and moved to Austin the following year . He played gigs with numerous bands after receiving guitar lessons from Jordan Kell , earning a spot in Marc Benno 's band , the Nightcrawlers , and later with Denny Freeman in the Cobras , with whom he continued to work through late 1977 . He then formed his own group , Triple Threat Revue , before renaming the band Double Trouble after hiring drummer Chris Layton and bassist Tommy Shannon . He gained fame after his performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1982 , and in 1983 his debut studio album , Texas Flood , charted at number 38 . The ten - song album was a commercially successful release that sold over half a million copies . After achieving sobriety in late 1986 , he headlined concert tours with Jeff Beck in 1989 and Joe Cocker in 1990 before his death in a helicopter crash on August 27 , 1990 , at the age of 35 . Vaughan was inspired musically by American and British blues rock . He favored clean amplifiers with high volume and contributed to the popularity of vintage musical equipment . He often combined several different amplifiers together and used minimal effects pedals . Chris Gill of Guitar World commented : `` Stevie Ray Vaughan 's guitar tone was as dry as a San Antonio summer and as sparkling clean as a Dallas debutante , the product of the natural sound of amps with ample clean headroom . However , Vaughan occasionally used pedals to augment his sound , mainly to boost the signal , although he occasionally employed a rotating speaker cabinet and wah pedals for added textural flair . '' Vaughan received several music awards during his lifetime and posthumously . In 1983 , readers of Guitar Player voted him Best New Talent and Best Electric Blues Guitar Player . In 1984 , the Blues Foundation named him Entertainer of the Year and Blues Instrumentalist of the Year , and in 1987 , Performance Magazine honored him with Rhythm and Blues Act of the Year . Earning six Grammy Awards and ten Austin Music Awards , he was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 2000 , and the Musicians Hall of Fame in 2014 . Rolling Stone ranked Vaughan as the twelfth greatest guitarist of all time . In 2015 , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family and early life 1.1 First instruments 2 Music career 2.1 Early years 2.2 First recordings 2.3 Double Trouble 2.3. 1 Drug charge and trial 2.3. 2 Montreux Jazz Festival 2.3. 3 National success 2.3. 4 Texas Flood 2.3. 5 Could n't Stand the Weather 2.3. 6 Carnegie Hall 2.3. 7 Soul to Soul 2.3. 8 Live Alive 2.3. 9 Drugs and alcohol 2.3. 10 Live Alive tour 2.3. 11 In Step 3 Death 4 Musical style 5 Equipment 5.1 Guitars 5.2 Amplifiers and effects 6 Legacy 6.1 Awards and honors 7 Discography 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Citations 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Family and early life ( edit ) Vaughan 's great - grandfather , Robert Hodgen LaRue , circa 1900s Vaughan 's ancestry has been traced back to his great - grandfather , Robert Hodgen LaRue . Robert LaRue had a daughter named Laura Belle , Vaughan 's paternal grandmother . She married Thomas Lee Vaughan and moved to Rockwall County , Texas , where they lived by sharecropping . On September 6 , 1921 , they had a son named Jimmie Lee Vaughan . Steve 's father Jim Vaughan , also known as Big Jim , dropped out of school at age sixteen , and enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II . After his discharge , he married Martha Cook on January 13 , 1950 . Stephen Ray Vaughan was born on October 3 , 1954 , in Dallas , Texas ; he was three - and - a-half years younger than his brother Jimmie ( born 1951 ) . Big Jim secured a job as an asbestos worker , an occupation that involved rigorous manual effort . The family moved frequently , living in other states such as Arkansas , Louisiana , Mississippi , and Oklahoma before ultimately moving to the Oak Cliff section of Dallas . A shy and insecure boy , Vaughan was deeply affected by his childhood experiences . His father struggled with alcohol abuse , and often terrorised his family and friends with his bad temper . In later years , Vaughan recalled that he had been a victim of his father 's violence . His father died on August 27 , 1986 , exactly four years before Vaughan 's own death First instruments ( edit ) In the early 1960s , Vaughan 's admiration for his brother Jimmie resulted in him trying different instruments such as the drums and saxophone . In 1961 , for his seventh birthday , Vaughan received his first guitar , a toy from Sears with Western motif . Learning by ear , he diligently committed himself , following along to songs by the Nightcaps , particularly `` Wine , Wine , Wine '' and `` Thunderbird '' . He listened to blues artists such as Albert King , Otis Rush , and Muddy Waters , and rock guitarists such as Jimi Hendrix and Lonnie Mack , as well as jazz guitarists including Kenny Burrell . In 1963 , he acquired his first electric guitar , a Gibson ES - 125 T , as a hand - me - down from Jimmie . Soon after he acquired the electric guitar , Vaughan joined his first band , the Chantones , in 1965 . Their first gig was at a talent contest held in Dallas ' Hill Theatre , but after realizing that they could not perform a Jimmy Reed song in its entirety , Vaughan left the band and joined the Brooklyn Underground , playing professionally at local bars and clubs . He received Jimmie 's Fender Broadcaster , which he later traded for an Epiphone Riviera . When Jimmie left home at age sixteen , Vaughan 's apparent obsession with the instrument caused a lack of support from his parents . Miserable at home , he took a job at a local hamburger stand , where he washed dishes and dumped trash for seventy cents an hour . After falling into a barrel of grease , he grew tired of the job and quit to devote his life to a music career . Music career ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) In May 1969 , after leaving the Brooklyn Underground , Vaughan joined a band called the Southern Distributor . He had learned The Yardbirds ' `` Jeff 's Boogie '' and played the song at the audition . Mike Steinbach , the group 's drummer , commented : `` The kid was fourteen . We auditioned him on ' Jeff 's Boogie , ' really fast instrumental guitar , and he played it note for note . '' Although they played pop rock covers , Vaughan conveyed his interest in the addition of blues songs to the group 's repertoire ; he was told that he would n't earn a living playing blues music and the band parted ways . Later that year , bassist Tommy Shannon walked into a Dallas club and heard Vaughan playing guitar . Fascinated by the skillful playing , which he described as `` incredible even then '' , Shannon borrowed a bass guitar and the two jammed . Within a few years , they began performing together in a band called Krackerjack . In February 1970 , Vaughan joined a band called Liberation , which was a nine - piece group with a horn section . Having spent the past month briefly playing bass with Jimmie in Texas Storm , he had originally auditioned as bassist . Impressed by Vaughan 's guitar playing , Scott Phares , the group 's original guitarist , modestly became the bassist . In mid-1970 , they performed at the Adolphus Hotel in downtown Dallas , where ZZ Top asked them to perform . During Liberation 's break , Vaughan jammed with ZZ Top on the Nightcaps song `` Thunderbird '' . Phares later described the performance : `` They tore the house down . It was awesome . It was one of those magical evenings . Stevie fit in like a glove on a hand . '' Attending Justin F. Kimball High School during the early 1970s , Vaughan 's late - night gigs contributed to his neglect in his studies , including music theory ; he would often sleep during class . His musical career pursuit was disapproved by many of the school 's administrators , but he was also encouraged by many people to strive for a career in art , including his art teacher . In his sophomore year , he attended an evening class for experimental art at Southern Methodist University , but bailed when it conflicted with rehearsal . Vaughan later spoke of his dislike of the school and stated that he had to receive a daily note from the principal about his grooming . First recordings ( edit ) In September 1970 , Vaughan made his first studio recordings with the band Cast of Thousands , which included future actor Stephen Tobolowsky . They recorded two songs , `` Red , White and Blue '' and `` I Heard a Voice Last Night '' , for a compilation album , A New Hi , that featured various teenage bands from Dallas . In late January 1971 , feeling confined by playing pop hits with Liberation , Vaughan formed his own band , Blackbird . After growing tired of the Dallas music scene , he dropped out of school and moved with the band to Austin , Texas , which had more liberal and tolerant audiences . There , Vaughan initially took residence at the Rolling Hills Country Club , a venue that would later become the Soap Creek Saloon . Blackbird played at several clubs in Austin and opened shows for bands such as Sugarloaf , Wishbone Ash , and Zephyr , but could not maintain a consistent lineup . In early December 1972 , Vaughan left Blackbird and joined a rock band named Krackerjack ; he performed with them for less than three months . In March 1973 , Vaughan joined Marc Benno 's band , the Nightcrawlers , after meeting Benno at a jam session years before . The band featured vocalist Doyle Bramhall , who met Vaughan when he was twelve years old . The next month , the Nightcrawlers recorded an album at Sunset Sound Recorders in Hollywood for A&M Records . While the album was rejected by A&M , it included Vaughan 's first songwriting efforts , `` Dirty Pool '' and `` Crawlin ' '' . Soon afterward , he and the Nightcrawlers traveled back to Austin without Benno . In mid-1973 , they signed a contract with Bill Ham , manager for ZZ Top , and played various gigs across the South , though many of them were disastrous . Ham left the band stranded in Mississippi without any way to make it back home and demanded reimbursement from Vaughan for equipment expenses ; Ham was never reimbursed . In 1975 , Vaughan joined a six - piece band called Paul Ray and the Cobras that included guitarist Denny Freeman and saxophonist Joe Sublett . For the next two - and - a-half years , he earned a living performing weekly at a popular venue in town , the Soap Creek Saloon , and ultimately the newly opened Antone 's , widely known as Austin 's `` home of the blues '' . In late 1976 , Vaughan recorded a single with them , `` Other Days '' as the A-side and `` Texas Clover '' as the B - side . Playing guitar on both tracks , the single was released on February 7 , 1977 . In March , readers of the Austin Sun voted them as Band of the Year . In addition to playing with the Cobras , Vaughan jammed with many of his influences at Antone 's , including Buddy Guy , Hubert Sumlin , Jimmy Rogers , Lightnin ' Hopkins , and Albert King . Vaughan toured with the Cobras during much of 1977 , but near the end of September , after they decided to strive for a mainstream musical direction , he left the band and formed Triple Threat Revue , which included singer Lou Ann Barton , bassist W.C. Clark , and drummer Fredde Pharaoh . In January 1978 , they recorded four songs in Austin , including Vaughan 's composition `` I 'm Cryin ' '' . The thirty - minute audio recording marks the only known studio recording of the band . Double Trouble ( edit ) Double Trouble in 1983 . From left to right : Chris Layton , Vaughan and Tommy Shannon . In mid-May 1978 , Clark left to form his own group and Vaughan renamed the band Double Trouble , taken from the title of an Otis Rush song . Following the recruitment of bassist Jackie Newhouse , Pharaoh quit in July , and was briefly replaced by Jack Moore , who had moved to Texas from Boston ; he performed with the band for about two months . Vaughan then began looking for a drummer and soon after , he met Chris Layton through Sublett , who was his roommate . Layton , who had recently parted ways with Greezy Wheels , was taught by Vaughan to play a shuffle rhythm . When Vaughan offered Layton the position , he agreed . In early July , Vaughan befriended Lenora Bailey , known as `` Lenny '' , who became his girlfriend , and ultimately his wife . The marriage was to last for six and a half years . In early October 1978 , Vaughan and Double Trouble earned a frequent residency performing at one of Austin 's most popular nightspots , the Rome Inn . During a performance , Edi Johnson , an accountant at Manor Downs , noticed Vaughan . She remembered : `` I 'm not an authority on music -- it 's whatever turned me on -- but this did . '' She recommended him to Manor Downs owner Frances Carr and general manager Chesley Millikin , who was interested in managing artists , and saw Vaughan 's musical potential . After Barton quit Double Trouble in mid-November 1979 , Millikin signed Vaughan to a management contract . Vaughan also hired Robert `` Cutter '' Brandenburg as road manager , whom he had met in 1969 . Addressing him as Stevie Ray , Brandenburg convinced Vaughan to use his middle name on stage . In October 1980 , bassist Tommy Shannon attended a Double Trouble performance at Rockefeller 's in Houston . Shannon , who was playing with Alan Haynes at the time , participated in a jam session with Vaughan and Layton halfway through their set . Shannon later commented : `` I went down there that night , and I 'll never forget this : it was like , when I walked in the door and I heard them playing , it was like a revelation -- ' That 's where I want to be ; that 's where I belong , right there . ' During the break , I went up to Stevie and told him that . I did n't try to sneak around and hide it from the bass player ( Jackie Newhouse ) -- I did n't know if he was listening or not . I just really wanted to be in that band . I sat in that night and it sounded great . '' Almost three months later , when Vaughan offered Shannon the position , he readily accepted . Drug charge and trial ( edit ) On December 5 , 1979 , while Vaughan was in a dressing room before a performance in Houston , an off - duty police officer arrested him after witnessing his usage of cocaine near an open window . He was formally charged with cocaine possession and subsequently released on $1,000 bail . Double Trouble was the opening act for Muddy Waters , who observed Vaughan 's substance abuse : `` Stevie could perhaps be the greatest guitar player that ever lived , but he wo n't live to get 40 years old if he does n't leave that white powder alone . '' The following year , he was required to return on January 16 and February 29 for court appearances . During the final court date , which took place on April 17 , 1980 , Vaughan was sentenced with two years of probation and was prohibited from leaving Texas . Along with a stipulation of entering treatment for drug abuse , he was required to `` avoid persons or places of known disreputable or harmful character '' ; he refused to comply with both of these orders . After a lawyer was hired , his probation officer had the sentence revised to allow him to work outside of the state . The incident later caused him to refuse maid service while staying in hotels during concert tours . Montreux jazz Festival ( edit ) Although popular in Texas at the time , Double Trouble failed to gain national attention . The group 's luck progressed when record producer Jerry Wexler recommended them to Claude Nobs , organizer of the Montreux Jazz Festival . He insisted that the festival 's blues night would be great with Vaughan , whom he called `` a jewel , one of those rarities who comes along once in a lifetime '' , and Nobs agreed to book Double Trouble on July 17 . Vaughan opened with a medley arrangement of Freddie King 's song `` Hide Away '' and his own fast instrumental composition , `` Rude Mood '' . Double Trouble went on to perform renditions of Larry Davis ' `` Texas Flood '' , Hound Dog Taylor 's `` Give Me Back My Wig '' , and Albert Collins ' `` Collins Shuffle '' , as well as three original compositions : `` Pride and Joy '' , `` Love Struck Baby '' , and `` Dirty Pool '' . The set ended with boos from the audience . People 's James McBride wrote : `` He seemed to come out of nowhere , a Zorro - type figure in a riverboat gambler 's hat , roaring into the ' 82 Montreux festival with a ' 59 Stratocaster at his hip and two flame - throwing sidekicks he called Double Trouble . He had no album , no record contract , no name , but he reduced the stage to a pile of smoking cinders and , afterward , everyone wanted to know who he was . '' According to road manager Don Opperman : `` The way I remember it , the ' ooos ' and the ' boos ' were mixed together , but Stevie was pretty disappointed . Stevie ( had ) just handed me his guitar and walked off stage , and I 'm like , ' Are you coming back ? ' There was a doorway back there ; the audience could n't see the guys , but I could . He went back to the dressing room with his head in his hands . I went back there finally , and that was the end of the show . '' According to Vaughan : `` It was n't the whole crowd ( that booed ) . It was just a few people sitting right up front . The room there was built for acoustic jazz . When five or six people boo , wow . It sounds like the whole world hates you . They thought we were too loud , but shoot , I had four army blankets folded over my amp , and the volume level was on 2 . I 'm used to playin ' on 10 ! '' The performance was filmed and later released on DVD in September 2004 . On the following night , Double Trouble was booked in the lounge of the Montreux Casino , with Jackson Browne in attendance . Browne jammed with Double Trouble until the early morning hours and offered them free use of his personal recording studio in downtown Los Angeles . In late November the band accepted his offer and recorded ten songs in two days . While they were in the studio , Vaughan received a telephone call from David Bowie , who met him after the Montreux performance , and he invited him to participate in a recording session for his next studio album , Let 's Dance . In January 1983 , Vaughan recorded guitar on six of the album 's eight songs , including the title track and `` China Girl '' . The album was released on April 14 , 1983 and sold over three times as many copies as Bowie 's previous album . National success ( edit ) In mid-March 1983 , Gregg Geller , vice president of A&R at Epic Records , signed Double Trouble to the label at the recommendation of record producer John Hammond . Soon afterward , Epic financed a music video for `` Love Struck Baby '' , which was filmed at the Cherry Tavern in New York City . Vaughan recalled : `` We changed the name of the place in the video . Four years ago I got married in a club where we used to play all the time called the Rome Inn . When they closed it down , the owner gave me the sign , so in the video we put that up behind me on the stage . '' With the success of Let 's Dance , Bowie requested Vaughan as the featured instrumentalist for the upcoming Serious Moonlight Tour , realizing that he was an essential aspect of the album 's groundbreaking success . In late April , Vaughan began rehearsals for the tour in Las Colinas , Texas . When contract renegotiations for his performance fee failed , Vaughan abandoned the tour days before its opening date , and he was replaced by Earl Slick . Vaughan commented : `` I could n't gear everything on something I did n't really care a whole lot about . It was kind of risky , but I really did n't need all the headaches . '' Although contributing factors were widely disputed , Vaughan soon gained major publicity for quitting the tour . On May 9 , the band performed at The Bottom Line in New York City , where they opened for Bryan Adams , with Hammond , Mick Jagger , John McEnroe , Rick Nielsen , Billy Gibbons , and Johnny Winter in attendance . Brandenburg described the performance as `` ungodly '' : `` I think Stevie played every lick as loud and as hard and with as much intensity as I 've ever heard him . '' The successful performance earned Vaughan a positive review published in the New York Post , asserting that Double Trouble outperformed Adams . `` Fortunately , Bryan Adams , the Canadian rocker who is opening arena dates for Journey , does n't headline too often '' , wrote Martin Porter , who claimed that after the band 's performance , the stage had been `` rendered to cinders by the most explosively original showmanship to grace the New York stage in some time . '' Texas Flood ( edit ) Main article : Texas Flood After acquiring the recordings from Browne 's studio , Double Trouble began assembling the material for a full - length LP . The album , Texas Flood , opens with the track `` Love Struck Baby '' , which was written for Lenny on their `` love - struck day '' . He composed `` Pride and Joy '' and `` I 'm Cryin ' '' for one of his former girlfriends , Lindi Bethel , and are both musically similar , but their lyrics are two different perspectives of their prior relationship . Along with covers of Howlin ' Wolf , The Isley Brothers , and Buddy Guy , the album included Vaughan 's cover of Larry Davis ' `` Texas Flood '' , a song which he became strongly associated with . `` Lenny '' served as a tribute to his wife , which he composed at the end of their bed . Texas Flood featured cover art by illustrator Brad Holland , who is known for his artwork for Playboy and The New York Times . Originally envisioned with Vaughan sitting on a horse depicting a promotable resemblance , Holland painted an image of him leaning against a wall with a guitar , using a photograph as a reference . Released on June 13 , 1983 , Texas Flood peaked at number 38 and ultimately sold half a million copies . While Rolling Stone editor Kurt Loder asserted that Vaughan did not possess a distinctive voice , according to AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine , the release was a `` monumental impact '' . Billboard described it as `` a guitar boogie lovers delight '' . Agent Alex Hodges commented : `` No one knew how big that record would be , because guitar players were n't necessarily in vogue , except for some that were so established they were undeniable ... he was one of the few artists that was recouped on every record in a short period of time . '' On June 16 , Vaughan gave a performance at Tango nightclub in Dallas , which celebrated the album 's release . Assorted VIPs attended the performance , including Ted Nugent , Sammy Hagar , and members of The Kinks and Uriah Heep . Jack Chase , vice president of marketing for Epic , recalled : `` The coming - out party at Tango was very important ; it was absolutely huge . All the radio station personalities , DJs , program directors , all the retail record store owners and the important managers , press , all the executives from New York came down -- about seven hundred people . We attacked in Dallas first with Q102 - FM and ( DJ ) Redbeard . We had the Tango party -- it was hot . It was the ticket . '' The Dallas Morning News reviewed the performance , starting with the rhetorical question , `` What if Stevie Ray Vaughan had an album release party and everybody came ? It happened Thursday night at Tango ... The adrenalin must have been gushing through the musicians ' veins as they performed with rare finesse and skill . '' Following a brief tour in Europe , Hodges arranged an engagement for Double Trouble as The Moody Blues ' opening act during a two - month tour of North America . Hodges stated that many people disliked the idea of Double Trouble opening for The Moody Blues , but asserted that a common thread that both bands shared was `` album - oriented rock '' . Shannon described the tour as `` glorious '' : `` Our record had n't become that successful yet , but we were playing in front of coliseums full of people . We just went out and played , and it fit like a glove . The sound rang through those big coliseums like a monster . People were going crazy , and they had no idea who we were ! '' After appearing on the television series Austin City Limits , the band played a sold - out concert at New York City 's Beacon Theatre . Variety wrote that their ninety - minute set at the Beacon `` left no doubt that this young Texas musician is indeed the ' guitar hero of the present era . ' '' Could n't Stand the Weather ( edit ) Main article : Could n't Stand the Weather In January 1984 , Double Trouble began recording their second studio album , Could n't Stand the Weather , at the Power Station , with John Hammond as executive producer and engineer Richard Mullen . Layton later recalled working with Hammond : `` He was kind of like a nice hand on your shoulder , as opposed to someone that jumped in and said , ' Let 's redo this , let 's do that more . ' He did n't get involved in that way at all . He was a feedback person . '' As the sessions began , Vaughan 's cover of Bob Geddins ' `` Tin Pan Alley '' was recorded while audio levels were being checked . Layton remembers the performance : `` ... we did probably the quietest version we ever did up ' til that point . We ended it and ( Hammond ) said , ' That 's the best that song will ever sound , ' and we went , ' We have n't even got sounds , have we ? ' He goes , ' That does n't matter . That 's the best you 'll ever do that song . ' We tried it again five , six , seven times -- I ca n't even remember . But it never quite sounded like it did that first time . '' During recording sessions , Vaughan began experimenting with other combinations of musicians , including Fran Christina and Stan Harrison , who played drums and saxophone respectively on the jazz instrumental , `` Stang 's Swang '' . Jimmie Vaughan played rhythm guitar on his cover of Guitar Slim 's `` The Things That I Used to Do '' and the title track , the latter of which Vaughan carries a worldly message in his lyrics . According to musicologist Andy Aledort , Vaughan 's guitar playing throughout the song is marked by steady rhythmic strumming patterns and improvised lead lines , with a distinctive R&B and soul single - note riff , doubled in octaves by guitar and bass . Could n't Stand the Weather was released on May 15 , 1984 , and two weeks later it had rapidly outpaced the sales of Texas Flood . It peaked at number 31 and spent 38 weeks on the charts . The album includes Vaughan 's cover of Jimi Hendrix 's song , `` Voodoo Child ( Slight Return ) '' , which provoked inevitable comparisons to Hendrix . According to Allmusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine , Could n't Stand the Weather `` confirmed that the acclaimed debut was no fluke , while matching , if not bettering , the sales of its predecessor , thereby cementing Vaughan 's status as a giant of modern blues . '' According to authors Joe Nick Patoski and Bill Crawford , the album `` was a major turning point in Stevie Ray Vaughan 's development '' and Vaughan 's singing improved . Carnegie Hall ( edit ) On October 4 , 1984 , Vaughan headlined a performance at Carnegie Hall that included many guest musicians . For the second half of the concert , he added Jimmie as rhythm guitarist , drummer George Rains , keyboardist Dr. John , Roomful of Blues horn section , and featured vocalist Angela Strehli . The ensemble rehearsed for less than two weeks before the performance , and despite the solid dynamics of Double Trouble for the first half of the performance , according to Patoski and Crawford , the big band concept never entirely took form . Before arriving at the engagement , the venue sold out , which made Vaughan extremely excited and nervous as he did not calm down until halfway through the third song . A benefit for the T.J. Martell Foundation 's work in leukemia and cancer research , he was an important draw for the event . As his scheduled time slot drew closer , he indicated that he preferred traveling to the venue by limousine to avoid being swarmed by fans on the street ; the band took the stage around 8 : 00 p.m. The audience of 2,200 people , which included Vaughan 's wife , family and friends , transformed the venue into what Stephen Holden of The New York Times described as `` a whistling , stomping roadhouse '' . Introduced by Hammond as `` one of the greatest guitar players of all time '' , Vaughan opened with `` Scuttle Buttin ' '' , wearing a custom - made mariachi suit he described as a `` Mexican tuxedo '' . Double Trouble went on to perform renditions of The Isley Brothers ' `` Testify '' , The Jimi Hendrix Experience 's `` Voodoo Child ( Slight Return ) '' , `` Tin Pan Alley '' , Elmore James ' `` The Sky Is Crying '' , and W.C. Clark 's `` Cold Shot '' , along with four original compositions including `` Love Struck Baby '' , `` Honey Bee '' , `` Could n't Stand the Weather '' , and `` Rude Mood '' . During the second half of the performance , Vaughan performed covers by Larry Davis , Buddy Guy , Guitar Slim , Albert King , Jackie Wilson , and Albert Collins . The set ended with Vaughan performing solo renditions of `` Lenny '' and `` Rude Mood '' . The Dallas Times - Herald wrote that Carnegie Hall `` was full of stomping feet and swaying bodies , kids in blue jeans hanging off the balconies , dancing bodies that clogged the aisles . '' The New York Times asserted that , despite the venue 's `` muddy '' acoustics , their performance was `` filled with verve '' , and Vaughan 's playing was `` handsomely displayed '' . Jimmie Vaughan later commented : `` I was worried the crowd might be a little stiff . Turned out they 're just like any other beer joint . '' Vaughan commented : `` We wo n't be limited to just the trio , although that does n't mean we 'll stop doing the trio . I 'm planning on doing that too . I ai n't gon na stay in one place . If I do , I 'm stupid . '' The performance was recorded and later released as an official live LP . The album was released on July 29 , 1997 by Epic Records ; it was ultimately certified gold . Immediately after the concert , Vaughan attended a private party at a downtown club in New York , which was sponsored by MTV , where he was greeted by an hour 's worth of supporters . On the following day , Double Trouble made an appearance at a record store in Greenwich Village , where they signed autographs for fans . In late October 1984 , the band toured Australia and New Zealand , which included one of their first appearances on Australian television -- on Hey Hey It 's Saturday -- where they performed `` Texas Flood '' , and an interview on Sounds . On November 5 and 9 , they played sold - out concerts at the Sydney Opera House . Upon returning to the US , Double Trouble went on a brief tour in California . Soon afterward , Vaughan and Lenny went to the island of Saint Croix , on the US Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea , where they had spent some time vacationing in December . The next month , Double Trouble flew to Japan , where they appeared for five performances , including at Kosei Nenkin Kaikan in Osaka . Soul to Soul ( edit ) Main article : Soul to Soul ( album ) In March 1985 , recording for Double Trouble 's third studio album , Soul to Soul , began at the Dallas Sound Lab . As the sessions progressed , Vaughan became increasingly frustrated with his own lack of inspiration . He was also allowed a relaxed pace of recording the album , which contributed to a lack of focus due to excesses in alcohol and other drugs . Roadie Byron Barr later recalled : `` The routine was to go to the studio , do dope , and play ping - pong . '' Vaughan , who found it increasingly difficult to be able to play rhythm guitar parts and sing at the same time , wanted to add another dimension to the band , so he hired keyboardist Reese Wynans to record on the album ; he joined the band soon thereafter . During the album 's production , Vaughan appeared at the Houston Astrodome on April 10 , 1985 , where he performed a slide guitar rendition of the US national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' ; his performance was met with booing . Upon leaving the stage , Vaughan acquired an autograph from Mickey Mantle , who was a former player for the New York Yankees . Astrodome publicist Molly Glentzer wrote in the Houston Press : `` As Vaughan shuffled back behind home plate , he was only lucid enough to know that he wanted Mickey Mantle 's autograph . Mantle obliged . ' I never signed a guitar before . ' Nobody asked Vaughan for his autograph . I was sure he 'd be dead before he hit 30 . '' Critics associated his performance with Jimi Hendrix 's rendition at Woodstock in 1969 , yet Vaughan disliked this comparison : `` I heard they even wrote about it in one of the music magazines and they tried to put the two versions side by side . I hate that stuff . His version was great . '' Released on September 30 , 1985 , Soul to Soul peaked at number 34 and remained on the Billboard 200 through mid-1986 , eventually certified gold . Critic Jimmy Guterman of Rolling Stone wrote : `` There 's some life left in their blues rock pastiche ; it 's also possible that they 've run out of gas . '' According to Patoski and Crawford , sales of the album `` did not match Could n't Stand the Weather , suggesting Stevie Ray and Double Trouble were plateauing '' . Vaughan commented : `` As far as what 's on there song-wise , I like the album a lot . It meant a lot to us what we went through to get this record . There were a lot of odds and we still stayed strong . We grew a lot with the people in the band and immediate friends around us ; we learned a lot and grew a lot closer . That has a lot to do with why it 's called ( Soul to Soul ) . '' Live Alive ( edit ) Main article : Live Alive After touring for nine and a half months , Epic requested a fourth album from Double Trouble as part of their contractual obligation . In July 1986 , Vaughan decided that they would record the LP , Live Alive , during three live appearances in Austin and Dallas . On July 17 and 18 , the band performed sold - out concerts at the Austin Opera House , and July 19 at the Dallas Starfest . They used recordings of these concerts to assemble the LP , which was produced by Vaughan . Shannon was backstage before the Austin concert and predicted to new manager Alex Hodges that both Vaughan and himself were `` headed for a brick wall '' . Guitarist Denny Freeman attended the Austin performances ; he called the shows a `` musical mess , because they would go into these chaotic jams with no control . I did n't know what exactly was going on , but I was concerned . '' Both Layton and Shannon remarked that their work schedule and drugs were causing the band to lose focus . According to Wynans : `` Things were getting illogical and crazy . '' The Live Alive album was released on November 17 , 1986 , and the only official live Double Trouble LP made commercially available during Vaughan 's lifetime , though it never appeared on the Billboard 200 chart . Though many critics claimed that most of the album was overdubbed , engineer Gary Olazabal , who mixed the album , asserted that most of the material was recorded poorly . Vaughan later admitted that it was not one of his better efforts ; he recalled : `` I was n't in very good shape when we recorded Live Alive . At the time , I did n't realize how bad a shape I was in . There were more fix - it jobs done on the album than I would have liked . Some of the work sounds like ( it was ) the work of half - dead people . There were some great notes that came out , but I just was n't in control ; nobody was . '' Drugs and alcohol ( edit ) In 1960 , when Vaughan was six years old , he began stealing his father 's drinks . Drawn in by its effects , he started making his own drinks and this resulted in alcohol dependency . He explained : `` That 's when I first started stealing daddy 's drinks . Or when my parents were gone , I 'd find the bottle and make myself one . I thought it was cool ... thought the kids down the street would think it was cool . That 's where it began , and I had been depending on it ever since . '' According to the authors Joe Nick Patoski and Bill Crawford : `` In the ensuing twenty - five years , he had worked his way through the Physicians ' Desk Reference before finding his poisons of preference -- alcohol and cocaine . '' Stevie and I reached this point where we had to have the drugs and alcohol all the time . If the phone would ring in the morning and wake us up , we could n't answer the phone before we had some alcohol . -- Tommy Shannon While Vaughan asserted that he first experienced the effects of cocaine when a doctor prescribed him a liquid solution of the stimulant as a nasal spray , according to Patoski and Crawford , the earliest that Vaughan is known to have ingested the drug is in 1975 , while performing with the Cobras . Before that , Vaughan had briefly used other drugs such as cannabis , methamphetamine , and Quaaludes , the brand name for methaqualone . After 1975 , he regularly drank whiskey and used cocaine , particularly mixing the two substances together . According to Hopkins , by the time of Double Trouble 's European tour in September 1986 , `` his lifestyle of substance abuse had reached a peak , probably better characterized as the bottom of a deep chasm . '' At the height of Vaughan 's substance abuse , he drank 1 US quart ( 0.95 L ) of whiskey and used one - quarter of an ounce ( 7 g ) of cocaine each day . Personal assistant Tim Duckworth explained : `` I would make sure he would eat breakfast instead of waking up drinking every morning , which was probably the worst thing he was doing . '' According to Vaughan : `` It got to the point where if I 'd try to say `` Hi '' to somebody , I would just fall apart crying . It was like solid doom . '' In September 1986 , Double Trouble traveled to Denmark for a one - month tour of Europe . During the late night hours of September 28 , Vaughan became ill after a performance in Ludwigshafen , Germany , suffering from near - death dehydration , for which he received medical treatment . The incident resulted in his checking into The London Clinic under the care of Dr. Victor Bloom , who warned him that he was a month away from death . After staying in London for more than a week , he returned to the United States and entered Peachford Hospital in Atlanta , where he spent four weeks in rehabilitation ; Shannon checked into rehab in Austin . Live Alive tour ( edit ) Vaughan 's childhood home in the Oak Cliff suburb of Dallas In November 1986 , following his departure from rehab , Vaughan moved back into his mother 's Glenfield Avenue house in Dallas , which is where he had spent much of his childhood . During this time , Double Trouble began rehearsals for the Live Alive tour . Although Vaughan was nervous about performing after achieving sobriety , he received positive reassurance . Wynans later recalled : `` Stevie was real worried about playing after he 'd gotten sober ... he did n't know if he had anything left to offer . Once we got back out on the road , he was very inspired and motivated . '' The tour began on November 23 at Towson State University , which was Vaughan 's first performance with Double Trouble after rehab . On December 31 , 1986 , they played a concert at Atlanta 's Fox Theatre , which featured encore performances with Lonnie Mack . As the tour progressed , Vaughan was longing to work on material for his next LP , but in January 1987 , he filed for a divorce from Lenny , which restricted him of any projects until the proceedings were finalized . This prevented him from writing and recording songs for almost two years , but Double Trouble wrote the song `` Crossfire '' with Bill Carter and Ruth Ellsworth . Layton recalled : `` Basically , we wrote the music , and they had to write the lyrics . We had just gotten together ; Stevie was unable to be there at that time . He was in Dallas doing some things , and we just got together and started writing some songs . That was the first one we wrote . '' On August 6 , 1987 , Double Trouble appeared at the Austin Aqua Festival , where they played to one of the largest audiences of their career . According to biographer Craig Hopkins , as many as 20,000 people attended the concert . Following a month - long tour as the opening act for Robert Plant in May 1988 , which included a concert at Toronto 's Maple Leaf Gardens , the band was booked for a European leg , which included 22 performances , and ended in Oulu , Finland on July 17 . This would be Vaughan 's last concert appearance in Europe . In Step ( edit ) Main article : In Step After Vaughan 's divorce with Lenora `` Lenny '' Darlene Bailey became final , recording for Double Trouble 's fourth and final studio album , In Step , began at Kiva Studios in Memphis , Tennessee , working with producer Jim Gaines and co-songwriter Doyle Bramhall . Initially , he had doubts about his musical and creative abilities after achieving sobriety , but he gained confidence as the sessions progressed . Shannon later recalled : `` In Step was , for him , a big growing experience . In my opinion , it 's our best studio album , and I think he felt that way , too . '' Bramhall , who had also entered rehab , wrote songs with Vaughan about addiction and redemption . According to Vaughan , the album was titled In Step because `` I 'm finally in step with life , in step with myself , in step with my music . '' The album 's liner notes include the quote `` Thank God the elevator 's broken , '' a reference to the twelve - step program proposed by Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . After the In Step recording sessions moved to Los Angeles , Vaughan added horn players Joe Sublett and Darrell Leonard , who played saxophone and trumpet respectively on both `` Crossfire '' and `` Love Me Darlin ' '' . Shortly before the album 's production was complete , Vaughan and Double Trouble appeared at a presidential inaugural party in Washington , D.C. for George H.W. Bush . In Step was released on June 13 , 1989 , and eight months later , it was certified gold . The album was Vaughan 's most commercially successful release and his first one to win a Grammy Award . It peaked at number 33 on the Billboard 200 , spending 47 weeks on the chart . In Step included the song , `` Crossfire '' , which was written by Double Trouble , Bill Carter , and Ruth Ellsworth ; it became his only number one hit . The album also included one of his first recordings to feature the use of a Fuzz Face on Vaughan 's cover of the Howlin ' Wolf song , `` Love Me Darlin ' '' . In July 1989 , Neil Perry , a writer for Sounds magazine , `` The album closes with the brow - soothing swoon of ' Riviera Paradise , ' a slow , lengthy guitar and piano workout that proves just why Vaughan is to the guitar what Nureyev is to ballet . '' According to music journalist Robert Christgau , Vaughan was `` writing blues for AA ... he escapes the blues undamaged for the first time in his career . '' In October 1989 , the Boca Raton News described Vaughan 's guitar solos as `` determined , clear - headed and downright stinging '' and his lyrics as `` tension - filled allegories '' . Death ( edit ) Main article : Death of Stevie Ray Vaughan On August 26 , 1990 , Vaughan performed two shows with Eric Clapton at Alpine Valley Music Theatre in East Troy , Wisconsin . Some of the musicians boarded four Chicago - bound helicopters , which were waiting on a nearby golf course . Vaughan , along with three members of Eric Clapton 's entourage ( agent Bobby Brooks , bodyguard Nigel Browne , and assistant tour manager Colin Smythe ) , boarded the third of the four helicopters -- a Bell 206B Jet Ranger -- flying to Meigs Field . In Clapton : The Autobiography , Clapton explains that , contrary to rumors , his seat was not given to Vaughan , but three members of Clapton 's entourage were on board with Vaughan . According to a witness , there was haze and fog with patches of low clouds . The helicopter took off at about 12 : 50 am ( CDT ) on August 27 and , despite the conditions , turned left towards a 150 - foot ski hill adjacent to the golf course . It collided with the hill approximately fifty feet from the summit . All on board , including the pilot , Jeff Brown , were killed instantly . According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , a veteran pilot for Alpine Valley suspected that Brown attempted to fly around the ski hill , but misjudged the location . The Civil Air Patrol was notified of the accident at 4 : 30 am , and located the crash site almost three hours later . Clapton and Jimmie Vaughan were asked to identify the bodies . The Walworth County coroner conducted an autopsy and found that Vaughan suffered from multiple internal and skull injuries . Clapton issued a statement the next day , saying that the victims `` were my companions , my associates and my friends . This is a tragic loss of some very special people . I will miss all of them very much . '' A Coptic cross necklace , worn by Vaughan , was given to Jimmie Vaughan . Vaughan 's memorial was held on August 30 , 1990 , at Laurel Land Cemetery in Dallas , where he was buried next to his father , and was preceded by a private chapel service for close friends and family . Reverend Barry Bailey of the United Methodist Church in Fort Worth , who was Vaughan 's AA sponsor , opened the service with personal thoughts : `` We 're here to thank God for this man 's life . He was a genius , a superstar , a musician 's musician . He captured the hearts of thousands and thousands of people . I am thankful for the impact of this man 's influence on thousands of people in getting his own life together in the name of God . '' Kim Wilson , Jeff Healey , David Bowie , Charlie Sexton , ZZ Top , Colin James , and Buddy Guy attended the event . Stevie Wonder , Jackson Browne , and Bonnie Raitt sang `` Amazing Grace '' at the event . Nile Rodgers gave a eulogy , while a member of the Nightcrawlers read chapters five and eleven from The Big Book , the foundation of Alcoholics Anonymous . In 1995 , the Vaughan family received an undisclosed settlement for wrongful death . Musical style ( edit ) Vaughan 's music took root in blues , rock , and jazz . He was influenced by the work of artists such as Jimi Hendrix , Albert King , B.B. King , Freddie King , Albert Collins , Johnny `` Guitar '' Watson , Buddy Guy , Howlin ' Wolf , Otis Rush , Guitar Slim , Chuck Berry , and Muddy Waters . According to nightclub owner Clifford Antone , who opened Antone 's in 1975 , Vaughan jammed with Albert King at Antone 's in July 1977 and almost `` scared him to death '' , saying that `` it was the best I 've ever saw Albert or the best I ever saw Stevie '' . He was also influenced by jazz guitarists like Django Reinhardt , Wes Montgomery , Kenny Burrell , and George Benson . While Albert King had a substantial influence on Vaughan , Jimi Hendrix was Vaughan 's greatest inspiration . Vaughan declared : `` I love Hendrix for so many reasons . He was so much more than just a blues guitarist -- he played damn well any kind of guitar he wanted . In fact I 'm not sure if he even played the guitar -- he played music . '' Vaughan owed his guitar technique in large part to Lonnie Mack . Vaughan said , `` I got a lot of my fast stuff from Lonnie '' and observed in live performance that Mack was `` ahead of his time '' . In 1987 , Vaughan listed Mack first among the guitarists he listened to , both as a youngster and as an adult . Mack recalled his first meeting with Vaughan in 1978 : `` We was in Texas looking for pickers , and we went out to see the Thunderbirds . Jimmie was saying , ' Man , you got ta hear my little brother . He plays all your ( songs ) . ' He was playing a little place called the Rome Inn , and we went over there and checked him out . As it would be , when I walked in the door , he was playing ' Wham ! ' And I said , ' Dadgum . ' He was playing it right . I 'd been playing it wrong for a long time and needed to go back and listen to my original record . That was in ' 78 , I believe . '' Vaughan owed part of his enduring style -- especially his use of tremolo picking and vibrato -- to Mack . He acknowledged that Mack taught him to `` play guitar from the heart '' . Vaughan 's relationship with another Texas blues legend , Johnny Winter , was a little more complex . Although they met several times , and often played sessions with the same musicians or even performed the same material , as in the case of Boot Hill , Vaughan always refrained from acknowledging Winter in any form . In his biography , `` Raisin ' Cain '' , Winter says that he was unnerved after reading Vaughan stating in an interview that he never met or knew Johnny Winter . `` We even played together over at Tommy Shannon 's house one time . '' Vaughan settled the issue in 1988 on the occasion of a Blues Festival in Europe where both he and Winter were on the bill , explaining that he has been misquoted and that `` Every musician in Texas knows Johnny and has learned something from him '' . Asked to compare their playing styles in an interview in 2010 , Winter admitted that `` mine 's a little bit rawer , I think . '' Equipment ( edit ) Main article : Stevie Ray Vaughan 's musical instruments Guitars ( edit ) Vaughan owned and used a variety of guitars during his career . His guitar of choice , and the instrument that he became most associated with , was the Fender Stratocaster , his favorite being a 1963 body , with a 1962 neck , and pickups dated from 1959 . This is why Vaughan usually referred to his Stratocaster as a , `` 1959 Strat . '' He explained why he favored this guitar in a 1983 interview : `` I like the strength of its sound . Any guitar I play has got to be pretty versatile . It 's got a big , strong tone and it 'll take anything I do to it . '' Vaughan also referred to this instrument as his `` first wife , '' or , `` Number One . '' Another favourite guitar , was a slightly later Strat he named ' Lenny ' after his wife , Lenora . While at a local pawn shop in 1980 , Vaughan had noticed this particular guitar , a 1965 Stratocaster that had been refinished in red , with the original sunburst finish peeking through . It also had a 1910 Mandolin inlay just below the bridge . The pawn shop was asking $300 for it , which was way more than Vaughan had at the time . Lenny saw how badly he wanted this guitar , so she got six of their friends to chip in $50 each , and bought it for him . The guitar was presented to him on his birthday in 1980 , and that night , after bringing `` Lenny '' ( the guitar , and wife ) home with him , he wrote the song , `` Lenny . '' He started using a borrowed Stratocaster during high school and used Stratocasters predominantly in his live performances and recordings , although he did play other guitars , including custom guitars . One of the custom guitars -- nicknamed `` Main '' -- was built by James Hamilton of Hamiltone Guitars in Buffalo , New York . It was a gift from Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top . Gibbons had commissioned Hamilton to build the guitar in 1979 . There were some delays , including having to re-do the mother of pearl inlay of Vaughan 's name on the fretboard when he changed his stage name from Stevie Vaughan to Stevie Ray Vaughan . The guitar was presented to him by Jim Hamilton on April 29 , 1984 . Jim Hamilton recalls that Stevie Ray Vaughan was so happy with the guitar that he played it that night at Springfest on the University of Buffalo campus . It remained one of the main guitars he used on stage and in studio . Vaughan made some alterations to the guitar , including replacing the bronze color Gibson knobs with white Fender knobs , as he preferred the ribbing on the Fender knobs . The pickups had to be changed after the guitar was used in the `` Could n't Stand the Weather '' video , in which Stevie and `` Main '' were drenched with water , and the pickups were ruined . The guitar was also used in the `` Cold Shot '' video . Jim Hamilton signed Stevie Ray Vaughan reproduction guitar # 01 Jim Hamilton signature on rear of headstock Vaughan bought many Stratocasters and gave some away as gifts . A sunburst Diplomat Strat - style guitar was purchased by Vaughan and given to his girlfriend Janna Lapidus to learn to play on . Vaughan used a custom set of uncommonly heavy strings , gauges . 013 , . 015 , . 019 , . 028 , . 038 , . 058 , and tuned a half - step below standard tuning . He played with so much tension that it was not uncommon for him to separate his fingernail from the quick movement along the strings . The owner of an Austin club recalled Vaughan coming into the office between sets to borrow some super glue , which he used to keep fingernail split from widening while he continued to play . The super glue was suggested by Rene Martinez , who was Stevie 's guitar technician . Martinez eventually convinced Stevie to change to slightly lighter strings . He preferred a guitar neck with an asymmetrical profile ( thicker at the top ) which was more comfortable for his thumb - over style of playing . Heavy use of the vibrato bar necessitated frequent replacements ; Vaughan often had his roadie , Byron Barr , obtain custom stainless steel bars made by Barr 's father . Vaughan was also photographed playing a National Duolian , Epiphone Riviera , Gibson Flying V , as well as several other models . Vaughan used a Gibson Johnny Smith to record `` Stang 's Swang '' , and a Guild 12 - string acoustic for his performance on MTV Unplugged in January 1990 . On June 24 , 2004 , one of Vaughan 's Stratocasters , the aforementioned `` Lenny '' strat , was sold at an auction to benefit Eric Clapton 's Crossroads Centre in Antigua ; the instrument was bought by Guitar Center for $623,500 . Amplifiers and effects ( edit ) Vaughan was a catalyst in the revival of vintage amplifiers and effects during the 1980s . His loud volume and use of heavy strings required powerful and robust amplifiers . Vaughan used two black - face Fender Super Reverbs , which were crucial in shaping his clear overdriven sound . He would often blend other amps with the Super Reverbs , including black - face Fender Vibroverbs , and brands such as Dumble , and Marshall , which he used for his clean sound . While his mainstay effects were the Ibanez Tube Screamer and a Vox wah - wah pedal , Vaughan experimented with a range of effects . He used a Fender Vibratone , designed as a Leslie speaker for electric guitars , and provided a warbling chorus effect , which can be heard on the track `` Cold Shot '' . He used a vintage Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face that can be heard on In Step , as well as an Octavia . The Guitar Geek website provides a detailed illustration of Vaughan 's 1985 equipment set up based on interviews with his guitar tech and effects builder , Cesar Diaz . Legacy ( edit ) The Stevie Ray Vaughan Memorial in Austin , TX Vaughan throughout his career revived blues rock and paved the way for many other artists . Vaughan 's work continues to influence numerous blues , rock and alternative artists , including John Mayer , Kenny Wayne Shepherd , Mike McCready , Albert Cummings , Los Lonely Boys and Chris Duarte , among others . Allmusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine described Vaughan as `` the leading light in American blues '' and developed `` a uniquely eclectic and fiery style that sounded like no other guitarist , regardless of genre '' . In 1983 , Variety magazine called Vaughan the `` guitar hero of the present era '' . In the months that followed his death , Vaughan sold over 5.5 million albums in the United States . On September 25 , 1990 , Epic released Family Style , an LP the Vaughan brothers cut at Ardent Studios in Memphis , Tennessee . The label released several promotional singles and videos for the collaborative effort . In November 1990 , CMV Enterprises released Pride and Joy , a collection of eight Double Trouble music videos . Sony signed a deal with the Vaughan estate to obtain control of his back catalog , as well as permission to release albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released work . On October 29 , 1991 , The Sky Is Crying was released as Vaughan 's first posthumous album with Double Trouble , and featured studio recordings from 1984 -- 1985 . Other compilations , live albums , and films have also been released since his death . On October 3 , 1991 , former Texas governor Ann Richards proclaimed `` Stevie Ray Vaughan Commemoration Day '' , during which a memorial concert was held at the Texas Theatre . In 1993 , a memorial statue of Vaughan was unveiled on Auditorium Shores and is the first public monument of a musician in Austin . In September 1994 , a Stevie Ray Vaughan Memorial Run for Recovery was held in Dallas ; the event was a benefit for the Ethel Daniels Foundation , established to help those in recovery from alcoholism and drug addiction who can not afford treatment . In 2005 , Martha Vaughan established the Stevie Ray Vaughan Scholarship , awarded by W.E. Greiner Middle School to students who intend to attend college and pursue the arts as a profession . Awards and honors ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Stevie Ray Vaughan Vaughan won five W.C. Handy Awards and was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 2000 . In 1985 , he was named an honorary admiral in the Texas Navy . Vaughan had a single number - one hit on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for the song `` Crossfire '' . His album sales in the US stand at over 15 million units . Family Style , released shortly after his death , won the 1991 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album and became his best - selling , non-Double Trouble studio album with over a million shipments in the US . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked him seventh among the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Players of All Time '' . He also became eligible for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008 , but did not appear on a nominations roster until 2014 . He was inducted in the RRHOF alongside Double Trouble in 2015 . Guitar World Magazine ranked him as no . 8 in its list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists . In 1994 the city of Austin , Texas erected the Stevie Ray Vaughan Memorial on the hiking trail beside Lady Bird Lake . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Stevie Ray Vaughan discography Texas Flood ( 1983 ) Could n't Stand the Weather ( 1984 ) Soul to Soul ( 1985 ) In Step ( 1989 ) Family Style ( with Jimmie Vaughan ) ( 1990 ) The Sky Is Crying ( 1991 ) See also ( edit ) Texas portal 1980s in music List of blues rock performers List of electric blues musicians List of guitarists List of Texas blues musicians Music of Austin Music of Texas Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vaughan 's paternal grandmother , Laura Belle LaRue , was a sharecropper who moved to Rockwall County from Terrell , Texas after marrying her husband , Thomas Lee Vaughan , on July 13 , 1902 . She gave birth to nine children , eight of whom survived infancy . On Sundays , Laura would gather her children around her piano in the living room , singing hymns and popular standards . In 1928 , Thomas died from Bright 's disease and left Laura 's family to pick cotton for a living at the beginning of the Great Depression . Jump up ^ According to Vaughan , his first instrument was a drum set fashioned out of shoe boxes and pie pans , using clothes hangers as drum sticks . He also attempted playing saxophone , though Vaughan recalled : `` ... all I could get were a few squeaks '' . Jump up ^ This guitar was known as the `` Wyatt Earp '' model designed by Jefferson Manufacturing , a Philadelphia - based company . Available from 1959 to 1968 , it was made out of fiberboard with a black to cream sunburst finish and red screen - printed Western designs . Jump up ^ In the late 1950s , the Nightcaps were widely recognized as one of the first white blues groups from Dallas . Though they never gained national attention , the band became a fixture of the city 's music scene . Jump up ^ In 1969 , Shannon , who had parted ways with musician Johnny Winter after performing at Woodstock , moved back to Dallas and first met Vaughan at a club called the Fog , which was coincidentally the same place where he had met Winter . Jump up ^ Some of Vaughan 's cartoons were published in his high school 's newspaper . Jump up ^ According to authors Joe Nick Patoski and Bill Crawford , Bill Ham had invested $11,000 for a U-Haul truck and backline equipment . Jump up ^ Founded and opened by Clifford Antone on July 15 , 1975 , Antone 's was managed by singer Angela Strehli and hired The Fabulous Thunderbirds as the unofficial house band . Jump up ^ Vaughan and Lenny married on December 23 , 1979 at the Rome Inn , after he had a dream that Lenny was sitting on Howlin ' Wolf 's knee . Jump up ^ According to authors Joe Nick Patoski and Bill Crawford , `` Like the audiences ' adverse reaction to Muddy Waters ' debut in England in 1958 as recorded by blues scholar Paul Oliver , Stevie 's full - volume electric blues experience was ' meat that proved too strong for many stomachs . ' The Europeans , accustomed to a quieter , folk blues style , cringed at the sheer volume level emitted by the Texas trio . '' Biographer Craig Hopkins wrote : `` The two nights in Montreux became the single most important gigs in Stevie 's career . '' Jump up ^ Double Trouble received $5,000 in compensation for each show , as well as a $1,000 -- $2,000 bonus for successful ticket sales . Jump up ^ Three weeks after its release , Could n't Stand the Weather sold 242,000 copies and was ultimately certified platinum , selling over one million units by the end of the year . Jump up ^ Originally , the Carnegie Hall lineup included keyboardist Booker T. Jones , Tower of Power horn section , and the Golden Echos , the latter of which was a teenage gospel trio from Boston that had never performed outside of a church . Jump up ^ In late September 1984 , Double Trouble rehearsed for three days at a sound stage in Austin . On September 29 , the twelve - piece band performed two shows at the Caravan of Dreams in Fort Worth , Texas for a dress rehearsal . On October 1 -- 2 , they rehearsed on a sound stage in New York before a quick run - through during soundcheck on the afternoon of the performance . Jump up ^ Double Trouble wore mariachi - style suits fabricated by Nelda 's Tailors in Austin . They were made out of velvet and decorated with silver buttons , which were sewn by a tailor in Nuevo Laredo . With Layton and Shannon in royal blue suits , Vaughan wore both a royal blue and ruby red suit , for each portion of the performance respectively . An elaborate stage set was built from plywood , painted lapis blue enamel with metallic gold striping . Jump up ^ According to Patoski and Crawford , some members of the audience were initially reserved during the performance , but a fan shouted , `` Stand up . This is n't La traviata . '' Jump up ^ According to Hopkins , Double Trouble signed autographs for over 500 fans , an appearance that lasted for two and a half hours ; the line of fans stretched out of the door onto Broadway and around the corner . Jump up ^ The Soul to Soul album cover was taken at the Anderson Mill Garden Club in Volente , Texas . Jump up ^ A portion of the show was broadcast on local radio , but as of 2014 , only one song has officially been released . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2010 , p. 10 : Vaughan 's first gig with the Chantones in 1965 ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 16 : Vaughan joining the Brooklyn Underground in 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Stevie Ray Vaughan '' . Allmusic . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gill 2013a . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan -- 100 Greatest Guitarists '' . Rolling Stone . November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Rock Hall Of Fame Class Includes Lou Reed , Joan Jett , Green Day '' . NPR.org. 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 6 : Jim and Martha meeting at a 7 - Eleven in the late 1940s ; Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 8 : Jim and Martha married in 1950 . Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , pp. 8 -- 9 : Jim 's alcohol abuse and temper ; Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 42 : Jim 's violence Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Lee Vaughan ( 1921 - 1986 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Joseph 1983 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Evans & Middlebrook 2002 , pp. 174 , 200 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Larkin 2006 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Gill 2010 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 21 : Vaughan being told that there was no money in blues ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 22 : break - up of the Southern Distributor . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2010 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 61 : Blackbird opening for Zephyr ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 63 : Blackbird opening for Sugarloaf ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 65 : Blackbird opening for Wishbone Ash ; Gill 2010 : Blackbird 's inconsistent lineup . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , pp. 67 -- 70 : `` December 2 is the last entry for Blackbird in Charlie Hatchett 's booking records until December 30 -- 31 . It would not be surprising if the band had broken up early in the month but had the 30th and New Year 's Eve gigs planned well in advance . Stevie probably moved into Krackerjack at this time . '' Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 23 : Vaughan meets Marc Benno at a jam session ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 73 : Vaughan joins Marc Benno 's band , the Nightcrawlers . Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 74 : Vaughan 's first songwriting efforts ; Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 68 : Nightcrawlers ' rejection by A&M Records . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , pp. 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Request 1989 ( primary source ) ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 92 ( secondary source ) Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2010 , p. 127 : Vaughan befriends Lenny ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 152 : marriage to Lenny ; Hopkins 2011 , p. 136 : separation from Lenny . Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2010 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 150 : Barton leaves Double Trouble ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 160 : Vaughan signs management contract with Millikin . Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 136 : Vaughan hires Cutter as road manager ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 23 : Vaughan meets Cutter . Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Gregory 2003 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 158 ; Reid 2010 , p. 292 Jump up ^ Gregory 2003 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 155 -- 156 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2010 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2010 , p. 200 Jump up ^ McBride 1985 . Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Santelli 1985 ( primary source ) ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 200 ( secondary source ) Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 152 : Bowie songs that included Vaughan ; Hopkins 2011 , p. 3 : recording sessions with Bowie . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , pp. 157 -- 158 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , pp. 154 -- 155 : Vaughan 's contract renegotiations for Serious Moonlight tour ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 16 : Vaughan quits the Serious Moonlight tour . Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 16 ( primary source ) ; Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 160 ( secondary source ) ^ Jump up to : Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 117 : `` Now that he is part of the quintuple - headed vox machine known merely as Triple Threat , Stevie begins to write , starting with ' Pride and Joy ' and ' I 'm Cryin ′ ' for his girlfriend , Lindi Bethel ... Of course , the two songs are musical twins , but the lyrics reveal opposite perspectives of their rollercoaster relationship . '' Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 143 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Allmusic , 2014 Jump up ^ Billboard , June 1983 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 43 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 46 : `` January : Studio sessions for Could n't Stand the Weather , nineteen days at New York City 's Power Station . '' Jump up ^ In the Studio , Album Network , 1993 , Redbeard ( primary source ) ; Hopkins 2011 , p. 46 ( secondary source ) ^ Jump up to : Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 176 Jump up ^ `` In Deep : Stevie Ray Vaughan 's Playing on `` Could n't Stand the Weather '' `` . Guitar World . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 174 Jump up ^ `` Could n't Stand the Weather -- Stevie Ray Vaughan : Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine '' . Allmusic . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Erskine , Evelyn ( August 16 , 1984 ) . `` Guitar ace loves to play music ' that has soul ' '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Aledort 2000 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 71 -- 72 ^ Jump up to : Rhodes 1984a Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Rhodes 1984a : Vaughan found taking a limousine to Carnegie Hall necessary ; Prial 2006 , p. 302 : the band took the stage around 8 : 00 p.m. ^ Jump up to : Holden 1984 Jump up ^ Prial 2006 , p. 302 : `` one of the greatest guitar players of all time '' ; Hopkins 2011 , p. 74 : Carnegie Hall set list ; Rhodes 1984a : `` ... wearing Mexican tuxedos ... '' Jump up ^ Schwartz 1997 : `` ... Chris and Tommy in royal blue , Stevie in ruby red . '' ; Hopkins 2011 , p. 75 : `` He wore the blue suit for one set and the red suit for the other set . '' Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Rhodes 1984b Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 298 , 305 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 75 : `` After the show , MTV threw a private party for the band , record company and other VIPs . '' ; Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 178 : `` After the show MTV threw a party for him at a downtown club ... Inside , Stevie glad - handed an hour 's worth of well - wishers ... '' ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 78 ( primary source ) ; Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 180 ( secondary source ) Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 81 , 83 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 85 -- 88 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 191 ; Hopkins 2011 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 190 : difficulty for Vaughan to play rhythm guitar and sing at the same time ; Hopkins 2011 , p. 89 : Wynans added keyboards and soon joined the band . ^ Jump up to : Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Nixon 2011 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 109 : Soul to Soul released on September 30 , 1985 ; Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 197 : Soul to Soul peaked at 34 and remained on the charts through mid-1986 , eventually turning gold . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Rosen 1985 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 204 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 136 -- 137 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 205 : `` The Austin shows sold out in minutes , as fans showed their support for their hometown hero . '' ; Hopkins 2011 , pp. 136 -- 137 : Live Alive recording dates . Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 205 ^ Jump up to : Paul 1999 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 152 ; Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 268 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 137 : `` ... better efforts ... '' ; Paul 1999 : Vaughan quote about Live Alive . Jump up ^ Milkowski 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 232 ; Patoski & Crawford 1993 , pp. 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 201 ; Hopkins 2010 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 144 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 144 -- 148 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 213 ; Hopkins 2011 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 154 ^ Jump up to : Aledort 2000 , p. 158 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Paul 1999 ; Hopkins 2011 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Patoski & Crawford 1993 , p. 247 Jump up ^ Corcoran 1987 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 208 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 203 -- 204 Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 208 , 237 Jump up ^ Gill 2013b ; Hopkins 2011 , p. 238 Jump up ^ Billboard 2014 . Jump up ^ ToneQuest Report 2000 , p. 7 ; Aledort 2000 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Perry 1989 . Jump up ^ Christgau 2012 . Jump up ^ Boca Raton News 1989 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Stevie Ray Vaughan Artistfacts . Artistfacts.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.death2ur.com/Stevie-Ray-Vaughan-Crash-Site.htm ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Held 1990 . Jump up ^ The Daily Union 1990 . Jump up ^ Digiovanni 1990 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Milkowski 1990 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2010 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph 1983 . Jump up ^ Menn , Secrets From The Masters , Miller - Freeman , Inc , 1992 , p. 278 , ISBN 0 - 87930 - 260 - 7 Jump up ^ Stevie Ray Vaughan -- Interview 07 / 22 / 87 . YouTube . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Request 1989 . Jump up ^ Sullivan 2010 . Jump up ^ Musoscribe 2010 . Jump up ^ Nixon , Bruce ( June 1983 ) . `` Playing the Blues for Bowie '' . Record . 2 ( 8 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan '' . Keen Kord Guitar . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan 's Guitar String Gauges Stringjoy '' . December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 325 -- 326 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , pp. 326 -- 327 . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Adam ( 2000 ) . `` Stevie Ray Vaughn 's 1985 Guitar Rig Diagram '' . GuitarGeek.Com . Jump up ^ Fricke 2007 . Jump up ^ Jordan 2011 . Jump up ^ Rotondi 1994 . Jump up ^ Holland 2005 . Jump up ^ Allmusic 2012c . Jump up ^ Variety 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Crawford 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2011 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ `` Past Blues Music Awards '' . Blues Foundation . 1984 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day , NIN , the Smiths Nominated for Rock Hall of Fame -- Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2011 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : Inductees '' . rockhall.com . Jump up ^ `` Rock Hall confirms members of Paul Butterfield Blues Band , the Blackhearts and Double Trouble being inducted '' , Cleveland Plain Dealer , March 4 , 2015 Sources ( edit ) Aledort , Andy ( August 2000 ) . `` Stevie Ray Vaughan : The Guitar World Tribute '' . Guitar World . Allmusic . Could n't Stand the Weather -- Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble ; 2012 ( Retrieved January 12 , 2012 ) . Allmusic . Soul To Soul -- Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble ; 2012 ( Retrieved January 12 , 2012 ) . Allmusic . Stevie Ray Vaughan -- Biography ; 2012 ( Retrieved January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Best of Stevie Ray Vaughan '' . In the Studio . June 21 , 1993 . Album Network . Billboard chart history ; 2014 ( Retrieved September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Cesar Diaz Interview '' . The ToneQuest Report . 1 ( 10 ) . August 2000 . Christgau , Robert . Consumer Guide Reviews ; 2012 ( Retrieved January 12 , 2012 ) . Claypool , Bob . Audience hypnotized by Stevie Vaughan . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . July 30 , 1978 . Corcoran , Michael ( March 26 , 1987 ) . `` Alive and well : Texas bluesman SRV conquers the urge to splurge '' . Dallas Observer . Crawford , Bill . Stevie Ray Vaughan : The Artistic Afterlife . The Austin Chronicle . October 6 , 1995 . Digiovanni , Joe . Vaughan , Eric Clapton aides die in copter crash . The Daily Gazette . August 28 , 1990 . Evans , Steve ; Middlebrook , Ron ( 2002 ) . Cowboy Guitars . Centerstream Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57424 - 102 - 0 . Fricke , David . The New Guitar Gods : John Mayer , John Frusciante and Derek Trucks . Guitar World . ( archived March 27 , 2010 ; Retrieved January 25 , 2012 ) . Gill , Chris ( March 2013 ) . `` Blues Power : An In - Depth Guide to the Amps and Effect Pedals in Stevie Ray Vaughan 's Arsenal '' . Guitar World . Gill , Chris . Stevie Ray Vaughan : Lone Star Rising ; 2010 ( Retrieved August 13 , 2012 ) . Gill , Chris . Thirty Years After ' Texas Flood , ' Guitar World Celebrates the Phenomenal Rise of Stevie Ray Vaughan ; October 3 , 2013 ( Retrieved September 28 , 2014 ) . Gregory , Hugh ( 2003 ) . Roadhouse Blues : Stevie Ray Vaughan and Texas R&B . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 747 - 9 . Hall , Ken . Cold Shot to Cold Turkey . Music . November 5 , 1987 . Held , Tom . Pilot says he would n't have flown . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . August 28 , 1990 . Holden , Stephen ( October 8 , 1984 ) . `` Stevie Ray Vaughan , guitarist , at Carnegie Hall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Holland , Brian D. Modern Guitars . ( archived July 5 , 2008 ; Retrieved January 25 , 2012 ) . Hopkins , Craig . Stevie Ray Vaughan -- Day by Day , Night After Night : His Early Years , 1954 -- 1982 . Backbeat Books ; September 15 , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 8598 - 8 . Hopkins , Craig . Stevie Ray Vaughan -- Day by Day , Night After Night : His Final Years , 1983 -- 1990 . Backbeat Books ; October 18 , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61774 - 022 - 0 . Jordan , Oscar . Kenny Wayne Shepherd -- How He Goes . Premier Guitar . August 2011 . Joseph , Frank ( September 1983 ) . `` Before the Flood '' . Guitar World . Joule , Steve . Life Without Booze . Kerrang ! . June 25 , 1988 . Larkin , Colin ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531373 - 4 . Live from Austin , Texas ( Media notes ) . New York City : Sony Music Entertainment . 1995 . Mainstream Rock Songs -- 1989 Archive ; 2014 ( Retrieved September 28 , 2014 ) . McBride , James ( March 1985 ) . `` You Can Take the Boy Out of Texas , but You Ca n't Take Texas Out of Blues ' Golden Boy Stevie Ray Vaughan '' . People . Milkowski , Bill . A Focused Stevie Ray Vaughan Comes Clean . Guitar World . September 1988 . Milkowski , Bill . The Good Texan . Guitar World . December 1990 . `` My Guitar Heroes '' . Request . July 10 , 1989 . Nixon , Bruce ( November 1985 ) . `` Stevie Ray Vaughan discusses fame , Hendrix and his new album , ' Soul To Soul ' '' . Guitar World . Patoski , Joe Nick ; Crawford , Bill ( 1993 ) . Stevie Ray Vaughan : Caught in the Crossfire . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 16069 - 8 . Paul , Alan ( August 1999 ) . `` Blue Smoke '' . Guitar World . Perry , Neil ( July 1 , 1989 ) . `` A Small Step for Mankind '' . Sounds . Prial , Dunstan ( 2006 ) . The Producer : John Hammond and the Soul of American Music . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42600 - 2 . Reid , Jan . The Improbable Rise of Redneck Rock . University of Texas Press ; July 5 , 2010 . ISBN 9780292787766 . Reviews . Boca Raton News . October 13 , 1989 . Rhodes , Joe ( October 11 , 1984 ) . `` Even now , Stevie Ray has to pinch himself '' . Dallas Times - Herald . Rhodes , Joe ( October 6 , 1984 ) . `` Stevie Ray wows Carnegie crowd '' . Dallas Times - Herald . Rosen , Steven ( October 29 , 1985 ) . `` Stevie Ray Vaughan Interview '' . Modern Guitars . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2006 . Rotondi , James . Blood on the Tracks . Guitar Player . January 1994 . Rubin , Dave . Inside the Blues , 1942 to 1982 . Hal Leonard Corporation ; 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 1666 - 1 . Santelli , Robert ( October 1985 ) . `` Stratocasting the Blues with a Touch of Texas '' . Music & Sound Output . Schwartz , Andy ( 1997 ) . Live at Carnegie Hall ( booklet ) . Epic Records . Stevie Ray Vaughan . The Dallas Morning News . March 17 , 1985 . `` Stevie Ray Vaughan '' . Legends . Season 1 . Episode 15 . October 3 , 1997 . VH1 . Variety . December 1983 . Vaughan died of multiple injuries . The Daily Union . August 29 , 1990 . White , Timothy . SRV : Talking With The Master . Musician . June 1991 . Further reading ( edit ) Kitts , Jeff ( 1997 ) . Guitar World Presents Stevie Ray Vaughan . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7935 - 8080 - 4 . Leigh , Keri ( 1993 ) . Stevie Ray : Soul to Soul . Taylor Trade . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 838 - 2 . Dickerson , James ( 2004 ) . The Fabulous Vaughan Brothers : Jimmie and Stevie Ray . Taylor Trade . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 116 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stevie Ray Vaughan Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stevie Ray Vaughan . Official website Stevie Ray Vaughan at AllMusic Stevie Ray Vaughan discography at Discogs Stevie Ray Vaughan 's channel on YouTube Stevie Ray Vaughan Original 1983 -- 1989 releases are marked in bold . Studio albums Texas Flood Could n't Stand the Weather Soul to Soul In Step Family Style The Sky Is Crying Live albums Live Alive In the Beginning Live at Carnegie Hall In Session Live at Montreux 1982 & 1985 Compilations Greatest Hits The Real Deal : Greatest Hits Volume 2 Blues at Sunrise The Essential Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Official bootlegs Live in Tokyo Singles `` Pride and Joy '' / `` Rude Mood '' `` Love Struck Baby '' `` The Sky Is Crying '' / `` Chitlins con Carne '' `` Taxman '' Songs `` All Your Love ( I Miss Loving ) '' `` Come On ( Part III ) '' `` Crossfire '' `` Hide Away '' `` Lenny '' `` Little Wing '' `` Pipeline '' `` Say What ! '' `` Superstition '' `` Testify '' `` Texas Flood '' `` The Things That I Used to Do '' `` Voodoo Child ( Slight Return ) '' Concert tours Texas Flood Tour ( 1983 -- 84 ) Could n't Stand the Weather Tour ( 1984 - 85 ) Soul to Soul Tour ( 1985 - 86 ) Live Alive Tour ( 1986 - 88 ) In Step Tour ( 1989 - 90 ) Performance videos Pride and Joy Live at the El Mocambo Related articles Original discography Posthumous discography Double Trouble David Bowie Doyle Bramhall Tommy Shannon Chris Layton Jimmie Vaughan Reese Wynans Lou Ann Barton W.C. Clark Death of Stevie Ray Vaughan Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2015 Performers Paul Butterfield Blues Band Green Day Joan Jett and the Blackhearts Lou Reed Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Bill Withers Early influences The `` 5 '' Royales Award for Musical Excellence Ringo Starr VIAF : 191151661 LCCN : n91115900 ISNI : 0000 0003 8547 6923 GND : 119162113 SUDOC : 157467538 BNF : cb139007780 ( data ) MusicBrainz : f5426431 - f490 - 4678 - ad44 - a75c71097bb4 NDL : 00621593 NKC : xx0052693 IATH : w6p28hbf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stevie_Ray_Vaughan&oldid=801945006 '' Categories : Stevie Ray Vaughan 1954 births 1990 deaths Accidental deaths in Wisconsin American blues guitarists American male guitarists American blues singers American blues singer - songwriters American Christians American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American rock guitarists Blues Hall of Fame inductees Blues rock musicians Double Trouble ( band ) members Electric blues musicians Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners Lead guitarists Musicians from Dallas Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Texas blues musicians Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States Victims of helicopter accidents or incidents in the United States 20th - century American singers Slide guitarists Resonator guitarists Guitarists from Texas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 23 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the modern blues guitarist from austin texas who was known for his fast playing	[]	[]
6484322656324343617	Caspase	Caspase - wikipedia Caspase Jump to : navigation , search Caspase domain Structure of caspase - 1 ( CASP1 ) , originally called interleukin - 1 beta - converting enzyme ( ICE ) , the first human caspase to be identified . Identifiers Symbol Peptidase_C14 Pfam PF00656 Pfam clan CL0093 InterPro IPR002398 PROSITE PS50208 MEROPS C14 SCOP 1ice SUPERFAMILY 1ice ( show ) Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Caspases ( cysteine - aspartic proteases , cysteine aspartases or cysteine - dependent aspartate - directed proteases ) are a family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death ( including apoptosis , pyroptosis and necroptosis ) and inflammation . They are named caspases due to their specific cysteine protease activity -- a cysteine in its active site nucleophilically attacks and cleaves a target protein only after an aspartic acid residue . As of 2009 , there are 11 or 12 confirmed caspases in humans and 10 in mice , carrying out a variety of cellular functions . The role of these enzymes in programmed cell death was first identified in 1993 , with their functions in apoptosis well characterised . This is a form of programmed cell death , occurring widely during development , and throughout life to maintain cell homeostasis . Activation of Caspases ensures that the cellular components are degraded in a controlled manner , carrying out cell death with minimal effect on surrounding tissues . Caspases have other identified roles in programmed cell death such as pyroptosis and necroptosis . These forms of cell death are important for protecting an organism from stress signals and pathogenic attack . Caspases also have a role in inflammation , whereby it directly processes pro-inflammatory cytokines such as pro-IL1β . These are signalling molecules that allow recruitment of immune cells to an infected cell or tissue . There are other identified roles of caspases such as cell proliferation , tumour suppression , cell differentiation , neural development and axon guidance and ageing . Caspase deficiency has been identified as a cause of tumour development . Tumour growth can occur by a combination of factors , including a mutation in a cell cycle gene which removes the restraints on cell growth , combined with mutations in apoptopic proteins such as Caspases that would respond by inducing cell death in abnormally growing cells . Conversely , over-activation of some caspases such as caspase - 3 can lead to excessive programmed cell death . This is seen in several neurodegenerative diseases where neural cells are lost , such as Alzheimers disease . Caspases involved with processing inflammatory signals are also implicated in disease . Insufficient activation of these caspases can increase an organism 's susceptibility to infection , as an appropriate immune response may not be activated . The integral role caspases play in cell death and disease has led to research on using caspases as a drug target . For example , inflammatory caspase - 1 has been implicated in causing autoimmune diseases ; drugs blocking the activation of Caspase - 1 have been used to improve the health of patients . Additionally , scientists have used caspases as cancer therapy to kill unwanted cells in tumours . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functional classification of caspases 2 Activation of caspases 2.1 Dimerisation 2.2 Cleavage 3 Some roles of caspases 3.1 Apoptosis 3.2 Pyroptosis 3.2. 1 Pyroptosis by caspase - 1 3.3 Role in inflammation 4 Discovery of caspases 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Functional classification of caspases ( edit ) Most caspases play a role in programmed cell death . These are summarized in the table below . The enzymes are sub classified into three types : Initiator , Executioner and Inflammatory . Programmed Cell Death Type of Caspase Enzyme Organism Apoptosis Initiator Caspase 2 human and mouse Caspase 8 human and mouse Caspase 9 human and mouse Caspase 10 human only Executioner Caspase 3 human and mouse Caspase 6 human and mouse Caspase 7 human and mouse Pyroptosis Inflammatory Caspase 1 human and mouse Caspase 4 human Caspase 5 human Caspase 11 mouse Caspase 12 mouse and some humans Caspase 13 cattle only Other roles Other Caspase 14 human and mouse Note that in addition to apoptosis , Caspase - 8 is also required for the inhibition of another form of programmed cell death called Necroptosis . Caspase - 14 plays a role in epithelial cell keratinocyte differentiation and can form an epidermal barrier that protects against dehydration and UVB radiation . Activation of caspases ( edit ) Caspases are synthesised as inactive zymogens ( pro-caspases ) that are only activated following an appropriate stimulus . This post-translational level of control allows rapid and tight regulation of the enzyme . Activation involves dimerization and often oligomerisation of pro-caspases , followed by cleavage into a small subunit and large subunit . The large and small subunit associate with each other to form an active heterodimer caspase . The active enzyme often exists as a heterotetramer in the biological environment , where a pro-caspase dimer is cleaved together to form a heterotetramer . Dimerisation ( edit ) The activation of initiator caspases and inflammatory caspases is initiated by dimerisation , which is facilitated by binding to adaptor proteins via protein -- protein interaction motifs that are collectively referred to as death folds . The death folds are located in a structural domain of the caspases known as the pro-domain , which is larger in those caspases that contain death folds than in those that do not . The pro-domain of the intrinsic initiator caspases and the inflammatory caspases contains a single death fold known as caspase recruitment domain ( CARD ) , while the pro-domain of the extrinsic initiator caspases contains two death folds known as death effector domains ( DED ) . Multiprotein complexes often form during caspase activation . Some activating multiprotein complexes includes : The death - inducing signaling complex ( DISC ) during extrinsic apoptosis The apoptosome during intrinsic apoptosis The inflammasome during pyroptosis Cleavage ( edit ) Once appropriately dimerised , the Caspases cleaves at inter domain linker regions , forming a large and small subunit . This cleavage allows the active - site loops to take up a conformation favourable for enzymatic activity . Cleavage of Initiator and Executioner caspases occur by different methods outlined in the table below . Initiator caspases auto - proteolytically cleave whereas Executioner caspases are cleaved by initiator caspases . This hierarchy allows an amplifying chain reaction or cascade for degrading cellular components , during controlled cell death . Initiator Caspase Caspase - 8 Inititator Caspases have a prodomain that allows recruitment and dimerisation . Adaptor proteins such as FADD represented by the grey DED domains , can assist this interaction . Both pro-caspase moleucules undergo cleavage by autocatalysis at the regions marked in red . This leads to removal of the prodomain and cleavage of the linker region between the large and small subunit . A heterotetramer can therefore form . PDB image of caspase 8 ( 3KJQ ) in ' biological assembly ' . Two shades of blue are used to represent two small subunits , one from each Caspase - 8 , while two shades of purple represent two large subunits , one from each Caspase - 8 . Executioner Caspase Caspase - 3 Executioner caspase can constitutively exist as homodimers . The red cuts represent regions where initiator caspases can cleave the executioner caspases . The resulting small and large subunit of each Caspase - 3 will associate , resulting in a heterotetramer . PDB image of Caspase 3 ( 4QTX ) in ' biological assembly ' . Two shades of blue used to represent two small sunits , while two shades of purple represent two large subunits Some roles of caspases ( edit ) Apoptosis ( edit ) Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death where the cell undergoes morphological changes , to minimize its effect on surrounding cells to avoid inducing an immune response . The cell shrinks and condenses - the cytoskeleton will collapse , the nuclear envelope disassembles and the DNA fragments up . This results in the cell forming self - enclosed bodies called ' blebs ' , to avoid release of cellular components into the extracellular medium . Additionally , the cell membrane phospholipid content is altered , which makes the dying cell more susceptible to phagocytic attack and removal . Apoptopic caspases are subcategorised as : Initiator Caspases ( Caspase 2 , Caspase 8 , Caspase - 9 , Caspase 10 ) Executioner Caspases ( Caspase 3 , Caspase 6 and Caspase 7 ) Once initiator caspases are activated , they produce a chain reaction , activating several other executioner caspases . Executioner caspases degrade over 600 cellular components in order to induce the morphological changes for apoptosis . Examples of caspase cascade during apoptosis : Intrinsic apoptopic pathway : During times of cellular stress , mitochondrial cytochrome c is released into the cytosol . This molecule binds an adaptor protein ( APAF - 1 ) , which recruits initiator Caspase - 9 ( via CARD - CARD interactions ) . This leads to the formation of a Caspase activating multiprotein complex called the Apoptosome . Once activated , initiator caspases such as Caspase 9 will cleave and activate other executioner caspases . This leads to degradation of cellular components for apoptosis . Extrinsic apoptopic pathway : The caspase cascade is also activated by extracellular ligands , via cell surface Death Receptors . This is done by the formation of a multiprotein Death Inducing Signalling Complex ( DISC ) that recruits and activates a pro-caspase . For example , the Fas Ligand binds the FasR receptor at the receptor 's extracellular surface ; this activates the death domains at the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor . The adaptor protein FADD will recruit ( by a Death domain - Death domain interaction ) . The other end of the adaptor contains a DED domain for pro-caspase recruitment . This FasR , FADD and pro-Caspase 8 form the Death Inducing Signalling Complex ( DISC ) where Caspase - 8 is activated . This could lead to either downstream activation of the intrinsic pathway by inducing mitochondrial stress , or direct activation of Executioner Caspases ( Caspase 3 , Caspase 6 and Caspase 7 ) to degrade cellular components as shown in the adjacent diagram . Pyroptosis ( edit ) Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that inherently induces an immune response . It is morphologically distinct from other types of cell death -- cells swell up , rupture and release pro-inflammatory cellular contents . This is done in response to a range of stimuli including microbial infections as well as heart attacks ( myocardial infarctions ) . Caspase - 1 , Caspase - 4 and Caspase - 5 in humans , and Caspase - 1 and Caspase - 11 in mice play important roles in inducing cell death by Pyroptosis . This limits the life and proliferation time of intracellular and extracellular pathogens . Pyroptosis by Caspase - 1 ( edit ) Caspase - 1 activation is mediated by a repertoire of proteins , allowing detection of a range of pathogenic ligands . Some mediators of Caspase - 1activation are : NOD - like Leucine Rich Repeats ( NLRs ) , AIM2 - Like Receptors ( ALRs ) , Pyrin and IFI16 . These proteins allow caspase - 1 activation by forming a multiprotein activating complex called Inflammasomes . For example , a NOD Like Leucine Rich Repeat NLRP3 will sense an efflux of potassium ions from the cell . This cellular ion imbalance leads to oligomerisation of NLRP3 molecules to form a multiprotein complex called the NLRP3 Inflammasome . The pro-caspase - 1 is brought into close proximity with other pro-caspase molecule in order to dimerise and undergo auto - proteolytic cleavage . Some pathogenic signals that lead to Pyroptosis by Caspase - 1 are listed below : DNA in the host cytosol binds to AIM2 - Like Receptors inducing Pyroptosis Type III secretion system apparatus from bacteria bind NOD Like Leucine Rich Repeats receptors called NAIP 's ( 1 in humans and 4 in mice ) Pyroptosis by Caspase - 4 and Caspase - 5 in humans and Caspase - 11 in mice These caspases have the ability to induce direct pyroptosis when lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) molecules ( found in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria ) are found in the cytoplasm of the host cell . For example , Caspase 4 acts as a receptor and is proteolytically activated , without the need of an inflammasome complex or Caspase - 1 activation . A crucial downstream substrate for pyroptopic caspases is Gasdermin D ( GSDMD ) Role in inflammation ( edit ) Inflammation is a protective attempt by an organism to restore a homeostatic state , following disruption from harmful stimulus , such as tissue damage or bacterial infection . Caspase - 1 , Caspase - 4 , Caspase - 5 and Caspase - 11 are considered ' Inflammatory Caspases ' . Caspase - 1 is key in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines ; these act as signals to immune cells and make the environment favourable for immune cell recruitment to the site of damage . Caspase - 1 therefore plays a fundamental role in the innate immune system . The enzyme is responsible for processing cytokines such as pro-ILβ and pro-IL18 , as well as secreting them . Caspase - 4 and - 5 in humans , and Caspase - 11 in mice have a unique role as a receptor , whereby it binds to LPS , a molecule abundant in gram negative bacteria . This can lead to the processing and secretion of IL - 1β and IL - 18 cytokines by activating Caspase - 1 ; this downstream effect is the same as described above . It also leads to the secretion of another inflammatory cytokine that is not processed . This is called pro-IL1α . There is also evidence of an inflammatory caspase , caspase - 11 aiding cytokine secretion ; this is done by inactivating a membrane channel that blocks IL - 1β secretion Caspases can also induce an inflammatory response on a transcriptional level . There is evidence where it promotes transcription of nuclear factor - κB ( NF - κB ) , a transcription factor that assists in transcribing inflammatory cytokines such as IFNs , TNF , IL - 6 and IL - 8 . For example , Caspase - 1 activates Caspase - 7 , which in turn cleaves the poly ( ADP ) ribose -- this activates transcription of NF - κB controlled genes . Discovery of caspases ( edit ) H. Robert Horvitz initially established the importance of caspases in apoptosis and found that the ced - 3 gene is required for the cell death that took place during the development of the nematode C. elegans . Horvitz and his colleague Junying Yuan found in 1993 that the protein encoded by the ced - 3 gene is cysteine protease with similar properties to the mammalian interleukin - 1 - beta converting enzyme ( ICE ) ( now known as caspase 1 ) . At the time , ICE was the only known caspase . Other mammalian caspases were subsequently identified , in addition to caspases in organisms such as fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . Researchers decided upon the nomenclature of the caspase in 1996 . In many instances , a particular caspase had been identified simultaneously by more than one laboratory , who would each give the protein a different name . For example , caspase 3 was variously known as CPP32 , apopain and Yama . Caspases , therefore , were numbered in the order in which they were identified . ICE was , therefore , renamed as caspase 1 . ICE was the first mammalian caspase to be characterised because of its similarity to the nematode death gene ced - 3 , but it appears that the principal role of this enzyme is to mediate inflammation rather than cell death . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Apoptosis Apoptosome Bcl - 2 Emricasan Metacaspase Paracaspase Pyroptosis The Proteolysis Map Programmed cell death Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Functional CASP12 is only expressed in some individuals of African descent , while individuals of Asian or Caucasian descent express only a non-functional truncated form . ^ Jump up to : CASP4 and CASP5 are considered to be the human orthologues of CASP11 , which was found in mice and rats but not in humans . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson KP , Black JA , Thomson JA , et al. ( July 1994 ) . `` Structure and mechanism of interleukin - 1 beta converting enzyme '' . Nature . 370 ( 6487 ) : 270 -- 5 . doi : 10.1038 / 370270a0 . PMID 8035875 . Jump up ^ `` Differential modulation of endotoxin responsiveness by human caspase - 12 polymorphisms '' . doi : 10.1038 / nature02451 . Jump up ^ Rathore , S. ; Datta , G. ; Kaur , I. ; Malhotra , P. ; Mohmmed , A. ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Disruption of cellular homeostasis induces organelle stress and triggers apoptosis like cell - death pathways in malaria parasite '' . Cell Death & Disease . 6 ( 7 ) : e1803 . doi : 10.1038 / cddis. 2015.142 . PMC 4650714 . PMID 26136076 . Jump up ^ Shalini , S. ; Dorstyn , L. ; Dawar , S. ; Kumar , S. ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Old , new and emerging functions of caspases '' . Cell Death & Differentiation. 22 ( 4 ) : 526 -- 539 . doi : 10.1038 / cdd. 2014.216 . ISSN 1350 - 9047 . PMC 4356345 . PMID 25526085 . ^ Jump up to : Goodsell , David S. ( 2000 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The Molecular Perspective : Caspases '' . The Oncologist. 5 ( 5 ) : 435 -- 436 . doi : 10.1634 / theoncologist. 5 - 5 - 435 . ISSN 1083 - 7159 . PMID 11040280 . Jump up ^ McIlwain , David R. ; Berger , Thorsten ; Mak , Tak W. ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Caspase Functions in Cell Death and Disease '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 5 ( 4 ) : a008656 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a008656 . ISSN 1943 - 0264 . PMC 3683896 . PMID 23545416 . ^ Jump up to : Galluzzi , Lorenzo ; López - Soto , Alejandro ; Kumar , Sharad ; Kroemer , Guido ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Caspases Connect Cell - Death Signaling to Organismal Homeostasis '' . Immunity. 44 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 231 . doi : 10.1016 / j. immuni. 2016.01. 020 . ISSN 1074 - 7613 . PMID 26885855 . Jump up ^ Jänicke , Reiner U. ; Sohn , Dennis ; Totzke , Gudrun ; Schulze - Osthoff , Klaus ( June 2006 ) . `` Caspase - 10 in Mouse or Not ? '' . Science . 312 ( 5782 ) : 1874 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 312.5782. 1874a . PMID 16809511 . Jump up ^ `` Caspase - 11 : arming the guards against bacterial infection '' . doi : 10.1111 / imr. 12292 . Jump up ^ `` Evidence That Caspase - 13 Is Not a Human but a Bovine Gene '' . doi : 10.1006 / bbrc. 2001.5315 . Jump up ^ Denecker , Geertrui ; Ovaere , Petra ; Vandenabeele , Peter ; Declercq , Wim ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Caspase - 14 reveals its secrets '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 180 ( 3 ) : 451 -- 458 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 200709098 . ISSN 0021 - 9525 . PMC 2234247 . PMID 18250198 . ^ Jump up to : Shi , Yigong ( 2004 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Caspase Activation '' . Cell. 117 ( 7 ) : 855 -- 858 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2004.06. 007 . ISSN 0092 - 8674 . PMID 15210107 . Jump up ^ `` Death fold domain interaction in apoptosis '' . doi : 10.1038 / sj. cdd. 4401203 . Jump up ^ `` Caspase function in programmed cell death '' . doi : 10.1038 / sj. cdd. 4402060 . Jump up ^ Riedl , Stefan J. ; Shi , Yigong ( Nov 2004 ) . `` Molecular mechanisms of caspase regulation during apoptosis '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 5 ( 11 ) : 897 -- 907 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm1496 . PMID 15520809 . Jump up ^ Lavrik , I. ; Krueger , A. ; Schmitz , I. ; Baumann , S. ; Weyd , H. ; Krammer , P.H. ; Kirchhoff , S. ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The active caspase - 8 heterotetramer is formed at the CD95 DISC '' . Cell Death & Differentiation. 10 ( 1 ) : 144 -- 145 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. cdd. 4401156 . ISSN 1350 - 9047 . Jump up ^ Elmore , Susan ( 2007 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Apoptosis : A Review of Programmed Cell Death '' . Toxicologic Pathology. 35 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 516 . doi : 10.1080 / 01926230701320337 . ISSN 0192 - 6233 . PMC 2117903 . PMID 17562483 . ^ Jump up to : Sollberger , Gabriel ; Strittmatter , Gerhard E. ; Garstkiewicz , Martha ; Sand , Jennifer ; Beer , Hans - Dietmar ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Caspase - 1 : The inflammasome and beyond '' . Innate Immunity. 20 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 125 . doi : 10.1177 / 1753425913484374 . ISSN 1753 - 4259 . PMID 23676582 . Jump up ^ Creagh , Emma M. ( December 2014 ) . `` Caspase crosstalk : integration of apoptotic and innate immune signalling pathways '' . Trends in Immunology. 35 ( 12 ) : 631 -- 640 . doi : 10.1016 / j. it. 2014.10. 004 . PMID 25457353 . Jump up ^ Bergsbaken , Tessa ; Fink , Susan L. ; Cookson , Brad T. `` Pyroptosis : host cell death and inflammation '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 7 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 109 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2070 . PMC 2910423 . PMID 19148178 . ^ Jump up to : Eldridge , Matthew JG ; Shenoy , Avinash R. `` Antimicrobial inflammasomes : unified signalling against diverse bacterial pathogens '' . Current Opinion in Microbiology. 23 : 32 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mib. 2014.10. 008 . Jump up ^ He , Wan - ting ; Wan , Haoqiang ; Hu , Lichen ; Chen , Pengda ; Wang , Xin ; Huang , Zhe ; Yang , Zhang - Hua ; Zhong , Chuan - Qi ; Han , Jiahuai ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Gasdermin D is an executor of pyroptosis and required for interleukin - 1β secretion '' . Cell Research . 25 ( 12 ) : 1285 -- 1298 . doi : 10.1038 / cr. 2015.139 . ISSN 1001 - 0602 . PMC 4670995 . PMID 26611636 . Jump up ^ Yuan , J ; et al. ( 1993 ) . `` The C. elegans cell death gene ced - 3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin - 1 beta - converting enzyme '' . Cell. 75 ( 4 ) : 641 -- 652 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 93 ) 90485 - 9 . PMID 8242740 . Jump up ^ Alnemri ES , Emad S ; et al. ( 1996 ) . `` Human ICE / CED - 3 Protease Nomenclature '' . Cell. 87 ( 2 ) : 171 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 81334 - 3 . PMID 8861900 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . External links ( edit ) Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class CLV_C14_Caspase3 - 7 Apoptosis Video Demonstrates a model of a caspase cascade as it occurs in vivo . The Mechanisms of Apoptosis Kimball 's Biology Pages . Simple explanation of the mechanisms of apoptosis triggered by internal signals ( bcl - 2 ) , along the caspase - 9 , caspase - 3 and caspase - 7 pathway ; and by external signals ( FAS and TNF ) , along the caspase 8 pathway . Accessed 25 March 2007 . Apoptosis & Caspase 7 , PMAP - animation Caspases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Tumors Beware ( from Beaker Blog ) Proteases : cysteine proteases ( EC 3.4. 22 ) Caspase Caspase 1 Caspase 2 Caspase 3 Caspase 4 Caspase 5 Caspase 6 Caspase 7 Caspase 8 Caspase 9 Caspase 10 Caspase 12 Caspase 13 Caspase 14 Fruit - derived Papain Ficain Bromelain Actinidain Calpain CAPN1 CAPN2 CAPN3 CAPN5 CAPN6 CAPN7 CAPN8 CAPN9 CAPN10 CAPN11 CAPN12 CAPN13 CAPN14 CAPNS1 CAPNS2 Cathepsin L1 / L2 Z Other Clostripain Cancer procoagulant Separase Autophagin Cruzipain Apoptosis signaling pathway Fas path Ligand Fas ligand Receptor Fas receptor Intracellular Death - inducing signaling complex DAXX ASK1 FADD Caspase 8 BID Cytochrome c Caspase 9 Caspase 3 Pro-apoptotic : BAX BAK1 / Bcl - 2 homologous antagonist killer Bcl - 2 - associated death promoter Anti-apoptotic : Bcl - 2 Bcl - xL TNF path Ligand Tumor necrosis factor alpha Receptor Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 Intracellular TRADD FADD Caspase 8 Caspase 3 BID TRAF2 ASK - 1 MEKK1 IKK IκBα MKK7 JNK NF - κB Other Intracellular IAPs XIAP NAIP Survivin c - IAP - 1 c - IAP - 2 Apoptosis - inducing factor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspase&oldid=806231699 '' Categories : EC 3.4. 22 Programmed cell death Apoptosis Peptidase Caspases Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Estremeñu فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 16 : 28 . 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-5319914028679712044	Shape of You	Shape of You - wikipedia Shape of You Jump to : navigation , search For the Beverley Knight song , see Shape of You ( Reshaped ) . `` Shape of You '' Single by Ed Sheeran from the album ÷ Released 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop dancehall tropical house Length 3 : 53 Label Asylum Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Steve Mac Johnny McDaid Kandi Burruss Tameka Cottle Kevin Briggs Producer ( s ) Ed Sheeran Steve Mac Ed Sheeran singles chronology `` Castle on the Hill '' ( 2017 ) `` Shape of You '' ( 2017 ) `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) `` Castle on the Hill '' ( 2017 ) `` Shape of You '' ( 2017 ) `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Shape of You '' on YouTube `` Shape of You '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran . It was released as a digital download on 6 January 2017 as one of the double lead singles from his third studio album ÷ ( 2017 ) , along with `` Castle on the Hill '' . The dancehall - infused pop song was written and produced by Ed Sheeran and Steve Mac , along with additional writing contributions from Johnny McDaid , Kandi Burruss , Tameka `` Tiny '' Cottle , and Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs . `` Shape of You '' peaked at number - one on the singles charts of 44 countries , including the US Billboard Hot 100 , as well as the UK , Australian and Canadian singles charts . It has stayed at number one for 16 consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 tied for the record , and 14 non-consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart , and 12 non-consecutive weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . On September 21 , 2017 , it became the most streamed song on Spotify , with over 1.32 billion streams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Lyric video 6 Music video 7 Remixes 8 Formats and track listings 9 Charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) On 20 January 2017 , Sheeran uploaded a six - second teaser video of a blue background to social media , with lyrics `` the club is n't the best place to find a lover '' , which is the first line of `` Shape of You '' . On 6 January 2017 , when hosting The Radio 1 Breakfast Show , Sheeran revealed that `` Shape of You '' had originally been written with Rihanna in mind . To further tease the release , Sheeran and his label used a sponsored Snapchat lens filter with 30 seconds on the song to increase buzz among the general public . He said : `` ( ' Shape of You ' ) is actually a really random one because I went in to write songs for other people with a guy called Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid , and we were writing this song and I was like ' this would really work for Rihanna , ' '' he explained . `` And then I started singing lyrics like ' putting Van The Man on the jukebox ' and I was like ' well she 's not really going to sing that , is she ? ' And then we sort of decided halfway through that we were just going to make it for me . '' He continued , `` This was the last song that was finished , and I just did n't put two and two together that this was even going to be on the album . I just kind of wrote it and was like ' oh , that was fun . ' '' Composition ( edit ) `` Shape of You '' is a pop , dancehall and tropical house song with `` strummy acoustics . '' In the song , Sheeran sings over a marimba - fueled percussive sway about a budding romance . `` The club is n't the best place to find a lover , so the bar is where I go / Me and my friends at the table doing shots drinking fast and then we talk slow , '' he sings . `` Come over and start up a conversation with just me / And trust me I 'll give it a chance . '' According to NT News , the song `` tells the story of loved ( or lusted ) up Sheeran meeting a girl in a bar where he and his mates are doing shots . '' `` Shape of You '' is written in the key of C ♯ minor with a tempo of 96 beats per minute . The song is composed in common time ( 4 4 time ) , and follows a basic chord progression of C ♯ m -- F ♯ m -- A -- B ( i -- iv -- VI -- VII ) , and Sheeran 's vocals span from G ♯ to G ♯ . The song 's lyrical rhythm drew comparisons to the TLC song `` No Scrubs '' , particularly in the pre-chorus line , `` Boy , let 's not talk too much / Grab on my waist and put that body on me . '' As a result , the composers of `` No Scrubs , '' Kandi Burruss , Tameka `` Tiny '' Cottle , and Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs , were awarded co-writing credits on `` Shape of You '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said , `` ' Shape of You ' is trickier , a nimble and effective song that takes the aggressive thinning of ' Caribbean music ' . '' Billboard 's Taylor Weatherby wrote about the song saying , `` ' Shape of You ' does n't quite sound like your typical Sheeran tune . But that almost serves as an indication of what the `` Thinking Out Loud '' singer has been up to during his hiatus : creating music that still feels like Sheeran , just with a new twist . '' Jeremy Gordon of Spin gave the song a positive review , stating that the song `` is a plausible attempt at convincing us he has had sex ... a lot of it . It kind of slaps , though you ca n't really picture Sheeran ever saying ' put that body on me ' to a real human woman . '' News website Metro wrote that it sounds similar to the song `` Cheap Thrills '' by Sia . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Shape of You '' reached number one in the official charts of 30 countries , and has received various certifications . It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 13 January , selling 227,000 combined units in its first week . Sheeran also debuted at number 2 with the song `` Castle on the Hill '' , making him the only artist in UK chart history to debut in the top two positions . `` Shape of You '' debuted at number two on the Scottish Singles Chart behind `` Castle on the Hill '' . The song was certified Silver in the first week due to selling 200,000 units and Gold in the second week selling 400,000 units . The song remained at number one in its second week , selling 139,000 . It has stayed at number one for 13 consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart , and a further week at the top after a week 's interruption by Harry Styles ' `` Sign of the Times '' . In July 2017 , the song reached 184 million in streams , making it the most - streamed song in the UK of all time . As of September 2017 , the song has sold 755,000 copies with 212 million streams , making a combined sales of 2.88 million units across all platform in the UK . The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 240,000 downloads and gaining 20 million streams in its debut week in the US , becoming Sheeran 's first number one song in the country . Sheeran also became the first artist to debut two songs in the top 10 the same week in the history of the Hot 100 , with `` Castle on the Hill '' also debuting at number six . `` Shape of You '' topped the Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks . In its fourth week at number one , the song also topped the Mainstream Top 40 , becoming Sheeran 's second number - one single on the chart ( after 2015 's `` Thinking Out Loud '' ) . On 6 May 2017 , it fell to number two on the Hot 100 , being displaced by `` Humble '' by Kendrick Lamar . On the issue date September 2 , 2017 , `` Shape of You '' spent its 32nd week in the top ten of Hot 100 , tying the record for most week on that chart with LeAnn Rimes ' `` How Do I Live '' and `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey . The following week , `` Shape of You '' spent its 33rd consecutive week in the top 10 , breaking the 20 - year - old record . On Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart , `` Shape of You '' became Sheeran 's first number one on a Dance / EDM chart ( his third top ten and sixth overall at Dance / Mix Show Airplay ) in the United States . Afterwards , the song topped Dance Club Songs in its 18 March 2017 issue , his first as a solo artist and his second entry on this chart , when he was a featured artist on Rudimental 's `` Lay It All on Me '' , which peaked at No. 38 in 2016 . As of August 2017 , `` Shape of You '' is the best selling song of 2017 in the US with 2.3 million copies sold , the only one to sell over two million . It is also the most streamed song with 799.7 million combined audio and video streams . It debuted at number one in France , and was later certified diamond there . According to Pure Charts , in the first half of the year 2017 , the song reached 631,000 units ( 105,000 sales and 526,000 units from streams ) and as of September 2017 , it exceeds 812,109 units ( 707,109 from streams ) . In Australia , the song stayed at No. 1 for 15 weeks , breaking a record set 22 years ago by Coolio 's `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' . In doing this , it also broke ABBA 's record of fourteen weeks at number one , which was set on the previous Australian charts before the ARIA charts became Australia 's official charts . In Australia it also achieved 24 weeks inside the top ten , equaling the record with The Prodigy 's `` Breathe '' . The song is the first ever number one single of the Philippine Hot 100 upon the chart 's inception on June 12 , 2017 . It stayed at the peak position for 4 consecutive weeks before it was dethroned by Despacito by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber . Worldwide , the song reached one billion streams on Spotify in June 2017 . It became the most streamed song on Spotify in September 2017 , reaching 1,318,420,396 streams overtaking Drake 's `` One Dance '' . Lyric Video ( edit ) On 5 January 2017 , to accompany the song 's release , a lyric video for `` Shape of You '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel with `` Castle on the Hill '' . As of September 2017 , the official lyric video has amassed over 710 million views on YouTube . Music Video ( edit ) On 30 January 2017 , the song 's official music video , starring American dancer and model Jennie Pegouskie and retired professional sumo wrestler Yamamotoyama Ryūta ( credited as `` Yama '' ) , was released on Sheeran 's channel . It was shot on location in Seattle , and was directed by Jason Koenig . On 8 May 2017 , 97 days after its release , it became one of the fastest music videos to reach 1 billion views on YouTube , and as of September 2017 , the music video has amassed over 2.4 billion views on the site . and is the site 's seventh most - watched video . Remixes ( edit ) The official remix of `` Shape of You '' features newly additional verses and guest vocals by English grime artist Stormzy . The remix premiered during Sheeran and Stormzy 's live collaboration at the 2017 Brit Awards at The O2 in London on 22 February 2017 . Sheeran announced on Twitter that the remix would be released officially on 24 February 2017 . On the same date , various remixes of the song were released on digital music services . Sheeran teased the releases ahead of 2017 Brit Awards ceremony . `` I 've got two things dropping on Friday that are pretty interesting , '' he revealed in a BBC Radio 1 interview just hours before the big show . `` One that gets debuted at the Brits , which I think people will go a bit nuts for . '' He added , `` It 's something that I think nobody is expecting . I think it 'll be decent . '' The Stormzy remix reached No. 1 on The Vodafone Big Top 40 . Remixes by Galantis and Major Lazer were also released , the latter of these featuring guest vocals by Jamaican reggae artists Nyla and Kranium , who had both collaborated with Lazer in the past . In the United States , `` Shape of You '' has immediately become a favorite among DJs and remixers , prompting several of them to create their own versions . One DJ , Joe `` Maz '' Masurka , told Billboard that after he did his own remix on the single that he received a lot of great feedback and response : `` I absolutely love the track , so I had to remix it myself so that I could play it in all my live shows . Ed is a genius ; best song in the last few years . I 've been playing it literally everywhere I 've been booked since about mid-January : Hyde Bellagio in Las Vegas , E11even and Ora in Miami , Parq in San Diego , Premier Atlantic City ... the dance floor loves it . '' A Latin remix featuring reggaeton duo Zion & Lennox was released on 17 March 2017 . Sheeran and American rapper Lil Uzi Vert performed a live remix of `` Shape Of You '' during the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards , followed by a rendition of Lil Uzi Vert 's song `` XO Tour Llif3 '' . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 Digital download ( Galantis remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Galantis remix ) -- 3 : 15 Digital download ( Acoustic ) `` Shape of You '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 43 Digital download ( Stormzy remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Stormzy remix ) -- 3 : 51 Digital download ( Major Lazer remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Major Lazer remix featuring Nyla & Kramium ) -- 3 : 12 Digital download ( Latin remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Latin remix featuring Zion & Lennox ) -- 3 : 57 German CD single `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 `` Shape of You '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 43 Promotional single ( Wale remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Wale remix ) -- 4 : 02 Promotional single ( Remixes ) `` Shape of You '' ( Jack Wins remix ) -- 6 : 09 `` Shape of You '' ( Jack Wins radio edit ) -- 3 : 20 `` Shape of You '' ( Promo Only Jack Wins intro edit ) -- 3 : 47 `` Shape of You '' ( Decoy remix ) -- 2 : 55 Promotional single ( DJ Mike D remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( DJ Mike D radio edit ) -- 3 : 51 `` Shape of You '' ( DJ Mike D mixshow edit ) -- 4 : 17 Promotional single `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 `` Shape of You '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 53 Digital download ( Yxng Bane remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Yxng Bane remix ) -- 4 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium Airplay ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Belgium Airplay ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Brazil ( Hot 100 Airplay ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Chile ( Monitor Latino ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 10 Colombia Anglo ( National - Report ) Colombia ( National - Report ) Latin Remix 88 Colombia ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Colombia Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Denmark Airplay ( Tracklisten ) Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Ecuador ( Monitor Latino ) 15 Ecuador Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Finnish Airplay ( Radiosoittolista ) Finland Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Airplay Chart ( IFPI ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Guatemala ( Monitor Latino ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Japan Radio Songs ( Billboard ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Lithuania ( M - 1 Top 40 ) 29 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Mexico Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Panama ( Monitor Latino ) Panama Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Paraguay ( Monitor Latino ) Peru ( Monitor Latino ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) Poland ( Polish TV Airplay Chart ) Portugal ( AFP ) Portugal Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) Republica Dominicana Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 15 Romania ( Media Forest ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Switzerland ( Romandie ) Turkey ( Number One Top 40 ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Ukraine Airplay ( Tophit ) Uruguay ( Monitor Latino ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 24 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 15 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay ( Billboard ) 42 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) US Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Venezuela Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Venezuela English ( Record Report ) Venezuela ( National - Report ) Latin Remix 63 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 9 × Platinum 630,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 5 × Platinum 100,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 800,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 360,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 1,200,000 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 × Platinum 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 × Platinum 450,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Diamond 100,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 7 × Platinum 280,000 South Korea ( Gaon ) None 1,322,966 * Sweden ( GLF ) 9 × Platinum 360,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 5 × Platinum 150,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 4 × Platinum 2,876,460 United States ( RIAA ) 7 × Platinum 6,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Jump up ^ Sales of `` Shape of You '' in South Korea as of August 2017 . Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . Italy 6 January 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Warner United Kingdom Asylum United States 10 January 2017 Atlantic Various 10 February 2017 Digital download Galantis remix and Acoustic Asylum 24 February 2017 Stormzy remix and Major Lazer remix Germany CD single Original United Kingdom 17 March 2017 Digital download Latin remix featuring Zion & Lennox Various 11 August 2017 Yxng Bane remix See also ( edit ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Argentina ) List of best - selling singles in Australia List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Austria ) List of Ultratop 50 Flanders number - one singles of 2017 List of Ultratop 50 Wallonia number - one singles of 2017 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( Canada ) List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Denmark ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Finland ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Hungary ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Italy ) List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of Mexico Ingles Airplay singles of the 2010s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Poland ) List of Romandie Charts number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Switzerland ) Lists of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Adult Top 40 number - one songs of the 2010s List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 2010s List of number - one Billboard On - Demand Songs of 2017 List of number - one dance singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2017 List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017 List of most liked YouTube videos List of most streamed songs on Spotify List of most streamed songs in the United Kingdom List of most viewed YouTube videos References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ÷ ( Deluxe ) by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Repertory '' . ASCAP . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shape of You - Single by Ed Sheeran on Apple Music '' . iTunes. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Joshua ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Returns With Two New Tracks `` Castle on the Hill '' and `` Shape of You '' `` . Complex . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wass , Mike . `` Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape Of You '' Video Is A Sporty Romance `` . Idolator.com . Hive Media . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonze , Tim ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles 's solo debut single ends Ed Sheeran 's 13 weeks at top of charts '' . Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week , as Harry Styles Starts at No. 4 '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Marc ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Surpasses Drake 's ' One Dance ' as Spotify 's Most - Streamed Song Ever '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran is back - listen '' . Official Charts Company . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Is Back '' . MTV . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kharpal , Arjun ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran releases two new tracks and teases one with a Snapchat lens '' . cnbc.com . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Debated Giving Rihanna 's New Song ' Shape of You ' '' . Billboard. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Says That `` Shape Of You '' Was Initially Meant For Rihanna `` . Idolator. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Ed Sheeran Returns With A Pair Of New Singles '' . Forbes . Forbes Media LLC . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick . `` Why is Ed Sheeran so popular ? '' . USA TODAY . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Music Friday : 9 New Songs To Hear Now '' . Entertainment Weekly . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Ed Sheeran 's Castle on the Hill and Shape of You '' . Rolling Stone . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran releases sings about booze and Elton John in his new songs '' . NT News . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ed Sheeran ' Shape of You ' Sheet Music `` '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Da'Shan ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Adds TLC 's ' No Scrubs ' Songwriters to ' Shape of You ' Credits '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The playlist : Ed Sheeran Returns With a Foot in the Past and an Eye on the Future '' . The New York Times . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran drops awaited new music , listen to `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' `` . Billboard. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Release Two Songs , Is n't So Bad '' . Spin. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran drops two new singles -- and everyone reckons one sounds just like Sia 's Cheap Thrills '' . Metro UK . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob . `` Ed Sheeran scores biggest Official UK Chart comeback since Adele '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's Shape Of You returns to Number 1 as his arena tour sweeps the UK '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's Shape Of You becomes the UK 's most streamed track of all time '' . Musicnews.com. 5 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ). `` he UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . The Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 , Katy Perry Debuts at No. 4 & Bruno Mars , Rihanna & The Weeknd All Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Ties Record for Most Weeks in Hot 100 's Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi , Daddy Yankee & Justin Bieber 's ' Despacito ' Ties for Longest Run at No. 1 in Hot 100 's History '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez 's ' It Ai n't Me ' Debuts in Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Chart 's Top 10 '' from Billboard ( 22 February 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs -- March 18 , 2017 '' . Billboard. 7 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Charge to Third Consecutive No. 1 on Hot Dance / Electronic Songs '' from Billboard ( 9 March 2017 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications - SNEP '' . SNEP ( in French ) . 2013 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Streaming : `` Shape of You '' d'Ed Sheeran établit un record historique en France `` . chartsinfrance.net . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape Of You ' Breaks 22 - Year - Old Chart Record Down Under '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran breaks Australian music chart record with Shape of You '' . News.com.au. 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Philippines Launches First National Charts '' . Billboard . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 9 June 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran song ' Shape of You ' hits one billion streams on Spotify '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' : One Billion Spotify Plays '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea . `` Hear Ed Sheeran 's ' Castle on the Hill , ' ' Shape of You ' '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You ( Official Lyric Video ) '' . YouTube . 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kautman , Gil . `` Ed Sheeran Gets His ' Rocky ' On in Boxing - Focused ' Shape of You ' Video '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Schnurr , Samantha . `` Ed Sheeran Transforms Into a Boxer in Love for `` Shape of You '' Music Video `` . E ! Online . E ! Entertainment Television , LLC . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Edwin ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Shares New Video for `` Shape of You '' `` . Complex . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 300 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Moment Ed Sheeran Brought Out Stormzy At The 2017 BRIT Awards '' . Capital XTRA. 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You ( Stormzy Remix ) Lyrics '' . Genius . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Drops Stormzy & Major Lazer Remixes of ' Shape of You ' : Listen '' . Billboard. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Here 's The Amazing Moment Stormzy Found Out His Ed Sheeran Remix Was No. 1 '' . bigtop40.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Vodafone Big Top 40 Chart '' . bigtop40.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Has Become a Rare Two - Week No. 1 on Dance Club Songs '' from Billboard ( 16 March 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Shape of You : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Galantis Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Acoustic ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Stormzy Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Major Lazer Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You ( Latin Remix ) ( feat . Zion & Lennox ) '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( 2 - Track ) - Ed Sheeran '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( Wale Remix ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( Remixes ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( DJ Mike D Remix ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Yxng Bane Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 3 al 9 de Julio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Brasil Hot 100 Airplay for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Chile '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia - Semana 21 del 2017 - Del 19 / 05 / 2017 al 25 / 05 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 12 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Colombia Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . National Report . 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 -- Semana 14 del 31 / 03 / 2017 al 06 / 04 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . national-report.com.ve. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Colombia '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo del 17 al 23 de Abril , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 40 '' . HRT . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201708 into search . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201702 into search . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You Hitlisten.nu '' ( in Danish ) . Tracklisten . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ecuador -- Del 3 al 10 de Julio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Ecuador '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Shape of You '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Shape of You '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Finland Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Greek ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Song Sales , 4 February 2017 '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Guatemala '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 8 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Shape of You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Radio Songs '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . 27 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . 12 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Ed Sheeran '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lithuanian Airplay Chart '' . Archived from the original on 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard. 25 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Streaming ( del 20 de Enero al 26 de Enero ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General '' . Monitor Latino . 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo '' . Monitor Latino . 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 3 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lijst van 18 - 02 - 2017 - MEGA TOP 50 '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Top 50 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Panama '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Panama '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Paraguay '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Peru '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Video Chart '' . 31 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Republica Dominicana '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart '' . Media Forest . 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 11 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201706 into search . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201702 into search . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart -- Issue date : 2017.12. 02 -- 2017.18. 02 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran no . 1 en Suisse romande '' . lescharts.ch . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 -- Number1 FM / TV '' ( in Turkish ) . Number One . Archived from the original on 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Ukraine Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 21 ) '' . Tophit . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Uruguay '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Airplay for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Pop Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo USA '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Venezuela '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 1 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 2 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Enter Ed Sheeran in the field Interpret . Enter Shape Of You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Shape of You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Certifications '' . IRMA. 5 September 2017 . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- シェイプ・オブ・ユー -- エド・シーラン '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Select 2017 年 06 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2017 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ 2017 Half - Year sales : 2017 년 상반기 결산 DOWNLOAD CHART ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . July sales : 2017 년 07 월 Download Chart ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . August sales : 2017 년 08 월 Download Chart ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' ( To access , enter the search parameter `` Ed Sheeran '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ) ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Shape Of You ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Enter Shape of You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Shape of You RadioDate '' . Radio airplay fm. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . 6 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . 10 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Filming Locations Ed Sheeran songs Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Stormzy Discography Studio albums Gang Signs & Prayer ( 2017 ) Singles `` Know Me From '' `` Big for Your Boots '' `` Cold '' Featured singles `` Power '' Other songs `` Shape of You '' `` Shut Up '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_of_You&oldid=804856617 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Ed Sheeran songs Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - 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-8536968358862479005	The impact of geography on colonial America	The impact of geography on colonial America - wikipedia The impact of geography on colonial America Jump to : navigation , search This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Before the foundation of the United States in 1776 , the Kingdom of Great Britain owned Thirteen Colonies on eastern shore of North America . The geography and climate of the area had a significant impact on the economy and survival of the colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 English Colonies 1.1 Geography 1.2 Climate 1.3 People 1.4 Trade goods 2 Middle Colonies 2.1 Geography 2.2 Climate 2.3 People 2.4 Trade goods 3 Southern colonies 3.1 Geography 3.2 Climate 3.3 Demographics 3.4 Effect on the economy 4 References English colonies ( edit ) The New England colonies tried to help the Native Americans and also , known as the North - Eastern , included Massachusetts Colony , Rhode Island Colony , Connecticut Colony , and New Hampshire Colony . The region was first found by people from Britain in 1620 . British colonies These colonies provided fish , whale products , and lumber . They imported agricultural products from other regions . Geography ( edit ) The geology of New England includes many mountains , and it is thick with trees and rivers . The forest provided , large amount of lumber for New England and led them to specialize in the shipbuilding industry . However , the landscape was unsuitable for cereal crops , so they were imported from the other colonies . Originally this region had fertile soil , but during the last glacial period , large glaciers scraped away the fertile soil and moved it south , leaving a rocky landscape that was not suitable for farming . Climate ( edit ) The New England region is located further north and it has longer winters and the coldest weather among the three regions . Summer is mild and short . The growing season is short . People ( edit ) When English people made the Northern colonies they named their region `` New England '' for their homeland . Famous people from the region included John Winthrop from Massachusetts , Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson from Rhode Island , Thomas Hooker from Connecticut , and John Mason from New Hampshire . Residents in the northern region were mostly Puritans . That was the only religion throughout the New England Colonies , because the Puritans wanted it that way . There was no religious freedom in the region . Trade goods ( edit ) Since the soil and weather in New England was not suitable for farming , many people did not farm . Instead they imported crops from other regions or even other countries . In return , they would trade products they had to other countries . These products included fish , whale products , ships , timber products . Also , they traded furs and livestock products made from animals living in the surrounding forests . Using the large numbers of trees in the forest , people from New England worked at shipbuilding . People in New England cut down trees for lumber to build ships . They would then use them for fishing and hunting whales . That is also a factor that affected what goods people in New England would trade . There was much trade between New England and other regions or countries such as England . New England would export resources like fish and lumber to Africa , England , and the West Indies . Then from Africa , New England would receive hardworking slaves in return . Middle colonies ( edit ) Middle Colonies , North America The middle colonies were the Delaware Colony , the New Jersey Colony , the New York Colony , and the Pennsylvania Colony . Their climate helped them become the ' breadbasket ' of British North America . Arable land was plentiful and the soil was fertile . The excellent natural harbors helped the middle colonies become traders among the colonies . Due in part to immigration from foreign ( Mainland Europe ) countries , the people were ethnically and religiously diverse . Geography ( edit ) These colonies included New York , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and Delaware . New York is dominated by farms , forests , rivers , mountains , and lakes . Manhattan Island is a well known location of New York , originally called New Amsterdam . Lake Erie is the great lake that New York shares a border with . The Appalachian Mountains run through the middle of Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania is bordered by New York , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , West Virginia and Ohio . This region also shares a border with Lake Erie . Many rivers run through the state including the Ohio and Delaware Rivers . On the Eastern Seaboard of the United States , Delaware is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay , as well as by the states of New Jersey , Pennsylvania and Maryland . The area of Delaware , Pennsylvania , and New York is known as the Highlands . The Atlantic Coastal Plain is a region along the middle colonies primarily composed of marsh , rivers and swampland . Climate ( edit ) Since the colonies were further south , the days were longer with a lot of sunlight and plenty of rain . The climate in the coastal region of the middle colonies is moderate year round . Average monthly temperatures range from 76 to 32 degrees . Average temperature in the summer months is 74 degrees . About 57 % of the days are sunny . Annual precipitation is approximately 45 inches . Temperatures along the Atlantic Coast are about 10 degrees warmer in winter and 10 degrees cooler in summer . The average growing season varies from 170 to 200 days . The Coastal Plain is humid in the summers and had temperate winters . People ( edit ) The middle colonies contained Native American tribes of Algonquian and Iroquois language groups as well as a sizable percentage of African slaves during the early years . Unlike solidly Puritan New England , the middle colonies presented an assortment of religions . The presence of Quakers , Mennonites , Lutherans , Dutch Calvinists , and Presbyterians made the dominance of one faith next to impossible . This was because some of the proprietors there believed in religious tolerance and some did not care as long the people paid for the land they inhabited . Some wealthy people worked in the city although most colonists were farmers . Because of fertile soil and a good growing season , most farmers grew enough for their family and a surplus , which they could sell . They grew wheat , grains , and many other things . New York and Philadelphia were the Middle Colonies ' biggest cities . This was because they were the center of trade with all the harbors to import and export goods . Many people were artisans or merchants with many skills . Other people tried to become apprentices to learn their trade . Other people became laborers . They could find general work such as helping load or unload ships or being house servants . Boys could learn shoe or boat making . Girls could open a cloth shop . However , most parents believed children should learn to run the family farm instead of going to college . Trade goods ( edit ) There were considerable differences between the New England , Middle and Southern regions . Economic activities and trade was dependent of the environment in which the Colonists lived . The geography and climate impacted the trade and economic activities of Middle Colonies . The Middle Colonies exported agricultural products and natural resources . The Middle colonies are often called the breadbasket colonies because they grew so many crops , especially wheat . The Middle colonies built flour mills where wheat was ground into flour , then shipped to England . A typical farm was 50 to 150 acres consisting of a house , barn , yard and fields . The Middle Colonies were also able to manufacture iron ore products such as plows , tools , kettles , nails and large blocks of iron which they exported to England . Cottage industries such as weaving , shoe - making , cabinetmaking , and other crafts were prominent in middle colonies , particularly Pennsylvania . The Middle Colonies were in the prime location for the growth of grains . A predominate feature of the region is the Coastal Plain . This region had humid summers and temperate winters which is prime conditions for agriculture . Due to the climate of temperate summers , the grains were allowed to grow for longer periods of time . In the north , the winters were much too harsh to grow these grains . These grains were then exported to other Colonies due to its prime location to the ocean . The climate was prime for these grains which is a direct correlation to how geography relates to trade goods in the Middle Eastern Colonies . Southern colonies ( edit ) Location of Jamestown , Virginia The southern British colonies in North America were the Colony of Virginia , Province of North Carolina , Province of South Carolina , and Province of Georgia . The first successful English colony in N. America was Jamestown , established off the Chesapeake Bay in 1607 . In 1668 King Charles II granted the Carolina charter to eight Lords Proprietor . Georgia was not established as colony until 1732 under a charter granted to James Oglethorpe by King George II . Geography ( edit ) Located between 40 degrees and 30 degrees latitude , the physiographic makeup of the southern colonies is generally divided into three regions . The Atlantic Coastal Plain ( divided into two parts ; the Inner Coastal Plain and the Tidewater ) , the Piedmont , and the Blue Ridge Mountains and Appalachian mountain regions . The Atlantic Coastal plains developed over the last 6,000 years , flattening out via the global flood as well as the transportation of sediment by river systems from the Appalachian Mountains . Crisscrossed by these river systems , the area became known as the Tidewater region due to the noticeable effect of the ocean 's tides on the rivers that run through it . French for `` foothills '' , the Piedmont is characterized by rolling hills stretching between the coastal plain and the Blue Ridge Mountains . It is separated from the coastal plain by the `` fall line '' , line where elevation falls noticeably , and is the sight of many waterfalls on the rivers in the region . The Blue Ridge Mountains is a specific region of the Appalachians . The ridgeline of the mountains varies from being 5 to 65 miles wide , with peaks averaging around 2000 to 4000 ft above sea level . The area is covered in forests with hundreds of species of trees found within the range , and today are a source of timber . Beyond the Blue mountains continues the rest of the Appalachians , except in Virginia where the Shenandoah valley opens up . Climate ( edit ) While the southern coast of the United States is located in similar latitudes of Southern Spain and Morocco , the climate is dominated by weather patterns moving overland as opposed to the oceanic weather patterns that dominate Western Europe . Due to this the east coast of North America is cooler than the regions congruent to it in the `` Old World '' , with climate in the United States being roughly equivalent to climates 40 - 60 degrees latitude in Europe . During the time of colonization this effect was even more pronounced as the world was in the middle of the `` Little Ice Age ''. The soil there is moist , which was perfect for farming . Demographics ( edit ) Colonization of the South during the period of 1600 -- 1650 was mainly confined to Virginia and the Jamestown region in particular . While the majority of people who initially arrived at Jamestown in the first few years of colonization were Englishmen , the Virginia Company did hire artisans from Prussia , the Netherlands and Poland to fill the ranks of colonists , with the hope that they would be able to produce profitable goods for the company to sell in England . Population growth was very slow at first , and depended on an increasing amount of settlers coming into Jamestown . Besides recruiting foreign artisans , the Virginia company tried many schemes to increase settlement of the colony , including transporting `` Vagrant Children '' from England to Virginia and shipping young women to be married to colonists . The Virginia Company also began to use the practice of indentured servitude , promising land at the end of the term to increase immigration to the colonies. 1619 marked the first time African slaves were brought to the colony , when 20 arrived on the White Lion , a Dutch trade ship that had captured them from a Portuguese slave ship . During the English Civil War and the Commonwealth Period of England , Virginia was a haven for cavaliers or royalists still loyal to the crown to live , known as Virginia Cavaliers . Effect on the economy ( edit ) The colonization of the south was greatly affected by the geography of the region . Jamestown Island ( then a peninsula ) itself was chosen for its physical geographic properties . Located inland a ways the peninsula offered protection from European powers as well as the James River ran deep enough in that the colonists could anchor their ships off shore , providing a simple and easy access . Geography often had a role in playing in settlement selection in the south , with most early settlements only extending as far inland as ships or boat could easily travel . The fall line between the piedmont and tidewater region is marked by settlements on where boats could not travel further due to the waterfalls and rapids common in this region . Early colonization was marked by disaster and the failure of colonists to provide properly for themselves as well as turn a profit for the Virginia Company . This is in part due to the misconceptions about climate in Europe . Common belief in the `` old world '' had it that climates were the same at similar latitudes all across the world . Therefore , the southern United States , and Virginia in particular , were expected to be similar in climate to Southern Spain . Because of this colonists and Virginia Company initially tried to cultivate such plants as mulberry trees and orange trees , which were not sustainable . While not as prevalent a belief , some European colonial leaders argued that the warmer climates of the southern latitudes would also cause such precious metals to rise towards the surface of the earth . Along with the stories of Spanish conquests finding `` cities of gold '' , the Virginia Company sent along with their initial colonists equipment for prospecting and mining gold . These beliefs were shown to be wrong and equipment for agriculture and cultivation would have aided the early colonists . Despite these initial misconceptions , the southern United States was rich geographically in particular for agricultural production . Tobacco , rice , and indigo were the main cash crops of the south during the colonial period . In 1612 John Rolfe introduced Tobacco into Jamestown and by 1640 England was importing 1.5 million pounds of tobacco from Virginia . Tobacco Cultivation was extremely difficult , and simple farmers on an acre of land just could not meet the demands in England on their own . With the introduction of African slaves in 1619 , plantations began to arise that could meet the demand in the Europe . Indigo was mainly cultivated in South Carolina beginning in 1739 , due to the efforts of Eliza Lucas Pickney , and became one of the biggest cash crops of the colony up until the end of the war . American indigo reached its peak in 1773 when 1.1 million pounds were exported to England . South Carolina 's swampy wetlands also made it a prime area for the cultivation of rice . In the 1700s , the South Carolina economy was based upon the exportation of rice from its tidewater region . The first attempts at cultivation were failures , and South Carolinian planters began to pay premiums to have slaves imported from specific regions in Africa where rice was grown . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ New England Colonies. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://matsumoto.eesd.org/tm28/col09/colne.html Jump up ^ New England Colonies. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://matsumoto.eesd.org/tm28/col09/colne.html Jump up ^ Alchin , L. ( 2014 , June ) . New England Colonies . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://www.landofthebrave.info/new-england-colonies.htm Jump up ^ Alchin , L. ( 2014 , June ) . Puritans . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://www.landofthebrave.info/puritans.htm Jump up ^ New England Colonies. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://matsumoto.eesd.org/tm28/col09/colne.html Jump up ^ Delaware Geography . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 2014 , from Delaware. gob : http://www.delaware.gov/topics/facts/geo.shtml Jump up ^ Delaware Geography . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 2014 , from Delaware. gob : http://www.delaware.gov/topics/facts/geo.shtml Jump up ^ Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. ( 2014 ) . Retrieved from LandScope America : http://www.landscope.org/explore/natural_geographies/ecoregions/Mid-Atlantic%20Coastal%20Plain/ Jump up ^ The Middle Colonies. ( 2008 - 2014 ) . Retrieved December 2014 , from U.S. History : Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium : http://www.ushistory.org/us/4.asp Jump up ^ Brandon , R.T. ( 2001 ) . Middle Colonies . Retrieved December 2014 , from Early American Colonies : http://matsumoto.eesd.org/tm28/col09/colmc.html Jump up ^ Alchin , L. ( 2013 ) . Middle Colonies . Retrieved December 2014 , from Land of the Brave : http://www.landofthebrave.info/middle-colonies.htm Jump up ^ Alchin , L. ( 2013 ) . Middle Colonies . Retrieved December 2014 , from Land of the Brave : http://www.landofthebrave.info/middle-colonies.htm Jump up ^ Hamby , A.L. ( 2011 ) . Outline of U.S. History . Washington D.C. : Bureau of International Information Programs , U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE NEW YORK BIGHT . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 , from http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/bight/coastal.html Jump up ^ Blue Ridge ( mountains , United States ) . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70358/Blue-Ridge Jump up ^ Blue Ridge ( mountains , United States ) . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70358/Blue-Ridge Jump up ^ Kupperman , K.O. ( 1982 ) . The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period ( Book Review ) . American Historical Review , 87 ( 5 ) , 1262 . ( pg 1265 ) . Jump up ^ Kupperman , K.O. ( 1982 ) . The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period ( Book Review ) . American Historical Review , 87 ( 5 ) , 1262 . ( pg 1265 ) . Jump up ^ German American Corner : First Germans at Jamestown 1 . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.germanheritage.com/Publications/Jamestown/first.html Jump up ^ First Polish Settlers . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.polishamericancenter.org/FirstSettlers.html Jump up ^ Ransome , D.R. ( 1991 ) . Wives for Virginia , 1621 . William & Mary Quarterly , 48 ( 1 ) , 3 - 18 Jump up ^ Virginia 's First Africans . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Virginia_s_First_Africans Jump up ^ GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE NEW YORK BIGHT . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 , from http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/bight/coastal.html Jump up ^ Kupperman , K.O. ( 1982 ) . The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period ( Book Review ) . American Historical Review , 87 ( 5 ) , 1262 Jump up ^ Kupperman , K.O. ( 1982 ) . The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period ( Book Review ) . American Historical Review , 87 ( 5 ) , 1262 Jump up ^ A Southern Plantation . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.watertown.k12.ma.us/cunniff/americanhistorycentral/06lifeinbcolonies/A_Southern_Pla.html Jump up ^ United States . National Park Service . ( 2014 , December 13 ) . Tobacco : Colonial Cultivation Methods . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/tobacco-colonial-cultivation-methods.htm Jump up ^ A Brief History of Indigo in the United States . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://static.sewanee.edu/Chem/Chem&Art/Detail_Pages/Projects_2000/Leopold/History.html Jump up ^ `` The Gullah : Rice , Slavery , and the Sierra Leone - American Connection '' . Yale University . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Rice Plantations . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.yale.edu/glc/gullah/02.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_impact_of_geography_on_colonial_America&oldid=807251892 '' Categories : Colonial United States ( British ) Geography of the United States Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2016 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 21 : 00 . 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2075064368588296973	Keystone species	Keystone species - wikipedia Keystone species Jump to : navigation , search The jaguar , an example of a keystone species A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance . Such species are described as playing a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community , affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community . A keystone species is a plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions . Without keystone species , the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether . The role that a keystone species plays in its ecosystem is analogous to the role of a keystone in an arch . While the keystone is under the least pressure of any of the stones in an arch , the arch still collapses without it . Similarly , an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed , even though that species was a small part of the ecosystem by measures of biomass or productivity . It became a popular concept in conservation biology . Although the concept is valued as a descriptor for particularly strong inter-species interactions , and it has allowed easier communication between ecologists and conservation policy - makers , it has been criticized for oversimplifying complex ecological systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Examples 2.1 Predators 2.2 Mutualists 2.3 Engineers 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Cluster of ochre sea stars ( Pisaster ochraceus ) - keystone predator . Aggregation of California mussels ( Mytilus californianus ) - prey species . The concept of the keystone species was introduced in 1969 by Robert T. Paine , a professor of zoology at the University of Washington . Paine developed the concept to explain his observations and experiments on the relationship between intertidal invertebrates . In his 1966 paper , Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity , Paine described such a system in Makah Bay in Washington . In his follow - up 1969 paper , Paine proposed the keystone species concept , using Pisaster ochraceus , a species of starfish , and Mytilus californianus , a species of mussel , as a primary example . The concept became popular in conservation , and was deployed in a range of contexts and mobilized to engender support for conservation . Paine 's contribution to the ecological theory has been summarized in a HHMI documentary . Examples ( edit ) Given that there are many historical definitions of the keystone species concept , and without a consensus on its exact definition , a list of examples best illustrates the concept of keystone species . A classic keystone species is a small predator that prevents a particular herbivorous species from eliminating dominant plant species . Since the prey numbers are low , the keystone predator numbers can be even lower and still be effective . Yet without the predators , the herbivorous prey would explode in numbers , wipe out the dominant plants , and dramatically alter the character of the ecosystem . The exact scenario changes in each example , but the central idea remains that through a chain of interactions , a non-abundant species has an out - sized impact on ecosystem functions . One example is the herbivorous weevil Euhrychiopsis lecontei and its suggested keystone effects on aquatic plant species diversity by foraging on nuisance Eurasian watermilfoil . Similarly , the wasp species Agelaia vicina has been labeled a keystone species due to its unparalleled nest size , colony size , and high rate of brood production . The diversity of its prey and the quantity necessary to sustain its high rate of growth have a direct impact on local neighboring species . Predators ( edit ) Sea urchins like this purple sea urchin can damage kelp forests by chewing through kelp holdfasts The sea otter is an important predator of sea urchins . As was described by Dr. Robert Paine in his 1966 paper , some sea stars ( e.g. , Pisaster ochraceus ) may prey on sea urchins , mussels , and other shellfish that have no other natural predators . If the sea star is removed from the ecosystem , the mussel population explodes uncontrollably , driving out most other species . Similarly , sea otters protect kelp forests from damage by consuming sea urchins . Kelp `` roots '' , called holdfasts , are merely anchors , and do not perform similar roles to the roots of terrestrial plants , which form large networks that acquire nutrients from the soil . In the absence of sea otters , sea urchins are released from predation pressure , increasing in abundance . Sea urchins rapidly consume nearshore kelp , severing the structures at the base . Where sea otters are present , sea urchins tend to be small and limited to crevices . Large nearshore kelp forests proliferate and serve as important habitat for a number of other species . Kelp also increase the productivity of the nearshore ecosystem through the addition of large quantities of secondary production . These creatures need not be apex predators . Sea stars are prey for sharks , rays , and sea anemones . Sea otters are prey for orca . The jaguar , whose numbers in Central and South America have been classified as near threatened , acts as a keystone predator by its widely varied diet , helping to balance the mammalian jungle ecosystem with its consumption of 87 different species of prey . The gray wolf is another known keystone species , as is the lion . Mutualists ( edit ) Keystone mutualists are organisms that participate in mutually beneficial interactions , the loss of which would have a profound impact upon the ecosystem as a whole . For example , in the Avon Wheatbelt region of Western Australia , there is a period of each year when Banksia prionotes ( acorn banksia ) is the sole source of nectar for honeyeaters , which play an important role in pollination of numerous plant species . Therefore , the loss of this one species of tree would probably cause the honeyeater population to collapse , with profound implications for the entire ecosystem . Another example is frugivores such as the cassowary , which spreads the seeds of many different trees , and some will not grow unless they have been through a cassowary . Engineers ( edit ) Beaver dam , an animal construction which has a transformative effect on the environment . Although the terms ' keystone ' and ' engineer ' are used interchangeably , they are not synonyms . In North America , the prairie dog is an ecosystem engineer . Prairie dog burrows provide the nesting areas for mountain plovers and burrowing owls . Prairie dog tunnel systems also help channel rainwater into the water table to prevent runoff and erosion , and can also serve to change the composition of the soil in a region by increasing aeration and reversing soil compaction that can be a result of cattle grazing . Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies , perhaps to remove any cover for predators . Even grazing species such as plains bison , pronghorn , and mule deer have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs . It is believed that they prefer the plant community which results after prairie dogs have foraged through the area . Another well known ecosystem engineer and keystone species , is the beaver , which transforms its territory from a stream to a pond or swamp . Beavers affect the environment first altering the edges of riparian areas by cutting down older trees to use for their dams . This allows younger trees to take their place . Beaver dams alter the riparian area they are established in . Depending on topography , soils , and many factors , these dams change the riparian edges of streams and rivers into wetlands , meadows , or riverine forests . These dams have shown to be beneficial to myriad species including amphibians , salmon , and song birds . In the African savanna , the larger herbivores , especially the elephants , shape their environment . The elephants destroy trees , making room for the grass species . Without these animals , much of the savanna would turn into woodland . Prairie dog town On the Great Barrier Reef , Australia studies have found the parrotfish on the Great Barrier Reef is the sole species , within thousands of species of reef fish , that consistently scrapes and cleans the coral on the reef . Without these animals , the Great Barrier Reef would be under severe strain . See also ( edit ) Ecosystem engineer Flagship species Foundation species Indicator species Indigenous Introduced species Umbrella species References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paine , R.T. ( 1995 ) . `` A Conversation on Refining the Concept of Keystone Species '' . Conservation Biology . 9 ( 4 ) : 962 -- 964 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1995. 09040962. x . Jump up ^ Mills , L.S. ; Soule , M.E. ; Doak , D.F. ( 1993 ) . `` The Keystone - Species Concept in Ecology and Conservation '' . BioScience . BioScience , Vol. 43 , No. 4 . 43 ( 4 ) : 219 -- 224 . JSTOR 1312122 . doi : 10.2307 / 1312122 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , L. Scott , Michael E. Soule , and Daniel F. Doak . `` The keystone - species concept in ecology and conservation . '' BioScience 43.4 ( 1993 ) : 219 - 224 . Jump up ^ `` Keystone Species Hypothesis '' . University of Washington . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Paine , R.T. ( 1966 ) . `` Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity '' . The American Naturalist. 100 ( 910 ) : 65 -- 75 . JSTOR 2459379 . doi : 10.1086 / 282400 . Jump up ^ Paine , R.T. ( 1969 ) . `` A Note on Trophic Complexity and Community Stability '' . The American Naturalist. 103 ( 929 ) : 91 -- 93 . JSTOR 2459472 . doi : 10.1086 / 282586 . ^ Jump up to : Barua , M. ( 2011 ) Mobilizing metaphors : the popular use of keystone , flagship and umbrella species concepts . Biodiversity and Conservation , 20 : 1427 - 1440 . Jump up ^ HHMI , BioInteractive . `` Some Animals Are More Equal than Others : Keystone Species and Trophic Cascades -- HHMI ( 2016 ) '' . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Davic ( 2003 ) . `` Linking Keystone Species and Functional Groups : A New Operational Definition of the Keystone Species Concept '' . Conservation Ecology . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Creed Jr , R.P. ( 2000 ) . `` Is there a new keystone species in North American lakes and rivers ? '' . OIKOS. 91 ( 2 ) : 405 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0706.2000. 910222. x . ^ Jump up to : Szpak , Paul ; Orchard , Trevor J. ; Salomon , Anne K. ; Gröcke , Darren R. ( 2013 ) . `` Regional ecological variability and impact of the maritime fur trade on nearshore ecosystems in southern Haida Gwaii ( British Columbia , Canada ) : evidence from stable isotope analysis of rockfish ( Sebastes spp . ) bone collagen '' . Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences . In Press ( X ) : XX . doi : 10.1007 / s12520 - 013 - 0122 - y . Jump up ^ Estes , James E. ; Norman S. Smith ; John F. Palmisano ( 1978 ) . `` Sea otter predation and community organization in the Western Aleutian Islands , Alaska '' . Ecology . Ecology , Vol. 59 , No. 4 . 59 ( 4 ) : 822 -- 833 . JSTOR 1938786 . doi : 10.2307 / 1938786 . Jump up ^ Cohn , J.P. ( 1998 ) . `` Understanding Sea Otters '' . BioScience . BioScience , Vol. 48 , No. 3 . 48 ( 3 ) : 151 -- 155 . JSTOR 1313259 . doi : 10.2307 / 1313259 . Jump up ^ Estes , J.A. ; Tinker , M.T. ; Williams , T.M. ; Doak , D.F. ( 1998 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems '' . Science . 282 ( 5388 ) : 473 -- 476 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 282 ... 473E . PMID 9774274 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5388. 473 . Jump up ^ Nowell , K. and Jackson , P. ( compilers and editors ) 1996 . Wild Cats , Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan . IUCN / SSC Cat Specialist Group . IUCN , Gland , Switzerland . ( see Panthera Onca , pp 118 -- 122 ) Jump up ^ Lambeck , Robert J. ( 1999 ) . `` Landscape Planning for Biodiversity Conservation in Agricultural Regions : A Case Study from the Wheatbelt of Western Australia '' . Biodiversity Technical Paper No. 2 . CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology . Jump up ^ Walker , Brian ( 1995 ) . `` Conserving Biological Diversity through Ecosystem Resilience '' . Conservation Biology . 9 ( 4 ) : 747 -- 752 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1995. 09040747. x . Jump up ^ `` Prairie Dogs '' . Wildlife Species Guide . Nebraska Game and Park Commission . Archived from the original on 19 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosmarino , Nicole ( 2007 ) . `` Associated Species : Prairie Dogs are a Keystone Species of the Great Plains '' . Prairie Dog Coalition . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , J.P. ; Jones , C.G. ; Flecker , A.S. ( 2002 ) . `` An ecosystem engineer , the beaver , increases species richness at the landscape scale '' ( PDF ) . Oecologia. 132 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 101 . doi : 10.1007 / s00442 - 002 - 0929 - 1 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Leakey , Richard ; Roger Lewin ( 1999 ) ( 1995 ) . `` 11 The modern elephant story '' . The sixth extinction : biodiversity and its survival . London : Phoenix . pp. 216 -- 217 . ISBN 1 - 85799 - 473 - 6 . Jump up ^ Single keystone species may be the key to reef health , Australian Geographic , 26 September 2014 Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense / counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Constructal theory Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keystone_species&oldid=798527059 '' Categories : Community ecology Conservation biology Keystone species Habitat Biology terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	sea otters have been used as an example of the keystone species concept. this means that sea otters	[]	[]
934066890238366419	Verne Troyer	Verne Troyer - wikipedia Verne Troyer Jump to : navigation , search Verne Troyer Troyer at the Supanova Pop Culture Expo Sydney , Australia in 2012 Verne Jay Troyer January 1 , 1969 Sturgis , Michigan , U.S. April 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 21 ) ( aged 49 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Alcohol poisoning Occupation Actor comedian stunt performer Years active 1994 -- 2018 Height 2 ft 8 in ( 81 cm ) Weight 35 lb ( 16 kg ) Spouse ( s ) Genevieve Gallen ( m . 2004 ; annulled 2004 ) Partner ( s ) Brittney Powell ( 2007 -- 2018 ) Signature Verne Jay Troyer ( January 1 , 1969 -- April 21 , 2018 ) was an American actor , comedian , and stunt performer best known for playing Mini-Me in the Austin Powers film series . He was notable for having been only 2 ft 8 in ( 81 cm ) tall , the result of cartilage -- hair hypoplasia ; this made him one of the shortest men in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Troyer was born in Sturgis , Michigan , the son of Susan , a factory worker , and Reuben Troyer , a repair technician . He had two siblings , Davon and Deborah . He stated that his parents `` never treated me any different than my other average - sized siblings . I used to have to carry wood , feed the cows and pigs and farm animals '' . Troyer was initially raised Amish , but his parents left the faith when he was a child . During his childhood , Troyer spent much time visiting Amish relatives in Centreville , Michigan . He graduated from Centreville High School in 1987 and a plaque was dedicated to him in 2003 . Career ( edit ) Troyer 's film career began when a former president of Little People of America contacted him , looking for someone of a `` certain size '' to serve as a stunt double for the infant character `` Baby Bink '' in John Hughes ' film Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) . He gained further work as a stunt double with some minor comedic roles in several films of the 1990s , including Dunston Checks In , Jingle All the Way ( both 1996 ) , Men in Black ( 1997 ) , and My Giant ( 1998 ) . Troyer first met with Jay Roach to discuss portraying Mini-Me in the Austin Powers series , directed by Roach and starring co-creator Mike Myers , before filming for the series ' second film began . Myers was impressed with Troyer 's performance , rewriting the script for Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 1999 ) to give Mini-Me more screen time and remove the character 's death . Troyer reprised the role three years later in Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) , and collaborated again with Myers on The Love Guru ( 2008 ) . After reaching a large audience as Mini-Me , Troyer portrayed the goblin Griphook in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) , and played the role of Percy in Terry Gilliam 's fantasy film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ( 2009 ) . He also made several appearances as himself in reality television series , including The Surreal Life ( 2005 ) , Welcome to Sweden ( 2007 ) , and the sixth series of the British Celebrity Big Brother ( 2009 ) . Personal life ( edit ) He reportedly married model Genevieve Gallen on February 22 , 2004 , but filed for an annulment the next day . Though the couple 's engagement was much reported , Troyer and his attorney denied that the pair ever had any formal wedding plans , saying that Gallen had fabricated the story for her own financial gain . On June 25 , 2008 , a private home video was leaked of Troyer and his former live - in girlfriend , Ranae Shrider , having sex . The video , filmed in 2008 in Beverly Hills , California , and Shrider 's hometown of Fort Cobb , Oklahoma , was leaked to the public by Shrider and TMZ . Kevin Blatt , the man responsible for brokering the deal for Paris Hilton 's sex tape in 2003 , tried to sell the video . Troyer , through his long - time attorney , Ed McPherson , sued TMZ , Blatt , and online rental company SugarDVD , for invasion of privacy and copyright infringement . In May 2015 , Troyer , his girlfriend Brittney Powell , and her son Tyson appeared on Celebrity Wife Swap , where she switched places with Hines Ward 's wife . In early April 2018 , Troyer was admitted to a hospital after an incident in his home . He had previously been admitted to rehab to undergo treatment for alcoholism . Death ( edit ) On April 21 , 2018 , Troyer died at the age of 49 . No cause was immediately released . His death was reported as a possible suicide to the coroner , who found very high alcohol levels in his body , suggesting and later confirming alcohol poisoning as the cause . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref ( s ) Baby 's Day Out Baby Bink 's stunt double Dunston Checks In Jingle All the Way Little Santa Pinocchio 's Revenge Pinocchio 's Miniature Double 1997 Volcano 1997 Men in Black Alien Son 1997 Wishmaster Creature Stage # 1 1997 RocketMan 1998 My Giant Wrestler 1998 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Wee Waiter Billed as `` Verne J. Troya '' 1998 The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald : Scared Silly Sundae 1998 Mighty Joe Young Baby Joe 1999 Here Lies Lonely Virgil 1999 Instinct Gorilla Performer 1999 Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me Mini-Me 2000 Bit Players Marty Rosenthal 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Band Member 2001 Bubble Boy Dr Phreak 2001 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Griphook Voice by Warwick Davis 2002 Run for the Money Attila 2002 Austin Powers in Goldmember Mini-Me 2003 Pauly Shore Is Dead Himself 2007 Postal Himself 2008 The Love Guru Coach Punch Cherkov 2008 College Himself 2009 The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus Percy 2012 Keith Lemon : The Film Archimedes 2015 Trailer Park Boys : Drunk , High , and Unemployed : Live in Austin Himself 2015 Gnome Alone The Gnome 2018 Hipsters , Gangsters , Aliens and Geeks TBA Post-production Television ( edit ) Year ( s ) Title Role Notes Ref ( s ) 1995 -- 1996 Masked Rider Ferbus 1999 -- 2000 Shasta McNasty Verne 2000 Jack of All Trades Napoleon Bonaparte 2002 Sabrina the Teenage Witch Angus 2003 Boston Public Taylor Prentice 2 episodes Karroll 's Christmas Spike 2005 The Girls Next Door Himself episode `` Fight Night '' 2005 The Surreal Life Himself 2006 Bo ! in the USA 2007 The Surreal Life : Fame Games Himself 2007 Welcome to Sweden Himself 2008 -- 2015 Celebrity Juice Himself 2008 The Smoking Gun Presents : World 's Dumbest ... Commentator 2008 The Podge and Rodge Show Himself 2009 Celebrity Big Brother Himself 2009 Friday Night with Jonathan Ross Himself 2009 The Paul O'Grady Show Himself 2009 WWE Raw Guest host 2013 Lemon La Vida Loca Himself 2013 Legit Himself 2014 BGO.com TV Campaign 2014 Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Himself Season 10 , episode 3 2014 Through the Keyhole Himself 2015 Celebrity Wife Swap Himself 2017 Trailer Park Boys : Out of the Park : USA Himself Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref ( s ) 2016 Let It Die Jackal X References ( edit ) Jump up ^ As stated by Troyer during interview on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross , 25 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer : ' Mini Me ' actor reportedly hospitalised after suffering seizure at Heart of Texas Comic Con in Waco '' . News Corp Australia . March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer Biography ( 1969 - ) '' . Film Reference . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` vernetroyer comments on I am Verne Troyer , AMA ! ! ! '' . Reddit.com . February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Sarah ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Verne Troyer : my family values '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer respects the Amish lifestyle '' . The Arizona Republic . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tunison , John ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Verne Troyer , Michigan native who starred as Mini-Me , dead at 49 '' . M Live . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne Troyer Opens Up About Being Called the M - Word As a Child -- and How He Physically Defended Himself Against a Bully '' . People . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne Troyer : from Mini-Me to Celebrity Big Brother '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne Troyer biography and filmography - Verne Troyer movies '' . Tribute . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Mini-Me : From stunt double to popular clone - July 30 , 2002 '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ OWN ( 4 October 2016 ) . `` Why ' Austin Powers ' Changed Its Original Tragic Ending For Mini-Me '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Powers Movies ' Mini-Me , Verne Troyer , Dies '' . The New York Times . April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer : a life in pictures '' . Guardian.com. 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : Big Brother Eviction '' . BBC . 22 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mini-Me Actor Challenges Model 's Marriage '' . Jump up ^ Sherri L. Shaulis ( 2008 - 07 - 03 ) . `` AVN Exclusive : Verne Troyer 's Ex Discusses Sex Tape , Relationship , More '' . AVN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Isola , Laurie ( 2008 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Troyer in Sex Tape Scandal '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` '' Mini-Me '' actor Verne Troyer sues over sex tape `` . Reuters . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer And Girlfriend Brittney on Celebrity Wife Swap '' . DailyENews . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mini Me actor Verne Troyer in hospital after alleged incident '' . Sky News . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Actor Verne Troyer in hospital '' . BBC News . 2018 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer treated for alcoholism '' . BBC News . 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ CNN , Steve Almasy , . `` Verne Troyer , ' Mini-Me ' in Austin Powers films , dies at 49 '' . cnn.com . Jump up ^ Ferré - Sadurní , Luis ( 21 April 2018 ) . `` Verne Troyer , Mini-Me in Austin Powers Movies , Dies at 49 '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Mini-Me actor Verne Troyer dies at 49 '' . 22 April 2018 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer 's Death ' Possible Suicide ' : ' Very High Level of Alcohol in His System , ' Says Coroner '' . People . April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer 's death may be the latest suicide for Hollywood 's community of little people '' . Fox News . April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Farewell , Mini-Me ! Verne Troyer Passes Away at 49 '' . Ai n't It Cool News . April 21 , 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Austin Powers ' star Verne Troyer dies at age 49 '' . Press - Republican . 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne Troyer List of Movies and TV Shows '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashton , Will ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Austin Powers Actor Verne Troyer Hospitalized After Apparent Suicide Attempt '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne J. Troyer '' . BFI . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sundae the Dog '' . Weasyl . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Lies Lonely ( 1999 ) '' . LetterBoxD . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , Andrew ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Verne Troyer , Mini-Me from ' Austin Powers ' films , has died '' . APNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne Troyer '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Shamus ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` American Tokusatsu Shows : Masked Rider '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fight Night '' . The Girls Next Door . Season 1 . Episode 5 . August 28 , 2005 . E ! . Jump up ^ `` Bo ! In The USA - Cast , Crew and Credits '' . TV.com . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Claire ( 22 April 2018 ) . `` Mike Myers Pays Tribute To Verne Troyer '' . LADbible . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer Then & Now ! '' . Stanton Daily . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Podge and Rodge Show Season 4 , Episode 23 '' . HSB Noticias . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lemon La Vida Loca '' . ITV . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ bgo.com TV advertisement featuring Verne Troyer from bgo.com Jump up ^ `` CAST PlayStation ® 4 用サバイバルアクションゲーム -- Let It Die '' . letitdie.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Verne Troyer on IMDb Verne Troyer interview , Movieset.com ( hide ) MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Duo Best On - Screen Duo Dana Carvey & Mike Myers ( 1992 ) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover ( 1993 ) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones ( 1994 ) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves ( 1995 ) Chris Farley & David Spade ( 1996 ) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery ( 1997 ) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage ( 1998 ) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker ( 1999 ) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer ( 2000 ) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane ( 2013 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2014 ) Zac Efron & Dave Franco ( 2015 ) Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen ( 2017 ) Best On - Screen Team Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu ( 2001 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2002 ) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore ( 2004 ) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried ( 2005 ) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson ( 2006 ) Best Cast Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton ( 2012 ) GND : 1061577236 LCCN : no2008095996 VIAF : 78593565 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verne_Troyer&oldid=843217926 '' Categories : 1969 births 2018 deaths 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Michigan Actors with dwarfism American male film actors American male television actors American stunt performers People from Centreville , Michigan People from Sturgis , Michigan American Amish people Alcohol - related deaths in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played mini-me in the austin power movies	[ "Verne Jay Troyer (January 1, 1969 – April 21, 2018) was an American actor, comedian, and stunt performer best known for playing Mini-Me in the Austin Powers film series. He was notable for having been only 2 ft 8 in (81 cm) tall, the result of cartilage–hair hypoplasia;[1][2] this made him one of the shortest men in the world." ]	[ "Verne Jay Troyer" ]
-3353520937195264894	Law of the Jungle (TV series)	Law of the Jungle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Law of the Jungle ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Law of the Jungle Genre Reality show , Documentary Written by Park Mi - ra Park Young - in Jung Ji - hye Kim Hyung - joo Moon Ah - reum Hwang Bo - bae Yoon Ji - won Won Sol - ip Directed by Min Seon - hong Kim Jin - ho Baek Soo - jin Narrated by Yoon Do - hyun Opening theme Guns N ' Roses -- Welcome to the Jungle Ending theme Park Chanyeol -- Last Hunter in Brunei Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 298 ( as of January 5 , 2018 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Lee Ji - won Location ( s ) Multiple countries Running time 80 minutes Release Original network SBS Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 2 - channel stereo Original release October 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Miracle Audition ( 기적 의 오디션 ) Related shows Good Sunday External links Website programs.sbs.co.kr/enter/jungle Law of the Jungle ( Korean : 정글 의 법칙 ) is a South Korean reality - documentary show on SBS . It was first aired on October 21 , 2011 . This show is a hybrid of reality - variety television , natural documentaries , and human drama ; a new concept of programming . The cast of celebrities travel to less - habitated , natural places to survive on their own and experience life with local tribes and people . Originally airing at the Friday 11 : 05 pm KST time slot , the program was switched into Good Sunday beginning May 6 , 2012 , airing before Running Man at the 5 : 00 pm time slot , replacing K - pop Star Season 1 . With the return of K - pop Star Season 2 to Good Sunday , the program returned to Friday nights but airing at 10 : 00 pm instead beginning November 16 , 2012 . Originally airing as Kim Byung - man 's Law of the Jungle ( Korean : 김병만 의 정글 의 법칙 ) after the creator and `` clan leader '' Kim Byung - man , `` Kim Byung - man 's '' was dropped from the title after episode 40 . Special editions of the program air as well featuring a different cast not in the regular time slot . Law of the Jungle W ( W for Women ) features an all - female cast and generally airs during the Seollal and Chuseok holidays . Law of the Jungle K ( K for Kids ) features celebrities with their children , and has aired as a Korean New Year special in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Episodes 3 Law of the Jungle W 3.1 2012 Seollal Special 3.2 2012 Chuseok Special 3.3 2012 4 - Part Special 4 Law of the Jungle K 4.1 2013 Seollal Special 5 Ratings 5.1 2011 5.2 2012 5.3 2013 5.4 2014 5.5 2015 5.6 2016 5.7 2017 5.8 2018 5.9 Specials 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) South Korean comedian Kim Byung - man created the show in 2011 , with various celebrities joining him in different locations around the world to experience living in the wild for less than a week . In each location , the guests are tasked to hunt and prepare their meals and also create shelter for the tribe . Kim Byung - man has been present for every single episode in every location and finished filming in Komodo , but the comedian 's spinal injury which was caused by a skydiving accident in July 2017 made him take a break from filming the show for their next trip , which would be in Fiji . The show also decided to bring back experienced cast members to take his place . Episodes ( edit ) # Episode # Title Location Air date 1 -- 6 Kim Byung - man 's Law of the Jungle Namibia , Africa October 21 , 2011 -- December 2 , 2011 Theme : Survival and Coexistence Members : Kim Byung - man , Ryu Dam , Ricky Kim , Hwang Kwanghee ( ZE : A ) 7 -- 11 Kim Byung - man 's Law of the Jungle Papua , Indonesia , Southeast Asia December 9 , 2011 -- January 13 , 2012 Theme : Jungle Road Members : Kim Byung - man , Kim Kwang - kyu , Noh Woo - jin , Ricky Kim , Hwang Kwanghee ( ZE : A ) , Taemi Notes : Kim Kwang - kyu suffered a decline in health during the trip and returned to Korea early . Hwang Kwang - hee replaced him midway . 13 -- 22 Good Sunday -- Kim Byung - man 's Law of the Jungle in Vanuatu Vanuatu , Oceania May 6 , 2012 -- July 8 , 2012 Theme : Tribal Evolution Members : Kim Byung - man , Choo Sung - hoon , Park Si - eun , Noh Woo - jin , Ricky Kim , Hwang Kwanghee ( ZE : A ) 23 -- 28 Good Sunday -- Kim Byung - man 's Law of the Jungle in Siberia Siberia , Russia , North Asia July 15 , 2012 -- August 26 , 2012 Theme : Road to the End of the Earth Members : Kim Byung - man , Lee Tae - gon , Noh Woo - jin , Ricky Kim , Hwang Kwanghee ( ZE : A ) Notes : Hwang Kwanghee suffered an injury during the trip and returned to Korea early . 5 29 -- 40 Good Sunday -- Kim Byung - man 's Law of the Jungle in Madagascar Madagascar , Africa September 2 , 2012 -- November 16 , 2012 Theme : Exploring Lost Treasure Members : Kim Byung - man , Park Jung - chul , Ryu Dam , Noh Woo - jin , Ricky Kim , Jeon Hye - bin , Jeong Jinwoon ( 2AM ) Notes : The last episode aired on Friday as a separate program , moving out of Good Sunday due to the return of K - pop Star Season 2 . 6 41 -- 50 Law of the Jungle in Amazon / Galapagos Amazon rainforest & Galápagos Islands , Ecuador , South America December 28 , 2012 -- March 1 , 2013 Members : Kim Byung - man , Choo Sung - hoon , Park Jung - chul , Park Sol - mi , Noh Woo - jin , Mir ( MBLAQ ) Notes : The cast arrived in Ecuador without Kim Byung - man and crossed the Andes to find the zero degree position and determine the equator . Kim Byung - man and Mir joined the tribe before they headed to the Amazon . They first stayed in , and escaped from an uninhabited island before moving to the deeper parts of the Amazon to find the last warrior tribe , the Huaorani . Kim Byung - man suffered an allergic reaction to a bullet ant bite during the trip , which required him to seek immediate medical care . When they arrived in the village , they were asked to pass a series of tests , which includes hunting and climbing a tree . They then flew to the San Cristobal Island , Galapagos Islands where the environmental laws prohibits fishing and starting a fire , which caused problems for the team who must stay there for 48 hours . 7 51 -- 60 Law of the Jungle in New Zealand Chatham Islands , New Zealand , Oceania March 8 , 2013 -- May 10 , 2013 Theme : Return to First Intentions Members : Kim Byung - man , Lee Pil - mo , Park Jung - chul , Noh Woo - jin , Ricky Kim , Jung Suk - won , Park Bo - young Notes : A large controversy was sparked regarding the reality aspect of the program , following a post by the CEO of Park Bo - young 's agency on Facebook claiming the entire program is fake . 8 61 -- 70 Law of the Jungle in Himalayas Himalayas , Nepal , South Asia May 17 , 2013 -- July 19 , 2013 Members : Kim Byung - man , Ahn Jung - hwan , Park Jung - chul , Noh Woo - jin , Jung Joon , Oh Ji - eun , Kim Hye - seong 9 71 -- 80 Law of the Jungle in Caribbean / Maya Jungle Caribbean & Belize , Central America July 26 , 2013 -- September 27 , 2013 Theme : Perseverance Members : Kim Byung - man , Kim Sung - soo , Ryu Dam , Noh Woo - jin , Cho Yeo - jeong , Oh Jong - hyuk ( Click - B ) , Sungyeol ( INFINITE ) 10 81 -- 89 Law of the Jungle in Savanna Tanzania , East Africa October 4 , 2013 -- December 13 , 2013 Theme : Self - Reliance Members : Kim Byung - man , Kim Won - jun , Ryu Dam , Noh Woo - jin , Han Eun - jung , Lee Kyu - han , Jung Tae - woo 11 90 -- 99 Law of the Jungle in Micronesia Micronesia , Oceania December 20 , 2013 -- February 21 , 2014 Members : Kim Byung - man , Im Won - hee , Ye Ji - won , Park Jung - chul , Ryu Dam , Oh Jong - hyuk ( Click - B ) Ep. 90 -- 94 ( Relay Survival ) : Chanyeol ( EXO ) Ep. 95 -- 99 ( Relay Survival ) : Yim Si - wan ( ZE : A ) Notes : The cast are challenged to find the 92 secrets of the ruins of Nan Madol . It was eventually revealed that the site is composed of 92 artificial islands . For the first half , each member had a ' guardian angel ' among the other members who secretly chose them to take care of and protect . Despite this , Oh Jong - hyuk cut himself while climbing a coconut tree and had to get stitches . In the second half , the cast traveled to Kosrae and are given their second mission : Find out the secret behind 16 : 17 or 4 : 17 PM . Their final location is the Chuuk islands where they are given their last mission , which is to live without the chief , Kim Byung - man , for 50 hours . 12 100 -- 107 Law of the Jungle in Borneo : the Hunger Games Dinawan Island , Sabah Malaysia , Borneo , Southeast Asia February 28 , 2014 -- May 2 , 2014 Theme : Homo Ludens Members : Kim Byung - man , Im Won - hee , Bong Tae - gyu , Lee Young - ah , Seo Ha - jun , Kim Dong - jun ( ZE : A ) Ep. 100 -- 102 ( 100th Episode Special ) : Choo Sung - hoon , Oh Jong - hyuk ( Click - B ) , Jeon Hye - bin , Hwang Kwanghee ( ZE : A ) Ep. 103 -- 105 ( Relay Survival ) : Hwang Hyun - hee ( ko ) Ep. 105 -- 107 ( Relay Survival ) : Onew ( Shinee ) Notes : For the celebration of its 100th episode , the show brought back some of its most experienced and strongest veterans to form a team that will compete against Kim Byung - man 's new tribe in a Hunger Games special . The locations they visited and were a cast of would act as districts , in which case , Jeon Hye - bin would be from District Madagascar , Choo Sung - hoon from Districts Vanuatu and Amazon , Oh Jong - hyuk from Districts Caribbean and Micronesia , and Hwang Kwang - hee from Districts Namibia , Papua , Vanuatu and Siberia . To prepare for the games , the new cast went to a ' Survival Camp ' and spent time with the Murut tribe to learn basic survival skills in the jungle such as making fire the traditional way . After the competition , the new cast were brought to a traditional Bajau house in the middle of the sea , which would become their camp . 13 108 -- 116 Law of the Jungle in Brazil Brazil , South America May 9 , 2014 -- July 4 , 2014 Theme : Blind Quest Members : Kim Byung - man , Ye Ji - won , Bae Sung - jae , Bong Tae - gyu , Oh Jong - hyuk ( Click - B ) Ep. 108 -- 112 ( Relay Survival ) : Lee Min - woo ( Shinhwa ) , Onew ( Shinee ) Ep. 112 -- 116 ( Relay Survival ) : Kangin ( Super Junior ) , Hyuk ( VIXX ) 14 117 -- 125 Law of the Jungle in Indian Ocean Indian Ocean , Reunion Island July 11 , 2014 -- September 5 , 2014 Theme : Journey of Self - discovery Members : Kim Byung - man , Kim Seung - soo , Park Hwi - soon ( ko ) , Kang Ji - sub , Uee ( After School ) , James ( Royal Pirates ) , Niel ( Teen Top ) Notes : With a cast composed of celebrities who live mundane lives outside of work , they go on a trip to ' find themselves ' which has 3 phases . 1 . Who are you ? 2 . Who am I ? and 3 . Who are we ? On the second day in Reunion island , almost all the members required medical care due to increased stomach acidity because of eating lemons on an empty stomach and filming had to be stopped . The next morning , while trying to film by the sea , the cast members were hit by a large wave , causing Uee to fall and hit her head on the rocky shore . She was immediately taken to the staff 's camp to get stitches . Despite this , she continued the trip and still participated in the cast 's next task , where the 7 members must survive by themselves in separate areas on the island for 24 hours . No member can bring their own bags and all were packed by the other members who gave items they brought with them to the other members . Afterwards , they are reunited and move to another location before being transported days later to Formica Leo to find the hint for their next survival location , which is revealed to be Mauritius . 15 126 -- 136 Law of the Jungle in Solomon Islands Solomon Islands , Oceania September 12 , 2014 -- November 21 , 2014 Theme : Solomon 's Choice Members : Kim Byung - man , Jung Doo - hong , Park Jung - chul , Kim Gyu - ri , Ryu Dam Ep. 126 -- 130 ( Relay Survival ) : Kwon Oh - joong , Kim Tae - woo , Kikwang ( BEAST ) Ep. 131 -- 136 ( Relay Survival ) : Lee Jae - yoon , Dana ( The Grace ) , Tao ( EXO ) Ep. 134 -- 136 : Yoon Do - hyun ( Special Guest ) Notes : The 15th tribe begin their trip by heading to Savo Island to meet the Melanesian people residing there to learn some tips about the island such as the fruits growing there . During their stay , they were taught how to look for Megapodes ' eggs . Inspired by the story of King Solomon and the two mothers , the staff explains the trip 's theme , which is ' Solomon 's Choice ' . Throughout the trip they must make wise decisions and this was first tested when the staff asked each member to pick which boat they will take to Anuha Island . Once a day , the cast will be asked to make a ' life or death choice ' , such as only taking one member 's bags to survive with when the staff confiscated their luggage or choosing to live without fire or water for 24 hours . Due to other schedule commitments , Tao was only able to stay for a few days ( Ep. 131 -- 133 ) 16 137 -- 145 Law of the Jungle in Costa Rica Costa Rica November 28 , 2014 -- January 23 , 2015 Theme : Eco Survival Members : Kim Byung - man , Park Jung - chul , Ryu Dam , Seo Ji - seok , Lee Tae - im Ep. 137 -- 142 : Im Chang - jung , Lee Chang - min ( 2AM ) Ep. 142 -- 145 : Jung Man - sik , Dongwoo ( INFINITE ) 17 146 -- 153 Law of the Jungle with Friends Palau January 30 , 2015 -- March 20 , 2015 Members : Kim Byung - man , Ryu Dam & Yoon Se - ah , Son Ho - jun & Baro ( B1A4 ) Ep. 146 -- 150 : Yook Joong - wan ( Rose Motel ( ko ) ) & Sam Okyere Ep. 150 -- 152 : Jo Dong - hyuk & Sam Hammington Ep. 152 -- 153 : Yook Joong - wan 18 154 -- 162 Law of the Jungle in Indochina Indochina peninsula March 27 , 2015 -- May 22 , 2015 Theme : Law of the Jungle Family Outing ! Members : Kim Byung - man , Lee Sung - jae , Raymon Kim , Ryu Dam , Jang Su - won , Lim Ji - yeon Ep. 154 -- 158 : Seo In - guk , Son Ho - jun Ep. 158 -- 162 : Kim Jong - min , Park Hyung - sik ( ZE : A ) 19 163 -- 170 Law of the Jungle in Yap Yap Islands May 29 , 2015 -- July 17 , 2015 Theme : War of Stones Members : Kim Byung - man , Lee Jung - jin , Ryu Dam , Park Han - byul Ep. 163 -- 165 ( Relay Survival ) : Ryu Seung - soo , Kangnam ( M.I.B ) , Lee Yi - kyung Ep. 166 -- 170 ( Relay Survival ) : Yoon Sang - hyun , Bae Soo - bin , Eun Ji - won Ep. 169 -- 170 : Jeong Jinwoon , Dasom ( Sistar ) Notes : Park Han - byul finished the trip and left the show on episode 168 , and was replaced by Jeong Jinwoon and Dasom . But all the flights from Yap Airport were cancelled at that filming days due to the bad weather caused by Typhoon Noul in Yap Island , she had to stay for few more days while Jeong Jinwoon and Dasom 's flight from Guam Airport was also cancelled and they appeared since the end of episode 169 . 20 171 -- 177 Law of the Jungle : Hidden Kingdom Special Brunei July 24 , 2015 -- September 4 , 2015 Theme : Hidden Kingdom ( 1st Half ) , The Last Hunter ( 2nd Half ) Members : Kim Byung - man , Sam Hammington Ep. 171 -- 174 : Jeong Jun - ha , Shim Hyung - tak , Nam Gyu - ri , Do Sang - woo , Jun Hyo - seong ( Secret ) , Jeong Jinwoon Ep. 175 -- 177 : Lee Tae - gon , Mino ( ko ) ( Freestyle ) , Haha , Ryu Dam , Seo Hyo - rim , Chanyeol ( EXO ) Notes : Chanyeol released an OST for the show titled `` Last Hunter '' . 21 178 -- 185 Law of the Jungle in Nicaragua Nicaragua & Caribbean September 11 , 2015 -- October 30 , 2015 Theme : Triathlon Survival ( 1st Half ) , Find Big 3 ( 2nd Half ) , Send Me ( 4th Anniversary Special , recording in the Caribbean ) Members : Kim Byung - man , Hyun Joo - yup , Kim Dong - hyun , Choi Woo - shik Ep. 178 -- 180 : Jo Han - sun , Hani ( EXID ) , Jackson ( Got7 ) Ep. 181 -- 184 : Ryu Dam , Kim Tae - woo , N ( VIXX ) , Minah ( Girl 's Day ) Ep. 184 -- 185 ( 4th Anniversary Special ) : Kim Byung - man , Ryu Dam , Kim Ki - bang , Go Joo - won , Lee Mi - do ( ko ) , Yoo Seung - ok ( ko ) , Kim Hee - jung 22 186 -- 194 Law of the Jungle in Samoa Samoa November 6 , 2015 -- January 1 , 2016 Theme : Find the Treasures Members : Kim Byung - man , Lee Sang - yeob Ep. 186 -- 190 : Lee Won - jong , Kang Kyun - sung ( Noel ) , Wang Ji - hye , BEAST ( Yoon Doo - joon , Yong Jun - hyung ) Ep. 186 -- 189 : Jung Joon - young Ep. 191 -- 194 : Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Jo Dong - hyuk , Sam Hammington , Hwang Chi - yeul , Gong Hyun - joo , Haeryung ( BESTie ) Notes : : Because of another schedule , Yoon Doo - joon & Yong Jun - hyung appeared in the end of episode 186 . Jung Joon - young finished the trip and left early in episode 189 due to 2 Days & 1 Night 's schedule . 23 195 -- 202 Law of the Jungle in Panama Panama January 8 , 2016 -- February 26 , 2016 Theme : Surviving in Unknown ( 1st Half ) , Searching for Gold ( 2nd Half ) Members : Kim Byung - man , Lee Jang - woo Ep. 195 -- 198 : Oh Ji - ho , Son Eun - seo , Ahn Se - ha , Hong Jong - hyun Ep. 199 ( Gold Expedition Special ) : Oh Ji - ho , Ahn Se - ha , Park Yu - hwan Ep. 200 -- 202 : Lee Jong - won , Hwang Woo - seul - hye , Hwanhee ( Fly to the Sky ) , Bora ( Sistar ) , Park Yu - hwan , Sungyeol ( INFINITE ) Notes : The 23rd trip started with the cast visiting the Panama Canal . After heading back to the ocean , they are blindfolded and found themselves in the middle of nowhere with only a raft to use to accomplish their first mission , which is to find an island which will become their survival zone . They eventually arrived at one of the San Blas Islands . In the 199th episode , Son Eun - seo and Hong Jong - hyun were replaced by Park Yu - hwan and the 5 men went on a gold expedition special in Camino Real . The cast of the second half were taken to Alajuela Lake and were introduced to the Embera people . For the show 's 200th episode , they granted viewers ' wishes from the show , such as the cast building a tree house and making Geisha coffee which they would have to find in the jungle . 24 203 -- 211 Law of the Jungle in Tonga Tonga March 4 , 2016 -- April 29 , 2016 Theme : Vacation Members : Kim Byung - man , Go Se - won , Seo Kang - joon ( 5urprise ) Ep. 203 -- 207 : Jeon Hye - bin , Hong Yoon - hwa , Jota ( Madtown ) Ep. 204 -- 207 : Sandeul ( B1A4 ) Ep. 208 -- 211 : Lee Hoon , Chansung ( 2PM ) , Sungjong ( INFINITE ) , Seolhyun ( AOA ) Notes : With the youngest cast the show 's ever had , the members of the first half are informed by the staff that their first survival location would be Hitofua . Since they were expecting an island , they are shocked upon learning that they would have to stay in a shipwreck for 56 hours . Hitofua was the only tugboat in Tonga in the 1900s and was left abandoned near the shore after it was hit by a tsunami in 1982 . After completing the mission , the tribe was split into two teams with Kim Byung - man and the two oldest members Jeon Hye - bin and Go Se - won heading to Eua Island , while the rest are taken to another island . Kim Byung - man sustained an injury while trying to climb down what they did n't realize at the time was a cliff . In the other team , Jota cut his leg while attempting to open a coconut and the staff had to take him to the nearest hospital . The new cast joins Seo Kang - jun and Go Se - won for the second half and they head to one of the islands of Vavaʻu . In the final episode , they were introduced to a tribe in Tonga who taught them about their culture and traditions . They finished filming for the season , however , because of Cyclone Winston which prevented them from leaving , the cast and crew were stuck in Vavaʻu for 72 hours . 25 212 -- 219 Law of the Jungle in Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea May 6 , 2016 -- June 24 , 2016 Theme : The Women Special ( 1st Half ) , Movie - Like Jungle Survival ( 2nd Half ) Members : Kim Byung - man Ep. 212 -- 216 : Choi Song - hyun , Kim Ji - min , Choi Yoon - young , Sojin ( Girl 's Day ) , Kangnam ( M.I.B ) , Oh Ha - young ( Apink ) Ep. 216 -- 219 : Jang Hyun - sung , Lee Tae - gon , Jang Hee - jin , Super Junior ( Leeteuk , Kangin ) , Shownu ( Monsta X ) Notes : In the first half , the female guests are challenged to survive in the wild for 100 hours . For the first 24 hours , they are given the option to surrender and leave the show but past that , they must stay and finish the trip . The youngest member , Apink 's Oh Hayoung , was stung by a scorpion on the first day while building their shelter . Kangin 's parts in the second half were cut due to his DUI incident . 26 220 -- 228 Law of the Jungle in New Caledonia New Caledonia July 1 , 2016 -- August 26 , 2016 Theme : 20 Again ( 2nd Half ) Members : Kim Byung - man Ep. 220 -- 224 : Hong Seok - cheon , Heo Kyung - hwan , Kim Young - kwang , Yoon Park , Yuri ( Girls ' Generation ) , Cha Eunwoo ( ASTRO ) Ep. 225 -- 228 : Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Han Jae - suk , David Lee McInnis , Hyun Joo - yup , Choi Yeo - jin , Jeongyeon ( TWICE ) Notes : Inspired by a famous line from Boys Over Flowers which had scenes filmed in New Caledonia , the staff asked the cast to transfer from their boat to a pirogue which they will use to sail to one of the islands of L'Île - des - Pins which will serve as their first survival location . The staff also confiscated their bags which they returned after 24 hours . On the third day , each member was asked to choose between two cards which had ' Sky ' and ' Earth ' written on it , unaware of what it meant . They were then ordered to move to the island of whatever card they chose and eventually found out that ' Sky ' meant Paradise , which is a large and lush island while ' Earth ' stood for Hades or Hell , which is a small barren island with a dangerous rocky terrain . Each team spent 24 hours on their respective islands before returning to their original survival location . The cast of the second half traveled to Deva which , unlike Ile Des Pins , is mostly grasslands and mountains . They were first tasked to ride horses to their next destination , but on the way there , a horse kicked Jeongyeon 's ankle by accident which injured her as a result . She was immediately taken to a hospital to get examined and treated . Despite the staff 's suggestion that she return to South Korea for safety , Jeongyeon stayed with the tribe and used a wooden crutch the chief Kim Byung - man crafted for her . However , the cast was forced to move camp earlier than planned because of a storm that could lead to them getting stranded because of the mountains that surrounded the area . Jeongyeon was eventually forced to return to South Korea first . Three of the remaining members including Kim Byung - man visited the Dogny falls while the rest were taken to Deva Deltas . As a final mission , the cast went skydiving . 27 229 -- 237 Law of the Jungle in Mongolia Mongolia September 2 , 2016 -- October 28 , 2016 Theme : Nomad Members : Kim Byung - man , Lee Chun - hee Ep. 229 -- 233 : Ye Ji - won , Kim Min - kyo , Kangnam ( M.I.B ) , Seo In - guk , Lee Sun - bin Ep. 234 -- 237 : Ryu Seung - soo , Julien Kang , Park Se - young , Eric Nam , Changsub ( BTOB ) Notes : With ' Nomads ' as their theme , the cast must travel to four locations and over 10,000 km of land in Mongolia . The members of the first half were dropped off by a helicopter on Gobi Desert and were only given two camels to ride . They also met real nomads who they bartered with for food . After surviving in the desert for 3 days , they headed east to Khentii Province . Kim Byung - man , Kim Min - kyo and Lee Chun - hee were separated from the rest and went west to the Altai Mountains to meet the Kazakhs to learn the basics of being an eagle hunter while the rest stayed the night . The cast of the second half traveled north to a taiga . On the third day , they were separated into two teams , one team in Lake Khuvsgul and another who will meet the Tsaatan tribe . 28 238 -- 246 Law of the Jungle in East Timor East Timor November 4 , 2016 -- December 30 , 2016 Theme : Singers Special ( 1st Half ) , Forget Time ( 2nd Half ) Members : Kim Byung - man , Hwang Chi - yeul Ep. 238 -- 240 : Lee Sang - min , Yoon Min - soo , Jung Joon - young ( Drug Restaurant ) , Yang Yo - seob ( BEAST ) , Kwon Nara ( Hello Venus ) Ep. 241 -- 246 : Lee Moon - sik , Kwon Oh - joong , Kim Hwan ( ko ) , Oh Chang - seok , Yoo In - young , Kangnam ( M.I.B ) Notes : The celebrities who joined the singer special were challenged to survive on a barren island for three days . On the first day , they had to do a solo survival mission which includes hunting and building shelter on their own . The tribe was divided into three units of two on the second day and only worked as one group on the last day . Hwang Chi - yeul stayed with Kim Byung - man and joined the cast of the second half who were given their second mission , which is to survive without the time and had their watches taken . Hwang Chi - yeul left before the tribe traveled to Jaco Island . 29 247 -- 255 Law of the Jungle in Kota Manado Manado , Sulawesi , Indonesia January 6 , 2017 -- March 3 , 2017 Theme : The Rising Star of 2017 ( 1st Half ) , Let Me to Introduce My Friend ( 2nd Half ) Members : Kim Byung - man Ep. 247 -- 251 : Yoon Da - hoon , Sol Bi , Sleepy ( Untouchable ) , Jin ( BTS ) , Gong Myung ( 5urprise ) , Cheng Xiao ( Cosmic Girls ) Ep. 252 -- 255 : Yoon Jung - soo & Kim Young - chul , Kangnam , Kim Min - seok & Sungyeol ( INFINITE ) , Kyungri ( Nine Muses ) & Kang Tae - oh ( 5urprise ) Notes : On episode 251 , Jin finished the trip and left the show early for another schedule . Kangnam became a regular member . 30 256 -- 264 Law of the Jungle in Sumatra Sumatra , Indonesia March 17 , 2017 -- May 12 , 2017 Theme : Survive on the Land of Disasters ( 1st half ) , In Search of Mentawai Tribe ( 2nd half ) Members : Kim Byung - man , Kwak Si - yang Ep. 256 -- 261 : Lee Byung - kyu , KCM , Jo Se - ho , BtoB ( Peniel , Sungjae ) , Kim Se - jeong ( Gugudan ) Ep. 261 -- 264 : Ji Sang - ryeol , Kangnam , Choi Jong - hoon ( F.T. Island ) , Jo Bo - ah , Shin ( Cross Gene ) 31 265 -- 273 Law of the Jungle in Wild New Zealand North Island , New Zealand , Oceania May 19 , 2017 -- July 14 , 2017 Theme : Travel up North Island Members : Kim Byung - man , Kangnam Ep. 265 -- 270 : Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Uee ( After School ) Ep. 265 -- 268 : Park Chul - min , Sung Hoon , Mark ( Got7 ) Ep. 268 -- 270 : Lee Jae - yoon , Jung Eun - ji ( Apink ) , Microdot Ep. 270 -- 273 : Lee Kyung - kyu , Kim Hwan ( ko ) , Lee Jae - yoon , Soyou ( Sistar ) , Microdot Notes : Starting from Cape Palliser , they will travel north towards Cape Reinga while surviving in the wild . They must also abide by the Law of Fisheries Act , 1996 when fishing for food . Filmed during Cyclone Debbie and Cyclone Cook in March -- April 2017 , the worst storms encountered in the history of the show . Kim Byung - man also admitted that he fished in the coldest water since Mongolia . 32 274 -- 282 Law of the Jungle in Komodo Komodo & Flores Island , East Nusa Tenggara , Indonesia July 21 , 2017 -- September 15 , 2017 Theme : Legend of Komodo ( 1st Half ) , Legend of Hobbit ( 2nd Half ) Members : Kim Byung - man , Song Jae - hee Ep. 274 -- 278 : Yang Dong - geun , Lee Wan , Jo Jeong - sik ( ko ) , Kangnam , Hani ( EXID ) , Mingyu ( SEVENTEEN ) Ep. 278 -- 282 : Lee Soo - geun , Choi Won - young , Yang Jeong - won ( ko ) , Hongbin ( VIXX ) , Lee Tae - hwan ( 5urprise ) , Yerin ( GFriend ) Notes : After another schedule in Taiwan and missed a flight at Hong Kong Airport , Hongbin appeared in a self - filmed video message on episode 278 and officially participated in the tribe from the end of episode 279 . 33 283 -- 292 Law of the Jungle in Fiji Fiji , Pacific Ocean September 22 , 2017 -- November 24 , 2017 Theme : Survive Like a Movie ( 1st Half ) , Go Round the `` Gods ' Garden '' Taveuni ( 2nd Half ) Members : Ep. 283 -- 287 : Choo Sung - hoon , Noh Woo - jin , Oh Jong - hyuk , DinDin , Jeong Da - rae , Roy Kim , Chaekyung ( APRIL ) , Jaehyun ( NCT ) Ep. 288 -- 292 : Lee Moon - sik , Lee Tae - gon , Ryu Dam , Kangnam , Jeong Jinwoon ( 2AM ) , Apink ( Park Cho - rong , Yoon Bo - mi ) , Yunhyeong ( iKON ) Notes : Due to the spinal injury which was caused by a skydiving accident in July 2017 , Kim Byung - man who is the only permanent cast member of the show , will take a break to heal and he will not appear in this trip . Instead , several guests that have frequent the program will join the trip . 34 293 -- present Law of the Jungle in Cook Islands Cook Islands , South Pacific Ocean December 1 , 2017 -- present Theme : Atiu Adventure Survival ( 1st Half ) , Aitutaki Separation Survival ( 2nd Half ) Members : Kim Byung - man , Kangnam Ep. 293 -- 298 : Pak Se - ri , Lee Chun - hee , Kim Hwan ( ko ) , Lee Jong - hyun ( CNBLUE ) , Solbin ( Laboum ) , JB ( Got7 ) Ep. 299 -- ? ? ? : Park Jung - chul , Kim Jung - tae , Lee Da - hee , Jung Joon - young , Byungchan ( Victon ) Notes : Kim Byung - man confirmed his return on October 13 , 2017 after recovering from his spinal injury . 35 TBA Law of the Jungle in Chile Chile , South America / Antarctica TBA ( February 2018 ) Theme : TBA Members : Kim Byung - man Ep . ? ? ? -- ? ? ? : Kim Seung - soo , Hong Jin - young , Kim Dong - jun ( ZE : A ) , JR ( NU'EST ) , Minhyuk ( Monsta X ) , Chaeyeon ( DIA ) Ep . ? ? ? -- ? ? ? : Kim Sung - ryung , Jo Jae - yoon , Kim Jong - min , Cho Yoon - woo , , Rowoon ( SF9 ) , Kim Jin - kyung Law of the Jungle W ( edit ) Law of the Jungle W ( W for Women ) features an all - female cast ( except in the 4 - Part Special ) and generally airs during the Seollal and Chuseok holidays . 2012 Seollal Special ( edit ) Location : Palawan Island , Philippines , Southeast Asia Members : Kim Joo - hee , Kim Na - young , Jeon Hye - bin , Jung Joo - ri , Hong Soo - ah Airdate : January 22 , 2012 Ep 12 2012 Chuseok Special ( edit ) Location : Malakula Island , Vanuatu , Oceania Members : Han Go - eun , Shin Bong - sun , Jang Shin - young , Jung Joo - ri , Go Woo - ri Airdate : October 1 , 2012 2012 4 - Part Special ( edit ) Location : New Guinea , Papua New Guinea , Oceania Members : Park Sang - myun , Jo Hye - ryun , Kim Jae - kyung , Jo An , Jung Joo - ri , Lee Soo - kyung Airdate : November 23 , 2012 -- December 21 , 2012 Law of the Jungle K ( edit ) Law of the Jungle K ( K for Kids ) features celebrities with their children , and has aired as a Seollal special in 2013 . 2013 Seollal Special ( edit ) Location : Mindoro Island , Philippines , Southeast Asia Narrator : Kim Kook - jin Members : Jo Hye - ryun , Lee Jung - yong , Yeom Kyung - hwan , Park Nam - jung , Jung Jong - chul Members ' Children : Kim Woo - joo ( Jo Hye - ryun 's son ) , Lee Mid-eum , Lee Ma - eum ( Lee Jung - yong 's sons ) , Yeom Eun - ryul ( Yeom Kyung - hwan 's son ) , Park Si - eun , Park Si - woo ( Park Nam - jung 's daughters ) , Jung Si - hoo ( Jung Jong - chul 's son ) Airdate : February 11 , 2013 Ratings ( edit ) In the ratings below , the highest rating for each year will be in red , and the lowest rating for each year will be in blue . 2011 ( edit ) List of ratings in 2011 ( Episodes 1 -- 9 ) ( show ) Episode # Original Airdate Edition TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area October 21 , 2011 in Namibia Ep. 1 7.1 % 9.3 % 8.4 % 10.5 % October 28 , 2011 in Namibia Ep. 2 7.0 % 8.9 % 7.9 % 9.5 % November 4 , 2011 in Namibia Ep. 3 9.3 % 12.0 % 10.2 % 12.1 % November 18 , 2011 in Namibia Ep. 4 11.2 % 14.8 % 11.8 % 13.8 % 5 November 25 , 2011 in Namibia Ep. 5 13.7 % 16.7 % 15.4 % 17.4 % 6 December 2 , 2011 in Namibia Last Ep . 10.7 % 14.6 % 12.0 % 14.9 % 7 December 9 , 2011 in Papua Ep. 1 12.4 % 16.8 % 13.4 % 15.6 % 8 December 16 , 2011 in Papua Ep. 2 12.9 % 16.5 % 15.0 % 18.4 % 9 December 23 , 2011 in Papua Ep. 3 12.3 % 15.1 % 12.9 % 14.5 % 2012 ( edit ) List of ratings in 2012 ( Episodes 10 -- 41 ) ( show ) Episode # Original Airdate Edition TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area 10 January 6 , 2012 in Papua Ep. 4 12.8 % 16.2 % 12.9 % 15.1 % 11 January 13 , 2012 in Papua Last Ep . 15.3 % 18.7 % 16.7 % 19.6 % 12 January 22 , 2012 Seollal Special - Behind Story 7.5 % 9.1 % 9.0 % 10.4 % 13 May 6 , 2012 in Vanuatu Ep. 1 12.8 % 14.6 % 13.3 % 15.2 % 14 May 13 , 2012 in Vanuatu Ep. 2 14.5 % 16.1 % 14.9 % 15.9 % 15 May 20 , 2012 in Vanuatu Ep. 3 17.1 % 19.0 % 16.8 % 18.6 % 16 May 27 , 2012 in Vanuatu Ep. 4 14.2 % 17.2 % 15.0 % 16.4 % 17 June 3 , 2012 in Vanuatu Ep. 5 16.9 % 21.0 % 16.6 % 18.2 % 18 June 10 , 2012 in Vanuatu Ep. 6 16.6 % 18.3 % 15.9 % 17.8 % 19 June 17 , 2012 in Vanuatu Ep. 6 14.9 % 17.2 % 15.5 % 16.7 % 20 June 24 , 2012 in Vanuatu Ep. 8 17.4 % 20.9 % 15.3 % 16.8 % 21 July 1 , 2012 in Vanuatu Ep. 9 15.6 % 18.5 % 15.8 % 17.3 % 22 July 8 , 2012 in Vanuatu Last Ep . 18.4 % 21.6 % 17.6 % 18.6 % 23 July 15 , 2012 in Siberia Ep. 1 19.7 % 22.8 % 18.6 % 20.4 % 24 July 22 , 2012 in Siberia Ep. 2 18.7 % 21.5 % 17.2 % 18.6 % 25 August 5 , 2012 in Siberia Ep. 3 14.6 % 15.9 % 14.1 % 15.5 % 26 August 12 , 2012 in Siberia Ep. 4 17.7 % 20.5 % 16.2 % 17.4 % 27 August 19 , 2012 in Siberia Ep. 5 18.9 % 22.7 % 17.2 % 18.9 % 28 August 26 , 2012 in Siberia Last Ep . 16.4 % 19.6 % 14.2 % 15.9 % 29 September 2 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 1 17.0 % 19.5 % 16.8 % 18.1 % 30 September 9 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 2 16.0 % 18.8 % 16.2 % 17.8 % 31 September 16 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 3 16.3 % 19.6 % 16.7 % 17.9 % 32 September 23 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 4 15.4 % 17.1 % 15.3 % 16.4 % 33 September 30 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 5 15.5 % 16.0 % 14.1 % 15.9 % 34 October 7 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 6 15.9 % 17.1 % 14.8 % 16.1 % 35 October 14 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 7 19.6 % 22.0 % 18.9 % 20.3 % 36 October 21 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 8 17.6 % 19.3 % 16.5 % 17.5 % 37 October 28 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 9 17.3 % 19.6 % 15.9 % 17.7 % 38 November 4 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 10 18.6 % 20.5 % 16.9 % 18.1 % 39 November 11 , 2012 in Madagascar Ep. 11 18.5 % 20.1 % 16.1 % 17.8 % 40 November 16 , 2012 in Madagascar Last Ep . 14.0 % 17.8 % 12.7 % 15.5 % 41 December 28 , 2012 in Amazon Ep. 1 14.5 % 15.8 % 15.1 % 16.4 % 2013 ( edit ) List of ratings in 2013 ( Episodes 42 -- 91 ) ( show ) Episode # Original Airdate Edition TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area 42 January 4 , 2013 in Amazon Ep. 2 17.8 % 21.3 % 17.1 % 20.2 % 43 January 11 , 2013 in Amazon Ep. 3 17.6 % 20.7 % 17.0 % 18.2 % 44 January 18 , 2013 in Amazon Ep. 4 19.7 % 23.4 % 17.4 % 19.8 % 45 January 25 , 2013 in Amazon Ep. 5 20.6 % 24.6 % 19.3 % 21.7 % 46 February 1 , 2013 in Amazon Ep. 6 19.9 % 22.6 % 18.4 % 20.4 % 47 February 8 , 2013 in Amazon Ep. 7 19.0 % 21.2 % 18.1 % 19.6 % 48 February 15 , 2013 in Galapagos Ep. 1 17.1 % 19.9 % 15.3 % 16.5 % 49 February 22 , 2013 in Galapagos Ep. 2 18.0 % 20.8 % 16.8 % 18.9 % 50 March 1 , 2013 in Galapagos Ep. 3 ( Amazon Last Ep . ) 16.8 % 18.1 % 15.2 % 17.6 % 51 March 8 , 2013 in New Zealand Ep. 1 17.4 % 20.7 % 16.4 % 18.4 % 52 March 15 , 2013 in New Zealand Ep. 2 16.8 % 20.6 % 15.6 % 17.6 % 53 March 22 , 2013 in New Zealand Ep. 3 16.5 % 18.7 % 16.8 % 18.9 % 54 March 29 , 2013 in New Zealand Ep. 4 17.1 % 20.2 % 15.7 % 17.3 % 55 April 5 , 2013 in New Zealand Ep. 5 17.0 % 20.3 % 16.2 % 18.4 % 56 April 12 , 2013 in New Zealand Ep. 6 15.5 % 18.3 % 15.8 % 18.3 % 57 April 19 , 2013 in New Zealand Ep. 7 15.8 % 17.9 % 14.1 % 15.7 % 58 April 26 , 2013 in New Zealand Ep. 8 14.6 % 17.4 % 15.3 % 16.3 % 59 May 3 , 2013 in New Zealand Ep. 9 16.1 % 19.4 % 15.8 % 16.5 % 60 May 10 , 2013 in New Zealand Last Ep . 14.6 % 16.8 % 15.4 % 16.4 % 61 May 17 , 2013 in Himalayas Ep. 1 13.7 % 15.9 % 15.8 % 17.0 % 62 May 24 , 2013 in Himalayas Ep. 2 15.1 % 16.7 % 16.1 % 17.9 % 63 May 31 , 2013 in Himalayas Ep. 3 15.0 % 17.4 % 16.5 % 17.6 % 64 June 7 , 2013 in Himalayas Ep. 4 13.4 % 15.6 % 14.9 % 17.0 % 65 June 14 , 2013 in Himalayas Ep. 5 14.8 % 17.0 % 14.7 % 17.0 % 66 June 21 , 2013 in Himalayas Ep. 6 15.0 % 17.0 % 14.4 % 14.6 % 67 June 28 , 2013 in Himalayas Ep. 7 15.0 % 17.5 % 14.5 % 16.2 % 68 July 5 , 2013 in Himalayas Ep. 8 15.2 % 18.3 % 14.3 % 15.6 % 69 July 12 , 2013 in Himalayas Ep. 9 15.2 % 18.4 % 14.5 % 16.2 % 70 July 19 , 2013 in Himalayas Last Ep . 14.0 % 16.2 % 13.9 % 15.7 % 71 July 26 , 2013 in Caribbean Ep. 1 15.3 % 17.3 % 14.2 % 14.7 % 72 August 2 , 2013 in Caribbean Ep. 2 18.2 % 21.9 % 15.7 % 17.3 % 73 August 9 , 2013 in Caribbean Ep. 3 18.8 % 23.1 % 17.3 % 19.8 % 74 August 16 , 2013 in Caribbean Ep. 4 17.3 % 21.3 % 16.5 % 18.4 % 75 August 23 , 2013 in Caribbean Ep. 5 16.1 % 18.6 % 15.5 % 16.1 % 76 August 30 , 2013 in Caribbean Ep. 6 16.1 % 18.5 % 13.8 % 14.9 % 77 September 6 , 2013 in Maya Jungle Ep. 1 14.4 % 16.3 % 14.3 % 15.2 % 78 September 13 , 2013 in Maya Jungle Ep. 2 14.4 % 17.2 % 15.6 % 17.7 % 79 September 20 , 2013 in Maya Jungle Ep. 3 13.6 % 15.5 % 11.1 % 11.7 % 80 September 27 , 2013 in Maya Jungle Ep. 4 ( Caribbean Last Ep . ) 12.9 % 15.5 % 13.2 % 14.3 % 81 October 4 , 2013 in Savanna Ep. 1 12.9 % 16.0 % 12.7 % 13.4 % 82 October 11 , 2013 in Savanna Ep. 2 14.6 % 17.3 % 14.2 % 15.4 % 83 October 18 , 2013 in Savanna Ep. 3 14.9 % 18.4 % 14.4 % 15.6 % 84 November 1 , 2013 in Savanna Ep. 4 14.6 % 18.4 % 14.3 % 15.2 % 85 November 8 , 2013 in Savanna Ep. 5 13.3 % 16.5 % 13.7 % 14.8 % 86 November 15 , 2013 in Savanna Ep. 6 13.1 % 16.0 % 14.8 % 16.5 % 87 November 29 , 2013 in Savanna Ep. 7 11.4 % 14.2 % 10.3 % 11.0 % 88 December 6 , 2013 in Savanna Ep. 8 10.5 % 12.8 % 10.4 % 11.6 % 89 December 13 , 2013 in Savanna Last Ep . 10.7 % 12.6 % 10.7 % 11.8 % 90 December 20 , 2013 in Micronesia Ep. 1 12.5 % 14.5 % 12.4 % 13.4 % 91 December 27 , 2013 in Micronesia Ep. 2 13.3 % 15.4 % 14.4 % 15.4 % 2014 ( edit ) List of ratings in 2014 ( Episodes 92 -- 141 ) ( show ) Episode # Original Airdate Edition TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area 92 January 3 , 2014 in Micronesia Ep. 3 13.5 % 16.1 % 15.6 % 17.5 % 93 January 10 , 2014 in Micronesia Ep. 4 13.2 % 16.2 % 16.0 % 17.6 % 94 January 17 , 2014 in Micronesia Ep. 5 13.7 % 16.6 % 12.0 % 13.2 % 95 January 24 , 2014 in Micronesia Ep. 6 17.1 % 20.8 % 15.6 % 16.5 % 96 January 31 , 2014 in Micronesia Ep. 7 9.6 % 11.9 % 9.0 % 9.2 % 97 February 7 , 2014 in Micronesia Ep. 8 16.6 % 20.0 % 15.9 % 17.4 % 98 February 14 , 2014 in Micronesia Ep. 9 16.3 % 19.1 % 14.4 % 15.7 % 99 February 21 , 2014 in Micronesia Last Ep . 15.3 % 18.8 % 16.3 % 17.7 % 100 February 28 , 2014 in Borneo Ep. 1 13.9 % 15.5 % 16.4 % 17.7 % 101 March 7 , 2014 in Borneo Ep. 2 13.9 % 16.2 % 14.8 % 16.3 % 102 March 14 , 2014 in Borneo Ep. 3 13.9 % 16.0 % 14.7 % 15.6 % 103 March 21 , 2014 in Borneo Ep. 4 14.6 % 16.3 % 14.1 % 15.3 % 104 March 28 , 2014 in Borneo Ep. 5 13.1 % 14.7 % 13.1 % 13.3 % 105 April 4 , 2014 in Borneo Ep. 6 14.4 % 17.4 % 14.0 % 15.4 % 106 April 11 , 2014 in Borneo Ep. 7 13.0 % 14.7 % 12.8 % 14.1 % 107 May 2 , 2014 in Borneo Last Ep . 11.2 % 14.0 % 11.6 % 12.8 % 108 May 9 , 2014 in Brazil Ep. 1 12.6 % 15.1 % 12.1 % 13.6 % 109 May 16 , 2014 in Brazil Ep. 2 13.0 % 15.2 % 12.2 % 13.3 % 110 May 23 , 2014 in Brazil Ep. 3 14.7 % 18.1 % 13.1 % 13.6 % 111 May 30 , 2014 in Brazil Ep. 4 13.0 % 15.4 % 12.4 % 13.3 % 112 June 6 , 2014 in Brazil Ep. 5 12.0 % 14.7 % 10.8 % 11.2 % 113 June 13 , 2014 in Brazil Ep. 6 12.9 % 15.7 % 11.7 % 12.3 % 114 June 20 , 2014 in Brazil Ep. 7 13.8 % 16.0 % 11.7 % 12.6 % 115 June 27 , 2014 in Brazil Ep. 8 11.8 % 13.5 % 11.3 % 12.3 % 116 July 4 , 2014 in Brazil Last Ep . 12.2 % 13.9 % 11.4 % 11.8 % 117 July 11 , 2014 in Reunion Island Ep. 1 13.3 % 16.0 % 13.2 % 14.4 % 118 July 18 , 2014 in Reunion Island Ep. 2 13.7 % 16.2 % 13.2 % 14.7 % 119 July 25 , 2014 in Reunion Island Ep. 3 13.9 % 16.7 % 12.7 % 14.2 % 120 August 1 , 2014 in Reunion Island Ep. 4 12.6 % 14.5 % 11.4 % 11.7 % 121 August 8 , 2014 in Reunion Island Ep. 5 13.7 % 16.5 % 12.1 % 13.3 % 122 August 15 , 2014 in Reunion Island Ep. 6 13.0 % 13.6 % 12.0 % 13.3 % 123 August 22 , 2014 in Reunion Island Ep. 7 12.8 % 14.7 % 12.5 % 13.3 % 124 August 29 , 2014 in Reunion Island Ep. 8 13.1 % 15.6 % 13.2 % 14.3 % 125 September 5 , 2014 in Reunion Island Last Ep . 13.4 % 15.5 % 12.8 % 13.3 % 126 September 12 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Ep. 1 12.7 % 15.7 % 14.0 % 15.4 % 127 September 19 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Ep. 2 10.8 % 13.0 % 12.1 % 13.7 % 128 September 26 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Ep. 3 13.5 % 15.9 % 14.4 % 15.2 % 129 October 3 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Ep. 4 11.5 % 13.2 % 13.9 % 15.2 % 130 October 10 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Ep. 5 13.2 % 15.9 % 13.4 % 14.5 % 131 October 17 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Ep. 6 13.9 % 15.2 % 13.6 % 15.2 % 132 October 24 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Ep. 7 13.1 % 14.6 % 13.2 % 14.7 % 133 October 31 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Ep. 8 11.6 % 14.1 % 12.5 % 13.3 % 134 November 7 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Ep. 9 13.4 % 15.9 % 13.4 % 14.2 % 135 November 14 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Ep. 10 13.9 % 15.2 % 13.2 % 14.5 % 136 November 21 , 2014 in Solomon Islands Last Ep . 12.8 % 15.3 % 13.5 % 14.3 % 137 November 28 , 2014 in Costa Rica Ep. 1 11.5 % 14.1 % 12.8 % 13.9 % 138 December 5 , 2014 in Costa Rica Ep. 2 12.0 % 14.5 % 13.1 % 14.4 % 139 December 12 , 2014 in Costa Rica Ep. 3 11.5 % 14.0 % 13.1 % 14.5 % 140 December 19 , 2014 in Costa Rica Ep. 4 12.6 % 15.6 % 12.6 % 13.7 % 141 December 26 , 2014 in Costa Rica Ep. 5 13.0 % 15.8 % 15.0 % 16.5 % 2015 ( edit ) List of ratings in 2015 ( Episodes 142 -- 193 ) ( show ) Episode # Original Airdate Edition TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area 142 January 2 , 2015 in Costa Rica Ep. 6 14.5 % 18.1 % 15.6 % 17.5 % 143 January 9 , 2015 in Costa Rica Ep. 7 14.7 % 17.7 % 14.7 % 16.3 % 144 January 16 , 2015 in Costa Rica Ep. 8 14.9 % 18.3 % 15.5 % 18.3 % 145 January 23 , 2015 in Costa Rica Last Ep . 12.9 % 15.5 % 12.7 % 14.6 % 146 January 30 , 2015 in Palau Ep. 1 13.8 % 17.0 % 15.7 % 17.4 % 147 February 6 , 2015 in Palau Ep. 2 13.0 % 15.2 % 13.8 % 15.5 % 148 February 13 , 2015 in Palau Ep. 3 13.4 % 15.7 % 12.7 % 14.3 % 149 February 20 , 2015 in Palau Ep. 4 10.3 % 11.5 % 11 , 8 % 13 , 5 % 150 February 27 , 2015 in Palau Ep. 5 12.3 % 14.7 % 13.7 % 16.0 % 151 March 6 , 2015 in Palau Ep. 6 12.5 % 14.1 % 13.8 % 15.6 % 152 March 13 , 2015 in Palau Ep. 7 11.9 % 14.1 % 12.5 % 13.9 % 153 March 20 , 2015 in Palau Last Ep . 12.9 % 15.8 % 13.8 % 15.5 % 154 March 27 , 2015 in Indochina Ep. 1 13.4 % 15.6 % 13.2 % 14.8 % 155 April 3 , 2015 in Indochina Ep. 2 13.3 % 15.0 % 14.1 % 15.6 % 156 April 10 , 2015 in Indochina Ep. 3 12.4 % 15.2 % 12.3 % 14.3 % 157 April 17 , 2015 in Indochina Ep. 4 12.6 % 15.1 % 11.9 % 13.3 % 158 April 24 , 2015 in Indochina Ep. 5 12.2 % 14.4 % 12.9 % 14.6 % 159 May 1 , 2015 in Indochina Ep. 6 12.7 % 15.4 % 12.5 % 14.0 % 160 May 8 , 2015 in Indochina Ep. 7 12.6 % 15.7 % 11.9 % 12.8 % 161 May 15 , 2015 in Indochina Ep. 8 10.4 % 12.1 % 11.0 % 11.9 % 162 May 22 , 2015 in Indochina Last Ep . 10.3 % 12.4 % 10.3 % 11.5 % 163 May 29 , 2015 in Yap Ep. 1 10.8 % 12.6 % 11.5 % 12.6 % 164 June 5 , 2015 in Yap Ep. 2 10.6 % 13.2 % 11.8 % 12.7 % 165 June 12 , 2015 in Yap Ep. 3 11.4 % 13 , 2 % 11.0 % 12.0 % 166 June 19 , 2015 in Yap Ep. 4 10.4 % 11.6 % 11.0 % 12.2 % 167 June 26 , 2015 in Yap Ep. 5 11.5 % 12.7 % 11.9 % 13.2 % 168 July 3 , 2015 in Yap Ep. 6 12.9 % 14.7 % 11.2 % 11.7 % 165 July 10 , 2015 in Yap Ep. 7 11.3 % 13.2 % 11.8 % 13.2 % 170 July 17 , 2015 in Yap Last Ep . 12.1 % 13.6 % 12.0 % 12.5 % 171 July 24 , 2015 Hidden Kingdom Ep. 1 11.0 % 12.6 % 11.6 % 12.3 % 172 July 31 , 2015 Hidden Kingdom Ep. 2 10.7 % 12.4 % 10.1 % 11.1 % 173 August 7 , 2015 Hidden Kingdom Ep. 3 10.6 % 11.7 % 11.1 % 12.8 % 174 August 14 , 2015 Hidden Kingdom Ep. 4 11.9 % 13.1 % 12.4 % 13.4 % 175 August 21 , 2015 Hidden Kingdom Ep. 5 ( The Last Hunter ) 10.6 % 11.8 % 12.4 % 14.5 % 176 August 28 , 2015 Hidden Kingdom Ep. 6 ( The Last Hunter ) 12.8 % 14.0 % 13.3 % 14.5 % 177 September 4 , 2015 Hidden Kingdom Last Ep . ( The Last Hunter ) 12.9 % 14.3 % 13.0 % 14.1 % 178 September 11 , 2015 in Nicaragua Ep. 1 10.8 % 12.0 % 11.5 % 13.1 % 179 September 18 , 2015 in Nicaragua Ep. 2 12.3 % 13.8 % 13.1 % 14.3 % 180 September 25 , 2015 in Nicaragua Ep. 3 12.3 % 13.3 % 13.5 % 14.5 % 181 October 2 , 2015 in Nicaragua Ep. 4 12.6 % 13.8 % 13.7 % 15.3 % 182 October 9 , 2015 in Nicaragua Ep. 5 10.1 % 11.5 % 10.8 % 12.0 % 183 October 16 , 2015 in Nicaragua Ep. 6 9.8 % 10.8 % 11.7 % 13.5 % 184 October 23 , 2015 in Nicaragua Ep. 7 ( 4th anniversary ) 9.6 % 11.5 % 10.9 % 12.1 % 185 October 30 , 2015 in Nicaragua Last Ep . ( 4th anniversary ) 9.9 % 11.2 % 11.7 % 13.2 % 186 November 6 , 2015 in Samoa Ep. 1 9.6 % 10.9 % 11.6 % 12.9 % 187 November 13 , 2015 in Samoa Ep. 2 9.1 % 9.7 % 12.0 % 13.7 % 188 November 20 , 2015 in Samoa Ep. 3 9.1 % 10.2 % 11.1 % 12.7 % 189 November 27 , 2015 in Samoa Ep. 4 9.4 % 10.5 % 11.6 % 13.1 % 190 December 4 , 2015 in Samoa Ep. 5 10.3 % 11.0 % 10.9 % 12.8 % 191 December 11 , 2015 in Samoa Ep. 6 10.3 % 10.1 % 11.8 % 13.0 % 192 December 18 , 2015 in Samoa Ep. 7 11.7 % 13.2 % 13.9 % 16.2 % 193 December 25 , 2015 in Samoa Ep. 8 10.0 % 11.2 % 12.6 % 14.0 % 2016 ( edit ) List of ratings in 2016 ( Episodes 194 -- 246 ) ( show ) Episode # Original Airdate Edition TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area 194 January 1 , 2016 in Samoa Last Ep . 9.7 % 10.6 % 11.4 % 12.1 % 195 January 8 , 2016 in Panama Ep. 1 12.3 % 13.3 % 13.5 % 15.3 % 196 January 15 , 2016 in Panama Ep. 2 12.5 % 14.2 % 12.6 % 14.3 % 197 January 22 , 2016 in Panama Ep. 3 13.5 % 14.8 % 15.1 % 17.1 % 198 January 29 , 2016 in Panama Ep. 4 13.0 % 13.2 % 13.9 % 15.8 % 199 February 5 , 2016 in Panama Ep. 5 11.9 % 12.6 % 13.1 % 15.1 % 200 February 12 , 2016 in Panama Ep. 6 13.1 % 14.0 % 14.4 % 16.5 % 201 February 19 , 2016 in Panama Ep. 7 12.1 % 12.5 % 12.6 % 14.6 % 202 February 26 , 2016 in Panama Last Ep . 10.5 % 11.4 % 11.6 % 12.8 % 203 March 4 , 2016 in Tonga Ep. 1 12.6 % 13.3 % 13.5 % 14.9 % 204 March 11 , 2016 in Tonga Ep. 2 12.7 % 13.9 % 14.9 % 16.8 % 205 March 18 , 2016 in Tonga Ep. 3 12.6 % 13.1 % 14.7 % 17.3 % 206 March 25 , 2016 in Tonga Ep. 4 12.7 % 13.9 % 13.0 % 14.2 % 207 April 1 , 2016 in Tonga Ep. 5 11.6 % 12.7 % 13.6 % 15.1 % 208 April 8 , 2016 in Tonga Ep. 6 11.6 % 13.1 % 13.7 % 15.0 % 209 April 15 , 2016 in Tonga Ep. 7 12.0 % 13.7 % 12.8 % 14.5 % 210 April 22 , 2016 in Tonga Ep. 8 10.8 % 10.5 % 11.9 % 13.9 % 211 April 29 , 2016 in Tonga Last Ep . 11.9 % 13.6 % 13.4 % 15.8 % 212 May 6 , 2016 in Papua New Guinea Ep. 1 11.6 % 12.8 % 12.8 % 14.3 % 213 May 13 , 2016 in Papua New Guinea Ep. 2 11.5 % 12.4 % 11.7 % 13.1 % 214 May 20 , 2016 in Papua New Guinea Ep. 3 11.9 % 13.8 % 12.5 % 14.3 % 215 May 27 , 2016 in Papua New Guinea Ep. 4 11.1 % 12.5 % 11.9 % 13.5 % 216 June 3 , 2016 in Papua New Guinea Ep. 5 11.8 % 12.9 % 12.8 % 14.8 % 217 June 10 , 2016 in Papua New Guinea Ep. 6 10.6 % 12.5 % 13.3 % 15.1 % 218 June 17 , 2016 in Papua New Guinea Ep. 7 11.2 % 12.8 % 12.1 % 13.4 % 219 June 24 , 2016 in Papua New Guinea Last Ep . 11.9 % 14.3 % 13.7 % 15.8 % 220 July 1 , 2016 in New Caledonia Ep. 1 10.1 % 11.3 % 12.2 % 14.4 % 221 July 8 , 2016 in New Caledonia Ep. 2 11.7 % 13.5 % 12.2 % 13.6 % 222 July 15 , 2016 in New Caledonia Ep. 3 9.8 % 11.1 % 11.6 % 13.1 % 223 July 22 , 2016 in New Caledonia Ep. 4 10.8 % 11.8 % 11.8 % 13.0 % 224 July 29 , 2016 in New Caledonia Ep. 5 11.6 % 12.6 % 12.5 % 14.6 % 225 August 5 , 2016 in New Caledonia Ep. 6 10.3 % 11.9 % 10.7 % 11.7 % 226 August 12 , 2016 in New Caledonia Ep. 7 9.1 % 9.5 % 10.7 % 12.0 % 227 August 19 , 2016 in New Caledonia Ep. 8 9.1 % 10.4 % 9.5 % 10.1 % 228 August 26 , 2016 in New Caledonia Last Ep . 11.0 % 11.2 % 13.1 % 14.5 % 229 September 2 , 2016 in Mongolia Ep. 1 10.2 % 10.5 % 12.3 % 13.3 % 230 September 9 , 2016 in Mongolia Ep. 2 10.0 % 10.5 % 11.4 % 13.0 % 231 September 16 , 2016 in Mongolia Ep. 3 10.1 % 10.6 % 10.7 % 11.8 % 232 September 23 , 2016 in Mongolia Ep. 4 12.0 % 12.6 % 14.0 % 15.5 % 233 September 30 , 2016 in Mongolia Ep. 5 13.1 % 14.3 % 14.3 % 15.9 % 234 October 7 , 2016 in Mongolia Ep. 6 15.2 % 15.2 % 15.3 % 17.0 % 235 October 14 , 2016 in Mongolia Ep. 7 10.3 % 11.0 % 11.6 % 12.9 % 236 October 21 , 2016 in Mongolia Ep. 8 11.3 % 12.8 % 11.5 % 12.6 % 237 October 28 , 2016 in Mongolia Last Ep . 10.8 % 11.0 % 11.8 % 13.5 % 238 November 4 , 2016 in East Timor Ep. 1 10.3 % 11.2 % 10.4 % 12.1 % 239 November 11 , 2016 in East Timor Ep. 2 9.9 % 10.0 % 11.2 % 12.7 % 240 November 18 , 2016 in East Timor Ep. 3 11.0 % 11.8 % 11.4 % 12.7 % 241 November 25 , 2016 in East Timor Ep. 4 10.6 % 11.3 % 12.3 % 13.4 % 242 December 2 , 2016 in East Timor Ep. 5 9.0 % 10.1 % 10.3 % 12.0 % 243 December 9 , 2016 in East Timor Ep. 6 9.9 % 11.7 % 10.8 % 11.3 % 244 December 16 , 2016 in East Timor Ep. 7 11.1 % 11.8 % 12.5 % 14.1 % 245 December 23 , 2016 in East Timor Ep. 8 10.6 % 11.2 % 12.9 % 14.4 % 246 December 30 , 2016 in East Timor Last Ep . 10.2 % 11.5 % 12.5 % 13.9 % 2017 ( edit ) List of ratings in 2017 ( Episodes 247 -- 297 ) ( show ) Episode # Original Airdate Edition TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area 247 January 6 , 2017 in Kota Manado Ep. 1 13.1 % 15.7 % 14.6 % 16.4 % 248 January 13 , 2017 in Kota Manado Ep. 2 13.8 % 15.5 % 13.9 % 15.3 % 249 January 20 , 2017 in Kota Manado Ep. 3 13.3 % 15.4 % 14.8 % 16.6 % 250 January 27 , 2017 in Kota Manado Ep. 4 11.3 % 12.4 % 10.8 % 11.9 % 251 February 3 , 2017 in Kota Manado Ep. 5 13.0 % 15.0 % 14.5 % 16.4 % 252 February 10 , 2017 in Kota Manado Ep. 6 12.6 % 12.3 % 13.9 % 15.1 % 253 February 17 , 2017 in Kota Manado Ep. 7 12.1 % 13.7 % 13.9 % 15.6 % 254 February 24 , 2017 in Kota Manado Ep. 8 12.5 % 13.3 % 13.5 % 15.3 % 255 March 3 , 2017 in Kota Manado Last Ep . 11.1 % 11.9 % 13.1 % 14.1 % 256 March 17 , 2017 in Sumatra Ep. 1 12.6 % 15.0 % 13.2 % 14.9 % 257 March 24 , 2017 in Sumatra Ep. 2 12.4 % 13.4 % 13.2 % 14.2 % 258 March 31 , 2017 in Sumatra Ep. 3 11.8 % 13.4 % 13.5 % 14.9 % 259 April 7 , 2017 in Sumatra Ep. 4 11.1 % 12.0 % 11.1 % 12.1 % 260 April 14 , 2017 in Sumatra Ep. 5 10.5 % 11.4 % 10.7 % 11.4 % 261 April 21 , 2017 in Sumatra Ep. 6 10.3 % 10.9 % 11.4 % 12.8 % 262 April 28 , 2017 in Sumatra Ep. 7 9.4 % 10.9 % 10.1 % 11.0 % 263 May 5 , 2017 in Sumatra Ep. 8 8.2 % 8.2 % 8.8 % 9.5 % 264 May 12 , 2017 in Sumatra Last Ep . 9.4 % 9.8 % 10.1 % 11.0 % 265 May 19 , 2017 in Wild New Zealand Ep. 1 10.4 % 10.9 % 10.8 % 11.4 % 12.2 % 12.2 % 13.1 % 14.1 % 266 May 26 , 2017 in Wild New Zealand Ep. 2 10.4 % 11.0 % 11.4 % 12.8 % 13.7 % 14.4 % 14.9 % 16.0 % 267 June 2 , 2017 in Wild New Zealand Ep. 3 10.9 % 12.8 % 11.4 % 13.0 % 13.3 % 14.9 % 15.7 % 17.2 % 268 June 9 , 2017 in Wild New Zealand Ep. 4 10.4 % 11.9 % 10.7 % 11.1 % 13.2 % 15.0 % 14.2 % 14.8 % 269 June 16 , 2017 in Wild New Zealand Ep. 5 10.2 % 11.0 % 10.8 % 11.7 % 11.7 % 12.7 % 13.9 % 14.8 % 270 June 23 , 2017 in Wild New Zealand Ep. 6 10.9 % 11.1 % 10.4 % 10.6 % 14.0 % 14.7 % 15.6 % 16.3 % 271 June 30 , 2017 in Wild New Zealand Ep. 7 12.5 % 13.2 % 13.5 % 14.0 % 15.1 % 16.2 % 16.1 % 17.1 % 272 July 7 , 2017 in Wild New Zealand Ep. 8 11.4 % 11.4 % 12.9 % 13.6 % 13.2 % 13.7 % 16.4 % 17.4 % 273 July 14 , 2017 in Wild New Zealand Last Ep . 10.8 % 11.2 % 13.3 % 14.3 % 13.2 % 13.7 % 16.0 % 17.3 % 274 July 21 , 2017 in Komodo Ep. 1 11.3 % 12.2 % 12.6 % 13.6 % 13.8 % 14.7 % 15.8 % 17.0 % 275 July 28 , 2017 in Komodo Ep. 2 11.5 % 12.3 % 11.2 % 12.8 % 14.4 % 15.3 % 15.3 % 17.3 % 276 August 4 , 2017 in Komodo Ep. 3 9.7 % 10.7 % 10.3 % 11.7 % 11.7 % 12.1 % 12.2 % 13.7 % 277 August 11 , 2017 in Komodo Ep. 4 10.0 % 10.2 % 9.8 % 10.9 % 11.6 % 11.7 % 12.1 % 13.1 % 278 August 18 , 2017 in Komodo Ep. 5 9.3 % 9.7 % 10.4 % 12.2 % 10.4 % 10.5 % 11.6 % 13.2 % 279 August 25 , 2017 in Komodo Ep. 6 9.6 % 10.3 % 10.7 % 11.5 % 11.7 % 12.6 % 12.4 % 13.6 % 280 September 1 , 2017 in Komodo Ep. 7 9.2 % 8.8 % 9.8 % 10.9 % 11.6 % 10.5 % 12.9 % 13.8 % 281 September 8 , 2017 in Komodo Ep. 8 9.9 % 11.2 % 9.2 % 10.2 % 11.3 % 11.4 % 11.4 % 13.1 % 282 September 15 , 2017 in Komodo Last Ep . 9.4 % 10.1 % 10.3 % 11.6 % 10.6 % 10.9 % 12.7 % 13.9 % 283 September 22 , 2017 in Fiji Ep. 1 8.9 % 10.1 % 8.4 % 9.4 % 10.2 % 11.0 % 11.0 % 12.4 % 284 September 29 , 2017 in Fiji Ep. 2 8.1 % 7.8 % 9.5 % 10.3 % 9.4 % 9.7 % 11.2 % 12.3 % 285 October 6 , 2017 in Fiji Ep. 3 6.1 % 6.3 % 6.0 % 6.2 % 6.7 % 6.5 % 7.7 % 7.8 % 286 October 13 , 2017 in Fiji Ep. 4 7.5 % 8.0 % 8.3 % 9.0 % 9.5 % 10.3 % 10.1 % 10.8 % 287 October 20 , 2017 in Fiji Ep. 5 9.7 % 10.3 % 10.0 % 10.5 % 11.8 % 12.7 % 11.7 % 12.3 % 288 October 27 , 2017 in Fiji Ep. 6 ( in Gods ' Garden Taveuni ) 8.6 % 9.3 % 8.7 % 8.9 % 11.1 % 12.4 % 12.1 % 12.4 % 289 November 3 , 2017 in Fiji Ep. 7 ( in Gods ' Garden Taveuni ) 9.0 % 10.2 % 9.4 % 10.1 % 11.3 % 12.7 % 12.7 % 13.6 % 290 November 10 , 2017 in Fiji Ep. 8 ( in Gods ' Garden Taveuni ) 9.7 % 10.5 % 9.7 % 10.5 % 11.8 % 12.9 % 13.0 % 14.1 % 291 November 17 , 2017 in Fiji Ep. 9 ( in Gods ' Garden Taveuni ) 9.1 % 10.3 % 9.4 % 9.9 % 11.5 % 12.5 % 13.1 % 14.0 % 292 November 24 , 2017 in Fiji Last Ep . ( in Gods ' Garden Taveuni ) 8.9 % 10.4 % 10.5 % 11.1 % 10.7 % 12.6 % 12.8 % 13.5 % 293 December 1 , 2017 in Cook Islands Ep. 1 10.2 % 11.3 % 11.0 % 12.6 % 12.4 % 13.5 % 13.8 % 15.1 % 294 December 8 , 2017 in Cook Islands Ep. 2 10.5 % 11.1 % 11.3 % 12.0 % 12.5 % 12.9 % 14.4 % 15.3 % 295 December 15 , 2017 in Cook Islands Ep. 3 10.4 % 11.0 % 10.2 % 11.0 % 14.7 % 15.1 % 13.8 % 14.8 % 296 December 22 , 2017 in Cook Islands Ep. 4 9.7 % 10.4 % 11.1 % 11.7 % 11.6 % 11.7 % 13.8 % 14.7 % 297 December 29 , 2017 in Cook Islands Ep. 5 9.8 % 10.0 % 11.2 % 12.3 % 11.0 % 10.8 % 11.8 % 12.7 % 2018 ( edit ) List of ratings in 2018 ( Episodes 298 -- present ) ( hide ) Episode # Original Airdate Edition TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area 298 January 5 , 2018 in Cook Islands Ep. 6 9.3 % % 10.3 % 10.8 % 11.4 % % 13.1 % 13.8 % Specials ( edit ) List of ratings ( Special Editions ) ( show ) # Original Airdate Edition TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area January 23 , 2012 Seollal Special Law of the Jungle W 12.4 % 13.9 % 12.9 % 10.5 % October 1 , 2012 Chuseok Special Law of the Jungle W 14.3 % 15.3 % 11.8 % 12.5 % November 23 , 2012 Special Law of the Jungle W Ep. 1 9.4 % 10.6 % 10.2 % 11.9 % December 7 , 2012 Special Law of the Jungle W Ep. 2 9.3 % 11.4 % 9.1 % 10.6 % 5 December 14 , 2012 Special Law of the Jungle W Ep. 3 9.8 % 11.9 % 9.8 % 11.0 % 6 December 21 , 2012 Special Law of the Jungle W Last Ep . 10.2 % 11.7 % 10.1 % 11.0 % 7 February 11 , 2013 Seollal Special Law of the Jungle K 11.6 % 12.5 % 10.4 % 11.2 % Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipients Result 2011 5th SBS Entertainment Awards Most Outstanding Award : Variety Category Kim Byung - man Won Achievement Award Kim Byung - man 's Law of the Jungle Won 2012 6th SBS Entertainment Awards Most Outstanding Award : Variety Category Kim Byung - man Won Producer Award Yoon Do - hyun Won Most Outstanding Program Law of the Jungle Won Best Entertainer Award Choo Sung - hoon Won Jeon Hye - bin Won 2013 46th Houston International Film Festival First Prize : Real Documentary Category Law of the Jungle in Vanuatu Won 49th Baeksang Arts Awards TV Category : Entertainment Award Kim Byung - man Won 7th SBS Entertainment Awards Grand Award ( Daesang ) Won Best Staff Award Law of the Jungle Won Broadcast Writer Award Joo Gi - bbeum Won Popularity Award Cho Yeo - jeong Won Kim Sung - soo Won Friendship Award Ryu Dam Won Best Challenge Award Ahn Jung - hwan Won Oh Jong - hyuk Won 2014 8th SBS Awards Festival Grand Award ( Daesang ) Kim Byung - man Nominated Variety Category - Best Program Award Law of the Jungle Won Best Entertainer Award Ye Ji - won Won Park Jung - chul Won Ryu Dam Won 2015 9th SBS Awards Festival Grand Award ( Daesang ) Kim Byung - man ( with Yoo Jae - suk ) Won Best Entertainer Award Park Han - byul Won Yook Joong - wan Won Best Challenge Award Jeong Jinwoon Won 2016 10th SBS Entertainment Awards Grand Award ( Daesang ) Kim Byung - man Nominated Rookie Award , Male Kangnam Won Best Entertainer Award Seolhyun Won Kim Hwan Won Best Couple Award Seo Kang - joon and Jota Nominated 2017 11th SBS Entertainment Awards PD 's Award Kim Byung - man Won Best Challenge Award Jo Bo - ah Won Kim Se - jeong Won Entertainment Scene Stealer Award Lee Kyung - kyu Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Law of the Jungle 's production team on SBS official website Jump up ^ ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 성공 포인트 , 김병만 - 교양 예능 - 갈등 폭발 ( in Korean ) . Sports Chosun. 23 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ 김병만 아프리카 출국 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 생존 버라이어티 찍는다 ( in Korean ) . Newsen. 14 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ ' 정글 의 법칙 2 ' , ' 일요일 이 좋다 ' 1 부 편성 확정 ' 런닝 맨 ' 2 부로 체인지 ( in Korean ) . TV Report . 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 2 ' , 금요일 로 이동 ... ' K 팝스타 2'는 일요일 편성 '' ( in Korean ) . Joy News 24 . 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ 여성 판 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' , 내년 설 특집 으로 방송 ( in Korean ) . Sports Seoul . 29 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 정글 시리즈 이번엔 아이들 이다 ' 정글 의 법칙 K ' 설 특집 방송 '' ( in Korean ) . Newsen. 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korean stars to visit Sumatra for ' Law of the Jungle ' reality show '' . The Jakarta Post . 27 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 김병만 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 잠시 하차 추성훈 류담 노우진 등 합류 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver. 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 조작 논란 휩싸인 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 어떤 방송 ? '' ( in Korean ) . EToday. 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 정글 의 법칙 , 김병만 독침 달인 등극 '' ( in Korean ) . News Cheonji. 10 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 김광규 , 호흡 곤란 증세 에 ' 귀국 위기 ' ( in Korean ) . Xports News . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 2 ' 추성훈 , 김병만 에게 엎 혀서 강 건너기 ... '' 자존심 없어 `` '' ( in Korean ) . Chosun. 6 May 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) 광희 , ' 정글 2 ' 툰드라 편 중도 하차 ... 다리 부상 에 홀로 귀국 '' ( in Korean ) . Joy News 24 . 4 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` < 정글 의 법칙 > 마다가스카르 , 김병만 보다 독한 전혜빈 ? '' ( in Korean ) . Oh My Star . 30 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 박솔미 , 사방 뚫린 평지 서 볼일 ... ' 그래도 여배우 인데 ' '' ( in Korean ) . Chosun. 29 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 고도 4,089 m 안데스 산행 에 병 만족 ' 고산병 ' '' ( in Korean ) . X Sports News . 28 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 정글 의 법칙 - 외로운 병 만족 장 , 아마존 이 너무해 '' ( in Korean ) . Media News . 12 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Jo , Seong - pil ( 25 January 2013 ) . `` ( 정글 ) 김병만 , 콩가 개미 물린 뒤 목 통증 ... 촬영 중단 '' ( in Korean ) . SBS News . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Young - hwan ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 유윤재 PD `` 와오 라니 부족 진실 은 ... '' '' ( in Korean ) . EDaily . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Eun - jin ( 16 February 2013 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 금요 예능 최강 , 이변 없다 ! '' ( in Korean ) . tvj.co.kr . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ 박보영 소속사 사장 , 페이스 북 논란 ... `` ' 정글 의 법칙'이 조작 ? '' 네티즌 멘붕 도미노 ( in Korean ) . Etoday. 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 히말라야 예고편 ' 오지은 폭풍 눈물 ' ... 이유 는 ? '' ( in Korean ) . SBS. 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Jang , Yeong - joon ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 김병만 `` 그간 배운 모든 것 , 캐리비안 에 ' 올인 ' '' '' ( in Korean ) . asiae . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Hye - eun ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 이규한 - 정태우 , 불꽃 튀는 사냥 대결 `` 신 이시여 ... '' '' ( in Korean ) . EToday . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ 김원준 - 이규한 - 한은정 - 정태우 , ' 정글 ' 사바나 에서 ' 자립 ' 도전 ( 종합 ) ( in Korean ) . SBS E !. 18 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 임원희 합류 확정 ... ' 8 명 라인업 완료 ' ( in Korean ) . OSEN. 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeong , Deok - hyun ( 22 February 2014 ) . `` ' 정글 ' 제작진 의 인위적인 미션 설정 의 의미 '' ( in Korean ) . Enter Media . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 정글 의 법칙 , 오종혁 정글 에서 손가락 부상 ... 피 철철 `` 어떻 길래 ? '' '' ( in Korean ) . E Today . 21 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ 봉태규 온유 이영아 동준 ... ' 정글 ' 7 人 라인업 완성 ( in Korean ) . OSEN. 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 단독 ) 추성훈 광희 오종혁 전혜빈 , ' 정글 ' 간다 ... 100 회 특별 게스트 ( in Korean ) . OSEN. 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 헝거 게임 , 레전드 팀 vs 신입 병 만족 ... `` 팽팽한 대결 예상 '' ( in Korean ) . Media Pen. 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 서 하준 동준 , 열정 으로 똘똘 뭉친 신입 부족 원 ( in Korean ) . 10asia. 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 정글 의 법칙 in 보르네오 ) ' 정글 ' 최초 , 망망 대해 한복판 에 놓인 병 만족 ! 해상 가옥 이 아닌 해상 감옥 ? ( in Korean ) . Medical World News . 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 단독 ) ' 정글 - 아마존 ' 강인 빅스 혁 15 일 출국 이민우 온유 17 일 귀국 ( in Korean ) . Star News . 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 인도양 편 , 유이 니엘 박휘순 김승수 등 확정 ( in Korean ) . My Daily . 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 병 만족 , 공복 에 레몬 먹고 탈진 ' 촬영 중단 ' '' ( in Korean ) . TV Daily . 18 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 유이 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 중 사고 ... 파도 에 휩쓸려 머리 부상 봉합 수술 까지 '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia. 19 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 의 법칙 in 인도양 ' , 7 인 7 색 의 ' 나홀로 생존 기 ' '' ( in Korean ) . iminju. 1 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 병 만족 , 푸흐 네즈 화산 으로 서프라이즈 이동 ' 자연 의 위대함 배워 ' '' ( in Korean ) . Zum News . 29 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) god 김태우 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 ... 타오 다나와 정글 行 '' ( in Korean ) . Star News . 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Jang , Seo - yoon ( 12 September 2014 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 이기광 , 처음 맛본 박쥐 고기 에 ' 감탄 ' '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Je - hyun ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 정두홍 , 메거 포드 알 찾다가 상의 탈의 ' 획득 성공 ' '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Park , Sun - young . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 멤버 들 , 정두홍 가방 선택 ... 생존 에 쓸 것인데 ' 탄식 ' '' ( in Korean ) . News Inside . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jo , Yeon - kyung ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` ' 정글 ' 물 vs 불 최악 선택 에 전원 멘붕 ' 짜증 폭발 ' '' ( in Korean ) . eNews 24 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoon , So - hee ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 베일 벗은 코스타리카 , 병 만족 유랑 하게 된 사연 은 ? '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jae - yoon ( 28 January 2015 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 with 프렌즈 ' 생존 지 팔라우 는 어떤 곳 ? '' ( in Korean ) . SBS . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Choi , Bo - ran ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` ' 정글 ' 이성재 `` 내레이션 , 윤도현 보다 잘할 것 '' '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hyun , Jeong - eun ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 in 얍 ' 화려한 라인업 완성 ... 박한별 , 류승수 , 다솜 등 출연 '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ ' 정글 의 법칙 히든 킹덤 ' 출연진 확정 ! 남규리 부터 전 효성 까지 호화 캐스팅 ( in Korean ) . ajunews. 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Son , Jae - eun ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` 엑소 찬열 , 정글 생존 속 꽃 미모 유지 비법 ' 3 無 실천 ' '' ( in Korean ) . SBS . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Eun - jin ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' , 두 번째 보물 공개 ... 사모아 섬 의 대표 과일 ' 사워 솝 ' '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Joo , Hyun - jeong ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 출연진 들 , 뗏목 미션 에 ' 당황 + 공포 ' '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Choi , Doo - seon ( 4 January 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 in 파나마 ' , 김병만 빼고 전부 배우 ... '' 인간미 한껏 발산 `` '' ( in Korean ) . E Today . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Joo , Hyun - jeong ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 이장우 `` 뗏목 체험 , 동심 으로 돌아가는 느낌 '' '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Park , Hye - mi ( 6 February 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 박유환 , 애교 만점 활력소 로 ' 황금 막내 ' 등극 '' ( in Korean ) . Top Star News . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 영상 ) ' 정글 ' 성열 - 보라 , 원주민 과 합동 댄스 타임 ' 흥 폭발 ' '' ( in Korean ) . SBS News . 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jung , Seul - gi ( 19 February 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 병 만족 , 높은 나무 위 트리 하우스 짓기 미션 수행 '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jung , Seul - gi ( 19 February 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 병 만족 , 정글 최초 커피 열매 수확 ' 커피 만들기 도전 ' '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jang , Jin - ri ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 통가 편 , 역대 급 멤버 - 역대 급 시청률 '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Hyun - min ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 24 기 , 34 년 방치 된 ' 난파선 ' 생존 기 `` 말도 안돼 '' '' ( in Korean ) . Herald Pop . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Na - hee ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 ' 김병만 , 낭떠러지 앞에서 구사일생 ' 오싹 ' '' ( in Korean ) . News1 Korea . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Yoon - ji ( 26 March 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 조타 , 코코넛 손질 하다 칼 에 찔려 `` 다른 사람 당황 하니 침착 해야 '' '' ( in Korean ) . etnews . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Seung - jin ( 30 April 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 이훈 , 상 남자 포스 는 어디로 ? ... 귀 요미 변신 '' ( in Korean ) . Maeil Business Newspaper . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Eun - jin ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' AOA 설현 , 해맑은 모습 으로 ' 박쥐 고기 ' 먹방 '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 통가 편 출연진 , 72 시간 만 에 바 바우 섬 ' 탈출 ' '' ( in Korean ) . The Dong - a Ilbo. 18 February 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jung , Seul - gi ( 4 May 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 오하영 , 첫 등장 예고 ' 해맑은 웃음 ' '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 에이 핑크 하영 , ' 정글'에서 비명 지른 사연 은 ? '' . Nate News ( in Korean ) . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Junior 's Kangin 's DUI hit - and - run accident captured by CCTV '' . Yibada . May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Choi Bo - ran ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` ( 단독 ) 트 와이스 정연 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 ... 뉴 칼레도니아 간다 '' . Sports Chosun ( in Korean ) . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kang , Seon - ae ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙'PD `` 꽃 보다 정글 ? 현실 은 흥 넘치는 꽃 거지 '' '' ( in Korean ) . SBS News . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Du - yeon ( 2 July 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 뉴 칼레도니아 편 , 시작 부터 ' 맨몸 생존 미션 ' 폭소 '' ( in Korean ) . Busan Ilbo . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jin , Ju - hee ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 김병만 , 그 어려운 걸 자꾸 해 냅니다 '' ( in Korean ) . Sports Today . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeon , Jong - seon ( 5 August 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 정연 , 말 에 차여 다리 부상 ... '' 문 에 손가락 찧은 느낌 `` '' ( in Korean ) . Seoul Daily . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 김병만 , 트 와이스 정연 위해 직접 목발 제작 '' ( in Korean ) . Seoul Daily . 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Choi , Ji - ye ( 5 June 2016 ) . `` 트 와이스 정연 측 `` ' 정법 ' 촬영 중 다리 부상 , 빠른 쾌유 위해 韓 복귀 '' '' ( in Korean ) . Nate News . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Eun - jin ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 병 만족 , 두 팀 으로 나뉘어 분리 생존 ' 눈물 겨운 생존 기 ' '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jang , Su - yeon ( 26 August 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 최여진 스카이 다이빙 도전 , 뉴 칼레도니아 상공 누볐다 '' ( in Korean ) . NewsInside . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Im Joo - hyun ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` 서인 국 부터 강남 까지 ... ' 정글 의 법칙 in 몽골 ' 선발대 확정 '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Seung - mi ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` SBS `` 서인 국 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 출연 확정 ... 8 월초 몽골 行 '' ( 공식 ) `` . Sports Chosun ( in Korean ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim Mi - hwa ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' 38 사 기동대 ' 이선빈 , ' 정글 ' 합류 ... 서인 국 과 몽골 行 '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim Jin - seok ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ( 단독 ) 예지원 에릭 남 창섭 박세영 ... ' 정글 ' 출연 '' . Ilgan Sports ( in Korean ) . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Chan - hee ( 2 September 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 김병만 , 모래 밖에 없는 고비 사막 앞에 ' 좌절 ' '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Song , Cho - rong ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` ( 오늘 밤 TV ) ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 서인 국 , 배고픔 에 사기 치다 발각 ... 알고 보니 ' 허당 사기꾼 ' '' ( in Korean ) . NewsInside . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Ji - hye ( 1 October 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 최고 시청률 21.7 % ... 金夜 최강자 수성 '' ( in Korean ) . SBS FunE . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kwon , Su - bin ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 외유 내강 + 외강 내강 병 만족 의 타이 가 생존 기 시작 ( 종합 ) '' ( in Korean ) . News1 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jung , Hee - yeon ( 31 October 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 ' 김병만 `` 극한 경험 원해 '' 나홀로 무인도 생존 '' ( in Korean ) . Sports DongA . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ji , Su - jin ( 5 November 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 동 티모르 편 시청률 이 무려 16.7 % 시작 부터 조 ~ 오 ~ 타 ! '' ( in Korean ) . Seoul Daily . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ha - na ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 이상민 `` 정글 생활 최고 , 공황 장애 약도 반 으로 줄여 '' '' ( in Korean ) . Seoul Daily . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Yoon - ji ( 25 November 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 김환 `` 정글 가고 싶어서 SBS 사장님 에 메일 도 보냈다 '' '' ( in Korean ) . ET News . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Soo - kyung ( 31 December 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' , 달콤 살벌 동 티모르 자코 섬 생존 기 ( 종합 ) '' ( in Korean ) . 10asia . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim Ah - young ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` 솔비 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 확정 ... 오지 탐험 맹연습 중 '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Choi Bo - ran ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 in 코타 마나 도 ' , 윤다훈 부터 성소 까지 선발대 6 人 확정 ( 공식 ) '' . The Chosun Ilbo ( in Korean ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hwang Hye - jin ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` 방탄 소년단 측 `` 진 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 술라웨시 편 출연 확정 '' `` . Newsen ( in Korean ) . JoongAng Ilbo . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Ye - seul ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` 공명 - 방탄 진 - 김민석 - 인피니트 성열 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 술라웨시 行 '' . Biz Enter ( in Korean ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim Ye - seul ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` 우주 소녀 성소 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 술라웨시 行 합류 ... 6 人 게스트 확정 '' . Biz Enter ( in Korean ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Ji - eun ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` 경리 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 멤버 공개 ... 김민석 강태 오 강남 윤정수 김영철 과 해맑은 미소 '' . Newspim ( in Korean ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bae Hyo - joo ( November 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 in 코타 마나 도 ' 라인업 확정 , 윤다훈 최고령 멤버 ( 공식 입장 ) '' . Newsen ( in Korean ) . JoongAng Ilbo . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bae Hyo - joo ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` SBS 측 `` 경리 강태 오 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 , 최종 라인업 확정 '' ( 공식 입장 ) `` . Newsen ( in Korean ) . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Ho - yeon ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 측 `` 경리 강태 오 , 술라웨시 편 후발대 마지막 합류 '' ( 공식 ) `` . Herald Pop ( in Korean ) . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Im Joo - hyun ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) ' 정글 의 법칙 ' , 인도네시아 수마트라 行 ... 1 월 중순 출국 '' . Newsen ( in Korean ) . JoongAng Ilbo . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oh Hyo - jin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 측 `` 1 월 중 인도네시아 수마트라 섬 行 ... 출연진 협의 중 '' ( 공식 입장 ) `` . Sports Today ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeon Jong - seon ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' ' 미운 우리 새끼 ' , ' SBS 뉴스 특보 ' 방송 으로 결방 '' . Seoul Economic Daily ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Son Hyo - jeong ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) 곽시양 육성 재 , 김세정 이어 ' 정법 ' 인도네시아 편 합류 '' . YTN ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Im Joo - hyun ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) 前 야구 선수 이병규 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 ... 은퇴 후 첫 방송 '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moon Kyung - min ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` KCM , ' 정글 의 법칙 - 인도네시아 편 ' 출연 확정 ... 김세정 육성 재 와 함께 떠난다 '' . Seoul Economic Daily ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Choi Bo - ran ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) ' 프로 불참 러 ' 조세호 , ' 정글 ' 참석 ... 수마트라 편 합류 '' . Sports Chosun ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park Jin - young ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` 육성 재 X 프 니엘 에 김세정 까지 , ' 정글 ' 라인업 확정 ( 종합 ) '' . OSEN ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim Eun - ae ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` 구구단 김세정 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 첫 출연 , 인도네시아 출국 '' . Sports Today ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oh Hwan - hee ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` 김세정 , 이번엔 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 출연 ... 인도 수마트라 섬 간다 '' . Sports Kyunghyang ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park Se - yeon ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` 김세정 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 출연 ... 수마트라 섬 으로 '' . Maeil Business Newspaper ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoon Go - eun ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` 육성 재 조 보아 김세정 , 정글 로 떠난다 ... ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 30 기 '' . Yonhap News Agency ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park So - young ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ( 공식 입장 ) FT 아일랜드 측 `` 최종훈 ' 정글 ' 후발대 합류 , 2 월 출국 '' `` . OSEN ( in Korean ) . The Chosun Ilbo . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park Se - yeon ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` 조 보아 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 ... 수마트라 섬 간다 '' . Star Today ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Im Joo - hyun ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 측 `` 조 보아 신원호 출연 확정 ... 출국 시기 조율 '' ( 공식 입장 ) `` . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han Ah - reum ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' `` 이경규 , 뉴질랜드 촬영 검토 중 '' ( 공식 ) `` . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Choi Bo - ran ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' 정글'PD `` 유아 독존 이경규 , 하루 뒤 김병만 에 극존칭 '' ( 인터뷰 ) `` . Sports Chosun ( in Korean ) . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Im Joo - hyun ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` 슈주 신동 , 이경규 이어 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 뉴질랜드 편 합류 ( 공식 ) '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim Bo - ra ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` 이경규 부터 신동 까지 ... ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 뉴질랜드 기대 상승 ( 종합 ) '' . OSEN ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park Jin - young ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ( 공식 입장 ) 유이 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 ... 두 번째 정글 도전 '' . OSEN ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Im Joo - hyun ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) 신 스틸러 박철민 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 ... 김병만 과 재회 '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoon Sang - geun ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` 갓 세븐 마크 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 확정 ... 뉴질랜드 行 '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoon Joon - pil ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` 정은지 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 출연 확정 ... 정글 첫 경험 ( 공식 ) '' . TenAsia ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee Eun - hye ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` 이경규 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 출연 논의 中 ... 네티즌 기대감 상승 '' . Asia Economic Daily ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han In - goo ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` 씨스 타 소유 , 이경규 이어 ' 정법 ' 뉴질랜드 편 출연 확정 '' . Star Today ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Park Pan-seok ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' 정글 ' , 이수근 + 하니 예린 합류 ... '' 최종 목적지 인도네시아 아냐 `` ( 종합 ) '' . OSEN ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park Pan-seok ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' 정글 ' 이수근 양동근 하니 민규 등 14 人 , 최종 멤버 확정 ( 종합 ) '' . OSEN ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Geum Bit - na ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 송재희 부터 세븐틴 민규 까지 ... 목적지 몰라도 ' 해맑은 인증 샷 ' '' . Seoul Economic Daily ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shin Young - eun ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` 하니 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 ... 두 번째 정글 탐험 '' . Maeil Business Newspaper ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oh Soo - jeong ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` 하니 예린 홍빈 이어 세븐틴 민규 도 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 ( 공식 ) '' . Xports News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park Jin - young ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) 이수근 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 출연 확정 ... 김병만 과 절친 케미 '' . OSEN ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baek Yoong - hee ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` 빅스 홍빈 X 양정원 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 새 멤버 로 합류 ( 공식 ) '' . Maeil Business Newspaper ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oh Soo - jeong ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` SBS 측 `` 빅스 홍빈 양정원 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 새 멤버 합류 '' ( 공식 ) `` . Xports News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim Jin - seok ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) EXID 하니 여자 친구 예린 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 출격 '' . JTBC News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jang Soo - min ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 홍빈 , 경유 비행기 놓쳐 나홀로 홍콩 서 ' 멘붕 ' '' . News1 Korea ( in Korean ) . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee So - ra ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' 척추 부상 ' 김병만 , 새 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 결국 불참 '' . Hankook Ilbo ( in Korean ) . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee Kyung - ho ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` 추성훈 재현 채경 등 , 김병만 없이 ' 정글 ' 선발대 출국 '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim Ye - seul ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` NCT 재현 X 아이콘 송윤형 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 새 시즌 출연 확정 '' . BizEnter ( in Korean ) . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim Ha - gyun ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` 김병만 없는 정글 의 법칙 , SM - YG 전격 참여 '' . Asia Economic Daily ( in Korean ) . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Son Jeong - bin ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` 김병만 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 잠시 하차 추성훈 류담 노우진 등 합류 '' . Newsis ( in Korean ) . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahn , Tae - hyun ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' 빠른 회복세 `` ... 김병만 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 10 월 컴백 확정 ( 공식 ) '' . Herald Pop ( in Korean ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Son , Hyo - jeong ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` SBS 측 `` 박세리 , ' 정글 ' 출연 확정 ... PD 가 5 개월간 설득 '' ( 공식 입장 ) `` . TV Report ( in Korean ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Geum Bit - na ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` 김병만 을 위한 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 라인업 완성 ... ' 정글 有 경험자 ' 위주 '' . Seoul Economic Daily ( in Korean ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park Seul - gi ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` '' 김병만 이 돌아 왔다 `` ... 4 개월 빈자리 꽉 채운 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' ( 종합 ) '' . TenAsia ( in Korean ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee Ye - eun ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` SBS 측 `` ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 특급 라인업 완성 ... 김병만 의 의지 '' ( 공식 입장 ) `` . FN News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoon Go - eun ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' 척추 부상 ' 김병만 컴백 ... SBS ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 재개 '' . Yonhap News Agency ( in Korean ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoo Won - jeong ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` 300 회 맞는 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' , 韓 예능 최초 남극 行 꿈꾸다 '' . No Cut News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Jin - seok ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) 정채연 김종현 김진경 등 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 라인업 '' . JTBC News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim Eun - ae ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` 홍진영 , 데뷔 후 첫 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 출격 ... 1 월 초 칠레 출국 '' . OSEN ( in Korean ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park Jin - young ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) ' 리틀 김병만 ' 김동준 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 합류 ... 칠레 간다 '' . OSEN ( in Korean ) . Korea Daily News . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim Jin - seok ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) 뉴 이스트 W 김종현 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 첫 출격 '' . JoongAng Ilbo ( in Korean ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeon Hwi - seon ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` SBS `` 몬스타 엑스 민혁 ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 출연 , 칠레 편 선발대 '' `` . TV Daily . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kim Jin - seok ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) 정채연 , ' 정글 의 법칙 인 칠레 ' 출연 확정 '' . Ilgan Sports ( in Korean ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoon Go - eun ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` 배우 김성령 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 칠레 편 합류 '' . Yonhap News Agency ( in Korean ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim Joo - ae ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ( 단독 ) 조재윤 , ' 정글 의 법칙 ' 병 만족 합류 ... ' 예능 늦둥이 ' 탄생 기대 '' . Xports News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Korean ) TNmS Multimedia Ratings Page ^ Jump up to : ( in Korean ) AGB Nielsen Media Research Ratings Page Jump up ^ `` 2011 SBS 연예 대상 ' 국민 MC ' 유재석 대상 < 종합 > '' ( in Korean ) . Poli News . 31 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 유재석 , 2012 SBS ' 연예 대상 ' 대상 수상 ... 8 년 연속 최고 영예 ( 종합 ) '' . OSEN ( in Korean ) . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' 정글 의 법칙 in 바누아투 ' 휴스턴 국제 필름 페스티벌 금상 수상 '' ( in Korean ) . TV Report . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 김병만 신 보라 , TV 부문 남녀 예능 상 ( 백상 예술 대상 ) '' ( in Korean ) . My Daily . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' SBS 연예 대상 ' 김병만 대상 , 모두 가 공감 한 진정한 예능 인 들의 축제 ( 종합 ) '' ( in Korean ) . TV Daily . December 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Korean ) ( hide ) Good Sunday Running Man members Current Yoo Jae - suk Haha Ji Suk - jin Kim Jong - kook Lee Kwang - soo Song Ji - hyo Jeon So - min Yang Se - chan Former Lizzy Song Joong - ki Gary Fantastic Duo MCs Jun Hyun - moo Lee So - ra Kim Bum - soo Yang Yo - seob Kim Jun - hyun Former segments Flower Crew Take Care of My Dad Roommate Barefooted Friends Kim Byung - man 's Law of the Jungle 2 K - pop Star 5 Heroes Family Outing 2 Family Outing Explorers of the Human Body X-man Reverse Drama Related articles List of Running Man episodes List of Family Outing episodes List of X-Man episodes List of programs broadcast by Seoul Broadcasting System ( hide ) SBS TV Current programs Drama and soap opera Band of Sisters Sweet Enemy Variety and entertainment Same Bed , Different Dreams 2 : You Are My Destiny Game Show Law of the Jungle Baek Jong - won 's Alley Restaurant Master Key Running Man My Little Old Boy Music Inkigayo Party People SBS Gayo Wars News and weather SBS Eight O'Clock News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_the_Jungle_(TV_series)&oldid=818853104 '' Categories : Seoul Broadcasting System television programmes South Korean variety television programmes 2011 South Korean television series debuts 2010s South Korean television series Hidden categories : CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles with Korean - language external links Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Korean - language text Interlanguage link template link number Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 23 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	law of the jungle lee soo geun episode	[]	[]
-3145331203286953496	Now That's What I Call Music! 21 (UK series)	Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 ( UK series ) - Wikipedia Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 ( UK series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes the 21st album in the UK Now ! series . It should not be confused with identically - numbered albums from other Now ! series . For more information , see Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 and Now That 's What I Call Music ! discography . Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 Compilation album by various artists Released 13 April 1992 Length 2 : 17 : 53 Label Virgin / EMI / PolyGram Series chronology Now That 's What I Call Music ! 20 ( 1991 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 ( 1992 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 22 ( 1992 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 or Now 21 is the 21st edition of the Now ! series released in the United Kingdom . It was released on 13 April 1992 as an LP , on audio cassette and CD . Track listing ( edit ) CD / record / tape 1 No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Queen 5 : 57 2 . `` Goodnight Girl '' Wet Wet Wet 3 : 39 3 . `` Stay '' Shakespears Sister 3 : 43 4 . `` My Girl '' The Temptations 2 : 44 5 . `` Stars '' Simply Red 4 : 08 6 . `` Justified & Ancient '' The KLF 3 : 38 7 . `` It Must Be Love '' Madness 3 : 19 8 . `` I Ca n't Dance '' Genesis 3 : 58 9 . `` ( Love Moves in ) Mysterious Ways '' Julia Fordham 4 : 33 10 . `` Weather with You '' Crowded House 3 : 46 11 . `` Deeply Dippy '' Right Said Fred 3 : 21 12 . `` To Be with You '' Mr. Big 3 : 19 13 . `` Love Is Strange '' Everything But the Girl 3 : 18 14 . `` Church of Your Heart '' Roxette 3 : 18 15 . `` Driven by You '' Brian May 4 : 11 16 . `` Welcome to the Cheap Seats '' The Wonder Stuff 2 : 38 17 . `` Far Gone and Out '' The Jesus and Mary Chain 2 : 50 18 . `` Born of Frustration '' James 5 : 29 19 . `` High '' The Cure 3 : 31 CD / record / tape 2 No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` I Love Your Smile '' Shanice 3 : 52 2 . `` I 'm Doing Fine Now '' The Pasadenas 3 : 30 3 . `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' Kylie Minogue 3 : 03 4 . `` Ride Like the Wind '' East Side Beat 3 : 55 5 . `` Twilight Zone '' 2 Unlimited 3 : 14 6 . `` America : What Time Is Love ? '' The KLF featuring The Children of the Revolution 3 : 31 7 . `` A Deeper Love '' Clivilles & Cole 3 : 52 8 . `` It 's a Fine Day '' Opus III 3 : 34 9 . `` Breath of Life '' Erasure 3 : 52 10 . `` Addams Groove '' MC Hammer 3 : 58 11 . `` Expression '' Salt - N - Pepa 3 : 56 12 . `` We Got a Love Thang '' Ce Ce Peniston 3 : 41 13 . `` Vibeology '' Paula Abdul 4 : 13 14 . `` Make It On My Own '' Alison Limerick 4 : 52 15 . `` Way of the World '' Tina Turner 4 : 24 16 . `` I Wonder Why '' Curtis Stigers 4 : 25 17 . `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' Diana Ross 4 : 12 External links ( edit ) Official website Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 front - and backcover Now That 's What I Call Music ! albums United Kingdom and Ireland Now That 's What I Call Music 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 United States Now 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Australia Now 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Winter 2005 Spring 2005 Summer 2006 Autumn 2006 Winter 2006 Spring 2006 Summer 2007 Autumn 2007 Winter 2007 Spring 2007 Summer 2008 Autumn 2008 Winter 2008 Spring 2008 Summer 2009 Autumn 2009 Winter 2009 Spring 2009 Summer 2010 Autumn 2010 Winter 2010 Spring 2010 Summer 2011 Autumn 2011 Winter 2011 Spring 2011 Summer 2012 This article on a 1990s compilation album is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music!_21_(UK_series)&oldid=837348477 '' Categories : 1992 compilation albums Now That 's What I Call Music ! albums ( British series ) Virgin Records compilation albums EMI Records compilation albums PolyGram compilation albums 1990s compilation album stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use British English from December 2012 Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 08 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-531092264080069560	Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)	Theme from the Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) - wikipedia Theme from the Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Single by Waylon Jennings from the album Music Man B - side `` It 's Alright '' Released August 1980 Format 7 '' Recorded 1980 Genre Country Length 2 : 06 Label RCA 12067 Songwriter ( s ) Waylon Jennings Producer ( s ) Richie Albright Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( 1981 ) `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( duet with Jessi Colter ) ( 1981 ) The `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Waylon Jennings . It was released in August 1980 as the second single from the album Music Man . Recognizable to fans as the theme to the CBS comedy adventure television series The Dukes of Hazzard , the song became a # 1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1980 . Contents 1 Song history 2 Commercial performance 2.1 Charts 3 Other versions 4 Other artists 5 References 6 Further reading Song History ( edit ) As the narrator for the movie Moonrunners ( 1975 ) , Jennings was tapped to serve in the same capacity for The Dukes of Hazzard which premiered on CBS in 1979 and was based on Moonrunners . Jennings wrote the theme song for the show and recorded two versions : the television theme version and a slightly different version made commercially available on both single and album which received radio airplay . The television show version features Larry McNeely 's banjo work which the commercially available version does not . Additionally , the television version 's third verse contains the lyric , `` Fightin ' the system like two modern - day Robin Hoods '' , which is accompanied by a `` Yee - haw ! '' said by characters , Bo Duke ( John Schneider ) and Luke Duke ( Tom Wopat ) , though it is in fact Schneider 's vocal used twice . The commercially available version receiving radio airplay contains a musical bridge which follows the first verse and chorus . Also , following the commercial version 's second chorus , Jennings makes a tongue - in - cheek reference to his faceless appearance in the credits by singing , `` I 'm a good ol ' boy , you know my mama loves me , but she do n't understand why they keep showing my hands and not my face on TV '' ( a statement referring to the opening shot in the television theme version where Jennings is only shown below the neck playing guitar ) . Most of Jennings ' greatest hits albums and various compilation releases containing the `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' feature the commercially available version . Commercial performance ( edit ) In November 1980 , `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' became Jennings ' twelfth # 1 country hit overall ( tenth as a solo recording act ) . The song spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard country singles charts and became his biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 21 . It also appeared on several other music charts . The original 1980 single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales over a million . Subsequent to the 2005 movie , the song was certified platinum in 2007 for a million ringtone sales . Note : the certification sales qualification levels had been changed in 1989 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position New Zealand Singles Chart 26 Canadian RPM Country Tracks US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) U.S. Cashbox Top 100 22 Other versions ( edit ) The song was covered by the Swedish Lo - fi - group Loosegoats on their demo For Sale by Owner but has never been featured on any of their full - length albums . Rapper Lil Wyte sampled the song on his song `` Comin ' Yo Direction '' off his album Doubt Me Now . The song was frequently covered live by Ween during their brief country phase . Other Artists ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Waylon Jennings ' son Shooter Jennings is known for singing `` Good ol ' Boys '' at the Dukefests , which honor the series , and his late father . Along with Willie Nelson and Ben L. Jones ( Cooter on the series ) , Waylon Jennings sang the song in an extended version . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song while driving The General Lee for their album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood ( 1982 ) . In 2006 , John Schneider ( Bo Duke ) , Tom Wopat ( Luke Duke ) , and Catherine Bach ( Daisy Duke ) made a music video , as seen on the 7th Season DVD of the series . Schneider also covered the song . In The Dukes of Hazzard film adaptation ( 2005 ) , a recording of Waylon Jennings was used in one scene , also , as heard on the soundtrack , by Willie Nelson ( Uncle Jesse in the film ) . In the film The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) , country singer John Anderson sings the theme . Rock band Cage9 , performed a cover version of the song was heard in the trailers from the same two films . Nike used the song in an advertising campaign featuring NFL star Randy Moss and NBA star Jason Williams , who were teammates in the same high school in rural Belle , West Virginia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roland , Tom , `` The Billboard of Number One Country Hits '' ( Billboard Watson - Guptill Publications , New York , 1991 ( ISBN 0 - 82 - 307553 - 2 ) ) , p. 426 - 427 Jump up ^ Bruce Eder ( 1996 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Television 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 6 - Various Artists Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Certification - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Good Ol ' Boys by John Schneider '' . YouTube . 2013 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005 , '' 2006 . Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Pop Singles : 1955 - 2006 , '' 2007 . Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(Good_Ol%27_Boys)&oldid=852429021 '' Categories : 1980 singles Waylon Jennings songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Television theme songs The Dukes of Hazzard Songs written by Waylon Jennings RCA Records singles 1980 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 23 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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6111211735743866945	Anglo-French Wars	Anglo - French Wars - wikipedia Anglo - French Wars Anglo - French wars 1202 -- 04 1213 -- 14 1215 -- 17 1242 -- 43 1294 -- 1303 1324 1337 -- 1453 ( 1337 -- 60 , 1369 -- 89 , 1415 -- 53 ) 1496 - 98 1512 -- 14 1522 -- 26 1542 -- 46 1557 -- 1559 1627 -- 29 1666 -- 67 1689 -- 97 1702 -- 13 1744 -- 48 1744 -- 1763 1754 -- 63 1778 -- 83 1793 -- 1802 1803 -- 14 1815 Anglo - French Wars were a series of conflicts between England ( and after 1707 , Britain ) and France , including : Anglo - French War ( 1193 - 1199 ) -- Rivalry between the Capetian dynasty and the House of Plantagenet , ended in an English victory at the Battle of Gisors Anglo - French War ( 1202 -- 04 ) -- French invasion of Normandy Anglo - French War ( 1213 -- 14 ) -- rivalry between the Capetian dynasty and the House of Plantagenet , ended in a French victory at the Battle of Bouvines French invasion of England ( 1215 - 1217 ) -- part of the First Barons War Saintonge War ( 1242 -- 43 ) -- ended in a French victory at the Battle of Taillebourg Anglo - French War ( 1294 -- 98 and 1300 - 03 ) -- conflict which revolved around Gascony and ended by the Treaty of Paris ( 1303 ) Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) - ended as a French victory Anglo - French War ( 1496 -- 98 ) -- part of the Italian War of 1494 -- 98 Anglo - French War ( 1512 -- 14 ) -- part of the War of the League of Cambrai Anglo - French War ( 1522 -- 26 ) -- part of the Italian War of 1521 -- 26 Anglo - French War ( 1542 -- 46 ) -- part of the Italian War of 1542 -- 46 Anglo - French War ( 1557 -- 59 ) -- part of the Italian War of 1551 -- 59 Anglo - French War ( 1627 -- 29 ) -- part of the Huguenot rebellions Anglo - French War ( 1666 -- 67 ) -- a minor corollary of the Second Anglo - Dutch War Anglo - French War ( 1689 -- 97 ) -- part of the Nine Years ' War Anglo - French War ( 1702 -- 13 ) -- part of the War of the Spanish Succession Anglo - French War ( 1744 -- 48 ) -- part of the War of the Austrian Succession Anglo - French war ( 1744 - 1763 ) -- France is defeated in India Anglo - French War ( 1756 -- 63 ) -- part of the Seven Years ' War Anglo - French War ( 1778 -- 83 ) -- French victory ; ended in the Treaty of Versailles ; linked to the American Revolutionary War Fourth Anglo - Dutch War ( 1780 - 1784 ) -- ended in a British victory Anglo - French War ( 1793 -- 1802 ) -- part of the French Revolutionary Wars Anglo - French War ( 1803 -- 14 ) -- part of the Napoleonic Wars , including the Peninsular War Anglo - French War ( 1815 ) -- part of the Napoleonic Wars , the Waterloo Campaign Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Anglo - French Wars . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_Wars&oldid=865891257 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 21 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who has won the most wars between england and france	[]	[]
-7675604477174702784	Love Canal	Love Canal - wikipedia Love Canal Jump to : navigation , search Love Canal Superfund site ( 2012 ) Geography City Niagara Falls County Niagara County State New York Coordinates 43 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 56 ′ 56 '' W / 43.080518 ° N 78.948956 ° W / 43.080518 ; - 78.948956 Coordinates : 43 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 56 ′ 56 '' W / 43.080518 ° N 78.948956 ° W / 43.080518 ; - 78.948956 Love Canal Information CERCLIS ID NYD000606947 Contaminants Various chemicals Responsible parties Hooker Chemical Company Progress Proposed December 30 , 1983 Listed September 8 , 1984 Construction completed September 29 , 1998 Deleted September 30 , 2004 List of Superfund sites Love Canal is a neighborhood within Niagara Falls , New York . The neighborhood is infamously known as the location of a 70 - acre ( 28 ha ) landfill that became the epicenter of a massive environmental pollution disaster harming the health of hundreds of residents , culminating in an extensive Superfund cleanup operation . Originally intended as a model planned community , Love Canal served as a residential area before being purchased by Hooker Chemical Company , now , Occidental Chemical Corporation . After its sale , under threat of eminent domain , to the local school district , Love Canal attracted national attention for the public health problem originated from the massive dumping of toxic waste on the grounds . This event displaced numerous families , leaving them with long - standing health issues and symptoms of high white blood cell counts and leukemia . Subsequently , the federal government passed the Superfund law . The resulting Superfund cleanup operation demolished the neighborhood , wrapping up in 2004 . New York State Health Department Commissioner at the time , David Axelrod , called the Love Canal incident a `` national symbol of a failure to exercise a sense of concern for future generations '' . The Love Canal incident was especially significant as a situation where the inhabitants `` overflowed into the wastes instead of the other way around '' . The University at Buffalo University Archives houses a number of primary documents , photographs , and news clippings pertaining to the Love Canal environmental disaster ; many items have been digitized and are viewable online . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Early history 3 Love Canal disaster 3.1 Pre-disaster state of town 3.2 Hooker Chemical Company 3.3 Sale of the site 3.4 Construction of the 93rd Street School and the 99th Street School 3.5 Usage by the schools 3.6 Leadup and Discovery 3.6. 1 Contaminants 3.7 Consequences 3.7. 1 Activism 3.7. 1.1 Activism Tactics 3.7. 1.2 Role of Community Organizations 3.7. 2 Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal Homeowners ' Association 3.7. 3 Federal response 3.7. 4 Health effects 3.8 Aftermath 3.8. 1 Evacuation 3.8. 2 Litigation and compensation 3.8. 3 Remediation 3.8. 4 Analysis 3.9 Conclusion 3.10 Controversies related to moved Love Canal waste and reports of illness 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Love Canal is a neighborhood located in the city of Niagara Falls in the northwestern region of New York state . The neighborhood covers 36 square blocks in the far southeastern corner of the city , stretching from the 93rd street making up the western border to the 100th street in the east border and the 103rd street in the northeast . Bergholtz Creek defines the north border with the Niagara River marking the southern border one - quarter mile ( 400 m ) away . The LaSalle Expressway splits an uninhabited portion of the south from the north . The canal covers 16 acres ( 6.5 ha ) of land in the central eastern portion . Early history ( edit ) In 1890 , William T. Love , an ambitious entrepreneur from the Western Railroad Corporation , envisioned a perfect urban area called `` Model City '' . He prepared plans to construct a community of parks and residences on the banks of Lake Ontario , believing it would serve the area 's burgeoning industries with much - needed hydroelectricity . He gave his name to the ensuing project , envisioning a perfect urban area . After 1892 , Love 's plan incorporated a shipping lane that would bypass the Niagara Falls . Love quickly lined up backing from financial banks and giants in New York City , Chicago , and England . In October 1893 , the first factory opened for business . In May 1894 , work on the canal had begun . Steel companies and other manufacturers lined up for the chance of opening plants along the Love Canal . He began digging the canal and built a few streets and houses . However , the Panic of 1893 caused investors to drop sponsorship of the project . In addition , Congress passed a law barring the removal of water from the Niagara River , to preserve Niagara Falls . Only one mile ( 1.6 km ) of the canal was dug , about 50 feet ( 15 m ) wide and 10 -- 40 feet ( 3 -- 12 m ) deep , stretching northward from the Niagara River . However , the Panic of 1907 proved economically disastrous as Love had to abandon the project . The deathblow came with the development of the transmission of electrical power economically over great distances by means of an alternating current . No longer was it necessary for the industry to locate near the source of electrical power . Love 's financial backers deserted him , and the last piece of the properties owned by his corporation was subjected to mortgage foreclosure and sold at public auction in 1910 . With the project abandoned , the canal gradually filled with water . The local children swam there in the summer and skated during the winter . In the 1920s , the canal became a dump site for the City of Niagara Falls , with the city regularly unloading its municipal refuse into the landfill . Industry and tourism grew steadily throughout the first half of the 20th century due to a high demand for industrial products and the increased mobility of people to travel . Paper , rubber , plastics , petrochemicals , carbon insulators , and abrasives composed the city 's major industries . This prosperity would end by the late 1960s as aging industrial plants moved to less expensive locations . Love Canal disaster ( edit ) Pre-disaster state of town ( edit ) At the time of the dump 's closure in 1952 , Niagara Falls was entering an economic boom , and the population began expanding dramatically , growing by 33 % in twenty years ( 1940 - 1960 ) from 78,020 to 102,394 . Hooker chemical company ( edit ) By the turn of the 1940s , Hooker Chemical Company was searching for a place to dispose its large quantity of chemical waste . The Niagara Power and Development Company granted permission to Hooker in 1942 to dump wastes into the canal . The canal was drained and lined with thick clay . Into this site , Hooker began placing 55 - US - gallon ( 210 l ) metal or fiber barrels . In 1947 , Hooker bought the canal and the 70 - foot - wide ( 21 m ) banks on either side of the canal . It subsequently converted it into a 16 - acre ( 6.5 ha ) landfill . In 1948 , the City of Niagara Falls ended self - sufficient disposal of refuse and Hooker Chemical became the sole user and owner of the site . In early 1952 , when it became apparent that the site would likely be developed for construction , Hooker ceased use of Love Canal as a dumpsite . During its 10 - year lifespan , the landfill served as the dumping site of 21,800 short tons ( 19,800 t ) of chemicals , mostly composed of products such as `` caustics , alkalines , fatty acid and chlorinated hydrocarbons resulting from the manufacturing of dyes , perfumes , and solvents for rubber and synthetic resins '' . These chemicals were buried at a depth of twenty to twenty - five feet ( 6 to 7.5 m ) . Upon its closure , the canal was covered with a clay seal to prevent leakage . Over time , vegetation settled and began to grow atop the dump site . By the 1950s , the city of Niagara Falls was experiencing a population boom . With a growing population , the Niagara Falls City School District needed land to build new schools and attempted to purchase the property from Hooker Chemical . The population reached over 98,000 by the 1950 census . Sale of the site ( edit ) In March 1951 , the school board prepared a plan showing a school being built over the canal and listing condemnation values for each property that would need to be acquired . In March 1952 , the superintendent of Niagara Falls School Board approached Hooker with regard to purchasing the Love Canal property for the purpose of constructing a new school . Following this initial approach , in an internal company memo dated March 27 , 1952 , Bjarne Klaussen , Hooker 's vice president , wrote to the works manager that `` it may be advisable to discontinue using the Love Canal property for a dumping ground . '' In April 1952 , after discussing the sale of the land with Ansley Wilcox II , Hooker 's in - house legal counsel , Klaussen then wrote to the company president , R.L. Murray , suggesting that the sale could alleviate them from future liabilities for the buried chemicals : The more we thought about it , the more interested Wilcox and I became in the proposition , and finally came to the conclusion that the Love Canal property is rapidly becoming a liability because of housing projects in the near vicinity of our property . A school , however , could be built in the center unfilled section ( with chemicals underground ) . We became convinced that it would be a wise move to turn this property over to the schools provided we could not be held responsible for future claims or damages resulting from underground storage of chemicals . While the school board condemned some nearby properties , Hooker agreed to sell its property to the school board for $1 . Hooker 's letter to the board agreeing to enter into negotiations noted that `` in view of the nature of the property and the purposes for which it has been used , it will be necessary for us to have special provisions incorporated into the deed with respect to the use of the property and other pertinent matters . '' However , the board rejected the company 's proposal that the deed requires the land to be used for park purposes only , with the school itself to be built nearby . As `` a means of avoiding liability by relinquishing control of the site '' , Hooker deeded the site to the school board in 1953 for $1 with a liability limitation clause . The sale document signed on April 28 , 1953 , included a seventeen - line caveat purporting to release the company from all legal obligations should lawsuits arise in the future . Prior to the delivery of this instrument of conveyance , the grantee herein has been advised by the grantor that the premises above described have been filled , in whole or in part , to the present grade level thereof with waste products resulting from the manufacturing of chemicals by the grantor at its plant in the City of Niagara Falls , New York , and the grantee assumes all risk and liability incident to the use thereof . It is therefore understood and agreed that , as a part of the consideration for this conveyance and as a condition thereof , no claim , suit , action or demand of any nature whatsoever shall ever be made by the grantee , its successors or assigns , against the grantor , its successors or assigns , for injury to a person or persons , including death resulting therefrom , or loss of or damage to property caused by , in connection with or by reason of the presence of said industrial wastes . It is further agreed as a condition hereof that each subsequent conveyance of the aforesaid lands shall be made subject to the foregoing provisions and conditions . Critics of Hooker 's actions believe that , in the words of Craig E. Colton and Peter N. Skinner , `` Hooker assigned the board with a continuing duty to protect property buyers from chemicals when the company itself accepted no such ' moral obligation ' . '' Moreover , the transfer effectively ended what provision of security and maintenance for the hazardous waste had existed before and placed all responsibility in clearly unqualified hands . It was this attempt to evade their responsibility , Colten and Skinner contend , that would `` ultimately come back to haunt not only Hooker but all other chemical producers in the United States through the strict liability provisions of Superfund legislation . '' On the other hand , Eric Zeusse writes that Hooker 's decision to sell the property rather than allowing the school board to condemn it stemmed from a desire to document its warnings . `` Had the land been condemned and seized , says Hooker , the company would have been unable to air its concerns to all future owners of the property . It is difficult to see any other reason for what it did . '' Not long after having taken control of the land , the Niagara Falls School Board proceeded to develop the land , including construction activity that substantially breached containment structures in a number of ways , allowing previously trapped chemicals to seep out . The resulting breaches combined with particularly heavy rainstorms released and spread the chemical waste , leading to a public health emergency and an urban planning scandal . In what became a test case for liability clauses , Hooker Chemical was found to be `` negligent '' in their disposal of waste , though not reckless in the sale of the land . The dumpsite was discovered and investigated by the local newspaper , the Niagara Falls Gazette , from 1976 through the evacuation in 1978 . Hooker Electrochemical Quit Claim Deed to Board of Education Construction of the 93rd Street school and the 99th Street school ( edit ) Despite the disclaimer , the School Board began construction of the `` 99th Street School '' in its originally intended location . In January 1954 , the school 's architect wrote to the education committee informing them that during excavation , workers discovered two dump sites filled with 55 - US - gallon ( 210 l ; 46 imp gal ) drums containing chemical wastes . The architect also noted it would be `` poor policy '' to build in that area since it was not known what wastes were present in the ground , and the concrete foundation might be damaged . The school board then moved the school site eighty to eighty - five feet ( 24 to 26 m ) further north . The kindergarten playground also had to be relocated because it was directly on top of a chemical dump . Upon completion in 1955 , 400 children attended the school , and it opened along with several other schools that had been built to accommodate students . That same year , a twenty - five - foot area crumbled exposing toxic chemical drums , which then filled with water during rainstorms . This created large puddles that children enjoyed playing in . In 1955 , a second school , the 93rd Street School , was opened six blocks away . Usage by the schools ( edit ) In 1957 , the City of Niagara Falls constructed sewers for a mixture of low - income and single family residences to be built on lands adjacent to the landfill site . The school district had sold the remaining land , resulting in homes constructed by private developers , as well as the Niagara Falls Housing Authority . In total , 800 private houses and 240 low - income apartments were constructed . The sale came despite the warning of a Hooker attorney , Arthur Chambers , that , as paraphrased in the minutes of a board meeting , `` due to chemical waste having been dumped in that area , the land was not suitable for construction where underground facilities would be necessary . He stated that his company could not prevent the Board from selling the land or from doing anything they wanted to with it but , however , it was their intent that this property be used for a school and for parking . He further stated that they feel the property should not be divided for the purpose of building homes and hoped that no one will be injured . '' While building the gravel sewer beds , construction crews broke through the clay seal , breaching the canal walls . Specifically , the local government removed part of the protective clay cap to use as fill dirt for the nearby 93rd Street School , and punched holes in the solid clay walls to build water lines and the LaSalle Expressway . This allowed the toxic wastes to escape when rainwater , no longer kept out by the partially removed clay cap , washed them through the gaps in the walls . Hence , the buried chemicals could migrate and seep from the canal . The land where the homes were being built was not part of the agreement between the school board and Hooker ; thus , none of these residents knew the canal 's history . There was no monitoring or evaluating of the chemical wastes stored under the ground . Additionally , the clay cover of the canal which was supposed to be impermeable began to crack . The subsequent construction of the LaSalle Expressway restricted groundwater from flowing to the Niagara River . After the exceptionally wet winter and spring of 1962 , the elevated expressway turned the breached canal into an overflowing pool . People reported having puddles of oil or colored liquid in yards or basements . There were 410 children in the school in 1978 . Leadup and discovery ( edit ) Residents were suspicious of black fluid that flowed out of the Love Canal . For years , residents had complained about odors and substances on their yards or the public playgrounds . Finally the city acted and hired a consultant , Calspan Corporation , to do a massive study . In 1977 , a harsh winter storm dumped 33 -- 45 inches ( 84 -- 114 cm ) of snow , significantly raising the water table . The excess water got into the ground water and raised the elevation of the dioxins , which began erupting in residents ' backyards . In the spring of 1977 , the State Departments of Health and Environmental Conservation launched an intensive air , soil , and groundwater sampling and analysis program following qualitative identification of a number of organic compounds in the basements of 11 homes adjacent to the Love Canal . It was also revealed that the standards at the time did not require the installation of a liner to prevent leaching ; this became very common among companies . Contaminants ( edit ) Numerous contaminants dumped in the landfill included chlorinated hydrocarbon residues , processed sludge , fly ash , and other materials , including residential municipal garbage . Data showed unacceptable levels of toxic vapors associated with more than 80 compounds were emanating from the basements of numerous homes in the first ring directly adjacent to the Love Canal . Ten of the most prevalent and most toxic compounds - including benzene , a known human carcinogen - were selected for evaluation purposes and as indicators of the presence of other chemical constituents . Laboratory analyses of soil and sediment samples from the Love Canal indicate the presence of more than 200 distinct organic chemical compounds ; approximately 100 of these have been identified to date . Numerous other chemicals seeped through the ground . Some of the chemicals and toxic materials found included benzene , chloroform , toluene , dioxin , and various kinds of PCB . Type of Waste Physical State Total Estimated Quantity Container Short tons Metric tons Misc . acid chlorides other than benzoyl - includes acetyl , caprylyl , butyryl , nitro benzoyls liquid and solid 400 360 drum Thionyl chloride and misc . sulfur / chlorine compounds liquid and solid 500 450 drum Misc . chlorination - includes waxes , oils , naphthenes , aniline liquid and solid 1,000 910 drum Dodecyl ( Lauryl , Lorol ) mercaptans ( DDM ) , chlorides and misc . organic sulfur compounds liquid and solid 2,400 2,200 drum Trichlorophenol ( TCP ) liquid and solid 200 180 drum Benzoyl chlorides and benzo - trichlorides liquid and solid 800 730 drum Metal chlorides solid 400 360 drum Liquid disulfides ( LDS / LDSN / BDS ) and chlorotoluenes liquid 700 640 drum Hexachlorocyclohexane ( Lindane / BHC ) solid 6,900 6,300 drum and nonmetallic containers Chlorobenzenes liquid and solid 2,000 1,800 drum and nonmetallic containers Benzylchlorides - includes benzyl chloride , benzyl alcohol , benzyl thiocyanate solid 2,400 2,200 drum Sodium sulfide / sulfhydrates solid 2,000 1,800 drum Misc. 10 % of above 2,000 1,800 TOTAL 21,800 19,800 * Interagency Task Force on Hazardous Wastes , Draft Report on Hazardous Waste Disposal in Erie and Niagara Counties , New York , March 1979 Chemical Water & Leachate Air Soil & Sediment Benzene ID * * 6993522700000000000 ♠ 522.7 μg / m ( 3.021 × 10 oz / cu in ) < 6990100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 0.8 μg / kg ( 7.0 × 10 -- 5.60 × 10 gr / lb ) α - Benzene Hexachloride 6994320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 μg / l ( 1.8 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6988200000000000000 ♠ 0.002 -- 0.1 μg / m ( 1.2 × 10 -- 5.78 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID β - Benzene Hexachloride 6995379999999999999 ♠ 38 μg / l ( 0.0027 gr / imp gal ) 6991300000000000000 ♠ 3 μg / m ( 1.7 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID δ - Benzene Hexachloride 6994690000000000000 ♠ 6.9 μg / l ( 0.00048 gr / imp gal ) 6990400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 μg / m ( 2.3 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID γ - Benzene Hexachloride ( Lindane ) 6995499999999999999 ♠ 50 μg / l ( 0.0035 gr / imp gal ) ID 6998200000000000000 ♠ 20 mg / g ( 8.8 gr / oz ) Carbon tetrachloride ID 6991499999999999999 ♠ 5.0 μg / m ( 2.9 × 10 oz / cu in ) Chlorobenzene 6998100000000000000 ♠ 10 mg / l ( 5.8 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6990100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 172 μg / m ( 5.8 × 10 -- 9.9422 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6990400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 -- 2.9 μg / kg ( 2.8 × 10 -- 2.03 × 10 gr / lb ) Chloroform 6993200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 -- 3.9 μg / l ( 1.4 × 10 -- 0.000274 gr / imp gal ) 6990500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 -- 24.0 μg / m ( 2.9 × 10 -- 1.387 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6990200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 -- 2.3 μg / kg ( 1.4 × 10 -- 1.61 × 10 gr / lb ) Chlorotoluene 6998750000000000000 ♠ 75 mg / l ( 4.3 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6988800000000000000 ♠ 0.008 -- 7,650 μg / m ( 4.6 × 10 -- 4.4219805 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID Dichlorobenzene 6997300000000000000 ♠ 3 mg / l ( 1.7 × 10 oz / cu in ) < 6990300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 -- 100.5 μg / m ( 1.7 × 10 -- 5.809 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6993240000000000000 ♠ 240 μg / kg ( 0.0017 gr / lb ) Dichloroethane 6993200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 -- 4.8 μg / l ( 1.4 × 10 -- 0.000337 gr / imp gal ) < 6990400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 -- 2 μg / kg ( 2.8 × 10 -- 1.40 × 10 gr / lb ) Dichlorotoluene 6995949999999999999 ♠ 95 μg / l ( 0.0067 gr / imp gal ) < 6992180000000000000 ♠ 18 -- 74 μg / m ( 1.0 × 10 -- 4.3 × 10 oz / cu in ) 1 , 3 - Hexachlorobutadiene ( c - 46 ) 6992220000000000000 ♠ 22 -- 114 μg / m ( 1.3 × 10 -- 6.6 × 10 oz / cu in ) Pentachlorobenzene 6997250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 mg / l ( 1.4 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6993500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 mg / m ( 0.00022 gr / cu ft ) 6992580000000000000 ♠ 58 μg / kg ( 0.00041 gr / lb ) Tetrachlorobenzene 6997500000000000000 ♠ 5 mg / l ( 2.9 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6989100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 -- 74 μg / m ( 5.8 × 10 -- 4.27747 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6992110000000000000 ♠ 11 -- 100 μg / kg ( 7.7 × 10 -- 0.000700 gr / lb ) Tetrachloroethylene < 6993300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 -- 0.8 μg / l ( 2.1 × 10 -- 5.6 × 10 gr / imp gal ) < 6990200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 -- 52 μg / m ( 1.2 × 10 -- 3.006 × 10 oz / cu in ) < 6990300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 μg / kg ( 2.1 × 10 gr / lb ) Tetrachlorotoluene 6997100000000000000 ♠ 1 mg / l ( 5.8 × 10 oz / cu in ) < 6989100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 -- 0.97 μg / m ( 5.8 × 10 -- 5.607 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID Trichlorobenzene 6992520000000000000 ♠ 52 μg / m ( 3.0 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6989300000000000000 ♠ 0.03 -- 84 μg / m ( 1.7 × 10 -- 4.8555 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6992340000000000000 ♠ 34 -- 64 μg / kg ( 0.00024 -- 0.00045 gr / lb ) Trichloroethylene 6998520000000000000 ♠ 52 mg / l ( 3.0 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6992730000000000000 ♠ 73 μg / m ( 4.2 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID Trichlorophenol 6993100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 11.3 μg / l ( 7.0 × 10 -- 0.0007928 gr / imp gal ) ID 6990500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 -- 90 μg / kg ( 3.5 × 10 -- 0.0006300 gr / lb ) Trichlorotoluene 6998340000000000000 ♠ 34 mg / l ( 2.0 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6989500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 -- 43.7 μg / m ( 2.9 × 10 -- 2.5260 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID Toluene 6999250000000000000 ♠ 250 mg / l ( 0.00014 oz / cu in ) 6993100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 6.2 mg / m ( 5.8 × 10 -- 3.584 × 10 oz / cu in ) 0.1 - 104 μg / kg Dioxin ( TCDD ) 1.4 - 5.1 ppt < 2 ppt - 312 ppt 1 , 2 - Dichloroethylene 6993100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 0.1 μg / l ( 7.0 × 10 -- 7.0 × 10 gr / imp gal ) 6993334000000000000 ♠ 334 μg / m ( 1.93 × 10 oz / cu in ) PCB 6996640000000000000 ♠ 0.64 mg / l ( 3.7 × 10 oz / cu in ) 2 - 6 ppm Methylene Chloride < 6993300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 -- 0.3 μg / l ( 2.1 × 10 -- 2.1 × 10 gr / imp gal ) < 6990700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 -- 11.6 μg / m ( 4.0 × 10 -- 6.71 × 10 oz / cu in ) Bis ( 2 - ethylhexyl ) Phthalate 6994809999999999999 ♠ 8.1 -- 24 μg / l ( 0.00057 -- 0.00168 gr / imp gal ) * These analyses are a summation of work carried out by the Toxicology Institute , Division of Laboratories and Research , New York State Department of Health and various laboratories of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and their subcontractors . ID - Identified but not quantitated ug / l - microgram per liter ug / m - microgram per cubic meter Consequences ( edit ) Activism ( edit ) A protest by Love Canal residents , ca . 1978 . In 1976 , two reporters for the Niagara Falls Gazette , David Pollak and David Russell , tested several sump pumps near Love Canal and found toxic chemicals in them . The Gazette published reports , once in October 1976 and once in November 1976 , of chemical analyses of residues near the old Love Canal dumpsite indicated presence of 15 organic chemicals , including three toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons . The matter went quiet for more than a year and was resurrected by reporter Michael Brown , who then investigated potential health effects by carrying forth an informal door - to - door survey in early 1978 , finding birth defects and many anomalies such as enlarged feet , heads , hands , and legs . He advised the local residents to create a protest group , which was led by resident Karen Schroeder , whose daughter had many ( about a dozen ) birth defects . The New York State Health Department followed suit and found an abnormal incidence of miscarriages . By 1978 , Love Canal had become a national media event with articles referring to the neighborhood as `` a public health time bomb '' , and `` one of the most appalling environmental tragedies in American history '' . Brown , working for the local newspaper , the Niagara Gazette , is credited with not only breaking open the case , but establishing toxic chemical wastes as a nationwide issue as well . Brown 's book , Laying Waste , examined the Love Canal disaster and many other toxic waste catastrophes nationwide . The dumpsite was declared an unprecedented state emergency on August 2 , 1978 . Brown , who wrote more than a hundred articles on the dump , tested the groundwater and later found the dump was three times larger than originally thought , with possible ramifications beyond the original evacuation zone . He was also to discover that highly toxic dioxins were there . Activism tactics ( edit ) ( This section requires additional support and verification ) Activism at Love Canal was initially led by community residents Lois Gibbs and Tom Heiser , with Lois Gibbs emerging as the `` face '' of the movement . Gibbs ' strategies emphasized concerns for children and families of the affected area , with women taking the most prominent public and active roles . Although women 's activism at Love Canal was not explicitly linked to or directly informed by the wider women 's movement of the time , resistance to change within the household led at times to strain within families . Many men also supported women in these efforts , though not always publicly . Men who were hesitant to oppose Hooker Chemical openly for example , were able to contribute to the movement through increased contributions to family labor in the absence of their activist wives . In addition to community organizing and pressuring authorities for appropriate responses , direct - action forms of activism were employed . Tactics included protests and rallies , which were intentionally timed and planned in an effort to maximize media attention . Such events included `` controversial '' methods such as mothers protesting while pushing strollers , marching by pregnant women , and children holding protest signs . Notably , two EPA employees were also held hostage by activists for approximately five hours at the LCHA office , in order to bring their demands to the attention of federal government . Role of community organizations ( edit ) Numerous organizations were formed in response to the crisis at Love Canal , with members ' activism emphasizing variously overlapping interests . In addition to the Love Canal Homeowners Association ( LCHA ) , other key organizations are the Ecumenical Taskforce ( ETF ) , National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , and the Concerned Love Canal Renters Association ( CLCRA ) . These organizations are often overlooked in the story of Love Canal , according to research by Elizabeth Blum in ' ' Love Canal Revisited ' ' . The Ecumenical Taskforce ( ETF ) was a religious organization comprised of volunteers from the surrounding area ( verification and details required ) . In conjunction with other citizens ' groups such as LCHA and LCARA , the ETF used their resources and platforms to promote environmental health and gender , class , and racial equality . The NAACP became involved with the Love Canal issue after William Abrams Sr. , president of the Niagara Falls chapter drew concerns to his wife 's fatal liver failure . Abrams involvement drew attention to racial inequality present in the community and concerns about how this could affect comprehensive relocation efforts . Abrams contacted the regional NAACP director who announced that discrimination against minorities at Love Canal would be met with legal action . This involvement inspired additional support and activism , particularly on behalf of members of the renting community , many of whom were also members of the African - American and immigrant communities at the site . ( this section needs clarification / support ) Another subgroup of local residents formed the Love Canal Renters Association ( CLCRA ) . This group 's action sought to address the needs of the ( largely , but not exclusively , African - American ) renter community , whose interests were at times perceived to be in conflict with those held by some members of the ( predominantly white ) property owners represented through the LCHA . In 1980 Lois Gibbs established the Center for Health , Environment , and Justice as a continuation of her activism at Love Canal . Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal homeowners ' Association ( edit ) On August 2 , 1978 , Lois Gibbs , a local mother who called an election to head the Love Canal Homeowners ' Association , began to rally homeowners . Her son , Michael Gibbs , began attending school in September 1977 . He developed epilepsy in December , suffered from asthma and a urinary tract infection , and had a low white blood cell count , all associated with his exposure to the leaking chemical waste . Gibbs had learned from Brown that her neighborhood sat atop the buried chemical waste . In the following years , Gibbs led an effort to investigate community concerns about the health of its residents . She and other residents made repeated complaints of strange odors and `` substances '' that surfaced in their yards . In Gibbs ' neighborhood , there was a high rate of unexplained illnesses , miscarriages , and intellectual disability . Basements were often covered with a thick , black substance , and vegetation was dying . In many yards , the only vegetation that grew were shrubby grasses . Although city officials were asked to investigate the area , they did not act to solve the problem . Niagara Falls mayor Michael O'Laughlin infamously stated that there was `` nothing wrong '' in Love Canal . With further investigation , Gibbs discovered the chemical danger of the adjacent canal . This began her organization 's two - year effort to demonstrate that the waste buried by Hooker Chemical was responsible for the health problems of local residents . Throughout the ordeal , homeowners ' concerns were ignored not only by Hooker Chemical ( now a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum ) , but also by members of government . These parties argued that the area 's endemic health problems were unrelated to the toxic chemicals buried in the Canal . Since the residents could not prove the chemicals on their property had come from Hooker 's disposal site , they could not prove liability . Throughout the legal battle , residents were unable to sell their properties and move away . Federal response ( edit ) On August 7 , 1978 , United States President Jimmy Carter announced a federal health emergency , called for the allocation of federal funds , and ordered the Federal Disaster Assistance Agency to assist the City of Niagara Falls to remedy the Love Canal site . This was the first time in American history that emergency funds were used for a situation other than a natural disaster . Carter had trenches built that would transport the wastes to sewers and had home sump pumps sealed off . Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act ( CERCLA ) , better known as the Superfund Act . Love Canal became the first entry on the list . CERCLA created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment . CERCLA also created a National Priorities List , a shortened list of the sites that has priority in cleanup . Love Canal was the first Superfund site on that list . Eventually , the site was cleaned up and deleted off the list in 2004 . Because the Superfund Act contained a `` retroactive liability '' provision , Occidental was held liable for cleanup of the waste even though it had followed all applicable U.S. laws when disposing of it . Health effects ( edit ) At first , scientific studies did not conclusively prove the chemicals were responsible for the residents ' illnesses yet scientists were divided on the issue , even though eleven known or suspected carcinogens had been identified , one of the most prevalent being benzene . Also present was dioxin ( polychlorinated dibenzodioxins ) in the water , a very hazardous substance . Dioxin pollution is usually measured in parts per trillion ; at Love Canal , water samples showed dioxin levels of 53 parts per billion . Geologists were recruited to determine whether underground swales were responsible for carrying the chemicals to the surrounding residential areas . Once there , chemicals could leach into basements and evaporate into household air . In 1979 , the EPA announced the result of blood tests which showed high white blood cell counts , a precursor to leukemia , and chromosome damage in Love Canal residents . 33 % of the residents had undergone chromosomal damage . In a typical population , chromosomal damage affects 1 % of people . Other studies were unable to find harm . The United States National Research Council ( NRC ) surveyed Love Canal health studies in 1991 . The NRC noted the major exposure of concern was the groundwater rather than drinking water ; the groundwater `` seeped into basements '' and then led to exposure through air and soil noted several studies reported higher levels of low - birth weight babies and birth defects among the exposed residents with some evidence the effect subsided after the exposure was eliminated . The National Research Council also noted a study which found exposed children were found to have an `` excess of seizures , learning problems , hyperactivity , eye irritation , skin rashes , abdominal pain , and incontinence '' and stunted growth . Voles in the area were found to have significantly increased mortality compared to controls ( mean life expectancy in exposed animals `` 23.6 and 29.2 days , respectively , compared to 48.8 days '' for control animals ) . New York State also has an ongoing health study of Love Canal residents . In that year , the Albert Elia Building Co. , Inc. , now Sevenson Environmental Services , Inc. , was selected as the principal contractor to safely re-bury the toxic waste at the Love Canal Site . According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) in 1979 , residents exhibited a `` disturbingly high rate of miscarriages ... Love Canal can now be added to a growing list of environmental disasters involving toxics , ranging from industrial workers stricken by nervous disorders and cancers to the discovery of toxic materials in the milk of nursing mothers . '' In one case , two out of four children in a single Love Canal family had birth defects ; one girl was born deaf with a cleft palate , an extra row of teeth , and slight retardation , and a boy was born with an eye defect . Aftermath ( edit ) Love Canal residents discuss revitalizing their contaminated neighborhood with EPA Administrator Lee M. Thomas in 1985 When Eckhardt C. Beck ( EPA Administrator for Region 2 , 1977 -- 1979 ) visited Love Canal in the late 1970s , he discerned the presence of toxic substances in the community : I visited the canal area at that time . Corroding waste - disposal drums could be seen breaking up through the grounds of backyards . Trees and gardens were turning black and dying . One entire swimming pool had been popped up from its foundation , afloat now on a small sea of chemicals . Puddles of noxious substances were pointed out to me by the residents . Some of these puddles were in their yards , some were in their basements , others yet were on the school grounds . Everywhere the air had a faint , choking smell . Children returned from play with burns on their hands and faces . Robert Whalen , then - New York 's Health Commissioner , also visited Love Canal and believed that the Canal constituted an emergency , stating : `` Love Canal Chemical Waste Landfill constitutes a public nuisance and an extremely serious threat and danger to the health , safety and welfare of those using it , living near it or exposed to the conditions emanating from it , consisting among other things , of chemical wastes lying exposed on the surface in numerous places pervasive , pernicious and obnoxious chemical vapors and fumes affecting both the ambient air and the homes of certain residents living near such sites . '' Whalen also instructed people to avoid going into their basements as well as to avoid fruits and vegetables grown in their gardens . People became very worried because many had consumed produce from their gardens for several years . Whalen urged that all pregnant women and children under the age of two be removed from Love Canal as soon as possible . The 99th Street School , on the other hand , was located within the former boundary of the Hooker Chemical landfill site . The school was closed and demolished , but both the school board and the chemical company refused to accept liability . The 93rd Street School was closed some two years later because of concerns about seeping toxic waste . Evacuation ( edit ) The lack of public interest in Love Canal made matters worse for the homeowners ' association , which was opposed by two organizations that sought to disprove negligence . Initially , members of the association had been frustrated by the lack of a public entity that could advise and defend them . Gibbs met with public resistance from a number of residents within the community . Eventually , the federal government relocated more than 800 families and reimbursed them for the loss of their homes . The state government and federal government used $15 million to purchase 400 homes closest to Love Canal and demolished several rings of houses . Litigation and Compensation ( edit ) In 1994 , Federal District Judge John Curtin ruled that Hooker / Occidental had been negligent , but not reckless , in its handling of the waste and sale of the land to the Niagara Falls School Board . Curtin 's decision also contains a detailed history of events leading up to the Love Canal disaster . Occidental Petroleum was sued by the EPA and in 1995 agreed to pay $129 million in restitution . Out of that federal lawsuit came money for a small health fund and $3.5 million for the state health study . Residents ' lawsuits were also settled in the years following the Love Canal disaster . The Department of Justice published a report that noted the sites have been successfully remediated is ready again for use . The Love Canal Area Revitalization Authority sold a few abandoned homes to private citizens . Virtually all remedial activities of the site , other than the operation of the leachate collection system , were completed by 1989 . Abandoned streets on the west side of Love Canal Remediation ( edit ) Looking down 99th Street in Love Canal Houses in the residential areas on the east and west sides of the canal were demolished . All that remains on the west side are abandoned residential streets . Some older east side residents , whose houses stand alone in the demolished neighborhood , chose to stay . It was estimated that fewer than 90 of the original 900 families opted to remain . They were willing to remain as long as they were guaranteed that their homes were in a relatively safe area . On June 4 , 1980 , the state government founded the Love Canal Area Revitalization Agency ( LCARA ) to restore the area . The area north of Love Canal became known as Black Creek Village . LCARA wanted to resell 300 homes that had been bought by New York when the residents were relocated . The homes are farther away from where the chemicals were dumped . The most toxic area ( 16 acres ( 65,000 m ) ) was reburied with a thick plastic liner , clay and dirt . A 2.4 - metre ( 7 ft 10 in ) high barbed wire fence was installed around the area . It has been calculated that 248 separate chemicals , including 60 kilograms ( 130 lb ) of dioxin , have been unearthed from the canal . Analysis ( edit ) In 1998 , Dr. Elizabeth Whelan , founder of American Council on Science and Health , wrote an editorial about the Canal in which she stated that the media started calling the Canal a `` public health time bomb '' , an editorial that created minor hysteria . She declared that people were not falling ill because of exposure to chemical waste , but from stress caused by the media . Besides double the rate of birth defects to children born while living on Love Canal , a follow - up study two decades after the incident `` showed increased risks of low birth weight , congenital malformations and other adverse reproductive events '' . However , the same report found a slight decrease in the incidence of cancer rates , and cautions , `` It is important not to over emphasize any single finding but instead to search for interpretable , coherent patterns of findings , since these are more likely to indicate valid and meaningful associations . '' Love Canal , along with Times Beach , Missouri and the Valley of the Drums , Kentucky , are important in United States environmental history as three sites that significantly contributed to the passing of the CERCLA . Love Canal `` become the symbol for what happens when hazardous industrial products are not confined to the workplace but ' hit people where they live ' in inestimable amounts '' . Love Canal was not an isolated case . Eckardt C. Beck suggested that there are probably hundreds of similar dumpsites . President Carter declared that discovering these dumpsites was `` one of the grimmest discoveries of the modern era '' . Had the residents of Love Canal been aware that they were residing on toxic chemicals , most would not have moved there in the first place . Beck noted that one main problem remains that ownership of such chemical companies can change over the years , making liability difficult to assign ( a problem that would be addressed by CERCLA , or the Superfund Act ) . Beck contended that increased commitment was necessary to develop controls that would `` defuse future Love Canals '' . The free market environmentalist movement has often cited the Love Canal incident as a consequence of government decision - makers not taking responsibility for their decisions . Stroup writes , `` The school district owning the land had a laudable but narrow goal : it wanted to provide education cheaply for district children . Government decision makers are seldom held accountable for broader social goals in the way that private owners are by liability rules and potential profits . '' Conclusion ( edit ) In 2004 , federal officials announced that the superfund cleanup has ended , although the actual cleanup ended years earlier . The entire process took 21 years and $400 million . About 260 homes north of the canal have been renovated and sold to new owners , and about 150 acres ( 61 ha ) east of the canal have been sold to commercial developers for light industrial uses . In total , 950 families had been evacuated . The site was removed from the Superfund list . Controversies related to moved Love Canal waste and reports of illness ( edit ) The Niagara Sanitation landfill covers 18.7 acres ( 7.6 ha ) in Wheatfield , New York . The state Department of Transportation moved approximately 1,600 cubic yards ( 1,200 m ) of material from the Love Canal landfill to Niagara Sanitation . Residents of North Tonawanda and Wheatfield suffering severe health problems say the waste was subsequently disturbed during the construction of the LaSalle Expressway in Niagara Falls . The New York Department of Environmental Conservation ( DEC ) contends there is no proof the landfill leaks . A lawsuit asserts that Hooker 's creation of a brine pipeline along the edge of the landfill used to move brine from Wyoming County to its Niagara Falls plant location , may have created a conduit for the landfilled waste to leak out . In popular culture ( edit ) The legacy of the disaster inspired a fictionalized 1982 made - for - TV film entitled Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal . An award - winning documentary by Lynn Corcoran entitled In Our Own Backyard was released in the U.S. in 1983 . Modern Marvels retold the disaster in 2004 . Joyce Carol Oates included the story of Love Canal in her 2004 novel The Falls , but changed the time period of the disaster to the 1960s . The latest history of Love Canal , Love Canal : A Toxic History From Colonial Times To The Present , written by Richard S. Newman , was published by Oxford University Press in 2016 . The film Tootsie has a character attempting to produce a play called `` Return To Love Canal '' . In response to the pitch for the play , Sydney Pollack tells Dustin Hoffman that `` Nobody wants to produce a play about a couple that moved back to Love Canal . Nobody wants to pay twenty dollars to see people living next to chemical waste . They can see that in New Jersey . '' `` Love Canal '' was also a segment in the premiere episode of Michael Moore 's TV series TV Nation , which featured realtors attempting to lure prospective residents to the area . In the 1998 First - person shooter video game , Blood II : The Chosen , the sixth level of the second episode , which takes place in part of the water system of a housing project built by the villains over a pit of radioactive waste , is called `` Love Canal '' in reference to the disaster . See also ( edit ) 102nd Street chemical landfill , a landfill located immediately to the south of Love Canal . Cancer Alley ( in Louisiana ) Landfills in the United States Spring Valley , Washington , D.C. Times Beach , Missouri Valley of the Drums Centralia , Pennsylvania and its mine fire William Ginsberg , member of New York State task force investigating Love Canal in 1979 , and author of state report . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Verhovek , Sam How ( August 5 , 1988 ) . `` After 10 Years , the Trauma of Love Canal Continues '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Colten , Craig E. ; Skinner , Peter N. ( 1996 ) . The Road to Love Canal : Managing Industrial Waste before EPA . Texas : University of Texas Press . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0292711839 . Jump up ^ `` Love Canal Collections - University Archives - University at Buffalo Libraries '' . library.buffalo.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Love Canal : A special Report to the Governor & Legislature '' . www.health.ny.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Parry , David W. , Dept. of Architecture , SUNY at Buffalo . `` William T. Love and the Development of Model City . '' Unpublished manuscript , 1975 . Jump up ^ Dickson , David ( 1982 ) . `` United States : Lessons of Love Canal Prompt Clean up '' . AMBIO . Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . 11 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 50 . JSTOR 4312752 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Canal - Public Health Time Bomb '' . www.health.ny.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Berton , Pierre . Niagara : a history of the falls . McClelland & Stewart Inc. 1994 . ISBN 0771012179 ^ Jump up to : Blum 2008 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , p. 9 Jump up ^ Blum 2008 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` us census , niagara falls - Google Search '' . www.google.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Levine , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Actions At The Love Canal Site '' . The New York Times . February 23 , 1983 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Colten & Skinner 1996 , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Blum 2008 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dumped On : The Messy Truth About Love Canal , NY '' . My American Odyssey . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Inhabitants of New York '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Census . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zuesse , Eric ( February 1981 ) . `` Love Canal : The Truth Seeps Out '' . Reason Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Glaberson , William ( October 22 , 1990 ) . `` Love Canal : Suit Focuses On Records From 1940 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colten & Skinner 1996 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Brown , Michael H. ( December 1979 ) . `` Love Canal and the Poisoning of America '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Colten & Skinner 1996 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Colten & Skinner 1996 , p. 157 , 159 , 161 . Jump up ^ Levine , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Colten & Skinner 1996 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Canal : : Start of a Movement '' . www.bu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Curtin , John . `` United States v. Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp '' . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stroup , Richard , Free - Market Environmentalism ( PDF ) , The Library of Economics and Liberty ^ Jump up to : Levine , p. 13 Jump up ^ Blum 2008 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hironaka , Ann ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) . Greening the Globe . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107031548 . Jump up ^ Alexander Nazaryan On 10 / 17 / 13 at 2 : 17 PM ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Love Hurts '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Warner , Gene ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) . `` The Blizzard of ' 77 : Buffalo 's storm for the ages '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ James , Susan Donaldson ( 2008 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Love Canal Kids at 30 : ' Ticking Time Bombs ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Colten , C. , and Skinner , P. ( 1996 ) . The road to Love Canal : Managing industrial waste before EPA , Univ. of Texas Press , Austin , Tex . ISBN 0292711824 Jump up ^ `` New York State Task Force on Toxic Substances Files of Chairman and Assemblyman Maurice Hinchey . '' Rep. L0134 , New York State Archives Jump up ^ Thomas , Lewis , M.D. `` Report of the Governor 's Panel to Review Scientific Studies and the Development of Public Policy on Problems Resulting from Hazardous Wastes . '' Albany , N.Y. : Oct. 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Love Canal : A special Report to the Governor & Legislature '' . www.health.ny.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . `` Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in New York State : First Annual Report ; A Joint Report of the New York State Departments of Environmental Conservation and Health , '' Vol . I - III . Albany , N.Y. : 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Love Canal Chronologies - Love Canal Collections - University Archives - University at Buffalo Libraries '' . library.buffalo.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : EPA , OA , OEAEE , OWC , US . `` The Love Canal Tragedy '' . archive.epa.gov . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brown , Michael , Laying Waste : The Poisoning of America by Toxic Chemicals . New York : Washington Square Press , 1981 , ii . Jump up ^ E. Blum , Love Canal Revisited : Race , Class , and Gender in Environmental Activism ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Blum , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Heroism Project - 1970s - Lois Gibbs '' . www.heroism.org . Jump up ^ Blum 2008 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Goldman Environmental Prize - Lois Gibbs '' . goldmanprize.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Levine , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Blum 2008 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Eckardt C. ( January 1979 ) . `` The Love Canal Tragedy '' . EPA Journal . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Depalma , Anthony ( 2004 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Love Canal Declared Clean , Ending Toxic Horror '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Superfund Program : LOVE CANAL , NIAGARA FALLS , NY '' . CERCLA . Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cancer incidence in the Love Canal area . Science , v. 212 , June 19 , 1981 : 1404 -- 1407 . PMID 7233229 `` Data from the New York Cancer Registry show no evidence for higher cancer rates associated with residence near the Love Canal toxic waste burial site in comparison with the entire state outside of New York City . '' Jump up ^ Ember , Lois R. Uncertain science pushes Love Canal solutions to political , legal arenas . Chemical & Engineering News , v. 58 , August 11 , 1980 : 22 -- 29 . Relates the chronology of Hooker Chemical Company and the discovery of toxic chemicals at Love Canal and describes the medical research on the former residents to determine the health effects . doi : 10.1021 / cen - v058n032. p022 Jump up ^ Maugh , Thomas H. , 11 . Health effects of exposure to toxic wastes . Science , v. 215 , January 29 , 1982 : 490 -- 493 ; February 5 : 643 -- 647 . This two - part series first addresses the question `` Just how hazardous are dumps ? '' and then , in `` Biological markers for chemical exposure '' , suggests alterations in chromosomes indicate exposure but long term studies will be necessary to determine the severity of effects of health . Jump up ^ The Risks of living near Love Canal . Science , v . 212 , August 27 , 1982 : 808 -- 809 , 811 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7100924 PMID 7100924 `` Controversy and confusion follow a report that the Love Canal area is no more hazardous than areas elsewhere in Niagara Falls . '' Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Congressional Research Service , Report No. 83 - 160 L , LIABILITY FOR INJURY RESULTING FROM THE DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE : Preliminary Bibliography on the 1983 - 1984 , Intercollegiate Debate Resolution , August 12 , 1983 ^ Jump up to : National Research Council , Committee on Environmental Epidemiology , Environmental Epidemiology , vol. 1 : Public Health and Hazardous Wastes ( Washington : National Academy Press , 1991 ) Jump up ^ `` Love Canal '' . www.health.state.ny.us . Jump up ^ Blum 2008 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Levine , p. 29 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corp. , 850 Federal Supplement , 993 ( W.D.N.Y. , 1994 ) Jump up ^ `` Occidental to pay $129 Million in Love Canal Settlement '' . U.S. Department of Justice . December 21 , 1995 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` # 638 Occidental to pay $129 million in Love Canal settlement '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Blum 2008 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Michael , Hush Hush : The Dark Secrets of Scientific Research . Buffalo : Firefly Books , 2003 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/docs/report_public_comment_final.pdf Jump up ^ Levine , p. 218 Jump up ^ JD , Penelope Ploughman PhD ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) . Love Canal . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 9781439641996 . Jump up ^ Newman , Richard S. ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) . Love Canal : A Toxic History from Colonial Times to the Present . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190262846 . Jump up ^ Residents feel ' trapped ' by Wheatfield landfill , once home to Love Canal waste by Thomas J. Prohaska , Buffalo Evening News , Published Mon , Apr 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/lc.html . Jump up ^ http://www.epa.gov/region1/education/pdfs/GREENModule1VideoLinks.pdf Jump up ^ Sidney Pollack ( 1982 ) . `` Tootsie '' . Bibliography Blum , Elizabeth D. ( 2008 ) . Love Canal Revisited : Race , Class , and Gender in Environmental Activism . Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1560 - 5 . Colten , Craig E. ; Skinner , Peter N. ( 1996 ) . The Road to Love Canal : Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0292711824 . Levine , Adeline Gordon ( 1982 ) . Love Canal : Science , Politics and People . Lexington , MA : D.C. Heath and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 669 - 05411 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Love Canal Collections in the University Archives , University at Buffalo Libraries Adeline Levine Love Canal Papers at The Buffalo History Museum Love Canal Medical Fund , Inc . New York Heritage : Love Canal Images 2008 Follow Up Study LCCN : sh85078529 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&oldid=843170704 '' Categories : Love Canal Canals in New York ( state ) Disasters in New York ( state ) Environmental issues in New York ( state ) Environmental controversies Environmental disasters in the United States Health disasters in the United States Former landfills in the United States Neighborhoods in New York ( state ) Niagara Falls , New York Pollution in the United States Superfund sites in New York ( state ) Waste disposal incidents in the United States Environmental disaster ghost towns 1978 in the environment Urban decay in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Polski Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 10 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the pollution of love canal in new york was caused by ____	[ "Originally intended as a model planned community, Love Canal served as a residential area before being purchased by Hooker Chemical Company, now, Occidental Chemical Corporation. After its sale, under threat of eminent domain, to the local school district, Love Canal attracted national attention for the public health problem originated from the massive dumping of toxic waste on the grounds. This event displaced numerous families, leaving them with long-standing health issues and symptoms of high white blood cell counts and leukemia. Subsequently, the federal government passed the Superfund law. The resulting Superfund cleanup operation demolished the neighborhood, wrapping up in 2004." ]	[ "massive dumping of toxic waste" ]
-6300210226166880862	First Bank of the United States	First bank of the United States - wikipedia First bank of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Bank of America , the modern corporation . First Bank of the United States U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark 3rd Street facade ( 2009 ) Location 120 South Third Street Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Coordinates 39 ° 56 ′ 53.25 '' N 75 ° 8 ′ 48.45 '' W / 39.9481250 ° N 75.1467917 ° W / 39.9481250 ; - 75.1467917 Coordinates : 39 ° 56 ′ 53.25 '' N 75 ° 8 ′ 48.45 '' W / 39.9481250 ° N 75.1467917 ° W / 39.9481250 ; - 75.1467917 Built 1795 Architect Samuel Blodgett , possibly with James Hoban Architectural style Greek Revival , other NRHP reference # 87001292 Added to NRHP May 4 , 1987 The President , Directors and Company , of the Bank of the United States , commonly known as the First Bank of the United States , was a national bank , chartered for a term of twenty years , by the United States Congress on February 25 , 1791 . It followed the Bank of North America , the nation 's first de facto central bank . Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three - part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power , along with a federal mint and excise taxes , championed by Alexander Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation 's credit , and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution . The First Bank building , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , within Independence National Historical Park , was completed in 1797 , and is a National Historic Landmark for its historic and architectural significance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Proposal 3 Opposition 4 Presidential approval 5 Expiration of charter 6 Purchase by Girard 7 Bank building 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) In 1791 , The First Bank of the United States was one of the four major financial innovations proposed and supported by Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . In addition to the national bank , the other measures were assumption of the state war debts by the U.S. Government , establishment of a mint and imposition of a federal excise tax . The goals of Hamilton 's three measures were to : Establish financial order , clarity and precedence in and of the newly formed United States . Establish credit -- both in country and overseas -- for the new nation . Resolve the issue of the fiat currency , issued by the Continental Congress immediately prior to and during the American Revolutionary War -- the `` Continental '' . In simpler words , Hamilton 's four goals were to Have the Federal Government assume the Revolutionary War debts of the several states Pay off the war debts Raise money for the new government Establish a national bank and create a common currency `` The tendency of a national bank is to increase public and private credit . The former gives power to the state for the protection of its rights and interests , and the latter facilitates and extends the operations of commerce amongst individuals . '' Alexander Hamilton , December , 1790 report to George Washington Proposal ( edit ) According to the plan put before the first session of the First Congress in 1790 , Hamilton proposed establishing the initial funding for the First Bank of the United States through the sale of $10 million in stock of which the United States government would purchase the first $2 million in shares . Hamilton , foreseeing the objection that this could not be done since the U.S. government did not have $2 million , proposed that the government make the stock purchase using money lent to it by the bank ; the loan to be paid back in ten equal annual installments . The remaining $8 million of stock would be available to the public , both in the United States and overseas . The chief requirement of these non-government purchases was that one - quarter of the purchase price had to be paid in gold or silver ; the remaining balance could be paid in bonds , acceptable scrip , etc . By continuously insisting on these conditions , the First Bank of the United States might technically possess $500,000 in `` real '' money that it could , and would , use as security to make loans up to its capitalized limit of $10 million . However , unlike the Bank of England , the primary function of the bank would be credit issued to government and private interests , for internal improvements and other economic development , per Hamilton 's system of Public Credit . The business it would be involved in on behalf of the federal government -- a depository for collected taxes , making short term loans to the government to cover real or potential temporary income gaps , serving as a holding site for both incoming and outgoing monies -- was considered highly important but still secondary in nature . There were other , nonnegotiable conditions for the establishment of the First Bank of the United States . Among these were : That the bank would have a twenty - year charter running from 1791 to 1811 , after which time it would be up to the Congress to approve or deny renewal of the bank and its charter ; however , during that time no other federal bank would be authorized ; states , for their part , would be free to charter however many intrastate banks they wished . That the bank , to avoid any appearance of impropriety , would : be forbidden to buy government bonds . have a mandatory rotation of directors . neither issue notes nor incur debts beyond its actual capitalization . That foreigners , whether overseas or residing in the United States , would be allowed to be First Bank of the United States stockholders , but would not be allowed to vote . That the Secretary of the Treasury would be free to remove government deposits , inspect the books , and require statements regarding the bank 's condition as frequently as once a week . To ensure that the government could meet both the current and future demands of its governmental accounts , an additional source of funding was required , `` for interest payments on the assumed state debts would begin to fall due at the end of 1791 ... those payments would require $788,333 annually , and ... an additional $38,291 was needed to cover deficiencies in the funds that had been appropriated for existing commitments . '' To achieve this , Hamilton repeated a suggestion he had made nearly a year before -- increase the duty on imported spirits , plus raise the excise tax on domestically distilled whiskey and other liquors . Local opposition to the tax led to the Whiskey Rebellion . Opposition ( edit ) `` Hamilton 's financial system had then passed . It had two objects ; 1st , as a puzzle , to exclude popular understanding and inquiry ; 2nd , as a machine for the corruption of the legislature ; for he avowed the opinion , that man could be governed by one of two motives only , force or interest ; force , he observed , in this country was out of the question , and the interests , therefore , of the members must be laid hold of , to keep the legislative in unison with the executive . And with grief and shame it must be acknowledged that his machine was not without effect ; that even in this , the birth of our government , some members were found sordid enough to bend their duty to their interests , and to look after personal rather than public good . `` It is well known that during the war the greatest difficulty we encountered was the want of money or means to pay our soldiers who fought , or our farmers , manufacturers and merchants , who furnished the necessary supplies of food and clothing for them . After the expedient of paper money had exhausted itself , certificates of debt were given to the individual creditors , with assurance of payment so soon as the United States should be able . But the distresses of ( p. 272 ) these people often obliged them to part with these for the half , the fifth , and even a tenth of their value ; and speculators had made a trade of cozening them from the holders by the most fraudulent practices , and persuasions that they would never be paid . In the bill for funding and paying these , Hamilton made no difference between the original holders and the fraudulent purchasers of this paper . '' Thomas Jefferson , February 4 entry in The Anas `` Let the American people go into their debt - funding schemes and banking systems , and from that hour their boasted independence will be a mere phantom . '' William Pitt , Prime Minister of Great Britain Hamilton 's bank proposal faced widespread resistance from opponents of increased federal power . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the opposition , which claimed that the bank was unconstitutional , and that it benefited merchants and investors at the expense of the majority of the population . Like most of the Southern members of Congress , Jefferson and Madison also opposed a second of the three proposals of Hamilton : establishing an official government Mint . They believed this centralization of power away from local banks was dangerous to a sound monetary system and was mostly to the benefit of business interests in the commercial north , not southern agricultural interests , arguing that the right to own property would be infringed by these proposals . Furthermore , they contended that the creation of such a bank violated the Constitution , which specifically stated that congress was to regulate weights and measures and issue coined money ( rather than mint and bills of credit ) . Bank of the United States check signed by John Jacob Astor in 1792 The first part of the bill , the concept and establishment of a national mint , met with no real objection , and sailed through ; it was assumed the second and third part ( the bank and an excise tax to finance it ) would likewise glide through , and in their own way they did : The House version of the bill , despite some heated objections , easily passed . The Senate version of the bill did likewise , with considerably fewer , and milder , objections . It was when `` the two bills changed houses , complications set in . In the Senate , Hamilton 's supporters objected to the House 's alteration of the plans for the excise tax . '' The establishment of the bank also raised early questions of constitutionality in the new government . Hamilton , then Secretary of the Treasury , argued that the bank was an effective means to utilize the authorized powers of the government implied under the law of the Constitution . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson argued that the bank violated traditional property laws and that its relevance to constitutionally authorized powers was weak . Another argument came from James Madison , who believed Congress had not received the power to incorporate a bank , or any other governmental agency . His argument rested primarily on the Tenth Amendment : that all powers not endowed to Congress are retained by the States ( or the people ) . Additionally , his belief was that if the Constitution 's writers had wanted Congress to have such power , they would have made it explicit . The decision would ultimately fall on President George Washington , following his deliberate investigation of the cabinet members ' opinions . Presidential approval ( edit ) George Washington initially declared that he was hesitant to sign the `` bank bill '' into law . Washington asked for the written advice and supporting reasons from all his cabinet members -- most particularly from Hamilton . Attorney General Edmund Randolph from Virginia felt that the bill was unconstitutional . Jefferson , also from Virginia , agreed that Hamilton 's proposal was against both the spirit and letter of the Constitution . Hamilton , who , unlike his fellow cabinet members , came from New York , quickly responded to those who claimed incorporation of the bank unconstitutional . While Hamilton 's rebuttals were many and varied , chief among them were these two : What the government could do for a person ( incorporate ) , it could not refuse to do for an `` artificial person '' , a business . And the First Bank of the United States , being privately owned and not a government agency , was a business . `` Thus ... unquestionably incident to sovereign power to erect corporations to that of the United States , in relation to the objects entrusted to the management of the government . '' Any government by its very nature was sovereign `` and includes by force of the term a right to attainment of the ends ... which are not precluded by restrictions & exceptions specified in the constitution ... On February 25 , 1791 , convinced that the constitution authorized the measure , Washington signed the `` bank bill '' into law . On March 19 , 1791 Washington appointed three Commissioners for the taking of subscriptions for this new bank : Thomas Willing , David Rittenhouse , and Samuel Howell . Expiration of charter ( edit ) After Hamilton left office in 1795 , the new Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott , Jr. informed Congress that , due to the existing state of government finances , more money was needed . This could be achieved either by selling the government 's shares of stock in the bank , or by raising taxes . Wolcott advised the first choice . Congress quickly agreed . Hamilton objected , believing that the dividends on that stock had been inviolably pledged for the support of the sinking fund to retire the debt . Hamilton tried to organize opposition to the measure , but was unsuccessful . In 1811 , the U.S. Senate tied on a vote to renew the bank 's charter . Vice President George Clinton broke the tie and voted against renewal . The bank 's charter thus expired in 1811 . In 1816 , the bank was succeeded by the Second Bank of the United States . Purchase by Girard ( edit ) After the charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811 , Stephen Girard purchased most of its stock as well as the building and its furnishings on South Third Street in Philadelphia and opened his own bank , later known as Girard Bank . Girard hired George Simpson , the cashier of the First Bank of the United States , as cashier of the new bank , and with seven other employees , opened for business on May 18 , 1812 . He allowed the Trustees of the First Bank of the United States to use some offices and space in the vaults to continue the process of winding down the affairs of the closed bank at a very nominal rent . Over its early history the bank was known as `` Girard 's Bank , '' or as `` Girard Bank '' or also as `` Stephen Girard 's Bank '' or even the `` Bank of Stephen Girard . '' Girard was the sole proprietor of his bank , and thus avoided the Pennsylvania state law which prohibited an unincorporated association of persons from establishing a bank , and which required a charter from the legislature for a banking corporation . Bank building ( edit ) Measured drawing of the First Bank from the Historic American Buildings Survey . The First Bank of the United States was established in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , while the city served as the national capital , from 1790 to 1800 . In the eighteenth century , Philadelphia was one of the largest cities in the English - speaking world . The bank began operations in Carpenters ' Hall in 1791 , some 200 feet from its permanent home . Design of the bank building is credited to Samuel Blodgett , Superintendent of Buildings for the new capital in Washington , DC. , although it has also been attributed to James Hoban . It was completed in 1795 . The First Bank of the United States has received various designations as a historic building . It was included in Independence National Historical Park when the park was formed in 1956 . The building 's architecture was studied by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1958 . With the rest of Independence National Historical Park , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 , and the bank was then declared a National Historic Landmark on May 4 , 1987 . It is described in the landmark designation as an early masterpiece of monumental Classical Revival design . Until about 2000 , the building housed offices for Independence National Historical Park . A proposal to have it house the collection of the Philadelphia Civil War Museum was abandoned when funding from the state of Pennsylvania was not forthcoming . Future plans are for it to house the National Park Service archaeology lab , currently across the street in the old Visitor Center . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Bank Bill of 1791 Federal Reserve Act History of central banking in the United States United States Department of the Treasury Stephen Simpson ( writer ) Outspoken journalist and fierce critic of the 1st Natl Bank and its practices . List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia National Register of Historic Places listings in Center City , Philadelphia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Bailey , David M. Kennedy , Lizabeth Cohen , Thomas A. ( 2006 ) . The American pageant : a history of the Republic ( 13th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 193 -- 195 . ISBN 0618479279 . Jump up ^ `` ALEXANDER HAMILTON 'S FISCAL PROGRAM 1791 -- 1793 '' . Blinn College . Blinn.edu . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton 's Financial Program '' . Digital History . Digital History . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ See ( ed . ) The papers of Alexander Hamilton , Columbia University Press , 1963 p. 256 ) Jump up ^ The First Bank of the United States : A Chapter in the History of Central Banking ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Forrest ( 1979 ) . Alexander Hamilton : A Biography . W.W. North & Co. p. 194 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 1979 ) . Alexander Hamilton : A Biography . W.W. North & Co. pp. 194 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Report on the Bank , in Syrett , ed. , Papers , 7 : 326 - 28 Jump up ^ Further Report on Public Credit , 7 : 226 Jump up ^ See The Complete Anas of Thomas Jefferson , 1903 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Cushing , Daniel T. ( 1911 ) . Real Money Versus Banks of Issue Promises To Pay : the Most Important Factor in Civilization and Least Understood . Reprint : London : Forgotten Books ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Coblenz , Michael ( 2015 ) . `` The Fight Goes on Forever : ' Limited Government ' and the First Bank of the United States '' . Southern Illinois University Law Journal . 39 : 408 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Westley , Christopher ( Fall 2010 ) . `` The Debate Over Money Manipulations : A Short History '' ( PDF ) . Intercollegiate Review . 45 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 3 -- 11 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : John Marshall , The Life of George Washington , ( 1838 ) CHAPTER 28 : Defense , Finance , Foreign Affairs -- and the First `` Systematic Opposition '' ( 1790 to 1791 ) Jump up ^ Washington to Hamilton , February 16 , 1791 , in Syrett , ed . Papers 8 : 98 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander ( 1961 ) . Papers of Alexander Hamilton . Vol VIII 1781 - July , 1791 . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . p. 249 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Girard 's Bank '' . LOC Authorities . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Konkle , Burton Alva ( 1937 ) . Thomas Willing and the First American Financial System . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . pp. 249 -- 250 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . Jump up ^ Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . PA - 1417 , `` First Bank of the United States '' , 7 photos , 3 color transparencies , 18 measured drawings , 3 photo caption pages Jump up ^ 1984 National Register Nomination ^ Jump up to : Baigell , Matthew ( 1969 ) . `` James Hoban and the First Bank of the United States '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 28 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 136 . JSTOR 988511 . Jump up ^ Whiffen , Marcus ; Koeper , Frederick ( 1981 ) . American architecture 1607 -- 1976 . Cambridge : MIT Press . p. 125 . ISBN 0262231050 . Jump up ^ NPS historical marker at building Jump up ^ `` NHL nomination for First Bank of the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Civil War Museum Further reading ( edit ) Danzer , Gerald A. ; J. Jorge Klor de Alva ; Larry S. Krieger ; Louis E Wilson ; Nancy Woloch . The Americans . ISBN 0 - 618 - 37716 - 6 . Markham , Jerry ( 2001 ) . A Financial History of the United States . Armonk : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0730 - 1 . Perkins , Edwin J. American public finance and financial services , 1700 -- 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 324 -- 48 . Complete text line free Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . Rothbard , Murray ( 2002 ) . A History of Money and Banking in the United States : The Colonial Era to World War II . Auburn , Alabama : Ludwig Von Mises Inst . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945466 - 33 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Bank of the United States . Wikisource has original text related to this article : An Act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States ( 1791 ) Documents produced by the First Bank of the United States on FRASER Hamilton 's opinion Jefferson 's opinion Record of the Debate Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is responsible for founding the american financial system	[ "Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power, along with a federal mint and excise taxes, championed by Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution." ]	[ "the Bank of the United States" ]
5521216819429319667	Mission San Diego de Alcalá	Mission San Diego de Alcalá - wikipedia Mission San Diego de Alcalá `` Mission San Diego '' redirects here . For the San Diego Trolley station , see Mission San Diego station . Mission San Diego de Alcalá The church façade of Mission San Diego de Alcalá Location in San Diego Location 10818 San Diego Mission Rd . San Diego , California 92108 - 2429 Coordinates 32 ° 47 ′ 4 '' N 117 ° 6 ′ 23 '' W / 32.78444 ° N 117.10639 ° W / 32.78444 ; - 117.10639 Coordinates : 32 ° 47 ′ 4 '' N 117 ° 6 ′ 23 '' W / 32.78444 ° N 117.10639 ° W / 32.78444 ; - 117.10639 Name as founded La Misión San Diego de Alcalá English translation The Mission of Saint Didacus of Acalá Patron Saint Didacus of Alcalá Nickname ( s ) `` Mother of the Alta California Missions '' Founding date July 16 , 1769 Founding priest ( s ) Father Presidente Junípero Serra Built 1769 Architect Fr . Jose Bernardo Sanchez Founding Order First Headquarters of the Alta California Mission System 1769 -- 1771 Military district First Native tribe ( s ) Spanish name ( s ) Kumeyaay ( Ipai / Tipai ) Diegueño Native place name ( s ) Kosoi , Nipawai Baptisms 6,522 Confirmations 1,379 Marriages 1,794 Burials 4,322 Neophyte population 1,455 Secularized 1834 Returned to the Church 1862 Governing body Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego Current use Parish Church U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : San Diego Mission Church Designated April 15 , 1970 Reference no . 70000144 U.S. National Historic Landmark Designated April 15 , 1970 California Historical Landmark Reference no . # 242 San Diego Historic Landmark Designated October 6 , 1976 Reference no . 113 Website http://missionsandiego.com Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá was the first Franciscan mission in The Californias , a province of New Spain . Located in present - day San Diego , California , it was founded on July 16 , 1769 , by Spanish friar Junípero Serra in an area long inhabited by the Kumeyaay people . The mission and the surrounding area were named for the Catholic Didacus of Alcalá , a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego . The mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California . San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region 's first public execution , in 1778 . Father Luis Jayme , California 's first Christian martyr , lies entombed beneath the chancel floor . The current church , built in the early 19th century , is the fifth to stand on this location . The mission site is a National Historic Landmark . Contents 1 History 1.1 Rancho period ( 1834 -- 1849 ) 1.2 California statehood ( 1850 -- 1900 ) 1.3 20th century and beyond ( 1901 -- present ) 2 Other historic designations 3 Mission industries 3.1 Wine 4 Mission bells 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The former Spanish settlement at the Kumeyaay Nipawai lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native society commonly known as the Diegueño ; the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá . Relatively , much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries , thanks in part to the efforts of the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo , who documented his observations of life in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October 1542 . Cabrillo , a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain , is credited as the first European to encounter San Diego Bay . On the evening of September 28 , 1542 , the ships San Salvador and Victoria sailed into the harbor , whereupon Cabrillo christened it `` San Miguel . '' During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives . Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer , Sebastián Vizcaíno , made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site . Under Vizcaíno 's command the San Diego , Santo Tomás , and frigate Tres Reyes dropped anchor on November 10 , 1602 , and the port was renamed `` San Diego de Alcalá . '' It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego . Ever since the voyages of Christopher Columbus , the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in Nueva España ( `` New Spain '' ) to Roman Catholicism to save souls and to facilitate colonization of these lands . However , it was not until 1741 -- the time of the Vitus Bering expedition , when the territorial ambitions of Tsarist Russia towards North America became known -- that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California . In 1769 , Visitador General José de Gálvez sent the expedition of Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà to found missions and presidios at San Diego and Monterey ( see Timeline of the Portolà expedition ) , thereby securing Spain 's claim to the Pacific Coast harbors recommended by Cabrillo and Vizcaino . Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot , while a pair of packet ships ( bearing supplies ) traveled up the coast from the Baja California Peninsula . Rancho Period ( 1834 -- 1849 ) ( edit ) On August 9 , 1834 , Governor Figueroa issued his `` Decree of Confiscation . '' The missions were offered for sale to citizens , who were unable to come up with the price , so all mission property was broken up into ranchos and given to ex-military officers who had fought in the War of Independence against Spain . On June 8 , 1846 , Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Argüello by Governor Pío Pico `` ... for services rendered to the government . '' After the United States annexed California , the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862 . Plaque of the Mission San Diego de Alcala California statehood ( 1850 -- 1900 ) ( edit ) President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on May 23 , 1862 , that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church . When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church , it was in ruins . In the 1880s Father Anthony Ubach began to restore the old Mission buildings . 20th century and beyond ( 1901 -- present ) ( edit ) Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931 . In 1941 , the Mission once again became a parish church , in what is still an active parish serving the Diocese of San Diego . In 1976 , Pope Paul VI designated the Mission church as a minor basilica . Mission San Diego de Alcalá is located within San Diego city limits , near the intersection of Interstate 8 and Interstate 15 , and approximately one mile east of Qualcomm Stadium . The parish is partially funded by a gift shop , and self - guided tours of the grounds and buildings are available to the public for a small donation . Other historic designations ( edit ) California Historical Landmark # 242 California Historical Landmark # 784 -- El Camino Real ( starting point in Alta California ) City of San Diego Historic Designation # 113 Mission industries ( edit ) The cattle brand used at Mission San Diego . The goal of the missions was , above all , to become self - sufficient in relatively short order . Farming , therefore , was the most important industry of any mission . Prior to the establishment of the missions , the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone , seashells , stone , and wood for building , tool making , weapons , and so forth . The missionaries discovered that the Indians , who regarded labor as degrading to men , had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self - supportive . The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture , the mechanical arts , and the raising and care of livestock . Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres ; thus , the neophytes not only supported themselves , but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California . Wheat , corn , wine grapes , barley , beans , cattle , horses , and sheep were the major crops at San Diego . In 1795 , construction on a system of aqueducts was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission ( the first irrigation project in Upper California ) . The building manager was Fray Pedro Panto , who was poisoned by his Indian cook Nazario before the project was completed . In his testimony , in the trial that followed , Nazario stated that he had poisoned the friar due to constant beatings inflicted by Friar Panto . The Mission San Diego was primarily supported from lands included in a Spanish royal land grant , encompassing roughly the eastern third of the current City of San Diego , as well as most of the cities of La Mesa and Lemon Grove . While not exact , its boundaries are roughly Interstate 805 , Miramar Road , Route 125 ( California ) , Skyline Drive and Division Street . Boundary Street ( which parallels Interstate 805 in the neighborhood of North Park ) lies directly on one portion of the boundary and draws its name from it . Wine ( edit ) See also : History of California wine The first vineyards planted in California were planted at the mission in 1769 . Father Junípero Serra planted these initial vines . The vines were of the Mission variety , which were brought to Mexico in the 16th Century . Unfortunately , the initial plantings did not survive , with Mission San Juan Capistrano having the first surviving plantings . By at least 1781 , wine was being produced at the mission . One source claims that the vineyard on mission lands reached up to fifty thousand acres . The mission vineyards were around until at least 1823 . Mission bells ( edit ) Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission . The bells were rung at mealtimes , to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services , during births and funerals , to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary , and at other times ; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with ringing the mission bells . This mission had five bells . See also ( edit ) San Diego County portal Catholicism portal Spanish missions in California Santa Ysabel Asistencia Presidio of San Diego USNS Mission San Diego ( AO - 121 ) -- a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II . Union Station ( San Diego ) Notes ( edit ) Natives utilize a primitive plow to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá . A painting of Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it appeared in 1848 depicts the original campanario ( `` bell tower '' ) , before it was reduced to rubble . The painting also shows the enclosed front portico . The `` Alemany Plat '' prepared by the U.S. Land Surveyor 's Office to define the property restored to the Catholic Church by the Public Land Commission , later confirmed by presidential proclamation on May 23 , 1862 . President Abraham Lincoln 's signature as it appeared on the United States Patent that restored the Mission property to the Catholic Church in 1862 . This is one of the few documents that the President signed as `` A. Lincoln '' instead of his customary `` Abraham Lincoln . '' Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it stood circa 1900 . Note the missing Campanario , and the exposed church , which fell into disrepair . Aerial view of the Mission , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Leffingwell , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 71 Jump up ^ Young , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Yenne , p. 24 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 196 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 186 Jump up ^ Forbes , p. 202 Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , pp. v , 228 `` The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego , San Luis Rey , San Juan Capistrano , and San Gabriel ... '' Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 315 : as of December 31 , 1832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , pp. 300 -- 301 : as of December 31 , 1832 . An additional 426 confirmations were performed between January 1 , 1833 and December 31 , 1841 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , pp. 300 -- 301 . 1824 saw the greatest number of neophytes attached to the Mission ( 1,829 ) , whereas the smallest recorded neophyte population was ninety seven neophyte . It was seen in 1774 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` San Diego Mission Church '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board '' ( PDF ) . City of San Diego . Jump up ^ Snell , Charles ( September 4 , 1976 ) . `` San Diego Mission Church '' ( pdf ) . National Register of Historic Places -- Inventory Nomination Form . National Park Service . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Mission Church '' ( pdf ) . Photographs . National Park Service . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Questions & Answers - Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá '' . Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kroeber 1925 , p. 883 : Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 ( exclusive of those in Baja California ) . Jump up ^ As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered arthas , the appellation Diegueño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group . Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 8 Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , p. 3 : September 28 was the eve of the `` Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael . '' Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , pp. 6 -- 9 : November 10 was the eve of `` St. Martin 's Day '' . Jump up ^ Davidson , p. 2 : `` Sebastian Vizcaino , entering November 11 -- 12 , 1602 , first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port . '' Jump up ^ Morrison , p. 214 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 10 Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 10 : In January 1769 the San Carlos departed Baya de San Barnabé , followed a month later by the San Antonio , which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas . A third vessel , the San José , left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1922 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Leffingwell , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Engelhardt 1920 , p. 348 Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 31 -- 32 : Patents for each mission were issued to Archbishop J.S. Alemany based on his claim filed with the Public Land Commission on February 19 , 1853 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , p. 223 . From the ' `` California Archives , State Papers , Missions , vol . vi , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1922 , p. 211 Jump up ^ Hall , William Hammond ( 1888 ) . Irrigation in California ( Southern ) : The Field , Water - supply , and Works , Organization and Operation in San Diego , San Bernardino , and Los Angeles Counties . California . Office of State Engineer . p. 85 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Smythe , William Ellsworth ( 1907 ) . History of San Diego , 1542 -- 1907 : An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States . History Company . p. 77 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ McCormack , Brian T. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Conjugal Violence , Sex , Sin , and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California '' . Journal of the History of Sexuality. 16 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 415 . doi : 10.1353 / sex. 2007.0070 . ISSN 1535 - 3605 . Jump up ^ Dailey , Keli ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Winery guide : San Diego County , uncorked '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Never mind that the original Golden State vines broke ground at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and became Father Junipero Serra 's Communion wine . Richard Vine ; Bruce Bordelon ; Ellen M. Harkness ; Theresa Browning ( 29 June 2013 ) . Winemaking : From Grape Growing to Marketplace . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4757 - 2656 - 5 . Wycoff , Ann ( 23 September 2016 ) . `` The Ultimate San Diego Wine Guide '' . San Diego Magazine . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jean L. Jacobson ( 14 June 2006 ) . Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 25120 - 2 . Ian S Hornsey ( 9 October 2015 ) . The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking . Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78262 - 631 - 2 . LaMar , Jim ( 25 August 2002 ) . `` Mission '' . Professional Friends of Wine . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . More than a century later , Franciscan monk Junipero Serra first planted the Mission variety in California , at Mission San Diego , in 1769 . Jump up ^ `` Mission '' . Calwineries Inc . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Spanish Missionaries first brought the grape to Mexico during the 16th century . The vines that Father Juniper Serra planted at Mission San Diego in 1769 probably descended from these original grapes . Jump up ^ Charles L. Sullivan ( 1 October 1998 ) . A Companion to California Wine : An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present . University of California Press . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92087 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dwight Furrow ; Lynn Furrow ( 22 November 2014 ) . San Diego , Wine Country : A Tasting Guide . BookBaby . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4835 - 4599 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Winery '' . Social Studies Fact Cards . Toucan Valley Publications , Inc . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Several missions became known for their wine . Mission San Diego had 50,000 acres of land planted in grapevines . Jump up ^ Lynne Newell Christenson ; Ellen L. Sweet ( 2008 ) . Ranchos of San Diego County . Arcadia Publishing . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5965 - 0 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , p. 346 References ( edit ) Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1884 -- 1880 ) . History of California , vols . i -- vii ( 1542 -- 1890 ) . The History Company , San Francisco , CA . Check date values in : year = ( help ) Chapman , Charles E. ( 1921 ) . A History of California ; The Spanish Period . The MacMillan Company , New York , NY . Davidson , Winifred ( January 1955 ) . `` San Diego in One Easy Lesson '' . The Journal of San Diego History . 1 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 3 . Engelhardt , Zephyrin , O.F.M. ( 1920 ) . San Diego Mission . James H. Barry Company , San Francisco , CA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Engelhardt , Zephyrin , O.F.M. ( 1922 ) . San Juan Capistrano Mission . Standard Printing Co. , Los Angeles , CA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Forbes , Alexander ( 1839 ) . California : A History of Upper and Lower California . Smith , Elder and Co. , Cornhill , London . Jones , Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar ( eds . ) ( 2007 ) . California Prehistory : Colonization , Culture , and Complexity . Altimira Press , Landham , MD . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Krell , Dorothy ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) . The California Missions : A Pictorial History . Sunset Publishing Corporation , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) . California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions . Voyageur Press , Inc. , Stillwater , MN . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5 . Morrison , Hugh ( 1987 ) . Early American Architecture : From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period . Dover Publications , New York , NY . ISBN 0 - 486 - 25492 - 5 . Paddison , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) . A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush . Heyday Books , Berkeley , CA . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robinson , W.W. ( 1948 ) . Land in California . University of California Press , Berkeley and Los Angeles , CA . Ruscin , Terry ( 1999 ) . Mission Memoirs . Sunbelt Publications , San Diego , CA . ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8 . Stern , Jean & Gerald J. Miller ( 1995 ) . Romance of the Bells : The California Missions in Art . The Irvine Museum , Irvine , CA . ISBN 0 - 9635468 - 5 - 6 . Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Missions of California . Advantage Publishers Group , San Diego , CA . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8 . Young , Stanley & Melba Levick ( 1988 ) . The Missions of California . Chronicle Books LLC , San Francisco , CA . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3694 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Diego de Alcalá . Official Mission San Diego de Alcala website `` Sociopolitical Aspects of the 1775 Revolt at Mission San Diego de Alcalá : an Ethnohistorical Approach '' by Richard L. Carrico Spanish Wiki page with Fray Pedro Panto _́ s biography Early photographs , sketches of Mission San Diego de Alcala , via Calisphere , California Digital Library Early History of the California Coast , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Listing , photographs , and drawings at the Historic American Buildings Survey Howser , Huell ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` California Missions ( 101 ) '' . California Missions . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . Franciscan missions in California San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo ( 1770 ) San Antonio de Padua ( 1771 ) San Gabriel Arcángel ( 1771 ) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa ( 1772 ) San Francisco de Asís ( 1776 ) San Juan Capistrano ( 1776 ) Santa Clara de Asís ( 1777 ) San Buenaventura ( 1782 ) Santa Barbara ( 1786 ) La Purísima Concepción ( 1787 ) Santa Cruz ( 1791 ) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ( 1791 ) San José ( 1797 ) San Juan Bautista ( 1797 ) San Miguel Arcángel ( 1797 ) San Fernando Rey de España ( 1797 ) San Luis Rey de Francia ( 1798 ) Santa Inés ( 1804 ) San Rafael Arcángel ( 1817 ) San Francisco Solano ( 1823 ) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles ( 1784 ) San Pedro y San Pablo ( 1786 ) Santa Margarita de Cortona ( 1787 ) Santa Gertrudis Asistencia San Antonio de Pala ( 1816 ) Santa Ysabel ( 1818 ) Estancias San Francisco Xavier ( Castaic ) ( 1804 ) San Bernardino de Sena ( 1819 ) Santa Ana ( 1820 ) Las Flores ( 1823 ) Military districts First , San Diego ( 1769 ) Second , Santa Barbara ( 1782 ) Third , Monterey ( 1770 ) Fourth , San Francisco ( 1776 ) Sonoma Barracks ( 1836 ) Related Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival architecture California mission clash of cultures El Camino Real List of missions Catholicism portal U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcalá&oldid = 857046397 '' Categories : Spanish missions in California 1769 in Alta California Churches in San Diego County , California Museums in San Diego Religious museums in California Basilica churches in California California Historical Landmarks History of San Diego History of San Diego County , California Landmarks in San Diego Mission Valley , San Diego San Diego River National Historic Landmarks in California National Register of Historic Places in San Diego Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in California 1769 establishments in California Native American history of California San Antonio - San Diego Mail Line Stagecoach stops in the United States Roman Catholic churches in San Diego Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 06 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who built the san diego de alcala mission	[ "Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá was the first Franciscan mission in The Californias, a province of New Spain. Located in present-day San Diego, California, it was founded on July 16, 1769, by Spanish friar Junípero Serra in an area long inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The mission and the surrounding area were named for the Catholic Didacus of Alcalá, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego. The mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California. San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region's first public execution, in 1778. Father Luis Jayme, California's first Christian martyr, lies entombed beneath the chancel floor. The current church, built in the early 19th century, is the fifth to stand on this location.[16][17] The mission site is a National Historic Landmark.[14][18]\n" ]	[ "Spanish friar Junípero Serra" ]
608933575867525788	Ampulla of Vater	Ampulla of Vater - wikipedia Ampulla of Vater Not to be confused with the Duodenal cap also known as the duodenal ampulla , the first part of the duodenum . Ampulla of Vater A diagram of the biliary system . Note that the ampulla of Vater is behind the major duodenal papilla . The major duodenal papilla , seen on duodenoscopy at the time of ERCP . This is the protrusion of the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum . Details Identifiers Latin Ampulla hepatopancreatica , ampulla Vaterii MeSH D014670 TA A05. 8.02. 017 FMA 15076 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The ampulla of Vater , also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct , is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct . The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla . The ampulla of Vater is an important landmark halfway along the second part of the duodenum that marks the anatomical transition from foregut to midgut , and hence the point where the celiac trunk stops supplying the gut and the superior mesenteric artery takes over . Contents 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical relevance 4 History 5 Additional images 6 References Structure ( edit ) 1 . Bile ducts : 2 . Intrahepatic bile ducts , 3 . Left and right hepatic ducts , 4 . Common hepatic duct , 5 . Cystic duct , 6 . Common bile duct , 7 . Ampulla of Vater , 8 . Major duodenal papilla 9 . Gallbladder , 10 -- 11 . Right and left lobes of liver . 12 . Spleen . 13 . Esophagus. 14 . Stomach . 15 . Pancreas : 16 . Accessory pancreatic duct , 17 . Pancreatic duct . 18 . Small intestine : 19 . Duodenum , 20 . Jejunum 21 -- 22 . Right and left kidneys . The front border of the liver has been lifted up ( brown arrow ) . The cystic duct leaves the gallbladder and joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct . This duct subsequently joins with the pancreatic duct ; this junction is known as the ampulla of Vater . The pancreatic duct delivers substances such as bicarbonate and digestive enzymes to the duodenum . The bile from the gallbladder contains salts which emulsify large fat droplets into much smaller units . This provides a large surface area for the lipase enzymes to act on . The bicarbonate neutralises the acidic chyme , creating alkaline conditions for enzymes such as chymotrypsin and amylase to function optimally . Function ( edit ) Various smooth muscle sphincters regulate the flow of bile and pancreatic juice through the ampulla : the sphincter of the pancreatic duct , the sphincter of the bile duct , and the sphincter of Oddi . The sphincter of Oddi controls the introduction of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum , as well as preventing the entry of duodenal contents into the ampulla . Clinical relevance ( edit ) Pancreatitis can result from a failure of pancreatic secretions to drain properly . One possible cause of impaired drainage of pancreatic juice is blockage of the sphincter of Oddi . A common cause of blockage is a gallstone in the common bile duct . Thomas ' sign is the production of silver stools and can be indicative of cancer of the Ampulla of Vater . The silver colored stool is a combination of the white stool of obstructive jaundice combined with black stool of melena or bleeding . It was first described in the British Medical Journal by Dr. H. Ogilvie in 1955 . History ( edit ) The eponymic term `` ampulla of Vater '' is named after Abraham Vater ( 1684 -- 1751 ) , a German anatomist who first published a description of it in 1720 . Additional images ( edit ) The pancreatic duct . Carcinoma of Ampulla References ( edit ) Jump up ^ editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ; section editors , Neil R. Borley ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . pp. 1163 , 1177 , 1185 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ PMID 13219383 Jump up ^ Lerch MM , Domschke W ( 2000 ) Abraham Vater of the ampulla ( papilla ) of Vater . Gastroenterology 118 ( 2 ) : 379 . PMID 10691372 Jump up ^ synd / 3095 at Who Named It ? Jump up ^ https://www.bjs.co.uk/image/diagnostic-value-silver-stool-thomas-sign/ Jump up ^ Authors : Tang TY , Walsh SR and Clarke JMF . Published : May 4 , 2012 in British Journal of Surgery . `` Ampulla , hepatopancreatic . '' Stedman 's Medical Dictionary , 27th ed. ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 683 - 40007 - X Moore , Keith L. and Arthur F. Dalley . Clinically Oriented Anatomy , 4th ed. ( 1999 ) . ISBN 0 - 683 - 06141 - 0 Anatomy of the liver , pancreas and biliary tree Liver Bare area Cantlie line Ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis Round ligament Lobes of liver Caudate Quadrate Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver Liver segment Microanatomy Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Biliary tract Bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte Pancreas Gross Tail Body Neck Head ( Uncinate process ) Ducts main accessory Microanatomy Pancreatic islets Centroacinar cell Stellate cell Biology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampulla_of_Vater&oldid=853358888 '' Categories : Pancreas anatomy Gallbladder Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Kapampangan Latina Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Suomi தமிழ் 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 05 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is ampulla of vater part of the pancreas	[]	[]
-5954497783101189986	2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup	2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup - wikipedia 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup २०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप Tournament details Host country India Dates 6 -- 28 October Teams 24 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 6 ( in 6 host cities ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up Spain Third place Brazil Fourth place Mali Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 183 ( 3.52 per match ) Attendance 1,347,133 ( 25,906 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Rhian Brewster ( 8 goals ) Best player Phil Foden Best goalkeeper Gabriel Brazão Fair play award Brazil ← 2015 2019 → The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup , a biennial international football tournament contested by men 's under - 17 national teams . Organized by FIFA , the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013 . The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013 . The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China 's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976 . The matches were played in six stadiums in six host cities around the country , with the final taking place at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata , West Bengal . Twenty - three teams , besides the host India , managed to qualify for the tournament via participating in their various continental under - 17 tournaments . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four for points , where the top two teams in each group along with the top four third placed teams would advance to the next round . These 16 teams will advance to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play will decide which teams would participate in the final . The reigning FIFA U-17 World Cup champions , Nigeria , did not have the opportunity to defend their title after failing to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first incumbent title holder since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the subsequent edition . England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final . This meant England became the second nation , after Brazil in 2003 , to win both of FIFA 's under - age ( U-20 and U-17 ) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year . England has also become the third country , after Brazil and North Korea , to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year , as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women 's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualified teams 3 Organization 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Emblem 3.3 Tickets 4 Attendance 5 Venues 6 Draw 7 Referees 8 Squads 9 Group stage 9.1 Group A 9.2 Group B 9.3 Group C 9.4 Group D 9.5 Group E 9.6 Group F 9.7 Ranking of third - placed teams 10 Knockout stage 10.1 Bracket 10.2 Round of 16 10.3 Quarter - finals 10.4 Semi-finals 10.5 Third place play - off 10.6 Final 11 Awards 12 Final ranking 13 Goalscorers 14 Broadcasting 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Host selection ( edit ) The bids for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup had to be submitted by 15 November 2013 . On 28 May 2013 it was announced by FIFA that Azerbaijan , India , Republic of Ireland , and Uzbekistan would bid for the hosting rights . Finally , on 5 December 2013 , FIFA announced that India had won the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup hosting rights. goal Qualified teams ( edit ) As host , India made their first ever appearance at the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their first appearance in the World Cup at any age level . As well as India , New Caledonia and Niger also made their first appearance in the FIFA U-17 World Cup . The previous U-17 World Cup title holders , Nigeria , failed to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first nation since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of the FIFA U-17 World Cup after winning the previous edition . A total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . In addition to India , the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions . Starting from 2017 , the Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) will receive an additional spot ( in total two spots ) , while UEFA will have five instead of six spots . Confederation Qualifying Tournament Qualifier ( s ) AFC ( Asia ) Host Nation India 2016 AFC U-16 Championship Iraq Iran Japan North Korea CAF ( Africa ) 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Ghana Guinea Mali Niger CONCACAF ( Central , North America and Caribbean ) 2017 CONCACAF U-17 Championship Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States CONMEBOL ( South America ) 2017 South American Under - 17 Championship Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay OFC ( Oceania ) 2017 OFC U-17 Championship New Caledonia New Zealand UEFA ( Europe ) 2017 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship England France Germany Spain Turkey 1. ^ Teams that will make their debut . Organization ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The six venues selected for the tournament were given major renovations prior to the FIFA U-17 World Cup . All the stadiums were given new bucket seats , new dressing rooms , new evacuation exits for fans , and new training grounds . Javier Ceppi , the Local Organising Committee director , stated that despite work starting slowly , things eventually became quicker . `` It has been a long process in the last two and half years . In India , it takes time to start things but once things start it kind of picks its own pace and in terms of implementation I always say that India is a very good country when it comes to implementation . '' Emblem ( edit ) The official emblem for the tournament was launched on 27 September 2016 at a hotel in Goa during the 2016 AFC U-16 Championship . According to the press release from FIFA the emblem was designed `` as a celebration of the country 's richness and diversity of cultures , with the main elements of the Indian Ocean , the banyan tree , the kite and the starburst , which is an interpretation of the Ashoka Chakra , an integral part of the national identity . '' Tickets ( edit ) Sales of tickets for the FIFA U-17 World Cup began on 16 May 2017 during a function in Delhi . Carles Puyol was present during the ticket sales launch as special guest . General ticket sales officially began on 17 May 2017 at 19 : 11 . The time was selected as a tribute to when Mohun Bagan defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the IFA Shield in 1911 , marking the first time an Indian football club defeated a British side in British India . Tickets for the tournament were sold in four phases : Phase one only sold tickets for categories 1 to 3 at each venue with a 60 % discount while phase two allowed people to buy tickets for all categories , but only if you are a Visa card holder , at a 50 % discount . Phase three allowed anyone to buy tickets with a 25 % discount while phase four had tickets at full price . The attendance for matches breached the million mark in the final match of the Round of 16 , which made India only the third nation after China and Mexico to register an attendance of over a million for the event . On 28 October 2017 , in the 3rd place match - up between Brazil and Mali , India finally beat the existing record of 1,230,976 set in the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship edition in China on October 28 , 2017 . The final attendance figures were 1,347,133 . Attendance ( edit ) Attendance for each game is listed below . Date Venue Match Attendance 6 October New Delhi Colombia vs Ghana 24,300 6 October Navi Mumbai New Zealand vs Turkey 9,727 6 October New Delhi India vs USA 46,351 6 October Navi Mumbai Paraguay vs Mali 25,342 7 October Goa Germany vs Costa Rica 12,329 7 October Kochi Brazil vs Spain 21,362 7 October Goa Iran vs Guinea 12,329 7 October Kochi Korea DPR vs Niger 2,754 8 October Guwahati New Caledonia vs France 12,640 8 October Kolkata Chile vs England 46,154 8 October Guwahati Honduras vs Japan 13,285 8 October Kolkata Iraq vs Mexico 55,800 9 October Delhi Ghana vs USA 17,500 9 October Navi Mumbai Turkey vs Mali 18,323 9 October Delhi India vs Colombia 48,184 9 October Navi Mumbai Paraguay vs New Zealand 20,887 10 October Goa Costa Rica vs Guinea 6,717 10 October Kochi Spain vs Niger 7,926 10 October Goa Iran vs Germany 8,267 10 October Kochi Korea DPR vs Brazil 15,314 11 October Guwahati France vs Japan 9,575 11 October Kolkata England vs Mexico 48,620 11 October Guwahati Honduras vs New Caledonia 11,002 11 October Kolkata Iraq vs Chile 50,286 12 October New Delhi Mali vs New Zealand 23,112 12 October Navi Mumbai Turkey vs Paraguay 8,895 12 October New Delhi Ghana vs India 52,614 12 October Navi Mumbai USA vs Colombia 22,263 13 October Goa Costa Rica vs Iran 8,549 13 October Kochi Guinea vs Germany 9,250 13 October Goa Niger vs Brazil 15,830 13 October Kochi Spain vs Korea DPR 14,544 14 October Guwahati France vs Honduras 12,831 14 October Kolkata Japan vs New Caledonia 44,665 14 October Guwahati Mexico vs Chile 15,794 14 October Kolkata England vs Iraq 56,372 16 October New Delhi Colombia vs Germany 19,477 16 October New Delhi Paraguay vs USA 34,895 17 October Goa Iran vs Mexico 5,529 17 October Guwahati France vs Spain 13,316 17 October Kolkata England vs Japan 53,302 17 October Goa Mali vs Iraq 9,240 18 October Navi Mumbai Ghana vs Niger 21,286 18 October Kochi Brazil vs Honduras 20,668 21 October Guwahati Mali vs Ghana 3,706 21 October Goa USA vs England 16,148 22 October Kochi Spain vs Iran 28,436 22 October Kolkata Germany vs Brazil 66,613 25 October Kolkata Brazil vs England 63,881 25 October Navi Mumbai Spain vs Mali 37,847 28 October Kolkata Mali vs Brazil 56,422 28 October Kolkata England vs Spain 66,684 Venues ( edit ) After being awarded the hosting rights for the FIFA U-17 World Cup , eight locations were shortlisted : Bangalore , Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , Mumbai , and Pune . On 29 May 2015 , Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Goa , and Pune were provisionally selected as host locations . On 27 October 2016 , FIFA officially announced Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , and New Mumbai as the official host cities for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Kolkata Kochi New Delhi Salt Lake Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Capacity : 66,600 Capacity : 29,000 Capacity : 58,000 Navi Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Kochi Margao Guwahati 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup ( India ) Navi Mumbai Guwahati Margao DY Patil Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Capacity : 41,000 Capacity : 23,800 Capacity : 16,200 Draw ( edit ) The draw for the FIFA U-17 World Cup was held on 7 July 2017 in Mumbai . The draw was attended by former U-17 World Cup champions Nwankwo Kanu ( Nigeria ) and Esteban Cambiasso ( Argentina ) , as well as India senior international Sunil Chhetri and badminton player P.V. Sindhu . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with hosts India being allocated to position A1 . The rest of the teams were allocated into their respective pots based on a ranking which was built according to past performances during the last five FIFA U-17 World Cups . Importance was given to the most recent U-17 World Cups . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 India Mexico Brazil Germany Mali France Spain Japan New Zealand England Iran United States Costa Rica North Korea Honduras Iraq Turkey Colombia Chile Paraguay Ghana Guinea Niger New Caledonia Referees ( edit ) FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 21 referees , representing all six confederations , to officiate at the U-17 World Cup : Seven from UEFA , four from CONMEBOL , three each from the AFC , CAF , and CONCACAF , and one from the OFC . No referee from host country India were selected to officiate . Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee AFC Muhammad Taqi Lee Tzu Liang Koh Min Kiat Ri Hyang - ok Ryuji Sato Toru Sagara Hiroshi Yamauchi Nawaf Shukralla Yaser Tulefat Ebrahim Saleh CAF Mehdi Abid Charef Albdelhak Etchiali Anouar Hmila Gladys Lengwe Hamada Nampiandraza Arsenio Marengula Yahaya Mahamadou Bamlak Tessema Weyesa Olivier Safari Mark Ssonko CONCACAF Jair Marrufo Frank Anderson Corey Rockwell Carol Chenard Ricardo Montero Octavio Jara Juan Carlos Mora John Pitti Gabriel Victoria Christian Ramírez CONMEBOL José Argote Luis Murillo Carlos López Claudia Umpierrez Enrique Cáceres Eduardo Cardozo Juan Zorrilla Sandro Ricci Emerson de Carvalho Marcelo Van Gasse Gery Vargas Juan Pablo Montaño Jose Alberto Antelo OFC Abdelkader Zitouni Folio Moeaki Bernard Mutukera Anna - Marie Keighley UEFA Ovidiu Hațegan Octavian Șovre Sebastian Gheorghe Kateryna Monzul Esther Staubli Bobby Madden David McGeachie Alastair Mather Anastasios Sidiropoulos Polychronis Kostaras Lazaros Dimitriadis Artur Soares Dias Rui Barbosa Tavares Paulo Alexandre Santos Soares Anthony Taylor Gary Beswick Adam Nunn Clément Turpin Nicolas Danos Cyril Gringore Slavko Vinčić Tomaz Klancnik Andraz Kovacic Squads ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads . Each team 's squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup will consist of 21 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 21 - player squad by 21 September 2017 . A total of 504 players will be participating in the tournament . The squads were announced by FIFA on 26 September 2017 . Group stage ( edit ) The top two teams of each group and the four best third - placed teams advance to the round of 16 . The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings are determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . All times are local , IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Ghana 0 5 + 4 6 Knockout stage Colombia 0 5 + 2 6 United States 0 5 + 2 6 India ( H ) 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . Colombia v Ghana 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 1 Ghana Report Ibrahim 39 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 24,300 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) India v United States 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 India 0 -- 3 United States Report Sargent 30 ' ( pen . ) Durkin 51 ' Carleton 84 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 46,351 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Ghana v United States 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 0 -- 1 United States Report Akinola 75 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 17,500 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) India v Colombia 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 India 1 -- 2 Colombia Thounaojam 82 ' Report Peñaloza 49 ' , 83 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 48,184 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v India 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 Ghana 4 -- 0 India Ayiah 43 ' , 52 ' Danso 86 ' Toku 87 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 52,614 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) United States v Colombia 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 3 Colombia Acosta 24 ' Report Vidal 3 ' Peñaloza 67 ' D. Caicedo 87 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 22,263 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 0 10 5 + 5 9 Knockout stage Mali 0 8 + 4 6 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 Turkey 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA New Zealand v Turkey 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Turkey Mata 58 ' Report Kutucu 18 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 9,727 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Paraguay v Mali 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 3 -- 2 Mali Galeano 12 ' Sánchez 17 ' Rodríguez 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Dramé 20 ' Ndiaye 34 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 25,342 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Turkey v Mali 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 0 -- 3 Mali Report D. Traoré 38 ' Ndiaye 68 ' Konaté 86 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 18,323 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Paraguay v New Zealand 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 4 -- 2 New Zealand Rodríguez 2 ' Vega 75 ' , 78 ' Armoa 90 + 1 ' Report Duarte 20 ' ( o.g. ) , 34 ' ( o.g. ) DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 20,877 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Turkey v Paraguay 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 1 -- 3 Paraguay Kesgin 90 + 3 ' Report Bogado 41 ' Cardozo 43 ' Galeano 61 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 8,895 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Mali v New Zealand 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Mali 3 -- 1 New Zealand Salam 18 ' D. Traoré 50 ' Ndiaye 82 ' Report Spragg 72 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 23,112 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 0 0 10 + 9 9 Knockout stage Germany 0 5 6 − 1 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 Source : FIFA Germany v Costa Rica 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 Costa Rica Arp 21 ' Awuku 89 ' Report Gómez 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Iran v Guinea 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 Iran 3 -- 1 Guinea Sayyad 59 ' Sharifi 70 ' ( pen . ) Karimi 90 ' Report Touré 90 + 1 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Costa Rica v Guinea 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 2 -- 2 Guinea Jarquin 26 ' Gómez 67 ' Report Touré 30 ' I. Soumah 81 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 6,717 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Iran v Germany 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 Iran 4 -- 0 Germany Delfi 6 ' , 42 ' Sayyad 49 ' Namdari 75 ' Report Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,267 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Costa Rica v Iran 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 0 -- 3 Iran Report Ghobeishavi 25 ' ( pen . ) Shariati 29 ' ( pen . ) Sardari 89 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,549 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Guinea v Germany 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Guinea 1 -- 3 Germany I. Soumah 26 ' Report Arp 8 ' Kühn 62 ' Cetin 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 9,250 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 6 + 5 9 Knockout stage Spain 0 7 + 5 6 Niger 0 6 − 5 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Brazil v Spain 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 1 Spain Lincoln 25 ' Paulinho 45 + 1 ' Report Wesley 5 ' ( o.g. ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 21,362 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) North Korea v Niger 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 1 Niger Report Abdourahmane 59 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 2,754 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) Spain v Niger 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Spain 4 -- 0 Niger A. Ruiz 21 ' , 41 ' César 45 + 1 ' Gómez 82 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 7,926 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) North Korea v Brazil 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 56 ' Paulinho 61 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 15,314 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Spain v North Korea 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Spain 2 -- 0 North Korea Moha 4 ' César 71 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 14,544 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Niger v Brazil 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Niger 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 4 ' Brenner 34 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 15,830 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 0 14 + 11 9 Knockout stage Japan 8 + 4 Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 Source : FIFA New Caledonia v France 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 New Caledonia 1 -- 7 France Wadenges 90 ' Report Iwa 5 ' ( o.g. ) Gouiri 19 ' , 33 ' Gomes 30 ' Caqueret 40 ' Wanesse 43 ' ( o.g. ) Isidor 90 + 1 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,640 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Honduras v Japan 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 1 -- 6 Japan Palacios 36 ' Report Nakamura 22 ' , 30 ' , 43 ' Kubo 45 ' Miyashiro 51 ' Suzuki 90 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,285 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Japan 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Japan Gouiri 13 ' , 71 ' Report Miyashiro 73 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 9,575 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Honduras v New Caledonia 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 5 -- 0 New Caledonia Mejía 25 ' , 42 ' Canales 27 ' Palacios 51 ' , 88 ' Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 11,002 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) France v Honduras 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 France 5 -- 1 Honduras Isidor 14 ' Flips 23 ' , 64 ' Gouiri 86 ' Adli 90 + 6 ' Report Mejía 10 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,831 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Japan v New Caledonia 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Japan 1 -- 1 New Caledonia Nakamura 7 ' Report Jeno 83 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 44,665 Referee : Esther Staubli ( Switzerland ) Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 0 11 + 9 9 Knockout stage Iraq 5 − 1 Mexico 0 − 1 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 Source : FIFA Chile v England 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 Chile 0 -- 4 England Report Hudson - Odoi 5 ' Sancho 51 ' , 60 ' Gomes 81 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 46,154 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Iraq v Mexico 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 1 -- 1 Mexico Dawood 16 ' Report De la Rosa 51 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 55,800 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) England v Mexico 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 2 Mexico Brewster 39 ' Foden 48 ' Sancho 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Lainez 65 ' , 72 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 48,620 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Iraq v Chile 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 3 -- 0 Chile Dawood 6 ' , 68 ' D. Valencia 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 50,286 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) England v Iraq 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 England 4 -- 0 Iraq Gomes 11 ' Smith - Rowe 57 ' Loader 59 ' , 71 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,372 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Mexico v Chile 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 Mexico 0 -- 0 Chile Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 15,794 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) The four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; fair play points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 5 + 2 6 Knockout stage Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 Niger 0 6 − 5 Mexico 0 − 1 5 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Ranked by disciplinary points ( New Zealand : -- 6 pts ; Guinea : -- 9 pts ) . Combinations of matches in the Round of 16 The specific match - ups involving the third - placed teams depend on which four third - placed teams qualified for the round of 16 : Combination according to the four qualified teams Third - placed teams qualify from groups 1A vs 1B vs 1C vs 1D vs 3C 3D 3A 3B 3C 3A 3B 3E 3C 3A 3B 3F 3D 3A 3B 3E 3D 3A 3B 3F 3E 3A 3B 3F 3C 3D 3A 3E 3C 3D 3A 3F 3C 3A 3F 3E 3D 3A 3F 3E 3C 3D 3B 3E 3C 3D 3B 3F 3E 3C 3B 3F 3E 3D 3B 3F 3C 3D 3F 3E Knockout stage ( edit ) In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , no extra time shall be played and the winner shall be determined by a penalty shoot - out . Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 16 October -- New Delhi Colombia 0 22 October -- Kolkata Germany Germany 18 October -- Kochi Brazil Brazil 25 October -- Kolkata Honduras 0 Brazil 16 October -- New Delhi England Paraguay 0 21 October -- Margao United States 5 United States 17 October -- Kolkata England England ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 28 October -- Kolkata Japan 0 ( 3 ) England 5 17 October -- Margao Spain Mali 5 21 October -- Guwahati Iraq Mali 18 October -- New Mumbai Ghana Ghana 25 October -- New Mumbai Niger 0 Mali 17 October -- Guwahati Spain Third place play - off France 22 October -- Kochi 28 October -- Kolkata Spain Spain Brazil 17 October -- Margao Iran Mali 0 Iran Mexico Round of 16 ( edit ) Colombia v Germany 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 4 Germany Report Arp 7 ' , 65 ' Bisseck 39 ' Yeboah 49 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 19,477 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Paraguay v United States 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 5 United States Report Weah 19 ' , 53 ' , 77 ' Carleton 63 ' Sargent 74 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 34,895 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Iran v Mexico 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 Iran 2 -- 1 Mexico Sharifi 7 ' ( pen . ) Sayyad 11 ' Report De la Rosa 37 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 5,529 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Spain 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 France 1 -- 2 Spain Pintor 34 ' Report Miranda 44 ' A. Ruiz 90 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,316 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) England v Japan 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 England 0 -- 0 Japan Report Penalties Brewster Hudson - Odoi Foden Anderson Kirby 5 -- 3 Sugawara Miyashiro Kida Kozuki Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 53,302 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Mali v Iraq 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 Mali 5 -- 1 Iraq Dramé 25 ' Ndiaye 33 ' , 90 + 4 ' Konaté 73 ' S. Camara 87 ' Report Kareem 85 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 9,240 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v Niger 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 2 -- 0 Niger Ayiah 45 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Danso 90 ' Report DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 21,286 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Brazil v Honduras 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 00 Brazil 3 -- 0 Honduras Brenner 11 ' , 56 ' Marcos Antônio 44 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 20,668 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Mali v Ghana 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 17 : 00 Mali 2 -- 1 Ghana Dramé 15 ' D. Traoré 61 ' Report Mohammed K. 70 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 3,706 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) United States v England 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 4 England Sargent 72 ' Report Brewster 11 ' , 14 ' , 90 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Gibbs - White 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 16,148 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Spain v Iran 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 17 : 00 Spain 3 -- 1 Iran A. Ruiz 13 ' Gómez 60 ' Ferrán 67 ' Report Karimi 69 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 28,436 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Germany v Brazil 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Germany 1 -- 2 Brazil Arp 21 ' ( pen . ) Report Weverson 71 ' Paulinho 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,613 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Brazil v England 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 3 England Wesley 21 ' Report Brewster 10 ' , 39 ' , 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 63,881 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Mali v Spain 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Mali 1 -- 3 Spain N'Diaye 74 ' Report A. Ruiz 19 ' ( pen . ) , 43 ' Ferrán 71 ' DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 37,847 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Third place play - off ( edit ) Brazil v Mali 28 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 0 Mali Alan Souza 55 ' Yuri Alberto 88 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,422 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Final ( edit ) England v Spain 28 October 2017 20 : 00 England 5 -- 2 Spain Brewster 44 ' Gibbs - White 58 ' Foden 69 ' , 88 ' Guehi 84 ' Report S. Gómez 10 ' , 31 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,684 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Phil Foden Sergio Gomez Rhian Brewster Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Rhian Brewster Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 8 goals 6 goals 6 goals Golden Glove Gabriel Brazão FIFA Fair Play Award Brazil Final ranking ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Pts England 7 6 0 23 6 + 17 19 Spain 7 5 0 17 10 + 7 15 Brazil 7 6 0 14 5 + 9 18 Mali 7 0 16 11 + 5 12 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Iran 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 6 Ghana 5 0 8 + 5 9 7 United States 5 0 11 7 + 4 9 8 Germany 5 0 10 8 + 2 9 Eliminated in the Round of 16 9 France 0 15 5 + 10 9 10 Paraguay 0 10 10 0 9 11 Colombia 0 5 7 − 2 6 12 Japan 8 + 4 5 13 Iraq 5 10 − 5 14 Honduras 0 7 14 − 7 15 Niger 0 8 − 7 16 Mexico 0 6 − 2 Eliminated at the group stage 17 Guinea 0 8 − 4 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 19 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 20 Turkey 0 7 − 5 21 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 22 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 23 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 24 India 0 0 9 − 8 0 Goalscorers ( edit ) 8 goals Rhian Brewster 6 goals Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 5 goals Amine Gouiri Jann - Fiete Arp 4 goals Keito Nakamura Sergio Gómez Martín 3 goals Brenner Lincoln Paulinho Juan Peñaloza Phil Foden Jadon Sancho Eric Ayiah Carlos Adonys Mejía Patrick Palacios Allahyar Sayyad Mohammed Dawood Yaseen Hadji Dramé Djemoussa Traoré Josh Sargent Timothy Weah 2 goals Andrés Gómez Morgan Gibbs - White Angel Gomes Danny Loader Alexis Flips Wilson Isidor Richard Danso Ibrahima Soumah Fandje Touré Younes Delfi Saeid Karimi Mohammad Sharifi Taishei Miyashiro Fode Konaté Diego Lainez Roberto de la Rosa Antonio Galeano Alan Francisco Rodríguez Aníbal Vega César Gelabert Ferrán Torres Andrew Carleton 1 goal Alan Souza Yuri Alberto Marcos Antônio Wesley Weverson Déiber Caicedo Juan Vidal Yecxy Jarquin Callum Hudson - Odoi Emile Smith - Rowe Marc Guehi Yacine Adli Claudio Gomes Maxence Caqueret Lenny Pintor Noah Awuku Yann Aurel Bisseck Sahverdi Cetin Nicolas Kühn John Yeboah Sadiq Ibrahim Mohammed Kudus Emmanuel Toku Joshua Canales Jeakson Singh Thounaojam Mohammad Ghobeishavi Vahid Namdari Mohammad Sardari Taha Shariati Ali Kareem Takefusa Kubo Tochi Suzuki Seme Camara Salam Giddou Cameron Wadenges Jekob Jeno Max Mata Charles Spragg Salim Abdourahmane Blas Armoa Giovanni Bogado Fernando David Cardozo Leonardo Sánchez Cohener Juan Miranda Mohamed Moukhliss Keren Kesgin Ahmed Kutucu George Acosta Ayo Akinola Chris Durkin 1 own goal Wesley ( playing against Spain ) Diego Valencia ( playing against Iraq ) Bernard Iwa ( playing against France ) Kiam Wanesse ( playing against France ) 2 own goals Alexis Duarte ( playing against New Zealand ) Source : FIFA Broadcasting ( edit ) FIFA released the media licensing rights for the U-17 World Cup on 21 September 2017 . In India , the official broadcaster is Sony TEN and Sony ESPN . In the United States , the tournament is being broadcast on Fox Sports 2 while the United Kingdom has the tournament broadcast on Eurosport . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The venue of the first semi-final was moved to Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata , following assessment of the pitch conditions of the original venue , Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati , which had been affected by severe rainfall . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Under - 17s overwhelm Spain to land spectacular World Cup win '' . Guardian . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England double up by winning U17 World Cup '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England win U17 World Cup : Young Lions fight back to beat Spain in final '' . BBC Sport. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fifa-u17-world-cup-india-2017-official-match-ball-krasava-by-adidas-is-a-work-of-art.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bidding process opened for five FIFA competitions in 2016 and 2017 '' . FIFA. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination '' . FIFA. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : India to host U-17 World Cup in 2017 '' . Goal.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At the FIFA U-17 World Cup , an Indian style of football will finally kick off on the global stage '' . Economic Times . 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Easwar , Nisanth ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How did the teams fare in their first FIFA U-17 World Cup appearance '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niger Republic U17 3 -- 1 Nigeria U17 : Golden Eaglets crash out of U17 Afcon '' . Goal.com. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA executive vows to improve governance and boost female participation in football '' . FIFA.com. 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 : An interactive look at the facelifts the six stadiums have received '' . FirstPost. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Infrastructure ready for FIFA U-17 World Cup ' '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Emblem launched for FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' . FIFA. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifa U-17 World Cup 2017 : Carles Puyol kicks off ticket sales , honours Mohun Bagan icon '' . FirstPost. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for India 2017 now available '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India could shatter Under 17 World Cup attendance record - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 WC in India becomes most attended in event 's history '' . Jump up ^ Vikraman , Deepak . `` India to Host 2017 U-17 FIFA World Cup '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under - 17 World Cup schedule clashes with ISL , FIFA not ready to alter '' . Indian Express . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 2017 continues to take shape '' . FIFA. 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Stats '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Relive the India 2017 draw with FIFA.com '' . FIFA. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw procedures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Match Officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup : When is the last date for teams to submit final squads '' . Goal.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talented youngsters set for Indian odyssey '' . FIFA.com. 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup semi-final match to take place in Kolkata '' . FIFA.com. 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-3-rd-place_29.html Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-final.html Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 Media Rights Licenses '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide : Date , time and where to get your football fix '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Under - 17 World Cup : Fixtures , teams , TV & guide to India 2017 '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup on FIFA website FIFA U-16 World Championship / U-17 World Cup Tournaments China 1985 Canada 1987 Scotland 1989 Italy 1991 Japan 1993 Ecuador 1995 Egypt 1997 New Zealand 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Finland 2003 Peru 2005 South Korea 2007 Nigeria 2009 Mexico 2011 UAE 2013 Chile 2015 India 2017 TBA 2019 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Squads 1985 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Team appearances Records and statistics 2017 -- 18 in Indian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Men Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ) U23 ( U-23 Championship qualification ) U20 ( 2017 SAFF U-19 Championship and U-19 Championship qualification ) U17 ( World Cup and U-16 Championship qualification ) Women Senior ( 2018 AFC Women 's Asian Cup qualification ) U19 League competitions First division Indian Super League I - League Second division I - League 2nd Division Final Round State leagues Assam Goa Karnataka ( Bengaluru ) Kerala Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Maharashtra ( Mumbai ) Punjab Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Kolkata ) Women Indian Women 's League ( Preliminary round ) Youth Youth League U18 Club seasons Indian Super League ATK Bengaluru FC Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur FC Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City I - League Aizawl East Bengal Indian Arrows Mohun Bagan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup&oldid=817641526 '' Categories : 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 in youth association football 2017 -- 18 in Indian football FIFA U-17 World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by India October 2017 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the fifa under 17 world cup 2017	[ "\n2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup\n\n२०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप\n\n\n\n\n\nTournament details\n\n\nHost country\nIndia\n\n\nDates\n6–28 October\n\n\nTeams\n24 (from 6 confederations)\n\n\nVenue(s)\n6 (in 6 host cities)\n\n\nFinal positions\n\n\nChampions\n England (1st title)\n\n\nRunners-up\n Spain\n\n\nThird place\n Brazil\n\n\nFourth place\n Mali\n\n\nTournament statistics\n\n\nMatches played\n52\n\n\nGoals scored\n183 (3.52 per match)\n\n\nAttendance\n1,347,133 (25,906 per match)\n\n\nTop scorer(s)\n Rhian Brewster (8 goals)\n\n\nBest player\n Phil Foden\n\n\nBest goalkeeper\n Gabriel Brazão\n\n\nFair play award\n Brazil\n\n\n\n← 2015\n2019 →\n\n\n" ]	[ "England" ]
-7138245494406736874	Telson	Telson - wikipedia Telson Jump to : navigation , search Diagram highlighting the telson of the prawn Litopenaeus setiferus Telson ( arrow no . 3 ) of the horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda The telson is the posterior-most division of the body of an arthropod . It is not considered a true segment because it does not arise in the embryo from teloblast areas as do real segments . It never carries any appendages , but a forked `` tail '' called the caudal furca may be present . The shape and composition of the telson differs between arthropod groups . Contents ( hide ) 1 Crustaceans 2 Chelicerates 3 Myriapods 4 See also 5 References Crustaceans ( edit ) In lobsters , shrimp and other decapods , the telson , along with the uropods forms the tail fan . This is used as a paddle in the caridoid escape reaction ( `` lobstering '' ) , whereby an alarmed animal rapidly flexes its tail , causing it to dart backwards . Krill can reach speeds of over 60 cm per second by this means . The trigger time to optical stimulus is , in spite of the low temperatures , only 55 milliseconds . In the Isopoda and Tanaidacea ( superorder Peracarida ) , the last abdominal body segment is fused with the telson , forming a `` pleotelson '' . Chelicerates ( edit ) Hottentotta tamulus scorpion , showing telson The term telson is widely used for the caudal spine of some chelicerates . The chelicerate telson can be clearly seen in a number of fossil species ( like in eurypterids ) and in extant animals ( like the horseshoe crab `` tail '' and the scorpion sting ) . Some authorities have urged that the usage of this word in this context be discouraged . Myriapods ( edit ) Telson of a millipede , including an epiproct ( e ) , hypoproct ( h ) and paraprocts ( p ) In millipedes , the telson consists of a legless pre-anal body segment ( which may contain a posterior extension known as an epiproct ) , a pair of anal valves ( paraprocts ) or plates closing off the anus , and a plate below the anus ( hypoproct ) , also known as a subanal scale . In centipedes the telson is the rear-most body segment , posterior to the genital openings , bearing two anal valves . See also ( edit ) Opisthosoma Pygidium References ( edit ) Jump up ^ S.J. Keable , G.C.B. Poore & G.D.F. Wilson ( October 2 , 2002 ) . `` Australian Isopoda : Families '' . Australian Museum . Jump up ^ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca ( 2003 ) . Invertebrates ( 2nd ed . ) . Sinauer Associates . pp. 1 -- 936 . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 097 - 3 . Jump up ^ E.E. Ruppert & R.D. Barnes ( 1994 ) . Invertebrate Zoology ( 6th ed . ) . Saunders . ISBN 0 - 03 - 026668 - 8 . Jump up ^ Karl - Ernst Lauterbach ( 1980 ) . `` Schlüsselereignisse in der Evolution des Grundplans der Arachnata ( Arthropoda ) '' ( Key events in the evolution of the ground plan of the Arachnata ( Arthropoda ) ) . Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg . NF ( in German ) . 23 : 163 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Sierwald , Petra ; Bond , Jason E. ( 2007 ) . `` Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda ( Millipedes ) : Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny '' . Annual Review of Entomology. 52 ( 1 ) : 401 -- 420 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 52.111805. 090210 . PMID 17163800 . Jump up ^ Mesibov , Robert . `` Tail '' . External Anatomy of Polydesmida . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , J.G.E. ( 2008 ) . The Biology of Centipedes ( Digitally printed 1st paperback version . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521034111 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telson&oldid=810547432 '' Categories : Crustacean anatomy Arthropod anatomy Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Nederlands پښتو Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 23 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the function of the uropods and telson and what feature indicates this function	[]	[]
-6932160101753500768	2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F	2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA group F - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA group F Jump to : navigation , search The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group F was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification . The group consisted of six teams : England , Slovakia , Scotland , Slovenia , Lithuania , and Malta . The draw for the first round ( group stage ) was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015 , starting 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . The group winners , England , qualified directly for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The group runners - up , Slovakia , were eliminated as the worst runners - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Standings 2 Matches 3 Goalscorers 4 Discipline 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Standings ( edit ) ( show ) 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification tiebreakers In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 10 8 0 18 + 15 26 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Slovakia 10 6 0 17 7 + 10 18 0 -- 1 -- 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 0 Scotland 10 5 17 12 + 5 18 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 Slovenia 10 12 7 + 5 15 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 -- 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 Lithuania 10 6 7 20 − 13 6 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 -- 2 -- 0 6 Malta 10 0 9 25 − 22 0 -- 4 1 -- 3 1 -- 5 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Matches ( edit ) The fixture list was confirmed by UEFA on 26 July 2015 , the day following the draw . Times are CET / CEST , as listed by UEFA ( local times are in parentheses ) . Lithuania v Slovenia 4 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 18 : 00 ( 19 : 00 UTC + 3 ) Lithuania 2 -- 2 Slovenia Černych 32 ' Slivka 34 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Krhin 77 ' Cesar 90 + 3 ' LFF Stadium , Vilnius Attendance : 4,114 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Slovakia v England 4 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 18 : 00 ( 18 : 00 UTC + 2 ) Slovakia 0 -- 1 England Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Lallana 90 + 5 ' Štadión Antona Malatinského , Trnava Attendance : 18,111 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Malta v Scotland 4 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Malta 1 -- 5 Scotland Effiong 14 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Snodgrass 10 ' , 61 ' ( pen . ) , 84 ' C. Martin 53 ' S. Fletcher 78 ' National Stadium , Ta ' Qali Attendance : 15,069 Referee : Yevhen Aranovsky ( Ukraine ) England v Malta 8 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 18 : 00 ( 17 : 00 UTC + 1 ) England 2 -- 0 Malta Sturridge 29 ' Alli 38 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 81,781 Referee : Stefan Johannesson ( Sweden ) Scotland v Lithuania 8 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Scotland 1 -- 1 Lithuania McArthur 89 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Černych 59 ' Hampden Park , Glasgow Attendance : 35,966 Referee : Tobias Stieler ( Germany ) Slovenia v Slovakia 8 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Slovenia 1 -- 0 Slovakia Kronaveter 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Stožice Stadium , Ljubljana Attendance : 10,492 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) Lithuania v Malta 11 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Lithuania 2 -- 0 Malta Černych 76 ' Novikovas 84 ' ( pen . ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) LFF Stadium , Vilnius Attendance : 5,067 Referee : Jesús Gil Manzano ( Spain ) Slovakia v Scotland 11 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Slovakia 3 -- 0 Scotland Mak 18 ' , 56 ' Nemec 68 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Štadión Antona Malatinského , Trnava Attendance : 11,098 Referee : Martin Strömbergsson ( Sweden ) Slovenia v England 11 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Slovenia 0 -- 0 England Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Stožice Stadium , Ljubljana Attendance : 13,274 Referee : Deniz Aytekin ( Germany ) England v Scotland 11 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC ± 0 ) England 3 -- 0 Scotland Sturridge 23 ' Lallana 50 ' Cahill 61 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 87,258 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Malta v Slovenia 11 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Malta 0 -- 1 Slovenia Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Verbič 47 ' National Stadium , Ta ' Qali Attendance : 4,207 Referee : Paweł Raczkowski ( Poland ) Slovakia v Lithuania 11 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Slovakia 4 -- 0 Lithuania Nemec 12 ' Kucka 15 ' Škrtel 36 ' Hamšík 86 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Štadión Antona Malatinského , Trnava Attendance : 9,653 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) England v Lithuania 26 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 18 : 00 ( 17 : 00 UTC + 1 ) England 2 -- 0 Lithuania Defoe 22 ' Vardy 66 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 77,690 Referee : Ruddy Buquet ( France ) Malta v Slovakia 26 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Malta 1 -- 3 Slovakia Farrugia 14 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Weiss 2 ' Greguš 41 ' Nemec 84 ' National Stadium , Ta ' Qali Attendance : 4,980 Referee : Ali Palabıyık ( Turkey ) Scotland v Slovenia 26 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Scotland 1 -- 0 Slovenia C. Martin 88 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Hampden Park , Glasgow Attendance : 20,435 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Scotland v England 10 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 18 : 00 ( 17 : 00 UTC + 1 ) Scotland 2 -- 2 England Griffiths 87 ' , 90 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Oxlade - Chamberlain 70 ' Kane 90 + 3 ' Hampden Park , Glasgow Attendance : 48,520 Referee : Paolo Tagliavento ( Italy ) Slovenia v Malta 10 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 18 : 00 ( 18 : 00 UTC + 2 ) Slovenia 2 -- 0 Malta Iličić 45 + 2 ' Novaković 84 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Stožice Stadium , Ljubljana Attendance : 7,839 Referee : Simon Lee Evans ( Wales ) Lithuania v Slovakia 10 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Lithuania 1 -- 2 Slovakia Novikovas 90 + 3 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Weiss 32 ' Hamšík 58 ' LFF Stadium , Vilnius Attendance : 4,083 Referee : Manuel Gräfe ( Germany ) Lithuania v Scotland 1 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Lithuania 0 -- 3 Scotland Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Armstrong 25 ' Robertson 30 ' McArthur 72 ' LFF Stadium , Vilnius Attendance : 5,067 Referee : Carlos del Cerro Grande ( Spain ) Malta v England 1 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Malta 0 -- 4 England Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Kane 53 ' , 90 + 2 ' Bertrand 86 ' Welbeck 90 + 1 ' National Stadium , Ta ' Qali Attendance : 16,994 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Slovakia v Slovenia 1 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Slovakia 1 -- 0 Slovenia Mevlja 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Štadión Antona Malatinského , Trnava Attendance : 16,896 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) England v Slovakia 4 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) England 2 -- 1 Slovakia Dier 37 ' Rashford 59 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Lobotka 3 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 67,823 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Scotland v Malta 4 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Scotland 2 -- 0 Malta Berra 9 ' Griffiths 49 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Hampden Park , Glasgow Attendance : 26,371 Referee : Jakob Kehlet ( Denmark ) Slovenia v Lithuania 4 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Slovenia 4 -- 0 Lithuania Iličić 25 ' ( pen . ) , 61 ' ( pen . ) Verbič 82 ' Birsa 90 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Stožice Stadium , Ljubljana Attendance : 6,230 Referee : István Kovács ( Romania ) England v Slovenia 5 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) England 1 -- 0 Slovenia Kane 90 + 4 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 61,598 Referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Malta v Lithuania 5 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Malta 1 -- 1 Lithuania Agius 23 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Slivka 53 ' National Stadium , Ta ' Qali Attendance : 3,431 Referee : Zaven Hovhannisyan ( Armenia ) Scotland v Slovakia 5 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Scotland 1 -- 0 Slovakia Škrtel 89 ' ( o.g. ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Hampden Park , Glasgow Attendance : 46,773 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Lithuania v England 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 18 : 00 ( 19 : 00 UTC + 3 ) Lithuania 0 -- 1 England Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Kane 27 ' ( pen . ) LFF Stadium , Vilnius Attendance : 5,067 Referee : Orel Grinfeeld ( Israel ) Slovakia v Malta 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 18 : 00 ( 18 : 00 UTC + 2 ) Slovakia 3 -- 0 Malta Nemec 33 ' , 62 ' Duda 69 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Štadión Antona Malatinského , Trnava Attendance : 17,774 Referee : Paolo Mazzoleni ( Italy ) Slovenia v Scotland 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 18 : 00 ( 18 : 00 UTC + 2 ) Slovenia 2 -- 2 Scotland Bezjak 52 ' , 72 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Griffiths 32 ' Snodgrass 88 ' Stožice Stadium , Ljubljana Attendance : 11,123 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 74 goals scored in 30 matches , for an average of 2.47 goals per match . 5 goals Harry Kane Adam Nemec 4 goals Leigh Griffiths Robert Snodgrass 3 goals Fiodor Černych Josip Iličić 2 goals Adam Lallana Daniel Sturridge Arvydas Novikovas Vykintas Slivka Chris Martin James McArthur Marek Hamšík Róbert Mak Vladimír Weiss Roman Bezjak Benjamin Verbič 1 goal Dele Alli Ryan Bertrand Gary Cahill Jermain Defoe Eric Dier Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain Marcus Rashford Jamie Vardy Danny Welbeck Andrei Agius Alfred Effiong Jean Paul Farrugia Stuart Armstrong Christophe Berra Steven Fletcher Andrew Robertson Ondrej Duda Ján Greguš Juraj Kucka Stanislav Lobotka Martin Škrtel Valter Birsa Boštjan Cesar Rene Krhin Rok Kronaveter Milivoje Novaković 1 own goal Martin Škrtel ( against Scotland ) Miha Mevlja ( against Slovakia ) Discipline ( edit ) A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences : Receiving a red card ( red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences ) Receiving two yellow cards in two different matches ( yellow card suspensions are carried forward to the play - offs , but not the finals or any other future international matches ) The following suspensions were served during the qualifying matches : Player Team Offence ( s ) Suspended for match ( es ) Mišo Brečko Slovenia vs Ukraine in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying ( 17 November 2015 ) vs Lithuania ( 4 September 2016 ) Martin Škrtel Slovakia vs England ( 4 September 2016 ) vs Slovenia ( 8 October 2016 ) Jonathan Caruana Malta vs Scotland ( 4 September 2016 ) vs England ( 8 October 2016 ) Luke Gambin Malta vs Scotland ( 4 September 2016 ) vs England ( 8 October 2016 ) vs Lithuania ( 11 October 2016 ) Tomáš Hubočan Slovakia vs England ( 4 September 2016 ) vs Slovenia ( 8 October 2016 ) vs Scotland ( 11 October 2016 ) Jonathan Caruana Malta vs Lithuania ( 11 October 2016 ) vs Slovenia ( 11 November 2016 ) vs Slovakia ( 26 March 2017 ) Aljaž Struna Slovenia vs Slovakia ( 8 October 2016 ) vs England ( 11 October 2016 ) vs Malta ( 11 November 2016 ) Gary Cahill England vs Slovenia ( 11 October 2016 ) vs Scotland ( 11 November 2016 ) vs Lithuania ( 26 March 2017 ) Georgas Freidgeimas Lithuania vs Scotland ( 8 October 2016 ) vs Slovakia ( 11 November 2016 ) vs England ( 26 March 2017 ) Andrei Agius Malta vs Lithuania ( 11 October 2016 ) vs Slovenia ( 11 November 2016 ) vs Slovakia ( 26 March 2017 ) Egidijus Vaitkūnas Lithuania vs Scotland ( 8 October 2016 ) vs England ( 26 March 2017 ) vs Slovakia ( 10 June 2017 ) Artūras Žulpa Lithuania vs Slovenia ( 4 September 2016 ) vs England ( 26 March 2017 ) vs Slovakia ( 10 June 2017 ) Jean Paul Farrugia Malta vs Slovakia ( 26 March 2017 ) vs Slovenia ( 10 June 2017 ) Juraj Kucka Slovakia vs Slovenia ( 8 October 2016 ) vs Malta ( 26 March 2017 ) vs Lithuania ( 10 June 2017 ) Adam Nemec Slovakia vs Malta ( 26 March 2017 ) vs Lithuania ( 10 June 2017 ) Valter Birsa Slovenia vs England ( 11 October 2016 ) vs Scotland ( 26 March 2017 ) vs Malta ( 10 June 2017 ) Boštjan Cesar Slovenia vs Slovakia ( 8 October 2016 ) vs Scotland ( 26 March 2017 ) vs Malta ( 10 June 2017 ) Miral Samardžić Slovenia vs Lithuania ( 4 September 2016 ) vs Scotland ( 26 March 2017 ) vs Malta ( 10 June 2017 ) Eric Dier England vs Slovenia ( 11 October 2016 ) vs Scotland ( 10 June 2017 ) vs Malta ( 1 September 2017 ) Alfred Effiong Malta vs Scotland ( 4 September 2016 ) vs Slovenia ( 10 June 2017 ) vs England ( 1 September 2017 ) Paul Fenech Malta vs Scotland ( 4 September 2016 ) vs Slovenia ( 10 June 2017 ) vs England ( 1 September 2017 ) Nerijus Valskis Lithuania vs Malta ( 11 October 2016 ) vs Slovakia ( 10 June 2017 ) vs Scotland ( 1 September 2017 ) Ján Ďurica Slovakia vs Slovenia ( 8 October 2016 ) vs Lithuania ( 10 June 2017 ) vs Slovenia ( 1 September 2017 ) Martin Škrtel Slovakia vs Malta ( 26 March 2017 ) vs Lithuania ( 10 June 2017 ) vs Slovenia ( 1 September 2017 ) Linas Klimavičius Lithuania vs Slovakia ( 10 June 2017 ) vs Slovenia ( 4 September 2017 ) vs Malta ( 5 October 2017 ) Darvydas Šernas Lithuania vs Slovakia ( 10 June 2017 ) vs Slovenia ( 4 September 2017 ) vs Malta ( 5 October 2017 ) Ryan Fenech Malta vs Slovenia ( 10 June 2017 ) vs Scotland ( 4 September 2017 ) vs Lithuania ( 5 October 2017 ) Milan Škriniar Slovakia vs Lithuania ( 10 June 2017 ) vs England ( 4 September 2017 ) vs Scotland ( 5 October 2017 ) Mantas Kuklys Lithuania vs Scotland ( 8 October 2016 ) vs Malta ( 5 October 2017 ) vs England ( 8 October 2017 ) Zach Muscat Malta vs Slovenia ( 11 November 2016 ) vs Lithuania ( 5 October 2017 ) vs Slovakia ( 8 October 2017 ) Róbert Mak Slovakia vs Scotland ( 5 October 2017 ) vs Malta ( 8 October 2017 ) Valter Birsa Slovenia vs Slovakia ( 1 September 2017 ) vs England ( 5 October 2017 ) vs Scotland ( 8 October 2017 ) Rene Krhin Slovenia vs Slovakia ( 8 October 2016 ) vs England ( 5 October 2017 ) vs Scotland ( 8 October 2017 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ CET ( UTC + 1 ) for matches on 11 November 2016 , and CEST ( UTC + 2 ) for all other matches . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup qualifying draw format '' . UEFA.com. 16 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European teams learn World Cup qualifying fate '' . UEFA.com. 25 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` World Cup European Qualifiers fixtures confirmed '' . UEFA.com. 26 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fixture List -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official FIFA World Cup website Qualifiers -- Europe : Round 1 , FIFA.com FIFA World Cup , UEFA.com Standings -- Qualifying round : Group F , UEFA.com 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification AFC First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round ( play - off ) CAF First Round Second Round Third Round CONCACAF First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Fifth Round CONMEBOL Round Robin OFC First Round Second Round ( Nations Cup ) Third Round UEFA First Round Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Second Round ( play - offs ) Play - offs CONCACAF v AFC OFC v CONMEBOL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_ -- _UEFA_Group_F&oldid = 807597131 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( UEFA ) England -- Scotland football rivalry 2016 in Lithuanian football 2017 in Lithuanian football Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 23 : 53 . 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-4758235183105253617	Cabin (ship)	Cabin ( ship ) - wikipedia Cabin ( ship ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cabin ( disambiguation ) . `` Berthing '' redirects here . For other uses , see Berth ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A cabin or berthing is an enclosed space generally on a ship or an aircraft . A cabin which protrudes above the level of a ship 's deck may be referred to as a deckhouse . Interior of the great cabin of the 17th century Swedish warship Vasa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sailing ships 2 Modern warships 3 Passenger ships 4 Cabin crawl 5 Spacecraft 6 See also 7 References Sailing ships ( edit ) Great cabin on the Grand Turk , a replica of a three - masted English 18th century - frigate . Commanding officer 's in - port cabin aboard the American aircraft carrier USS Nimitz ( CVN - 68 ) . In sailing ships , the officers and paying passengers would have an individual or shared cabin . The captain or commanding officer would occupy the `` great cabin '' that normally spanned width of the stern with large windows . On a warship , it would be separated from the rest of the ship , and further subdivided into day and night cabins with movable panels that could be removed in time of battle to leave the deck clear the whole length of the ship . Modern warships ( edit ) Bunks on the French aircraft carrier Clemenceau . In most modern warships , the commanding officer has a main cabin -- the in - port cabin , often adjacent to the ship 's central control room ( operations room ) -- and a sea cabin adjacent to the bridge . Thus , when likely to be called from sleep or attending to administration , the CO can go to the sea cabin and thereby be able to appear at the Bridge or Ops room immediately . The sea cabin is sparsely equipped , containing just a bunk , a desk , and basic toilet facilities . The in - port cabin is more lavishly furnished , with separate bedroom and combination sitting room / office , and more elaborate toiletry facilities . For ships intended to act as flagships , like the aircraft carrier USS Lexington , the admiral also has a sea cabin ( adjacent to the captain 's sea cabin ) and an in - port cabin , in addition to the captain 's cabins . Admiral Fletcher 's sea cabin in the USS Yorktown in World War II had a bed , an easy chair , a table , and a shower . Officers will normally have their own cabins , which double as their offices . Some senior petty officers may have cabins for similar reasons . Sailors sleep in berth areas . Passenger ships ( edit ) In ships carrying passengers , they are normally accommodated in cabins , taking the terminology familiar to seafarers . First - class cabins were traditionally referred to as staterooms , and today many cruise lines now prefer to refer to passenger cabins as staterooms or suites . Cabin crawl ( edit ) In cruise ship terms , a cabin crawl is an event where passengers tour the cabins of fellow passengers . A cruise ship may also offer a cabin crawl of cabins or suites which did not sell for a particular sailing . The purpose of a cabin crawl is to give passengers an idea of the space and layout of various cabin options for their next cruise . Cabin crawls are normally organized prior to a cruise , through cruise - fan websites . Spacecraft ( edit ) Inside spacecraft , the cabins are required to fully supply food and oxygen for their crew . On missions lasting a year or longer , the cabins have to be self - sustaining , i.e. replenish their own water and oxygen . The space cabin for any long - range manned mission is expected to be reasonably spacious , with approximately 28 cubic metres allotted to each occupant . In addition , cabins have life support systems that should have the capability to meet a variety of off - nominal conditions , including cabin fires , depressurization , and component shutdown or failure . Frequently , these conditions occur so quickly that recovery can be provided only by automatic control systems . In the late 1960s , several experimental ground facilities were developed to evaluate regenerative life support systems for manned space flight . See also ( edit ) Berth ( sleeping ) Compartment ( ship ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James L. Holloway III ( 2007 ) . Aircraft Carriers at War . Naval Institute Press . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 391 - 8 . Jump up ^ C. Snelling Robinson ( 2000 ) . 200,000 Miles Aboard the Destroyer Cotten . The Kent State University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 698 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hugh Irvin Power ( 1996 ) . Carrier Lexington . Texas A&M University Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 681 - 5 . Jump up ^ John B. Lundstrom ( 2006 ) . Black Shoe Carrier Admiral : Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea , Midway , and Guadalcanal . Naval Institute Press . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 475 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Cruise Critic Board '' . Cruise Critic . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cabin Crawl '' . Cabin Crawl . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Averill , R.D. ( 1968 ) . `` A systems analysis of a regenerative cabin atmosphere control system '' . Langley Research Center . NASA . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabin_(ship)&oldid=823435893 '' Categories : Rooms Ship compartments Nautical terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Shqip Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 06 : 22 . About Wikipedia	where does the captain sleep on a ship	[]	[]
7471294453804818659	U.S. state temperature extremes	U.S. state Temperature Extremes - wikipedia U.S. state Temperature Extremes The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States , in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries . State Record high temperature Date Place ( s ) Record low temperature Date Place ( s ) Alabama 112 ° F / 44 ° C September 5 , 1925 Centreville − 27 ° F / − 33 ° C January 30 , 1966 New Market Alaska 100 ° F / 38 ° C June 27 , 1915 Fort Yukon − 80 ° F / − 62 ° C January 23 , 1971 Prospect Creek Arizona 128 ° F / 53 ° C June 29 , 1994 Lake Havasu City − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C January 7 , 1971 McNary Arkansas 120 ° F / 49 ° C August 10 , 1936 Ozark − 29 ° F / − 34 ° C February 13 , 1905 Gravette California 134 ° F / 56 ° C July 10 , 1913 Furnace Creek ( Death Valley ) − 45 ° F / − 43 ° C January 20 , 1937 Boca Colorado 118 ° F / 46 ° C July 11 , 1888 Bennet − 61 ° F / − 52 ° C February 1 , 1985 Maybell Connecticut 106 ° F / 41 ° C July 15 , 1995 Danbury − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C February 16 , 1943 Norfolk Delaware 110 ° F / 43 ° C July 21 , 1930 Millsboro − 17 ° F / − 27 ° C January 17 , 1893 Millsboro Florida 109 ° F / 43 ° C June 29 , 1931 Monticello − 2 ° F / − 19 ° C February 13 , 1899 Tallahassee Georgia 112 ° F / 44 ° C August 20 , 1983 * Greenville − 17 ° F / − 27 ° C January 27 , 1940 Chatsworth Hawaii 98 ° F / 37 ° C July 14 , 1957 Puunene * 15 ° F / - 9 ° C January 5 , 1975 Mauna Kea Observatories Idaho 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 28 , 1934 Orofino − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C January 18 , 1943 Island Park Illinois 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 14 , 1954 East Saint Louis − 36 ° F / − 38 ° C January 5 , 1999 Congerville Indiana 116 ° F / 47 ° C July 14 , 1936 Collegeville − 36 ° F / − 38 ° C January 19 , 1994 New Whiteland Iowa 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 20 , 1934 Keokuk − 47 ° F / − 44 ° C February 3 , 1996 * Elkader Kansas 121 ° F / 49 ° C July 24 , 1936 * Alton − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C February 13 , 1905 Lebanon Kentucky 114 ° F / 46 ° C July 28 , 1930 Greensburg − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C January 19 , 1994 Shelbyville Louisiana 114 ° F / 46 ° C August 10 , 1936 Plain Dealing − 16 ° F / − 27 ° C February 13 , 1899 Minden Maine 105 ° F / 41 ° C July 10 , 1911 * North Bridgton − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C January 16 , 2009 Clayton Lake Maryland 109 ° F / 43 ° C July 10 , 1936 * Cumberland − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C January 13 , 1912 Oakland Massachusetts 107 ° F / 42 ° C August 2 , 1975 New Bedford − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C January 22 , 1984 Chester Michigan 112 ° F / 44 ° C July 13 , 1936 Mio − 51 ° F / − 46 ° C February 9 , 1934 Vanderbilt Minnesota 115 ° F / 46 ° C July 29 , 1917 Beardsley − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C February 2 , 1996 Tower Mississippi 115 ° F / 46 ° C July 29 , 1930 Holly Springs − 19 ° F / − 28 ° C January 30 , 1966 Corinth Missouri 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 14 , 1954 * Warsaw − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C February 13 , 1905 Warsaw Montana 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 5 , 1937 Medicine Lake − 70 ° F / − 57 ° C January 20 , 1954 Lincoln ( Rogers Pass ) Nebraska 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 24 , 1936 * Minden − 47 ° F / − 44 ° C December 22 , 1989 * Oshkosh Nevada 125 ° F / 52 ° C June 29 , 1994 Laughlin − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C January 8 , 1937 San Jacinto New Hampshire 106 ° F / 41 ° C July 4 , 1911 Nashua − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C January 22 , 1885 Randolph New Jersey 110 ° F / 43 ° C July 10 , 1936 Runyon − 34 ° F / − 37 ° C January 5 , 1904 River Vale New Mexico 122 ° F / 50 ° C June 27 , 1994 Waste Isolation Pilot Plant − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C February 1 , 1951 Gavilan New York 109 ° F / 43 ° C July 22 , 1926 Troy − 52 ° F / − 47 ° C February 18 , 1979 * Old Forge North Carolina 110 ° F / 43 ° C August 21 , 1983 Fayetteville − 34 ° F / − 37 ° C January 21 , 1985 Burnsville North Dakota 121 ° F / 49 ° C July 6 , 1936 Steele − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C February 15 , 1936 Parshall Ohio 113 ° F / 45 ° C July 21 , 1934 Gallipolis − 39 ° F / − 39 ° C February 10 , 1899 Milligan Oklahoma 120 ° F / 49 ° C August 12 , 1936 * Altus − 31 ° F / − 35 ° C February 10 , 2011 Nowata Oregon 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 27 , 1939 Umatilla − 54 ° F / − 48 ° C February 10 , 1933 * Seneca Pennsylvania 111 ° F / 44 ° C July 10 , 1936 * Phoenixville − 42 ° F / − 41 ° C January 5 , 1904 Smethport Rhode Island 104 ° F / 40 ° C August 2 , 1975 Providence − 28 ° F / − 33 ° C January 17 , 1942 Richmond South Carolina 113 ° F / 45 ° C June 30 , 2012 * Camden − 22 ° F / − 30 ° C January 21 , 1985 Landrum South Dakota 120 ° F / 49 ° C July 15 , 2006 * Fort Pierre * − 58 ° F / − 50 ° C February 17 , 1936 McIntosh Tennessee 113 ° F / 45 ° C August 9 , 1930 * Perryville − 32 ° F / − 36 ° C December 30 , 1917 Mountain City Texas 120 ° F / 49 ° C June 28 , 1994 * Monahans − 23 ° F / − 31 ° C February 8 , 1933 * Seminole Utah 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 5 , 1985 Saint George − 69 ° F / − 56 ° C February 1 , 1985 Peter Sinks Vermont 105 ° F / 41 ° C July 4 , 1911 Vernon − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C December 30 , 1933 Bloomfield Virginia 110 ° F / 43 ° C July 15 , 1954 Balcony Falls − 30 ° F / − 34 ° C January 22 , 1985 Pembroke Washington 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 24 , 1961 Wahluke − 48 ° F / − 44 ° C December 30 , 1928 Mazama August 5 , 1961 Ice Harbor Dam Winthrop West Virginia 112 ° F / 44 ° C July 10 , 1936 * Martinsburg − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C December 30 , 1917 Lewisburg Wisconsin 114 ° F / 46 ° C July 13 , 1936 Wisconsin Dells − 55 ° F / − 48 ° C February 4 , 1996 Couderay Wyoming 115 ° F / 46 ° C August 8 , 1983 Basin − 63 ° F / − 53 ° C February 9 , 1933 Moran * Also on earlier date or dates in that state See Also ( edit ) Canadian provincial and territorial temperature extremes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center . `` State Climate Extremes Committee ( SCsEC ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : : Christopher C. Burt . `` Some Errors in the NCDC U.S.A. State Weather Extreme Records Data : Part 2 '' . wunderground.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : : Christopher C. Burt . `` Some Errors in the NCDC U.S.A. State Weather Extreme Records Data : Part 1 '' . wunderground.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Peter Sinks Temperature Monitoring '' . Utah Climate Center . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) NOAA Satellite and Information Service , National Climatic Data Center NOAA Website - Weather Extremes NOAA Website - Record Highest Temperatures by State NOAA Website - Record Lowest Temperatures by State Extreme temperatures around the world Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Macedonia Republic of the Congo Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria São Tomé and Príncipe Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Weather portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._state_temperature_extremes&oldid=865746920 '' Categories : Climatology Lists of states of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 21 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the hottest temperature ever recorded in utah	[ "\n\nState\n\nRecord high temperature\nDate\nPlace(s)\nRecord low temperature\nDate\nPlace(s)\n\n\nAlabama\n112 °F / 44 °C\nSeptember 5, 1925\nCentreville\n\n−27 °F / −33 °C\nJanuary 30, 1966\nNew Market\n\n\nAlaska\n100 °F / 38 °C\nJune 27, 1915\nFort Yukon\n\n−80 °F / −62 °C\nJanuary 23, 1971\nProspect Creek\n\n\nArizona\n128 °F / 53 °C\nJune 29, 1994\nLake Havasu City\n\n−40 °F / −40 °C\nJanuary 7, 1971\nMcNary\n\n\nArkansas\n120 °F / 49 °C\nAugust 10, 1936\nOzark\n\n−29 °F / −34 °C\nFebruary 13, 1905\nGravette\n\n\nCalifornia\n134 °F / 56 °C\nJuly 10, 1913\nFurnace Creek (Death Valley)\n\n−45 °F / −43 °C\nJanuary 20, 1937\nBoca\n\n\nColorado\n118 °F / 46 °C\nJuly 11, 1888\nBennet\n\n−61 °F / −52 °C\nFebruary 1, 1985\nMaybell\n\n\nConnecticut\n106 °F / 41 °C\nJuly 15, 1995\nDanbury\n\n−37 °F / −38 °C\nFebruary 16, 1943\nNorfolk[2]\n\n\nDelaware\n110 °F / 43 °C\nJuly 21, 1930\nMillsboro\n\n−17 °F / −27 °C\nJanuary 17, 1893\nMillsboro\n\n\nFlorida\n109 °F / 43 °C\nJune 29, 1931\nMonticello\n\n−2 °F / −19 °C\nFebruary 13, 1899\nTallahassee\n\n\nGeorgia\n112 °F / 44 °C\nAugust 20, 1983\nGreenville\n\n−17 °F / −27 °C\nJanuary 27, 1940\nChatsworth\n\n\nHawaii\n98 °F / 37 °C\nJuly 14, 1957\nPuunene[3]\n\n15 °F / -9 °C\nJanuary 5, 1975\nMauna Kea Observatories[3]\n\n\nIdaho\n118 °F / 48 °C\nJuly 28, 1934\nOrofino\n\n−60 °F / −51 °C\nJanuary 18, 1943\nIsland Park\n\n\nIllinois\n117 °F / 47 °C\nJuly 14, 1954\nEast Saint Louis\n\n−36 °F / −38 °C\nJanuary 5, 1999\nCongerville\n\n\nIndiana\n116 °F / 47 °C\nJuly 14, 1936\nCollegeville\n\n−36 °F / −38 °C\nJanuary 19, 1994\nNew Whiteland\n\n\nIowa\n118 °F / 48 °C\nJuly 20, 1934\nKeokuk\n\n−47 °F / −44 °C\nFebruary 3, 1996\nElkader\n\n\nKansas\n121 °F / 49 °C\nJuly 24, 1936\nAlton\n\n−40 °F / −40 °C\nFebruary 13, 1905\nLebanon\n\n\nKentucky\n114 °F / 46 °C\nJuly 28, 1930\nGreensburg\n\n−37 °F / −38 °C\nJanuary 19, 1994\nShelbyville\n\n\nLouisiana\n114 °F / 46 °C\nAugust 10, 1936\nPlain Dealing\n\n−16 °F / −27 °C\nFebruary 13, 1899\nMinden\n\n\nMaine\n105 °F / 41 °C\nJuly 10, 1911\nNorth Bridgton\n\n−50 °F / −46 °C\nJanuary 16, 2009\nClayton Lake\n\n\nMaryland\n109 °F / 43 °C\nJuly 10, 1936\nCumberland\n\n−40 °F / −40 °C\nJanuary 13, 1912\nOakland\n\n\nMassachusetts\n107 °F / 42 °C\nAugust 2, 1975\nNew Bedford\n\n−40 °F / −40 °C\nJanuary 22, 1984\nChester[2]\n\n\nMichigan\n112 °F / 44 °C\nJuly 13, 1936\nMio\n\n−51 °F / −46 °C\nFebruary 9, 1934\nVanderbilt\n\n\nMinnesota\n115 °F / 46 °C\nJuly 29, 1917\nBeardsley\n\n−60 °F / −51 °C\nFebruary 2, 1996\nTower\n\n\nMississippi\n115 °F / 46 °C\nJuly 29, 1930\nHolly Springs\n\n−19 °F / −28 °C\nJanuary 30, 1966\nCorinth\n\n\nMissouri\n118 °F / 48 °C\nJuly 14, 1954\nWarsaw\n\n−40 °F / −40 °C\nFebruary 13, 1905\nWarsaw\n\n\nMontana\n117 °F / 47 °C\nJuly 5, 1937\nMedicine Lake\n\n−70 °F / −57 °C\nJanuary 20, 1954\nLincoln (Rogers Pass)\n\n\nNebraska\n118 °F / 48 °C\nJuly 24, 1936\nMinden\n\n−47 °F / −44 °C\nDecember 22, 1989\nOshkosh\n\n\nNevada\n125 °F / 52 °C\nJune 29, 1994\nLaughlin\n\n−50 °F / −46 °C\nJanuary 8, 1937\nSan Jacinto\n\n\nNew Hampshire\n106 °F / 41 °C\nJuly 4, 1911\nNashua\n\n−50 °F / −46 °C\nJanuary 22, 1885\nRandolph\n\n\nNew Jersey\n110 °F / 43 °C\nJuly 10, 1936\nRunyon\n\n−34 °F / −37 °C\nJanuary 5, 1904\nRiver Vale\n\n\nNew Mexico\n122 °F / 50 °C\nJune 27, 1994\nWaste Isolation Pilot Plant\n\n−50 °F / −46 °C\nFebruary 1, 1951\nGavilan\n\n\nNew York\n109 °F / 43 °C\nJuly 22, 1926\nTroy\n\n−52 °F / −47 °C\nFebruary 18, 1979\nOld Forge\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n110 °F / 43 °C\nAugust 21, 1983\nFayetteville\n\n−34 °F / −37 °C\nJanuary 21, 1985\nBurnsville\n\n\nNorth Dakota\n121 °F / 49 °C\nJuly 6, 1936\nSteele\n\n−60 °F / −51 °C\nFebruary 15, 1936\nParshall\n\n\nOhio\n113 °F / 45 °C\nJuly 21, 1934\nGallipolis\n\n−39 °F / −39 °C\nFebruary 10, 1899\nMilligan\n\n\nOklahoma\n120 °F / 49 °C\nAugust 12, 1936\nAltus\n\n−31 °F / −35 °C\nFebruary 10, 2011\nNowata\n\n\nOregon\n117 °F / 47 °C\nJuly 27, 1939\nUmatilla[2]\n\n−54 °F / −48 °C\nFebruary 10, 1933\nSeneca\n\n\nPennsylvania\n111 °F / 44 °C\nJuly 10, 1936\nPhoenixville\n\n−42 °F / −41 °C\nJanuary 5, 1904\nSmethport\n\n\nRhode Island\n104 °F / 40 °C\nAugust 2, 1975\nProvidence\n\n−28 °F / −33 °C\nJanuary 17, 1942\nRichmond\n\n\nSouth Carolina\n113 °F / 45 °C\nJune 30, 2012\nCamden\n\n−22 °F / −30 °C\nJanuary 21, 1985\nLandrum[2]\n\n\nSouth Dakota\n120 °F / 49 °C\nJuly 15, 2006\nFort Pierre\n\n−58 °F / −50 °C\nFebruary 17, 1936\nMcIntosh\n\n\nTennessee\n113 °F / 45 °C\nAugust 9, 1930\nPerryville\n\n−32 °F / −36 °C\nDecember 30, 1917\nMountain City\n\n\nTexas\n120 °F / 49 °C\nJune 28, 1994\nMonahans\n\n−23 °F / −31 °C\nFebruary 8, 1933\nSeminole\n\n\nUtah\n117 °F / 47 °C\nJuly 5, 1985\nSaint George\n\n−69 °F / −56 °C\nFebruary 1, 1985\nPeter Sinks[4]\n\n\nVermont\n105 °F / 41 °C\nJuly 4, 1911\nVernon[2]\n\n−50 °F / −46 °C\nDecember 30, 1933\nBloomfield\n\n\nVirginia\n110 °F / 43 °C\nJuly 15, 1954\nBalcony Falls\n\n−30 °F / −34 °C\nJanuary 22, 1985\nPembroke\n\n\nWashington\n\n118 °F / 48 °C\n\nJuly 24, 1961\n\nWahluke\n\n−48 °F / −44 °C\n\nDecember 30, 1928\n\nMazama\n\n\nAugust 5, 1961\n\nIce Harbor Dam\n\nWinthrop\n\n\nWest Virginia\n112 °F / 44 °C\nJuly 10, 1936\nMartinsburg\n\n−37 °F / −38 °C\nDecember 30, 1917\nLewisburg\n\n\nWisconsin\n114 °F / 46 °C\nJuly 13, 1936\nWisconsin Dells\n\n−55 °F / −48 °C\nFebruary 4, 1996\nCouderay\n\n\nWyoming\n115 °F / 46 °C\nAugust 8, 1983\nBasin\n\n−63 °F / −53 °C\nFebruary 9, 1933\nMoran[2]\n" ]	[ "117 °F / 47 °C" ]
-8390368039185490075	Go, Cubs, Go	Go , Cubs , Go - wikipedia Go , Cubs , Go Jump to : navigation , search `` Go Cubs Go ! '' No Big Surprise ( 1994 ) was the first album to include the song . Single by Steve Goodman Released 1984 Format 45 Recorded 1984 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 51 Label Red Pajamas Records Songwriter ( s ) Steve Goodman `` Go Cubs Go '' , `` Go , Cubs , Go '' or `` Go , Cubs , Go ! '' is a song written by Steve Goodman in 1984 . At various times the Goodman version of the song has been the official Chicago Cubs team song and the official Cubs victory song . The Goodman version of the song is now referred to as the official Chicago Cubs victory song . The Goodman version has been included in both a 1994 Steve Goodman anthology album and a 2008 Cubs songs and sounds album . Following the team 's 2016 World Series victory , the song peaked at number 3 on Billboard 's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . An alternate 2008 version by Manic Sewing Circle has also been released . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Modern resurgence 3 Thematic issues 4 Charts 5 Notes 6 External links History ( edit ) Steve Goodman ( April 30 , 1983 ) `` Go , Cubs , Go ! '' Manic Sewing Circle 2008 version cover art Single by Manic Sewing Circle from the album Go , Cubs , Go ! ( 2008 version ) Released 2008 Format Digital download Recorded 2008 Genre Pop punk Length 2 : 23 Label Oh Boy Records Songwriter ( s ) Steve Goodman Goodman was a lifelong Cubs fan . The song was written by Goodman at the request of WGN / 720 , which was the Cubs ' radio broadcast partner . Goodman had in 1981 recorded `` A Dying Cub Fan 's Last Request '' , a song about the historic failures of the Cubs franchise , but had been banned from playing it at Wrigley Field . That song described the team as `` doormat of the National League '' and referred to Wrigley Field as an `` ivy - covered burial ground . '' At the time that WGN Program Director Dan Fabian requested the new song , `` It 's a Beautiful Day for a Ball Game '' by The Harry Simeone Songsters was the theme song . He had been motivated by Cubs manager Dallas Green 's effort to change the team spirit . Goodman happened to be in town for a WGN radio talk show and was receptive to the idea of writing the team a new song . `` Go , Cubs , Go '' and the Cubs Win Flag symbolize Cubs ' victories . `` Go , Cubs , Go , '' recorded at the Chicago Recording Company with several of the team members participating in the chorus , first became popular during 1984 when the Cubs won the 1984 National League East Division Championship and subsequently lost in the 1984 National League Championship Series . That season ( and for several afterwards ) it was the official team song . It was first aired on WGN on Opening Day and played every gameday for the rest of the season . During that season , Goodman lost his sixteen - year battle with leukemia four days before the Cubs clinched the division title . In the next three years , 60,000 copies of the song were sold with proceeds going to charity . Some 1984 Cubs players can be heard performing the refrain . In 1987 , the song gave way to The Beach Boys ' `` Here Come the Cubs '' . Later team songs included songs such as Kool & the Gang 's `` Celebration '' and KC and the Sunshine Band 's `` Get Down Tonight '' . The song was eventually included on Goodman 's album No Big Surprise : Anthology , which was released on September 15 , 1994 . Modern resurgence ( edit ) The song has had a resurgence in tandem with the success of the 2007 and 2008 Chicago Cubs , who won consecutive National League Central Division regular season championships , and the May 2007 release of the biography of Steve Goodman , Steve Goodman : Facing the Music ( ISBN 1 - 55022 - 732 - 7 ) . In recent years , broadcasts on WGN - TV and CSN Chicago have begun delaying postgame commentary to enable viewers to hear Goodman 's song and to watch fans at Wrigley listening and singing along . Cubs management decided to incorporate the song into the stadium experience following the team 's annual winter conference ( not to be confused with baseball 's winter meetings ) in which attendees dropped everything they were doing to sing along . More recently , in the 2012 season , Chicago band The Fold used the lyric `` Go Cubs Go '' in their winning track for WGN Radio 's 2012 Season , `` Let 's Go Cubbies '' . In the first week of October 2007 , it was the most popular folk music digital download on iTunes . With the Cubs in playoff contention for the first time in three years , the Cubs ' victory tune , Go Cubs Go ! became more popular among the fans . Due to the song 's growing popularity , after wins at home , Cubs TV broadcasters Len Kasper and Bob Brenly would have their microphones shut off , while the camera pans around the stadium to view the jubilant fans singing Go Cubs Go ! playing in the background . During that season , it was known as the unofficial Chicago Cubs victory song and it was played at Wrigley Field after each Cubs victory . There were 44 such victories during the 2007 regular season . On October 5 , 2007 , Illinois Lieutenant Governor Pat Quinn declared the day `` Steve Goodman Day '' throughout the state . The song was included in a 2008 MLB - licensed Cubs songs and sounds album celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Cubs ' 1908 World Series victory . On August 1 , 2008 , WGN Radio and Vibes Media released a ringtone version of the song for purchase by text message for a cost of US $ 2.99 . At that time it was described as the official Cubs victory song . Also in 2008 , the song was included on the album Take Me Out To A Cubs Game which was subtitled `` Music For The Cubs Fan '' . The album is a 17 - song album with a total run time of 55 minutes and 35 seconds that includes the September 21 , 1997 Harry Caray performance of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' , which was his last . The album was produced in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Cubs 1908 World Series victory and contains sounds and songs of the Cubs and Wrigley Field . The album is an officially licensed Major League Baseball music CD . Neither of Goodman 's other notable songs about the Cubs ( `` A Dying Cub Fan 's Last Request '' or `` When the Cubs Go Marching In '' ) was included on the album . Also in 2008 , the song was released by Manic Sewing Circle . It was performed for the first time live on WGN - TV at the Skybox on Sheffield , located directly across from Wrigley Field on opening day 2008 . Their cover version of the song was released with proceeds going to official charities of the Chicago Cubs and WGN radio : Cubs Care and Neediest Kids Fund . The Manic Sewing Circle version of the song is also available on iTunes by digital download , and they publicized this version throughout Chicago . Although the original Goodman version of the song is 2 : 51 , the new Manic Sewing Circle version is only 2 : 23 long . In September 2008 , prompted by the Cubs ' 2008 season and a piece by Mike Leonard on the NBC Today Show about Steve Goodman , Red Pajamas Records issued a 4 - cut EP titled The Baseball Singles with Goodman 's performances of `` Go Cubs Go '' , `` A Dying Cub Fan 's Last Request '' , `` When The Cubs Go Marching In '' , and `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' . The song surged in sales on U.S. digital download services , including the top five on Amazon Music and the top 15 on iTunes , following the team 's 2016 World Series victory . `` Go , Cubs , Go '' debuted at number 22 on Spotify 's Viral 50 and debuted at number 3 on Billboard 's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . The cast of the musical Hamilton in Chicago sang a rendition of the song on November 3 , 2016 . During the team 's victory rally at Grant Park on November 4 , 2016 , country singer Brett Eldredge sang his own rendition of the song . The following day , Cubs players Anthony Rizzo , Dexter Fowler , and David Ross appeared on Saturday Night Live to perform the song during the show 's weekly Weekend Update segment , together with actor Bill Murray , an avid Cubs supporter . Several of the Cubs ' minor league affiliates also use the song , including the Tennessee Smokies . The Daytona Cubs also used the song before changing affiliations . On the premiere of Dancing with the Stars 's 24th season , former Cubs catcher David Ross and his partner Lindsay Arnold danced to a shortened version of the song . Thematic issues ( edit ) The song is perceived as an upbeat one that leaves listeners with a happy feeling . It is described as having catchy riffs and exuberant vocals that characterized the essence of Cubs fandom while , noting in the lyrics , `` You can catch it all on WGN . '' ( That particular lyric is now partially out of date , as WGN radio , which had carried Cubs games in some form or another since 1925 , gave up the radio rights to the Cubs in 2015 to CBS Radio . WGN - TV still carries a portion of the Cubs game telecasts . ) The new Manic Sewing Circle cover is a ska - punk version instead of the original folk music . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 49 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Zarefsky , Marc ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` ' Go , Cubs , Go ' a staple in Chicago '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , L.P. Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eals , Clay . `` Go , Cubs , Go '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` WGN Radio and Vibes Media team up to bring iconic Cubs anthem `` Go Cubs Go '' to mobile phones `` . WGN Radio . August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs Ballpark Music '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manic Sewing Circle perform `` Go Cubs Go '' `` . WGNTV.com . Tribune Interactive . September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Song Makes a Comeback Along With the Cubs '' . The Washington Post . October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Babwin , Don ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Go Cubs Go : Cubs anthem by late folk songwriter making a comeback '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No Big Surprise : Anthology '' . Amazon.com , Inc. 2008 . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gano , Rick ( September 20 , 2008 ) . `` Chicago Cubs win Central again '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Yahoo ! Inc. / The Associated Press . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Goodman : Facing the Music ( Paperback ) '' . Amazon.com , Inc . May 2007 . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Book Catalogue : Steve Goodman : Facing the Music '' . ECW Press Inc. 2007 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Take Me Out To A Cubs Game ' Music CD '' . Amazon.com , Inc. 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Me Out To A Cubs Game CD '' . CubHub.net. 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Manic Sewing Circle on YouTube '' . YouTube.com. 2009 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manic Sewing Circle '' . CDBaby.com. 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Goodman - The Baseball Singles EP '' . Music Fans Direct . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Havens , Lyndsey ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Steve Goodman 's ' Go , Cubs , Go ' Hits Streaming Highs During Chicago 's World Series Run '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James , Jordan ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Go Cubs Go ' shoots up Itunes charts after Chicago 's World Series win '' . 247Sports.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's all watch the cast of ' Hamilton ' sing ' Go Cubs Go ' '' . The Washington Post . Fred Ryan . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zellner , Xander ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Go , Cubs , Go ' Hits Billboard Charts for the First Time After Cubs ' World Series Win '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Havens , Lyndsey ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago Cast of ' Hamilton ' Close Show With ' Go Cubs Go ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Brett Eldredge leads Cubs fans in ' Go Cubs Go ' '' . Comcast SportsNet Chicago . NBC Universal . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs stars give ' SNL ' a post-World Series song and dance '' . Chicago Tribune . November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danko , Laurie ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` The story behind why we all sing `` Go Cubs , Go '' `` . Tennessee Smokies . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Folsom , Jim . `` Jackie Robinson Ballpark Stadium Review '' . Stadium Journey . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Tracy ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` David Ross to dance to ' Go Cubs Go ' on ' Dancing with the Stars ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Eddie Vedder ready to go ' All The Way ' with new Cubs song '' . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marek , Lynne ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` WGN America to drop Chicago sports '' . Chicago Business . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Goodman Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics Ringtone 2007 Go Cubs Go video 2008 Go Cubs Go video Chicago Cubs Formerly the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field renovations Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wrigley Rooftops Wrigleyville Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Yosh Kawano Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow ! Grant DePorter Wrigley Company Wrigley Field ivy Hey Hey Holy Mackerel Bill Holden The Heckler Arne Harris `` Go , Cubs , Go '' `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` All the Way '' `` Sirius '' Cubs Win Flag Eamus Catuli Addison Red Line Station Sheridan Red Line Station Clark Street Addison Street Elmer , the Great Rookie of the Year This Old Cub The Natural ( 1984 film ) Taking Care of Business ( 1990 film ) A League of Their Own Take Me Out to the Ball Game The Cubs Fan 's Guide To Happiness Pat Pieper The Cubby Bear Harry Caray 's Italian Steakhouse Bohemian National Cemetery Columbarium Clark Back to the Future Part II Lore Curse of the Billy Goat Ex-Cubs Factor Babe Ruth 's called shot Steve Bartman incident Gatorade Glove Play Homer in the Gloamin ' The Sandberg Game Fall of ' 69 1998 home run chase Brock for Broglio Merkle 's Boner Worst to First Monday saves the American flag College of Coaches Ken Hubbs Billy Jurges incident Game 163 2015 NL Wild Card Game 2015 NL Division Series 2016 NL Championship Series 2016 World Series Rivalries St. Louis Cardinals Milwaukee Brewers Chicago White Sox Key personnel Owner : Family of Joe Ricketts ; operated by Tom Ricketts President of Baseball Operations : Theo Epstein General Manager : Jed Hoyer Manager : Joe Maddon World Series championships ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League championships ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Division championships East ( 2 ) 1984 1989 Central ( 5 ) 2003 2007 2008 2016 2017 Wild Card ( 2 ) 1998 2015 Minor league affiliates Iowa Cubs ( AAA ) Tennessee Smokies ( AA ) Myrtle Beach Pelicans ( A Adv . ) South Bend Cubs ( A ) Eugene Emeralds ( Short - A ) Arizona League Cubs ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) Broadcasting Television NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN - TV ) WLS - TV Radio Radio network WSCR Broadcasters Len Kasper Jim Deshaies Pat Hughes Ron Coomer Seasons ( 145 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 City of Chicago Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History Politics Timeline Landmarks Literature Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Performing arts music theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Cook County Metropolitan area Illinois United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go,_Cubs,_Go&oldid=814954984 '' Categories : 1984 singles Chicago Cubs Major League Baseball fight songs Songs written by Steve Goodman Songs about Chicago 1984 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart called without song Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 21 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what song are the chicago cubs fans singing	[]	[]
-3430517055569139583	Detroit: Become Human	Detroit : Become Human - Wikipedia Detroit : Become Human Detroit : Become Human Developer ( s ) Quantic Dream Publisher ( s ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) David Cage Producer ( s ) Sophie Buhl Designer ( s ) Simon Wasselin Programmer ( s ) Jean - Charles Perrier Writer ( s ) David Cage Adam Williams Composer ( s ) Philip Sheppard Nima Fakhrara John Paesano Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Release 25 May 2018 Genre ( s ) Adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Detroit : Become Human is an adventure game developed by Quantic Dream and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for PlayStation 4 , released worldwide on 25 May 2018 . The plot revolves around three androids : Kara ( Valorie Curry ) , who escapes the owner she was serving to explore her newfound sentience and protect a young girl ; Connor ( Bryan Dechart ) , whose job is to hunt down sentient androids ; and Markus ( Jesse Williams ) , who devotes himself to releasing other androids from servitude . They may survive or perish depending on dialogue choices that shape the story . Detroit : Become Human is based on Quantic Dream 's 2012 technology demonstration Kara ; Curry returned to reprise the title role . To research the setting , the developers visited Detroit , Michigan . The script took writer and director David Cage , who consulted artificial intelligence experts , over two years to complete . They built a new engine to complement the game and cast hundreds of actors before commencing the process of shooting and animation . Philip Sheppard , Nima Fakhrara , and John Paesano served as composers for Kara , Connor , and Markus , respectively . Detroit : Become Human was met with generally favourable reviews from critics , who praised the setting , visuals , smaller moments in the story , main characters , their voice actors , the impact choices had on the narrative , and flowchart feature , but criticised the motion controls , mishandling of historical and thematic allegories , and aspects of the plot and characters . The game is Quantic Dream 's most successful launch and has sold 1.5 million copies . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Connor engaged in hostage negotiation with a range of dialogue choices that can either fail or accomplish the mission Detroit : Become Human is an adventure game played from a third - person view , which is subject to a set and controllable perspective . There are multiple playable characters who can die as the story continues without them ; as a result , there is no `` game over '' message following a character 's death . The right analogue stick on the DualShock controller is used to interact with objects and observe one 's surroundings , the left is for movement , and R2 scans an environment for possible actions ; the motion controls and touchpad are also employed . Via quick time events and dialogue decisions , the story will branch out depending on which choices are made . These can be viewed in a flowchart during and immediately after a given chapter ; the player can rewind to certain points in the story to reshape decisions in the event of regret . Certain scenes feature countdowns , which force the player to think and act quickly . Levels abound with magazines for players to read . The playable characters are : Connor , a police investigator android tasked with hunting down androids that have deviated from their programmed behaviours . Kara , a housekeeper android who develops artificial consciousness and becomes responsible for a young girl 's safety . Markus , a caretaker android who , after gaining consciousness , takes it upon himself to free others like him from bondage . Obtaining clues by highlighting and analysing the environment with augmented vision allows Connor to reconstruct and replay events that occurred before . The more information Connor collects within an allotted time , the greater the chance of success in deciding a course of action . Markus has the power to grant androids free will and calculate the outcomes of certain acts . Synopsis ( edit ) Caretaker android Markus and his owner return home and alert the police of a suspected burglary . In confronting the perpetrator , Markus bypasses his programming , thereby becoming a deviant android with full autonomy , leading the police to shoot him at arrival . Markus awakes in a landfill of broken androids and , after escaping , discovers Jericho , a wrecked ship and safe haven for deviants . There , Markus rallies the others to fight for their rights . They perform several acts of civil disobedience , which catches the public 's attention and gets more androids to join . This culminates with the FBI attacking Jericho . If he survives , Markus and the others set up a final march , resulting in either all of the deviants being killed or the president opening peace talks . Police investigator android Connor is sent by the CyberLife corporation to assist Lieutenant Hank Anderson , an alcoholic who hates androids . In the course of their investigation into an outbreak of deviants , they either bond or fall apart , potentially resulting in Hank committing suicide . During his hunt for Markus ' group , Connor starts to doubt himself , though he can stay firm in his beliefs . He eventually locates Jericho , where he can become a deviant himself . If he defects , Connor infiltrates CyberLife Tower and converts everyone there into deviants . If not , he attempts to snipe Markus during the final protest , but is stopped by a SWAT team or Hank . In the end , if peace is achieved , Connor can choose whether or not to shoot Markus during a speech . Kara , a housekeeper android for Todd Williams and his daughter Alice , escapes with her after he attacks them and leaves Kara a deviant . The two travel across Detroit , intending to make it to Canada , which has no specific laws involving androids and where they will be safe . Kara and Alice befriend another android named Luther along the way , who joins them on their journey . They seek the aid of an android sympathiser , who points them to Jericho to obtain passports . They get caught up in the attack there , which may result in Luther , Kara , and Alice 's deaths . Kara also learns that Alice is in fact an android , replacing the daughter taken away by Todd 's wife . They can make it to Canada by bus or boat , survive a recycling centre , or in either case die trying . Development ( edit ) Valorie Curry ( top ) and Jesse Williams ( bottom ) provided voices and motion capture for the playable characters Kara and Markus , respectively . Detroit : Become Human had a development budget of € 30 million . The game is based on Quantic Dream 's 2012 PlayStation 3 technology demonstration Kara , which received strong reactions and an award at the LA Shorts Fest . It starred Valorie Curry , who would later reprise the title role . Writer and director David Cage wanted to make the demo into a full game , despite not originally having planned to , because he was curious as to what would happen next . He took inspiration from Ray Kurzweil 's The Singularity Is Near , which explains that the rate at which human intelligence develops pales in comparison to that of a machine . Therefore , Cage proposes that machines may one day have emotions . Androids were designed with reference to artificial organs , how their energy would be generated , and human eye movement . An android 's abilities were determined by each of their given profession . Experts in artificial intelligence were consulted to discern which technological advancements were the most feasible . Detroit was chosen as the setting to revitalise a city that had succumbed to economic decline after a historical contribution to American industry . The developers travelled to Detroit to conduct field research , taking pictures , visiting abandoned buildings , and meeting people . In late 2013 , Cage was in preproduction on Detroit : Become Human , which he said would build upon his work on Heavy Rain and Beyond : Two Souls . Cage 's script -- between 2,000 and 3,000 pages -- was first relayed to the design team while programmers created the graphics as well as a new game engine with advancements in features like rendering , dynamic lighting , shading , bokeh , and physical cameras . Quantic Dream improved their game engine 's depth of field after Mark Cerny , lead architect of the PlayStation 4 , came to evaluate it . In October 2016 , the screenplay was completed after more than two years . Writer Adam Williams was hired to help finish and flesh out the story . Cage used charts and diagrams to see where the choices would end up ; penning `` five or six thousand pages of notes '' , he likened the story to a Rubik 's Cube . Two scenes were cancelled for how violence was portrayed . The casting extended to Los Angeles , London , and Paris in search for more than 250 actors to portray 513 roles . The actors were scanned in 3D , whose models were then made into characters . Shooting and animation followed , and on 8 September 2017 , the performance capture was finished after 324 days . Detroit : Become Human was worked on by the 180 staff members at Quantic Dream and also outsourced to the Philippines , China , Vietnam , and India . The game has 35,000 camera shots , 74,000 unique animations , and 5.1 million lines of code . The characters Connor and Markus are played by Bryan Dechart and Jesse Williams , respectively . Clancy Brown , Lance Henriksen , and Minka Kelly portray supporting characters Lieutenant Hank Anderson , Carl Manfred , and North , respectively . There are three different composers , one for each playable character : Philip Sheppard for Kara , Nima Fakhrara for Connor , and John Paesano for Markus . Sheppard 's cello sequence in Kara 's theme was inspired by the flames of a log fire , whereas the motif layered over it came from the two syllables in her name . Fakhrara created custom instruments and used vintage synthesizers in order that the sound could represent the robotic nature of Connor . Paesano 's music was made with the idea that it would be `` like a church hymn '' , personifying Markus ' transformation into a leader . Sheppard recorded at Abbey Road Studios with the English Session Orchestra ; Paesano was at Synchron Stage Vienna with the Synchron Stage Orchestra . Director of photography Aymeric Montouchet used `` thick grain and shaky long lens '' with shallow depth of field for Kara , `` small , tight grain '' and a blue palette for Connor , and orange and white colours for Markus . The game was released to manufacturing on 23 April 2018 , after four years of production . Release ( edit ) Detroit : Become Human was announced on 27 October 2015 at a Sony press conference during Paris Games Week . It appeared at E3 2016 and E3 2017 , showing trailers of additional playable characters and gameplay . Following E3 2017 , Cage confirmed that the game would be released in 2018 , later specified as the first or second quarter therein . The game was released on 25 May 2018 for PlayStation 4 . If pre-ordered , Detroit : Become Human would come with a dynamic theme and digital soundtrack , while the digital deluxe edition included a copy of Heavy Rain , a digital art book , digital soundtrack , two dynamic themes , and ten avatars . The soundtrack was available for streaming on 22 June 2018 . After the 2017 Paris Games Week , a new trailer was criticised for its portrayal of child abuse , specifically a scene in which a 10 - year - old girl is attacked by her father . Dechart defended the trailer , saying the story `` elicits empathy '' . A demo of the first scene , `` The Hostage '' , was made available on the PlayStation Store on 24 April 2018 , accompanied by an Amazon Alexa skill that guides the player through the demo . The game was promoted in Japan with the live action short film , Tokyo : Become Human . This was followed by a launch trailer and two animated English - language shorts introducing Elijah Kamski , the creator of the androids , and Chloe , the first android to pass the Turing test . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 78 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 EGM 8.5 / 10 Game Informer 8 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 7 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 8 / 10 VideoGamer.com 4 / 10 Detroit : Become Human received `` generally favorable reviews '' , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Destructoid 's Chris Carter said that , despite tiring of Quantic Dream 's penchant for detective stories , he enjoyed its execution and Connor 's `` calm demeanor and android origin '' . Carter praised the setting , calling it `` believable '' and `` captivating '' , while also noting that the `` smaller moments '' were among its strengths . Michael Goroff of Electronic Gaming Monthly favoured the fact that the playable characters were androids because their second - class citizenship status created an `` effective viewpoint '' . The controls and quick - time events were also subject to approval . Goroff lauded the `` incredibly satisfying and sometimes unexpected '' impact of the collective decisions and declared this the game 's `` biggest accomplishment '' . Writing for Game Informer , Kimberley Wallace agreed with Carter 's assessment of the `` little moments '' and said the character development was `` fun to watch '' , well - handled , and the `` highlight of the game '' . She appreciated how the branching narratives affected the latter parts and complimented Quantic Dream for the `` impressive '' achievement . Paul Tamburro at Game Revolution wrote that Detroit : Become Human boasted a `` compelling world ... enriched by fantastic performances and state - of - the - art motion - capturing '' . He commended Curry , Dechart , and Williams for their `` engrossing performances '' and said the game was among `` the most well - acted '' around . He also felt the choices `` drastically '' changed the story . Peter Brown of GameSpot welcomed the variety of cycling between characters for ensuring player engagement . The game 's `` most dreadful and horrific scenes '' made a considerable impression on Brown , some of which he found to be `` truly unforgettable '' . Additionally , he remarked that the visuals were beautiful and `` captivating to behold '' . GamesRadar+ 's Andy Hartup praised Quantic Dream for making `` an interactive story capable of provoking genuine , honest , and varied emotions '' . He thought the consequences of the decisions were `` utterly delightful '' , albeit rarely , and saw the setting as `` beautiful '' . Hartup liked the character models , calling them `` the most remarkable you 'll see in gaming '' , and favoured the eyes in particular . On the decision - making aspects , he proclaimed Detroit : Become Human `` the new gold standard ... for meaningful choice in gaming '' . Lucy O'Brien at IGN wrote that the game `` manages to be a frequently moving melodrama that bends to your choices with meaningful results '' . She also praised the acting of Curry , Dechart , and Williams , observing different benefits to each character . O'Brien appraised the general plot as `` big , ambitious fun '' and the environments as `` beautifully detailed '' . Like Goroff , Wallace , Tamburro , and Hartup , O'Brien found the `` branching paths to be multiple and deep '' , while also complimenting the flowcharts , a feature Colm Ahern of VideoGamer.com singled out as one of the game 's few redeeming qualities . Conversely , Carter criticised the game 's `` surface level exploration '' of the Ship of Theseus , questioning the director 's subtlety . He blamed the weakness of Kara 's story on Cage 's writing , called the portrayal of domestic and substance abusers `` cartoonish '' , and complained about occasional `` wooden acting '' . Goroff 's only annoyance with the controls concerned its motion - sensitive feature , especially disparaging its use in quick - time events . Wallace thought Markus ' story was the worst of the three , citing `` predictable speeches '' and `` black - and - white decisions '' as the primary problems . She suggested that the narrative suffered `` heavy - handed '' attempts at historical parallels , and noted , as Carter did , that its representation of abuse seemed `` exploitive due to the over-the - top antics '' . She felt the use of the motion controls and touchpad was `` unintuitive '' and wanted more variety from the gameplay . Tamburro faulted the opening act for its `` slow '' and `` dull '' interactions , the quick - time events for their abundance , and occasional story paths for being `` highly questionable '' . Brown viewed Markus as `` remarkably lacking in nuance '' and the allegories to actual history as `` on - the - nose '' and `` distracting '' . He commented that the flowchart exposition was `` ultimately detrimental '' to player immersion and wished there was a way of disabling it . Hartup disliked the moments in which themes were either `` fumble ( d ) '' or `` pushed too far '' . O'Brien observed multiple plotholes and found a considerable amount of `` clumsy '' exposition and dialogue . Ahern wrote in his verdict , `` Detroit : Become Human wants to move you ... The thing is , it really does n't ... when the narrative is as cringey and ham - fisted as it is you wo n't want to play through it multiple times '' . Sales ( edit ) Detroit : Become Human reached fifth place on the UK chart after two days of release . In its first week , the game topped both the overall sales and console sales charts . Though it sold fewer copies than Beyond : Two Souls and Heavy Rain in that region , Cage and executive producer Guillaume de Fondaumière claimed Detroit : Become Human was the studio 's most successful launch yet . The NPD Group later confirmed it had a sales growth in excess of twenty percent over Heavy Rain . It was the third best - selling video game overall , generating the third-most revenue in the US , and sold the most out of any title on the PlayStation Store in May 2018 , having been available for six days . The game released in Japan with 39,548 units ( which rose to 56,480 after two weeks ) , second to Dark Souls : Remastered . In the UK , the second week also saw it become the second best - selling video game ( behind FIFA 18 ) . The game sold one million copies after the first two weeks . For the week ending 10 June , its physical sales fell to fourth place in the UK . Its Japanese sales hit 74,458 copies on 17 June , but dropped from the country 's console chart one week later , when the game was placed ninth on the UK individual formats chart . Two months after release , a total of 1.5 million people had played the game . Accolades ( edit ) Detroit : Become Human won the award for `` Best of E3 '' at GameSpot 's Best of E3 Awards , and was nominated for `` Best PlayStation 4 Game '' and `` Best Adventure Game '' at IGN 's Best of E3 Awards , and for `` Adventure Game '' at Hardcore Gamer 's Best of E3 Awards . Year Award Result Ref 2016 Best of E3 Game Critics Awards Best Original Game Nominated 2017 Best of E3 Game Critics Awards Best Original Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Gamescom Best RPG Nominated 2018 The Independent Game Developers ' Association Awards Best Action and Adventure Game Pending Best Audio Design Pending Best Social Game Pending Golden Joystick Awards PlayStation Game of the Year Pending Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While initially credited as a lead writer in interviews , Williams was attributed with `` additional writing '' in the video game . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Esteves , Ricardo C. ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` Detroit : Becoming Human with lead writer Adam Williams '' . Gamereactor . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ McFerran , Damien ( 14 May 2018 ) . `` Detroit : Become Human is the next step in story - driven gaming '' . 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8293652308084915662	Reservation in India	Reservation in India - wikipedia Reservation in India Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Indian Reservation . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2012 ) This article needs attention from an expert on the subject . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . When placing this tag , consider associating this request with a WikiProject . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The system of reservation in India comprises a series of action measures , such as reserving access to seats in the various legislatures , to government jobs , and to enrollment in higher educational institutions . The societal inequality in India is represented by the grossly inadequate representation of Scheduled Castes , Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes in employment and education due to historic , societal and cultural reasons . The reservation nourishes the historically disadvantaged castes and tribes , listed as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by the Government of India . The reservation is undertaken to address the historic oppression , inequality and discrimination faced by those communities and to give these communities a place . It is intended to realize the promise of equality enshrined in the Constitution . However , there has been a serious debate about reservation . The Constitution prohibits untouchability under its Article 17 , and obligates the state to make special provision for the betterment of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes , also questions whether such special provisions of reservation would not be considered discriminatory , as it would encourage caste - discrimination and caste based politics . Over the years , the categories for affirmative action have been expanded beyond the lists of Scheduled castes and tribes to include a special category of Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) . Consideration has also been given to economically backward within the community itself in providing reservations . Reservation is governed by the Constitution of India , statutory laws , and local rules and regulations . The Scheduled Castes ( SC ) , Scheduled Tribes ( ST ) and Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) , and in some states Backward Classes among Muslims under a category called BC ( M ) , are the primary beneficiaries of the reservation policies under the Constitution , the objective of which is to ensure a level playing field . There have been protests from groups outside the system who feel that it is inequitable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Before independence 1.2 After independence 2 Reservations in elected bodies 3 Reservations in employment 4 Reservations in education 5 Beneficiary groups of the reservation system 5.1 Caste 5.2 Gender 5.3 Religion 5.3. 1 Controversy 5.4 Other 6 Reservations in Andhra Pradesh 7 Reservations in Maharashtra 8 Excluded from the reservation system 8.1 Creamy layer 8.2 Institutions exempted from reservation 9 Advances under the reservations system 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Caste and community profile of people below the poverty line in India , as outlined in the Sachar Report The primary objective of the present - day Indian reservation system is to enhance the social and educational status of underprivileged communities and thus improve their lives . Before independence ( edit ) Quota systems favouring certain castes and other communities existed before independence in several areas of British India . Demands for various forms of positive discrimination had been made , for example , in 1882 and 1891 . Shahu , the Maharaja of the princely state of Kolhapur , introduced reservation in favour of non-Brahmin and backward classes , much of which came into force in 1902 . He provided free education to everyone and opened several hostels to make it easier for them to receive it . He also tried to ensure that people thus educated were suitably employed , and he appealed both for a class - free India and the abolition of untouchability . His 1902 measures created 50 per cent reservation for backward communities . The British Raj introduced elements of reservation in the Government of India Act of 1909 and there were many other measures put in place prior to independence . A significant one emerged from the Round Table Conference of June 1932 , when the Prime Minister of Britain , Ramsay MacDonald , proposed the Communal Award , according to which separate representation was to be provided for Muslims , Sikhs , Indian Christians , Anglo - Indians , and Europeans . The depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from constituencies in which only they could vote , although they could also vote in other seats . The proposal was controversial : Mahatma Gandhi fasted in protest against it but many among the depressed classes , including their leader , B.R. Ambedkar , favoured it . After negotiations , Gandhi reached an agreement with Ambedkar to have a single Hindu electorate , with Dalits having seats reserved within it . Electorates for other religions , such as Islam and Sikhism , remained separate . This became known as the Poona Pact ( September 1932 ) . After independence ( edit ) India 's affirmative action programme was launched in 1950 and is the oldest such programme in the world . After the independence of India in 1947 there were some major initiatives in favour of the Scheduled Tribes ( ST ) , Scheduled Castes ( SC ) and Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) . A common form of caste discrimination in India was the practice of untouchability . SCs were the primary targets of the practice , which was outlawed by the new Constitution of India . In 1954 , the Ministry of Education suggested that 20 per cent of places should be reserved for the SCs and STs in educational institutions with a provision to relax minimum qualifying marks for admission by 5 per cent wherever required . In 1982 , it was specified that 15 per cent and 7.5 per cent of vacancies in public sector and government - aided educational institutes should be reserved for the SC and ST candidates , respectively . A significant change began in 1978 when the Mandal Commission was established to assess the situation of the socially and educationally backward classes . The commission did not have exact population figures for the OBCs and so used data from the 1931 census , thus estimating the group 's population at 52 per cent . In 1980 the commission 's report recommended that a reserved quota for OBCs of 27 per cent should apply in respect of services and public sector bodies operated by the Union Government . It called for a similar change to admissions to institutes of higher education , except where states already had more generous requirements . It was not until the 1990s that the recommendations were implemented in Union Government jobs . The Constitution of India states in article 15 ( 4 ) : `` Nothing in ( article 15 ) or in clause ( 2 ) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens of or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes . '' Article 46 of the Constitution states that `` The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people , and , in particular , of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes , and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation . '' The Supreme Court of India ruled in 1992 that reservations could not exceed 50 per cent , anything above which it judged would violate equal access as guaranteed by the Constitution . It thus put a cap on reservations . However , there are state laws that exceed this 50 per cent limit and these are under litigation in the Supreme Court . For example , in the State of Tamil Nadu the caste - based reservation stands at 69 per cent and applies to about 87 per cent of the population . Reservations in elected bodies ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In parliament , caste and tribe based reservations are provided to make it more representative ... Today , out of 543 seats in India 's parliament , 84 ( 15.47 % ) are reserved for SC / Dalits and 47 ( 8.66 % ) for ST / Tribes . Allocation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the Lok Sabha are made on the basis of proportion of Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the State concerned to that of the total population . A similar percentage of exclusive seats has been provided for members of designated castes and tribes in each state legislature . Local self - governments have caste , tribe and gender based reservation system in place . Reservations in employment ( edit ) A fixed percentage of India 's government and public sector jobs are made exclusive for categories of people largely based on their caste or tribe . The 1992 Supreme Court ruling in the Indra Sawhney case said that reservations in job promotions are `` unconstitutional '' but allowed its continuation for five years . In 1995 , the 77th amendment to the Constitution was made to amend Article 16 before the five - year period expired to continue with reservations for SC / STs in promotions . It was further modified through the 85th amendment to give the benefit of consequential seniority to SC / ST candidates promoted by reservation . The 81st amendment was made to the Constitution to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group , to which the ceiling of 50 per cent did not apply . The 82nd amendment inserted a provision in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC / ST candidates in promotion . The validity of all the above four amendments was challenged in the Supreme Court through various petitions clubbed together in M. Nagaraj & Others vs. Union of India & Others , mainly on the ground that these altered the Basic Structure of the Constitution . In 2006 , the Supreme Court upheld the amendments but stipulated that the concerned state will have to show , in each case , the existence of `` compelling reasons '' - which include `` backwardness '' , `` inadequacy of representation '' and overall `` administrative efficiency - before making provisions for reservation . The court further held that these provisions are merely enabling provisions . If a state government wishes to make provisions for reservation to SC / STs in promotion , the state has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class . In 2007 , the Government of Uttar Pradesh introduced reservation in job promotions . However , citing the Supreme Court decision , the policy was ruled to be unconstitutional by the Allahabad High Court in 2011 . The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court , which upheld it in 2012 by rejecting the government 's argument because it failed to furnish sufficient valid data to justify the move to promote employees on a caste basis . Reservations in education ( edit ) In India scholarships or student aid is available for -- SCs , STs , BCs , OBCs , women , Muslims , and other minorities . Only about 0.6 % of scholarships or student aid in India is based on merit , given the grossly inadequate representation of above mentioned categories in employment and education due to historic , societal and cultural reasons . The University Grants Commission ( UGC ) provides financial assistance to universities for the establishment of Special Cells for SC / STs . The cells help universities implement the reservation policy in student admission and staff recruitment processes for teaching and non-teaching jobs . They also help the SC / ST categories integrate with the university community and help remove the difficulties SC / ST individuals may have experienced . New rules implementation of UPA Government do not provide scholarship scheme and reservation quota of students and employees of colleges under central University and State University approved by the UGC . Beneficiary groups of the reservation system ( edit ) The quota system sets aside a proportion of all possible positions for members of a specific group . Those not belonging to the designated communities can compete only for the remaining positions , while members of the designated communities can compete for either reserved or open position . Seats are reserved for people under the following criteria : Caste ( edit ) According to the Dharma Shastras in Hinduism , the society can be divided into four categories based on the birth and occupation of the family , a person is born into . Brahmins Kshatriyas Vaishyas Sudras Casted Based reservation - Background in India In central - government funded higher education institutions , 22.5 % of available seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste ( SC ) and Scheduled Tribe ( ST ) students ( 7.5 % for STs , 15 % for SCs ) . This reservation percentage has been raised to 49.5 % by including an additional 27 % reservation for OBCs . This ratio is followed even in Parliament and all elections where a few constituencies are earmarked for those from certain communities ( which will next rotate in 2026 per the Delimitation Commission ) . The exact percentages vary from state to state : In Haryana , the reservation is 18 % for SCs and 1 % for OBCs and 0 % for STs , based on local demographics . In Tamil Nadu , the reservation is 18 % for SCs and 1 % for STs , based on local demographics . In Northeast India , especially in Arunachal Pradesh , Meghalaya , Nagaland and Mizoram , reservation for ST in State Govt . jobs is 80 % with only 20 % unreserved . In the Central Universities of NEHU ( shillong ) and Rajiv Gandhi University , 60 % of seats are reserved for ST students . In Andhra Pradesh , 29 % of educational institutes and government jobs are reserved for OBCs , 15 % for SCs , 6 % for STs . In West Bengal , 35 % of educational institute seats and government jobs are reserved for SC , ST , and OBC ( 22 % SC , 6 % ST , 7 % for OBC A & B ) . In West Bengal there is no reservation on religious basis but some economically and educationally backward Muslim castes ( basis surnames pertaining to different profession e.g. cobbler , weaver etc . ) have been included along with their Hindu counterparts in OBC list namely OBC A and OBC B , in both lists caste from both communities are there . But in higher educational institutes , till now there is no reservation for the OBC community but there is reservation in regard to admission in primary , secondary and higher secondary studies . Gender ( edit ) The Women 's Reservation Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186 members in favour and 1 against . As of March 2013 , the Lok Sabha has not voted on the bill . Critics say gender can not be held as a basis for reservation alone other factors should also be considered e.g. economic , social conditions of woman candidate especially when applying reservation for educated women . There also is a growing demand for women reservation in pre-existing reservations like OBC , SC / ST , physically handicapped etc . Some groups still demand that reservation for women should be at least 50 per cent as they comprise 50 per cent of the population . In Gujarat , 33 % of posts are reserved for females in all government departments and services , such as police , health , education and general administration . Religion ( edit ) There is no reservation granted on the basis of religion in the Central educational institutions at the national level , although reservation has been extended to religious minorities in some states . The Tamil Nadu government has allotted 3.5 % of seats each to Muslims and Christians , thereby altering the OBC reservation to 23 % from 30 % ( since it excludes persons belonging to Other Backward Castes who are either Muslims or Christians ) . The Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced a law enabling 4 per cent reservations for Muslims in 2004 . This law was upheld by the Supreme Court in an interim order in 2010 but it constituted a Constitution bench to look further into the issue . The referral was to examine the constitutional validity of quotas based on religion . Kerala Public Service Commission has a quota of 12 % for Muslims . Religious minority ( Muslim or Christian ) educational institutes also have 50 % reservation for Muslim or Christian religions . The Central government has listed a number of Muslim communities as backward Muslims , making them eligible for reservation . Controversy ( edit ) The Union Government on 22 December 2011 announced establishment of a sub-quota of 4.5 % for religious minorities within the existing 27 % reservation for Other Backward Classes . The reasoning given was that Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with Hindu OBC communities . It was alleged that the decision was announced as the Election Commission announced Assembly elections in five states on 24 December 2011 . The government would not have been able to announce this due to the model code of conduct . On 12 January 2012 , the Election Commission stayed implementation of this decision for violation of the model code of conduct . Later , Justice Sachar , head of the Sachar Committee that was commissioned to prepare a report on the latest social , economic and educational condition of the Muslim community of India , criticised the government decision , saying `` Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities . It is like befooling them . These people are making tall claims just to win elections '' . He suggested that instead of promising to give reservations , the government should focus on basic issues of improving administration and governance . On 28 May 2012 , the Andhra Pradesh High Court quashed the sub-quota . The court said that the sub-quota has been carved out only on religious lines and not on any other intelligible basis . The court criticised the decision : `` In fact , we must express our anguish at the rather casual manner in which the entire issue has been taken up by the central government . '' Other ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some reservations are also made for : Terrorist victims from Kashmir , e.g. in Punjab Single girl child ( in Punjab ) Migrants from the state of Jammu and Kashmir Sons / daughters / grandsons / granddaughters of Freedom Fighters Physically handicapped Sports personalities Non-Resident Indians ( NRIs ) have a small percentage of reserved seats in educational institutions . ( Note : NRI reservations were removed from IIT in 2003 ) Candidates sponsored by various organisations Those who have served in the armed forces ( ' ex-serviceman ' quota -- because the age of superannuation in the military is much shorter than that in the civil posts ; more so , certain intakes are tenure - based , e.g. the contract for Short - Service Commission is eight years ) Dependents of armed forces personnel killed - in - action Repatriates Reservation in special schools of Government Undertakings / PSUs , for the children of their own employees ( e.g. Army schools , PSU schools , etc . ) Paid pathway reservations in places of worship ( e.g. , Tirumala Venkateswara Temple , Tiruthani Murugan temple ) Seat reservation for Senior citizens and physically handicapped in public ( bus ) transport . Reservations in Andhra Pradesh ( edit ) Andhra Pradesh state percentage of reservation is = 50 % approx . 66.66 % reservations including women are applicable in Andhra Pradesh in Education and Government jobs . Scheduled Castes ( A , B , C , D ) -- 15 % Scheduled Tribes -- 6 % Backward Classes ( A , B , C , D ) -- 25 % Physically Handicapped ( Blind , Deaf & Dumb and OPH ) -- 3 % ( 1 per cent each ) Ex-servicemen ( APMS only ) -- 1 % ( 0.5 % in general ) Women - 33.33 % ( in all categories , means 16.66 % in general category ) Total % of reservations 46 % < 50 % based on caste It is quite compliant with the supreme court word of keeping caste based reservations under 50 % cap Addition of disabled , ex-serviceman , women in general category 16.66 % makes it 66.66 % School Admissions Under RTE : Though Andhra Pradesh Govt says economically backward children are admitted in to private schools under Right To Education ( RTE ) Act , but the fact is children are admitted in to private schools based on caste based reservations . check page 9 and Point no 4 of this below document The reservation for women cuts across all classes and communities and is a horizontal and not vertical reservation . As such the total % of reservations has to be counted at 50 % only ; and that is in consonance with the Supreme Court dicta that reservations in general ought not to exceed 50 % of the posts / seats if the right to equal opportunity to all without discrimination guaranteed under Article 16 is to be vindicated and respected . Reservations in Maharashtra ( edit ) Reservations in Maharashtra as of 5 March 2015 . Scheduled Castes ( SC ) ( 13 % ) Scheduled Tribes ( ST ) ( 7 % ) Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) ( 19 % ) Special Backward Classes ( SBC ) ( 2 % ) Vimukta Jati - A ( 3 % ) Nomadic Tribes - B ( 2.5 % ) Nomadic Tribes - C ( 3.5 % ) Nomadic Tribes - D ( 2 % ) General ( 48 % ) Maharashtra has 52 % reservation in educational institutions and government jobs . The government of Maharashtra added Marathas ( 16 % ) and some Muslim subcastes ( 5 % ) to the reservation in 2014 but the move was rejected by the Mumbai High Court later . If this reservation to Maratha implemented , it will leave the remaining 23 % to General / Open category . Excluded from the reservation system ( edit ) People in the following categories are not entitled to take advantage of the reservation system for OBCs : Categories for Rule of Exclusion Rule of Exclusion Applies to the following : Constitutional posts The sons and daughters of the President of India , the Vice-President of India , Judges of the Supreme Court of India , the High Courts chairman , the members of Union Public Service Commission , members of the State Public Service Commission , Chief Election Commissioner , Comptroller Auditor - General of India or any person holding positions of a constitutional nature . Service Category : Those who are considered Group ' A ' / Class I officers of the All India Central and State Services ( Direct Recruits ) or those who are considered Group ' B ' / Class II officers of The Central and State Services ( Direct Recruitment ) or those who are employees in the Public Sector . Those who have parent ( s ) that are Class I or Class II officers , or both parents are Class I or Class II officers but one of them dies or suffers permanent incapacitation . The criteria used for sons and daughters of Group A and B are the same for the employees of the Public sector . Armed forces including Paramilitary Forces ( Persons holding civil posts are not included ) . The sons and daughters of parents either or both of whom is or are in the rank of colonel and above in the army or in equivalent posts in the Navy , the Air Force , and the Paramilitary Force . But that will hold true provided that - `` the wife of an armed forces officer is herself in the armed forces ( i.e. , the category under consideration ) the rule of exclusion will apply only when she herself has reached the rank of Colonel . '' `` the service ranks below Colonel of husband and wife shall not be clubbed together '' `` if the wife of an officer in the armed forces is in civil employment , this will not be taken into account for applying the rule of exclusion unless she falls in the service category under item No. II in which case the criteria and conditions '' Professional class and those engaged in Trade and Industry If a person has a high paying job such as physician , lawyer , chartered accountant , income tax consultant , financial or management consultant , dental surgeon , engineer , architect , computer specialist , film artist or other film professional , author , playwright , sports person , sports professional , media professional or any other vocations of like status . If the husband holds one of the above jobs and the wife does n't then the husband 's income will be taken into consideration and if the wife holds one of the above jobs then the wife 's income will be taken into consideration. The income of the family as a whole will be taken into account because the whole point of the reservation system is to raise the social status of the people that belong to the SC 's , ST 's and OBCs and if a family 's income is high already it is considered that it raises their social status as well . Property owners - agricultural , plantations ( coffee , tea , rubber , etc . ) , vacant land and / or buildings in urban areas Sons and daughters of those who have irrigated land area which is equal to or more than 85 % of the statutory ceiling area will be excluded from reservation . They would only be under reservation if the land is exclusively unirrigated . Those with vacant buildings can use them for residential , industrial or commercial purposes , hence they are not covered under reservations . Creamy layer Son ( s ) / daughter ( s ) of those who earn ₹ 8 lakh ( ₹ 800,000 ) or more annually for three consecutive years are excluded from reservation . Creamy layer ( edit ) The term creamy layer was first coined in 1975 in the State of Kerala vs N.M. Thomas case when a judge said that the `` benefits of the reservation shall be snatched away by the top creamy layer of the backward class , thus leaving the weakest among the weak and leaving the fortunate layers to consume the whole cake '' . The 1992 Indra Sawhney vs Union of India judgement laid down the limits of the state 's powers : it upheld the ceiling of 50 per cent quotas , emphasised the concept of `` social backwardness '' , and prescribed 11 indicators to ascertain backwardness . The judgement also established the concept of qualitative exclusion , such as `` creamy layer '' . The creamy layer applies only to OBCs . The creamy layer criteria was introduced at Rs 1 lakh in 1993 , and revised to Rs 2.5 lakh in 2004 , Rs 4.5 lakh in 2008 and Rs 6 lakh in 2013 , but now the ceiling has been raised to ₹ 8 lakh ( in Sep. , 2017 ) . In October 2015 , the National Commission for Backward Classes ( NCBC ) proposed that a person belonging to OBC with an annual family income of up to Rs 15 lakh should be considered as minimum ceiling for OBC . The NCBC also recommended sub-division of OBCs into `` backward '' , `` more backward '' and `` extremely backward '' groups and to divide the 27 per cent quota amongst them in proportion to their population , to ensure that stronger OBCs do not corner the quota benefits . However , creamy layer exclusion is only in OBC quota , but not in SC / ST quotas . Institutions exempted from reservation ( edit ) The following institutions have been kept out of the purview of Central Educational Institutions ( Reservation in Admission ) Act , 2006 : , CDAC , Centre for Development of Advanced Computing , Pune Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai and its ten constituent units , namely : Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research , Kalpakkam Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology , Indore Institute for Plasma Research , Gandhinagar Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre , Kolkata Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , Kolkata ; Institute of Physics , Bhubaneshwar Institute of Mathematical Sciences , Chennai Harish - Chandra Research Institute , Allahabad Tata Memorial Centre , Mumbai Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences , Shillong Physical Research Laboratory , Ahmedabad Space Physics Laboratory , Thiruvananthapuram Indian Institute of Remote Sensing , Dehradun The following institutions though not specified in the Central Educational Institutions ( Reservation in Admission ) Act , 2006 : , do not have reservation in admission . Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University , Katra Birla Institute of Technology and Science , Pilani LNM Institute of Information Technology , Jaipur On 27 October 2015 the Supreme Court directed the state and the Central governments to end the regional quota and to ensure that super-speciality medical courses are kept `` unreserved , open and free '' from any domicile status after the court had allowed petitions files by some MBBS doctors . Advances under the reservations system ( edit ) The public sector jobs are divided into 4 categories : Class I ( or Group A ) , Class II ( or Group B ) , Class III ( or Group C ) and Class IV ( or Group D ) . The Class I employees take up 2.2 % of the public sector workforce , the Class II employees take up 3.3 % of the public sector workforce , the Class III employees take up 66.8 % of the public sector workforce , and the Class IV employees take up 27.2 % of the public sector workforce . Below are the percentages of the SC employees in the Central government : Class 1959 1965 1984 1995 1.18 1.64 3.2 6.92 10.12 II 2.38 2.82 4.6 10.36 12.67 III 6.95 8.88 10.3 13.98 16.15 IV 17.24 17.75 18.6 20.2 21.26 excludes sweepers The above table shows that over time as the new laws for the reservation systems were passed employment of SC 's in Class I , II , III , and IV public sectors increased substantially . See also ( edit ) Court Cases Relating to India 's Reservation System Dhangar Scheduled tribe issue Nationalization Socialism Caste politics in India Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu Self - immolations in India Jat reservation agitation References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The concept of untouchability was not practised uniformly throughout the country . The practice of segregation and untouchability prevailed more in the northern parts of India than in the south . Furthermore , certain communities , considered `` untouchable '' in one area were not thus in others . Citations Jump up ^ Sheth , D.L. ( 14 November 1987 ) . `` Reservations Policy Revisited '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 22 ( 46 ) : 1957 -- 1962 . JSTOR 4377730 . ^ Jump up to : Laskar , Mehbubul Hassan . `` Rethinking Reservation in Higher Education in India '' ( PDF ) . ILI Law Review . pp. 29 -- 30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj '' . Bahujan Samaj Party . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Menon , V.P. ( 1957 ) . Transfer of Power in India ( Reprinted ed . ) . Orient Blackswan . pp. 49 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 0884 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . UNDP . p. 119 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Passin , Herbert ( October 1955 ) . `` Untouchability in the Far East '' . Monumenta Nipponica. 11 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 267 . JSTOR 2382914 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kumar , Raja K. ( 1984 ) . `` The Untouchables of India '' . In Jaewoong , Ahn . The Image of God in Minorities . World Christian Federation . p. 41 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Educational Safeguards '' . Department of Education . Government of India . Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya , Amit ( 8 April 2006 ) . `` Who are the OBCs ? '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ramaiah , A. ( 6 June 1992 ) . `` Identifying Other Backward Classes '' ( PDF ) . Economic and Political Weekly . pp. 1203 -- 1207 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 December 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Implementation of Recommendations of Mandal Commission '' . Parliament of India . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Article 15 , Section 4 of the Constitution of India ( 1950 ) Jump up ^ Article 46 , Section 0 of the Constitution of India ( 1950 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indra Sawhney Etc . vs Union of India And Others , Etc . on 16 November , 1992 '' . IndianKanoon.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . ( 4 ) Reservation being extreme form of protective measure or affirmative action it should be confined to minority of seats . Even though the Constitution does not lay down any specific bar but the constitutional philosophy being against proportional equality the principle of balancing equality ordains reservation , of any manner , not to exceed 50 % . '' , `` Reservation in promotion is constitutionally impermissible as , once the advantaged and disadvantaged are made equal and are brought in one class or group then any further benefit extended for promotion on the inequality existing prior to be brought in the group would be treating equals unequally . It would not be eradicating the effects of past discrimination but perpetuating it . Jump up ^ `` BJP 's OBC pitch : How stronger new backward classes panel will function '' . Jump up ^ `` Seventy Seventh Amendment '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Eighty Fifth Amendment '' . Indiacode.nic.in. 4 January 2002 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Eighty First Amendment '' . Indiacode.nic.in. 29 August 1997 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Eighty Second Amendment '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kapadia , S.H. `` M. Nagaraj & Others vs Union of India & Others on 19 October , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . We reiterate that the ceiling - limit of 50 % , the concept of creamy layer and the compelling reasons , namely , backwardness , inadequacy of representation and overall administrative efficiency are all constitutional requirements without which the structure of equality of opportunity in Article 16 would collapse. `` , `` As stated above , the impugned provision is an enabling provision . The State is not bound to make reservation for SC / ST in matter of promotions . Jump up ^ `` Promotion quota not legally sustainable : HC '' . The Times of India . 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court upholds High court 's decision to quash quota in promotion '' . The Times of India . 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Guess how many Indians get merit - based scholarships '' . Rediff. 1 September 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Support : Establishment of Special Cells for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Universities and Institutions Deemed to be Universities '' . University Grants Commission , India . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Affirmative Action and Peer Effects : Evidence from Caste Based Reservation in General Education Colleges in India '' ( PDF ) . Virginia University , Virginia . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108754 Jump up ^ Arora , N.D. ( 2010 ) . Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` : : BCW Department - Govt of West Bengal , Reservation : : '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` : : Backward Classes Welfare Department , Government of West Bengal : : '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 33 % reservation for women in all Gujarat state government jobs '' . Deccan Herald . 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat increases women 's reservation to 33 % in government jobs '' . dna. 14 October 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Viswanathan , S. ( 16 November 2007 ) . `` A step forward '' . Frontline. 24 ( 22 ) . Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ PTI . `` Interim relief to AP on Muslim reservation '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court to hear govt on Muslim quota '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Centre seeks SC 's approval on Muslim reservation '' . timesofindia - economictimes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 4.5 % quota fails to impress Muslims in Uttar Pradesh '' . The Times of India . 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission stalls 4.5 % sub-quota in poll states '' . The Times of India . 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Govt trying to befool minorities with quota : Sachar '' . 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` HC Quashes Centre 's 4.5 % Sub-Quota for Minorities '' . 28 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Omar Rashid . `` Maharashtra scraps Muslim quota '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Why supreme court is right in denying unethical pleasure to Maharashtra govt - Governance Now '' . Governance Now . 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Jobs , education quota for Marathas , Muslims cleared '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra govt clears reservation for Marathas , Muslims '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judgement Writ Petition ( Civil ) No. 930 of 1990 -- Indira Sawhney Versus Union of India And others ( 16.11. 1992 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Commission for Backward Classes . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Office Memorandum , ncbc.nic.in , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Of India JUDGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM '' . Jump up ^ `` SCOURGE OF RESERVATION : THE INVISIBLE CREAMY LAYER '' . Jump up ^ `` Explained : Order reserved '' . Jump up ^ `` For an equitable society , reservations must be extended to private sector '' . The Indian Express . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Plea to reconsider judgement in Indra Sawhney case of 1992 '' . Jump up ^ `` Raise ' creamy layer ' to Rs 10.5 lakh : OBC panel '' . Jump up ^ `` OBC panel backs off , wo n't make ' creamy layer ' reservation criteria stringent '' . Jump up ^ `` OBC sub-division , relaxing creamy layer is a must : NCBC tells govt '' . Jump up ^ `` Raise ' creamy layer ' to Rs 10.5 lakh : OBC panel '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cant-keep-SC/ST-creamy-layer-out-of-quota-benefits/articleshow/46914401.cms ^ Jump up to : `` Press Information Bureau English Releases '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/3335.pdf Jump up ^ `` No quota in higher medicine : SC '' . The Telegraph . 27 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 3 - An Assessment of Reservations ( Pg 32 ) '' ( PDF ) . News . Dalit Bahujan Media . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Shourie , Arun ( 2012 ) . Falling over backwards : An essay on reservations and judicial populism . New Delhi : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 9350293553 Joseph , Manu ( 23 August 2004 ) . `` What If Reservations Had Come To An End In 1960 ? '' . Outlook . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . 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4802337134527658328	Feist (singer)	Feist ( singer ) - wikipedia Feist ( singer ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Feist Feist performing at Coachella , 2012 Background information Birth name Leslie Feist ( 1976 - 02 - 13 ) 13 February 1976 ( age 42 ) Amherst , Nova Scotia , Canada Origin Calgary , Alberta , Canada Genres Indie pop folk baroque pop Occupation ( s ) Musician songwriter Instruments Vocals guitar piano banjo drums Years active 1991 -- present Labels Arts & Crafts , Cherrytree , Interscope Associated acts By Divine Right , Broken Social Scene , Peaches , Chilly Gonzales , Mastodon , Kings of Convenience , Mountain Man , AroarA , Little Wings Website listentofeist.com Leslie Feist ( born 13 February 1976 ) , known professionally as Feist , is a Canadian indie pop singer - songwriter and guitarist , performing both as a solo artist and as a member of the indie rock group Broken Social Scene . Feist launched her solo music career in 1999 with the release of Monarch . Her subsequent studio albums , Let It Die , released in 2004 , and The Reminder , released in 2007 , were critically acclaimed and commercially successful , selling over 2.5 million copies . The Reminder earned Feist four Grammy nominations , including a nomination for Best New Artist . She has received 11 Juno Awards , including two Artist of the Year . Her fourth studio album , Metals , was released on 30 September 2011 . In 2012 , Feist collaborated on a split EP with metal group Mastodon , releasing an interactive music video in the process . Feist received three Juno awards at the 2012 ceremony : Artist of the Year , Adult Alternative Album of the Year for Metals , and Music DVD of the Year for her documentary Look at What the Light Did Now . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 Monarch ( Lay Your Jewelled Head Down ) ( 1999 - 2001 ) 2.2 Let It Die ( 2001 - 2006 ) 2.3 The Reminder ( 2006 - 2007 ) 2.3. 1 `` 1234 '' 2.3. 2 `` The Water '' 2.4 Metals ( 2007 - 2013 ) 2.5 Look at What the Light Did Now ( 2013 - present ) 3 Discography 4 Filmography 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Leslie Feist was born on 13 February 1976 in Amherst , Nova Scotia , Canada . Her parents are both artists . Her father , Harold Feist , is an American - Canadian abstract expressionist painter who taught at both the Alberta College of Art and Design and Mount Allison University in Sackville , New Brunswick . Her mother , Lyn Feist , was a student of ceramics from Saskatchewan . After their first child , Ben , was born , the family moved to Sackville . Feist 's parents divorced soon after she was born and Ben , Feist and their mother moved to Regina , Saskatchewan , where they lived with her grandparents . They later moved to Calgary , Alberta , where she attended Bishop Carroll High School as well as Alternative High School . She aspired to be a writer , and spent much of her youth singing in choirs . At the age of twelve , Feist performed as one of 1,000 dancers in the opening ceremonies of the Calgary Winter Olympics , which she cites as inspiration for the video `` 1234 . '' Because her father is American , Feist has dual Canadian - U.S. citizenship , joking later that she was given U.S. citizenship as part of a deal with Apple . Music career ( edit ) In 1991 , at age 15 , Feist got her start in music when she founded and was the lead vocalist for a Calgary punk band called Placebo ( not to be confused with the English band Placebo ) . She and her bandmates won a local Battle of the Bands competition and were awarded the opening slot at the festival Infest 1993 , featuring the Ramones . At this concert she met Brendan Canning , whose band hHead performed immediately before hers , and with whom she joined in Broken Social Scene ten years later . In 1995 , Feist was forced to take time off from music to recover from vocal cord damage . She moved from Calgary to Toronto in 1996 . That year she was asked by Noah Mintz of hHead to play bass in his solo project Noah 's Arkweld . She played the bass guitar in Noah 's Arkweld for a year despite never having played bass before . In 1998 , she became the rhythm guitarist for the band By Divine Right and toured with them throughout 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 . She also played guitar for some live performances by Bodega , but was never an official member of the band . In 1999 , Feist moved into a Queen West apartment above Come As You Are with a friend of a friend , Merrill Nisker , who then began to perform as electro - punk musician Peaches . Feist worked the back of the stage at Peaches ' shows , using a sock puppet and calling herself `` Bitch Lap Lap '' . The two also toured together in England from 2000 -- 2001 , staying with Justine Frischmann of Elastica and MIA Feist appeared as a guest vocalist on The Teaches of Peaches . Feist appears in Peaches ' video for the song `` Lovertits '' , suggestively rubbing and licking a bike . Later , Feist covered this song with Gonzales ( whom she met while touring with Peaches ) on her album Open Season . In 2006 , Feist contributed backup vocals on a track entitled `` Give ' Er '' , which appeared on Peaches ' album Impeach My Bush . Monarch ( lay Your jewelled head down ) ( 1999 - 2001 ) ( edit ) Feist 's solo debut album , Monarch , was released in 1999 . It is composed of ten songs , including `` Monarch '' and `` That 's What I Say , It 's Not What I Mean . '' The album was produced by Dan Kurtz , who would later form Dragonette . Let It Die ( 2001 - 2006 ) ( edit ) In the summer of 2001 , Feist self - produced seven songs at home which she called The Red Demos , which have never been released commercially . She spent more than two years touring throughout Europe with Gonzales . In that same year she joined a group of old friends in forming a new version of Toronto indie rock group Broken Social Scene , adding vocals to many tracks after being forbidden to play guitar by de facto bandleader Kevin Drew . She subsequently recorded You Forgot It in People with the band . While on tour in Europe with Gonzales , they began recording new versions of her home recorded Red Demos , which would later become her major label debut Let It Die . Let It Die featured both original compositions and covers , and Feist has been noted both as a songwriter and as an innovative interpreter of other artists ' songs . After the recording of Let It Die , Feist moved to Paris . While in Europe , she collaborated with Norwegian duo Kings of Convenience as co-writer and guest vocalist on their album Riot on an Empty Street , singing on `` Know How , '' and `` The Build Up . '' She also co-wrote and sang `` The Simple Story '' as a duet with Jane Birkin on her album Rendezvous . Feist in 2005 Feist toured during 2004 , 2005 and 2006 through North America , Europe , Asia , and Australia supporting Let It Die . She won two Canadian Juno Awards for `` Best New Artist '' and `` Best Alternative Rock Album '' in 2004 . Sales of Let It Die totaled 500,000 internationally , and she was awarded a platinum record in Canada , as well as a gold album in France . Fellow Canadian Buck 65 appeared in the Feist - directed music video for `` One Evening , '' which was also nominated for Video of the Year at the 2004 Juno Awards . In 2005 , Feist contributed to the UNICEF benefit song `` Do They Know It 's Hallowe'en ? '' The track `` Mushaboom '' was used in an advert for a Lacoste men 's fragrance , as well as in the film 500 Days of Summer . An album of remixes and collaborations , Open Season , was released on 18 April 2006 . Feist also lent her voice to the two tracks `` La Même Histoire '' and `` We 're All in the Dance '' for the soundtrack to the 2006 film Paris , je t'aime . The Reminder ( 2006 - 2007 ) ( edit ) Feist performing in 2006 In early 2006 , Feist moved to Paris , where she recorded a followup to Let It Die at LaFrette Studios with Gonzales , Mocky , Jamie Lidell , and Renaud Letang , as well as her touring band Bryden Baird , Jesse Baird , Julian Brown of Apostle of Hustle , and Afie Jurvanen of Paso Mino . Feist 's third solo album , The Reminder , was released on 23 April 2007 in Europe , and on 1 May 2007 in Canada , the USA , and the rest of the world . She toured worldwide to promote the album . The album features `` 1234 , '' a song co-written by New Buffalo 's Sally Seltmann , that became a surprise hit after being featured in a commercial for the iPod nano , hitting No. 8 in the US , a rare feat for indie rock musicians and even more notable since it hit the Top Ten on the strength of downloads alone . She has been lauded in the press and was featured on the cover of the New York Times arts section in June 2007 . The Reminder had sold worldwide over 1,000,000 copies and is certified gold in the U.S. The album also won a 2008 Juno Award for `` Album of the Year '' on 6 April 2008 in Calgary , Alberta . Videos for many of the singles were directed by Patrick Daughters , who previously directed the video for `` Mushaboom '' and went on to direct `` 1234 , '' `` My Moon , My Man , '' and `` I Feel It All . '' `` 1234 '' and `` My Moon , My Man '' were choreographed by the acclaimed choreographer & dancer Noemie Lafrance . The video for Honey , Honey features the work of avant - garde puppet troupe , The Old Trout Puppet Workshop . `` I Feel It All '' was featured in the UK teen comedy The Inbetweeners and was used in the film The Accidental Husband . `` Honey Honey '' was featured in The L Word ( episode 5.06 , `` Lights ! Camera ! Action ! '' ) . `` I Feel It All '' was featured in the 2008 film The Women . Popular German DJ Boys Noize remixed `` My Moon , My Man , '' which appears on his 2007 debut album Oi Oi Oi . The DJ has also been known to close sets with the remix . In January 2009 , Bon Iver played a cover of Feist 's `` The Park '' from The Reminder on Australian radio 's Triple J. The song `` Limit to Your Love '' was featured in season 2 , episode 1 of British teen drama Skins , and was used in the film The Accidental Husband . A cover version of the song was released by UK singer - producer James Blake as a single from his 2011 self - titled album . `` 1234 '' ( edit ) Main article : 1234 ( Feist song ) Prior to the airing of an Apple iPod nano commercial featuring this song , The Reminder was selling at approximately 6,000 copies per week , and `` 1234 '' at 2,000 downloads per week . Following the commercial , the song passed 73,000 total downloads and reached No. 7 on Hot Digital Songs and No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; The Reminder jumped from No. 36 to No. 28 on the Billboard 200 , with sales of 19,000 . Following the television advertisement for the iPod nano in the UK , the single beat its original chart position of 102 to become number 8 in the UK charts . Time magazine named `` 1234 '' one of The 10 Best Songs of 2007 , ranking it at No. 2 . Writer Josh Tyrangiel called the song a `` masterpiece , '' praising Feist for singing it `` with a mixture of wisdom and exuberance that 's all her own '' . On 6 April 2008 , Feist won a Juno Award for the single as `` Single of the Year '' . Feist performed an alternate version of `` 1234 '' on Sesame Street during its 39th season ( 2008 ) , teaching children to count to the number four . She said working with the Muppets was a career highlight . `` The Water '' ( edit ) In 2009 , Feist appeared in a short film directed by Broken Social Scene bandmate Kevin Drew that focused on her song `` The Water . '' Feist appears alongside Cillian Murphy and David Fox in the silent role of `` Mother . '' This film was streamed from Pitchfork.com for a week starting on 2 March 2009 . In an interview with the site , Feist described the experience of being in this movie as `` watching a movie while being in a movie . '' Metals ( 2007 - 2013 ) ( edit ) In 2007 , Feist was placed No. 9 on Spinner. com 's 2007 Women Who Rock Right Now . and named both Spin 's and Blender 's Breakout Artist of the Year . After taking Bob Wiseman on the road as her opening act in Europe she acted in his video Who Am I and joined him on drums for You Do n't Love Me , both of which are visible on YouTube . Feist was photographed by Annie Leibovitz for the November 2007 issue of Vanity Fair as part of a photo essay on folk music . On 3 November that year , she performed `` 1234 '' and `` I Feel It All '' on Saturday Night Live . Feist live at the Festival d'été de Québec 2008 ( Québec , Canada ) Feist was on the cover of the Spring 2008 edition of Naked Eye . On 28 April , Feist was interviewed by Stephen Colbert . At the end of the show she performed `` I Feel It All , '' while Colbert donned Feist 's blue , sequined , strapless jumpsuit from the `` 1234 '' video . Feist joined Colbert again on his first - ever Christmas special , A Colbert Christmas : The Greatest Gift of All ! , which first aired on 23 November 2008 . She played an angel working for Heaven 's overloaded phone ( prayer ) service . She also accompanied the Disko Bay Expedition of Cape Farewell . On 20 October 2008 , she told The Canadian Press that , following the success of her last album , The Reminder , she felt she needed to step away from the pressures of the music industry to consider her next career move and `` rest for a minute '' . In March 2009 , it was announced that she would make a guest appearance on the track `` You and I '' on Wilco 's seventh album . In 2009 , Feist was featured in the CTV television film `` My Musical Brain '' with neuroscientist and writer Daniel Levitin , based on Levitin 's bestselling book This Is Your Brain on Music . Feist collaborated with Brooklyn band Grizzly Bear on the song `` Service Bell '' for the AIDS charity the Red Hot Organization . This song appears on Red Hot 's album Dark Was the Night , and she joined the band in June 2009 during their Toronto show to sing this song and contribute backing vocals to the song `` Two Weeks . '' She also collaborated with Ben Gibbard on a cover of Vashti Bunyan 's `` Train Song '' for the same Dark Was the Night album . In June 2009 , she re-joined Broken Social Scene at a North by Northeast performance celebrating the launch of the band 's biography entitled This Book Is Broken , in which she is prominently featured . This contradicted various rumors saying that it was unlikely Feist would ever play with the band again ; this was the first of several appearances with BSS . She performed with Broken Social Scene during their concert of 11 July 2009 at Toronto 's Harbourfront Centre , singing and playing guitar through most of the concert , as well as performing a medley of her solo songs with Kevin Drew and his solo songs . The concert was filmed by director Bruce Macdonald and released as This Movie Is Broken . She sings on Broken Social Scene 's most recent album Forgiveness Rock Record . She performed with the band again in June 2010 on Olympic Island , and at the Sound Academy in Toronto on 9 and 10 December 2010 . Feist joined Beck , Wilco , Jamie Lidell and James Gadson in a Los Angeles studio covering Skip Spence 's Oar as part of Beck 's Record Club series , with videos appearing on Beck 's website beginning November 2009 . She also contributed vocals on Constant Companion the second album from Canadian songwriter Doug Paisley . Feist sings on the tracks `` What I Saw '' and the duet `` Do n't Make Me Wait '' . The album was released 12 October 2010 . Her song `` Limit to Your Love '' was covered by British post-dubstep artist James Blake and later remixed as a dubstep track by Benny Benassi and played to high acclaim at the 2011 Ultra Music Festival . On 7 July 2011 , Feist with Radiohead 's Colin Greenwood , Air 's Nicolas Godin , The Hotrats and Soap&Skin performed The Velvet Underground and Nico 's `` Femme Fatale '' at an all - star gig `` The Velvet Underground Revisited '' which took place in Cité de la Musique , Paris . Her album Metals was released on 30 September 2011 . Collaborators include Valgeir Sigurðsson , Chilly Gonzales , and Mocky . The album received widespread acclaim from music critics . It achieved an overall rating of 7.6 / 10 at AnyDecentMusic ? based on 32 reviews . At Coachella , 2012 In 2012 , Feist plans to cover a song from the progressive metal band Mastodon , with Mastodon also covering Feist , and release both songs on a split 7 '' on Record Store Day . They also released a crossfading interactive video for the song ' A Commotion ' . Feist also has a cameo in the 2011 movie The Muppets . In 2012 , she wrote the song `` Fire in the Water '' exclusively for the film The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 2 . The song was played when Edward and Bella are intimate in their cottage , and has been well received by critics . Her song `` The Water '' was covered on American jazz violinist Zach Brock 's 2012 album Almost Never Was . On 14 January 2013 , it was announced Feist would headline , along with labelmate Broken Social Scene , the Arts & Crafts Field Trip Music Festival to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Arts & Crafts . Look at What the Light Did Now ( 2013 - present ) ( edit ) In September 2010 , Feist announced through her website the release of a documentary film about the creative process of making of The Reminder , called Look at What the Light Did Now . It was directed by Canadian film director Anthony Seck and was shot on Super 8 mm film . The film was released on DVD in December 2010 , and a limited series of screenings were conducted including a Toronto screening at the Royal Ontario Museum , which featured a post-film interview of Feist by George Stroumboulopoulos . The film focuses on the recording of The Reminder as well as the development of the tour through puppetry and projection . The film includes interviews with band member Afie Jurvanen ; producer Chilly Gonzales ; Broken Social Scene bandmates Kevin Drew and Andrew Whiteman ; and video director Patrick Daughters . Bonus materials on the DVD include `` This One Jam '' , an early performance of Feist with Gonzales at Trash Club ; live performances from the Reminder tour ; and two short films : `` The Water '' starring Feist and `` Departures '' starring Kevin Drew and based on an idea by Feist . A CD is also included that contains the documentary soundtrack ( tracks from The Reminder re-interpreted and performed by Gonzales ) , live performances by Feist , as well as two versions of the title track , `` Look at What the Light Did Now '' , one of which was recorded as a duet with the song 's writer , American musician Kyle Field . In April 2017 , Feist released Pleasure , preceding it with the release of the title track `` Pleasure '' as a single in March 2017 . On April 27 , 2017 she introduced the album ( a day ahead of its release ) at Trinity St. Paul , Toronto , before an adoring crowd . She performed the entire content of the album ( in reverse order ) as well as some of her earlier work including , `` I Feel It All '' . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Feist discography Monarch ( 1999 ) Let It Die ( 2004 ) The Reminder ( 2007 ) Metals ( 2011 ) Pleasure ( 2017 ) Filmography ( edit ) List of television and films credits Year Title Role Notes 2007 Departures Herself Is in the process of filming the video for `` My Moon My Man '' ; does not speak 2007 Saturday Night Live Herself `` Brian Williams / Feist '' ( Season 33 , Episode 4 ) 2008 Sesame Street Herself `` The Golden Triangle of Destiny '' ( Season 39 , Episode 1 ) 2008 A Colbert Christmas : The Greatest Gift of All ! Angel / Herself 2009 The Musical Brain Herself Documentary 2009 In the Corner . Herself Documentary 2009 Burning Ice Herself Documentary 2009 Love Shines Herself Documentary 2009 The Water The Mother Ivory Tower Unknown Look at What The Light Did Now Herself 2011 The Muppets Smalltown Resident Performs `` Life 's A Happy Song '' with Jason Segel , Amy Adams , `` Walter '' ( Peter Linz ) , and Mickey Rooney 2017 Legion Soundtrack `` The Undiscovered First '' ( Season 1 , Episode 4 ) Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Feist See also ( edit ) Music of Canada portal Music of Canada Canadian rock List of Canadian musicians List of bands from Canada Category : Canadian musical groups Mononymous persons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Costa , Maddy ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Feist : Review -- Royal Albert Hall , London '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 October 2012 ... They are a band in their own right , Mountain Man : Feist leaves them alone to sing one of their own songs and she is almost upstaged , ... Jump up ^ `` A Completely Biased Ranking of the 60 Best Canadian Indie Rock Songs of the 00s Part II '' . Vice , Cam Lindsay Apr 10 2017 Jump up ^ hermesauto ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) . `` The Esplanade 's Mosaic Series returns with Feist , Shugo Tokumaru '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Feist returns to New Zealand for one - off show '' . Stuff . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Feist and Mastodon release crossfading interactive new video '' . The Line of Best Fit. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bain , Becky ( 2 April 2012 ) . `` Juno Awards 2012 : Feist , Drake And Justin Bieber Win Big Music News , Reviews , and Gossip on '' . Idolator.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Stren , Olivia ( July 2007 ) . `` Dream girl '' . Toronto Life . 41 ( 7 ) : 58 -- 62 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ In an appearance on The Colbert Report on 28 April 2008 , Feist joked that she is a dual citizen and holds a U.S. passport , having been offered American citizenship `` as part of the iPod deal . '' Jump up ^ `` Transcript of episode 4056 of The Colbert Report '' . Nofactzone.net. 28 April 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kicking off the 2017 - 18 Taylor Centre Concert Series at MRU '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Citranglo , Christie . `` Broken Social Scene : Back at it again '' . Ithaca Times . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Feist Inside and Out '' . Toronto Star , April 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Feist documentary to be released soon '' . Blogto.com. 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Kathryn ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` On my radar : Feist 's cultural highlights '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Everett - Green , Robert ( 9 February 2008 ) . `` Grammy girl : Feist '' . The Globe and Mail . pp. R1 , R19 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Feist ( 5 May 2005 ) . `` A Torch Singer with an ancient sound '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Berman , Stuart . This Book is Broken Jump up ^ Siddiqui , Tabassum . `` Feist Delights Interview '' . Exclaim.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Note : reader must define search parameter as `` Feist '' . Jump up ^ `` Feist gets big boost from little iPod '' . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ; `` The Best Top 10 Lists of the Year '' ; `` The 10 Best Songs '' ; Time magazine ; 24 December 2007 ; Page 39 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ( 9 December 2007 ) . `` ' ' Time ' ' magazine 's Top 10 Songs of 2007 at '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Agrell , Siri ( 16 July 2008 ) . `` Will Feist 's famous number be a monster hit with children ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . p . A1 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` TV '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Women who rock right now : Number 9 '' . spinner.com. 15 July 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Breakout of the Year : Feist '' . Spin. 4 January 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Of 's & Year 's - End Lists '' . idiomag. 19 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Meagher , John ( 21 December 2007 ) . `` Unforgettable : Feist '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Pupo , Mark ( 1 January 2008 ) . `` Feist Club '' . enRoute . Air Canada . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` F - ice - t goes to the land of Eist tomorrow '' . 24 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Feist to take a break from music News '' . Nme.Com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Feist to guest on Wilco album '' . idiomag. 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Broken Social Scene '' . Upfront . Harbourfront Centre . 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mazdawg . `` Beck 's Record Club draws Wilco , Feist , and others for Skip Spence remake '' Consequence of Sound `` . Consequenceofsound.net . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` LISTEN : Feist & Friends Cover Velvet Underground '' . SPIN. 16 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Listen : Feist Covers the Velvet Underground '' . Pitchfork. 16 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Amy ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Feist announces new album '' , Pitchfork.com . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews of Metals collated by AnyDecentMusic ? '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Feist and Mastodon to Release Split 7 '' . 29 November 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Arts & Crafts -- A&C Field Trip Festival Featuring Feist And Broken Social Scene GA Tickets on Sale Now Early Bird & VIP Sold Out '' . Arts-crafts.ca . Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Look at What The Light Did Now -- Feist '' . Listentofeist.com. 22 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Feist 's Return With Guitar - Driven New Song ' Pleasure ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Harper , Kate ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Peaches , Feist , Gonzales , Tiga in Indie Flick '' . CHARTattack . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Look at What the Light Did Now -- Feist '' . Listentofeist.com. 3 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leslie Feist . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Feist ( singer ) Official website Feist 's Arts & Crafts artist page Leslie Feist on IMDb Feist 's road to success Feist on Huffington Post -- Metals interview Awards and achievements Preceded by Michael Bublé Juno Award for New Artist of the Year 2005 Succeeded by Daniel Powter Preceded by Nelly Furtado Neil Young Juno Award for Artist of the Year 2008 2012 Succeeded by Sam Roberts Leonard Cohen Feist Studio albums Monarch ( Lay Your Jewelled Head Down ) ( 1999 ) Let It Die ( 2004 ) The Reminder ( 2007 ) Metals ( 2011 ) Pleasure ( 2017 ) Remix albums Open Season Singles `` Mushaboom '' `` One Evening '' `` Inside and Out '' `` Secret Heart '' `` My Moon My Man '' `` 1234 '' `` I Feel It All '' `` How Come You Never Go There '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Broken Social Scene By Divine Right Broken Social Scene Ohad Benchetrit Torquil Campbell Brendan Canning Jason Collett Evan Cranley John Crossingham Kevin Drew Ariel Engle Leslie Feist Sam Goldberg Jr . Emily Haines Marty Kinack Leon Kingstone Lisa Lobsinger Amy Millan David Newfeld Julie Penner Justin Peroff Elizabeth Powell Bill Priddle Charles Spearin Jason Tait Andrew Whiteman Studio albums Feel Good Lost You Forgot It in People Broken Social Scene Forgiveness Rock Record Hug of Thunder Compilations and EPs Live at Radio Aligre FM in Paris Bee Hives EP to Be You and Me Singles `` Stars and Sons / KC Accidental '' `` Cause = Time '' `` Ibi Dreams of Pavement ( A Better Day ) '' `` 7 / 4 ( Shoreline ) '' `` Fire Eye 'd Boy '' `` Forced to Love / All to All '' Featured singles Young Artists for Haiti , `` Wavin ' Flag '' Presents ... Spirit If ... Something for All of Us ... Related articles KC Accidental Metric Stars Feist Apostle of Hustle Do Make Say Think Land of Talk Reverie Sound Revue Cookie Duster The Love Crimes of Gillian Guess This Movie Is Broken Juno Award for Artist of the Year 2000s Shania Twain ( 2003 ) Sam Roberts ( 2004 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé ( 2006 ) Nelly Furtado ( 2007 ) Feist ( 2008 ) Sam Roberts ( 2009 ) 2010s K'naan ( 2010 ) Neil Young ( 2011 ) Feist ( 2012 ) Leonard Cohen ( 2013 ) Serena Ryder ( 2014 ) The Weeknd ( 2015 and 2016 ) Leonard Cohen ( 2017 ) Juno Award for Album of the Year ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000s 2000 : Alanis Morissette -- Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie 2001 : Barenaked Ladies -- Maroon 2002 : Diana Krall -- The Look of Love 2003 : Avril Lavigne -- Let Go 2004 : Sam Roberts -- We Were Born in a Flame 2005 : Billy Talent -- Billy Talent 2006 : Michael Bublé -- It 's Time 2007 : Nelly Furtado -- Loose 2008 : Feist -- The Reminder 2009 : Nickelback -- Dark Horse 2010s 2010 : Michael Bublé -- Crazy Love 2011 : Arcade Fire -- The Suburbs 2012 : Michael Bublé -- Christmas 2013 : Carly Rae Jepsen -- Kiss 2014 : Arcade Fire -- Reflektor 2015 : Leonard Cohen -- Popular Problems 2016 : The Weeknd -- Beauty Behind the Madness 2017 : Leonard Cohen -- You Want It Darker ( 1980 -- 1999 ) BNF : cb145773654 ( data ) GND : 135398843 ISNI : 0000 0000 8005 6004 LCCN : no2004102955 MusicBrainz : f463a056 - ae06 - 445b - bab2 - 449b11482bf2 SUDOC : 086264451 VIAF : 85607504 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feist_(singer)&oldid=845055849 '' Categories : 1976 births 20th - century Canadian singers 21st - century Canadian singers Living people Musicians from Calgary Musicians from Nova Scotia Canadian female guitarists Canadian singer - songwriters Canadian people of American descent Female rock singers Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Artist of the Year winners People from Sackville , New Brunswick People from Cumberland County , Nova Scotia Canadian indie rock musicians Arts & Crafts Productions artists Canadian indie pop musicians Broken Social Scene members Polaris Music Prize winners People from Amherst , Nova Scotia Canadian female pop singers 20th - century Canadian guitarists 21st - century Canadian guitarists Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Adult Alternative Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year winners Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year winners 20th - century Canadian drummers 21st - century Canadian drummers 20th - century Canadian pianists 21st - century Canadian pianists Canadian banjoists 20th - century women musicians 21st - century women musicians 21st - century women singers Winners of the Shortlist Music Prize Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2015 BLP articles lacking sources from February 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 01 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the 4 song on sesame street	[ "Feist performed an alternate version of \"1234\" on Sesame Street during its 39th season (2008), teaching children to count to the number four.[24] She said working with the Muppets was a career highlight.[25]" ]	[ "Feist" ]
7186468786149907870	Sentence spacing in language and style guides	Sentence spacing in language and Style guides - wikipedia Sentence spacing in language and Style guides Main article : Sentence spacing Sentence spacing guidance is provided in many language and style guides . The majority of style guides that use a Latin - derived alphabet as a language base now prescribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding punctuation of a sentence . Contents 1 Background 2 Language guides 3 International style guides 4 U.S. government style guides 5 General and academic style guides 6 Scientific style guides 6.1 APA style 6.2 Other scientific style guides 7 Legal style guides 8 Professional style guides 9 Other style guides 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Citations 11.2 Sources 12 External links Background ( edit ) Historical style guides before the 20th century typically indicated that wider spaces were to be used between sentences . Standard word spaces were about one - third of an em space , but sentences were to be divided by a full em - space . With the arrival of the typewriter in the late 19th century , style guides for writers began diverging from printer 's manuals , indicating that writers should double - space between sentences . This held for most of the 20th century until the computer began replacing the typewriter as the primary means of creating text . In the 1990s , style guides reverted to recommending a single - space between sentences . However , instead of a slightly larger sentence space , style guides simply indicated a standard word space . This is now the convention for publishers . Style guides are important to writers since `` virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication . '' Comprehensive style guides , such as the Oxford Style Manual in the United Kingdom and style guides developed by the American Psychological Association , and the Modern Language Association in the United States , provide standards for a wide variety of writing , design , and English language topics -- such as grammar , punctuation , and typographic conventions -- and are widely used regardless of profession . Many style guides do not provide guidance on sentence spacing . In some cases , the spacing of the volume or work itself provides an indication on the recommendation for usage of sentence spacing . A lack of guidance on sentence spacing is also notable for style guides in languages which did not adopt double sentence spacing to accommodate the mechanical limitations of the typewriter , and which conform to the current convention for published work , single sentence spacing . Most language guides for languages with prescriptive guidance provided by an academy also do not provide advice on sentence spacing . Language guides ( edit ) Some languages have academies that set language rules . Their publications typically address orthography and grammar as opposed to matters of typography . Style guides are less relevant for these languages since their academies set prescriptive rules . For example , the Académie française publishes the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française for French speakers worldwide Although the 1992 edition does not provide guidance on sentence spacing , its text is single sentence spaced throughout -- consistent with historical French spacing . The German language manual Empfehlungen des Rats für Deutsche Rechtschreibung , or `` Recommendations of the Council for German Orthography '' ( 2006 ) , does not address sentence spacing . However , the manual itself uses one space after terminal punctuation . This is likely because the double - space convention was not prescribed in historical German language guides . Additionally , the Duden , the German language dictionary most commonly used in Germany , indicates that double sentence spacing is an error . The Duden was the primary orthography and style guide dictionary in Germany until the German orthography reform of 1996 created a multinational council for German orthography for German - speaking countries -- composed of experts from Germany , Austria , Liechtenstein and Switzerland . The current version of the Duden reflects the most recent opinions of this council . The Spanish language is similar . The most important body within the Association of Spanish Language Academies , the Real Academia Española , publishes the Diccionario de la Lengua Española , which is viewed as prescriptive for the Spanish language worldwide . The 1999 edition does not provide sentence spacing guidance , but is itself single sentence - spaced . International Style guides ( edit ) The European Union 's Interinstitutional Style Guide indicates that single sentence spacing is to be used in all European Union publications , encompassing 23 languages . For the English language , the European Commission 's English Style Guide states that sentences are always single - spaced . The Style Manual : For Authors , Editors and Printers ( 2007 ) , first published in 1966 by the Commonwealth Government Printing Office of Australia , stipulates that only one space is used after `` sentence - closing punctuation '' , and that `` Programs for word processing and desktop publishing offer more sophisticated , variable spacing , so this practice of double spacing is now avoided because it can create distracting gaps on a page . '' National languages not covered by an authoritative language academy typically have multiple style guides -- which may not all discuss sentence spacing . This is the case in the United Kingdom . However , the Oxford Style Manual ( 2003 ) and the Modern Humanities Research Association 's MHRA Style Guide ( 2002 ) , state that only single spacing should be used . In Canada , both the English and French language sections of the Canadian Style , A Guide to Writing and Editing ( 1997 ) , prescribe single sentence spacing . In the United States , many style guides -- such as The Chicago Manual of Style ( 2003 ) -- allow only single sentence spacing . A comprehensive style guide for general and academic use in Italy , Il Nuovo Manuale di Stile ( 2009 ) , does not address sentence spacing , but the Guida di Stile Italiano ( 2010 ) , the official guide for Microsoft translation , tells users to use single sentence spacing `` instead of the double spacing used in the United States '' . U.S. Government Style guides ( edit ) The U.S. Government Printing Office ( GPO ) was authorized by an act of Congress to `` determine the form and style of Government Printing '' . The official 1959 Style Manual specifically prescribed double spaces after concluding punctuation . It indicated that sentences should use the em space evenly when typeset , defining a double - space as a synonym for an em space . The 1967 edition , however , states that `` ( t ) o conform with trade practice , a single justification space ( close spacing ) will be used between sentences . '' The 2008 edition of the Government Printing Office 's ( GPO ) Style Manual is unequivocal in its guidance regarding this convention : `` A single justified word space will be used between sentences . This applies to all types of composition . '' General and academic Style guides ( edit ) The 2003 edition of the Oxford Style Manual combined the Oxford Guide to Style ( first published as Hart 's Rules in 1893 ) and the Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors ( `` defines the language of the entire English - speaking world , from North America to South Africa , from Australia and New Zealand to the Caribbean '' ) . It states , `` In text , use only a single word space after all sentence punctuation . '' The Chicago Manual of Style is a comprehensive and widely used style manual for American English writing , and has been called the `` standard of the book publishing industry '' . The 16th edition , published in 2010 , states , `` Like most publishers , Chicago advises leaving a single character space , not two spaces , between sentences ... and this recommendation applies to both the manuscript and the published work . '' Chicago provides further guidance as follows : Punctuation and space -- one space or two ? In typeset matter , one space , not two should be used between two sentences -- whether the first ends in a period , a question mark , an exclamation point , or a closing quotation mark or parenthesis . The Turabian Style , published as the Manual for Writers of Research Papers , Theses , and Dissertations , is widely used in academic writing . The 7th Edition , published in 2007 , stipulates that the use of periods , question marks , and exclamation points as `` terminal punctuation '' to end a sentence should be followed by a single space . Until the early 2000s , the Modern Language Association ( MLA ) left room for its adherents to single or double sentence space . In 2008 , it modified its position on sentence spacing to the following : In an earlier era , writers using a typewriter commonly left two spaces after a period , a question mark , or an exclamation point . Publications in the United States today usually have the same spacing after concluding punctuation marks as between words on the same line . Since word processors make available the same fonts used by typesetters for printed works , many writers , influenced by the look of typeset publications , now leave only one space after a concluding punctuation mark . In addition , some publishers ' guidelines for preparing a manuscript 's electronic files ask professional authors to type only the spaces that are to appear in print . Because it is increasingly common for manuscripts to be prepared with a single space after all concluding punctuation marks , this spacing is recommended and shown in the examples in this manual . Scientific Style guides ( edit ) APA Style ( edit ) The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , also known as APA style , is a widely used style guide that is favored by the social sciences in the United States . Although 2009 saw a number of changes and reversals for certain aspects of its style recommendations , the current guidance from the American Psychological Association ( APA ) as of July 2009 is a recommendation to use two spaces for draft manuscripts and work . This recommendation does not apply `` to the published , or final version , of a work '' , where the spacing convention is determined by the publication designer . Since U.S. publishers of print media typically use the single space convention , this means that drafts prepared with the double - space convention would be converted to the single space convention for final publication . The APA also notes , `` the usual convention for published works remains one space after each period '' , and that the practice of publishers removing extra spaces from a manuscript prior to publication `` is a routine part of the manuscript preparation process here at the APA '' . Other Scientific Style guides ( edit ) The 2006 edition of the Style Manual for Political Science , published by the American Political Science Association , states that `` One space , not two , should follow all punctuation that ends a sentence . '' The 2nd edition of the American Sociological Association Style Guide , published by the American Sociological Association ( ASA ) , provides guidance to use `` only one space after all punctuation -- periods and colons should not be followed by two spaces . '' Legal Style guides ( edit ) In the United States , there are a variety of legal writing style guides available . According to The Chicago Manual of Style , The Bluebook is the `` most widely used ( legal ) citation guide '' in the United States . The 2006 version of this guide to legal citations does not directly address spacing after the terminal punctuation of a sentence , although it does provide actual citation examples from court documents -- some of which are single - spaced and some of which are double sentence spaced . A key statement in this guide , which addresses possible preferential differences between courts that require document submissions , notes that `` Many state and federal courts promulgate local citation rules , which take precedence over Bluebook rules in documents submitted to those courts . '' Various other legal style guides provide non-committal positions on this topic , such as the 2006 version of the ALWD Citation Manual , which has been `` widely adopted by law - school writing courses '' . This guide provides limited coverage on punctuation , referring readers to other style manuals that prescribe single sentence spacing . The Guide to Legal Writing Style ( 2007 ) also does not directly address this topic . Some legal style guides do provide guidance on sentence spacing , such as the 2009 edition of the AP Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law , and the 2006 edition of The Redbook : A Manual on Legal Style -- both of which state that a single space follows terminal punctuation . The Redbook provides further details on the use of this convention : `` The custom during the reign of the typewriter was to insert two spaces between sentences '' due to the use by typewriters of monospaced fonts that are not effective at creating readable text . It indicates that users could continue the use of two spaces if using a typewriter `` or the Courier font '' , and espouses the advantages of widely available proportional fonts which are degraded by the use of two spaces after terminal punctuation . Of the legal style guides listed in this section , all use proportional fonts with a single space between sentences in their text . Professional Style guides ( edit ) A number of style guides exist to provide writing standards for various professions . For example , the 2009 edition of the Associated Press Stylebook calls for a single space following the terminal punctuation of a sentence . The Associated Press represents over 300 locations worldwide . For copyeditors , the 2nd edition of the Copyeditor 's Handbook : A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications , published in 2006 , states that users should `` delete any extra word spacing before or after punctuation marks '' and that `` The conventions are : One space follows a sentence - ending punctuation mark . '' Multiple style guides exist within the United States health care industry . The 10th Edition ( 2007 ) of the AMA Manual of Style is a comprehensive work which includes a separate section on typography . Although the manual does not provide specific guidance regarding sentence spacing , it provides examples of single - spaced journal pages used for American Medical Association ( AMA ) publications to show standard AMA elements of design . The 2007 edition ( 10th Ed. of the Health Professional 's Style Manual also does not directly address this topic -- referring users to specific style manuals such as The Chicago Manual of Style , the APA style manual , and the Elements of Style . The Gregg Reference Manual is a style manual intended for business professionals . The 1985 edition simply indicated that two spaces were to be used following terminal punctuation . The most recent edition , published in 2005 , provides detailed guidance for sentence spacing . Its general guidance indicates that , `` The standard for proportional fonts has always been the same : use only one space between the period and the start of the next sentence '' and `` now that the standards of desktop publishing predominate , the use of only one space after the period is quite acceptable with monospace fonts . '' However , although the author states that one space is correct in draft manuscripts for typesetting and most other instances , certain specific cases might benefit from additional space between sentences . For example , `` As a general rule , use one space at the end of a sentence , but switch to two spaces whenever you feel a stronger visual break between sentences is needed . '' The manual identifies specific instances when only one space is to be used between sentences such as `` If you are preparing manuscript on a computer and the file will be used for typesetting , use only one space and ignore the issue of visual appearance . '' The manual indicates that writers should also `` Use only one space if the text will have justified margins , '' and `` If the manuscript has already been typed with two spaces at the end of every sentence , use the Replace function to change two spaces to one space throughout . '' The author adds the caveat that in certain instances a writer may want to use two spaces between sentences . The examples given are : when one space `` may not provide a clear visual break between sentences '' , if an abbreviation is used at the end of a sentence , or when some very small proportional fonts ( such as 10 - point Times New Roman ) are used . The manual clearly places an emphasis on the use of white space to create a pleasing document by noting spacing rules that differ from current norms such as the use of two spaces before opening a parenthesis , after closing quotation marks , and after opening single quotation marks inside of sentences . There are a variety of guides used by screenwriters . Most works identify the Courier 12 - point font as the industry `` standard '' for manuscripts , such as the Screenwriter 's Bible : A Complete Guide to Writing , Formatting , and Selling Your Script . Some works on screenwriting -- such as Screenplay : Writing the Picture -- indicate that proportional fonts may be used though Courier is preferred . Moira Anderson Allen suggests that publishers are more interested in readable fonts as opposed to maintaining a monospaced font standard . All of these works illustrate single sentence spacing in their manuscript examples , regardless of font type . Other Style guides ( edit ) There are various works that provide design guidance for websites . The 2008 edition of the Web Style Guide does not discuss spacing after the terminal punctuation of a sentence , although it provides a chapter on typography . In this section , the authors assert `` the basic rules of typography are much the same for both web pages and conventional print documents . '' Although the guide does not specifically recommend against the use of monospaced fonts , only proportional fonts are presented as `` common screen fonts '' and those `` designed for the screen '' . Finally , although HTML ignores additional spacing after the terminal punctuation of a sentence , the authors caution against custom fonts and typefaces because most users ' browsers will default to a font defined by their operating system . A number of style guides do not provide guidance on this convention , especially those that are smaller in scope and rely on other , more comprehensive style guides to provide a framework . However , some of these style guides are well - known , including the 4th edition of Strunk and White 's The Elements of Style , a widely used general style guide , which is silent in reference to typography and spacing between sentences . Other U.S. style guides that do not address sentence spacing include , Scientific Style And Format : The CSE Manual for Authors , Editors , And Publishers , the AMA Manual of Style , the Wall Street Journal Essential Guide to Business Style and Usage ( 2002 ) , the New York Times Manual of Style and Usage , REA 's Handbook of English Grammar , Style , and Writing ( 2009 ) , and the American Sociological Society Style Guide ( 2007 ) . In the United Kingdom , the Economist Style Guide ( 2005 ) , Guardian Style Guide , and the Times Style Guide also provide no guidance on this topic . All of these guides themselves use single sentence spacing in their text . See also ( edit ) History of sentence spacing List of style guides Sentence spacing Sentence spacing in digital media Orphans and widows Style guides History of Western typography History of typography in East Asia References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fogarty , Mignon ( 2008 ) . Grammar Girl 's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing . New York : Holt Paperbacks . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8831 - 1 . ; Kristi Leonard ; et al. ( 1 February 2003 ) . `` The Effects of Computer - based Text Spacing on Reading Comprehension and Reading Rate '' . IVLA . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Fogarty , Mignon ( 2008 ) . Grammar Girl 's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing ( Quick and Dirty Tips ) . New York : Holt Paperbacks . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8831 - 1 . Jump up ^ University of Chicago Press 1911 The Chicago Manual of Style . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2005 . p. viii . Jump up ^ * Modern Language Association ( 15 January 2009 ) . `` How many spaces should I leave after a period or other concluding mark of punctuation ? '' . Modern Language Association . Archived from the original on 12 October 2006 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Felici 2003 . p. 81 ; Strizver 2010 ; Weiderkehr , Sarah ( 30 July 2009 ) . `` On Two Spaces Following a Period '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . ; Williams , Robin ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Thirteen Telltale Signs '' ( PDF ) . Adobe Magazine . Adobe . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . ; Williams 2003 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Dictionnaire de l'Académie française : Tome 1 , A-Enz ( Neuvieme ed . ) . Paris : Artheme Fayard. 1992 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7433 - 0407 - 2 . French is spoken in 57 countries and territories throughout the world , including Europe , North America , and Francophone Africa . Qu'est - ce que la Francophonie ? Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Rechtschreibung '' ( German Orthography ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Bibliographisches Institut AG . `` Über Duden '' . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Bibliographisches Institut AG . `` Duden -- Deutsche Sprache '' . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . The Duden was the primary orthography and language guide in Germany until the German orthography reform of 1996 created a multinational council for German orthography for German - speaking countries -- composed of experts from Germany , Austria , Liechtenstein and Switzerland . The current version of the Duden reflects the most recent opinions of this council . Jump up ^ Real Academia Española ( 1999 ) . Ortografía de la Lengua Española , Edición Revisasa por las Academias de la Lengua Española ( PDF ) . Real Academia Española . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 239 - 9250 - 8 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Publications Office of the European Union ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` Interinstitutional Style Guide '' . Europa . European Union . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . This manual is `` obligatory '' for all those in the EU who are involved in preparing EU documents and works ( 1 ) . It is intended to encompass 23 languages within the European Union ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ European Commission Directorate - General for Translation ( April 2010 ) . `` English Style Guide : A Handbook for Authors and Translators in the European Commission '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . p. 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Note in particular that ... stops (. ? ! : ;) are always followed by only a single ( not a double ) space . Jump up ^ John Wiley & Sons Australia ( 2007 ) . Style Manual : For Authors , Editors and Printers ( 6th ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons Australia . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7016 - 3648 - 7 . The Commonwealth is an organization of 54 English - speaking states worldwide . Jump up ^ Ritter , R.M. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Oxford Style Manual . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860564 - 5 . In text , use only a single word space after all sentence punctuation . ; Modern Humanities Research Association ( 2002 ) . MHRA Style Guide : A Handbook for Authors , Editors , and Writers of Theses . Leeds , UK : Maney Publishing . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 947623 - 62 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dundurn Press in co-operation with Public Works and the Government Services Canada Translation Bureau ( 1997 ) . The Canadian Style : A Guide to Writing and Editing . Toronto and Oxford : J. Kirk Howard . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 276 - 6 . ; `` The Canadian Style Online '' . Public Works and Government Services of Canada , The Translation Bureau , The Government of Canada 's terminology and linguistic data bank TERMIUM - Plus . 2010 . p. 293 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . 17.07 French Typographical Rules -- Punctuation : Adopt the following rules for spacing with punctuation marks . ( table ) Mark : Period , before : none , after : 1 space . Jump up ^ `` 2.12 : Line spacing and word spacing '' . The Chicago Manual of Style ( 15 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . 2003 . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10403 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . A single character space , not two spaces , should be left after periods at the ends of sentences ( both in manuscript and in final , published form ) ; `` 6.11 : Space between sentences '' . The Chicago Manual of Style ( 15 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . 2003 . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10403 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . In typeset matter , one space , not two ( in other words , a regular word space ) , follows any mark of punctuation that ends a sentence , whether a period , a colon , a question mark , an exclamation point , or closing quotation marks . ; `` 6.13 : Use of the period '' . The Chicago Manual of Style ( 15 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10403 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . A period marks the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence . It is followed by a single space Jump up ^ Lesina , Roberto ( 2009 ) . Il Nuovo Manuale di Stile : Guida alla Redazione di Documenti , Relazioni , Articoli , Manuali , Tesi di Laurea ( PDF ) ( 2.0 ed . ) . Zanichelli . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Preface : ( S ) tyle manual for academic papers , monographs , professional correspondence , theses , articles , etc . ( Prefazione : il manuala intende fornire una serie di indicazioni utili per la stesura di testi di carattere non inventive , quali per esempio manuali , saggi , monografie , relazioni professionali , tesi di laurea , articoli per riviste , ecc . ) The style guide itself is single sentence spaced . Jump up ^ Microsoft ( 2010 ) . `` Italian Style Guide : Microsoft Language Excellence '' . Microsoft Language Portal -- Style Guide Download ( 1.0 ed . ) . Microsoft . p. 4.1. 8 Punteggiatura . Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Assicurarsi ad esempio che tra la fine e l'inizio di due periodi separati da un punto venga usato un unico spazio prima della frase successiva , invece dei due spazi del testo americano ... A differenza di altre lingue , non va inserito nessuno spazio prima dei segni di punteggiatura ( Trans . `` Make sure that between two sentences separated by a period a single space is used before the second sentence , instead of the double spacing used in the United States ... Contrary to other languages , no space is to be added before punctuation marks . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual '' . 23 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office Style Manual ( 1959 ) , paragraph 2.36. 1 . Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office Style Manual , 1967 edition , 2.40 ( p. 11 ) . Jump up ^ Ritter , R.M. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Oxford Style Manual . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 51 , Inside cover , preface . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860564 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Manuscripts : Saving Time and Money 1 '' . The Copyeditor 's Desk : Editing , Proofreading , Indexing , Publication Consulting . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ University of Chicago Press , The Chicago Manual of Style 2003 . p. 61 . Jump up ^ University of Chicago Press , The Chicago Manual of Style 2010 . p. 308 . Jump up ^ Turabian , Kate L. ( 2007 ) . Booth , Wayne C. ; Colomb , Gregory G. ; Williams , Joseph M. , eds . A Manual for Writers of Research Papers , Theses , and Dissertations ( 7th ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 296 , 302 -- 303 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 82337 - 9 . Jump up ^ Modern Language Association 2008 . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Although earlier editions of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association provide for the use of a single space following the terminal punctuation of a sentence , the widely criticized 6th Edition , published in 2009 , changed the convention to two spaces . ( American Psychological Association , Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th Edition . American Psychological Association ISBN 978 - 1 - 4338 - 0561 - 5 . p. 88 . ) For the controversy surrounding the First Printing of the 6th edition of the APA 's Publication Manual , see , for example , Tara D. Hudson , `` The APA 's Reputation Management in the Wake of the Error - Laden 6th Edition of its Ubiquitous Publication Manual '' , ( 3 ) in Crisis ! Communication : Theories and Practice. 25 October 2009 . Accessed 31 January 2010. , and Customer Reviews : Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Sixth Edition , ( 4 ) Amazon.com . Accessed 31 January 2010 . Soon after the publication of the 6th Edition , the American Psychological Association published nineteen pages of corrections for academic papers online , ( see American Psychological Association , Corrected Sample Papers , ( 5 ) Accessed 31 January 2010 . ) as well as eight pages of online corrections called `` Errors in APA Style Rules '' prior to issuing a corrected second printing of the 6th Edition of the Publication Manual in late 2009 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association . `` Corrections to the First Printing of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , Sixth Edition ( July 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . p. 6 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association ( 29 June 2009 ) . `` APA Style : Who We Are '' . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Fogarty 2008 . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Sarah Weiderkehr ( 30 July 2009 ) . `` On Two Spaces Following a Period '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` APA Style Blog : Style experts from the American Psychological Association share tips and background about writing in APA style '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 31 January 2009 . ; The vacillations by the American Psychological Association have been criticized . See for example , Lloyd and Hallahan 2009 . `` The sixth edition ( American Psychological Association , 2009 ) features many changes from the one issued in 2001 ( let alone those issued earlier ) . Each time that the Manual changes , some of these academics wonder , `` Why the heck was that done ? '' ( ... ) The 2009 edition brings some sensible changes , and some that make folks scratch their aging heads . Principal among the head - scratching items is this one : Why , after requiring those of us who ( because we learned to type on typewriters using fixed - width fonts such as courier ) mastered hitting the space bar twice at the end of sentences and then learning to drop the extra space after the end - of - sentence punctuation ( see American Psychological Association , 1994 , 2001 ) , are we now directed to reintroduce the additional space `` ? ( Video follows after the text ) Jump up ^ American Political Science Association ( August 2006 ) . `` Style Manual for Political Science '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ American Sociological Association Style Guide ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington D.C. : American Sociological Association . 1997 . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912764 - 29 - 0 . The ASA style guide encompasses all ASA publications including `` eight journals '' , `` various directories '' and other `` substantive , academic , teaching , and career publications '' ( i ) . Jump up ^ University of Chicago Press , Chicago Manual of Style 2003 . p. 728 . Jump up ^ Columbia Law Review ; Harvard Law Review ; University of Pennsylvania Law Review ; Yale Law review , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation . Massachusetts : The Harvard Law Review Association . p. v . Jump up ^ ALWD & Darby Dickerson ( 2006 ) . ALWD Citation Manual ( 3d ed . ) . New York : Aspen Publishers . pp. 7 , 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 5571 - 6 . ; University of Chicago Press , The Chicago Manual of Style 2003 . p. 728 . Jump up ^ ALWD 2006 . pps. 7 , 9 . The AWLD Citation Manual refers users to the United States Government Office Style Manual , The Chicago Manual of Style ... or The Redbook : A Manual on Legal Style for `` additional guidance on matters of style , punctuation and other writing conventions '' . These three style guides all indicate that a single space is proper between sentences . Jump up ^ LeClerq , Terri ( 2007 ) . Guide to Legal Writing Style ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Aspen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 6837 - 2 . Jump up ^ Christian , Darrell ; Jacobsen , Sally ; Minthorn , David , eds. ( 2009 ) . The AP Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law ( 44th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Basic Books . p. 361 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01262 - 6 . The AP Stylebook indicates that adherents should `` Use a single space after a period at the end of a sentence . '' Garner 2006 . p. 83 . The Redbook directs users to use `` one space between words and one space after punctuation marks ( including colons and periods ) '' . Jump up ^ Garner 2006 . p. 83 . Jump up ^ The only exceptions , as noted , are the actual citation examples in the Bluebook , some of which are double - spaced . Jump up ^ Associated Press 2009 . p. 361 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1 March 2010 ) . `` Associated Press : Facts & Figures '' . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Einsohn 2006 . pps. 113 . Jump up ^ American Medical Association ( 2007 ) . AMA Manual of Style : A Guide for Authors and Editors ( 10th ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 919 -- 920 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517633 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fondiller 2007 . p. 135 . Jump up ^ Sabin , William A. ( 1985 ) . The Gregg Reference Manual ( 6th ed . ) . United States : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 054399 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sabin 2005 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Sabin 2005 . p. 5 -- 6 , 10 , 12 -- 13 , 91 . Jump up ^ Sabin 2005 . p. 5 - 6 , 10 , 12 - 13 , 91 . Jump up ^ Trotter 1998 . p. 112 . `` Here 's what is wanted : A good old fashioned PICA ( for typewriters ) or Courier 12 - point , 10 - pitch font with a ragged right margins ... All of the examples in this format guidebook are in Courier so that they appear exactly the way they would appear in a script ... Why all the fuss over a font ? Because the 10 - pitch font is easier on the eyes of industry people who read dozens of scripts every week . It also retains the `` one page equals one minute screen time '' industry standard `` ; Trottier 2005 . p. 125 . Jump up ^ Russin 2003 . p. 17 . The authors also state that `` Courier 12 - point is preferred , although New York , Bookman , and Times will do . '' Jump up ^ Allen 2001 . `` Amazingly , people get into heated discussions over what types of fonts editors prefer . Some folks claim that all editors want manuscripts in Courier ( the font that looks like your typewriter font ) . Lately , some editors and writers have come to prefer Arial . So what do editors really want ? The truth is , most editors really do n't care , as long as the font is readable . ( I can state this with confidence , having done a survey of about 500 editors ; 90 % expressed `` no preference '' with regard to font . ) Very few editors will reject your manuscript because it happens to be in New Century Schoolbook , Palatino , or Times Roman . Generally , it 's best to use a 12 - point font size , and to choose a font that does n't ' squinch ' letters together too closely . The rationale for Courier dates back to the days when editors did an eyeball ' guesstimate ' of line lengths to determine exactly how much space a piece would fill in on the printed page . Courier is a ' fixed - space ' font , meaning that each letter takes up exactly the same amount of space . This made it easier to estimate how an article would appear when typeset . Today , however , very few editors need to do this ( or even remember that it was done ) . '' Jump up ^ Lynch , Patrick J. ; Horton , Sarah ( 2008 ) . Web Style Guide . New Haven & London : Yale University Press . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13737 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lynch and Horton 2008 . p. 219 . Jump up ^ Lynch and Horton 2008 . pps. 217 -- 218 . Users can force HTML to recognize the extra space by inputting a formula -- in the case of a double word space , by using the characters : `` ; ; '' . Character entity references in HTML 4 Jump up ^ Strunk , William ; White , E.B. ( 1999 ) . The Elements of Style ( 4th ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 31342 - 6 . Jump up ^ Council of Science Editors , Style Manual Committee ( 2006 ) . Scientific Style And Format : The CSE Manual for Authors , Editors , and Publishers ( 7th ed . ) . Reston , VA : Council of Science Editors . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9779665 - 0 - 9 . Jump up ^ American Medical Association ( 2007 ) . AMA Manual of Style : A Guide for Authors and Editors ( 10th ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517633 - 9 . Jump up ^ Martin , Paul R. , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Wall Street Journal Essential Guide to Business Style and Usage . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1295 - 3 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Allan M. ; Connoly , William G. ( 1999 ) . The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage ( Revised and Expanded ed . ) . New York : The New York Times . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 6388 - 5 . Jump up ^ Staff of REA ( 2009 ) . REA 's Handbook of English Grammar , Style , and Writing ( Revised ed . ) . Research and Education Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87891 - 552 - 1 . Jump up ^ American Sociological Association ( 2007 ) . American Sociological Society Style Guide ( 3rd ed . ) . American Sociological Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912764 - 30 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Economist Style Guide . London : Profile Books . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86197 - 916 - 2 . ; David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon ( eds . ) . `` The Guardian Style Guide '' ( PDF ) . Guardian Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ; The Times ( 2010 ) . `` The Times Style and Usage Guide '' . Times Newspapers Ltd . Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Sources ( edit ) Académie française ( 1992 ) . Dictionnaire de l'Académie française : Tome 1 , A-Enz ( Neuvieme ed . ) . Paris : Artheme Fayard . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7433 - 0407 - 2 . Allen , Moira Anderson ( 2001 ) . `` A Quick Guide to Manuscript Format '' . Writing-World.com . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . This article originally appeared on Inkspot . Editor of editor of Writing-World.com , the author has written more than 300 published articles . Her books on writing include ' Starting Your Career as a Freelance Writer ( 2003 , 2005 reprint ) ' , ' The Writer 's Guide to Queries , Pitches and Proposals ( 2001 ) ' and ' Writing to Win : The Colossal Guide to Writing Contests ( 2010 ) ' . Associated Press ( 2009 ) . The Associated Press Stylebook 2009 : Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law ( Forty - third ed . ) . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01262 - 6 . Allen , John ( March 2003 ) . `` The BBC News Styleguide '' ( PDF ) . BBC Training & Development . British Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . American Medical Association ( 2007 ) . AMA Manual of Style : A Guide for Authors and Editors ( 10th ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517633 - 9 . American Political Science Association Committee on Publications ( August 2006 ) . Style Manual for Political Science ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : American Political Science Association . ISBN 978 - 1 - 878147 - 33 - 2 . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . American Psychological Association ( 2010 ) . Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( 6th ed . ) . American Psychological Association . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4338 - 0561 - 5 . American Psychological Association ( July 2009 ) . `` Corrections to the First Printing of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , Sixth Edition '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . American Psychological Association . `` Corrected Sample Papers '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . American Sociological Association Style Guide ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington D.C. : American Sociological Association . 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912764 - 29 - 0 . Association of Legal Writing Directors ( ALWD ) & Darby Dickerson ( 2006 ) . ALWD Citation Manual ( 3d ed . ) . New York : Aspen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 5571 - 6 . Bibliographisches Institut AG ( 2010 ) . `` Über Duden '' . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Bibliographisches Institut AG ( 2010 ) . `` Duden -- Deutsche Sprache '' . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Christian , Darrell ; Jacobsen , Sally ; Minthorn , David , eds. ( 2009 ) . The AP Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law ( 44th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01262 - 6 . Dictionnaire de l'Académie française : Tome 1 , A-Enz ( Neuvieme ed . ) . Paris : Artheme Fayard. 1992 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7433 - 0407 - 2 . Einsohn , Amy ( 2006 ) . The Copyeditor 's Handbook : A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley , Los Angeles , London : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24688 - 1 . European Commission Directorate - General for Translation ( April 2010 ) . `` English Style Guide : A Handbook for Authors and Translators in the European Commission '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Felici , James ( 2003 ) . The Complete Manual of Typography . Berkeley , CA : Peachpit Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 12730 - 3 . Fogarty , Mignon ( 2008 ) . Grammar Girl 's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing . New York : Holt Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8831 - 1 . Fondiller , Shirley ; Nerone , Barbara J. ( 2007 ) . Health Professionals Style Manual . New York : Springer Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8261 - 0207 - 2 . Garner , Bryan A. ; Jeff Newman ; Tiger Jackson ( 2006 ) . The Redbook : A Manual on Legal Style ( 2nd ed . ) . Thompson West . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 16891 - 7 . LeClercq , Terri ( 2007 ) . Guide to Legal Writing Style ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : Aspen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 6837 - 2 . Lesina , Roberto ( 2009 ) . Il Nuovo Manuale di Stile : Guida alla Redazione di Documenti , Relazioni , Articoli , Manuali , Tesi di Laurea ( PDF ) ( 2.0 ed . ) . Zanichelli . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Lynch , Patrick J. ; Horton , Sarah ( 2008 ) . Web Style Guide . New Haven & London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13737 - 8 . Martin , Paul R. , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Wall Street Journal Essential Guide to Business Style and Usage . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1295 - 3 . David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon ( eds . ) . `` The Guardian Style Guide '' ( PDF ) . Guardian Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Modern Humanities Research Association ( 2002 ) . MHRA Style Guide : A Handbook for Authors , Editors , and Writers of Theses . Leeds , UK : Maney Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 947623 - 62 - 3 . Modern Language Association of America ( 2008 ) . MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Modern Language Association of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87352 - 297 - 7 . Modern Language Association ( 2009 ) . MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers ( 7th ed . ) . Modern Language Association of America . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60329 - 024 - 1 . Publications Office of the European Union ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` Interinstitutional Style Guide '' . Europa . European Union . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Real Academia Española ( 2001 ) . `` Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la Real Academia Española '' . Real Academia Española . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Ritter , R.M. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Oxford Style Manual . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860564 - 5 . Russin , Robin U. ; Downs , William M. ( 2003 ) . Screenplay , Writing the Picture . Silman - James Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 879505 - 70 - 4 . Sabin , William ( 2005 ) . The Gregg Reference Manual ( 10th Spiral - bound ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 293653 - 7 . Sambuchino , Chuck ; The Editors of Writer 's Digest Books ( 2009 ) . Formatting and Submitting your Manuscript ( 3rd ed . ) . Cincinnati , OH : Writer 's Digest Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58297 - 571 - 9 . Shushan , Ronnie ; Wright , Don ( 1989 ) . Desktop Publishing by Design . Redmond , WA : Microsoft Press . ISBN 978 - 1556151347 . Siegal , Allan M. ; Connoly , William G. ( 1999 ) . The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage ( Revised and Expanded ed . ) . New York : The New York Times . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 6388 - 5 . Stevenson , Jay ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Idiot 's Guide to Grammar and Punctuation : A Handy Reference to Resolve All Your Grammatical Problems . Alpha Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59257 - 393 - 6 . Strizver , Ilene . `` Double Spaces Between Sentences ... Not ! '' . U&lc : Upper and Lowercase Magazine Online : Issue 41.1. 1 . International Typeface Organization and Monotype Imaging . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Strunk , William ; White , E.B. ( 2008 ) . The Elements of Style ( 50th Anniversary ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 63264 - 0 . Style Manual Committee Council of Science Editors ( 2006 ) . Scientific Style and Format : The CSE Manual for Authors , Editors , and Publishers ( Seventh ed . ) . Reston , VA : The Council . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9779665 - 0 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) The Times ( 2010 ) . `` The Times Style and Usage Guide '' . Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Trottier , David ( 2005 ) . The Screenwriter 's Bible : A Complete Guide to Writing , Formatting , and Selling Your Script ( 4th ed . ) . Los Angeles : Silman James Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 879505 - 84 - 1 . Turabian , Kate L. ( 2007 ) . Booth , Wayne C. ; Colomb , Gregory G. ; Williams , Joseph M. , eds . A Manual for Writers of Research Papers , Theses , and Dissertations ( 7th ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 82337 - 9 . United States . ( 23 April 2009 ) . `` U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual '' . Archived from the original on 31 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . United States Government Printing Office Style Board ( 1967 ) . United States Government Printing Office Style Manual . Washington : Public Printer . United States . `` U.S. Navy Style Guide `` Punctuation '' `` . Retrieved 17 January 2010 . University of Chicago Press ( 1911 ) . Manual of Style : A Compilation of Typographical Rules Governing the Publications of The University of Chicago , with Specimens of Types Used at the University Press ( Third ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago . University of Chicago Press ( 2010 ) . Chicago Manual of Style : The Essential Guide for Writers , Editors , and Publishers ( 16th ed . ) . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10420 - 1 . Wiley , John , & Sons Australia ( 2007 ) . Style Manual : For Authors , Editors and Printers ( 6th ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7016 - 3648 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Williams , Robin ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Thirteen Telltale Signs '' ( PDF ) . Adobe Magazine . Adobe . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Williams , Robin ( 2003 ) . The Mac is Not a Typewriter : A Style Manual for Creating Professional - level Type on Your Macintosh ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley , CA : Peachpit Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 78263 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Caputo , Paul ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` The Great Space Debate : To Single - or Double - Space After a Period '' . Interpretation by Design . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon ( eds . ) . `` The Guardian Style Guide '' ( PDF ) . Guardian Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Fogarty , Mignon ( 31 July 2009 ) . `` How Many Spaces after a Period ? '' . Quick and Dirty Tips . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators . `` Punctuation : Spaces after Full Stops '' . Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Modern Language Association ( 15 January 2009 ) . `` How many spaces should I leave after a period or other concluding mark of punctuation ? '' . Modern Language Association . Archived from the original on 12 October 2006 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Rhodes , John S. ( 13 May 1999 ) . `` One Versus Two Spaces After a Period '' . WebWord.com . Archived from the original on 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . The Times ( 2010 ) . `` The Times Style and Usage Guide '' . Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . United States . ( 23 April 2009 ) . `` U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual '' . Archived from the original on 31 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . University of Chicago Press . `` One Space or Two ? '' . Chicago Manual of Style Online . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . Weiderkehr , Sarah ( 30 July 2009 ) . `` On Two Spaces Following a Period '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . 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3360205905051681844	List of Real Madrid C.F. records and statistics	List of Real Madrid CF Records and statistics - wikipedia List of Real Madrid CF Records and statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cristiano Ronaldo , pictured here in September 2011 , is Real Madrid 's all - time leading goalscorer with 420 goals in all competitions . Real Madrid C.F. is a Spanish professional association football club based in Madrid . The club was formed in 1902 as Madrid Football ' Club , and played its first competitive match on May 13 , 1902 , when it entered the semi-final of the Campeonato de Copa de S.M. Alfonso XIII. Real Madrid currently plays in the Spanish La Liga. Real Madrid was one of the founding members of La Liga in 1929 , and is one of three clubs , including FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao , never to have been relegated from the league . They have also been involved in European football ever since they became the first Spanish club to enter the European Cup in 1955 , except for the 1977 -- 78 and 1996 -- 97 seasons . This list encompasses the major honours won by Real Madrid and records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section includes details of the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first - team competitions . It also records notable achievements by Real Madrid players on the international stage , and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club . The club currently holds the record for the most European Cup / UEFA Champions League triumphs with 12 , and the most La Liga titles with 33 . Also Real Madrid is the most successful club in international titles with 24 more than any team in the world . The club 's record appearance maker is Raúl , who made 741 appearances from 1994 to 2010 ; the club 's record goalscorer is Cristiano Ronaldo , who has 420 goals in all competitions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players 1.1 Appearances 1.1. 1 Others 1.2 Goalscorers 1.2. 1 By competition 1.2. 2 In a single season 1.2. 3 In a single match 1.2. 4 Others 1.2. 5 Historical goals 1.3 Internationals 1.4 Award winners 1.5 Transfers 1.5. 1 Highest transfer fees paid 1.5. 2 Highest transfer fees received 2 Managerial records 3 Team records 3.1 Matches 3.1. 1 Record wins 3.1. 2 Record defeats 3.1. 3 Streaks 3.2 Wins / draws / losses in a season 3.3 Goals 3.4 Points 4 Season - by - season performance 5 Footnotes 6 References Players ( edit ) See also : List of Real Madrid C.F. players Appearances ( edit ) Competitive , professional matches only . Bold indicates player is still active at club level . As of 14 December 2017 Name Years League Cup Europe Other Total Raúl 1994 -- 2010 550 37 132 22 741 Iker Casillas 1999 -- 2015 510 40 152 23 725 Manuel Sanchís 1983 -- 2001 523 67 100 20 710 Carlos Santillana 1971 -- 1988 461 84 87 13 645 5 Fernando Hierro 1989 -- 2003 439 43 103 16 601 5 Francisco Gento 1953 -- 1971 428 74 95 601 7 José Camacho 1973 -- 1989 414 61 90 12 577 8 Pirri 1964 -- 1980 417 67 75 561 9 Míchel 1981 -- 1996 404 53 88 14 559 10 Sergio Ramos 2005 -- present 377 51 108 7 543 Others ( edit ) Player with most major trophies with Real Madrid : 23 Francisco Gento Youngest first - team player : 7003600100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 157 days -- Martin Ødegaard v Getafe CF , 2014 -- 15 La Liga , 23 May 2015 Oldest post-Second World War player : 7004141130000000000 ♠ 38 years , 233 days -- Ferenc Puskás v Sevilla , 1965 -- 66 La Liga , 21 November 1965 Most appearances in La Liga : 550 -- Raúl Most appearances in Copa del Rey : 84 -- Carlos Santillana Most appearances in Copa de la Liga : 12 Carlos Santillana Ricardo Gallego Most appearances in Supercopa de España : 12 Raúl Iker Casillas Sergio Ramos Most appearances in International competitions : 162 -- Iker Casillas Most appearances in UEFA Club competitions : 157 -- Iker Casillas Most appearances in European competitions : 155 -- Iker Casillas Most appearances in UEFA Champions League : 152 -- Iker Casillas Most appearances in UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : 16 -- Gregorio Benito Most appearances in UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League : 44 Míchel Most appearances in UEFA Super Cup : 3 Raúl González Roberto Carlos Iker Casillas Dani Carvajal Sergio Ramos Karim Benzema Luka Modrić Marcelo Isco Most appearances in Intercontinental Cup : 3 Pachín Fernando Hierro Raúl González Roberto Carlos Most appearances in FIFA Club World Cup : 6 Cristiano Ronaldo Marcelo Karim Benzema Raphaël Varane Most appearances as a foreign player in all competitions : 527 -- Roberto Carlos Most appearances as a foreign player in La Liga : 370 -- Roberto Carlos Most consecutive League appearances : 171 -- Alfredo Di Stéfano -- from September 27 , 1953 at February 22 , 1959 is 7003197400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 148 days Includes all European club competitive competitions , Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . Includes all European club competitive competitions and Intercontinental Cup . Includes European Cup / UEFA Champions League , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League , UEFA Super Cup and UEFA Intertoto Cup . Goalscorers ( edit ) Competitive , professional matches only . Appearances , including substitutes , appear in brackets . As of 22 November 2017 # Name Years League Cup Europe Other Total Ratio Cristiano Ronaldo 2009 -- present 289 ! 289 ( 277 ) 022 ! 22 ( 30 ) 099 ! 99 ( 94 ) 012 ! 12 ( 15 ) 999 ! 422 ( 416 ) 1.01 Raúl 1994 -- 2010 228 ! 228 ( 550 ) 018 ! 18 ( 37 ) 066 ! 66 ( 132 ) 011 ! 11 ( 22 ) 323 ! 323 ( 741 ) 0.44 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1953 -- 1964 216 ! 216 ( 282 ) 040 ! 40 ( 50 ) 049 ! 49 ( 58 ) 003 ! 3 ( 6 ) 308 ! 308 ( 396 ) 0.78 Carlos Santillana 1971 -- 1988 186 ! 186 ( 461 ) 049 ! 49 ( 84 ) 047 ! 47 ( 87 ) 007 ! 8 ( 13 ) 290 ! 290 ( 645 ) 0.45 5 Ferenc Puskás 1958 -- 1966 156 ! 156 ( 180 ) 049 ! 49 ( 41 ) 035 ! 35 ( 39 ) 002 ! 2 ( 2 ) 240 ! 242 ( 262 ) 0.92 6 Hugo Sánchez 1985 -- 1992 164 ! 164 ( 207 ) 019 ! 19 ( 32 ) 023 ! 23 ( 39 ) 002 ! 2 ( 4 ) 208 ! 208 ( 282 ) 0.74 7 Karim Benzema 2009 -- present 123 ! 123 ( 253 ) 015 ! 15 ( 33 ) 041 ! 41 ( 78 ) 005 ! 5 ( 15 ) 185 ! 185 ( 384 ) 0.48 8 Francisco Gento 1952 -- 1970 126 ! 126 ( 428 ) 022 ! 22 ( 74 ) 030 ! 30 ( 95 ) 004 ! 4 ( 4 ) 182 ! 182 ( 601 ) 0.3 9 Pirri 1964 -- 1979 123 ! 123 ( 417 ) 025 ! 25 ( 67 ) 023 ! 23 ( 75 ) 001 ! 1 ( 2 ) 172 ! 172 ( 561 ) 0.31 10 Emilio Butragueño 1983 -- 1995 123 ! 123 ( 341 ) 016 ! 16 ( 39 ) 027 ! 27 ( 75 ) 005 ! 5 ( 8 ) 171 ! 171 ( 463 ) 0.37 By competition ( edit ) Most goals scored in all competitions : 422 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in La Liga : 289 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in Copa del Rey : 49 Ferenc Puskás , 1958 -- 1966 Carlos Santillana , 1971 -- 1988 Most goals scored in Copa de la Liga : 7 -- Carlos Santillana , 1971 -- 1988 Most goals scored in Supercopa de España : 7 -- Raúl González , 1994 -- 2010 Most goals scored in International competitions : 107 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in European competitions : 101 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in European Cup : 49 -- Alfredo Di Stéfano , 1953 -- 1964 Most goals scored in UEFA Champions League : 99 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : 11 -- Carlos Santillana , 1971 -- 1988 Most goals scored in UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League : 15 -- Carlos Santillana , 1971 -- 1988 Most goals scored in UEFA Super Cup : 2 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in Intercontinental Cup : 2 -- Ferenc Puskás , 1958 -- 1966 Most goals scored in FIFA Club World Cup : 6 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Includes all European club competitive competitions , Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . Includes European Cup / UEFA Champions League , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League , UEFA Super Cup and UEFA Intertoto Cup . In a single season ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season in all competitions : 61 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2014 -- 15 Most goals scored in a single La Liga season : 48 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2014 -- 15 Most goals scored in a single Copa del Rey season : 15 -- Ferenc Puskás , 1960 -- 61 Most goals scored in a single Copa de la Liga season : 4 -- Carlos Santillana , 1982 -- 83 Most goals scored in a single European Cup season : 12 -- Ferenc Puskás , 1959 -- 60 Most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League season : 17 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2013 -- 14 Most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League group stage : 11 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2015 -- 16 Most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League knockout stage : 10 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2016 -- 17 Most goals scored in a single UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup season : 8 -- Carlos Santillana , 1982 -- 83 In a single match ( edit ) Most goals scored in a League match : 5 Manuel Alday v Espanyol , 28 February 1943 Antonio Alsúa v Castellón , 2 February 1947 Miguel Muñoz v Lleida , 30 January 1951 Pepillo v Elche , 7 February 1960 Ferenc Puskás v Elche , 22 January 1961 Fernando Morientes v Las Palmas , 9 February 2002 Cristiano Ronaldo v Granada , 5 April 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo v Espanyol , 12 September 2015 Most goals scored in a Copa del Rey match : 6 Benguría v Extremeño , 6 March 1927 Ferenc Puskás v Real Betis , 18 June 1961 Most goals scored in a Copa de la Liga match : 3 Carlos Santillana v Real Zaragoza , 22 June 1983 Most goals scored in a Supercopa de España match : 3 Raúl González v Zaragoza , 2001 Supercopa de España , 22 August 2001 Most goals scored in a European Cup match : 4 Ferenc Puskás , v Eintracht Frankfurt , Final 1959 -- 60 , and v Feyenoord , Preliminary round 1965 -- 66 Alfredo Di Stéfano , v Sevilla , Quarter - final 1957 -- 58 , and v Wiener Sport - Club , Quarter - final 1958 -- 59 Hugo Sánchez v Swarovski Tirol , Second round 1990 -- 91 Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League match : 4 Cristiano Ronaldo v Malmö , Group Stage 2015 - 16 Most goals scored in a UEFA Super Cup match : 2 Cristiano Ronaldo v Sevilla , 2014 UEFA Super Cup , 12 August 2014 Most goals scored in an Intercontinental Cup match : 2 Ferenc Puskás v Peñarol , 1960 Intercontinental Cup , 4 September 1960 Most goals scored in a FIFA Club World Cup match : 3 Cristiano Ronaldo v Kashima Antlers , 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Final , 18 December 2016 Others ( edit ) Youngest goalscorer : 7003632300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 114 days -- Alberto Rivera v Celta de Vigo , 1994 -- 95 La Liga , 10 June 1995 Oldest post-Second World War goalscorer : -- 7004141130000000000 ♠ 38 years , 233 days Ferenc Puskás v Sevilla FC , 1965 -- 66 La Liga , 21 November 1965 Most goals scored in European Cup Finals : 7 Ferenc Puskás , four in 1960 and three in 1962 . Alfredo Di Stéfano , one in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 and three in 1960 Fastest goal : 12 seconds -- Iván Zamorano v Sevilla FC , 1994 -- 95 La Liga , 3 September 1994 14 seconds -- Ronaldo v Atlético Madrid , 2003 -- 04 La Liga , 3 December 2003 Fastest hat - trick : 8 minutes Pepillo II v Real Sociedad , 1959 -- 60 La Liga , 10 April 1960 . Cristiano Ronaldo v Granada , 2014 -- 15 La Liga , 5 April 2015 Fastest four goals : 20 minutes -- Cristiano Ronaldo v Malmö FF , 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League , 8 December 2015 Fastest five goals : 39 minutes -- Pepillo II v Elche CF , 1959 -- 60 La Liga , 7 February 1960 . Most hat - tricks in all competitions : 42 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- Present Most hat - tricks in La Liga : 32 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- Present Most hat - tricks in a single season : 8 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2014 -- 15 ( All in La Liga -- once with four goals and once with five goals -- ) . Historical goals ( edit ) Goal Name Date Match 1st ever Arthur Johnson 13 May 1902 Barcelona 3 -- Real Madrid 1 1st in La Liga Jaime Lazcano 10 February 1929 Real Madrid 5 -- Europa 0 1st in European Cup Miguel Muñoz 8 September 1955 Servette 0 -- Real Madrid 2 1000th in La Liga Pahiño 5 November 1950 Athletic 2 -- Real Madrid 5 1000th in European Competition Karim Benzema 16 September 2014 Real Madrid 5 -- FC Basel 1 2000th in La Liga Francisco Gento 9 November 1963 Real Madrid 3 -- Pontevedra 1 3000th in La Liga Juanito 20 January 1982 Salamanca 1 -- Real Madrid 3 4000th in La Liga Iván Zamorano 22 December 1994 Valladolid 0 -- Real Madrid 5 5000th in La Liga Guti 14 September 2008 Real Madrid 4 -- Numancia 3 Internationals ( edit ) First international for Spain : Juan Monjardín , Spain v Portugal ( 17 December 1922 ) Most international caps ( total ) : 167 -- Iker Casillas , Spain Most international caps as a Real Madrid player : 162 -- Iker Casillas , Spain Most international goals ( total ) : 84 -- Ferenc Puskás , Hungary Most international goals as a Real Madrid player : 46 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , Portugal Award Winners ( edit ) Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 , 2016 -- ) The following players have won the Ballon d'Or while playing for Real Madrid : Alfredo Di Stéfano -- 1957 , 1959 Raymond Kopa -- 1958 Luís Figo -- 2000 Ronaldo -- 2002 Fabio Cannavaro -- 2006 Cristiano Ronaldo -- 2016 , 2017 FIFA World Player of the Year The following players have won the FIFA World Player of the Year award while playing for Real Madrid : Luís Figo -- 2001 Ronaldo -- 2002 Zinedine Zidane -- 2003 Fabio Cannavaro -- 2006 , FIFA Ballon d'Or The following players have won the FIFA Ballon d'Or while playing for Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo -- 2013 , 2014 The Best FIFA Men 's Player The following players have won the Best FIFA Men 's Player while playing for Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo -- 2016 , 2017 European Golden Shoe The following players have won the European Golden Shoe while playing for Real Madrid : Hugo Sánchez -- 1990 ( 38 goals ) Cristiano Ronaldo -- 2011 ( 40 goals ) , 2014 ( 31 goals ) and 2015 ( 49 goals ) UEFA Club Footballer of the Year The following players have won the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year award while playing for Real Madrid : Fernando Redondo -- 2000 Zinedine Zidane -- 2002 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award The following players have won the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award while playing for Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 - 18 Transfers ( edit ) Highest transfer fees paid ( edit ) Gareth Bale , signed in September 2013 from Tottenham Hotspur F.C. for £ 85.3 million , became Real Madrid 's most expensive purchase . Real Madrid 's record signings are Gareth Bale and Cristiano Ronaldo . Bale , who signed for the club from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee which according to media reports is £ 85.3 million in September 2013 . Ronaldo , who signed from Manchester United for a fee of £ 80 million in July 2009 . Player From Transfer Fee ( £ millions ) Transfer Fee ( € millions ) Date Ref Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur £ 85.3 € 100 September 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United £ 80 € 94 June 2009 James Rodríguez Monaco £ 63 € 78 July 2014 Kaká Milan £ 56 € 67 June 2009 5 Zinedine Zidane Juventus £ 45 € 77.5 July 2001 6 Luís Figo Barcelona £ 37 € 62 July 2000 7 Ronaldo Inter £ 29 € 46 August 2002 8 Vinícius Júnior Flamengo £ 39.6 € 45 June 2017 9 David Beckham Manchester United £ 24.5 € 37.5 June 2003 10 Arjen Robben Chelsea £ 21 € 36 August 2007 Highest transfer fees received ( edit ) The club 's record sale came on 26 August 2014 , when they sold Ángel Di María to Manchester United for a British record fee of £ 59.7 million . Player To Transfer fee ( £ millions ) Transfer fee ( € millions ) Date Ref Ángel Di María Manchester United £ 59.7 € 75.6 August 2014 Álvaro Morata Chelsea £ 58.5 € 65.5 July 2017 Mesut Özil Arsenal £ 42.4 € 50 September 2013 Robinho Manchester City £ 32.5 € 42 September 2008 5 Gonzalo Higuaín Napoli £ 34.5 € 40 July 2013 6 Nicolas Anelka Paris Saint - Germain £ 22 € 34.5 July 2000 7 Danilo Manchester City £ 26.5 € 30 July 2017 8 Michael Owen Newcastle United £ 17 € 25.5 September 2005 9 Jesé Paris Saint - Germain £ 22.1 € 25 August 2016 10 Clarence Seedorf Inter £ 12 € 25 December 1999 Managerial records ( edit ) See also : List of Real Madrid C.F. managers First full - time manager : Arthur Johnson . Longest - serving manager by time : Miguel Muñoz -- 15 years in two spells from February 1959 to April 1959 and from April 1960 to January 1974 . Longest - serving manager by matches : Miguel Muñoz -- 604 matches . Team records ( edit ) See also : Football records in Spain Matches ( edit ) First competitive match : 1 -- 3 v Barcelona , 1902 Copa de la Coronación , ( Semi-final ) , 13 May 1902 First La Liga match : 5 -- 0 v CE Europa , 1929 La Liga , 10 February 1929 First match at Santiago Bernabéu : 3 -- 1 v Belenenses , 14 December 1947 First competitive match at Santiago Bernabéu : 3 -- 1 v Español , 1947 -- 48 La Liga , 18 December 1947 First Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes match : 3 -- 2 v La Salle , 1952 Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes , 13 July 1952 First Latin Cup match : 2 -- 0 v Belenenses , 1952 Latin Cup , ( Semi-final ) , 22 May 1955 First European Cup match : 2 -- 0 v Servette , 1955 -- 56 European Cup , ( Round 1 - First leg ) , 8 September 1955 First Intercontinental Cup match : 0 -- 0 v Peñarol , 1960 Intercontinental Cup , ( First leg ) , 3 July 1960 First UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup match : 0 -- 0 v Hibernians F.C. , 1970 -- 71 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , ( Round 1 - First leg ) , 17 September 1970 First UEFA Cup match : 2 -- 1 v Basel , 1971 -- 72 UEFA Cup , ( Round 1 - First leg ) , 15 September 1971 First UEFA Champions League match : 0 -- 1 v Ajax , 1995 -- 96 UEFA Champions League , ( Group stage ) , 13 September 1995 First UEFA Super Cup match : 0 -- 1 v Chelsea , 1998 UEFA Super Cup , 28 August 1998 First FIFA Club World Cup match : 3 -- 1 v Al - Nassr , 2000 FIFA Club World Championship , ( Group stage ) , 5 January 2000 Record wins ( edit ) Record League win : 11 -- 2 against Elche ( during the 1959 -- 60 La Liga ) . Record Cup win : 11 -- 1 against Barcelona ( during the 1942 -- 43 Copa del Rey ) . Record European win : 9 -- 0 against B 1913 ( during the 1961 -- 62 European Cup ) . Record home win : 11 -- 2 against Elche ( during the 1959 -- 60 La Liga ) . Record away win : 7 -- 1 against Real Zaragoza ( during the 1987 -- 88 La Liga ) . 8 -- 2 against Deportivo de La Coruña ( during the 2014 -- 15 La Liga ) . Record defeats ( edit ) Record League defeat : 1 -- 8 against Espanyol ( during the 1929 -- 1930 La Liga ) . Record Cup defeat : 0 -- 6 against Valencia ( during the 1998 -- 99 Copa del Rey ) . Record European defeat : 0 -- 5 against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern ( during the 1981 -- 82 UEFA Cup ) . 0 -- 5 against Milan ( during the 1988 -- 89 European Cup ) . Record home defeat : 0 -- 6 against Athletic Club ( during the 1930 -- 1931 La Liga ) . Record away defeat : 1 -- 8 against Espanyol ( during the 1929 -- 1930 La Liga ) . Barcelona vs Real Madrid 1926 15 - 1 Streaks ( edit ) Longest unbeaten run ( all major competitions ) : 40 matches ( from 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League quarter - finals first leg to day 16 2016 -- 2017 season ) . Longest unbeaten run ( League ) : 121 matches ( from 1956 -- 57 season , to 1964 -- 65 season ) . Longest winning streak ( all major competitions ) : 22 matches ( 2014 -- 15 season ) . Longest winning streak ( League ) : 16 matches ( from day 27 2015 -- 2016 season , to day 4 2016 -- 2017 season ) . Longest winning home streak ( League ) : 31 matches ( from day 36 1987 -- 88 season , to day 28 1988 -- 89 season ) . Longest winning away streak ( League ) : 13 matches ( from day 23 2016 -- 17 season , to day 8 2017 -- 18 season ) . Longest winning streak from first match of season ( League ) : 9 matches ( 1968 -- 69 season ) . Longest drawing streak ( League ) : 4 matches ( from day 23 2006 -- 07 season , to day 26 2006 -- 07 season ) . Longest losing streak ( League ) : 5 matches ( from day 34 2008 -- 09 season , to day 38 2008 -- 09 season ) . Longest streak without a win ( League ) : 9 matches ( 1984 -- 85 season ) . Longest scoring run ( all major competitions ) : 73 matches ( from 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League semi-finals first leg , to day 4 2017 -- 18 season ) . Longest scoring run ( League ) : 54 matches ( from day 27 2015 -- 16 season to day 4 2017 -- 18 season ) . Longest non-scoring run ( League ) : 3 matches ( 2001 -- 02 season ) . Longest streak without conceding a goal ( League ) : 7 matches ( 1997 -- 98 season ) . Longest streak without conceding a goal ( Cup ) : 8 matches ( 2013 -- 14 season ) . Wins / draws / losses in a season ( edit ) Most league wins in a season : 32 in 38 games ( during the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Most league home wins in a season : 18 in 19 games ( during 1987 -- 88 and 2009 -- 10 seasons ) . Most league away wins in a season : 16 in 19 games ( during the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Most league draws in a season : 15 in 34 games ( during the 1978 -- 79 season ) . Most league defeats in a season : 13 in 34 games ( during the 1973 -- 74 season ) . Fewest league wins in a season : 7 in 18 games ( during the 1929 -- 30 season ) . Fewest league draws in a season : 1 in 18 games ( during the 1929 season ) . 1 in 22 games ( during the 1934 -- 35 and 1939 -- 40 season ) . Fewest league defeats in a season : 0 in 18 games ( during the 1931 -- 32 season ) . Goals ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : 121 ( during the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Most goals scored in a season in all competitions : 174 ( during the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Season with the best goal difference in a League season : + 89 in 2011 -- 12 season . Fewest league goals scored in a season : 24 ( during the 1930 -- 31 season ) . Most league goals conceded in a season : 71 ( during the 1950 -- 51 season ) . Fewest league goals conceded in a season : 15 ( during the 1931 -- 32 season ) . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : Two points for a win : 66 in 44 matches ( during the 1986 -- 87 season ) . Three points for a win : 100 in 38 matches ( during the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Fewest points in a season : Two points for a win : 17 in 18 matches ( during the 1929 -- 30 season ) . Three points for a win : 70 in 42 matches ( during the 1995 -- 96 season ) . Season - by - season performance ( edit ) Main article : List of Real Madrid C.F. seasons Footnotes ( edit ) A . ^ The `` Europe '' column constitutes goals and appearances in the European Cup / UEFA Champions League , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League and UEFA Intertoto Cup . B . ^ The `` Other '' column constitutes goals and appearances in the Supercopa de España , the Copa de la Liga , the UEFA Super Cup , the Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Championship . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luís Miguel González . `` Pre-history and first official title ( 1900 - 1910 ) '' . Realmadrid.com . Archived from the original on 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Xavi one trophy away from becoming most decorated player in Spain '' . Jump up ^ `` Martin Ødegaard becomes youngest debutant in Real Madrid history '' . Inside Spanish Football . 23 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid CF -- Topscorers since 1929 -- 2008 ( Campeonato Nacional de Liga ) '' . Rsssf.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid Most goals in a season ( Player ) '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Partido Real Madrid - Granada CF '' . lfp.es . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los goles más rápidos de la liga '' . MARCA.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Quickfire Ronaldo proves Real hero '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temporada 1959 - 60 '' . Leyendablanca.galeon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the world transfer record '' . BBC Sport. 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's Highest Transfer Fees '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT - Football - My Club - M - Man Utd - Ronaldo completes £ 80m Real move '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` James Rodriguez : Real Madrid sign Monaco forward '' . 22 July 2014 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Kaka completes Real Madrid switch '' . BBC Sport. 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane makes record Real switch '' . BBC Sport. 2001 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Figo 's the Real deal '' . BBC Sport. 2000 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo al Real , ora è vero ( Ronaldo to Real , now it is true ) '' ( in Italian ) . La Gazzetta dello Sport. 31 August 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid sign 16 - year - old Vinícius Júnior from Flamengo for £ 39.6 m '' . Guardian . 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham joins Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 2003 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Robben set to complete Real move '' . BBC Sport. 2007 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Angel Di Maria : Man Utd pay British record £ 59.7 m for winger '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Morata is a Blue '' . chelseafc.com. 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil : Arsenal sign Real Madrid midfielder for £ 42.4 m '' . BBC Sport. 2013 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Man City beat Chelsea to Robinho '' . BBC Sport. 2008 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzalo Higuaín : Real Madrid striker completes move to Napoli '' . BBC Sport. 2013 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Anelka to complete £ 22m Paris move '' . BBC Sport. 2000 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City sign Real Madrid defender for £ 26.5 m '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Owen completes move to Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 2005 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jonathan ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Jese Rodriguez seals move to Paris Saint - Germain from Real Madrid '' . ESPN . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN / SI -- World Soccer -- Inter Milan signs midfielder Seedorf -- Friday December 24 , 1999 11 : 56 AM . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com ( 24 December 1999 ) . Retrieved on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unbeaten at Home in the League '' . Rsssf.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid perfect , Barcelona & Atleti net five , Valencia bottom of La Liga '' . espnfc.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid beat record with 73 - game scoring streak Real Madrid CF '' . Real Madrid C.F. - Web Oficial . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid record of 100 points a season '' . Archived from the original on 3 October 2015 . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Honours Players Managers Presidents Seasons Europe Records and statistics Current season History History of Real Madrid C.F. Culture and lore Yé - yé Quinta del Buitre Galácticos Real , The Movie Goal II : Living the Dream Home stadium Tiro del Pichón Campo de Jorge Juan Campo de O'Donnell Campo de Ciudad Lineal Estadio Chamartín Estadio Santiago Bernabéu Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium Training ground Ciudad Deportiva Ciudad Real Madrid Academy La Fábrica Real Madrid youth Real Madrid Castilla Real Madrid C ( defunct ) Basketball Real Madrid Baloncesto ( current season ) Real Madrid Baloncesto B Media Real Madrid TV Hala Madrid Rivalries El Clásico El Derbi El Viejo Clásico El Clásico ( basketball ) Discontinued sections Handball Rugby Volleyball Related articles Santiago Bernabéu Trophy Real Madrid Fantasy Manager Real Madrid ( Puerto Rico ) Real Madrid Resort Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Real_Madrid_C.F._records_and_statistics&oldid=817213638 '' Categories : Real Madrid C.F. Spanish football club statistics Real Madrid C.F. - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Magyar Română Русский Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 23 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the highest goal scorer for real madrid	[ "\n\n#\nName\nYears\nLeague[4]\nCup\nEurope[A]\nOther[B]\nTotal\nRatio\n\n\n1\n Cristiano Ronaldo\n2009–present\n289 !289 (277)\n022 !22 (30)\n099 !99 (94)\n012 !12 (15)\n999 !422 (416)\n1.01\n\n\n2\n Raúl\n1994–2010\n228 !228 (550)\n018 !18 (37)\n066 !66 (132)\n011 !11 (22)\n323 !323 (741)\n0.44\n\n\n3\n Alfredo Di Stéfano\n1953–1964\n216 !216 (282)\n040 !40 (50)\n049 !49 (58)\n003 !3 (6)\n308 !308 (396)\n0.78\n\n\n4\n Carlos Santillana\n1971–1988\n186 !186 (461)\n049 !49 (84)\n047 !47 (87)\n007 !8 (13)\n290 !290 (645)\n0.45\n\n\n5\n Ferenc Puskás\n1958–1966\n156 !156 (180)\n049 !49 (41)\n035 !35 (39)\n002 !2 (2)\n240 !242 (262)\n0.92\n\n\n6\n Hugo Sánchez\n1985–1992\n164 !164 (207)\n019 !19 (32)\n023 !23 (39)\n002 !2 (4)\n208 !208 (282)\n0.74\n\n\n7\n Karim Benzema\n2009–present\n123 !123 (253)\n015 !15 (33)\n041 !41 (78)\n005 !5 (15)\n185 !185 (384)\n0.48\n\n\n8\n Francisco Gento\n1952–1970\n126 !126 (428)\n022 !22 (74)\n030 !30 (95)\n004 !4 (4)\n182 !182 (601)\n0.3\n\n\n9\n Pirri\n1964–1979\n123 !123 (417)\n025 !25 (67)\n023 !23 (75)\n001 !1 (2)\n172 !172 (561)\n0.31\n\n\n10\n Emilio Butragueño\n1983–1995\n123 !123 (341)\n016 !16 (39)\n027 !27 (75)\n005 !5 (8)\n171 !171 (463)\n0.37\n\n" ]	[ "Cristiano Ronaldo" ]
-3672244643788278578	Pete the Pup	Pete the Pup - wikipedia Pete the Pup Jump to : navigation , search For the Don Marquis character , see Pete the Pup ( archy and mehitabel ) . Pete the Pup Pete the Pup , center , with Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard and Bobby `` Wheezer '' Hutchins in the Our Gang comedy School 's Out , 1930 . First appearance 1927 Last appearance 1938 Portrayed by Pal the Wonder Dog , Lucenay 's Peter , and other dogs Information Nickname ( s ) Petey Species Dog Gender Male Pete the Pup ( original , 1924 -- June 1930 ; second Pete , September 9 , 1929 -- January 28 , 1946 ) was a character in Hal Roach 's Our Gang comedies ( later known as The Little Rascals ) during the 1930s . Otherwise known as `` Pete , the Dog With the Ring Around His Eye '' , or simply `` Petey '' , he was well known for having a circled eye that was added on by Hollywood make - up artist Max Factor and credited as an oddity in Ripley 's Believe It or Not . The original Pete ( sired by `` Tudor 's Black Jack '' ) was an APBT named `` Pal , the Wonder Dog '' , and had a natural ring almost completely around his right eye ; dye was used to finish it off . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Death 3 External links 4 References History ( edit ) Pal the Wonder Dog as Pete , along with Our Gang cast with Director Robert McGowan . When he was about six months old , Pal the Wonder Dog made a cameo appearance in the Harold Lloyd film The Freshman , in 1925 . Pal first started out as `` Tige '' in the Buster Brown series in the 1920s . It was during this time that he acquired the circled eye , and when he was recruited to appear in the Our Gang comedies later that year , Hal Roach simply left it on , creating one of the most recognized dogs in film history . Trainer and owner Lt. Harry Lucenay used one of Pal 's offspring as Pete in the series after Pal was poisoned and died in 1930 . The dog , named Lucenay 's Peter , was bred by A.A. Keller . The second Pete looked very similar to the first Pete but was a mirror image . The circle was on the right eye on the first Pete while it was on the left eye on the second Pete . The second Pete appeared as a puppy on Pups Is Pups and was nearly full - grown on his second appearance , School 's Out . The second Pete 's last Our Gang appearance was The Pooch in 1932 when , in the plot , a dog catcher attempts to kill Pete in a gas chamber but is unsuccessful . So Lucenay 's Peter was the best known . After Lucenay was fired from the Our Gang series in 1932 , he retired Peter to Atlantic City , where he was photographed with children at the Steel Pier . Beginning with Hook and Ladder later in 1932 , an unrelated dog played Pete and until 1938 a few unrelated dogs would play the role , though in less prominent roles than in the early 1930s . In the 1982 cartoon series produced by Hanna - Barbera , he was voiced by Peter Cullen . In the 1994 feature film remake of The Little Rascals , Pete is an American Bulldog , and in the 2014 movie The Little Rascals Save the Day , Pete is a mongrel dog . A parody of Pete appeared breifly in the Bob Hope short Watch the Birdie , produced by competitor , Warner Bros . Death ( edit ) Roach used a number of unrelated dogs to portray Pete in Our Gang until 1938 . Lucenay 's Peter continued on and died of old age on January 28 , 1946 , in Los Angeles , California , at age 16 years / 4 months , two years after the Our Gang series ended . Pete is buried at Los Angeles Pet Memorial Park at Calabasas , Los Angeles County , California , United States . External links ( edit ) Pal the Dog on IMDb Pete the Pup on IMDb Pal the Dog at AllMovie Pete the Pup at AllMovie Pal The Wonder Dog And Pete Pal the wonder dog - online pedigree References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Rick ( 2007 ) . Circus Tricks for Your Dog : 25 Crowd - Pleasers That Will Make Your Dog a Star . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57990 - 816 - 4 . Jump up ^ Commentary by Leonard Maltin , Richard Correll , and Richard W. Bann , from The Harold Lloyd Comedy Collection Giftset , Volume 2 - disc one ^ Jump up to : Maltin , Leonard and Bann , Richard W. ( 1977 , rev. 1992 ) . The Little Rascals : The Life and Times of Our Gang , pp. 281 - 283 . New York : Crown Publishing / Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 58325 - 9 Our Gang / Little Rascals Filmography Personnel Films General Spanky ( 1936 ) The Little Rascals ( 1994 ) The Little Rascals Save the Day ( 2014 ) Television The Little Rascals Christmas Special ( 1979 ) The Little Rascals ( 1982 - 1984 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_the_Pup&oldid=836234024 '' Categories : Our Gang Dog actors Fictional dogs 1929 animal births 1946 animal deaths Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 14 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the name of the little rascals dog	[ "Pete the Pup (original, 1924 – June 1930; second Pete, September 9, 1929 – January 28, 1946) was a character in Hal Roach's Our Gang comedies (later known as The Little Rascals) during the 1930s. Otherwise known as \"Pete, the Dog With the Ring Around His Eye\", or simply \"Petey\", he was well known for having a circled eye that was added on by Hollywood make-up artist Max Factor[1] and credited as an oddity in Ripley's Believe It or Not. The original Pete (sired by \"Tudor's Black Jack\") was an APBT named \"Pal, the Wonder Dog\", and had a natural ring almost completely around his right eye; dye was used to finish it off." ]	[ "Pete the Pup" ]

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